Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="mg">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>mgwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fandraisana</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Rakitra</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Manokana</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Dinika</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Mpikambana</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny mpikambana</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Sary</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny sary</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Endrika</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny endrika</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Fanoroana</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny fanoroana</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Sokajy</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny sokajy</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussion module</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153442</id>
      <parentid>1150857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T16:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59524-59</username>
        <id>41614</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fanorenana ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy */</comment>
      <origin>1153442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16400" sha1="luymf9i5r50l053vwmc8rct5315nv1s" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:JesosyMamonjyAnkorondrano face.jpg|vignette|Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy Ankorondrano 2007|356x356px]]Ny '''Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy''' dia fiangonana [[Kristianisma|kristiana]] [[Pentekôtisma|pentekôtista]] miorina eto [[Madagasikara]] sady efa miely any ivelany koa, izay niorina ara-panjakana tamin' ny taona 1963 taorian' ny asa fitoriana ny filazantsara nataon' ny misiônera amerikana [[Mounir Aziz Daoud]] sy [[Jane Collins (misiônera)|Jane Collins]] vadiny. Eo Ankorondrano, [[Antananarivo]] no misy ny foibeny. Manana trano fiangonana miorina mihoatra ny 1 000 izy tamin' ny taona 2019 ary manana mpitandrina sy mpianatra ao amin' ny Sekoly ara-Baiboly ary mpino mihoatra ny 2 000, miara-miasa, mitandrina amin' ireo fiangonana ireo sy ny zanam-piangonana tsy mbola nahavita trano.[[Sary:MA Daoud wikipedia.jpg|vignette|Ny Rév. MA Daoud mivady Mpanorina ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy. Sarin' ny © Lalamasaka Hatry ny Ela.]]
== Tantara ==

=== Ny mpanorina ===

==== Fahatongavan' i Mounir Aziz Daoud sy Jane Collins vadiny ====
[[Sary:Bro and Sis Daoud 1963.jpg|vignette|MA Daoud mivady 1963]]
I [[Mounir Aziz Daoud]] sy Jane Collins vadiny dia mpitory filazantsara mitety tany, izay efa nanao asa fitoriana tany amin' ireo [[Karaiba|Nosy Karaiba]] sy taty [[Afrika]] (tany [[Ejipta|Egipta]], sns), tany [[Azia]] sns&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jereo ao amin'ny Site Web an'ny [https://www.lalamasaka.mg lalamasaka] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lalamasaka.mg/|date=20200819065926}} ny Article: [https://lalamasaka.mg/category/fahagagana-sy-misiona/ &quot;Fahagagana sy Misiona&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://lalamasaka.mg/category/fahagagana-sy-misiona/|date=20200713101515}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mba ho fanatanterahana ny [[Tenin' Andriamanitra]] hoe &quot;Hitory hatrany am-paran' ny tany&quot; dia nanapa-kevitra izy ireo ny hanao fitoriana ny Filazantsara teto Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 1961 (nihevitra izy ireo fa any am-paran' ny tany no misy an' i Madagasikara raha miohatra an' i Amerika fiavian' izy ireo).

==== Fitoriana filazantsara teny Fenoarivo ====
Teo amin' ny Stade des Cheminot Antananarivo no nanombohan' izy ireo ny [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]]. Fa rehefa hitan' ny fanjakana fa nanelingelina ny tanàna izany noho ny fitohanan' ny fifamoivozana dia nakisaka teny Fenoarivo, mihataka ny renivohitra. Toerana famonoana omby io toerana io, tsy dia madio loatra fa teny moa no nanomezana ny alalana hanao ny asa fitoriana. Tsy araka izay noheverina anefa fa tonga maro dia maro ny olona, nanolo-tena hiasa ny fitaterana, ary nahavory olona niaraka tamin' ny [[fahagagana]] marobe sy ny herin' Andriamanitra izy mivady, satria nisy jamba maro nahiratra, ny kilemaina tonga nitovy ny tongony, ny moana niteny, ny marenina lasa nandre, ny nalemy nitsangana teo no ho eo, hitan' ny olona rehetra, ary aretina sy olona azon' ny [[devoly]] maro no sitrana sy afaka. Ankoatra izany dia olona maro no tonga nandoro ny [[Ody|odiny]] ka nanolo-tena ho an' Andriamanitra.

==== Fanorenana ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy ====
[[Sary:Jesosy Mamonjy 1963 brique.jpg|vignette|Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy Voalohany 1964]]
Tsy dia nanan-kevitra ny hijanona teto [[Madagasikara]] izy ireo fa mbola nitohy nanao ny fitetezan-tany tahaka ny fanaony. Fa vokatry ny [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] izay nataony teo Fenoarivo, nitohy hatrany [[Toamasina]] dia nanindry mandry azy ireo ny [[Fanahy Masina]] hanorina fiangonana teto Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 1963, izay nomeny ny anarana hoe &quot;Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy&quot;. Nahatsapa mantsy izy mivady fa tena mbola tany maizina nitoeran' ny asan' ny [[devoly]] i [[Madagasikara]] ka mila ny fanafahan' ny [[Filazantsara]], na dia efa nisy ny fiangonana ihany aza teto.

Taorian' ireo fiangonana lehibe, ny fiangonana protestanta, ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Eglizy Katôlika Rômanina]], ny ny [[Eklesia Episkopaly Malagasy]], izay efa nisy teto Madagasikara tamin' ny vanim-potoana faha mpanjaka, dia ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy no fiangonana tranainy indrindra niorina teto taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]]. Manaraka ireo fiangonan-dehibe dia izy no manana trano fivavahana sy mpino maro indrindra eto Madagasikara.

==== I Jane Collins sy ny hira fiderana ====
Hatramin' ny niorenan' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy tamin' ny taona 1963 dia nanangana kilasy fampianarana hira [[Fifohazam-panahy|fifohazana]] ireo tanoran' ny fiangonana ramatoa Jane Collins Daoud ary nanofana mpampianatra hira sy mpandika hira (hira amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] adika ho amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]) ihany koa, izay nahafahana nandrafitra tsikelikely ny fihiràn' ny fiangonana ho fitaovana hiderana mandritry ny fotoam-pivavahana.

Mahay mitendry zava-maneno isan-karazany ihany koa ramatoa Daoud (Jane Collins) hatramin' izy tao amin' ny Sekoly ara-Baiboly, ary fombany ny mandeha mitory teny an-kalamanjana irery sady mihira fiderana miaraka amin' ny [[angorodao]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ny na ny [[gitara]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ny, rehefa nitsangana kosa ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy teo Ankorondrano dia nentiny avy any Amerika ny [[pianô]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ny ho tendrena tao amin' ny fivoriana, koa izy no mpitendry voalohany nodimbiasan' ireo anabavy sy rahalahy maro taty aoriana. Marihina fa namela fampianarana marobe tamin' ireo mpitendry nahita azy (1963, 1991-1999) ramatoa Daoud (Jane Collins) na tamin' ny fomba fitendry anaty fotoam-pivavahana na ny fitsipi-pitondrantena entina hanaovana izany asa fanompoana izany.

==== Fahafatesan' ireo mpanorina ====
Maty teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny taona 1999 Ramatoa Jane Collins ary tamin' ny taona 2004 kosa ny Rev [[Mounir Aziz Daoud]] rehefa voky andro sy nitambesaran' ny asa mafy, tamin' ny [[fifadian-kanina]] lavareny, ny asa fitorian-teny, ny asa fanitarana teo Ankorondrano Foibe, ny asa fanamboarana trano fiangonana marobe manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]]. Nalevina (&quot;nambolena&quot; hoy ny fiteny ao amin' ilay fiangonana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Nambolena&quot;: &quot;nalevina&quot;, fomba fiteny ny olona alevina eto amin'ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) eny amin' ny fasam-piangonana eny Soamanandray Ivato (akaikin' ny [[Seranam-piaramanidin' Ivato|seranam-piaramanidina]] iraisam-pirenena) ny nofo mangatsiakan' izy mivady araka ny hafany fony mbola natanjaka izy ireo: &quot;Tsy alefa any Etats-Unis izahay rehefa miala ety, hoy izy, fa mijanona miaraka aminareo eto Madagasikara satria efa eto ny fonay&quot;.
[[Sary:MA Daoud sy mpandika teny.jpg|vignette|MA Daoud sy ny pastora mpandika teny Voahangy Andriamanga]]Nanao asa soa maro teto Madagasikara ny Rev Mounir Aziz Daoud sy Jane Collins vadiny, nanangana fiangonana maro dia maro tamin' ny volany manokana, nanokatra sekoly, ary nampiasa ny volany sy ny fananany rehetra ho an' i Madagasikara tamin' ny androm-pahavelomany. Manana mpino marobe ao amin' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy izy ireo ankehitriny izay vavolombelon' ny asa fikelezan' aina nataony, ireo no manohy ny asany ary mitazona ny [[Foto-pampianarana|foto-pampianarany]] sy ny fahaveloaman' ny Fiangonana.

== Taorian' ny fahafaresan' ny mpanorina ==

==== Lalamasaka hatry ny ela ====
Mba hizarana ny fampianaran' i Daoud mivady sy hanohizana ny asa natombony dia natokana ho azy ny Site web an' ny [https://www.lalamasaka.mg Lalamasaka Hatry ny Ela] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lalamasaka.mg/ |date=20200819065926 }}.

== Tanjona sy antom-pisian' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy ==

=== Fampielezana ny Filazantsara mitohy ===
Mifototra amin' ny [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] amin' ny olona rehetra ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy. Ny tanjona kendreny dia ny hitaona olona vaovao hatrany ho an' Andriamanitra amin' ny alalan' ny fitoriana ny [[Hazo fijaliana|hazofijalian]]' i [[Jesosy|Jesosy Kristy]] ary manomana ny mpino ao aminy handova ny [[Lanitra (finoana)|lanitra]].

=== Fibebahana sy fahaterahana indray ===
Mba hahatratrana io tanjona farany io dia manana foto-pampianarana mafy orina ny Fiangonana, dia ny fiovam-po sy [[Fahateraham-baovao (kristianisma)|fahaterahana indray]] tena izy, ary ny foto-pampianarana momba ny Fahamasinana izay anisan' ny mampiavaka azy amin' ny fiangonana hafa rehetra.

=== Fampianarana ===
Ny [[Baiboly]] no fototra iorenan' ny fampianaran' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy sady toriny nefa manana boky manazava ny Baiboly izy dia ny ''Boky Maintso'' (dikateny malagasy) ary ny ''Red Book'' (dikateny anglisy). Ireo boky ireo no mirakitra ny fampianaran' ny misiônera [[Mounir Aziz Daoud|Daoud]] mivady sady manoro lalana &quot;ny fomba hianarana feno ny Baiboly&quot;, izay nosoratan' izy mivady ihany ary ampiasaina amin' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy rehetra sy ny fiangonana hafa manovo ny fampianaran' izy ireo.

Mamokatra boky ara-panahy sy trakta maro ny Fiangonana izay nosoratan' izy mivady sy ireo mpitandrina nofaniny ary manana fanontam-boky manokana ho azy dia ny &quot;Literatiora Jesosy Mamonjy&quot;.

=== Fiderana ===
Manana ny fihiràny manokana ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy, fihirana nadika avy amin' ny fihiràn-dRamatoa Daoud (Jane Collins) ary vokarina sy atonta ao amin' ny Literatiora Jesosy Mamonjy ihany, dia ny ''Song Book'', &quot;Songs with a message&quot;, hira nangoniny sy nofantenana avy tamin' ireo hira [[Fifohazam-panahy|fifohazana]] tranainy. Ankoatra izany kosa dia manana departemanta manokana ho amin' ny famoronan-kira ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy.

== Rafitra ==

=== Sampan' asa ===
Misy zanaka asa sahanin' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy,

==== Sekoly ara-Baiboly ====
Hatramin' ny fotoana niorenan' ilay fiangonana teto Madagasikara dia efa nisokatra tao Ankorondrano Foibe ny toerana fanofanana, dia ny Sekoly ara-Baiboly hamoahana ireo ho [[Pastora|mpitandrina]] matihanina. Ny anabavy Daoud (Jane Collins) no niandraikitra feno ny fampianarana ny Sekoly ara-Baiboly tany am-piandohana raha mbola sahirana tamin' ny asa fanorenana ny vadiny. Sivy mirahalahy no mpianatra nivoaka sy nohosorana mpitandrina voalohany teto amin' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy. Ary mbola mitohy manofana mpianatra ilay fiangonana hatramin' izao ka Biraon' ny Firaisan' ny Mpitandrina no miandraikitra ny fitantanana sy fanofanana azy ireo.

==== Sekoly Alahady ====
Manana programa fampianarana ny [[Sekoly Alahady]] ho an' ny ankizy ny fiangonana rehetra miorina izay fomba hitaomana ny ankizy ho an' i [[Jesoa|Jesosy]] sy ahafahana mitory ny tenin' Andriamanitra ho azy ireo. Ny anabavy Daoud (Jane Collins) ihany koa no nanomboka sy nampita ny fomba fampianarana Sekoly Alahady, ny fampianarana hira ho an' ny ankizy mandritry ny fankalazana ny [[Noely]]. Ny mpampianatra dia tsy maintsy olona voafidy tsara sy mendrika izay nandalo fanadihadiana, ary tsy maintsy mandray sy manatrika fiofanana isan-kerinandro.

==== Fivorian' ny Tanora ====
Ny fiangonana rehetra dia manana fivoriana ho an' ny tanora hizarana ny tenin' Andriamanitra sy hitaizana azy ireo ho tonga amin' ny [[famonjena]], ho tanora kristiana miasa ho an' Andriamanitra.

==== Sekoly tsy miankina amin' ny fanjakana ====
Manana sekoly maromaro miorina ao anatin' ny tokontanin' ny fiangonana izy, izay voasokajy ho asa sôsialy ho fandraisana anjara amin' ny fampandrosoana ny firenena sy ny mpiara-monina.

==== Departemantan' ny famoronan-kira ====
Manana Departemanta manokana momba ny famoronan-kira ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy, izay natsangan' i Jane Collins Daoud tamin' ny taona 1963.

Ny pastora Randriatsarafara Maurice sy ny pastora Andriamanga Adolphe, izay samy mpitandrina voalohany, no niandraikitra izany departemanta izany taty aoriana. Mandritry ny fankalazana ny [[Noely]] kosa no ianarana sy ihirana ny hira vaovao, izay andraisan' ny [[Sekoly Alahady]], fikambanan' ny tanora, mpampianatra Sekoly Alahady sy ny rehetra ao amin' ny fiangonana anjara. Fankalazana ny nahaterahan' ny Mpamonjy izay anisan' ny fotoan-dehibe hifaliana eo amin' ny fiangonana ankoatra ny andro [[Paska]] sy ny [[Pentekôty]] ny Noely.

Amin' izao fotoana izao dia manana hira mihoatra 1 200 ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy izay samy voarakitra anaty fihirana sy amin' ny rakipeo avokoa.

Mba hitohizan' izany asa fitendrena navelan' ny anabavy Daoud izany dia natsangana teo amin' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy ny sekoly fampianarana mozika ho an' ny zanaky ny Fiangonana ([https://web.facebook.com/Musics-and-Voice-Orchestra-Jesosy-Mamonjy-106937221020878/?ref=pages_you_manage Musics and Voice Orchestra Jesosy Mamonjy]) nanomezana anjara ny ankizivavy kely sy ny ankizilahy kely, mba hahafahana manofana azy ireo sy mampita ny fampianarana nentin-dramatoa Jane Collins ho an' ny mpitendry zava-maneno mandritra ny fotoam-pivavahana.

=== Fitarihana sy fitantananan-draharaha ===

==== Ny asan' ny mpitandrina ====
Ny [[Pastora|mpitandrina]] no miantsoroka ny asa fitandremana amin' izao fotoana izao araka ny Satan' ny Fiangonana izay narafitra fony izy mivady nanangana ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy, sy araka ny tso-drano nomen' ny mpanorina rehefa narefo tsy nahavita ny asa intsony izy, ary misy mpino marobe miara-miasa amin' izy ireo amin' ny asa fitoriana teny sy ny fitondram-piangonana manerana ny Nosy sy any ivelany.

==== Fitantanana ====
Misy kosa ny rafitra mitantana ny fananam-piangonana, dia ny filan-kevi-pitantanana izay voalazan' ny Sata ihany, ka fidîn' ny mpino isaky ny 4 taona ireo mambran' ny birao ao anatiny. Ny pastora Ratafy Léon kosa no filohan' ny filan-kevi-pitantanana sady filohan' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2003 ka hatramin' ny taona 2020 rehefa nodimandry am-perinasa. Ankehitriny dia ny mpitandrina Raymond Randrianatoandro no filoha taorian' ny fifidianana natao tamin' ny 16 jolay 2022.

== Fiitarana sy fielezan' ilay fiangonana ==

=== Ny fiangonana tao Ankorondrano ===
Nanangana trano fivavahana lehibe indrindra teto [[Madagasikara]] i Daoud mivady tao Ankorondrano Antananarivo tamin' ny taona 1963, izay nahazaka olona hatrany amin' ny 5&amp;nbsp;000 tamin' izany, ary tamin' ny taona 1991 dia nanomboka nanao fanitarana inefatra mba hahazaka olona hatrany amin' ny 25&amp;nbsp;000 ka hatramin' ny 30&amp;nbsp;000. Izy no trano fiangonana lehibe indrindra eto Madagasikara, ary trano fiangonana mahazaka olona betsaka indrindra taty [[Afrika]] talohan' ny taona 2010.

=== Fielezan' ilay fiangonana ===
Efa miparitaka manerana izao tontolo izao ny mpino ao amin' ny Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy amin' izao fotoana izao, ka izay mifindra monina any amin' ny firenen-kafa dia miezaka manokatra fiangonana hivavahana sy mitaona ny mpiray monina aminy hiara-manompo an' Andriamanitra. Noho izany dia efa misy Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy ny any [[Frantsa]] sy any [[Mayotte]], nefa kosa dia marobe ireo zanaky ny fiangonana miparitaka manerantany, any [[Alemaina]], [[Kamerona]], [[Afrika Atsimo]], [[Sina]], [[Japana|Japàna]], [[Etazonia]], [[La Réunion]] sns.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Efa misy Fiangonana Jesosy Mamonjy maromaro azo karohina ao amin'ny [https://www.google.mg/maps/place/Jesosy+Mamonjy+Ankorondrano,+Antananarivo/@-18.892437,47.5226485,1015m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x21f080b20184d567:0x91b81c28a4928cea!8m2!3d-18.8926502!4d47.5224789?hl=fr&amp;authuser=0 Google Maps], na miditra amin'ny Site an'ny [https://lalamasaka.mg/category/maps/ Lalamasaka Hatry ny Ela] {{Wayback|url=https://lalamasaka.mg/category/maps/|date=20191008223821}} raha te hitady ny toerana misy Fiangonana.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==

*http://www.lalamasaka.mg {{Wayback|url=http://www.lalamasaka.mg/ |date=20200819065926 }}
*Chaine youtube lalamasaka : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtXXNpeJAEhvM2Ow5MmlEWw
*Biography M.A &amp; Jane Collins Daoud: https://lalamasaka.mg/category/biographie/ {{Wayback|url=https://lalamasaka.mg/category/biographie/ |date=20200115233449 }} 
*Jesosy Mamonjy Ankorondrano en 3d: http://lalamasaka.mg/jesosy-mamonjy-ankorondrano-en-3d/ {{Wayback|url=http://lalamasaka.mg/jesosy-mamonjy-ankorondrano-en-3d/ |date=20191018042108 }} 
*pejy Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/Lalamasaka-Hatry-ny-Ela-1377681038958319/notifications/ Lalamasaka]
*pejy Facebook Musics and Voice Orchestra Jesosy Mamonjy: https://web.facebook.com/Musics-and-Voice-Orchestra-Jesosy-Mamonjy-106937221020878/?ref=pages_you_manage
*http://jesosymamonjy-france.fr/

== Jereo koa ==
*[[Evanjelisma]]
*[[Pentekôtisma]]
*[[Evanjelisma eto Madagasikara]]
*[[Kristianisma eto Madagasikara]]
*[[Prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Sokajy:Fiangonana ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>luymf9i5r50l053vwmc8rct5315nv1s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marotandrano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153503</id>
      <parentid>1112428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:54:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153503</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3101" sha1="pgp1itx3nkif52v4gpnh7qwg0mw0h8q" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|-16.166670|48.833330}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana=Marotandrano
|faritra = [[Faritra Sofia|Sofia]]
|faritany=||Faritanin'i Mahajanga|Mahajanga]]
|isam-ponina=11280
|firenena={{Madagasikara}}
|sary=Jiro_(lumi%C3%A8re)_%C3%A0_Marotandrano._Lever_du_jour_sur_un_tombeau_malgache_-_btv1b10111737m.jpg|tanàna=NC|fanjakana=NC|ben'ny tanàna=NC|tanàn-dehibe=NC}}
'''Marotandrano''' dia firaisam-pokotany malagasy ao amin'ny [[distrikan'i Mandritsara|fivondronan'ny Mandritsara]], [[Faritra Sofia]], [[Faritanin'i Mahajanga]]. Ny isam-poniny dia 11280 araka ny faminavinana natao tamin'ny taona 2000. Ny kaodin-kaominina dia 41025 ary ny kaodin-distrika dia 410

== Vokatry ny fambolena ==
Ny entana faharoa lafo vidy indrindra dia orge.
Ny zava-bolena lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia vary.
Ny entana fahatelo lafo vidy indrindra dia ble.
Ny isan'omby dia 15000.
Ny isan'ny taona nisiam-pesitry ny vorona teo anelanelan'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 3.
Ny zava-bolena faharoa lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia cafe.
Ny entana lafo vidy indrindra dia vary.
30 isan-jaton'ny tanimbary no voatondraka amin'ny tohidrano na paompy.
90 ny mponina no miasa tany.
10 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny sampandraharaha.
30 no isan'ny kisoa.

== Ara-tsosialy ==
Ahitana fikambanan-tantsaha ao.
Ahitana fikambanam-pampiasa rano ao.

== Fotodrafitrasa ==
Ahitana tobim-pahasalamana ao.
Misy tsena isan'andro any.
Andalovan'ny lalam-pirenena ilay kaominina.
Ahitana sekoly ambaratonga fototra.
Ahitana kolejy ao amin'ilay tanàna.

== Fitaterana ==
Ny fitaovam-pitaterana ampiasaina matetika indrindra dia fiara maivana base.
Ny faharetan'ny dia mankany amin'ny renivohi-paritany dia 27 ora.
Ny fotoam-pitaterana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 33 ora.
Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 120000 Fmg.
Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny haintany dia 150000 Fmg.

== Fahasoavana ==
2 isan-jaton'ny mponina no tena mahantra dia mahantra.
18 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe mahantra.
Ny halavan'ny vanim-potoana mety ahalanian'ny vokatry ny taon-dasa dia 3 volana.
30 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe manan-karena.
50 isan-jaton'ny mponina no manana fari-piainana antonontonony.

== Endri-javatra ==
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fahasalamana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fahasalamana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fiarovana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fiarovana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fanabeazana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fanabeazana.

== Olana ==
Ny isan'ny vono olona tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 1.
Ao amin'ny atao hoe faritra mena ilay kaominina.
Ny isan'ny vakitrano tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 4.
Ahitana zandary ao amin'ilay kaominina.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/census.xls ilo.cornell.edu] - Statistika momba ny kaominina malagasy ary loharanom-pahaizana namoronana an'ity lahatsoratra ity.

[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Faritra Sofia]]</text>
      <sha1>pgp1itx3nkif52v4gpnh7qwg0mw0h8q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zafy Albert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153438</id>
      <parentid>1152744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:39:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5630" sha1="jc3z8z0bk8uqxgij76d6303sxmzzz40" xml:space="preserve">
{{infobox olona
|sary= President Albert Zafy.jpg
|anarana= Albert Zafy
|teraka=1 Mey 1927
|toerana=&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Betsihaka] Tamatavy&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|maty=13 Ôktôbra 2017, [[Saint-Pierre, Réunion]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

* [[Filoham-pirenena]]
|taona niasàna=
|Conjointe=Therese Auguste Zafimahova|Enfant=Richard Valerie Kalotody Zafy|Cause de la mort=AVC|Lieu de deces=Saint Pierre La Reunion|Nationalite=Malagasy|asa hafa=Professeur chirurgien|Ethnie=Antahisaka}}
I '''Zafy Albert''', teraka tamin'ny 1929 tany [[Ambilobe]] [[Antsiranana]] - ary maty ny13 october [[2017]] tao saint Pierre Nosy La reunion, [[mpanao politika]] mpamorona ny antoko UNDD [[filoha]]n'i [[Madagasikara]] tamin'ny 1993 hatramin'ny 1996.


'''Thérèse Auguste Zafy''' '''Zafimahova''' '''dia nanhana ny vadiny ara politika'''  dia nanohina ny vadiny ara politika niatrika ireo tolona tamin'ireo hetsika maro niseho Ary nanao ny asan'ny vadin'ny filoha izy.&lt;ref&gt;http://mg {{Wayback|url=http://mg |date=20130715181158 }}&lt;nowiki/&gt;.wikioedia.org&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ny fanomboham-piainany == 

Teraka tany Ambilobe tao Betsimisaraka izy, ao amin'ny [[faritra]] Diana. Nianatra tany amin'ny Oniversiten'i Montpellier sy oniversiten'i Paris (Frantsa) izy. Nanambady an'i Thereze.Zafy ny taona 1960, niteraka telo. Profesora momban'ny fitsaboana (mpandidy) izy, Ary mañana diploma momban'ny matematika sy fizika. 

Tao aorian'ny fiverenany tany Madagasikara, lasa ministry ny fahasalaman'ny vahoaka sy ny raharaha ara-tsosialy izy tamin'ny andron'i Gabriel Ramanantsoa. Tamin'i Ratsiraka naka ny fahefaha tamin'ny 1975, nandray anjara tamin'ireo hetsika politika teo amin'ny kianjan'ny 13 may 1972, izay niarahany tamin'ireo antoko politika izay nivondrona ho hery velona Rasalama Madagadikara nitaky ny fampihavanam-pirenena sy fialana amin&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;y vondrona sosialista Atsinanana ka nanovana ny lalam-panorenana 1975. Nohon'ny fifandonana nisy Téo aminy sy  ny praiminisitra Francisque Ravony lehiben'ny governemantany taminy fitondrany dia nanova praiminisitra izay akaiky azy izy ka nanendry an'i Emmanuel Rakotovahiny izay nosoloin'i Norbert Lala Ratsirahonana lehiben'ny Antoko AVI Ary dia tratran'ny fanonganana azy nohon'ny latsa-bato nataon'ny tao amin'ny Antenimieram-pirenena izy ka niala tamin'ny fitondrana i Albert Zafy  ny taona 1996 ary nampianatra tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Madagasikara.  

Ny 31 janvier 1997, nandray anjara tamin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena ka resin'i Amiraly Didier Ratsiraka i Profesora Zafy Albert.&lt;ref group=&quot;Filoham-pirenena Madagasikara &quot;&gt;http://mg.wikipedia.org&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny 16 décembre 2001, nandray anjara tamin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena izy izay naresen'i Marc Ravalomanana Zay. &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://mg.wikipedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lasa mpitarika mpanohitra Malagasy CRN (Komitin'ny Fampihavanana Nasionaly) izy saingy tsy nandray anjara tamin'ny hetsiky Andry Rajoelina hanogana an'i Ravalomanana Marc izy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny  fikaroham-baholana hialana amin'ny krizy tao Maputo sy Addis Ababa tamin'ny volana Aogositra sy novembre 2009. Isany nanao fanelanelanana tamin'ireo fifanarahana tao Proteria tamin'ny may 2010 ka nanakaiky an'ireo filoha Téo aloha Amiraly Didier Ratsiraka sy Marc Ravomanana izay nampiseho ny fanoherana ny fitondrana   teteza-mita notarihin'i Andry Rajoelina ka Izy no lehiben'ny mpitarika legalista tao Antananarivo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mg |title=.wikipedia.org |access-date=2026-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715181158/http://mg/ |archive-date=2013-07-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

== Sefon'ny mpanohitra tamin'ny fanombohan'ny taona 1990 ==

Tamin'ny 1988 izy namorina ny Vondrom-pirenena ho an'ny Demokrasia sy ho an'ny Fivoarana (UNDD). Tamina fifampidinihan'ny fifanoherana tamin'ny 1990, lasa filohan'ny komity ny CFV izy. Tamin'ny 16 Jolay 1991, nilaza ny famoronana governemanta hafa izy, Miaraka amin'i Zafy praiminisitra. Nigadra tamin'ny Jolay 1991 izy ary voatohan'ny olona 1 hetsy tamin'izy afaka. Naratra izy tamina dina. Nanery an'i Ratsiraka hanaiky ny Convention an'i Panorama, nametraka fitondrana tetezamita miaraka amin'i Ratsiraka tsy dia manana fahefana, tamin'ny 31 Oktobra 1991. Laza sefon'ny Fahefana Avom-pirenena, nanolo ny CSR (Conseil Suprême de la Revolution) sy ny antenimieram-pirenena tamin'ny fotoana 1991-1993 an'ny tetezamita.

== Fifidianana ny filoha sy ny fanomezan-dalany 1993-1996 ==
== Fifidianana tamin'ny 1996 ary fifanoherana tamin'i Ratsiraka ==
== Sefon'ny fifanoherana tamin'ny fanomezan-dalan'i Ravalomanana ==
== Zaraasa tamin'ny krizy ara-politika ny 2009 ==

Niala tamin'ny raharaha mikasika azy ny filoha Ravalomanana noho ny dinam-bahoaka sy ny fikorontanana vokatry ny tafika tamin'ny Martsa 2009 ; ny lehiben'ny fifanoherana Andry Rajoalina dia naka ny toeran'ny filoha miaraka amin'ny tohan'ny tafika. Nampidirin'i Rajoelina ho ny mpanolo-tsainy i Zafy Betiana Bruno ao amin'ny Fitondrana Avon'ny Tetezamita, voatonony tamin'ny 31 Martsa 2009. Nilaza ny fanoretany i Zafy tamin'ny fitondrana tetezamina tamina kaonferansa ny gaezty tamin'ny 1 Aprily, nitaraina izy fa tsy hanaraka ny toroheviny (an'i Betiana Bruno) mihintsy hono i Rajoaelina, nilaza koa izy fa hangataka mba hizaka-tena ny faritany. Teo ihany i Bruno tamin'ny kaonferansam-pirenena nanomboka tamin'ny 2 Aprily ary voasandratry ny governemantan'i Rajoelina izy (i Betiana Bruno).

{{Filohan'i Madagasikara}}
{{vangovango}}

[[Sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[Sokajy:Filohan'i Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1929]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>jc3z8z0bk8uqxgij76d6303sxmzzz40</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Batisa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>240166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153483</id>
      <parentid>1110929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8013" sha1="el10rx5hpalv7r817sf3s8jsybfn5dx" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Follower of Jan van Scorel 001.jpg|vignette|265x265px|''Ny batisan' i Kristy'', sary nataon' i Jan van Scorel (1527)]]
Ny '''batisa''' na '''batemy''' dia fomba andraisana ny [[olona]] ho mpikambana ao amin'ny fivavahana &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.globalvoices.org/2025/06/09/173282/&lt;/ref&gt; iray, toy ny [[kristianisma]] sy ny [[jodaisma]], izay tanterahina amin'ny fampiasana rano natao handena ny loha fara-fahakeliny na ny tena manontolo. Amin'ny ankapobeny, eo amin' ny fivavahana [[Kristianina|kristiana]] dia atao amin' ny anaran' ny [[Andriamanitra Ray|Ray]] sy ny [[Zanak' Andriamanitra (kristianisma)|Zanaka]] ary ny [[Fanahy Masina]] ny batisa. Anisan' ny atao hoe [[sakramenta]] na [[Fanomezana fiton' ny Fanahy Masina|fanomezam-pahasoavana]] ny batisa. Milaza ny [[Filazantsara]] fa i [[Jesoa]] koa dia natao batisa ka i [[Joany Mpanao Batisa|Joany]] (na [[Joany mpanao batisa|Jaona]]) no nanao batisa azy. Ho an' ny Kristiana, ny batisa dia tsy nijanona ho fanatsobohana anaty rano fa fitomoerana ao amin' ny Fanahy Masina. 

== Fiforonan-teny ==
Ny teny hoe ''batisa'' ampiasain' ny [[Prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara|Prôtestanta malagasy]] dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] hoe ''baptism''. Ny hoe ''batemy'' ampiasain' ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Katôlika malagasy]] kosa dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] hoe ''baptême''. Ireo teny roa ireo (''baptism'' sy ''baptême'') dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] hoe ''baptismus'' na ''baptisma'' izay avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe ''βάπτισμα'' / ''baptisma''. Ity indray dia avy amin' ny [[matoanteny]] grika hoe ''βαπτίζειν'' / ''baptizein'' izay avy amin' ny [[matoanteny]] grika hafa hoe ''βάπτειν'' / ''baptein'' izay midika hoe &quot;mandentika (anaty rano na anaty tsiranoka hafa)&quot;. 

== Ny batisa araka ny Baiboly ==

=== Ny batisa ao amin' ny Testamenta Taloha ===
Manafatra ny fampiasana ny rano mba hidiovana ny Lalàna jiosy ([[Bokin' ny Levitikosy|Levitikôsy]]. 11.25-40 ; 15.5-7). I [[Elia]] dia nandidy ny jeneraly siriana atao hoe Namàna handro ao amin’ ny onin’ i [[Jordana (ony)|Jordana]] mba ho sitrana amin’ ny habokany (2 Mpanj. 10). Talohan’ ny nahatongavan' i [[Jesoa|Jesoa Kristy]] dia nasaina niroboka an-drano ny olona niova finoana ho amin’ ny [[Jodaisma|fivavahana jiosy]] ho mariky ny fidirany ao amin’ ny [[fanekem-pihavanana]]. Nihevitra ny [[mpaminany]] sasany fa ny [[Fahababoana tany Babilôna|Jiosy babo]] miverina ho olona afaka eo amin’ ny taniny indray dia tokony hiampita ny onin' i Jordana mba ho lenan’ ny rano ka ho voadio amin’ ny [[Fahotana|fahotany]] alohan’ ny hahatongavan’ ny [[Fanjakan' Andriamanitra|Fanjakan’ Andriamanitra]] ([[Bokin' i Ezekiela|Ezekiela]] 36.25).

Nanohy izany fomba jiosy izany i [[Joany Mpanao Batisa|Joany mpanao batisa]] ka nitaona ny [[Jiosy]] hatao batisa ao amin’ ny onin' i [[Jordana (ony)|Jordana]] mba ho voavela heloka ([[Filazantsara araka an' i Marka|Marka]] 1.4).

=== Ny batisa araka ny Testamenta Vaovao ===
Nataon’ i Joany batisa i Jesoa tamin’ ny fanombohany ny asa fanompoany ([[Filazantsara araka an' i Marka|Marka]] 1.9-11). Tsy misy filazana ao amin' ny [[Filazantsara sinôptika]] fa i Jesoa koa nanao batisa. Ao amin' ny [[Filazantsara araka an' i Joany|Filazantsaran' i Joany]] dia voalaza fa nanao batisa i Jesoa. Naniraka ny [[Apôstôly roa ambin' ny folo|mpianany]] hitory teny amin’ ny firenena rehetra sy hanao batisa ny olon-drehetra izy mba ho mariky ny fahatongavan’ ny [[Fanjakan' Andriamanitra|fanjakan’ Andriamanitra]] ([[Filazantsara araka an' i Matio|Matio]] 28.19). Araka izany, hatrany amboalohany dia fomba fidirana ho mpikambana ao amin’ ny [[Kristianisma|fivavahana kristiana]] ny batisa.

Sahala amin’ ny batisan’ i Joany, ny batisa kristiana dia atao ho famelàna ny [[Fahotana|fahotan]]’ ny olona. Tamin’ ny fahatongavan’ i Jesoa, ny batisa natao tamin’ ny rano dia novana ho batisa ao amin’ ny [[Fanahy Masina]]. I [[Paoly (apôstôly)|Paoly]] dia nampianatra fa ny batisa dia fandraisan’ ny mino anjara amin’ ny fahafatesana sy ny [[Fitsanganan' i Jesoa ho velona|fitsanganan’ i Kristy ho velona]]. Izany no itiavan' ny fiangonana sasany manao batisa amin’ ny andro [[paska]]. [[Sakramenta]] ahazoana [[Fanomezan' ny Fanahy Masina|fanomezam-pahasoavana avy amin’ ny]] [[Fanahy Masina]] ny batisa ([[Asan' ny Apôstôly]] 19.5-6; [[Epistily voalohany ho an' ny Kôrintiana|1Kôrintiana]] 12). Ho an' ny Kristiana ny batisa koa dia mariky ny fahafoizana tanteraka izao tontolo izao sy ny asan’ny nofo ary ny ratsy, sady fiombonana ao amin’ ny [[Fanekem-pihavanana]] vaovao ao amin’ i Kristy.

== Ireo endrika anatanterahana ny batisa ==

=== Batisan-jaza sy batisan' ny mino ===

==== Ny batisan-jaza ====
Maro ny fiangonana kristiana izay manatanteraka ny fanaovam-batisa ny zazakely. Ny [[Katôlisisma|fiangonana katôlika]], ny [[Loteranisma|fiangonana loterana]], ny [[fiangonana nohavaozina]], ny [[Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana|fiangonana ôrtôdôksa]] sy ny maro hafa dia manatanteraka fanaovam-batisan-jaza. Teo amin' ny tantara dia nanohana izany fanaovana batisa ny zaza izany i [[Ulrich Zwingli|Zwingli]] ka tsy nifanarahany tamin' ny [[Anabatisma|Anabatista]] izany, ka nilazany fa tsy misy lalàna mandrara ny fanaovana izany. Nanazava i Zwingli fa ny batisa dia famantarana ny fanekem-pihavanana amin' Andriamanitra, ka misolo ny famorana ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Taloha]].

==== Ny batisan' ny mino ====
Ny [[batisan' ny mino]] dia fanao kristiana iainan' ny mpino ny fanavaozam-panahy izay anapahany hevitra mba hatao batisa anatsobohana ny vatana anaty rano aorian' ny fanambaràny ny finoany, aorian' ny [[Fahateraham-baovao (kristianisma)|fahateraham-baovao]]. Anisan' ireo zavatra amantarana indrindra ny [[Evanjelisma|kristianisma ara-pilazantsara]] izany. Fanaovam-batisa ny olona efa mpianatra no azo atao ka noho izany dia tsy mety ny manao batisa zazakely izay mbola tsy mahay mino. Ny olon-dehibe noho izany no tokony hatao batisa noho izy efa mahalala ny zavatra inoany.

=== Batisan' ny rano sy batisan' ny Fanahy Masina ===

==== Batisan' ny Fanahy Masina ====
Ny [[batisan' ny Fanahy Masina]] (na batisa ao amin' ny Fanahy Masina) dia ny fiainana ny fanavaozam-panahy izay anaovan' ny [[Fanahy Masina]] batisa ny olona iray. Ao amin' ny [[Filazantsara araka an' i Matio|Filazantsaran' i Matio]] dia voasoratra fa nanao batisa tamin' ny rano i [[Joany Mpanao Batisa|Joany]], nefa manambara io evanjely io fa ho avy ny fotoana izay hisian' ny batisan' ny Fanahy Masina, izay hotanterahin' ny olona lehibe noho izy. Azon' ny [[Apôstôly roa ambin' ny folo|Apôstôly]] tokoa tamin' ny andro [[Pentekôsta]] (na Pantekôty) izany Fanahy Masina izany, araka ny [[Asan' ny Apôstôly]].

Ao amin' ireo [[Evanjelisma|fiangonana evanjelika]] dia miovaova arakaraka ny firehana na ny fikambanana ny atao hoe &quot;''batisan' ny Fanahy Masina''&quot;. Mety hiseho amin' ny alanan' ny fanaovana [[fiteny tsy fantatra]] izany, na fahazoana ny iray na maro amin' ireo [[Fanomezan' ny Fanahy Masina|fanomezam-pahasoavan' ny Fanahy Masina]] miisa valo hafa toy ny fahendrena, ny fahalalana, ny finoana, ny fanasitranana, ny fahagagana, ny faminaniana, ny fahaiza-manavaka fanahy samihafa ary ny fahaizana mandika teny. Aorian' ny batisan' ny rano io batisa io matetika nefa koa mety hiara-miseho aminy na hialoha lalana azy.

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Sakramenta]]
*[[Fanasan' ny Tompo]]
*[[Pentekôtisma]]
*[[Batisa ho an' ny maty]] ([[môrmônisma]])
Ny [[Sakramenta ao amin' ny fiangonana katôlika|sakramenta ao amin' ny fivavahana katôlika]]:

* Sakramentan' ny [[Batisa|batemy]]

* Sakramentan' ny [[Eokaristia]]
* Sakramentan' ny [[Kônfirmasiôna|kônfirmasiona]]
* [[Sakramentan' ny fivalozana sy ny fampihavanana]]
* Sakramentan' ny [[fanosorana ny marary]]
* [[Sakramentan' ny fanambadiana]]
* [[Sakramentan' ny filaharana|Ôrdinasiôna]]</text>
      <sha1>el10rx5hpalv7r817sf3s8jsybfn5dx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arminianisma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>265139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153441</id>
      <parentid>1089335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T15:49:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Randrianantenaina ferlando José</username>
        <id>41613</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */</comment>
      <origin>1153441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5990" sha1="rlcsyjg3hljn0swmt7tmkcack567noh" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Jacobus Arminius 02 IV 13 2 0026 01 0309 a Seite 1 Bild 0001.jpg|vignette|331x331px|''I Jacobus Arminius'', sary tamin'ny taona 1662.]]
Ny '''arminianisma''' dia firehana [[Teolojia|teolojika]] [[Protestantisma|protestanta]] naorin'i [[Jacobus Arminius]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-17. Ny mpanaraka azy dia nantsoina hoe ''remontrans'' (&quot;mpitsikera&quot;), noho izy ireo nandefa taratasy atao hoa fitsikerana tamin'ireo Fajakan'i Holandy tamin'ny taona 1610. Izany taratasy izany dia maneho ny ezaka tokony handanjalanjana ny foto-pampianaran'ny [[kalvinisma]], amin'ny alalan'ny andininy dimy izay nodinihina tamin'ny Sinoda natao tao [[Dordrecht]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond Dalembert, «Arminiens», ''Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ 1751b, p. 697&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny arminianisma, amin'ny maha fampianaram-pinoana azy, dia novelarin'ny teolojiana maro, ka isan'ireo i Arminius (momba ny arminianisma amin'ny endriny mahazatra) sy i John Wesley (momba ny arminianisma vesleiana) &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Keith D. Stanglin et Thomas H. McCall, ''Jacob Arminius: : Theologian of Grace'', New York, OUP USA, 15 novembre 2012, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 190. [https://books.google.com/books?id=00ulN0NOINsC Vakio eto]. [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00ulN0NOINsC Tahiry]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny andininy dimin'ilay taratasy dia noheverina fa mampiseho ny fiheverana fototra ao amin'ny arinianisma mahazatra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Mildred Bangs Wynkoop, ''Les Fondements de la théologie wesleyo-arminienne'', Chennevière-sur-Marne, Maison des publications nazaréennes, 1999, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 60-65. ([https://www.whdl.org/sites/default/files/publications/FR_wynkoop_fondements_wesleyo-arminienne.pdf vakio eto] {{Wayback|url=https://www.whdl.org/sites/default/files/publications/FR_wynkoop_fondements_wesleyo-arminienne.pdf |date=20200927033753 }}) [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whdl.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FFR_wynkoop_fondements_wesleyo-arminienne.pdf Tahiry].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny andininy voalohany dia mitsipaka ny predestiona roa sosona (fiainana mandrakizay sy fanozonana mandrakizay), sady manambara fa ny maha olom-boafidy dia tsy inona fa ny fahafantaran'Andriamanitra mialoha izay mino. Ny andininy faharoa dia mitsipaka ny ainga fototry ny fanadiovan-keloka voafetra, izay milaza fa maty ho an'ny olona nofidiny hovonjena ihany i Kristy, ary  milaza fa ny famonjena dia natao ho an'ny rehetra nefa vafetra tokoa ho an'izay mino an'i Jesoa Kristy. Ny fahatelo dia ilaza fa no olombelona dia simba tanteraka, sady tsy afaka ny hamonjy tena amin'ny alalan'ny ezaka ataony tsy miaraka amin'ny fahasoavan'Andriamanitra. Ny fahefatra dia mitsipaka ny fiheverana fa ny fahasoavana dia zavatra tsy azo toherina, fa manambara kosa fa ny olombelona dia manana safidy malalaka ny hanohitra ny fahasoavan'Andriamanitra izay afaka mananpy mialoha. Ny fahadimy dia manolotra hevitra izay milaza fa ny faharetan'ny olomasina dia fepetran'ny finoana an'i Kristy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Phillip Schaff, ''The Creeds of Christendom'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 3, Grand Rapids, MI, Baker Books, 2007, 545-549 &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8010-8232-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;), &quot;The Five Arminian Articles. A.D. 1610&quot; [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3.iv.xv.html Vakio eto]. [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds3.iv.xv.html Tahiry]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, izany dia nohamafisin'ny remontrants tamin'ny taona 1618&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Peter DeJong, ''Crisis in the Reformed Churches: Essays in Commemoration of the Great Synod of Dordt, 1618-1619'', Grand Rapids, Reformed Fellowship, 1968, &quot;The Opinions of the Remonstrants (1618)&quot;, &lt;abbr&gt;pp.&lt;/abbr&gt; 220 sy ny manaraka. [http://evangelicalarminians.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Opinions-of-the-Remonstrants-1618.pdf Vakio eto]. [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fevangelicalarminians.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FOpinions-of-the-Remonstrants-1618.pdf Tahiry].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Sary:John Wesley by George Romney.jpg|vignette|229x229px|''I John Wesley'', sary nataon'i  George Romney]]
Maro ny antokom-pinoana krostiana izay nandray ampahany na manontolo izany izany fampianarana arminiana izany, indrindra ny [[Batisma|Batista]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-16&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Robert George Torbet, ''A History of the Baptists'', Judson Press, 1963 (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8170-0074-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;, [https://books.google.mg/books?id=M68vPAAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y Vakio eto] [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM68vPAAACAAJ Tahiry]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ny [[Metodisma|Metodista]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-18, ny [[Adventista mitandrina ny andro fahafito]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-19, ary ny [[Pentekotisma|Pentekotista]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-20. Ankehitriny ny arminianisma dia hita ao amin'ireo fiangonaa ireo, indrindra ao amin'ny [[Evanjelisma|firehana evanjelika]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;James Akin, EWTN, [https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/tiptoe-through-tulip-1163 &quot;A Tiptoe Through Tulip&quot;] [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Ftiptoe-through-tulip-1163 tahiry]], 1993&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roger E. Olson, ''Arminianism FAQ: Everything You Always Wanted to Know'', [Franklin, TE], Seebed, 2014 (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-62824-162-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;, [https://store.seedbed.com/products/arminianism-faq-by-roger-e-olson?_fs=9c5cfc09-a722-400f-9bdc-11fac927fd9d Vakio eto] {{Wayback|url=https://store.seedbed.com/products/arminianism-faq-by-roger-e-olson?_fs=9c5cfc09-a722-400f-9bdc-11fac927fd9d |date=20191017101857 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.seedbed.com%2Fproducts%2Farminianism-faq-by-roger-e-olson%3F_fs%3D9c5cfc09-a722-400f-9bdc-11fac927fd9d Tahiry]]) &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 2-3.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Protestantisma]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>rlcsyjg3hljn0swmt7tmkcack567noh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roimemy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153461</id>
      <parentid>1099313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:49:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153461</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="kmsvioe4fz4ar06i23slcdtc9t6xtzi" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''roimemy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]):

* ''[[Caesalpinia sepiaria]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') -- manongo, roimbazaha, roimemy, roinaombalahy, roinombilahy, roinomby, tsiafakaombe, tsiafakomby
* ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') -- ahibelona, anakoaimatahepatsa, anakoe matahipantsika, anankoaimatahepatsa, finakanajaza, komemy, romemy, romena.

== Ohabolana ==

* ''[[Vazimba|Vazimbalahy]] anaty roimemy: fofoin-ko faty vao ela velona''.

== Rohy ivelany ==

* &quot;[http://sysbio.univ-lille1.fr/fiche/mimosa-latispinosa ''Mimosa latispinosa'']&quot;, ''sysbio.univ-lille1.fr''
* &quot;''[https://inaturalist.nz/taxa/486944-Mimosa-latispinosa Mimosa latispinosa]''&quot;, ''inaturalist.nz''

== Jereo koa ==
*[[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]
*[[Roipitika]]

* [[Roibe]]
* [[Roibontsy]]
* [[Roifantaka]]
* [[Roimainty]]
* [[Roimena]]
* [[Roimbazaha]]
* [[Rointsokina]]
* [[Roipitaka]]</text>
      <sha1>kmsvioe4fz4ar06i23slcdtc9t6xtzi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fametrahan-tanana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153482</id>
      <parentid>1036920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:17:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="930" sha1="qf9tnrtk6bpmz8bz1rwkdxs74j142ln" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Peter and John laying their hands on the disciples.jpg|vignette|I Petera sy i Joany mametra-tanana amin' ireo mpianatra (Asan' ny Apôstôly 8.17)]]
Ny '''fametrahan-tanana''' dia ny fomba atao izay ametrahana ny tanana eo amin' ny olona iray na amin' ny zavatra iray mba hitsofan-drano azy, na [[Fahasitranana mahagaga|hanasitranana]] azy, na hanomezana azy fahefana. Izany fomba izany dia tanterahin' ny olona mametraka ny tanany iray na roa mandritra ny fotoana fohy na maharitra eo amin'ny lohan' ny olona iray hafa. Efa hatramin' ny ela no nampiasana io fihetsika ara-tandindona io izay manana ny lanjany lehibe ao amin' ny [[fivavahana jiosy]] sy [[Kristianisma|kristiana]]. Ao amin' ny kristianisma dia ampiasaina izany fomba izany amin' ny fitsofan-drano, amin' ny [[ordinasiona|ôrdinasiôna]], amin' ny vavaka fanasitranana, amin' ny fanaovam-[[batisa]].

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Famoahana fanahy ratsy]]
*[[Batisa]]</text>
      <sha1>qf9tnrtk6bpmz8bz1rwkdxs74j142ln</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Apocynaceae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>290540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153474</id>
      <parentid>1137256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:25:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14896" sha1="ny93dgkh8jzsvk4hv2z70gkzdcgqjgo" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Madagascar periwinkle bdl2.jpg|vignette|344x344px|Anisan' ny karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Apocynaceae''  ny [[Tonga (zavamaniry)|vonenina]] na [[Tonga (zavamaniry)|tonga]] na [[Tonga (zavamaniry)|trongatsy]] (''Catharanthus roseus'')]]
Ny '''''Apocynaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[eodikôtiledôna]], ao amin' ny filaharana [[Gentianales]], izay ahitana karazana 5&amp;nbsp;000 eo ho eo sy vondron-karazana 350, mivondrona ho zana-pianakaviana dimy. Izy ireo, amin' ny ankapobeny, dia [[vahy]] na zavamaniry [[ahitra]], ary misy [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[kirihitra]] vitsivitsy, misy rononon-kazo ([[lateksa]]), misy raviny maharitra. Saika hita amin' ny faritra rehetra eto ambonon' ny tany ity fianakaviana ity, nefa maniry any amin' ny faritra mafana ny ankamaroan' ny karazana ao aminy. Misy karazana maniry any amin' ny faritra antonony.

Ireto ny vondron-karazana lehibe: ''[[Asclepias]]'' (misy karazana 230), ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' (misy karazana 230), ''[[Cynanchum]]'' (misy karazana 200), ''[[Ceropegia]]'' (misy karazana 150), ''[[Hoya]]'' (misy karazana 150), ''[[Matelea]]'' (misy karazana 130), ''[[Rauvolfia]]'' (misy karazana 110), ''[[Gonolobus]]'' (misy karazana 100), ''[[Secamone]]'' (misy karazana 100), ''[[Mandevilla]]'' (misy karazana 100). Ny vondrona ''[[Cerbera]]'' (izay misy karazana 6) no ahitana ny [[Tangena (zavamaniry)|tangena]] (''[[Tangena (zavamaniry)|Cerbera manghas]]'' na ''[[Tanghinia venenifera]]''). Ny vondrona ''[[Catharanthus]]'' (misy karazana 8, ny fito tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]) no ahitana ny [[Tonga (zavamaniry)|vonenina]] na [[Tonga (zavamaniry)|tonga]] (''[[Tonga (zavamaniry)|Catharanthus roseus]]'').
[[Sary:Cerbera manghas-3-JNTBGRI-kerala-India.jpg|vignette|Anisan' ny fianakaviana ''Apocynaceae'' ny [[Tangena (zavamaniry)|tangena]] (''[[Tangena (zavamaniry)|Cerbera manghas]]'')|310x310px]]
Matetika ny zavamaniry ao amin' ity fianakaviana ity dia misy poizina, noho ny fisian' ny glikôsida kardiôtônika sy ny alkalôida isan-karazany aoaminy, indrindra amin' ny voany sy ny rononony. Amin' ny ''Apocynaceae'' rehetra dia karazana maromaro no ampiasaina mba hahazoana [[fingotra]]. Mamokatra zavamaniry fanao haingo sy zavamaniry fanao fanafody ity fianakaviana ity amin' izao fotoana izao. Ampiasain' ny vahoaka [[Sana (vahoaka)|Sana]] hanapoizina ny zana-tsipìkany ny [[lateksa]] avy amin' ny karazana sasany ao amin' ny vondrona ''Pachypodium''.

== Zana-pianakaviana sy vondron-karazana ==

=== Zana-pianakaviana ===
Araka ny ''GRIN'' &lt;small&gt;(23&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Nôvambra 2015)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''Apocynoideae'' Burnett, 1835
* ''Asclepiadoideae'' Burnett, 1835 - izay ahitana ny fianakaviana taloha ''Asclepiadaceae''
* ''Periplocoideae'' Endl., 1838
* ''Rauvolfioideae'' Kostel., 1834
* ''Secamonoideae'' Endl., 1838

=== Vondron-karazana ===
Araka ny ''[[GRIN]]'' &lt;small&gt;(23&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Nôvambre 2015)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''[[Absolmsia]]'' Kuntze
* ''[[Acokanthera]]'' G. Don
* ''[[Adelostemma]]'' Hook. f.
* ''[[Adenium]]'' Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''[[Aganonerion]]'' Pierre ex Spire
* ''[[Aganosma]]'' (Blume) G. Don
* ''[[Aidomene]]'' Stopp
* ''[[Alafia]]'' Thouars
* ''[[Allamanda]]'' L.
* ''[[Allomarkgrafia]]'' Woodson
* ''[[Allotoonia]]'' J. F. Morales &amp; J. K. Williams
* ''[[Allowoodsonia]]'' Markgr.
* ''[[Alstonia]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Alyxia]]'' Banks ex R. Br.
* ''[[Amalocalyx]]'' Pierre
* ''[[Ambelania]]'' Aubl.
* ''[[Amblyopetalum]]'' (Griseb.) Malme
* ''[[Amblystigma]]'' Benth.
* ''[[Amphineurion]]'' (A. DC.) Pichon
* ''[[Amsonia]]'' Walter
* ''[[Anatropanthus]]'' Schltr.
* ''[[Ancylobothrys]]'' Pierre
* ''[[Anechites]]'' Griseb.
* ''[[Angadenia]]'' Miers
* ''[[Anisopus]]'' N. E. Br.
* ''[[Anisotoma]]'' Fenzl
* ''[[Anodendron]]'' A. DC.
* ''[[Anomalluma]]'' Plowes
* ''[[Anomotassa]]'' K. Schum.
* ''[[Apocynum]]'' L.
* ''[[Araujia]]'' Brot.
* ''[[Artia]]'' Guillaumin
* ''[[Asclepias]]'' L.
* ''[[Asketanthera]]'' Woodson
* ''[[Aspidoglossum]]'' E. Mey.
* ''[[Aspidonepsis]]'' Nicholas &amp; Goyder
* ''[[Aspidosperma]]'' Mart. &amp; Zucc.
* ''[[Astephanus]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Asterostemma]]'' Decne.
* ''[[Atherandra]]'' Decne.
* ''[[Australluma]]'' Plowes
* ''[[Baharuia]]'' D. J. Middleton
* ''[[Bahiella]]'' J. F. Morales
* ''[[Baissea]]'' A. DC.
* ''[[Barjonia]]'' Decne.
* ''[[Baroniella]]'' Costantin &amp; Gallaud
* ''[[Baseonema]]'' Schltr. &amp; Rendle
* ''[[Batesanthus]]'' N. E. Br.
* ''[[Baynesia]]'' Bruyns
* ''[[Beaumontia]]'' Wall.
* ''[[Belostemma]]'' Wall. ex Wight
* ''[[Biondia]]'' Schltr.
* ''[[Blepharodon]]'' Decne.
* ''[[Blyttia]]'' Arn.
* ''[[Bousigonia]]'' Pierre
* ''[[Brachystelma]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Buckollia]]'' Venter &amp; R. L. Verh.
* ''[[Callichilia]]'' Stapf
* ''[[Calocrater]]'' K. Schum.
* ''[[Calotropis]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Calyptranthera]]'' Klack.
* ''[[Cameraria]]'' L.
* ''[[Campestigma]]'' Pierre ex Costantin
* ''[[Camptocarpus]]'' Decne.
* ''[[Caralluma]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Carissa]]'' L.
* ''[[Carruthersia]]'' Seem.
* ''[[Carvalhoa]]'' K. Schum.
* ''[[Catharanthus]]'' G. Don
* ''[[Cathetostemma]]'' Blume
* ''[[Cerbera]]'' L.
* ''[[Cerberiopsis]]'' Vieill. ex Pancher &amp; Sebert
* ''[[Ceropegia]]'' L.
* ''[[Chamaeclitandra]]'' (Stapf) Pichon
* ''[[Chilocarpus]]'' Blume
* ''[[Chonemorpha]]'' G. Don
* ''[[Cibirhiza]]'' Bruyns
* ''[[Cionura]]'' Griseb.
* ''[[Cleghornia]]'' Wight
* ''[[Clemensiella]]'' Schltr.
* ''[[Clitandra]]'' Benth.
* ''[[Condylocarpon]]'' Desf.
* ''[[Conomitra]]'' Fenzl
* ''[[Cordylogyne]]'' E. Mey.
* ''[[Corollonema]]'' Schltr.
* ''[[Cosmostigma]]'' Wight
* ''[[Couma]]'' Aubl.
* ''[[Craspidospermum]]'' Bojer ex A. DC.
* ''[[Crioceras]]'' Pierre
* ''[[Cryptolepis]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Cryptostegia]]'' R. Br.
* ''[[Cyathostelma]]'' E. Fourn.
* ''[[Cycladenia]]'' Benth.
* ''[[Cyclocotyla]]'' Stapf
* ''[[Cylindropsis]]'' Pierre
* ''[[Cynanchum]]'' L.
* ''Dalzielia'' Turrill
* ''Decalepis'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Decanema'' Decne.
* ''Decanemopsis'' Costantin &amp; Gallaud
* ''Dewevrella'' De Wild.
* ''Dicarpophora'' Speg.
* ''Dictyanthus'' Decne.
* ''Dictyophleba'' Pierre
* ''Diplolepis'' R. Br.
* ''Diplorhynchus'' Welw. ex Ficalho &amp; Hiern
* ''Diplostigma'' K. Schum.
* ''Dischidanthus'' Tsiang
* ''Dischidia'' R. Br.
* ''Ditassa'' R. Br.
* ''Dolichopetalum'' Tsiang
* ''Dregea'' E. Mey.
* ''Drepanostemma'' Jum. &amp; H. Perrier
* ''Duvalia'' Haw.
* ''Duvaliandra'' M. G. Gilbert
* ''Dyera'' Hook. f.
* ''Echidnopsis'' Hook. f.
* ''Echites'' P. Browne
* ''Ectadium'' E. Mey.
* ''Ecua'' D. J. Middleton
* ''Edithcolea'' N. E. Br.
* ''Elytropus'' Müll. Arg.
* ''Emicocarpus'' K. Schum. &amp; Schltr.
* ''Emplectanthus'' N. E. Br.
* ''Epigynum'' Wight
* ''Epistemma'' D. V. Field &amp; J. B. Hall
* ''Eucorymbia'' Stapf
* ''Eustegia'' R. Br.
* ''Fanninia'' Harv.
* ''Farquharia'' Stapf
* ''Fernaldia'' Woodson
* ''Finlaysonia'' Wall.
* ''Fischeria'' DC.
* ''Fockea'' Endl.
* ''Forsteronia'' G. Mey.
* ''Frerea'' Dalzell
* ''Funastrum'' E. Fourn.
* ''Funtumia'' Stapf
* ''Galactophora'' Woodson
* ''Geissospermum'' Allemão
* ''Genianthus'' Hook. f.
* ''Glossonema'' Decne.
* ''Glossostelma'' Schltr.
* ''Gomphocarpus'' R. Br.
* ''Gongronema'' (Endl.) Decne.
* ''Gonioma'' E. Mey.
* ''Goniostemma'' Wight
* ''[[Gonolobus]]'' Michx.
* ''Goydera'' Liede
* ''Graphistemma'' (Champ. ex Benth.) Benth. &amp; Hook. f.
* ''Grisebachiella'' Lorentz
* ''Gunnessia'' P. I. Forst.
* ''Gymnanthera'' R. Br.
* ''Gymnema'' R. Br.
* ''Hancornia'' Gomes
* ''Hanghomia'' Gagnep. &amp; Thénint
* ''Haplophyton'' A. DC.
* ''Harmandiella'' Costantin
* ''Hemidesmus'' R. Br.
* ''Hemipogon'' Decne.
* ''Heterostemma'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Heynella'' Backer
* ''Himatanthus'' Willd.
* ''Holarrhena'' R. Br.
* ''Holostemma'' R. Br.
* ''Hoodia'' Sweet ex Decne.
* ''[[Hoya]]'' R. Br.
* ''Huernia'' R. Br.
* ''Hunteria'' Roxb.
* ''Hylaea'' J. F. Morales
* ''Hypolobus'' E. Fourn.
* ''Ichnocarpus'' R. Br.
* ''Ischnolepis'' Jum. &amp; H. Perrier
* ''Ischnostemma'' King &amp; Gamble
* ''Isonema'' R. Br.
* ''Ixodonerium'' Pit.
* ''Jacaima'' Rendle
* ''Jasminanthes'' Blume
* ''Jobinia'' E. Fourn.
* ''Kamettia'' Kostel.
* ''Kanahia'' R. Br.
* ''Kibatalia'' G. Don
* ''Kopsia'' Blume
* ''Lacmellea'' H. Karst.
* ''Lagarinthus'' E. Mey.
* ''[[Landolphia]]'' P. Beauv.
* ''Larryleachia'' Plowes
* ''Laubertia'' A. DC.
* ''Lavrania'' Plowes
* ''Laxoplumeria'' Markgr.
* ''Lepinia'' Decne.
* ''Lepiniopsis'' Valeton
* ''[[Leptadenia]]'' R. Br.
* ''Leuconotis'' Jack
* ''Lhotzkyella'' Rauschert
* ''Lygisma'' Hook. f.
* ''Maclaudia'' Venter &amp; R. L. Verh.
* ''Macoubea'' Aubl.
* ''Macroditassa'' Malme
* ''Macropharynx'' Rusby
* ''Macroscepis'' Kunth
* ''Macrosiphonia'' Müll. Arg.
* ''Madangia'' P. I. Forst. &amp; al.
* ''[[Mahafalia]]'' Jum. &amp; H. Perrier
* ''Mahawoa'' Schltr.
* ''Malouetia'' A. DC.
* ''[[Mandevilla]]'' Lindl.
* ''Manothrix'' Miers
* ''Margaretta'' Oliv.
* ''Marsdenia'' R. Br.
* ''Mascarenhasia'' A. DC.
* ''[[Matelea]]'' Aubl.
* ''Melinia'' Decne.
* ''Melodinus'' J. R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst.
* ''Merrillanthus'' Chun &amp; Tsiang
* ''Mesechites'' Müll. Arg.
* ''Metalepis'' Griseb.
* ''Metaplexis'' R. Br.
* ''Metastelma'' R. Br.
* ''Metoxypetalum'' Morillo
* ''Micholitzia'' N. E. Br.
* ''Microloma'' R. Br.
* ''Microplumeria'' Baill.
* ''Minaria'' T. U. P. Konno &amp; Rapini
* ''Miraglossum'' Kupicha
* ''Mitostigma'' Decne.
* ''Molongum'' Pichon
* ''Mondia'' Skeels
* ''Morrenia'' Lindl.
* ''Mortoniella'' Woodson
* ''Motandra'' A. DC.
* ''Mucoa'' Zarucchi
* ''Myriopteron'' Griff.
* ''Nautonia'' Decne.
* ''Neobracea'' Britton
* ''Neocouma'' Pierre
* ''Neoschumannia'' Schltr.
* ''Nephradenia'' Decne.
* ''[[Nerium]]'' L.
* ''Notechidnopsis'' Lavranos &amp; Bleck
* ''Ochrosia'' Juss.
* ''Odontadenia'' Benth.
* ''Odontanthera'' Wight
* ''Odontostelma'' Rendle
* ''Omphalogonus'' Baill.
* ''Oncinema'' Arn.
* ''Oncinotis'' Benth.
* ''Ophionella'' Bruyns
* ''Orbea'' Haw.
* ''Orbeanthus'' L. C. Leach
* ''Oreosparte'' Schltr.
* ''Orthanthera'' Wight
* ''Orthopichonia'' H. Huber
* ''Orthosia'' Decne.
* ''Oxypetalum'' R. Br.
* ''Oxystelma'' R. Br.
* ''Pachycarpus'' E. Mey.
* ''Pachypodium'' Lindl.
* ''Pacouria'' Aubl.
* ''Papuastelma'' Bullock
* ''Papuechites'' Markgr.
* ''Parahancornia'' Ducke
* ''Parameria'' Benth.
* ''Parapodium'' E. Mey.
* ''Parepigynum'' Tsiang &amp; P. T. Li
* ''Parquetina'' Baill.
* ''Parsonsia'' R. Br.
* ''Pectinaria'' Haw.
* ''Peltastes'' Woodson
* ''Pentabothra'' Hook. f.
* ''Pentacyphus'' Schltr.
* ''Pentalinon'' Voigt
* ''Pentarrhinum'' E. Mey.
* ''Pentasacme'' Wall. ex Wight
* ''Pentastelma'' Tsiang &amp; P. T. Li
* ''Pentatropis'' R. Br. ex Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Pentopetia'' Decne.
* ''Peplonia'' Decne.
* ''Pergularia'' L.
* ''Periglossum'' Decne.
* ''Periploca'' L.
* ''Pervillaea'' Decne.
* ''Petalostelma'' E. Fourn.
* ''Petchia'' Livera
* ''Pherotrichis'' Decne.
* ''Philibertia'' Kunth
* ''Phyllanthera'' Blume
* ''Piaranthus'' R. Br.
* ''Picralima'' Pierre
* ''Pinochia'' M. E. Endress &amp; B. F. Hansen
* ''Plectaneia'' Thouars
* ''Pleiocarpa'' Benth.
* ''Pleioceras'' Baill.
* ''Pleurostelma'' Baill.
* ''[[Plumeria]]'' L.
* ''Podostelma'' K. Schum.
* ''Pottsia'' Hook. &amp; Arn.
* ''Prestonia'' R. Br.
* ''Pseudolithos'' P. R. O. Bally
* ''Pteralyxia'' K. Schum.
* ''Pycnobotrya'' Benth.
* ''Pycnorhachis'' Benth.
* ''Quaqua'' N. E. Br.
* ''Quiotania'' Zarucchi
* ''Raphionacme'' Harv.
* ''Raphistemma'' Wall.
* ''[[Rauvolfia]]'' L.
* ''Rhabdadenia'' Müll. Arg.
* ''Rhazya'' Decne.
* ''Rhigospira'' Miers
* ''Rhyncharrhena'' F. Muell.
* ''Rhynchostigma'' Benth.
* ''Rhyssolobium'' E. Mey.
* ''Rhyssostelma'' Decne.
* ''Rhytidocaulon'' P. R. O. Bally
* ''Richtersveldia'' Meve &amp; Liede
* ''Riocreuxia'' Decne.
* ''Rojasia'' Malme
* ''[[Saba (zavamaniry)|Saba]]'' (Pichon) Pichon
* ''Sacleuxia'' Baill.
* ''Sarcolobus'' R. Br.
* ''Sarcorrhiza'' Bullock
* ''Schistogyne'' Hook. &amp; Arn.
* ''Schistonema'' Schltr.
* ''Schizoglossum'' E. Mey.
* ''Schizostephanus'' Hochst. ex K. Schum.
* ''Schizozygia'' Baill.
* ''Schlechterella'' K. Schum.
* ''Schubertia'' Mart.
* ''[[Secamone]]'' R. Br.
* ''Secamonopsis'' Jum.
* ''Secondatia'' A. DC.
* ''Seshagiria'' Ansari &amp; Hemadri
* ''Seutera'' Rchb.
* ''Sichuania'' M. G. Gilbert &amp; P. T. Li
* ''Sindechites'' Oliv.
* ''Sisyranthus'' E. Mey.
* ''Skytanthus'' Meyen
* ''Socotrella'' Bruyns &amp; A. G. Mill.
* ''Solenostemma'' Hayne
* ''Sphaerocodon'' Benth.
* ''Spirolobium'' Baill.
* ''Spongiosperma'' Zarucchi
* ''Stapelia'' L.
* ''Stapelianthus'' Choux ex A. C. White &amp; B. Sloane
* ''Stapeliopsis'' Pillans
* ''Stathmostelma'' K. Schum.
* ''Stelmagonum'' Baill.
* ''Stenomeria'' Turcz.
* ''Stenostelma'' Schltr.
* ''Stephanostegia'' Baill.
* ''Stephanostema'' K. Schum.
* ''Stephanotis'' Thouars
* ''Stigmatorhynchus'' Schltr.
* ''Stipecoma'' Müll. Arg.
* ''Stomatostemma'' N. E. Br.
* ''Strempeliopsis'' Benth.
* ''Streptocaulon'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Strobopetalum'' N. E. Br.
* ''Strophanthus'' DC.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' L.
* ''Tabernanthe'' Baill.
* ''Tacazzea'' Decne.
* ''Tassadia'' Decne.
* ''Tavaresia'' Welw. ex N. E. Br.
* ''Telectadium'' Baill.
* ''Telosiphonia'' (Woodson) Henrickson
* ''Telosma'' Coville
* ''Temnadenia'' Miers
* ''Thenardia'' Kunth
* ''Thevetia'' L.
* ''Thozetia'' F. Muell. ex Benth.
* ''Tintinnabularia'' Woodson
* ''Tonduzia'' Pittier
* ''Toxocarpus'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Trachelospermum'' Lem.
* ''Trachycalymma'' (K. Schum.) Bullock
* ''Treutlera'' Hook. f.
* ''Trichosacme'' Zucc.
* ''Trichosandra'' Decne.
* ''Tridentea'' Haw.
* ''Tromotriche'' Haw.
* ''Tweedia'' Hook. &amp; Arn.
* ''Tylophora'' R. Br.
* ''[[Urceola]]'' Roxb.
* ''Vahadenia'' Stapf
* ''Vailia'' Rusby
* ''Vallariopsis'' Woodson
* ''Vallaris'' Burm. f.
* ''Vallesia'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''Vietnamia'' P. T. Li
* ''Vinca'' L.
* ''Vincetoxicum'' Wolf
* ''Voacanga'' Thouars
* ''Wattakaka'' Hassk.
* ''White-Sloanea'' Chiov.
* ''Widgrenia'' Malme
* ''Willughbeia'' Roxb.
* ''Woodia'' Schltr.
* ''Wrightia'' R. Br.
* ''Xysmalobium'' R. Br.
* ''Zygostelma'' Benth.

=== Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===

* ''[[Adenium]]''
* ''[[Alafia]]''
* ''[[Allamanda]]''
* ''[[Alstonia]]''
* ''[[Alyxia]]''
* ''[[Ancylobothrys]]''
* ''[[Baroniella]]''
* ''[[Calotropis]]''
* ''[[Calyptranthera]]''
* ''[[Camptocarpus]]''
* ''[[Carissa]]''
* ''[[Catharanthus]]''
* ''[[Cerbera]]''
* ''[[Ceropegia]]''
* ''[[Craspidospermum]]''
* ''[[Cryptolepis]]''
* ''[[Cryptostegia]]''
* ''[[Cynanchum]]''
* ''Decanema''
* ''Decanemopsis''
* ''Drepanostemma''
* ''Gomphocarpus''
* ''Gymnema''
* ''Holarrhena''
* ''Ischnolepis''
* ''Landolphia''
* ''[[Leptadenia]]''
* ''[[Mahafalia]]''
* ''Marsdenia''
* ''Mascarenhasia''
* ''Melodinus''
* ''Mondia''
* ''Nerium''
* ''Ochrosia''
* ''Pachypodium''
* ''Pentopetia''
* ''Pergularia''
* ''Pervillaea''
* ''Plectaneia''
* ''Pleurostelma''
* ''[[Plumeria]]''
* ''[[Rauvolfia]]''
* ''Saba''
* ''Schizozygia''
* ''Secamone''
* ''Secamonopsis''
* ''Stapelianthus''
* ''Stephanostegia''
* ''Stephanotis''
* ''Strophanthus''
* ''Tabernaemontana''
* ''Telectadium''
* ''Thevetia''
* ''Tylophora''
* ''Voacanga''

== Jereo koa ==</text>
      <sha1>ny93dgkh8jzsvk4hv2z70gkzdcgqjgo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angivy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153454</id>
      <parentid>1097629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:04:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy ampahan-dahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="t46ahppltafquyb3ivkcztrw73djuhl" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ca phao.jpg|vignette|Angivy ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'']]
Ny '''angivy''' dia zavamaniry isan-karazany ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', samy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Solanum]]'', manana voa somary mafaipaitra izay tian' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] andrahoina miaraka amin' ny laoka matavy. Tsy ny zavamaniry ao amin' ity vondrona ity no antsoina amin' io [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] io fa ny sasantsasany ihany, ka nisan' izany:

* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo

* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, voangivy
* ny ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'') -- angivibe, angivy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivibe]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')

[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>t46ahppltafquyb3ivkcztrw73djuhl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanum anguivi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153451</id>
      <parentid>1097242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T19:24:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="485" sha1="1kc2zvvfacos54sy3pgkoki0c8duhah" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum anguivi (6230669311).jpg|vignette|289x289px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Solanum anguivi'']]
[[Sary:Solanum (4651965446).jpg|vignette|207x207px|Voan' ny ''Solanum anguivi'']]
Ny '''''Solanum anguivi''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', teratany any amin' ny faritra maina aty [[Afrika]]. Izy io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana any [[India]].

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''

* [[Angivy]]</text>
      <sha1>1kc2zvvfacos54sy3pgkoki0c8duhah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153465</id>
      <parentid>1152859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T21:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56329" sha1="3t326pse8ojgobs49o0hbz8s9k8whrn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']]
Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]]  [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny [[Vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny Angiospermae|vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]'').

Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]]. Boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka, ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny.

Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny karazana hafa. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]].

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana maneran-tany ===
Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(24 août 2019)&lt;/small&gt; (miisa mihoatra ny 900):

=== A ===
* ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra
* ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum abutiloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum acanthoideum'' &lt;small&gt;Drège ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum accrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acerifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum achacachense'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz.
* ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby
* ''Solanum actinocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;(H. Winkl.) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum aculeolatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acutilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adelense'' Delile
* ''Solanum adhaerens'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adoense'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Braun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek
* ''Solanum aemulans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aenictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aethiopicum'' L.
* ''Solanum affine'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum africanum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum aggerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum albescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albicans'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albidum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll
* ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum allophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' Dunal
* ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' Steud.
* ''Solanum altissimum'' Benitez
* ''Solanum amayanum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum amazonium'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amblophyllum'' Hook.
* ''Solanum ambosinum'' Ochoa
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' Mill.
* ''Solanum amethystinum'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amnicola'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum amotapense'' Svenson
* ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' Steud.
* ''Solanum anceps'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''Solanum andersonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum andreanum'' Baker
* ''Solanum andrieuxi'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anematophilum'' Ochoa
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustialatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum angustifidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum angustiflorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum angustifolium'' Mill.
* ''Solanum angustispinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum anisophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum annuum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anoacanthum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum anomalum'' Thonn.
* ''Solanum antacochense'' Ochoa
* ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apaporanum'' &lt;small&gt;R.E. Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aparadense'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aphananthum'' Baker
* ''Solanum aphyodendron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum apiahyense'' Witasek
* ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum apiculatum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker
* ''Solanum appendiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appressum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aracc-papa'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. ex Rybin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum arboreum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arenarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum argenteum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum argentinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aridum'' Morong
* ''Solanum ariduphilum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum armentalis'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry &amp; D'Arcy&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei
* ''Solanum asperolanatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum asperum'' Rich.
* ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum atitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Gill ex Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum aturense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum aureum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst.
* ''Solanum axillifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa

=== B ===
* ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez
* ''Solanum bagamojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahamense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber
* ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees
* ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum batangense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellicosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum bellum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum benadirense'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum beniense'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum berthaultii'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum betaceum'' Cav.
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum biceps'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bilabiatum'' Dammer
* ''Solanum billhookeri'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum blodgettii'' Chapm.
* ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum bolivianum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton ex Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boliviense'' Dunal
* ''Solanum bombycinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bonariense'' L.
* ''Solanum bondjorum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum boselliae'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachyantherum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum brachystachys'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevicaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum brevifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brieyi'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum buesii'' Vargas
* ''Solanum bukasovii'' Juz.
* ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bullatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum bumeliifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum burchellii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===
* ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell.
* ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth
* ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum callianthum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum campaniforme'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campechiense'' L.
* ''Solanum campetrichum'' Werderm.
* ''Solanum campylacanthum'' Hochst.
* ''Solanum campylocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candelarianum'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum candidum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum candolleanum'' Berthault
* ''Solanum canense'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum cantense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum capense'' L.
* ''Solanum capillipes'' Britton
* ''Solanum capoerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capsicoides'' All.
* ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum carense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum caripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carolinense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cassioides'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr.
* ''Solanum caudatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cerasiferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chariense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum chaucha'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chavinense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' &lt;small&gt;(Riley) Fosberg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chenopodioides'' Lam.
* ''Solanum chiapasense'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum chilense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilliasense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chillonanum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chimborazense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiovendae'' Lanza
* ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br.
* ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun
* ''Solanum cladotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Vand. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum clarum'' Correll
* ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum clokeyi'' Munz
* ''Solanum cobanense'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coccineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum cochabambense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' Vargas
* ''Solanum collectaneum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum colombianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comarapanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum commersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum complectens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee &amp; G.J. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum compressum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comptum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum concarense'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum concinnum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum confine'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conglobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum connatum'' Correll
* ''Solanum consimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum contumazaense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cordatum'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordioides'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum cordovense'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cormanthum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cornifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corumbense'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum coxii'' Phil.
* ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam.
* ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm.
* ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum crinitipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crinitum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crispum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum croatii'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crotonifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cruciferum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum cucullatum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum cufodontii'' Lanza
* ''Solanum cultum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum curtilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cutervanum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum cymosum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===
* ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter
* ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee
* ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum davidsei'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum davisense'' &lt;small&gt;Whalen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz
* ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' &lt;small&gt;C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum delagoense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delicatulum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delitescens'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delpierrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm.
* ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum deterrimum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' Robyns
* ''Solanum diamantinense'' Agra
* ''Solanum dianthum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum dichroandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum didymum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dimidiatum'' Raf.
* ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinteri'' Bitter
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diploconos'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dissimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum distichophyllum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum distichum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diversifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum doddsii'' Correll
* ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dolosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum domesticum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum donachui'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donianum'' Walp.
* ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' J.M. Coult.
* ''Solanum douglasii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dulcamara'' L.
* ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== E ===
* ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault
* ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum eickii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum eitenii'' Agra
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' Cav.
* ''Solanum elskensi'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum endlicheri'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlichii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endoadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum endopogon'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ensifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erianthum'' D. Don
* ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' Fernald
* ''Solanum etuberosum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum euacanthum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' Greenm.
* ''Solanum evonymoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum exasperatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum exiguum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum extensum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===
* ''Solanum fabrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs
* ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent
* ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum filicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum filiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth.
* ''Solanum floridanum'' &lt;small&gt;Shuttlew. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum foetens'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum forskalii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs
* ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy
* ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd.
* ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav.
* ''Solanum fulgens'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum furcatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fusiforme'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===
* ''Solanum gandarillasii'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum giftbergense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby
* ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc.
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf.
* ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum glutinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell.
* ''Solanum goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gomphodes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum grandiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum grayi'' Rose
* ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza
* ''Solanum griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer
* ''Solanum guamuchilense'' &lt;small&gt;Cast.-Campos &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll
* ''Solanum guineense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===
* ''Solanum habrocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haematocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haleakalaense'' &lt;small&gt;H.St.John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hamatile'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hartwegii'' Benth.
* ''Solanum hasslerianum'' Chodat
* ''Solanum hastatilobum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hastifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastiforme'' Correll
* ''Solanum hayesii'' Fernald
* ''Solanum hazenii'' Britton
* ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum heinianum'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heleonastes'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum helleri'' Standl.
* ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum herba-bona'' Reiche
* ''Solanum herculeum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum hermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hernandesii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heteroclitum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum heterodoxum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hexandrum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum hibernum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum hidetaroi'' Masam.
* ''Solanum hieronymi'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;BR &amp; Bouche, A. M.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hillebrandii'' Yunck.
* ''Solanum himatacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hindsianum'' Benth.
* ''Solanum hintonii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hirsutum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum hirtellum'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtulum'' Krause
* ''Solanum hirtum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum hjertingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoehnei'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton
* ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum holtzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homalospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Chiarini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homblei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoopesii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hougasii'' Correll
* ''Solanum houstonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum huancabambense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum huayavillense'' &lt;small&gt;Del Vitto &amp; Peten.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humblotii'' Dammer
* ''Solanum humectophilum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Bernh. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hutchisonii'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hybridum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum hylobium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypermegethes'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypomalacum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypopsilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===
* ''Solanum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imamense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imbaburense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum imberbe'' Bitter
* ''Solanum immite'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incahuasinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum incanum'' L.
* ''Solanum incarceratum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incasicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum incisum'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum incompletum'' Britton
* ''Solanum incomptum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum incurvipilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum incurvum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inelegans'' Rusby
* ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ingaefolium'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum inodorum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum inornatum'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insidiosum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum insolaesolis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interandinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interius'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum intermedium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum iodotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ionidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum iopetalum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum ipomoea'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum iraniense'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irosinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum irregulare'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum isodynamum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum itatiaiae'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz. ex Edmonds&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== J ===
* ''Solanum jabrense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaegeri'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaenense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill.
* ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr.
* ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai
* ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton
* ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen
* ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum juglandifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche
* ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum jussiaei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell.
* ''Solanum juzepczukii'' &lt;small&gt;Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;

=== K ===
* ''Solanum kagehense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr.
* ''Solanum keniense'' Standl.
* ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitagawae'' &lt;small&gt;Schonb.-Tem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitivuense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum kurtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kwebense'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===
* ''Solanum lacerdae'' &lt;small&gt;Dusén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum laevigatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum lanceifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum lanceolatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum lantana'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanzae'' &lt;small&gt;J.-P. Lebrun &amp; Stork&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocladum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum lasiopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lateritium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum latiflorum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurifolium'' L. f.
* ''Solanum laxissimum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum laxum'' Spreng.
* ''Solanum leiophyllum'' Benth.
* ''Solanum lepidotum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptopodum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll
* ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal
* ''Solanum lesteri'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen
* ''Solanum leucanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum leucophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber
* ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd.
* ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald
* ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas
* ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby
* ''Solanum linnaeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper &amp; P.-M.L.Jaeger&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç.
* ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum loxense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lucens'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum luteoalbum'' Pers.
* ''Solanum luteum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum luzoniense'' Merr.
* ''Solanum lycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicum'' L.
* ''Solanum lykipiense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lyratum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===
* ''Solanum macaonense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macbridei'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Lallana&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macowanii'' Fourc.
* ''Solanum macracanthum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum macranthum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum macrocarpon'' L.
* ''Solanum macrotonum'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal
* ''Solanum madrense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum maglia'' Schltdl.
* ''[[Solanum mahoriensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malacothrix'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malletii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mammosum'' L.
* ''Solanum mangaschae'' Pax
* ''Solanum mapiricum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mapiriense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum maranguapense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum marantifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum marginatum'' L. f.
* ''Solanum marinasense'' Vargas
* ''[[Solanum marojejy]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maroniense'' Poit.
* ''Solanum marquesi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum martii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum martinsii'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum matadori'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maternum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum maturecalvans'' Bitter
* ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' Scop.
* ''Solanum medians'' Bitter
* ''Solanum megalochiton'' Mart.
* ''Solanum megalonyx'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum melastomoides'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melissarum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum melongena'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum memphiticum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum merrillianum'' Liou
* ''Solanum mesodolichum'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum metarsium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metrobotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum michoacanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microdontum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum microleprodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum mildbraedii'' Dammer
* ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' Correll
* ''Solanum mite'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''Solanum mitlense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mochiquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum moestum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum molinarum'' J.L. Gentry
* ''Solanum monachophyllum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum monactinanthum'' Dammer
* ''Solanum monadelphum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monanthemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monarchostemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moniliforme'' Correll
* ''Solanum monotanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montigenum'' &lt;small&gt;(C.V. Morton) Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morellifolium'' Bohs
* ''Solanum morelliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Münch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum mucronatum'' &lt;small&gt;O.E. Schulz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muenscheri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiflorum'' Vargas
* ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum multispinum'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muricatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum murinum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum murphyi'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum myoxotrichum'' Baker
* ''Solanum myriacanthum'' Dunal
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===
* ''Solanum nakurense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum namaquense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum neglectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nelsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum nemorense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neocardenasii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neorossii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm.
* ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum nguelense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nienkui'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigricans'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nocturnum'' Fernald
* ''Solanum nubicola'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum nudum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nuricum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum nutans'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===
* ''Solanum oaxacanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum obovalifolium'' Benitez
* ''Solanum occultum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum ochracanthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' Fernald
* ''Solanum ochraceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum odoriferum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum okadae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum olivaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivare'' &lt;small&gt;Paill. &amp; Bois&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ombrophilum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum opacum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Br. &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum oppositifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez
* ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll
* ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum otites'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede
* ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter
* ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== P ===
* ''Solanum pabstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachimatium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum palinacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum palitans'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum palustre'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp. ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum paniculatum'' L.
* ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra
* ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum paramoense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén
* ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller
* ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' &lt;small&gt;Lekhnovich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum paucispinum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pavimenti'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pectinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum peikuoensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.S. Ying&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum penduliflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum perattenuatum'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum perplexum'' Small
* ''Solanum pertenue'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum peruvianum'' L.
* ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol.
* ''Solanum phureja'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas
* ''Solanum piluliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L.
* ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill.
* ''Solanum pinetorum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl.
* ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum placitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook.
* ''Solanum platense'' &lt;small&gt;Dieckman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platycypellon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plowmanii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum polyacanthon'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polyadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum polyanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum praematurum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum premnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum preussii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour.
* ''Solanum profusum'' C.V. Morton
* ''Solanum proteanthum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum pruinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat &amp; Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; Stehmann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogracile'' Heiser
* ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum pseudoquina'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum psychotrioides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pterospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ptychanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pubigerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum purpusii'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum pygmaeum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum pyracanthos'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Q ===
* ''Solanum quaesitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quebradense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quichense'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult. &amp; Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quitoense'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===
* ''Solanum radicans'' L. f.
* ''Solanum ramonense'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum raphanifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reductum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum refractum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll
* ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq.
* ''Solanum reitzii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke
* ''Solanum reptans'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum restingae'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum restrictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum retroflexum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhodesianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum richardii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riedlei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rigescens'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum rigescentoides'' Hutch.
* ''Solanum riojense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum riparium'' Pers.
* ''Solanum ripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum robecchii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustum'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum rojasianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum rostratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rovirosanum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum rubetorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum rudepannum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm.
* ''Solanum rugosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher
* ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum runsoriense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rupincola'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===
* ''Solanum sakarense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salamancae'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salasianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum salicifolium'' Phil.
* ''Solanum saltianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salzmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sambucinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal &amp; A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sandemanii'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sandwicense'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil.
* ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas
* ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum saponaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum saturatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum savanillense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sawyeri'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum saxatilis'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum scabrifolium'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum scabrum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum scandens'' Mill.
* ''Solanum schenckii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum schimperianum'' Hochst.
* ''Solanum schizandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' Walp.
* ''Solanum schliebenii'' Werderm.
* ''Solanum schomburgkii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum schroederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schumannianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schwackei'' Glaz.
* ''Solanum sciadostylis'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scuticum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum seaforthianum'' Andrews
* ''Solanum secedens'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sellowianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sellowii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepiaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepicula'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge
* ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sericeum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessile'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum setaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Brandegee) Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sibundoyense'' &lt;small&gt;(Bohs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sieberi'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum simplicissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun
* ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan
* ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sitiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll
* ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum soestii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum solum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum somalense'' &lt;small&gt;Franch. in Revoil&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sooretamum'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sparsipilum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spathotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb.
* ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric.
* ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stenotomum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum stipulaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum stolzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum storkii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum suaveolens'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; C.D. Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Thell. &amp; H. Dur. xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subserratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum subsylvestre'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sudanense'' &lt;small&gt;Hammerstein xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum superbum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum supinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f.
* ''Solanum swartzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. &amp; Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sycophanta'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum symphyandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===
* ''Solanum tabanoense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell
* ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' Correll
* ''Solanum taitense'' Vatke
* ''Solanum talarense'' Svenson
* ''Solanum tampicense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tanysepalum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tapojense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tarapatanum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tarderemotum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tarijense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum tarnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taulisense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tegore'' Aubl.
* ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' Parish
* ''Solanum tenuipes'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum ternatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ternifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tetricum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tettense'' Klotzsch
* ''Solanum thelopodium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum thruppii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum toldense'' &lt;small&gt;Matesevach &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tomentosum'' L.
* ''Solanum torreanum'' &lt;small&gt;A.E. Gonç.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreyi'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum torvum'' Sw.
* ''Solanum tovarii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycyphum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachytrichium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tribulosum'' S. Schauer
* ''Solanum trichoneuron'' Lillo
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tridynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifidum'' Correll
* ''Solanum triflorum'' Nutt.
* ''Solanum trifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifurcum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trigonoplum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum trinitense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tripartitum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triplinervium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triquetrum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum triste'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum trizygum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tuberosum'' L.
* ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tunariense'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum tuquerrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum turgidum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turneroides'' Chodat
* ''Solanum tweedianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;

=== U ===
* ''Solanum ueleense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ugentii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ulei'' Morton
* ''Solanum ulugurense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum umbelliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Eschsch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbratile'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Schrank&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum undatum'' Lam.
* ''Solanum unifoliatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum unilobum'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum urosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum urticans'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz.
* ''Solanum usaramense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum utile'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===
* ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vaillantii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valdiviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valerioanum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum validinervium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez &amp; S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz.
* ''Solanum vanheurckii'' &lt;small&gt;Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum variabile'' Mart.
* ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum velleum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vellozianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum venosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum venturii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjerting&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vernei'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum vervoorstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vestissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viarum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vidaurrei'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum villosum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum villuspetalum'' Vargas
* ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum violaceum'' Ortega
* ''Solanum violifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virginianum'' L.
* ''Solanum virgultorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' Gilli
* ''Solanum viridipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viscosissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum volubile'' Sw.
* ''Solanum volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===
* ''Solanum wacketii'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wallacei'' &lt;small&gt;(A. Gray) Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum warmingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hieron&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wendlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum whalenii'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wittmackii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodburyi'' &lt;small&gt;R.A. Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wrightii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;

=== X ===
* ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum xanti'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;

=== Y ===
* ''Solanum yamobambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yanamonense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yangambiense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum youngii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yungasense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===
* ''Solanum zanzibarense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zeylanicum'' Scop.
* ''Solanum zuloagae'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' Jacq.)
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; () -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C.Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- mafai-mamy
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum forsythii'' Dammer; ''Solanum nossibeense'' Vatke) -- angiviala, angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, mangidikely, tsilohery, voampokely
* ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum insanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- voatabia, voabonga
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'') -- angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker; ''Solanum nitens'' Baker; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') -- hendramena, kiranzy, lahirohy, sakaikely, vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, voamainty (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum mahoriense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum heteracanthum'' Dunal) -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo)
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; -- voabana
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; -- fatipatikanala
* ''[[Solanum truncicola]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra vondrona'''

* ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) -- ranenda, ranendo)

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angivy]]
* [[Solanum lycopersicum|Voatabia]]
* [[Baranjely]]
* [[Ovy]]: ''[[Dioscorea acuminata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Dioscoreaceae]]''); ''[[Dioscorea alata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Dioscoreaceae''); ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Convolvulaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Ranenda]], [[ranendo]]: ''[[Kaliphora madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Cornaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Roingivy]]: ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Toreraka]]: ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Voabana]]: ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Voampoa]]: ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Voampoabe]]: ''[[Solanum macrocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Voampoana]]: ''[[Crateva excelsa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Capparaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') 
* [[Voangivibe]]: ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')
* [[Voangivy]]: ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'')

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>3t326pse8ojgobs49o0hbz8s9k8whrn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153528</id>
      <parentid>1153465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:34:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153528</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54778" sha1="fu4fdsle9ah5meuvykwm339txgcgsc9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']]
Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]]  [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny [[Vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny Angiospermae|vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]'').

Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]]. Boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka, ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny.

Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny karazana hafa. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]].

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana maneran-tany ===
Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(24 août 2019)&lt;/small&gt; (miisa mihoatra ny 900):

=== A ===
* ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra
* ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum abutiloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum acanthoideum'' &lt;small&gt;Drège ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum accrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acerifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum achacachense'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz.
* ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby
* ''Solanum actinocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;(H. Winkl.) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum aculeolatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acutilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adelense'' Delile
* ''Solanum adhaerens'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adoense'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Braun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek
* ''Solanum aemulans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aenictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aethiopicum'' L.
* ''Solanum affine'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum africanum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum aggerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum albescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albicans'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albidum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll
* ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum allophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' Dunal
* ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' Steud.
* ''Solanum altissimum'' Benitez
* ''Solanum amayanum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum amazonium'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amblophyllum'' Hook.
* ''Solanum ambosinum'' Ochoa
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' Mill.
* ''Solanum amethystinum'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amnicola'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum amotapense'' Svenson
* ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' Steud.
* ''Solanum anceps'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''Solanum andersonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum andreanum'' Baker
* ''Solanum andrieuxi'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anematophilum'' Ochoa
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustialatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum angustifidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum angustiflorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum angustifolium'' Mill.
* ''Solanum angustispinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum anisophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum annuum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anoacanthum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum anomalum'' Thonn.
* ''Solanum antacochense'' Ochoa
* ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apaporanum'' &lt;small&gt;R.E. Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aparadense'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aphananthum'' Baker
* ''Solanum aphyodendron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum apiahyense'' Witasek
* ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum apiculatum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker
* ''Solanum appendiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appressum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aracc-papa'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. ex Rybin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum arboreum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arenarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum argenteum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum argentinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aridum'' Morong
* ''Solanum ariduphilum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum armentalis'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry &amp; D'Arcy&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei
* ''Solanum asperolanatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum asperum'' Rich.
* ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum atitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Gill ex Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum aturense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum aureum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst.
* ''Solanum axillifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa

=== B ===
* ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez
* ''Solanum bagamojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahamense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber
* ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees
* ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum batangense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellicosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum bellum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum benadirense'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum beniense'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum berthaultii'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum betaceum'' Cav.
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum biceps'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bilabiatum'' Dammer
* ''Solanum billhookeri'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum blodgettii'' Chapm.
* ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum bolivianum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton ex Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boliviense'' Dunal
* ''Solanum bombycinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bonariense'' L.
* ''Solanum bondjorum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum boselliae'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachyantherum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum brachystachys'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevicaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum brevifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brieyi'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum buesii'' Vargas
* ''Solanum bukasovii'' Juz.
* ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bullatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum bumeliifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum burchellii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===
* ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell.
* ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth
* ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum callianthum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum campaniforme'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campechiense'' L.
* ''Solanum campetrichum'' Werderm.
* ''Solanum campylacanthum'' Hochst.
* ''Solanum campylocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candelarianum'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum candidum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum candolleanum'' Berthault
* ''Solanum canense'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum cantense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum capense'' L.
* ''Solanum capillipes'' Britton
* ''Solanum capoerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capsicoides'' All.
* ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum carense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum caripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carolinense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cassioides'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr.
* ''Solanum caudatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cerasiferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chariense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum chaucha'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chavinense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' &lt;small&gt;(Riley) Fosberg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chenopodioides'' Lam.
* ''Solanum chiapasense'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum chilense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilliasense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chillonanum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chimborazense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiovendae'' Lanza
* ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br.
* ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun
* ''Solanum cladotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Vand. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum clarum'' Correll
* ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum clokeyi'' Munz
* ''Solanum cobanense'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coccineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum cochabambense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' Vargas
* ''Solanum collectaneum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum colombianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comarapanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum commersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum complectens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee &amp; G.J. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum compressum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comptum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum concarense'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum concinnum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum confine'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conglobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum connatum'' Correll
* ''Solanum consimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum contumazaense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cordatum'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordioides'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum cordovense'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cormanthum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cornifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corumbense'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum coxii'' Phil.
* ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam.
* ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm.
* ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum crinitipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crinitum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crispum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum croatii'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crotonifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cruciferum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum cucullatum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum cufodontii'' Lanza
* ''Solanum cultum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum curtilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cutervanum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum cymosum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===
* ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter
* ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee
* ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum davidsei'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum davisense'' &lt;small&gt;Whalen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz
* ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' &lt;small&gt;C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum delagoense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delicatulum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delitescens'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delpierrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm.
* ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum deterrimum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' Robyns
* ''Solanum diamantinense'' Agra
* ''Solanum dianthum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum dichroandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum didymum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dimidiatum'' Raf.
* ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinteri'' Bitter
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diploconos'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dissimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum distichophyllum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum distichum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diversifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum doddsii'' Correll
* ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dolosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum domesticum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum donachui'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donianum'' Walp.
* ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' J.M. Coult.
* ''Solanum douglasii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dulcamara'' L.
* ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== E ===
* ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault
* ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum eickii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum eitenii'' Agra
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' Cav.
* ''Solanum elskensi'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum endlicheri'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlichii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endoadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum endopogon'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ensifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erianthum'' D. Don
* ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' Fernald
* ''Solanum etuberosum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum euacanthum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' Greenm.
* ''Solanum evonymoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum exasperatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum exiguum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum extensum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===
* ''Solanum fabrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs
* ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent
* ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum filicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum filiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth.
* ''Solanum floridanum'' &lt;small&gt;Shuttlew. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum foetens'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum forskalii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs
* ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy
* ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd.
* ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav.
* ''Solanum fulgens'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum furcatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fusiforme'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===
* ''Solanum gandarillasii'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum giftbergense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby
* ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc.
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf.
* ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum glutinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell.
* ''Solanum goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gomphodes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum grandiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum grayi'' Rose
* ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza
* ''Solanum griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer
* ''Solanum guamuchilense'' &lt;small&gt;Cast.-Campos &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll
* ''Solanum guineense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===
* ''Solanum habrocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haematocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haleakalaense'' &lt;small&gt;H.St.John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hamatile'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hartwegii'' Benth.
* ''Solanum hasslerianum'' Chodat
* ''Solanum hastatilobum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hastifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastiforme'' Correll
* ''Solanum hayesii'' Fernald
* ''Solanum hazenii'' Britton
* ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum heinianum'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heleonastes'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum helleri'' Standl.
* ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum herba-bona'' Reiche
* ''Solanum herculeum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum hermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hernandesii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heteroclitum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum heterodoxum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hexandrum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum hibernum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum hidetaroi'' Masam.
* ''Solanum hieronymi'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;BR &amp; Bouche, A. M.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hillebrandii'' Yunck.
* ''Solanum himatacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hindsianum'' Benth.
* ''Solanum hintonii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hirsutum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum hirtellum'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtulum'' Krause
* ''Solanum hirtum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum hjertingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoehnei'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton
* ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum holtzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homalospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Chiarini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homblei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoopesii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hougasii'' Correll
* ''Solanum houstonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum huancabambense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum huayavillense'' &lt;small&gt;Del Vitto &amp; Peten.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humblotii'' Dammer
* ''Solanum humectophilum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Bernh. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hutchisonii'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hybridum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum hylobium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypermegethes'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum hypomalacum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypopsilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===
* ''Solanum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imamense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imbaburense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum imberbe'' Bitter
* ''Solanum immite'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incahuasinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum incanum'' L.
* ''Solanum incarceratum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incasicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum incisum'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum incompletum'' Britton
* ''Solanum incomptum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum incurvipilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum incurvum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inelegans'' Rusby
* ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ingaefolium'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum inodorum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum inornatum'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insidiosum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum insolaesolis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interandinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interius'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum intermedium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum iodotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ionidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum iopetalum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum ipomoea'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum iraniense'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irosinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum irregulare'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum isodynamum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum itatiaiae'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz. ex Edmonds&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== J ===
* ''Solanum jabrense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaegeri'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaenense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill.
* ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr.
* ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai
* ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton
* ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen
* ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum juglandifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche
* ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum jussiaei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell.
* ''Solanum juzepczukii'' &lt;small&gt;Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;

=== K ===
* ''Solanum kagehense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr.
* ''Solanum keniense'' Standl.
* ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitagawae'' &lt;small&gt;Schonb.-Tem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitivuense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum kurtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kwebense'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===
* ''Solanum lacerdae'' &lt;small&gt;Dusén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum laevigatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum lanceifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum lanceolatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum lantana'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanzae'' &lt;small&gt;J.-P. Lebrun &amp; Stork&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocladum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum lasiopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lateritium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum latiflorum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurifolium'' L. f.
* ''Solanum laxissimum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum laxum'' Spreng.
* ''Solanum leiophyllum'' Benth.
* ''Solanum lepidotum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptopodum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll
* ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal
* ''Solanum lesteri'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen
* ''Solanum leucanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum leucophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber
* ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd.
* ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald
* ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas
* ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby
* ''Solanum linnaeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper &amp; P.-M.L.Jaeger&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç.
* ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum loxense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lucens'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum luteoalbum'' Pers.
* ''Solanum luteum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum luzoniense'' Merr.
* ''Solanum lycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicum'' L.
* ''Solanum lykipiense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lyratum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===
* ''Solanum macaonense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macbridei'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Lallana&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macowanii'' Fourc.
* ''Solanum macracanthum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum macranthum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum macrocarpon'' L.
* ''Solanum macrotonum'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal
* ''Solanum madrense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum maglia'' Schltdl.
* ''[[Solanum mahoriensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malacothrix'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malletii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mammosum'' L.
* ''Solanum mangaschae'' Pax
* ''Solanum mapiricum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mapiriense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum maranguapense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum marantifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum marginatum'' L. f.
* ''Solanum marinasense'' Vargas
* ''[[Solanum marojejy]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maroniense'' Poit.
* ''Solanum marquesi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum martii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum martinsii'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum matadori'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maternum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum maturecalvans'' Bitter
* ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' Scop.
* ''Solanum medians'' Bitter
* ''Solanum megalochiton'' Mart.
* ''Solanum megalonyx'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum melastomoides'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melissarum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum melongena'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum memphiticum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum merrillianum'' Liou
* ''Solanum mesodolichum'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum metarsium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metrobotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum michoacanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microdontum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum microleprodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum mildbraedii'' Dammer
* ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' Correll
* ''Solanum mite'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''Solanum mitlense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mochiquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum moestum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum molinarum'' J.L. Gentry
* ''Solanum monachophyllum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum monactinanthum'' Dammer
* ''Solanum monadelphum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monanthemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monarchostemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moniliforme'' Correll
* ''Solanum monotanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montigenum'' &lt;small&gt;(C.V. Morton) Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morellifolium'' Bohs
* ''Solanum morelliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Münch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum mucronatum'' &lt;small&gt;O.E. Schulz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muenscheri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiflorum'' Vargas
* ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum multispinum'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muricatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum murinum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum murphyi'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum myoxotrichum'' Baker
* ''Solanum myriacanthum'' Dunal
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===
* ''Solanum nakurense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum namaquense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum neglectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nelsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum nemorense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neocardenasii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neorossii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm.
* ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum nguelense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nienkui'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigricans'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nocturnum'' Fernald
* ''Solanum nubicola'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum nudum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nuricum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum nutans'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===
* ''Solanum oaxacanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum obovalifolium'' Benitez
* ''Solanum occultum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum ochracanthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' Fernald
* ''Solanum ochraceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum odoriferum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum okadae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum olivaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivare'' &lt;small&gt;Paill. &amp; Bois&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ombrophilum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum opacum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Br. &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum oppositifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez
* ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll
* ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum otites'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede
* ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter
* ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== P ===
* ''Solanum pabstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachimatium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum palinacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum palitans'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum palustre'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp. ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum paniculatum'' L.
* ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra
* ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum paramoense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén
* ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller
* ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' &lt;small&gt;Lekhnovich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum paucispinum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pavimenti'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pectinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum peikuoensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.S. Ying&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum penduliflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum perattenuatum'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum perplexum'' Small
* ''Solanum pertenue'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum peruvianum'' L.
* ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol.
* ''Solanum phureja'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas
* ''Solanum piluliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L.
* ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill.
* ''Solanum pinetorum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl.
* ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum placitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook.
* ''Solanum platense'' &lt;small&gt;Dieckman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platycypellon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plowmanii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum polyacanthon'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polyadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum polyanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum praematurum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum premnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum preussii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour.
* ''Solanum profusum'' C.V. Morton
* ''Solanum proteanthum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum pruinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat &amp; Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; Stehmann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogracile'' Heiser
* ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum pseudoquina'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum psychotrioides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pterospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ptychanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pubigerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum purpusii'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum pygmaeum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum pyracanthos'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Q ===
* ''Solanum quaesitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quebradense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quichense'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult. &amp; Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quitoense'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===
* ''Solanum radicans'' L. f.
* ''Solanum ramonense'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum raphanifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reductum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum refractum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll
* ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq.
* ''Solanum reitzii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke
* ''Solanum reptans'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum restingae'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum restrictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum retroflexum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhodesianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum richardii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riedlei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rigescens'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum rigescentoides'' Hutch.
* ''Solanum riojense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum riparium'' Pers.
* ''Solanum ripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum robecchii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustum'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum rojasianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum rostratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rovirosanum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum rubetorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum rudepannum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm.
* ''Solanum rugosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher
* ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum runsoriense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rupincola'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===
* ''Solanum sakarense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salamancae'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salasianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum salicifolium'' Phil.
* ''Solanum saltianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salzmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sambucinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal &amp; A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sandemanii'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sandwicense'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil.
* ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas
* ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum saponaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum saturatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum savanillense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sawyeri'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum saxatilis'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum scabrifolium'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum scabrum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum scandens'' Mill.
* ''Solanum schenckii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum schimperianum'' Hochst.
* ''Solanum schizandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' Walp.
* ''Solanum schliebenii'' Werderm.
* ''Solanum schomburgkii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum schroederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schumannianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schwackei'' Glaz.
* ''Solanum sciadostylis'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scuticum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum seaforthianum'' Andrews
* ''Solanum secedens'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sellowianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sellowii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepiaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepicula'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge
* ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sericeum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessile'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum setaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Brandegee) Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sibundoyense'' &lt;small&gt;(Bohs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sieberi'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum simplicissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun
* ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan
* ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sitiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll
* ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum soestii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum solum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum somalense'' &lt;small&gt;Franch. in Revoil&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sooretamum'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sparsipilum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spathotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb.
* ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric.
* ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stenotomum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum stipulaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum stolzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum storkii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum suaveolens'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; C.D. Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Thell. &amp; H. Dur. xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subserratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum subsylvestre'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sudanense'' &lt;small&gt;Hammerstein xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum superbum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum supinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f.
* ''Solanum swartzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. &amp; Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sycophanta'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum symphyandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===
* ''Solanum tabanoense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell
* ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' Correll
* ''Solanum taitense'' Vatke
* ''Solanum talarense'' Svenson
* ''Solanum tampicense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tanysepalum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tapojense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tarapatanum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tarderemotum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tarijense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum tarnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taulisense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tegore'' Aubl.
* ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' Parish
* ''Solanum tenuipes'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum ternatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ternifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tetricum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tettense'' Klotzsch
* ''Solanum thelopodium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum thruppii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum toldense'' &lt;small&gt;Matesevach &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tomentosum'' L.
* ''Solanum torreanum'' &lt;small&gt;A.E. Gonç.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreyi'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum torvum'' Sw.
* ''Solanum tovarii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycyphum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachytrichium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tribulosum'' S. Schauer
* ''Solanum trichoneuron'' Lillo
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tridynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifidum'' Correll
* ''Solanum triflorum'' Nutt.
* ''Solanum trifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifurcum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trigonoplum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum trinitense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum tripartitum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triplinervium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triquetrum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum triste'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum trizygum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tuberosum'' L.
* ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tunariense'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum tuquerrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum turgidum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turneroides'' Chodat
* ''Solanum tweedianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;

=== U ===
* ''Solanum ueleense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ugentii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ulei'' Morton
* ''Solanum ulugurense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum umbelliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Eschsch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbratile'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Schrank&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum undatum'' Lam.
* ''Solanum unifoliatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum unilobum'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum urosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum urticans'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz.
* ''Solanum usaramense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum utile'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===
* ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vaillantii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valdiviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valerioanum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum validinervium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez &amp; S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz.
* ''Solanum vanheurckii'' &lt;small&gt;Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum variabile'' Mart.
* ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum velleum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vellozianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum venosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum venturii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjerting&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vernei'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum vervoorstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vestissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viarum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vidaurrei'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum villosum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum villuspetalum'' Vargas
* ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum violaceum'' Ortega
* ''Solanum violifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virginianum'' L.
* ''Solanum virgultorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' Gilli
* ''Solanum viridipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viscosissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum volubile'' Sw.
* ''Solanum volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===
* ''Solanum wacketii'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wallacei'' &lt;small&gt;(A. Gray) Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum warmingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hieron&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wendlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum whalenii'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wittmackii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodburyi'' &lt;small&gt;R.A. Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wrightii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;

=== X ===
* ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum xanti'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;

=== Y ===
* ''Solanum yamobambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yanamonense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yangambiense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum youngii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yungasense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===
* ''Solanum zanzibarense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zeylanicum'' Scop.
* ''Solanum zuloagae'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' Jacq.)
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; () -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C.Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- mafai-mamy
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum forsythii'' Dammer; ''Solanum nossibeense'' Vatke) -- angiviala, angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, mangidikely, tsilohery, voampokely
* ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum insanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- voatabia, voabonga
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'') -- angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker; ''Solanum nitens'' Baker; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') -- hendramena, kiranzy, lahirohy, sakaikely, vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, voamainty (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum mahoriense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum heteracanthum'' Dunal) -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo)
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; -- voabana
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; -- fatipatikanala
* ''[[Solanum truncicola]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra vondrona'''

* ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) -- ranenda, ranendo)

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angivy]]
* [[Baranjely]]
* [[Voampoana|Voampoa]]
* [[Solanum lycopersicum|Voatabia]]

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>fu4fdsle9ah5meuvykwm339txgcgsc9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153530</id>
      <parentid>1153528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:00:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153530</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="59916" sha1="r13onzw9pzsag88xa6w13a26pjs45oh" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']]
Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]]  [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny [[Vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny Angiospermae|vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]'').

Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]]. Boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka, ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny.

Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny karazana hafa. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]].

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana maneran-tany ===
Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(24 août 2019)&lt;/small&gt; (miisa mihoatra ny 900):

=== A ===
* ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra
* ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum abutiloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum acanthoideum'' &lt;small&gt;Drège ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum accrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acerifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum achacachense'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz.
* ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby
* ''Solanum actinocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;(H. Winkl.) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum aculeolatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acutilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adelense'' Delile
* ''Solanum adhaerens'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adoense'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Braun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek
* ''Solanum aemulans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aenictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum affine'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum africanum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum aggerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum albescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albicans'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albidum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll
* ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum allophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum altissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amayanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amazonium'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amblophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ambosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amethystinum'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amnicola'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amotapense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anceps'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andreanum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andrieuxi'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anematophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustialatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustispinosum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anisophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum annuum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anoacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anomalum'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum antacochense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apaporanum'' &lt;small&gt;R.E. Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aparadense'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Solanum aphyodendron'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiahyense'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum apocynifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appendiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appressum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aracc-papa'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. ex Rybin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arboreum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arenarium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum argenteum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum argentinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aridum'' &lt;small&gt;Morong&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ariduphilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum armentalis'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry &amp; D'Arcy&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei
* ''Solanum asperolanatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum asperum'' Rich.
* ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum atitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Gill ex Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum aturense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum aureum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst.
* ''Solanum axillifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa

=== B ===
* ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez
* ''Solanum bagamojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahamense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber
* ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees
* ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum batangense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellicosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum benadirense'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum beniense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum berthaultii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum biceps'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bilabiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum billhookeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blodgettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chapm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum bolivianum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton ex Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boliviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bombycinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bonariense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bondjorum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boselliae'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachyantherum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum brachystachys'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brieyi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum buesii'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bukasovii'' &lt;small&gt;Juz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bullatum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum burchellii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===
* ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell.
* ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth
* ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum callianthum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum campaniforme'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campechiense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campetrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candelarianum'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum candolleanum'' &lt;small&gt;Berthault&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum canense'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cantense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capillipes'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capoerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capsicoides'' &lt;small&gt;All.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum carense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum caripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carolinense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cassioides'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr.
* ''Solanum caudatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cerasiferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chancayense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chariense'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chaucha'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chavinense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' &lt;small&gt;(Riley) Fosberg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chenopodioides'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiapasense'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilliasense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chillonanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chimborazense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiovendae'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br.
* ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun
* ''Solanum cladotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Vand. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum clarum'' Correll
* ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum clokeyi'' &lt;small&gt;Munz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cobanense'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coccineum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cochabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum collectaneum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum colombianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comarapanum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum commersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum complectens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee &amp; G.J. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum compressum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comptum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum concarense'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum concinnum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confine'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conglobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum connatum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum consimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum contumazaense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordatum'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordioides'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordovense'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cormanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cornifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corumbense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum coxii'' Phil.
* ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam.
* ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm.
* ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum crinitipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crinitum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crispum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crotonifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cruciferum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cucullatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cufodontii'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cultum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum curtilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cutervanum'' &lt;small&gt;Zahlbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cymosum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===
* ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter
* ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee
* ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum davidsei'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum davisense'' &lt;small&gt;Whalen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz
* ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' &lt;small&gt;C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum delagoense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delicatulum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delitescens'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delpierrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm.
* ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum deterrimum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' &lt;small&gt;Robyns&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diamantinense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum didymum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dimidiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Raf&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinteri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diploconos'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dissimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum distichophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum distichum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diversifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum doddsii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donachui'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum douglasii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== E ===
* ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault
* ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum eickii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum eitenii'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum elskensi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlicheri'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlichii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endoadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endopogon'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ensifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erianthum'' &lt;small&gt;D. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum etuberosum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum euacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evonymoides'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum exasperatum'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum exiguum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum extensum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===
* ''Solanum fabrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs
* ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent
* ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum filicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum filiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth.
* ''Solanum floridanum'' &lt;small&gt;Shuttlew. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum foetens'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum forskalii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs
* ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy
* ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd.
* ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav.
* ''Solanum fulgens'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum furcatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fusiforme'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===
* ''Solanum gandarillasii'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum giftbergense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby
* ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc.
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf.
* ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum glutinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell.
* ''Solanum goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gomphodes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum grandiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum grayi'' Rose
* ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza
* ''Solanum griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer
* ''Solanum guamuchilense'' &lt;small&gt;Cast.-Campos &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll
* ''Solanum guineense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===
* ''Solanum habrocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haematocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haleakalaense'' &lt;small&gt;H.St.John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hamatile'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hartwegii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hasslerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastatilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hayesii'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hazenii'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heleonastes'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum helleri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herba-bona'' &lt;small&gt;Reiche&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herculeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hernandesii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heteroclitum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum heterodoxum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hexandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hibernum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hidetaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Masam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hieronymi'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;BR &amp; Bouche, A. M.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hillebrandii'' &lt;small&gt;Yunck&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum himatacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hindsianum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hintonii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hirsutum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtellum'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtulum'' &lt;small&gt;Krause&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hjertingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoehnei'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton
* ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum holtzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homalospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Chiarini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homblei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoopesii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hougasii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum houstonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum huancabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huayavillense'' &lt;small&gt;Del Vitto &amp; Peten.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humectophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Bernh. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hutchisonii'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hybridum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hylobium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypermegethes'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypomalacum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypopsilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===
* ''Solanum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imbaburense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imberbe'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum immite'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incahuasinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incarceratum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incasicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incisum'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum incompletum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incomptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvipilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inelegans'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ingaefolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inodorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum inornatum'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insidiosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum insolaesolis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interandinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum interius'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum intermedium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iodotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ionidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iopetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ipomoea'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum iraniense'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irregulare'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum isodynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum itatiaiae'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz. ex Edmonds&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== J ===
* ''Solanum jabrense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaegeri'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaenense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill.
* ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr.
* ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai
* ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton
* ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen
* ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum juglandifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche
* ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum jussiaei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell.
* ''Solanum juzepczukii'' &lt;small&gt;Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;

=== K ===
* ''Solanum kagehense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr.
* ''Solanum keniense'' Standl.
* ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitagawae'' &lt;small&gt;Schonb.-Tem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitivuense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum kurtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kwebense'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===
* ''Solanum lacerdae'' &lt;small&gt;Dusén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum laevigatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanceifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lantana'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanzae'' &lt;small&gt;J.-P. Lebrun &amp; Stork&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocladum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lateritium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum latiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurifolium'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxum'' &lt;small&gt;Spreng&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum leiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lepidotum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptopodum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll
* ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal
* ''Solanum lesteri'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen
* ''Solanum leucanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum leucophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber
* ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd.
* ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald
* ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas
* ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby
* ''Solanum linnaeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper &amp; P.-M.L.Jaeger&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç.
* ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum loxense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lucens'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luteoalbum'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luteum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luzoniense'' &lt;small&gt;Merr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lykipiense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lyratum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===
* ''Solanum macaonense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macbridei'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Lallana&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macowanii'' &lt;small&gt;Fourc&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum macracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macrotonum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum madrense'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maglia'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum mahoriensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malacothrix'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malletii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mammosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mangaschae'' &lt;small&gt;Pax&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiricum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiriense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maranguapense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marantifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marginatum'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marinasense'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum marojejy]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maroniense'' &lt;small&gt;Poit.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marquesi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum martii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum martinsii'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum matadori'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maternum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maturecalvans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum medians'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum megalochiton'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megalonyx'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melastomoides'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melissarum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum memphiticum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum merrillianum'' &lt;small&gt;Liou&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mesodolichum'' &lt;small&gt;Pic.Serm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metarsium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metrobotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum michoacanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microdontum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microleprodes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mildbraedii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mite'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mitlense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mochiquense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moestum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum molinarum'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monachophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monactinanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monadelphum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monanthemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monarchostemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moniliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monotanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montigenum'' &lt;small&gt;(C.V. Morton) Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morellifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morelliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Münch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum mucronatum'' &lt;small&gt;O.E. Schulz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muenscheri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multispinum'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muricatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum murinum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum murphyi'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum myriacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===
* ''Solanum nakurense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum namaquense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum neglectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nelsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum nemorense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neocardenasii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neorossii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm.
* ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum nguelense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nienkui'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigricans'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nocturnum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nubicola'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nudum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nuricum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nutans'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===
* ''Solanum oaxacanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum obovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum occultum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum odoriferum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum okadae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum olivaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivare'' &lt;small&gt;Paill. &amp; Bois&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ombrophilum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum opacum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Br. &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum oppositifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez
* ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll
* ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum otites'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede
* ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter
* ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== P ===
* ''Solanum pabstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachimatium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum palinacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum palitans'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum palustre'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp. ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum paniculatum'' L.
* ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra
* ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum paramoense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén
* ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller
* ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' &lt;small&gt;Lekhnovich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum paucispinum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pavimenti'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pectinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum peikuoensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.S. Ying&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum penduliflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum perattenuatum'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum perplexum'' Small
* ''Solanum pertenue'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum peruvianum'' L.
* ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol.
* ''Solanum phureja'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas
* ''Solanum piluliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L.
* ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill.
* ''Solanum pinetorum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl.
* ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum placitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook.
* ''Solanum platense'' &lt;small&gt;Dieckman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platycypellon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plowmanii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum polyacanthon'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polyadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum polyanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum praematurum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum premnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum preussii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour.
* ''Solanum profusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum proteanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pruinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat &amp; Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; Stehmann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogracile'' &lt;small&gt;Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' &lt;small&gt;Pojark&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudoquina'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum psychotrioides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pterospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ptychanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pubigerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum purpusii'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pygmaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Q ===
* ''Solanum quaesitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quebradense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quichense'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult. &amp; Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quitoense'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===
* ''Solanum radicans'' L. f.
* ''Solanum ramonense'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum raphanifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reductum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum refractum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll
* ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq.
* ''Solanum reitzii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke
* ''Solanum reptans'' &lt;small&gt;Bunbury&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restingae'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restrictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum retroflexum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhodesianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riedlei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rigescens'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum rigescentoides'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum riojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riparium'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum robecchii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustum'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum rojasianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum rostratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rovirosanum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum rubetorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum rudepannum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm.
* ''Solanum rugosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher
* ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum runsoriense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rupincola'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===
* ''Solanum sakarense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salamancae'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salasianum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum saltianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salzmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sambucinum'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal &amp; A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandemanii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sandwicense'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil.
* ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas
* ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum saponaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum saturatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum savanillense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sawyeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum saxatilis'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scabrifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scandens'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schenckii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schimperianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schizandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schliebenii'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schomburgkii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schroederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schumannianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schwackei'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sciadostylis'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scuticum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum secedens'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sellowianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sellowii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepiaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepicula'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge
* ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sericeum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessile'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum setaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Brandegee) Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sibundoyense'' &lt;small&gt;(Bohs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sieberi'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum simplicissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun
* ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan
* ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sitiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll
* ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum soestii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum solum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum somalense'' &lt;small&gt;Franch. in Revoil&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sooretamum'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sparsipilum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spathotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb.
* ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric.
* ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stenotomum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum stipulaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum stolzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum storkii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum suaveolens'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; C.D. Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Thell. &amp; H. Dur. xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subserratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum subsylvestre'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sudanense'' &lt;small&gt;Hammerstein xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum superbum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum supinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f.
* ''Solanum swartzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. &amp; Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sycophanta'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum symphyandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===
* ''Solanum tabanoense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell
* ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taitense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum talarense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tampicense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tanysepalum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tapojense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarapatanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarijense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taulisense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tegore'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuipes'' &lt;small&gt;Bartlett&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum ternatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ternifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tetricum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tettense'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thelopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum thruppii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum toldense'' &lt;small&gt;Matesevach &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tomentosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreanum'' &lt;small&gt;A.E. Gonç.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreyi'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tovarii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycyphum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachytrichium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tribulosum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Schauer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trichoneuron'' &lt;small&gt;Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tridynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Nutt&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifurcum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trinitense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tripartitum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triplinervium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triquetrum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum triste'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trizygum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' L.
* ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tunariense'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tuquerrense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turgidum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turneroides'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tweedianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;

=== U ===
* ''Solanum ueleense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ugentii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ulei'' Morton
* ''Solanum ulugurense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum umbelliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Eschsch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbratile'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Schrank&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum undatum'' Lam.
* ''Solanum unifoliatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum unilobum'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum urosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum urticans'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz.
* ''Solanum usaramense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum utile'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===
* ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vaillantii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valdiviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valerioanum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum validinervium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez &amp; S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz.
* ''Solanum vanheurckii'' &lt;small&gt;Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum variabile'' Mart.
* ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum velleum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vellozianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum venosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum venturii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjerting&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vernei'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum vervoorstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vestissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viarum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vidaurrei'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum villosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum villuspetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virginianum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virgultorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Gilli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viscosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum volubile'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===
* ''Solanum wacketii'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wallacei'' &lt;small&gt;(A. Gray) Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum warmingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hieron&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wendlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum whalenii'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wittmackii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodburyi'' &lt;small&gt;R.A. Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wrightii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;

=== X ===
* ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum xanti'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;

=== Y ===
* ''Solanum yamobambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yanamonense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yangambiense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum youngii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yungasense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===
* ''Solanum zanzibarense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zeylanicum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zuloagae'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' Jacq.)
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; () -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C.Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- mafai-mamy
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum forsythii'' Dammer; ''Solanum nossibeense'' Vatke) -- angiviala, angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, mangidikely, tsilohery, voampokely
* ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum insanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- voatabia, voabonga
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'') -- angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker; ''Solanum nitens'' Baker; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') -- hendramena, kiranzy, lahirohy, sakaikely, vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, voamainty (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum mahoriense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum heteracanthum'' Dunal) -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo)
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; -- voabana
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; -- fatipatikanala
* ''[[Solanum truncicola]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra vondrona'''

* ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) -- ranenda, ranendo)

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angivy]]
* [[Baranjely]]
* [[Voampoana|Voampoa]]
* [[Solanum lycopersicum|Voatabia]]

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>r13onzw9pzsag88xa6w13a26pjs45oh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153531</id>
      <parentid>1153530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazana napetraka tao teo aloha</comment>
      <origin>1153531</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62149" sha1="7l55e3up477nwltn63pqe0pb0czcj89" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']]
Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]]  [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny [[Vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny Angiospermae|vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]'').

Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]]. Boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka, ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny.

Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny karazana hafa. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]].

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana maneran-tany ===
Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(24 août 2019)&lt;/small&gt; (miisa mihoatra ny 900):

=== A ===
* ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra
* ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum abutiloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum acanthoideum'' &lt;small&gt;Drège ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum accrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acerifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum achacachense'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz.
* ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby
* ''Solanum actinocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;(H. Winkl.) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum aculeolatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acutilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adelense'' Delile
* ''Solanum adhaerens'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adoense'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Braun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek
* ''Solanum aemulans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aenictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum affine'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum africanum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum aggerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum albescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albicans'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albidum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll
* ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum allophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum altissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amayanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amazonium'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amblophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ambosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amethystinum'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amnicola'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amotapense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anceps'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andreanum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andrieuxi'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anematophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustialatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustispinosum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anisophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum annuum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anoacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anomalum'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum antacochense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apaporanum'' &lt;small&gt;R.E. Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aparadense'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Solanum aphyodendron'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiahyense'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum apocynifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appendiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appressum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aracc-papa'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. ex Rybin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arboreum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arenarium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum argenteum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum argentinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aridum'' &lt;small&gt;Morong&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ariduphilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum armentalis'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry &amp; D'Arcy&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei
* ''Solanum asperolanatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum asperum'' Rich.
* ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum atitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Gill ex Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum aturense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum aureum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst.
* ''Solanum axillifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa

=== B ===
* ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez
* ''Solanum bagamojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahamense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber
* ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees
* ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum batangense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellicosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum benadirense'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum beniense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum berthaultii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum biceps'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bilabiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum billhookeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blodgettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chapm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum bolivianum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton ex Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boliviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bombycinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bonariense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bondjorum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boselliae'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachyantherum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum brachystachys'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brieyi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum buesii'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bukasovii'' &lt;small&gt;Juz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bullatum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum burchellii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===
* ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell.
* ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth
* ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum callianthum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum campaniforme'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campechiense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campetrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candelarianum'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum candolleanum'' &lt;small&gt;Berthault&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum canense'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cantense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capillipes'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capoerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capsicoides'' &lt;small&gt;All.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum carense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum caripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carolinense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cassioides'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr.
* ''Solanum caudatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cerasiferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chancayense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chariense'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chaucha'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chavinense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' &lt;small&gt;(Riley) Fosberg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chenopodioides'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiapasense'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilliasense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chillonanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chimborazense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiovendae'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br.
* ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun
* ''Solanum cladotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Vand. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum clarum'' Correll
* ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum clokeyi'' &lt;small&gt;Munz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cobanense'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coccineum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cochabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum collectaneum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum colombianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comarapanum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum commersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum complectens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee &amp; G.J. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum compressum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comptum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum concarense'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum concinnum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confine'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conglobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum connatum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum consimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum contumazaense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordatum'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordioides'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordovense'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cormanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cornifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corumbense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum coxii'' Phil.
* ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam.
* ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm.
* ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum crinitipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crinitum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crispum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crotonifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cruciferum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cucullatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cufodontii'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cultum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum curtilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cutervanum'' &lt;small&gt;Zahlbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cymosum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===
* ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter
* ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee
* ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum davidsei'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum davisense'' &lt;small&gt;Whalen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz
* ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' &lt;small&gt;C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum delagoense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delicatulum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delitescens'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delpierrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm.
* ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum deterrimum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' &lt;small&gt;Robyns&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diamantinense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum didymum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dimidiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Raf&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinteri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diploconos'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dissimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum distichophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum distichum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diversifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum doddsii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donachui'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum douglasii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== E ===
* ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault
* ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum eickii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum eitenii'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum elskensi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlicheri'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlichii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endoadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endopogon'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ensifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erianthum'' &lt;small&gt;D. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum etuberosum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum euacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evonymoides'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum exasperatum'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum exiguum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum extensum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===
* ''Solanum fabrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs
* ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent
* ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum filicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum filiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth.
* ''Solanum floridanum'' &lt;small&gt;Shuttlew. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum foetens'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum forskalii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs
* ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy
* ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd.
* ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav.
* ''Solanum fulgens'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum furcatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fusiforme'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===
* ''Solanum gandarillasii'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum giftbergense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby
* ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc.
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf.
* ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum glutinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell.
* ''Solanum goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gomphodes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum grandiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum grayi'' Rose
* ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza
* ''Solanum griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer
* ''Solanum guamuchilense'' &lt;small&gt;Cast.-Campos &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll
* ''Solanum guineense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===
* ''Solanum habrocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haematocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haleakalaense'' &lt;small&gt;H.St.John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hamatile'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hartwegii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hasslerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastatilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hayesii'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hazenii'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heleonastes'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum helleri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herba-bona'' &lt;small&gt;Reiche&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herculeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hernandesii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heteroclitum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum heterodoxum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hexandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hibernum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hidetaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Masam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hieronymi'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;BR &amp; Bouche, A. M.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hillebrandii'' &lt;small&gt;Yunck&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum himatacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hindsianum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hintonii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hirsutum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtellum'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtulum'' &lt;small&gt;Krause&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hjertingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoehnei'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton
* ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum holtzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homalospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Chiarini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homblei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoopesii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hougasii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum houstonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum huancabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huayavillense'' &lt;small&gt;Del Vitto &amp; Peten.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humectophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Bernh. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hutchisonii'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hybridum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hylobium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypermegethes'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypomalacum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypopsilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===
* ''Solanum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imbaburense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imberbe'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum immite'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incahuasinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incarceratum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incasicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incisum'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum incompletum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incomptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvipilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inelegans'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ingaefolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inodorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum inornatum'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insidiosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum insolaesolis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interandinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum interius'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum intermedium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iodotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ionidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iopetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ipomoea'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum iraniense'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irregulare'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum isodynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum itatiaiae'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz. ex Edmonds&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== J ===
* ''Solanum jabrense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaegeri'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaenense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill.
* ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr.
* ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai
* ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton
* ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen
* ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum juglandifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche
* ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum jussiaei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell.
* ''Solanum juzepczukii'' &lt;small&gt;Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;

=== K ===
* ''Solanum kagehense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr.
* ''Solanum keniense'' Standl.
* ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitagawae'' &lt;small&gt;Schonb.-Tem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitivuense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum kurtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kwebense'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===
* ''Solanum lacerdae'' &lt;small&gt;Dusén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum laevigatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanceifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lantana'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanzae'' &lt;small&gt;J.-P. Lebrun &amp; Stork&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocladum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lateritium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum latiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurifolium'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxum'' &lt;small&gt;Spreng&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum leiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lepidotum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptopodum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll
* ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal
* ''Solanum lesteri'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen
* ''Solanum leucanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum leucophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber
* ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd.
* ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald
* ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas
* ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby
* ''Solanum linnaeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper &amp; P.-M.L.Jaeger&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç.
* ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum loxense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lucens'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luteoalbum'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luteum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luzoniense'' &lt;small&gt;Merr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lykipiense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lyratum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===
* ''Solanum macaonense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macbridei'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Lallana&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macowanii'' &lt;small&gt;Fourc&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum macracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macrotonum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum madrense'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maglia'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum mahoriensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malacothrix'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malletii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mammosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mangaschae'' &lt;small&gt;Pax&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiricum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiriense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maranguapense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marantifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marginatum'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marinasense'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum marojejy]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maroniense'' &lt;small&gt;Poit.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marquesi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum martii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum martinsii'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum matadori'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maternum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maturecalvans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum medians'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum megalochiton'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megalonyx'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melastomoides'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melissarum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum memphiticum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum merrillianum'' &lt;small&gt;Liou&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mesodolichum'' &lt;small&gt;Pic.Serm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metarsium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metrobotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum michoacanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microdontum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microleprodes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mildbraedii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mite'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mitlense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mochiquense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moestum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum molinarum'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monachophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monactinanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monadelphum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monanthemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monarchostemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moniliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monotanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montigenum'' &lt;small&gt;(C.V. Morton) Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morellifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morelliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Münch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum mucronatum'' &lt;small&gt;O.E. Schulz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muenscheri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multispinum'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muricatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum murinum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum murphyi'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum myriacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===
* ''Solanum nakurense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum namaquense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum neglectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nelsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum nemorense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neocardenasii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neorossii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm.
* ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum nguelense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nienkui'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigricans'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nocturnum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nubicola'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nudum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nuricum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nutans'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===
* ''Solanum oaxacanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum obovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum occultum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum odoriferum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum okadae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum olivaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivare'' &lt;small&gt;Paill. &amp; Bois&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ombrophilum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum opacum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Br. &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum oppositifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez
* ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll
* ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum otites'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede
* ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter
* ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== P ===
[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 05 ies.jpg|vignette|''[[Solanum pyracanthum]]'']]
* ''Solanum pabstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachimatium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum palinacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum palitans'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum palustre'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp. ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum paniculatum'' L.
* ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra
* ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum paramoense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén
* ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller
* ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' &lt;small&gt;Lekhnovich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum paucispinum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pavimenti'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pectinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum peikuoensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.S. Ying&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum penduliflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum perattenuatum'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum perplexum'' Small
* ''Solanum pertenue'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum peruvianum'' L.
* ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol.
* ''Solanum phureja'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas
* ''Solanum piluliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L.
* ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill.
* ''Solanum pinetorum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl.
* ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum placitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook.
* ''Solanum platense'' &lt;small&gt;Dieckman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platycypellon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plowmanii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum polyacanthon'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polyadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum polyanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum praematurum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum premnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum preussii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour.
* ''Solanum profusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum proteanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pruinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat &amp; Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; Stehmann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogracile'' &lt;small&gt;Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' &lt;small&gt;Pojark&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudoquina'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum psychotrioides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pterospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ptychanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pubigerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum purpusii'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pygmaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Q ===
* ''Solanum quaesitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quebradense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quichense'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult. &amp; Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quitoense'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===
* ''Solanum radicans'' L. f.
* ''Solanum ramonense'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum raphanifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reductum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum refractum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll
* ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq.
* ''Solanum reitzii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke
* ''Solanum reptans'' &lt;small&gt;Bunbury&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restingae'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restrictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum retroflexum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhodesianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riedlei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rigescens'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum rigescentoides'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum riojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riparium'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum robecchii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustum'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum rojasianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum rostratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rovirosanum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum rubetorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum rudepannum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm.
* ''Solanum rugosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher
* ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum runsoriense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rupincola'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===
[[Sary:Starr 020323-0062 Solanum seaforthianum.jpg|vignette|''Solanum seaforthianum'']]
* ''Solanum sakarense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salamancae'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salasianum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum saltianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salzmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sambucinum'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal &amp; A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandemanii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sandwicense'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil.
* ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas
* ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum saponaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum saturatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum savanillense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sawyeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum saxatilis'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scabrifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scandens'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schenckii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schimperianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schizandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schliebenii'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schomburgkii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schroederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schumannianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schwackei'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sciadostylis'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scuticum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum secedens'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sellowianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sellowii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepiaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepicula'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge
* ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sericeum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessile'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum setaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Brandegee) Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sibundoyense'' &lt;small&gt;(Bohs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sieberi'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum simplicissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun
* ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan
* ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sitiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll
* ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum soestii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum solum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum somalense'' &lt;small&gt;Franch. in Revoil&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sooretamum'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sparsipilum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spathotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb.
* ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric.
* ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stenotomum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum stipulaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum stolzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum storkii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum suaveolens'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; C.D. Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Thell. &amp; H. Dur. xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subserratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum subsylvestre'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sudanense'' &lt;small&gt;Hammerstein xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum superbum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum supinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f.
* ''Solanum swartzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. &amp; Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sycophanta'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum symphyandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===
* ''Solanum tabanoense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell
* ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taitense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum talarense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tampicense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tanysepalum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tapojense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarapatanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarijense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taulisense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tegore'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuipes'' &lt;small&gt;Bartlett&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum ternatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ternifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tetricum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tettense'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thelopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum thruppii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum toldense'' &lt;small&gt;Matesevach &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tomentosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreanum'' &lt;small&gt;A.E. Gonç.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreyi'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tovarii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycyphum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachytrichium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tribulosum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Schauer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trichoneuron'' &lt;small&gt;Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tridynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Nutt&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifurcum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trinitense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tripartitum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triplinervium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triquetrum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum triste'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trizygum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' L.
* ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tunariense'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tuquerrense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turgidum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turneroides'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tweedianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;

=== U ===
* ''Solanum ueleense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ugentii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ulei'' Morton
* ''Solanum ulugurense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum umbelliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Eschsch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbratile'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Schrank&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum undatum'' Lam.
* ''Solanum unifoliatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum unilobum'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum urosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum urticans'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz.
* ''Solanum usaramense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum utile'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===
* ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vaillantii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valdiviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valerioanum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum validinervium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez &amp; S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz.
* ''Solanum vanheurckii'' &lt;small&gt;Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum variabile'' Mart.
* ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum velleum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vellozianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum venosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum venturii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjerting&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vernei'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum vervoorstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vestissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viarum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vidaurrei'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum villosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum villuspetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virginianum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virgultorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Gilli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viscosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum volubile'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===
* ''Solanum wacketii'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wallacei'' &lt;small&gt;(A. Gray) Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum warmingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hieron&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wendlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum whalenii'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wittmackii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodburyi'' &lt;small&gt;R.A. Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wrightii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;

=== X ===
* ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum xanti'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;

=== Y ===
* ''Solanum yamobambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yanamonense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yangambiense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum youngii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yungasense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===
* ''Solanum zanzibarense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zeylanicum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zuloagae'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana napetraka tao teo aloha ===
Nisy ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' nefa efa nafindra vondron-karazana hafa, anisan' izany ireto:

* ''Chamaesaracha coronopus'' &lt;small&gt;(Dun.) A. Gray&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum coronopus'')
* ''Cordia alliodora'' &lt;small&gt;(Ruiz &amp; Pav.) Oken&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum mucronatum'')
* [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes biflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Loureiro) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes denticulata'' &lt;small&gt;(BI.) Bitt.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' sy ''Solanum gouakai''  var. ''latifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes fugax'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Bitter.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal in Poir.&lt;/small&gt; sy )
* ''Lycianthes lycioides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Hassler&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum lycioides'' var. ''angustifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes moziniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes rantonnetii'' &lt;small&gt;(Carierre ex Lescuyer) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum rantonnetii'' sy ''Solanum urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' aey ''Solanum urbanum'' var. ''typicum'')
* ''Lycianthes stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;)

Nisy karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Lycianthes]]'' tsy voafaritra izay nomena anarana toy ny hoe:

* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dun.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Solanum ciliatum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume ex Miq&lt;/small&gt;., 
* ''Solanum corniculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Hiern&lt;/small&gt;, 
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dun.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;, 
* ''Solanum violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', 
* ''Solanum virgatum'' notst β ''albiflorum'', 
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Lag&lt;/small&gt;. 
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' Jacq.)
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C.Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- mafai-mamy
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum forsythii'' Dammer; ''Solanum nossibeense'' Vatke) -- angiviala, angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, mangidikely, tsilohery, voampokely
* ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum insanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- voatabia, voabonga
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'') -- angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker; ''Solanum nitens'' Baker; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') -- hendramena, kiranzy, lahirohy, sakaikely, vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, voamainty (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum mahoriense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum heteracanthum'' Dunal) -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo)
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; -- voabana
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; -- fatipatikanala
* ''[[Solanum truncicola]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra vondrona'''

* ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) -- ranenda, ranendo)

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angivy]]
* [[Baranjely]]
* [[Voampoana|Voampoa]]
* [[Solanum lycopersicum|Voatabia]]

* ''[[Chamaesaracha]]''
* ''[[Cordia]]'' (''[[Boraginaceae]]'')
* ''[[Kaliphora]]''
* ''[[Lycianthes]]''

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>7l55e3up477nwltn63pqe0pb0czcj89</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153532</id>
      <parentid>1153531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62220" sha1="5erc1oc7xf6vkjxdjhbibwijxvzu3jy" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']]
Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]]  [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny [[Vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny Angiospermae|vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]'').

Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]]. Boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka, ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny.
[[Sary:Solanum pseudocapsicum.jpg|vignette|''Solanum pseudocapsicum'']]
Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny karazana hafa. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]].

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana maneran-tany ===
Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(24 août 2019)&lt;/small&gt; (miisa mihoatra ny 900):

=== A ===
* ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra
* ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum abutiloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum acanthoideum'' &lt;small&gt;Drège ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum accrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acerifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum achacachense'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz.
* ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby
* ''Solanum actinocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;(H. Winkl.) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum aculeolatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acutilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adelense'' Delile
* ''Solanum adhaerens'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adoense'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Braun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek
* ''Solanum aemulans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aenictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum affine'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum africanum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum aggerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum albescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albicans'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albidum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll
* ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum allophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum altissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amayanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amazonium'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amblophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ambosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amethystinum'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amnicola'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amotapense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anceps'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andreanum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andrieuxi'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anematophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustialatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustispinosum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anisophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum annuum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anoacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anomalum'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum antacochense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apaporanum'' &lt;small&gt;R.E. Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aparadense'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Solanum aphyodendron'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiahyense'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum apocynifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appendiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appressum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aracc-papa'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. ex Rybin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arboreum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arenarium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum argenteum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum argentinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aridum'' &lt;small&gt;Morong&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ariduphilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum armentalis'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry &amp; D'Arcy&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei
* ''Solanum asperolanatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum asperum'' Rich.
* ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum atitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Gill ex Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum aturense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum aureum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst.
* ''Solanum axillifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa

=== B ===
* ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez
* ''Solanum bagamojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahamense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber
* ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees
* ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum batangense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellicosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum benadirense'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum beniense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum berthaultii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum biceps'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bilabiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum billhookeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blodgettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chapm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum bolivianum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton ex Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boliviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bombycinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bonariense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bondjorum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boselliae'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachyantherum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum brachystachys'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brieyi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum buesii'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bukasovii'' &lt;small&gt;Juz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bullatum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum burchellii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===
* ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell.
* ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth
* ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum callianthum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum campaniforme'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campechiense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campetrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candelarianum'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum candolleanum'' &lt;small&gt;Berthault&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum canense'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cantense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capillipes'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capoerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capsicoides'' &lt;small&gt;All.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum carense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum caripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carolinense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cassioides'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr.
* ''Solanum caudatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cerasiferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chancayense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chariense'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chaucha'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chavinense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' &lt;small&gt;(Riley) Fosberg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chenopodioides'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiapasense'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilliasense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chillonanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chimborazense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiovendae'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br.
* ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun
* ''Solanum cladotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Vand. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum clarum'' Correll
* ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum clokeyi'' &lt;small&gt;Munz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cobanense'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coccineum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cochabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum collectaneum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum colombianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comarapanum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum commersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum complectens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee &amp; G.J. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum compressum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comptum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum concarense'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum concinnum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confine'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conglobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum connatum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum consimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum contumazaense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordatum'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordioides'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordovense'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cormanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cornifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corumbense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum coxii'' Phil.
* ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam.
* ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm.
* ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum crinitipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crinitum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crispum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crotonifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cruciferum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cucullatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cufodontii'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cultum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum curtilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cutervanum'' &lt;small&gt;Zahlbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cymosum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===
* ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter
* ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee
* ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum davidsei'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum davisense'' &lt;small&gt;Whalen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz
* ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' &lt;small&gt;C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum delagoense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delicatulum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delitescens'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delpierrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm.
* ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum deterrimum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' &lt;small&gt;Robyns&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diamantinense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum didymum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dimidiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Raf&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinteri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diploconos'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dissimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum distichophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum distichum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diversifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum doddsii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donachui'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum douglasii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== E ===
* ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault
* ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum eickii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum eitenii'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum elskensi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlicheri'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlichii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endoadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endopogon'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ensifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erianthum'' &lt;small&gt;D. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum etuberosum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum euacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evonymoides'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum exasperatum'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum exiguum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum extensum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===
* ''Solanum fabrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs
* ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent
* ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum filicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum filiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth.
* ''Solanum floridanum'' &lt;small&gt;Shuttlew. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum foetens'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum forskalii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs
* ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy
* ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd.
* ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav.
* ''Solanum fulgens'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum furcatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fusiforme'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===
* ''Solanum gandarillasii'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum giftbergense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby
* ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc.
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf.
* ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum glutinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell.
* ''Solanum goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gomphodes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum grandiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum grayi'' Rose
* ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza
* ''Solanum griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer
* ''Solanum guamuchilense'' &lt;small&gt;Cast.-Campos &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll
* ''Solanum guineense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===
* ''Solanum habrocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haematocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haleakalaense'' &lt;small&gt;H.St.John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hamatile'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hartwegii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hasslerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastatilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hayesii'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hazenii'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heleonastes'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum helleri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herba-bona'' &lt;small&gt;Reiche&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herculeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hernandesii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heteroclitum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum heterodoxum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hexandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hibernum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hidetaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Masam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hieronymi'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;BR &amp; Bouche, A. M.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hillebrandii'' &lt;small&gt;Yunck&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum himatacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hindsianum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hintonii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hirsutum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtellum'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtulum'' &lt;small&gt;Krause&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hjertingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoehnei'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton
* ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum holtzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homalospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Chiarini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homblei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoopesii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hougasii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum houstonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum huancabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huayavillense'' &lt;small&gt;Del Vitto &amp; Peten.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humectophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Bernh. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hutchisonii'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hybridum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hylobium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypermegethes'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypomalacum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypopsilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===
* ''Solanum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imbaburense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imberbe'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum immite'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incahuasinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incarceratum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incasicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incisum'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum incompletum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incomptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvipilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inelegans'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ingaefolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inodorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum inornatum'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insidiosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum insolaesolis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interandinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum interius'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum intermedium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iodotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ionidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iopetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ipomoea'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum iraniense'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irregulare'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum isodynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum itatiaiae'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz. ex Edmonds&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== J ===
* ''Solanum jabrense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaegeri'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaenense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill.
* ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr.
* ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai
* ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton
* ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen
* ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum juglandifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche
* ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum jussiaei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell.
* ''Solanum juzepczukii'' &lt;small&gt;Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;

=== K ===
* ''Solanum kagehense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr.
* ''Solanum keniense'' Standl.
* ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitagawae'' &lt;small&gt;Schonb.-Tem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitivuense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum kurtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kwebense'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===
* ''Solanum lacerdae'' &lt;small&gt;Dusén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum laevigatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanceifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lantana'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanzae'' &lt;small&gt;J.-P. Lebrun &amp; Stork&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocladum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lateritium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum latiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurifolium'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxum'' &lt;small&gt;Spreng&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum leiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lepidotum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptopodum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll
* ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal
* ''Solanum lesteri'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen
* ''Solanum leucanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum leucophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber
* ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd.
* ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald
* ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas
* ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby
* ''Solanum linnaeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper &amp; P.-M.L.Jaeger&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç.
* ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum loxense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lucens'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luteoalbum'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luteum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luzoniense'' &lt;small&gt;Merr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lykipiense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lyratum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===
* ''Solanum macaonense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macbridei'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Lallana&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macowanii'' &lt;small&gt;Fourc&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum macracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macrotonum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum madrense'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maglia'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum mahoriensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malacothrix'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malletii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mammosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mangaschae'' &lt;small&gt;Pax&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiricum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiriense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maranguapense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marantifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marginatum'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marinasense'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum marojejy]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maroniense'' &lt;small&gt;Poit.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marquesi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum martii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum martinsii'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum matadori'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maternum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maturecalvans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum medians'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum megalochiton'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megalonyx'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melastomoides'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melissarum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum memphiticum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum merrillianum'' &lt;small&gt;Liou&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mesodolichum'' &lt;small&gt;Pic.Serm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metarsium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metrobotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum michoacanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microdontum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microleprodes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mildbraedii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mite'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mitlense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mochiquense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moestum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum molinarum'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monachophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monactinanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monadelphum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monanthemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monarchostemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moniliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monotanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montigenum'' &lt;small&gt;(C.V. Morton) Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morellifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morelliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Münch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum mucronatum'' &lt;small&gt;O.E. Schulz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muenscheri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multispinum'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muricatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum murinum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum murphyi'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum myriacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===
* ''Solanum nakurense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum namaquense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum neglectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nelsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum nemorense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neocardenasii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neorossii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm.
* ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum nguelense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nienkui'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigricans'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nocturnum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nubicola'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nudum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nuricum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nutans'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===
* ''Solanum oaxacanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum obovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum occultum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum odoriferum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum okadae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum olivaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivare'' &lt;small&gt;Paill. &amp; Bois&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ombrophilum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum opacum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Br. &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum oppositifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez
* ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll
* ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum otites'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede
* ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter
* ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== P ===
[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 05 ies.jpg|vignette|''[[Solanum pyracanthum]]'']]
* ''Solanum pabstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachimatium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum palinacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum palitans'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum palustre'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp. ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum paniculatum'' L.
* ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra
* ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum paramoense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén
* ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller
* ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' &lt;small&gt;Lekhnovich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum paucispinum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pavimenti'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pectinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum peikuoensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.S. Ying&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum penduliflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum perattenuatum'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum perplexum'' Small
* ''Solanum pertenue'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum peruvianum'' L.
* ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol.
* ''Solanum phureja'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas
* ''Solanum piluliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L.
* ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill.
* ''Solanum pinetorum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl.
* ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum placitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook.
* ''Solanum platense'' &lt;small&gt;Dieckman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platycypellon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plowmanii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum polyacanthon'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polyadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum polyanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum praematurum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum premnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum preussii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour.
* ''Solanum profusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum proteanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pruinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat &amp; Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; Stehmann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogracile'' &lt;small&gt;Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' &lt;small&gt;Pojark&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudoquina'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum psychotrioides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pterospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ptychanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pubigerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum purpusii'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pygmaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Q ===
* ''Solanum quaesitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quebradense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quichense'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult. &amp; Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quitoense'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===
* ''Solanum radicans'' L. f.
* ''Solanum ramonense'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum raphanifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reductum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum refractum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll
* ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq.
* ''Solanum reitzii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke
* ''Solanum reptans'' &lt;small&gt;Bunbury&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restingae'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restrictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum retroflexum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhodesianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riedlei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rigescens'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum rigescentoides'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum riojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riparium'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum robecchii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustum'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum rojasianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum rostratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rovirosanum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum rubetorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum rudepannum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm.
* ''Solanum rugosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher
* ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum runsoriense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rupincola'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===
[[Sary:Starr 020323-0062 Solanum seaforthianum.jpg|vignette|''Solanum seaforthianum'']]
* ''Solanum sakarense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salamancae'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salasianum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum saltianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salzmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sambucinum'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal &amp; A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandemanii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sandwicense'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil.
* ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas
* ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum saponaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum saturatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum savanillense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sawyeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum saxatilis'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scabrifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scandens'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schenckii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schimperianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schizandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schliebenii'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schomburgkii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schroederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schumannianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schwackei'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sciadostylis'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scuticum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum secedens'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sellowianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sellowii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepiaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepicula'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge
* ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sericeum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessile'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum setaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Brandegee) Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sibundoyense'' &lt;small&gt;(Bohs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sieberi'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum simplicissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun
* ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan
* ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sitiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll
* ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum soestii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum solum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum somalense'' &lt;small&gt;Franch. in Revoil&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sooretamum'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sparsipilum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spathotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb.
* ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric.
* ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stenotomum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum stipulaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum stolzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum storkii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum suaveolens'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; C.D. Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Thell. &amp; H. Dur. xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subserratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum subsylvestre'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sudanense'' &lt;small&gt;Hammerstein xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum superbum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum supinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f.
* ''Solanum swartzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. &amp; Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sycophanta'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum symphyandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===
* ''Solanum tabanoense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell
* ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taitense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum talarense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tampicense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tanysepalum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tapojense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarapatanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarijense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taulisense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tegore'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuipes'' &lt;small&gt;Bartlett&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum ternatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ternifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tetricum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tettense'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thelopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum thruppii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum toldense'' &lt;small&gt;Matesevach &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tomentosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreanum'' &lt;small&gt;A.E. Gonç.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreyi'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tovarii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycyphum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachytrichium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tribulosum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Schauer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trichoneuron'' &lt;small&gt;Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tridynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Nutt&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifurcum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trinitense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tripartitum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triplinervium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triquetrum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum triste'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trizygum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' L.
* ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tunariense'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tuquerrense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turgidum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turneroides'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tweedianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;

=== U ===
* ''Solanum ueleense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ugentii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ulei'' Morton
* ''Solanum ulugurense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum umbelliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Eschsch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbratile'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Schrank&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum undatum'' Lam.
* ''Solanum unifoliatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum unilobum'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum urosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum urticans'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz.
* ''Solanum usaramense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum utile'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===
* ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vaillantii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valdiviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valerioanum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum validinervium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez &amp; S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz.
* ''Solanum vanheurckii'' &lt;small&gt;Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum variabile'' Mart.
* ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum velleum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vellozianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum venosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum venturii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjerting&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vernei'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum vervoorstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vestissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viarum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vidaurrei'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum villosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum villuspetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virginianum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virgultorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Gilli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viscosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum volubile'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===
* ''Solanum wacketii'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wallacei'' &lt;small&gt;(A. Gray) Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum warmingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hieron&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wendlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum whalenii'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wittmackii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodburyi'' &lt;small&gt;R.A. Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wrightii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;

=== X ===
* ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum xanti'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;

=== Y ===
* ''Solanum yamobambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yanamonense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yangambiense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum youngii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yungasense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===
* ''Solanum zanzibarense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zeylanicum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zuloagae'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana napetraka tao teo aloha ===
Nisy ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' nefa efa nafindra vondron-karazana hafa, anisan' izany ireto:

* ''Chamaesaracha coronopus'' &lt;small&gt;(Dun.) A. Gray&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum coronopus'')
* ''Cordia alliodora'' &lt;small&gt;(Ruiz &amp; Pav.) Oken&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum mucronatum'')
* [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes biflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Loureiro) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes denticulata'' &lt;small&gt;(BI.) Bitt.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' sy ''Solanum gouakai''  var. ''latifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes fugax'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Bitter.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal in Poir.&lt;/small&gt; sy )
* ''Lycianthes lycioides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Hassler&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum lycioides'' var. ''angustifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes moziniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes rantonnetii'' &lt;small&gt;(Carierre ex Lescuyer) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum rantonnetii'' sy ''Solanum urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' aey ''Solanum urbanum'' var. ''typicum'')
* ''Lycianthes stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;)

Nisy karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Lycianthes]]'' tsy voafaritra izay nomena anarana toy ny hoe:

* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dun.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Solanum ciliatum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume ex Miq&lt;/small&gt;., 
* ''Solanum corniculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Hiern&lt;/small&gt;, 
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dun.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;, 
* ''Solanum violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', 
* ''Solanum virgatum'' notst β ''albiflorum'', 
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Lag&lt;/small&gt;. 
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' Jacq.)
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C.Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- mafai-mamy
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum forsythii'' Dammer; ''Solanum nossibeense'' Vatke) -- angiviala, angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, mangidikely, tsilohery, voampokely
* ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum insanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- voatabia, voabonga
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'') -- angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker; ''Solanum nitens'' Baker; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') -- hendramena, kiranzy, lahirohy, sakaikely, vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, voamainty (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum mahoriense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum heteracanthum'' Dunal) -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo)
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; -- voabana
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; -- fatipatikanala
* ''[[Solanum truncicola]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra vondrona'''

* ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) -- ranenda, ranendo)

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angivy]]
* [[Baranjely]]
* [[Voampoana|Voampoa]]
* [[Solanum lycopersicum|Voatabia]]

* ''[[Chamaesaracha]]''
* ''[[Cordia]]'' (''[[Boraginaceae]]'')
* ''[[Kaliphora]]''
* ''[[Lycianthes]]''

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>5erc1oc7xf6vkjxdjhbibwijxvzu3jy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tabernaemontana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153471</id>
      <parentid>1142122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mpanoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153471</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13268" sha1="cg9et3p9mn01c55x36g46r0e6ket7tp" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Tabernaemontana - Kolkata 2010-07-12 6484.JPG|vignette|''Tanernaemontana divaricata''|438x438px]]
Ny dia '''''Tabernaemontana''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', maniry any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly. Misy karazana 100 ka hatramin' ny 110 ity antoko ity. Kirihitra sy hazo manana haavo 1 ka hatramin' ny 15 m ny karazana ao aminy. Maitso lalandava, mifanohitra tsiroaroa, manana halava 3 hatramin' ny 25 sm, ary misy ranony mandronono ny raviny. Mamerovero sy fotsy ary manana savaivo 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm ny voniny.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana divaricata by kadavoor.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia 2.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Crape Jasmine (flower).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana orientalis.JPG|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana orientalis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana litoralis SF26051-01.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana litoralis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana pandacaqui SF26115-02.jpg|vignette|207x207px|''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia.jpg|vignette|278x278px|''Tabernaemontana'' ''alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana Crassa 03.jpg|vignette|309x309px|''[[Tabernaemontana crassa]]'']]
Tamin' ny volana Mey 2025, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manaiky ireto karazana 126 manaraka ireto:

* ''Tabernaemontana abbreviata'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana africana'' Hook.
* ''Tabernaemontana alba'' Mill.
* ''Tabernaemontana alfaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Donn.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana allenii'' &lt;small&gt;(Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana amplifolia'' L.Allorge
* ''Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana angulata'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. ex Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana antheonycta'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana apoda'' C.Wright
* ''Tabernaemontana arborea'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana attenuata'' (Miers) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana aurantiaca'' Gaudich.
* ''Tabernaemontana bouquetii'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana bovina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana brachyantha'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana brachypoda'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana bufalina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana capuronii'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana catharinensis'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerea'' (Woodson) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerifera'' Pancher &amp; Sebert
* ''Tabernaemontana chamelensis'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Lozada-Pérez
* ''Tabernaemontana chocoensis'' (A.H.Gentry) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana citrifolia'' L.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' Bojer ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana columbiensis'' (L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana contorta'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana cordata'' Merr.
* ''Tabernaemontana coriacea'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana corymbosa'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassa'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassifolia'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana crispiflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana cumata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cuspidata'' Rusby
* ''Tabernaemontana cymosa'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana debrayi'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana dichotoma'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana disticha'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana eglandulosa'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana eubracteata'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepala'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepaloides'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana flavicans'' Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana fragrans'' Jongkind
* ''Tabernaemontana gamblei'' Subr. &amp; A.N.Henry
* ''Tabernaemontana glabra'' (Benth.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana glandulosa'' (Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana grandiflora'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana granulosa'' Pit.
* ''Tabernaemontana hallei'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana hannae'' (M.Méndez &amp; J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana heterophylla'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana humblotii'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana hystrix'' Steud.
* ''Tabernaemontana inconspicua'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana laeta'' Mart.
* ''Tabernaemontana lagenaria'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana laurifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana'' J.F.Morales
* ''Tabernaemontana letestui'' (Pellegr.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana linkii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana litoralis'' Kunth
* ''Tabernaemontana longipes'' Donn.Sm.
* ''Tabernaemontana lorifera'' (Miers) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocalyx'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocarpa'' Jack
* ''Tabernaemontana markgrafiana'' J.F.Macbr.
* ''Tabernaemontana maxima'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana mixtecana'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Juárez-Jaimes
* ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysi'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana muricata'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana oaxacana'' (L.O.Alvarado) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana ochoterenae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; S.Islas
* ''Tabernaemontana ochroleuca'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana odoratissima'' (Stapf) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana oppositifolia'' (Spreng.) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ovalifolia'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pachysiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana palustris'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana panamensis'' (Markgr., Boiteau &amp; L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' Poir.
* ''Tabernaemontana pauciflora'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana pauli'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana peduncularis'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana penduliflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana persicariifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana peschiera'' ined.
* ''Tabernaemontana phymata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana polyneura'' (King &amp; Gamble) D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana psorocarpa'' (Pierre ex Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana remota'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana retusa'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana riverae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; V.Saynes
* ''Tabernaemontana robinsonii'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana rostrata'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana rupicola'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana salomonensis'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana salzmannii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sambiranensis'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana sananho'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana simulans'' (J.F.Morales &amp; Q.Jiménez) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana siphilitica'' (L.f.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana solanifolia'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana stapfiana'' Britten
* ''Tabernaemontana stellata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana stenoptera'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana stenosiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana ternifolia'' D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana thurstonii'' Horne ex Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana tomentosa'' (Greenm.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana vanheurckii'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana ventricosa'' Hochst. ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana venusta'' (J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii'' Griseb.

=== Karazana nafindra ao ===
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Pandaca'''''
* ''Pandaca affinis'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' Pichon    
* ''Pandaca anisophylla'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca boiteaui'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca calcarea'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca callosa'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca ciliata'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca crassifolia'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' Pichon      
* ''Pandaca debrayi'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Pandaca eusepala'' (Aug.DC.) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca eusepaloides'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Pandaca longituba'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca mocquerysii'' (Aug.DC.) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca retusa'' (Lam.) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Pandaca speciosa'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Pandaca stellata'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca verrucosa'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' Aug.DC.
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Hazunta'''''

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Muntafara'''''

* ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Hazobotry]] na [[Hazo madinika|hazo]] [[Hazo madinika|madinika]] anaty ala maina ny ankabeazan' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana'' eto [[Madagasikara]]. Tao amin' ny antoko ''Capuronetta'', ''[[Hazunta]]'', ''[[Muntafara]]'', ''Pagiantha'' na ''[[Pandaca]]'', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny ''Tabernaemontana'' na nampitovina aminy, ny maro amin' izy ireo.

* ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- hazompiky, hibake, mamalifolahy, popoly, sarikaboka
* ''[[Tabernaemontana capuronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, kaboka, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kotokely, montafaralahy, montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, hazompika, mantafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' akangarano, antafara, babokala, livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory, tsindranadrena, voatsindrenarena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) A. J. M. Leeuwenberg&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' livoro
* ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokalalahy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andriambavifohy, antafaralahy, kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, maitsokely, obafohy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Palacký&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, antafaravavy, bararaka, kaboka, montafara, montafaralahy, ary montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokala
Indreto ny anarana malagasy mateti-pitranga iantsoana azy ireo:

* andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, indriambavifotsy
* antafara, antafaralahy, antafaravavy, 
* faika, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky
* hazompika, hazompiky,
* hazonta, hazontaha,
* kaboka, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, kabokalavavy, koboka,
* livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory
* mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy,
* mantafara, montafara, montafaralahy, montafaravavy

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Hazunta]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia|Muntafara]]''
* ''[[Pandaca]]''
* [[Hazonta]] na [[hazontaha]] (''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; na ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Phyllanthus bojerianus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rhigozum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;)
* [[Montafara]] (''[[Asclepias curassavica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; na ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; na ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;)</text>
      <sha1>cg9et3p9mn01c55x36g46r0e6ket7tp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153472</id>
      <parentid>1153471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:49:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13264" sha1="milm9ntuh4lvrpm8j3yni7cy96x0t55" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Tabernaemontana - Kolkata 2010-07-12 6484.JPG|vignette|''Tanernaemontana divaricata''|438x438px]]
Ny '''''Tabernaemontana''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', maniry any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly. Misy karazana 100 ka hatramin' ny 110 ity antoko ity. Kirihitra sy hazo manana haavo 1 ka hatramin' ny 15 m ny karazana ao aminy. Maitso lalandava, mifanohitra tsiroaroa, manana halava 3 hatramin' ny 25 sm, ary misy ranony mandronono ny raviny. Mamerovero sy fotsy ary manana savaivo 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm ny voniny.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana divaricata by kadavoor.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia 2.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Crape Jasmine (flower).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana orientalis.JPG|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana orientalis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana litoralis SF26051-01.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana litoralis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana pandacaqui SF26115-02.jpg|vignette|207x207px|''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia.jpg|vignette|278x278px|''Tabernaemontana'' ''alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana Crassa 03.jpg|vignette|309x309px|''[[Tabernaemontana crassa]]'']]
Tamin' ny volana Mey 2025, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manaiky ireto karazana 126 manaraka ireto:

* ''Tabernaemontana abbreviata'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana africana'' Hook.
* ''Tabernaemontana alba'' Mill.
* ''Tabernaemontana alfaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Donn.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana allenii'' &lt;small&gt;(Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana amplifolia'' L.Allorge
* ''Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana angulata'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. ex Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana antheonycta'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana apoda'' C.Wright
* ''Tabernaemontana arborea'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana attenuata'' (Miers) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana aurantiaca'' Gaudich.
* ''Tabernaemontana bouquetii'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana bovina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana brachyantha'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana brachypoda'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana bufalina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana capuronii'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana catharinensis'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerea'' (Woodson) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerifera'' Pancher &amp; Sebert
* ''Tabernaemontana chamelensis'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Lozada-Pérez
* ''Tabernaemontana chocoensis'' (A.H.Gentry) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana citrifolia'' L.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' Bojer ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana columbiensis'' (L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana contorta'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana cordata'' Merr.
* ''Tabernaemontana coriacea'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana corymbosa'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassa'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassifolia'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana crispiflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana cumata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cuspidata'' Rusby
* ''Tabernaemontana cymosa'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana debrayi'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana dichotoma'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana disticha'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana eglandulosa'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana eubracteata'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepala'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepaloides'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana flavicans'' Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana fragrans'' Jongkind
* ''Tabernaemontana gamblei'' Subr. &amp; A.N.Henry
* ''Tabernaemontana glabra'' (Benth.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana glandulosa'' (Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana grandiflora'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana granulosa'' Pit.
* ''Tabernaemontana hallei'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana hannae'' (M.Méndez &amp; J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana heterophylla'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana humblotii'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana hystrix'' Steud.
* ''Tabernaemontana inconspicua'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana laeta'' Mart.
* ''Tabernaemontana lagenaria'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana laurifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana'' J.F.Morales
* ''Tabernaemontana letestui'' (Pellegr.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana linkii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana litoralis'' Kunth
* ''Tabernaemontana longipes'' Donn.Sm.
* ''Tabernaemontana lorifera'' (Miers) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocalyx'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocarpa'' Jack
* ''Tabernaemontana markgrafiana'' J.F.Macbr.
* ''Tabernaemontana maxima'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana mixtecana'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Juárez-Jaimes
* ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysi'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana muricata'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana oaxacana'' (L.O.Alvarado) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana ochoterenae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; S.Islas
* ''Tabernaemontana ochroleuca'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana odoratissima'' (Stapf) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana oppositifolia'' (Spreng.) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ovalifolia'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pachysiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana palustris'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana panamensis'' (Markgr., Boiteau &amp; L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' Poir.
* ''Tabernaemontana pauciflora'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana pauli'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana peduncularis'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana penduliflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana persicariifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana peschiera'' ined.
* ''Tabernaemontana phymata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana polyneura'' (King &amp; Gamble) D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana psorocarpa'' (Pierre ex Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana remota'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana retusa'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana riverae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; V.Saynes
* ''Tabernaemontana robinsonii'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana rostrata'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana rupicola'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana salomonensis'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana salzmannii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sambiranensis'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana sananho'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana simulans'' (J.F.Morales &amp; Q.Jiménez) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana siphilitica'' (L.f.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana solanifolia'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana stapfiana'' Britten
* ''Tabernaemontana stellata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana stenoptera'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana stenosiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana ternifolia'' D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana thurstonii'' Horne ex Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana tomentosa'' (Greenm.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana vanheurckii'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana ventricosa'' Hochst. ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana venusta'' (J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii'' Griseb.

=== Karazana nafindra ao ===
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Pandaca'''''
* ''Pandaca affinis'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' Pichon    
* ''Pandaca anisophylla'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca boiteaui'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca calcarea'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca callosa'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca ciliata'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca crassifolia'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' Pichon      
* ''Pandaca debrayi'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Pandaca eusepala'' (Aug.DC.) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca eusepaloides'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Pandaca longituba'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca mocquerysii'' (Aug.DC.) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca retusa'' (Lam.) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Pandaca speciosa'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Pandaca stellata'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca verrucosa'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' Aug.DC.
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Hazunta'''''

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Muntafara'''''

* ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Hazobotry]] na [[Hazo madinika|hazo]] [[Hazo madinika|madinika]] anaty ala maina ny ankabeazan' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana'' eto [[Madagasikara]]. Tao amin' ny antoko ''Capuronetta'', ''[[Hazunta]]'', ''[[Muntafara]]'', ''Pagiantha'' na ''[[Pandaca]]'', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny ''Tabernaemontana'' na nampitovina aminy, ny maro amin' izy ireo.

* ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- hazompiky, hibake, mamalifolahy, popoly, sarikaboka
* ''[[Tabernaemontana capuronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, kaboka, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kotokely, montafaralahy, montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, hazompika, mantafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' akangarano, antafara, babokala, livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory, tsindranadrena, voatsindrenarena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) A. J. M. Leeuwenberg&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' livoro
* ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokalalahy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andriambavifohy, antafaralahy, kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, maitsokely, obafohy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Palacký&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, antafaravavy, bararaka, kaboka, montafara, montafaralahy, ary montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokala
Indreto ny anarana malagasy mateti-pitranga iantsoana azy ireo:

* andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, indriambavifotsy
* antafara, antafaralahy, antafaravavy, 
* faika, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky
* hazompika, hazompiky,
* hazonta, hazontaha,
* kaboka, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, kabokalavavy, koboka,
* livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory
* mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy,
* mantafara, montafara, montafaralahy, montafaravavy

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Hazunta]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia|Muntafara]]''
* ''[[Pandaca]]''
* [[Hazonta]] na [[hazontaha]] (''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; na ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Phyllanthus bojerianus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rhigozum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;)
* [[Montafara]] (''[[Asclepias curassavica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; na ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; na ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;)</text>
      <sha1>milm9ntuh4lvrpm8j3yni7cy96x0t55</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153479</id>
      <parentid>1153472</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153479</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12548" sha1="ljc1mfdb6knayzgulpvcq85djfgetqu" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Tabernaemontana - Kolkata 2010-07-12 6484.JPG|vignette|''Tanernaemontana divaricata''|438x438px]]
Ny '''''Tabernaemontana''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', maniry any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly. Misy karazana 100 ka hatramin' ny 110 ity antoko ity. Kirihitra sy hazo manana haavo 1 ka hatramin' ny 15 m ny karazana ao aminy. Maitso lalandava, mifanohitra tsiroaroa, manana halava 3 hatramin' ny 25 sm, ary misy ranony mandronono ny raviny. Mamerovero sy fotsy ary manana savaivo 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm ny voniny.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana divaricata by kadavoor.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia 2.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Crape Jasmine (flower).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana orientalis.JPG|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana orientalis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana litoralis SF26051-01.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana litoralis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana pandacaqui SF26115-02.jpg|vignette|207x207px|''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia.jpg|vignette|278x278px|''Tabernaemontana'' ''alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana Crassa 03.jpg|vignette|309x309px|''[[Tabernaemontana crassa]]'']]
Tamin' ny volana Mey 2025, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manaiky ireto karazana 126 manaraka ireto:

* ''Tabernaemontana abbreviata'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana africana'' Hook.
* ''Tabernaemontana alba'' Mill.
* ''Tabernaemontana alfaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Donn.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana allenii'' &lt;small&gt;(Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana amplifolia'' L.Allorge
* ''Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana angulata'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. ex Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana antheonycta'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana apoda'' C.Wright
* ''Tabernaemontana arborea'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana attenuata'' (Miers) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana aurantiaca'' Gaudich.
* ''Tabernaemontana bouquetii'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana bovina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana brachyantha'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana brachypoda'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana bufalina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana capuronii'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana catharinensis'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerea'' (Woodson) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerifera'' Pancher &amp; Sebert
* ''Tabernaemontana chamelensis'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Lozada-Pérez
* ''Tabernaemontana chocoensis'' (A.H.Gentry) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana citrifolia'' L.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' Bojer ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana columbiensis'' (L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana contorta'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana cordata'' Merr.
* ''Tabernaemontana coriacea'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana corymbosa'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassa'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassifolia'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana crispiflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana cumata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cuspidata'' Rusby
* ''Tabernaemontana cymosa'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana debrayi'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana dichotoma'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana disticha'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana eglandulosa'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana eubracteata'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepala'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepaloides'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana flavicans'' Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana fragrans'' Jongkind
* ''Tabernaemontana gamblei'' Subr. &amp; A.N.Henry
* ''Tabernaemontana glabra'' (Benth.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana glandulosa'' (Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana grandiflora'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana granulosa'' Pit.
* ''Tabernaemontana hallei'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana hannae'' (M.Méndez &amp; J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana heterophylla'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana humblotii'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana hystrix'' Steud.
* ''Tabernaemontana inconspicua'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana laeta'' Mart.
* ''Tabernaemontana lagenaria'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana laurifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana'' J.F.Morales
* ''Tabernaemontana letestui'' (Pellegr.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana linkii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana litoralis'' Kunth
* ''Tabernaemontana longipes'' Donn.Sm.
* ''Tabernaemontana lorifera'' (Miers) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocalyx'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocarpa'' Jack
* ''Tabernaemontana markgrafiana'' J.F.Macbr.
* ''Tabernaemontana maxima'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana mixtecana'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Juárez-Jaimes
* ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysi'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana muricata'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana oaxacana'' (L.O.Alvarado) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana ochoterenae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; S.Islas
* ''Tabernaemontana ochroleuca'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana odoratissima'' (Stapf) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana oppositifolia'' (Spreng.) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ovalifolia'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pachysiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana palustris'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana panamensis'' (Markgr., Boiteau &amp; L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' Poir.
* ''Tabernaemontana pauciflora'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana pauli'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana peduncularis'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana penduliflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana persicariifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana peschiera'' ined.
* ''Tabernaemontana phymata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana polyneura'' (King &amp; Gamble) D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana psorocarpa'' (Pierre ex Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana remota'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana retusa'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana riverae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; V.Saynes
* ''Tabernaemontana robinsonii'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana rostrata'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana rupicola'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana salomonensis'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana salzmannii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sambiranensis'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana sananho'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana simulans'' (J.F.Morales &amp; Q.Jiménez) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana siphilitica'' (L.f.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana solanifolia'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana stapfiana'' Britten
* ''Tabernaemontana stellata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana stenoptera'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana stenosiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana ternifolia'' D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana thurstonii'' Horne ex Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana tomentosa'' (Greenm.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana vanheurckii'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana ventricosa'' Hochst. ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana venusta'' (J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii'' Griseb.

=== Karazana nafindra ao ===
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Pandaca'''''
* ''Pandaca affinis'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' Pichon    
* ''Pandaca anisophylla'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca boiteaui'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca calcarea'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca callosa'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca ciliata'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca crassifolia'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' Pichon      
* ''Pandaca debrayi'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Pandaca eusepala'' (Aug.DC.) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca eusepaloides'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Pandaca longituba'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca mocquerysii'' (Aug.DC.) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' Aug.DC.
* ''Pandaca retusa'' (Lam.) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Pandaca speciosa'' Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Pandaca stellata'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' Pichon
* ''Pandaca verrucosa'' (Pichon) Markgr. → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' Aug.DC.
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Hazunta'''''

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Muntafara'''''

* ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Hazobotry]] na [[Hazo madinika|hazo]] [[Hazo madinika|madinika]] anaty ala maina ny ankabeazan' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana'' eto [[Madagasikara]]. Tao amin' ny antoko ''Capuronetta'', ''[[Hazunta]]'', ''[[Muntafara]]'', ''Pagiantha'' na ''[[Pandaca]]'', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny ''Tabernaemontana'' na nampitovina aminy, ny maro amin' izy ireo.

* ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- hazompiky, hibake, mamalifolahy, popoly, sarikaboka
* ''[[Tabernaemontana capuronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, kaboka, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kotokely, montafaralahy, montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, hazompika, mantafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' akangarano, antafara, babokala, livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory, tsindranadrena, voatsindrenarena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) A. J. M. Leeuwenberg&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' livoro
* ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokalalahy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andriambavifohy, antafaralahy, kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, maitsokely, obafohy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Palacký&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, antafaravavy, bararaka, kaboka, montafara, montafaralahy, ary montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokala
Indreto ny anarana malagasy mateti-pitranga iantsoana azy ireo:

* andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, indriambavifotsy
* antafara, antafaralahy, antafaravavy, 
* faika, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky
* hazompika, hazompiky,
* hazonta, hazontaha,
* kaboka, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, kabokalavavy, koboka,
* livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory
* mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy,
* mantafara, montafara, montafaralahy, montafaravavy

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Hazunta]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia|Muntafara]]''
* ''[[Pandaca]]''</text>
      <sha1>ljc1mfdb6knayzgulpvcq85djfgetqu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153480</id>
      <parentid>1153479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:55:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13240" sha1="t17maeqxnlwk3z87a3gkxs2kdnzqm4s" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Tabernaemontana - Kolkata 2010-07-12 6484.JPG|vignette|''Tanernaemontana divaricata''|438x438px]]
Ny '''''Tabernaemontana''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', maniry any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly. Misy karazana 100 ka hatramin' ny 110 ity antoko ity. Kirihitra sy hazo manana haavo 1 ka hatramin' ny 15 m ny karazana ao aminy. Maitso lalandava, mifanohitra tsiroaroa, manana halava 3 hatramin' ny 25 sm, ary misy ranony mandronono ny raviny. Mamerovero sy fotsy ary manana savaivo 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm ny voniny.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana divaricata by kadavoor.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia 2.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Crape Jasmine (flower).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Tabernaemontana divaricata'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana orientalis.JPG|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana orientalis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana litoralis SF26051-01.jpg|vignette|205x205px|''Tabernaemontana litoralis'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana pandacaqui SF26115-02.jpg|vignette|207x207px|''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana alternifolia.jpg|vignette|278x278px|''Tabernaemontana'' ''alternifolia'']]
[[Sary:Tabernaemontana Crassa 03.jpg|vignette|309x309px|''[[Tabernaemontana crassa]]'']]
Tamin' ny volana Mey 2025, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manaiky ireto karazana 126 manaraka ireto:

* ''Tabernaemontana abbreviata'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana africana'' Hook.
* ''Tabernaemontana alba'' Mill.
* ''Tabernaemontana alfaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Donn.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana allenii'' &lt;small&gt;(Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana alternifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana amplifolia'' L.Allorge
* ''Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana angulata'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. ex Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana antheonycta'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana apoda'' C.Wright
* ''Tabernaemontana arborea'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana attenuata'' (Miers) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana aurantiaca'' Gaudich.
* ''Tabernaemontana bouquetii'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana bovina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana brachyantha'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana brachypoda'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tabernaemontana bufalina'' Lour.
* ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana capuronii'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana catharinensis'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerea'' (Woodson) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cerifera'' Pancher &amp; Sebert
* ''Tabernaemontana chamelensis'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Lozada-Pérez
* ''Tabernaemontana chocoensis'' (A.H.Gentry) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana citrifolia'' L.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' Bojer ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana columbiensis'' (L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana contorta'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana cordata'' Merr.
* ''Tabernaemontana coriacea'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana corymbosa'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassa'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana crassifolia'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana crispiflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana cumata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana cuspidata'' Rusby
* ''Tabernaemontana cymosa'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana debrayi'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana dichotoma'' Roxb. ex Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana disticha'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii'' Rose
* ''Tabernaemontana eglandulosa'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana eubracteata'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepala'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana eusepaloides'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana flavicans'' Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana fragrans'' Jongkind
* ''Tabernaemontana gamblei'' Subr. &amp; A.N.Henry
* ''Tabernaemontana glabra'' (Benth.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana glandulosa'' (Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana grandiflora'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana granulosa'' Pit.
* ''Tabernaemontana hallei'' (Boiteau) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana hannae'' (M.Méndez &amp; J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana heterophylla'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana humblotii'' (Baill.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana hystrix'' Steud.
* ''Tabernaemontana inconspicua'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana laeta'' Mart.
* ''Tabernaemontana lagenaria'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana laurifolia'' L.
* ''Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana'' J.F.Morales
* ''Tabernaemontana letestui'' (Pellegr.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana linkii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana litoralis'' Kunth
* ''Tabernaemontana longipes'' Donn.Sm.
* ''Tabernaemontana lorifera'' (Miers) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocalyx'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana macrocarpa'' Jack
* ''Tabernaemontana markgrafiana'' J.F.Macbr.
* ''Tabernaemontana maxima'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana mixtecana'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; Juárez-Jaimes
* ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysi'' Aug.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana muricata'' Link ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
* ''Tabernaemontana oaxacana'' (L.O.Alvarado) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana ochoterenae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; S.Islas
* ''Tabernaemontana ochroleuca'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana odoratissima'' (Stapf) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana oppositifolia'' (Spreng.) Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana ovalifolia'' Urb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pachysiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana palustris'' Markgr.
* ''Tabernaemontana panamensis'' (Markgr., Boiteau &amp; L.Allorge) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' Poir.
* ''Tabernaemontana pauciflora'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana pauli'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana peduncularis'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana penduliflora'' K.Schum.
* ''Tabernaemontana persicariifolia'' Jacq.
* ''Tabernaemontana peschiera'' ined.
* ''Tabernaemontana phymata'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana polyneura'' (King &amp; Gamble) D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana psorocarpa'' (Pierre ex Stapf) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana remota'' Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana retusa'' (Lam.) Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana riverae'' L.O.Alvarado &amp; V.Saynes
* ''Tabernaemontana robinsonii'' (Woodson) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana rostrata'' Wall.
* ''Tabernaemontana rupicola'' Benth.
* ''Tabernaemontana salomonensis'' (Markgr.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana salzmannii'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sambiranensis'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana sananho'' Ruiz &amp; Pav.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana simulans'' (J.F.Morales &amp; Q.Jiménez) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana siphilitica'' (L.f.) Leeuwenb.
* ''Tabernaemontana solanifolia'' A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa'' Blume
* ''Tabernaemontana stapfiana'' Britten
* ''Tabernaemontana stellata'' Pichon
* ''Tabernaemontana stenoptera'' (Leeuwenb.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana stenosiphon'' Stapf
* ''Tabernaemontana ternifolia'' D.J.Middleton
* ''Tabernaemontana thurstonii'' Horne ex Baker
* ''Tabernaemontana tomentosa'' (Greenm.) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' Vahl
* ''Tabernaemontana vanheurckii'' Müll.Arg.
* ''Tabernaemontana ventricosa'' Hochst. ex A.DC.
* ''Tabernaemontana venusta'' (J.F.Morales) A.O.Simões &amp; M.E.Endress
* ''Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii'' Griseb.

=== Karazana nafindra ao ===
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Pandaca'''''

Indreto ny karazana nafindra avy ao amin' ny ''[[Pandaca]]'':
* ''Pandaca affinis'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;    
* ''Pandaca anisophylla'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca boiteaui'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca calcarea'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana calcarea'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca callosa'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca ciliata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr&lt;/small&gt;. → ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;      
* ''Pandaca debrayi'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr&lt;/small&gt;. → ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca eusepala'' &lt;small&gt;(Aug.DC.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca eusepaloides'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr&lt;/small&gt;. → ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca longituba'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana ciliata'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca mocquerysii'' &lt;small&gt;(Aug.DC.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca speciosa'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr&lt;/small&gt;. → ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pandaca verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana mocquerysii'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Hazunta'''''

Indreto ny ireo izay noheverina ho karazana samhafa nafindra avy ao amin' ny ''Hazunta'':

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana avy ao amin' ny ''Muntafara'''''

Inty ny karazana nafindra avy ao amin' ny ''Muntafara'':

* ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Hazobotry]] na [[Hazo madinika|hazo]] [[Hazo madinika|madinika]] anaty ala maina ny ankabeazan' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana'' eto [[Madagasikara]]. Tao amin' ny antoko ''Capuronetta'', ''[[Hazunta]]'', ''[[Muntafara]]'', ''Pagiantha'' na ''[[Pandaca]]'', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny ''Tabernaemontana'' na nampitovina aminy, ny maro amin' izy ireo.

* ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- hazompiky, hibake, mamalifolahy, popoly, sarikaboka
* ''[[Tabernaemontana capuronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, kaboka, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kotokely, montafaralahy, montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- babondrano, hazompika, mantafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) R.Br. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' akangarano, antafara, babokala, livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory, tsindranadrena, voatsindrenarena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) A. J. M. Leeuwenberg&lt;/small&gt; ''--'' livoro
* ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokalalahy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aug.DC.&lt;/small&gt; -- andriambavifohy, antafaralahy, kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, maitsokely, obafohy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Palacký&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- antafara, antafaravavy, bararaka, kaboka, montafara, montafaralahy, ary montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; -- kabokala
Indreto ny anarana malagasy mateti-pitranga iantsoana azy ireo:

* andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, indriambavifotsy
* antafara, antafaralahy, antafaravavy, 
* faika, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky
* hazompika, hazompiky,
* hazonta, hazontaha,
* kaboka, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalalahy, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika, kabokalavavy, koboka,
* livorimadinidravina, livoro, lovorimadinidravina, lovory
* mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy,
* mantafara, montafara, montafaralahy, montafaravavy

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Hazunta]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia|Muntafara]]''
* ''[[Pandaca]]''</text>
      <sha1>t17maeqxnlwk3z87a3gkxs2kdnzqm4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ovy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153502</id>
      <parentid>1144751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lamina</comment>
      <origin>1153502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="ehjxwxovaqbxkcz760nm9tc3f5zfpt9" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ovy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Convolvulaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]) sy ''[[Dioscoreaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Dioscoreales]]) ary ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Dioscorea acuminata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Dioscoreaceae'') -- ovy
* ''[[Dioscorea alata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Dioscoreaceae'') -- antibavimiavokanina, bemako, mavondro, ovibe, ovifantaka, ovifohy, oviharina, ovihary, ovikambarina, ovikambary, ovilava, ovimboay, ovimena, ovirona, ovisorokomby, ovitanty, ovivavy, ovy, sorokomby
* ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Convolvulaceae'') -- ambizo, anantaraona, anantarohana, bageda, bariaho, batata, bege, bela, bele, belena, belity, bemavo, bokala, bolidy, bolody, bonaka, borokay, gogavory, gogika, hoda, kambara, kambo, kirangomena, ladim-bomanga, lohafinjo, mandady, mbizo, ovihazo, ovimanga, ovozao, ovy, rahoda, rahodaka, tanambizo, toñàña, tongotrakoho, tsidinambotofotsy, tsimanga, tsomanga, vihazo, vomanga, vorondro
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- kambo, ovimbazaha, ovivory, ovy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dioscorea]]''
* ''[[Ipomoea]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>ehjxwxovaqbxkcz760nm9tc3f5zfpt9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vernonia alleizettei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153431</id>
      <parentid>1115228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T11:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="871" sha1="rnu4f3fbrzlwkuu9s4u6mhxd281r36o" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Vernonia alleizettei''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'',  tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257773-1 Vernonia alleizettei Humbert] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257773-1 |date=20241207001318 }}&quot;. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Notsidihina tamin'ny 25 Aogositra 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ovan-karazana efatra no ekena&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ''Vernonia alleizettei'' var. ''alleizettei'' 
* ''Vernonia alleizettei'' var. ''hirtella''
* ''Vernonia alleizettei'' var. ''moramangensis''
* ''Vernonia alleizettei'' var. ''rienanensis''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Asteraceae]]''
* ''[[Vernonia]]''
* ''[[Gymnanthemum]]''

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>rnu4f3fbrzlwkuu9s4u6mhxd281r36o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vernonia andapensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153432</id>
      <parentid>1115235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:02:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1906" sha1="89xm4aduvd52d74gc7nwn57q022ooiv" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Vernonia andapensis''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae|angiosmermae]]'') ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Madagascar, Institut de recherche scientifique de (1952). [https://books.google.mg/books?id=GKolAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vernonia+andapensis&amp;redir_esc=y ''Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar: Biologie végétale'']. Institut de recherches scientifiques de la République malgache.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, tsy misy afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257803-1 Vernonia andapensis Humbert | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257803-1 |date=20241202173316 }}&quot;. ''Plants of the World Online''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. I [[Jean-Henri Humbert]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy voalohany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Humbert (1955) , In: Mem. Inst. Sci. Madag., Ser. B, 6: 148&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nangonina tamin' ny taona 1948 ny santionany, tany amin' ny faritra avaratra-atsinanan' i Madagasikara, akaikin' [[Andapa]], ao amin' ny sahan-dranon' i [[Lokoho]], eo amin' ny ilany andrefan' ny tendrombohitra Andembinibony, eo anelanelan' ny 400 m sy 600 m ambonin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.p00061273? Holotype of Vernonia andapensis Humbert]&quot;, ''plants.jstor.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Fantatra ihany fa izy io dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] maniry isan-taona na [[kirihitra]] kely, karazana ''Vernonia'' mpampiavaka ny faritra be vato na be bozaka amin' ny lohasaham-batokaranana manodidina an' Andapa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00382697? Isotype of Vernonia andapensis Humbert]&quot;, ''plants.jstor.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Asteraceae]]''
* ''[[Vernonia]]''
* ''[[Gymnanthemum]]''

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>89xm4aduvd52d74gc7nwn57q022ooiv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalbergia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153466</id>
      <parentid>1115639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T21:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18121" sha1="1sz4jh5sl7dywrlpytcxdlkz5lar8b9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Trunk W IMG 3540.jpg|vignette|''Dalbergia lanceolaria'']]
Ny '''''Dalbergia''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Fabaceae'' sy ny zana-pianakaviana ''Faboideae''. [[Vahy]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] izy ireo. Ny karazana sasany dia alaina hahazoana ny hazony. Ity vondron-karazana ity dia teratany amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Amerika]]  [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], ao [[Afrika]], eto [[Madagasikara]] ary [[Azia Atsimo]]. Ny isan' ny karazana dia mampiady hevitra. Araka ny loharanono maro dia misy karazany 546. Ny International Legume Database &amp; Information Service (ILDIS) dia manaiky karazana 278.

== Karazana ==
Ny ''Dalbergia'' dia ahitana ireto karazana manaraka ireto&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/?version~10.01&amp;genus~Dalbergia&amp;species~ ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Dalbergia]&quot;. ''International Legume Database &amp; Information Service''. Cardiff School of Computer Science &amp; Informatics. Archived f 22 Febroary 2014.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. &quot;[https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3367 GRIN species records of Dalbergia]&quot;. ''Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]''. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115040/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3367 Arsiva] avy tamin' ny 24 Septambra 2015.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Dalbergia abbreviata'' &lt;small&gt;Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia abrahamii'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia acariiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia acuta'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia acutifoliolata'' &lt;small&gt;Mendonca &amp; Sousa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia adami'' &lt;small&gt;Berhaut&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia afzeliana'' &lt;small&gt;G. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia ajudana'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia albertisii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia albiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch. &amp; Dalziel&lt;/small&gt;
** subsp. ''albiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch. &amp; Dalziel&lt;/small&gt;
** subsp. ''echinocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia altissima'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia altissima'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia amazonica'' &lt;small&gt;(Radlk.) Ducke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dalbergia andapensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dalbergia antsirananae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Phillipson, Crameri &amp; N.Wilding&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia arbutifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia armata'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt; —
* ''Dalbergia assamica'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia aurea'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia bakeri'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia balansae'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dalbergia baronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; — [[voamboana]]
* ''Dalbergia bathiei'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia beccarii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia beddomei'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia benthamii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia bignonae'' &lt;small&gt;Berhaut&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia bintuluensis'' &lt;small&gt;Sunarno &amp; Ohashi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia boehmii'' &lt;small&gt;Taub.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia bojeri'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia boniana'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia borneensis'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia brachystachya'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia bracteolata'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;Vogel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia brownei'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia calderonii'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
** subsp. ''calderonii'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
** subsp. ''molinae'' &lt;small&gt;Rudd&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia calycina'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia campenonii'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cana'' &lt;small&gt;Kurz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia candenatensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Dennst.) Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia canescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Elmer) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia capuronii'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia carringtoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Sousa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia catingicola'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia caudata'' &lt;small&gt;G. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cearensis'' &lt;small&gt;Ducke&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia chapelieri'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia chlorocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia chontalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia clarkei'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cochinchinensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre ex Laness.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Dalbergia cambodiana'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Dalbergia commiphoroides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia confertiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia congensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia congesta'' &lt;small&gt;Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia congestiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia coromandeliana'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia crispa'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cubilquitzensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Donn. Sm.) Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cucullata'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cuiabensis'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cultrata'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cumingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia curtisii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia cuscatlanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl.) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia dalzielii'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch. &amp; Dalziel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia darienensis'' &lt;small&gt;Rudd&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia davidii'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia debilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia decipularis'' &lt;small&gt;Rizzini &amp; A. Mattos&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia delphinensis'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia densa'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia densiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia discolor'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia duarensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia dyeriana'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia ealaensis'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia ecastaphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Taub.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia elegans'' &lt;small&gt;A.M. Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia emirnensis'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia enneaphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia entadoides'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia eremicola'' &lt;small&gt;Polhill&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia ernest-ulei'' &lt;small&gt;Hoehne&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia errans'' &lt;small&gt;Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia erubescens'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia falcata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;Taub.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia floribunda'' &lt;small&gt;Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia florifera'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia foliolosa'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia foliosa'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) A.M. Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia forbesii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia fouilloyana'' &lt;small&gt;Pellegr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia frutescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Vell.) Britton&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia funera'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia fusca'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia gardneriana'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia gentilii'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia gilbertii'' &lt;small&gt;Cronquist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glaberrima'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glabra'' &lt;small&gt;(Mill.) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glandulosa'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glaucescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glaucocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glaziovii'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia glomerata'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia godefroyi'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia gossweileri'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia granadillo'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia grandibracteata'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia grandistipula'' &lt;small&gt;A.M. Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia greveana'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia guttembergii'' &lt;small&gt;A.M. Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hainanensis'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hancei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia havilandii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia henryana'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia heudelotii'' &lt;small&gt;Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hiemalis'' &lt;small&gt;Malme&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hirticalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Dennst.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hortensis'' &lt;small&gt;Heringer &amp; al.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hoseana'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hostilis'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hullettii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia humbertii'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hupeana'' &lt;small&gt;Hance&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia hygrophila'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Hoehne&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia intermedia'' &lt;small&gt;A.M. Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia intibucana'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia inundata'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia iquitosensis'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia jaherii'' &lt;small&gt;Burck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia junghuhnii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia kerrii'' &lt;small&gt;Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia kingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia kisantuensis'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild. &amp; T. Durand&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia kostermansii'' &lt;small&gt;Sunarno &amp; Ohashi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia kunstleri'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia kurzii'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia lacei'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia lactea'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia lakhonensis'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia lanceolaria'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia lastoursvillensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pellegr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia lateriflora'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia latifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia laxiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Micheli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dalbergia lemurica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia librevillensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pellegr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia louisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cronquist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia louvelii'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia macrosperma'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dalbergia madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia malabarica'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia malangensis'' &lt;small&gt;Sousa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia marcaniana'' &lt;small&gt;Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia maritima'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia martinii'' &lt;small&gt;F. White&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia mayumbensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia melanocardium'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia melanoxylon'' &lt;small&gt;Guill. &amp; Perr.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia menoeides'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia mexicana'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia microphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia millettii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia mimosella'' &lt;small&gt;(Blanco) Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia mimosoides'' &lt;small&gt;Franch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia miscolobium'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia mollis'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia monetaria'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia monophylla'' &lt;small&gt;G.A. Black&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia monticola'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia multijuga'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia negrensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Radlk.) Ducke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia neoperrieri'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia ngounyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pellegr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia nigra'' &lt;small&gt;(Vell.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Kurz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia nitida'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Hoehne&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia nitidula'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia noldeae'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia normandii'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia obcordata'' &lt;small&gt;N.Wilding, Phillipson &amp; Crameri&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia obovata'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia obtusifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia odorifera'' &lt;small&gt;T.C. Chen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia oligophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch. &amp; Dalziel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia oliveri'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Dalbergia bariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt;, ''Dalbergia dongnaiensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt;, ''D. duperreana'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt; &amp; ''Dalbergia mammosa'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Dalbergia orientalis'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia ovata'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pachycarpa'' &lt;small&gt;(De Wild. &amp; T. Durand) De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia palo-escrito'' &lt;small&gt;Rzed.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia parviflora'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia paucifoliolata'' &lt;small&gt;Lundell&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia peguensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia peishaensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chun &amp; T. Chen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia peltieri'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pierreana'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pinnata'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.) Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pluriflora'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia polyadelpha'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia polyphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia prainii'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pseudo-ovata'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia pseudobaronii'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia purpurascens'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia reniformis'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia reticulata'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia retusa'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;Ducke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia richardsii'' &lt;small&gt;Sunarno &amp; Ohashi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia riedelii'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Sandwith&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia rimosa'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia riparia'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia rostrata'' &lt;small&gt;Hassk.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia rubiginosa'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia rufa'' &lt;small&gt;G. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia rugosa'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sacerdotum'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sambesiaca'' &lt;small&gt;Schinz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sampaioana'' &lt;small&gt;Kuhlm. &amp; Hoehne&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sandakanensis'' &lt;small&gt;Sunarno &amp; Ohashi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia saxatilis'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia scortechinii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sericea'' &lt;small&gt;G. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia setifera'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch. &amp; Dalziel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia simpsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Rudd&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sissoides'' &lt;small&gt;Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia sissoo'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia spinosa'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia spruceana'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia stenophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia stercoracea'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia stevensonii'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia stipulacea'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia suaresensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia subcymosa'' &lt;small&gt;Ducke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia succirubra'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep. &amp; Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia teijsmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Sunarno &amp; Ohashi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia teixeirae'' &lt;small&gt;Sousa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia thomsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia thorelii'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tilarana'' &lt;small&gt;N. Zamora&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tinnevelliensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tonkinensis'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia travancorica'' &lt;small&gt;Thoth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia trichocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tricolor'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tsaratananensis'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tsiandalana'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tsoi'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia tucurensis'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dalbergia uarandensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chiov.) Thulin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia urschii'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia vacciniifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia velutina'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia viguieri'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia villosa'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia wattii'' &lt;small&gt;C.B. Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia xerophila'' &lt;small&gt;Bosser &amp; R. Rabev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dalbergia yunnanensis'' &lt;small&gt;Franch.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Araka ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/taxonLists?f=bot.gen.D.txt#dalbergiasp &quot;''Dalbergia''&quot;,] ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia baronii''
|hazovola
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia greveana''
|hazomañare, manara, manary
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia ikopensis''
|manara, manary, mangary
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia louvilii''
|volombodipona
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia perrieri''
|manipika
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia pterocarpiflora''
|savoka, soroka, sovoka
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia purpurascens''
|hitsika
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia retusa''
|manarizoby
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia richardii''
|vahinta
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia sp.''
|[[andramena]], andrano, endramena, hendramena, manamainty, voamboamena
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia trichocarpa''
|manara, manaribe, manary, mangary, manipika
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |''Dalbergia tricolor''
|tsiandala
|}
Ny fanavaozana ny lisitry ny ''Dalbergia'' malagasy 43 nataon' i Jean Bosser dia navoaka tao amin' ny lahatsoratra iray&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jean Bosser et Raymond Rabevohitra, &quot;[https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Arbres-Bois-de-Rapport-Reforestation/FICHES_ARBRES/Dalbergias_bois%20de%20rose/Taxa%20et%20noms%20nouveaux%20dans%20le%20genre%20Dalbergia.doc Taxa et noms nouveaux dans le genre Dalbergia (''Papilionaceae'') à Madagascar et aux Comores]&quot;, ''Adansonia : Botanique, Phytochimie'', 4ème, vol. 18, nos 3-4,‎ 23 décembre 1996, p. 171-212 (ISSN 1280-8571, [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc-developpement-durable.org%2Ffile%2FArbres-Bois-de-Rapport-Reforestation%2FFICHES_ARBRES%2FDalbergias_bois%2520de%2520rose%2FTaxa%2520et%2520noms%2520nouveaux%2520dans%2520le%2520genre%2520Dalbergia.doc arsiva]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ary avy eo tao amin' ny boky ''The Leguminosae of Madagascar''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;D.J. Du Puy, J.-N. Labat, R. Rabevohitra, J.-F. Villiers, J. Bosser et J. Moat, ''The Leguminosae of Madagascar'', Kew, 2002 (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-9003-4791-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>1sz4jh5sl7dywrlpytcxdlkz5lar8b9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zanthoxylum madagascariense</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153458</id>
      <parentid>1146862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:29:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jereo koa</comment>
      <origin>1153458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1017" sha1="fvjw4goyb1uhixk3govd21ikrvwpjh2" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Zanthoxylum madagascariense''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny ''[[Rutaceae]]''. I John Gilbert Baker no nanao ny famaritana azy voalohany. Tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe '''fahavalonkazo''', '''hazomiarotena''', '''manongo''', na '''tsihanimpoza''' ity zavamaniry ity, nefa manondro karazan-javamaniry maro hafa ity anarana ity.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''

* [[Manongo (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Caesalpinia sepiaria]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Dombeya borraginea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum decaryi]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt;; ''Zanthoxylum madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Fahavalonkazo]]: ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''Zanthoxylum madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>fvjw4goyb1uhixk3govd21ikrvwpjh2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sapindales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153470</id>
      <parentid>1129601</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:24:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2311" sha1="dl8ltwdnd9fy8anz05p5uhrd5dhto2c" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Lychee.jpg|vignette|397x397px|[[Litisia]] (''Litchi chinensis -  [[Sapindaceae]]'')]]
Ny '''Sapindales''' dia filaharan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]]. Nanasaraka ny fianakaviana ''Picramniaceae'' avy tamin' ny ''Simaroubaceae'' ny [[fanasokajiana APG II]] (2003), ary nanao azy ho filaharana vaovao [[Picramniales]] ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009).

== Fanasokajiana anatiny ==

=== Fanasokajian' i Conquist ===
[[Sary:Chinaberry1216.JPG|vignette|323x323px|[[Voandelaka]] (''Melia azedarach'' ''- [[Meliaceae]]'')]]
[[Sary:Citrus sinensis0.jpg|vignette|''Citrus sinensis - [[Rutaceae]]'']]
Ao amin' ny [[Fanasokajian' i Cronquist|fanasokajiana klasikan' i Cronquist]] (1981) dia misy fianakaviana 15 ny ao amin' ny filaharana Sapindales: 

* ''[[Aceraceae]]''
* ''Akaniaceae''
* ''[[Anacardiaceae]]''
* ''Bretschneideraceae''
* ''[[Burseraceae]]''
* ''Cneoraceae''
* ''Hippocastanaceae''
* ''Julianaceae''
* ''[[Meliaceae]]''
* ''Melianthaceae''
* ''[[Rutaceae]]'' ([[voasary]] sy ''Citrus'' hafa)
* ''[[Sapindaceae]]''
* ''[[Simaroubaceae]]'' (tafiditra ao ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Picramniaceae'')
* ''Staphyleaceae''
* ''Zygophyllaceae''

=== Fanasokajiana APG III ===
Ao amin' ny [[Fanasokajiana APG III|fanasokajiana]]  [[Fanasokajiana APG III|APG III]] (2009) dia ireto ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny  filaharana Sapindales:

* ''[[Anacardiaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br. (1818)&lt;/small&gt; (ahitana ny [[manga]] sy ny [[mahabibo]], tafiditra ao ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Julianiaceae'')
* ''[[Biebersteiniaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schnizl. (1856)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Burseraceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth (1824)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Kirkiaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Takht. (1967)&lt;/small&gt; (avy amin' ny fianakaviana klasika ''Simaroubaceae'')
* ''[[Meliaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Juss. (1789)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Nitrariaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl. (1835)&lt;/small&gt; (tafiditra ao ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Peganaceae'' &lt;small&gt;Tiegh. ex Takht.&lt;/small&gt; sy ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Tetradiclidaceae'' &lt;small&gt;Takht.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Rutaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Juss. (1789)&lt;/small&gt; (tafiditra ao ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Cneoraceae'')
* ''[[Sapindaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Juss. (1789)&lt;/small&gt; (tafiditra ao ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Aceraceae'' sy ny karazana tao amin' ny  ''Hippocastanaceae'')
* ''[[Simaroubaceae]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC. (1811)&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==</text>
      <sha1>dl8ltwdnd9fy8anz05p5uhrd5dhto2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Vaovao Wikimedia/2026</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>297414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153453</id>
      <parentid>1153330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:00:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+Vaovao androany 9 Novambra 2026</comment>
      <origin>1153453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3640" sha1="f45eoj64mep2nsv1jrqus8ywihgo15r" xml:space="preserve">
; 9 Novambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:kaa:|kaa.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:ppl:|ppl.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.

; 6 Novambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:wikt:tt:|tt.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 4 Novambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:wikt:zh:|zh.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000000}}.

; 1 Novambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:en:|en.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000000}}.

; 25 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:tig:|tig.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100}}.

; 24 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:rue:|rue.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}.

; 17 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:be-tarask:|be-tarask.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 7 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:kn:|kn.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:wikt:mni:|mni.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 3 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:bm:|bm.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:900}}.
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chr:|chr.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:900}}.
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chy:|chy.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:700}}.
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:gan:|gan.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 26 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:bm:|bm.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.

; 19 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:rw:|rw.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 18 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}.

; 17 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chy:|chy.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:isv:|isv.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.

; 16 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 15 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:ar:|ar.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 14 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:ppl:|ppl.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 12 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:koi:|koi.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 7 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:av:|av.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 1 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}.

; 10 Martsa 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:su:|su.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 21 Febroary 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:tr:|tr.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.

; 8 Febroary 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:my:|my.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.

; 17 Janoary 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:sv:|sv.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.

; 10 Janoary 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:vi:|vi.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000000}}.

; 7 Janoary 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:new:|new.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.</text>
      <sha1>f45eoj64mep2nsv1jrqus8ywihgo15r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carissa spinarum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153506</id>
      <parentid>1135930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:19:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153506</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9169" sha1="pfaygkdqqynwxonbgncwnncz8ioypyo" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Carissa spinarum near Hyderabad W IMG 7615.jpg|vignette|400x400px|''Carissa spinarum'']]
Ny '''''Carissa spinarum''''' na '''''Carissa edulis''''' na '''''Carissa pubescens''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' izay teratany aty [[Afrika trôpikaly]] fa hita koa [[Azia trôpikaly]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any amin' ny sasany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]], indrindra fa any [[La Réunion]] izay manao azy ho zavamaniry arovana. [[Hazobotry]] misy [[tsilo]] izy io. Izy io dia maniry amin' ny toerana amorontsiraka somary maina izay miparitaka be aty Afrika. Any [[Kamerona]] dia hita any amin' ny hivoka sodaniana sy gineana izy io, ary koa any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka akaikin' ny ala manintsan-dravina.

Hazobotry maro rantsana, maitso lalandava, be tsilo,  0,5 ka hatramin' ny 5 m ny haavony. Ny taova rehetra amin' ilay zavamaniry dia mamoaka lateksa fotsy mandronono tsy misy poizina. Maitso manjelanjelatra ny raviny, mifanohitra, mibikana atody na lela lefona ary 1–5 sm ny halavany. Ny sampany dia mitondra tsilo 1 hatramin' ny 3 sm.  Ny voniny fotsy miendrika kintana manana sakany manodidina ny 1 sm. Maitso miendrika atody ny voany raha mbola manta, manana halava 1 hatramin' ny 2 sm, izay mivadika ho mainty na volomparasy antitra rehefa masaka. Mamorona fandrakofana matevina azo ampiasaina ho fefy velona Izy io.

== Famariparitana ==

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Carissa ovata leaves.jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' mibikana atody]]
Araka ny filazalazana bôtanika mahazatra, ny ravin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' dia tsotra, mifanohitra, misy lelany salavalava toa lela lefna na mibikan' atody manana halava  ary 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm, ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia manana tangozany fohy. Izy ireo dia somary henjana, tsy misy volovolo sy manjelanjelatra, ary maitso antitra ny lokony, miaraka amin' ny kirany toa volom-borona tsy dia misongadina firy. Feno ny sisiny fa tsy misy mitapatapaka, ny tendrony dia boribory na somary maranitra kely. Ireo toetran-dravina ireo dia heverina fa mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina.

=== Voniny ===
[[Sary:Carissa edulis HabitusFlowers BotGard0906b.jpg|vignette|313x313px|''Carissa spinarum'' mamony]]
Ny vonin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' dia fotsy na fotsy mavokely, indraindray somary mavokely rehefa antitra, sady lahy no vavy, ary tena manitra. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mivondrona ao amin' ny vondrom-bony lavalava mipoitra avy eo am-poto-dravina na eny an-tendrom-rantsana izy ireo. Ny voniny dia manana vondron-dravimbony fohy misy sofiny dimy sy vondrom-pelambony miendrika fantsona miafara amin' ny felam-bony dimy matetika miolakolaka ho lasa bokotra (toetra mampiavaka ny fianakaviana ''Apocynaceae''). Mipoitra ao anatin' ny vondrom-pelambony ny lahimbony dimy, ary ny vavimbony dia mipetraka eo ambony, izay lasa voa misy nofony malemy aty aoriana. Ny famony dia matetika mifandray amin' ny famindrana vovobony ataon' ny bibikely, indrindra ny bibikely mandeha amin' ny alina voasinton' ny hanitra.

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Carissa spinosa vaaka Kambhalakonda Visakhapatnam.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'']]
[[Sary:Carissa ovata fruit.jpg|vignette|220x220px|Voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'']]
Ny voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' dia nofosana, boribory na miendrika atody. Maitso izy ireo raha mbola manta, avy eo mivadika mena na volomparasy antitra, na volomparasy manopy mainty mihitsy aza, rehefa masaka. Ny nofony, izay be ranony, amin' ny ankapobeny, dia mamy na somary makirana kely, ary misy vihim-voa vitsivitsy (2 hatramin' ny 4). Ny voany dia azo hanina, na hanina eo no ho eo na voahodina, ary manana anjara toerana ara-tontolo iainana noho ny fiparitahan' ny amin' ny alalan' ny biby mihinana azy, indrindra fa ny vorona sy ny biby mampinono.

== Fampiasa azy ==
Misy mampiasa ho fefy velona ny ''Carissa edulis''. Loharano fakan' ny tantely mamim-bony ity zavamaniry ity. Azo atao haingon-tanàna koa izy io. Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafom-biby sy amin' ny fitsaboana any [[Afrika Afovoany]] sy [[Afrika Andrefana]] izy io. Ny voany azo hanina dia ampiasaina hanamboarana kaonfitiora sy vinaingitra. Izy io dia ampiasaina hampivoahana ny kankana an-tsinay na anaty vavony ao amin' ny olombelona na ao amn' ny biby, ampiasaina koa amin' ny fitsaboana ny [[tazomoka]], hiadiana amin' ny fahasimban' ny nify, ny fivontosan' ny atoditarimo, ny aretim-bavony, ny [[sohika]], ny aretin' ny taovam-pananahana ary ny tsy fahafahana manao firaisana ara-nofo, ary koa amin' ny fanamboarana toaka sy zenevra (zavapisotro misy alikôla).

== Ny anarany ==

=== Arana ara-tsiansa ===
Ity lisitra manaraka ity dia manome ny anarana izay nametrahana ny ''Carissa spinarum'' tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Carissa]]''. Ankoatra izany, dia nomena anarana isan-karazany koa izy io, tao amin' ny ''Antura'' sy ''Arduina'' (samy anarana iantsoana ny ''Carissa'' ankehitriny), ary koa ''[[Azima]]'', ''[[Cabucala]]'', ''[[Chapelieria]]'', ''[[Damnacanthus]]'', ''[[Strychnos]]'', ''[[Carandas]]'', ary ''[[Jasminonerium]]''.

==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Antura'' ====

* ''Antura edulis'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Antura hadiensis'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;

==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Arduina'' ====

* ''Arduina brownii'' &lt;small&gt;K.Schum.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Arduina campenonii'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Arduina edulis'' &lt;small&gt;(Forssk.) Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Arduina inermis'' &lt;small&gt;(Vahl) K.Schum.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Arduina laxiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) K.Schum.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Arduina xylopicron'' &lt;small&gt;(Thouars) Baill.&lt;/small&gt;

==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Azima'' ====

* ''Azima pubescens'' &lt;small&gt;Suess.&lt;/small&gt;

==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Cabucala'' ====

* ''Cabucala brachyantha'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;

==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Carandas'' ====

* ''Carandas edulis'' &lt;small&gt;(Forssk.) Hiern&lt;/small&gt;

==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Carissa'' ====

* ''Carissa abyssinica'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa africana'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa axillaris'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa brownii'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa campenonii'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Palacky&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa candolleana'' &lt;small&gt;Jaub. &amp; Spach&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa carandas'' var. ''congesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Wight) Bedd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa carandas'' var. ''paucinervia'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Bedd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa cochinchinensis'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre ex Pit.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa comorensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa congesta'' &lt;small&gt;Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Wall.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa cornifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Jaub. &amp; Spach&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa dalzellii'' &lt;small&gt;Bedd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa densiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa diffusa'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa dulcis'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa edulis'' &lt;small&gt;(Forssk.) Vahl&lt;/small&gt;

* ''Carissa hirsuta'' &lt;small&gt;Roth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa horrida'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa inermis'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa lanceolata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa laxiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa macrophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Wall.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa obovata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa oleoides'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa ovata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa paucinervia'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa pilosa'' &lt;small&gt;Schinz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa pubescens'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;Scott-Elliot&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa richardiana'' &lt;small&gt;Jaub. &amp; Spach&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa scabra'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa sechellensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa septentrionalis''
* ''Carissa suavissima'' &lt;small&gt;Bedd. ex Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;A.Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa villosa'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa xylopicron'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Carissa yunnanensis'' &lt;small&gt;Tsiang &amp; P.T.Li&lt;/small&gt;

==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Damnacanthus'' ====

* ''Damnacanthus esquirolii'' &lt;small&gt;H.Lév.&lt;/small&gt;

==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Jasminonerium'' ====

* ''Jasminonerium densiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium edule'' &lt;small&gt;(Forssk.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium inerme'' &lt;small&gt;(Vahl) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium laxiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;(Thouars) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium ovatum'' &lt;small&gt;(R.Br.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium pubescens'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium sechellense'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium tomentosum'' &lt;small&gt;(A.Rich.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jasminonerium xylopicron'' &lt;small&gt;(Thouars) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]

* ''[[Carissa]]''
* ''[[Azima]]''
* ''[[Cabucala]]''
* ''[[Chapelieria]]''
* ''[[Carandas]]''
* ''[[Damnacanthus]]''
* ''[[Strychnos]]''
* ''[[Jasminonerium]]''

* [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''Carissa spinarum'' L. (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>pfaygkdqqynwxonbgncwnncz8ioypyo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World Checklist of Vascular Plants</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153434</id>
      <parentid>1130557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:26:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1919" sha1="b3n3bix3lg2i7xlqu0osw9ghk2nl9op" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:World Checklist of Vascular Plants.png|vignette|390x390px|Pejim-pandraisan' ilay tranonkala]]
Ny '''''World Checklist of Vascular Plants''''' ('''WCVP''') dia angon-drakitra an-tserasera momba ny taksônômian' ny  zavamaniry. Maneho ny marimaritra iraisana maneran-tany amin' ny karazana zavamaniry misy [[lalan-dranon-kazo]] fantatra rehetra izy io, ao anatin' izany ny [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]''), kônifera (''[[Pinophyta]]''), ny [[ampanga]] (''[[Ampanga|Filicophyta]]'') ary [[volombato]] (''[[Volombato|Bryophyta]]'').

Mikendry ny hanome loharano maharitra sy voatahiry ny ''WCVP''. Ny ''[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]'' no mitantana azy io namin' ny fampifanarahana ny anarana siantifika ao amin' ny ''[[International Plant Names Index]]'' (IPNI) sy ny ny taksônômian' ny ''[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]]'' (WCSP). Ity versiona beta ity dia tsy mampiseho afa-tsy anarana izay ao amin' ny IPNI sy ao amin' ny WCVP. Hita ao ny fianakavian-javamaniry efa feno sy nohavaozin' ny manampahaizana ivelany sy anatiny, ary koa ny fianakavian-javamaniry izay an-dalam-pamolavolana sy an-dalam-panavaozana. Mikendry ny haneho ny marimaritra iraisana eran-tany momba ny taksônômian' ny zavamaniry ny ''WCVP'' mba hahafantarana ny taksônômia navoaka farany sady mampiditra ny hevitry ny mpahay taksônômia manerantany.

Manome anarana sy taksônômia fototra ho an' ny tranokalan' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'', izay tantanin' i Kew ihany koa ny WCVP. Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2023 dia mandefa ny mpitsidika any amin' ny tranokalan' ny ''Plants of the World Online'' ny tranokalan' ny WCVP.

Manasa ny mpitsidika haneho hevitra momba ny votoatiny sy ny fomba fampiasana an' ilay tranokala beta koa ny ''WCVP''.

== Rohy ivelany ==

* Tranonkala ôfisialy: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415061345/http://powo.science.kew.org/ wcvp.science.kew.org]''</text>
      <sha1>b3n3bix3lg2i7xlqu0osw9ghk2nl9op</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/9 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153439</id>
      <parentid>1133986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T14:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153439</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="cfjld50amedzp5v8ss756msa0n0rsdw" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[9 Novambra|9 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1928]]''' - Nijerena sarimihetsika fanafihadiana voalohany indrindra momba ny [[Fivahiniana masina (silamo)|fivahiniana silamo]] tao [[Hôlandy|Hôlandy]].

* '''[[1989]]''' - Rava ny rindrin'i [[Berlin]].</text>
      <sha1>cfjld50amedzp5v8ss756msa0n0rsdw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/10 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153440</id>
      <parentid>1133987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T15:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="362" sha1="m8bflth8ercpf21st5myxqd4njsj5n5" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[10 Novambra|10 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1898]]''' - famonoana olona maro tao [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], [[Etazonia]], sady fanonganam-panjakana monisipaly nataon'ny mpanandratra ny Fotsy hoditra, nanesorana sy namonoana ny fiadidiana ahitana fotsy sy mainty hoditra.  

* '''[[1983]]''' - Nampidiran'i [[Bill Gates]] ny [[windows |windows 1.0]].</text>
      <sha1>m8bflth8ercpf21st5myxqd4njsj5n5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voampoa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153512</id>
      <parentid>1137059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:48:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153512</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1529" sha1="i5dgzpfpluwqzh46vv8vzfq7mz2s9ld" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum violaceum 02.JPG|vignette|320x320px|''[[Solanum violaceum]]'']]
Ny '''voampoa''' dia zavamaniry isan-karazany ao amin' ny antoko ''[[Solanum]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]). Ireto izany:

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) --  roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) --  angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) --

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;), ''[[Solanum galactites]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. R. Bean&lt;/small&gt; (na ''Solanum heteracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;), ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.), [[Solanum macrocarpon L.|''Solanum macrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;]] (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Roingivy]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum pyracanthum'') (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Voangivy]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;), ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>i5dgzpfpluwqzh46vv8vzfq7mz2s9ld</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanum americanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153511</id>
      <parentid>1137065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:31:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Anarana ara-tsiansa</comment>
      <origin>1153511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1270" sha1="dm6yt1fvk3tw2ivbhdwrsi87hbpi478" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum americanum (4899345876).jpg|vignette|361x361px|Anamamy]]
Ny '''''Solanum americanum''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ahitra misy voniny sy ravina mivelatra. Misy amin' izy ireo ny avy any [[Amerika]], any [[Melanezia]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]] ary any [[Aostralia]]. Maro ny anarany ara-tsiansa ka anisan' izany ny hoe '''''Solanum nodiflorum''''' sy '''''Solanum erythrocarpon'''''. Indreto ny anarany hafa amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]: '''anamamy''', '''anantsatria''', '''anantsindrana''', '''avaizo''', '''bemine''' ary '''mailo'''. Ny ''Solanum americanum'' anefa no be mpahafantatra amin' ny anarana hoe &quot;anamamy&quot;.[[Sary:Solanum americanum (4898754585).jpg|vignette|Ravina sy voan' anamamy masaka (mainty) sy manta (maitso)]]
Nentina novolena any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny faritra trôpikaly ity zavamaniry ity: faritr' i [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Pasifika]] sy faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] ([[Hawaii]], [[Indôsina]], [[Madagasikara]] ary [[Afrika]]), mety tamin' ny alalan' ny fitondran' ny olona nifindra monina any amin' ireo toerana ireo. Anisan' ny karazan-javamaniry miparitaka be indrindra sy miovaova ara-endrika ao amin' ny fizarana ''Solanum'' ny ''Solanum americanum.''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Solanum nigrum]]''</text>
      <sha1>dm6yt1fvk3tw2ivbhdwrsi87hbpi478</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tabernaemontana coffeoides</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153478</id>
      <parentid>1142103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2594" sha1="2mg7qjqhmppgtc309xkt7ae7tuega30" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Tabernaemontana coffeoides''''' dia karazana zavamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]''. Hazobotry na hazo madinika manana haavo 10 m sy savaivo 20 sm izy io. Misy felambony fotsy ny voniny mamerovero. Maniry eny amin' ny [[dongom-pasika]] na eny amin' ny [[vatolampy]] any amin' ny ala maina sy ny alan-kirihitra na hivoka manomboka amin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina ka hatramin' ny haabo 1&amp;nbsp;300 m.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] dia ampiasaina izy mba hampihenana ny lanja sy hiadiana amin' ny havizanana. Teratany ao [[Kômôro]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] ny ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides''. Be alkalôida indôlika izay mahaliana amin' ny [[farmakôlôjia]] izy io.

== Anarana ==

=== Anarana ara-tsiansa ===
Indreto ny anaran' ny ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' teo loha izay noheverpna ho karazana samy hafa:

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;.

Ny ''Hazunta'' dia antokon-javamaniry taloha ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ankehitriny dia nampidirina ao anatin' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' izay rehetra noheverina ho karazana ao aminy.

=== Anarana malagasy ===
Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''andembavifotsy''', '''andrambafohy''', '''andriambavifohy''', '''bekapangaka''', '''faika''', '''fananjake''', '''feka''', '''fekabe''', '''fekandronono''', '''feky''', '''fotsiavadika''', '''hazompika''', '''hazompiky''', '''hazonta''', '''hazontaha''', '''indriambavifotsy''',  '''katso''', '''laka''', '''mamalifolahina''', '''mamalifolahy''', '''maniola''', '''repolahy''', '''sodihazo''', '''somorombohitse''', '''tapolahy''', '''tekabe''', '''tsimanotra''', '''tsingevika''', ary '''tsipepolahy'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
* [[Hazompika]] (''[[Mascarenhasia lisianthiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC&lt;/small&gt;, ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt; na ''Pandaca debrayi'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex. A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;)
* [[Hazonta]]: ''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Ebenaceae]]''); ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Ehretiaceae]]''); ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')
* [[Tsingevika]] (''[[Catharanthus roseus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) G. Don&lt;/small&gt;, ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC&lt;/small&gt;)</text>
      <sha1>2mg7qjqhmppgtc309xkt7ae7tuega30</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153498</id>
      <parentid>1153478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:25:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3708" sha1="8s7z573zzh2qa4cyy5r89493qmpn35t" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Tabernaemontana coffeoides''''' dia karazana zavamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]''. Hazobotry na hazo madinika manana haavo 10 m sy savaivo 20 sm izy io. Misy felambony fotsy ny voniny mamerovero. Maniry eny amin' ny [[dongom-pasika]] na eny amin' ny [[vatolampy]] any amin' ny ala maina sy ny alan-kirihitra na hivoka manomboka amin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina ka hatramin' ny haabo 1&amp;nbsp;300 m.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] dia ampiasaina izy mba hampihenana ny lanja sy hiadiana amin' ny havizanana. Teratany ao [[Kômôro]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] ny ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides''. Be alkalôida indôlika izay mahaliana amin' ny [[farmakôlôjia]] izy io.

== Anarana ==

=== Anarana ara-tsiansa ===
Indreto ny anaran' ny ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' teo loha izay noheverpna ho karazana samy hafa:

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;.

Ny ''Hazunta'' dia antokon-javamaniry taloha ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ankehitriny dia nampidirina ao anatin' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' izay rehetra noheverina ho karazana ao aminy.

=== Anarana malagasy ===
Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''andembavifotsy''', '''andrambafohy''', '''andriambavifohy''', '''bekapangaka''', '''faika''', '''fananjake''', '''feka''', '''fekabe''', '''fekandronono''', '''feky''', '''fotsiavadika''', '''hazompika''', '''hazompiky''', '''hazonta''', '''hazontaha''', '''indriambavifotsy''',  '''katso''', '''laka''', '''mamalifolahina''', '''mamalifolahy''', '''maniola''', '''repolahy''', '''sodihazo''', '''somorombohitse''', '''tapolahy''', '''tekabe''', '''tsimanotra''', '''tsingevika''', ary '''tsipepolahy'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
* [[Hazompika]] (''[[Mascarenhasia lisianthiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC&lt;/small&gt;, ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt; na ''Pandaca debrayi'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex. A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;)
* [[Hazonta]]: ''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Ebenaceae]]''); ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Ehretiaceae]]''); ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')
* [[Tsingevika]] (''[[Catharanthus roseus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) G. Don&lt;/small&gt;, ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC&lt;/small&gt;)
* [[Kabokala]]: ''[[Grevea madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Montiniaceae]]''); ''[[Rauvolfia media]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rauvolfia obtusiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae''); ''[[Strophanthus boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Roupellina boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca boiteaui'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;); ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Boj. ex A. DC&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca longituba'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Pandacastrum saccharatum'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;)  (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>8s7z573zzh2qa4cyy5r89493qmpn35t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153501</id>
      <parentid>1153498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3737" sha1="ndxgr4habydtsg38kk284x2o5fr29bg" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Tabernaemontana coffeoides''''' dia karazana zavamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]''. Hazobotry na hazo madinika manana haavo 10 m sy savaivo 20 sm izy io. Misy felambony fotsy ny voniny mamerovero. Maniry eny amin' ny [[dongom-pasika]] na eny amin' ny [[vatolampy]] any amin' ny ala maina sy ny alan-kirihitra na hivoka manomboka amin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina ka hatramin' ny haabo 1&amp;nbsp;300 m.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] dia ampiasaina izy mba hampihenana ny lanja sy hiadiana amin' ny havizanana. Teratany ao [[Kômôro]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] ny ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides''. Be alkalôida indôlika izay mahaliana amin' ny [[farmakôlôjia]] izy io.

== Anarana ==

=== Anarana ara-tsiansa ===
Indreto ny anaran' ny ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' teo loha izay noheverpna ho karazana samy hafa:

* ''Hazunta costata'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta modesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hazunta silicicola'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;.

Ny ''Hazunta'' dia antokon-javamaniry taloha ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ankehitriny dia nampidirina ao anatin' ny karazana ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' izay rehetra noheverina ho karazana ao aminy.

=== Anarana malagasy ===
Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''andembavifotsy''', '''andrambafohy''', '''andriambavifohy''', '''bekapangaka''', '''faika''', '''fananjake''', '''feka''', '''fekabe''', '''fekandronono''', '''feky''', '''fotsiavadika''', '''hazompika''', '''hazompiky''', '''hazonta''', '''hazontaha''', '''indriambavifotsy''',  '''katso''', '''laka''', '''mamalifolahina''', '''mamalifolahy''', '''maniola''', '''repolahy''', '''sodihazo''', '''somorombohitse''', '''tapolahy''', '''tekabe''', '''tsimanotra''', '''tsingevika''', ary '''tsipepolahy'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
* [[Hazompika]]: ''[[Mascarenhasia lisianthiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca debrayi'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex. A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta sp.'') (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')
* [[Hazonta]]: ''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Ebenaceae]]''); ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Ehretiaceae]]''); ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')
* [[Tsingevika]] (''[[Catharanthus roseus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) G. Don&lt;/small&gt;, ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC&lt;/small&gt;)
* [[Kabokala]]: ''[[Grevea madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Montiniaceae]]''); ''[[Rauvolfia media]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rauvolfia obtusiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae''); ''[[Strophanthus boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Roupellina boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca boiteaui'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;); ''Tabernaemontana coffeoides'' &lt;small&gt;Boj. ex A. DC&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta'' sp.); ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca longituba'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Pandacastrum saccharatum'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;)  (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>ndxgr4habydtsg38kk284x2o5fr29bg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xerophyta dasylirioides</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153436</id>
      <parentid>1144846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3680" sha1="qp3v4blyfjt5qqret0a7h47cl44d83i" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Xerophyta dasylirioides''''' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; dia karazan-javamaniry mamony [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Velloziaceae]]''. izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fanasandovia''', '''hosaña''', '''hosandahy''', '''kisaka''', '''maimbelona''', '''maimbolena''', '''rangimbato''', '''tongolombato''', na '''tongotrakoho'''. Taloha izy dia nantsiona hoe '''''Vellozia dasylirioides''''' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Poiss.&lt;/small&gt;. Malaza amin' ny fahatoherana ny haintany mahery vaika sy ny fahafahany maniry mivantana eny amin' ny vatolampy ity zavamaniry ity. Ny ovan-karazany taloha ''Xerophyta dasyliroides'' var. ''tulearensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; dia nasandratra ho karazana miavaka amin' ny anarana hoe ''[[Xerophyta tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Phillipson &amp; Lowry&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
Kirihitra madinika misy sampana maro rantsana sy manana endrika be tsiraka na minofon-kazo ny ''Xerophyta dasylirioides,'' ary mety hahatratra 2 m ny haavony. Mitovitovy amin' ny tahom-bozaka sady henjana ary mivondrona toy ny vondrom-panjaitra eo amin' ny tendron-drantsana ny raviny. Mamokatra vony mitsitokantokana mahafinaritra manomboka amin' ny manga ka hatramin' ny volomparasy (fotsy indraindray) izay mifanohitra tanteraka amin' ny tahony maina izy.

== Toerana aniriany ==
Maniry indrindra miaraka amin' ny vondron-javamaniry trôpikaly amin' ny faritra manana fizaran-taona maina ny ''Xerophyta dasylirioides''. Zavamaniry mampiavaka ny havoam-batolampy anjakan' ny [[vatorano]] (granita) sy amin' ny faritry ny hivoka ao amin' ny faritra Afovoany amin' i Madagasikara izy io, ary hita koa miaraka amin' ny rohivoary ahitana [[tapia]] (''[[Uapaca bojeri]]'').

== Fampiasana ==
Any amin' ny faritra ambanivohitr' i [[Madagasikara]], indraindray dia alaina avy any an' ala ny ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' mba hampiasaina ao an-trano. Atao fandrehetana afo na kitay ny tsiraka avy aminy izay matevina sy ny tahony. Atao borosy na fikikisana ny loto amin' ny fanaka toy ny vilia ny raviny henjana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Xerophyta]]''

* [[Fanasandovia]]''':''' ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Velloziaceae]]''); ''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Luffa cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) M. Roem.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cucurbitaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (←''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Solanaceae]]'').
* [[Hosaña]]: ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Velloziaceae''); ''[[Xerophyta pinifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Velloziaceae''); ''[[Xerophyta eglandulosa]]'' H.&lt;small&gt;Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Velloziaceae]]'').
* [[Maimbelona]]: ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Velloziaceae''); ''[[Myrothamnus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Myrothamnaceae]]''). 
* [[Tongotrakoho]]: ''[[Crateva excelsa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boj.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Capparaceae]]''); ''[[Crateva greveana]]'' (''Capparaceae''); ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Convolvulaceae]]''); ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Velloziaceae'')

== Rohy ivelany ==

* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241210062037/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:67138-1 ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;]&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''
* &quot;[https://identify.plantnet.org/fr/the-plant-list/species/Xerophyta%20dasylirioides%20Baker/data ''Xerophyta dasylirioides'' Baker]&quot;, ''identify.plantnet.org''
* &quot;[https://africanplantdatabase.ch/fr/nomen/specie/210156/xerophyta-dasylirioides-baker Xerophyta dasylirioides Baker]&quot;, ''africanplantdatabase.ch''</text>
      <sha1>qp3v4blyfjt5qqret0a7h47cl44d83i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanum mauritianum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153518</id>
      <parentid>1144849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:11:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1507" sha1="gkoqofp6i3twd8dyoaw5adnpixee9cn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum mauritianum.jpg|vignette|''Solanum mauritianum''|410x410px]]
Ny '''''Solanum mauritianum''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', teratany any [[Amerika Atsimo]]. Hazobotry mety hahatratra haavo 5 m izy io ary mamokatra voa boribory izay mivadika mavo rehefa matoy. Poizina avokoa ny ampahany amin' io zavamaniry io. ''Solanum mauritianum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany feno. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''ambiatibe''', '''fanasandovia''', '''sevabe''', '''tambakobe''', '''tambakolahy''', '''tambakoratsy''', '''tsiariboamena''', ary '''voampoabe'''.

== Anarana ahafantarana azy ==

* ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ait.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mauritianum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tabacifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verbascifolium var. auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;(Aiton) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Fanasandovia]]''':''' ''[[Xerophyta dasylirioides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Velloziaceae]]''); ''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Luffa cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) M. Roem.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cucurbitaceae]]''); ''Solanum mauritianum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Solanaceae]]'').
*[[Voampoabe]]: ''Solanum mauritianum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>gkoqofp6i3twd8dyoaw5adnpixee9cn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xerophyta eglandulosa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153437</id>
      <parentid>1145357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:33:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2434" sha1="kao0harfth91cl5fjklsw94b80dfvqz" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Xerophyta eglandulosa''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Velloziaceae]]'' izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]], nofaritan' ny bôtanista frantsay Henri Perrier de la Bâthie voalohany tamin' ny taona 1930. Zavamaniry maharitra mihoatra ny roa taona izy io, sady anisan' ny zavamaniry malaza maneran-tany amin' ny fahatantezana ny fahamainana (zavamaniry &quot;mitsanganana amin' ny maty&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:860761-1 ''Xerophyta eglandulosa'' H.Perrier] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:860761-1 |date=20241208054043 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://africanplantdatabase.ch/fr/nomen/specie/205508/xerophyta-eglandulosa-h-perrier Xerophyta eglandulosa H.Perrier]&quot;, ''africanplantdatabase.ch''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Antsoina hoe '''hosaña''' izy amin' ny teny malagasy.

== Famariparitana ==
Kirihitra madinika maitso lalandava sy manana taho maharitra ny ''Xerophyta eglandulosa''. Toy ny zavamaniry maro amin' ny antoko ''Xerophyta,'' ireo taho matanjaka ireo dia ahafahany ho tafavoaka velona amin' ny [[doro tanety]] sy ny [[hain-tany]] maharitra. Maniry anaty vondrona matevina eo amin' ny tendron' ny taho ny raviny henjana&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.studysmarter.fr/resumes/science-de-lenvironnement/conservation-ecologique/xerophyte/ Xérophyte]&quot;, ''www.studysmarter.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Xerophyta+eglandulosa Xerophyta eglandulosa]&quot;, ''tropical.theferns.info''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
Ao amin' ny biôma trôpikaly manana fizaràn-taona maina eto Madagasikara ihany no ahitana ny ''Xerophyta eglandulosa'' maniry. Hita manokana amin' ny tany madiodio sy be vato izy io. Eny amin' ny tany be [[Vatorano|granita]] na gnesy na [[vatovary]]. Amin' ny haabo anelanelany, manomboka amin' ny 400 ka hatramin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;000 m&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Ovan-karazana ==
Ny ''[[African Plant Database]]'' sy ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manamarina an' ilay karazana sy mitanisa ovan-karazana roa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;:

* ''Xerophyta eglandulosa'' var. ''hirtocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier (1930)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Xerophyta eglandulosa'' var. ''trichocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier (1950)&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Xerophyta]]''

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>kao0harfth91cl5fjklsw94b80dfvqz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ala Tara Gedam(monasteran'i Tara Gedam)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153433</id>
      <parentid>1153423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanampy tantara</comment>
      <origin>1153433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1174" sha1="a2puihybrr0wb7x3s0o93ctmz2qwzr1" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Tadam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any Etiopia.

== Tantara ==
Ny Ala Tara Gedam dia ala ao amin'ny tapany avartr'i Etiopia, amin'ny toerana misy ny fiangonana ortodoksa monasteran'i Tara Gedam.Izy io dia voatondro ho alam-panjakana nanomboka ny taona 1979.Ao anatin'io ala io koa dia ahitana ny tranon'ireo relijiozy mpitoka-monina, ahitana koa trano fiangonana ary sekoly.Ny ala Tara Gedam dia mamokatra hazo ho an'ny fanaovan-trano, hoan'ny angovo ary firaofan'ireo biby fiompy&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02842-9 Diversité d’oiseaux unique dans une forêt d’église éthiopienne | Biodiversité et conservation | Lien Springer Nature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==
Toy ny amin'ny toerana maro any Etiopia, misy fandripahana ala goavana 

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==</text>
      <sha1>a2puihybrr0wb7x3s0o93ctmz2qwzr1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153435</id>
      <parentid>1153433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:30:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>NANAMPY</comment>
      <origin>1153435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1301" sha1="ed0szwuspjkeuma7h4inb6k86xu6uzw" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Gedam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any [[Etiôpia|Etiopia.]]

== Tantara ==
Ny Ala Tara Gedam dia ala ao amin'ny tapany avartr'i Etiopia, amin'ny toerana misy ny fiangonana ortodoksa monasteran'i Tara Gedam.Izy io dia voatondro ho alam-panjakana nanomboka ny taona 1979.Ao anatin'io ala io koa dia ahitana ny tranon'ireo relijiozy mpitoka-monina, ahitana koa trano fiangonana ary sekoly.Ny ala Tara Gedam dia mamokatra hazo ho an'ny fanaovan-trano, hoan'ny angovo ary firaofan'ireo biby fiompy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02842-9 Diversité d’oiseaux unique dans une forêt d’église éthiopienne | Biodiversité et conservation | Lien Springer Nature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Ny ala Tara Gedam dia ala natoraly misy karazam-borona maro, hita amin'ny sisin'ny ala.Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==
Toy ny amin'ny toerana maro any Etiopia, misy fandripahana ala goavana 

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==</text>
      <sha1>ed0szwuspjkeuma7h4inb6k86xu6uzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153445</id>
      <parentid>1153435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T18:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Categorie</comment>
      <origin>1153445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1409" sha1="6talkom72l8o9nnas5j2u0u68zawy5j" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Gedam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any [[Etiôpia|Etiopia.]]

== Tantara ==
Ny Ala Tara Gedam dia ala ao amin'ny tapany avartr'i Etiopia, amin'ny toerana misy ny fiangonana ortodoksa monasteran'i Tara Gedam.Izy io dia voatondro ho alam-panjakana nanomboka ny taona 1979.Ao anatin'io ala io koa dia ahitana ny tranon'ireo relijiozy mpitoka-monina, ahitana koa trano fiangonana ary sekoly.Ny ala Tara Gedam dia mamokatra hazo ho an'ny fanaovan-trano, hoan'ny angovo ary firaofan'ireo biby fiompy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02842-9 Diversité d’oiseaux unique dans une forêt d’église éthiopienne | Biodiversité et conservation | Lien Springer Nature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Ny ala Tara Gedam dia ala natoraly misy karazam-borona maro, hita amin'ny sisin'ny ala.Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==
Toy ny amin'ny toerana maro any Etiopia, misy fandripahana ala goavana 

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==
[sokajy:Fikambanana iraisam-pirenena]]
[[Sokajy:Etiopia]]
[[sokajy:Ala masina ]]
[[Sokajy:tontolo iainana]]</text>
      <sha1>6talkom72l8o9nnas5j2u0u68zawy5j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153450</id>
      <parentid>1153445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T18:42:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153450</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2228" sha1="3tp180xukd8gbkrzks9lex3th6vq5sp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Forêt
 | nom               = 
 | image             = 
 | légende           = 
 | alternative       = 
 | pays              = 
 | subdivision1      = 
 | lien subdivision1 = 
 | subdivision2      = 
 | lien subdivision2 = 
 | subdivision3      = 
 | lien subdivision3 = 
 | superficie        = 
 | superficie notes  = 
 | longueur          = 
 | longueur notes    = 
 | largeur           = 
 | largeur notes     = 
 | altitude          = 
 | altitude notes    = 
 | alt mini          = 
 | alt mini notes    = 
 | alt maxi          = 
 | alt maxi notes    = 
 | essences          = 
 | protection        = 
 | protection notes  = 
 | type              = 
 | type notes        = 
 | administration    = 
 | latitude          = 
 | longitude         = 
 | référence         = 
 | géolocalisation   = 
}} mi
Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Gedam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any [[Etiôpia|Etiopia.]]

== Tantara ==
Ny Ala Tara Gedam dia ala ao amin'ny tapany avartr'i Etiopia, amin'ny toerana misy ny fiangonana ortodoksa monasteran'i Tara Gedam.Izy io dia voatondro ho alam-panjakana nanomboka ny taona 1979.Ao anatin'io ala io koa dia ahitana ny tranon'ireo relijiozy mpitoka-monina, ahitana koa trano fiangonana ary sekoly.Ny ala Tara Gedam dia mamokatra hazo ho an'ny fanaovan-trano, hoan'ny angovo ary firaofan'ireo biby fiompy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02842-9 Diversité d’oiseaux unique dans une forêt d’église éthiopienne | Biodiversité et conservation | Lien Springer Nature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Ny ala Tara Gedam dia ala natoraly misy karazam-borona maro, hita amin'ny sisin'ny ala.Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==
Toy ny amin'ny toerana maro any Etiopia, misy fandripahana ala goavana 

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==
[sokajy:Fikambanana iraisam-pirenena]]
[[Sokajy:Etiopia]]
[[sokajy:Ala masina ]]
[[Sokajy:tontolo iainana]]</text>
      <sha1>3tp180xukd8gbkrzks9lex3th6vq5sp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fiteny fampandaharana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153443</id>
      <parentid>1153427</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T17:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jagwar</username>
        <id>523</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82092" sha1="nb1swiwe03tnn8v55olf82hf92kwk2n" xml:space="preserve">[[File:C Hello World Program.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|alt=Kaody loharanon' ny fandaharana iray amin' ny fiteny C, misy fanamarihana miloko volondavenona.|Ny kaody loharano, izany hoe ny baiko nosoratan' ny mpampandahatra, ho an' ny fandaharana iray amin' ny fiteny [[Fiteny C|C]]. Ny andalana miloko volondavenona dia fanamarihana manazava ilay fandaharana amin' ny olombelona. Rehefa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera (rindrankajy mpandika fandaharana) sy tanterahina izy io, dia hamoaka ny hoe &quot;Hello, world!&quot;.]]

Ny '''fiteny fampandaharana''' dia fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra, natao hanehoana kajy, izany hoe fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra,&lt;ref&gt;''Information technology — Vocabulary''. csnumber: 63598.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mazàna ahafahana mamaritra [[Rindrankajy|rindrankajy]] amin' ny endrika azon' ny olombelona sy ny solosaina ampiasaina.

Mba hanatanterahana fandaharana iray, dia ilaina ny rafitra mampandeha ny fiteny nanoratana azy. Misy fomba roa lehibe enti-manatanteraka ny fiteny fampandaharana: ny fandikana mialoha amin' ny kaompilatera, izay andikana ny fandaharana ho kaody milina, na baiko azon' ny fitaovana mpikirakira tanterahina mivantana, alohan' ny hampandehanana azy; ary ny fampiasana mpandika baiko, izay anatanterahana mivantana ny fandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ny baikony. Ankoatra ireo fomba roa mifanohitra ireo, dia mampiasa fomba mifangaro ny rafitra sasany, toy ny fandikana ny kaody ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy sy ny mpandika kaody mpanelanelana, izay kaody baiko natao ho an' ny milina virtoaly.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta, Robert W. ''Concepts of Programming Languages''. Pearson. 2023. pp.: 46–51. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-292-43682-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 12th global.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana ny firafitry ny solosaina. Mifototra amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, izay miely patrana, ny famolavolana ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana mandidy, izany hoe fiteny maneho ny kajy amin' ny alalan' ny asa ampifandimbiasina araka ny filaharany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta, Robert. ''Concepts of Programming Languages: Global Edition''. Pearson. Harlow. 2022. p.: 41. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-292-43682-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 12th global.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha nifamatotra akaiky tamin' ny [[Hardware|fitaovana ara-batana]] ny fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany, dia mazàna mampiasa fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana kosa ny fiteny maoderina mba tsy hampisehoana ny antsipirian' ireo fitaovana ireo, ka ny asa ilaina ihany no aseho. Ny tanjona amin' izany dia ny hahafahana mamorona rindrankajy tsara kokoa nefa mitaky ezaka kely kokoa. Antsoina hoe fiteny avo lenta ireo fiteny ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://adacomputerscience.org/concepts/proglang_high_level ''High-level languages'']. 2026-05-11. tranonkala: ada computer science.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fifandraisana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary ==
Misy itovian' ny fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary, satria ahafahan' ny olona mifampita hevitra izy ireo. Amin' ny ankapobeny, azon' ny olona vakina ny fandaharana ary afaka maneho hevitra saro-takarina. Na izany aza, voafetra amin' ny sehatry ny kajy, izany hoe ny fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra, ihany ny karazana hevitra azon' ny fiteny fampandaharana aseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;BookProgrammingLanguagesChauhanSharad&quot;&gt;Chauhan, Sharad. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qKRnohkDbb0C ''Programming Languages - Design and Constructs'']. ''10''. University Science Press. 2013. p.: 235. fiteny: English. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-93-81159-41-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 10 September 2025. quote: Like our natural languages, programming languages facilitate the expression and communication between people. However, programming languages differ from natural languages in two ways. First, programming languages also enables communication of ideas between people and computing machines. Second, programming languages have a narrower expressive domain than our natural languages. That is, they facilitate only the communication of computational ideas.&lt;/ref&gt;

Indraindray dia ampiasaina hifandimby ny teny hoe fitenin' ny solosaina (''computer language'') sy ny hoe fiteny fampandaharana (''programming language'')&lt;ref&gt;Robert A. Edmunds, ''The Prentice-Hall standard glossary of computer terminology'', Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 91&lt;/ref&gt;, saingy misy mihevitra fa hevitra roa samy hafa ireo. Misy mihevitra fa ao anatin' ny sokajin' ny fitenin' ny solosaina ny fiteny fampandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Pascal Lando, Anne Lapujade, Gilles Kassel, and Frédéric Fürst, ''[http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707093557/http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf tahiry tamin' ny 7 July 2015], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html ICSOFT 2007] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100427063709/http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html tahiry tamin' ny 27 April 2010], pp. 163–170&lt;/ref&gt; Misy mampiasa ny teny hoe fitenin' ny solosaina hanasokajiana fiteny ampiasaina amin' ny kajimirindra nefa tsy heverina ho fiteny fampandaharana. Misy kosa mihevitra ny fiteny fampandaharana ho rafitra ara-kevitra entina mampandahatra milina ara-kevitra, izany hoe môdely ara-kevitra momba ny milina manao kajy; araka izany fomba fijery izany, ny fitenin' ny solosaina dia ireo fiteny fampandaharana izay mandeha amin' ny solosaina ara-batana manana fitaovana voafetra.
&lt;ref&gt;R. Narasimhan, ''Programming Languages and Computers: A Unified Metatheory'', pp. 189–247 in Franz Alt, Morris Rubinoff (eds.) ''Advances in computers'', Volume 8, Academic Press, 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-012108-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p.215: &quot;[...] the model [...] for computer languages differs from that [...] for programming languages in only two respects. In a computer language, there are only finitely many names—or registers—which can assume only finitely many values—or states—and these states are not further distinguished in terms of any other attributes. [author's footnote:] This may sound like a truism but its implications are far-reaching. For example, it would imply that any model for programming languages, by fixing certain of its parameters or features, should be reducible in a natural way to a model for computer languages.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Manamafy i [[John C. Reynolds]] fa fiteny fampandaharana ihany koa ny fiteny anaovana [[Famaritana manarak'endrika|famaritana hentitra]], izany hoe famaritana mazava tsara mampiasa fomba fanoratana voafaritra tsara, toy ny fiteny rehetra natao hotanterahina. Araka ny heviny, dia fiteny fampandaharana ny endrika fampidirana angona amin' ny alalan' ny soratra, ary na dia ireo mampiasa sary aza, raha misy fiantraikany amin' ny fiasan' ny solosaina izany, na dia tsy mahatanteraka ny kajy rehetra vitan' ny milin' i Turing aza izy ireo amin' ny ankapobeny. Milaza koa izy fa ny tsy fahalalana ny foto-kevitra momba ny fiteny fampandaharana no mahatonga lesoka maro amin' ny endrika fampidirana angona.&lt;ref&gt;John C. Reynolds, &quot;''Some thoughts on teaching programming and programming languages''&quot;, ''SIGPLAN Notices'', Volume 43, Issue 11, November 2008, p.109&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|tantaran' ny fiteny fampandaharana}}.

=== Fivoarana tany am-boalohany ===
Tamin' ny taompolo 1940 no noforonina ireo solosaina voalohany azo nandaharana, ary niaraka taminy ireo fiteny fampandaharana voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;Hierso, Severine. [https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/insider-membership-news/timeline-of-programming-languages ''Coding From 1849 to 2022: a Guide to The Timeline of Programming Languages'']. June 10, 2022. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 1, 2026. tranonkala: IEEE Computer Society.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 519.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasana 1GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka voalohany) ireo solosaina tany am-boalohany, izany hoe fitenin' ny milina, izay ahitana baiko tsotra azon' ny ventim-pikirakirana tanterahina mivantana. Tena sarotra ny nitady sy nanitsy ny lesoka tao amin' io kaody io, ary tsy azo nafindra hampiasaina tamin' ny rafitra solosaina samihafa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 520–521.&lt;/ref&gt; Mba hanamorana ny fampandaharana dia noforonina ny fiteny fampikambanana, izany hoe fiteny mampiasa marika izay mifanandrify akaiky amin' ny baikon' ny milina, na 2GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka faharoa). Nanalavitra ny fitenin' ny milina ireo mba hahamora kokoa ny fahazoan' ny olona ny fandaharana, na dia tsy nampitombo ny fahafahana namindra azy tamin' ny rafitra hafa aza.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany am-boalohany dia vitsy sady lafo ny fitaovana ara-batana azo nampiasaina, fa mora kokoa kosa ny mpiasa. Noho izany dia ireo fiteny sarotra nampiasaina sy nandany fotoana, nefa akaiky kokoa ny fitaovana ara-batana ka nahomby kokoa tamin' ny fampiasana azy, no nomena tombony.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 522.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanova tanteraka ny fampandaharana ny fampidirana ny fiteny fampandaharana avo lenta, na 3GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka fahatelo). Nanafina ny antsipirian' ny fitaovana ara-batana ireo fiteny ireo, fa natao kosa hanehoana algôritma, izany hoe filaharan-dingana voafetra sy voafaritra hamahana olana, amin' ny fomba mora azon' ny olona kokoa. Ohatra, nanjary azo nosoratana tamin' ny alalan' ny marika ireo teny maneho kajy, ary nadika ho kaody milina azon' ny fitaovana ara-batana tanterahina tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1957 no noforonina ny Fortran (''FORmula TRANslation'', na fandikana raikipohy). Matetika izy io no heverina ho fiteny fampandaharana avo lenta voalohany nadika mialoha ho kaody milina,&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mbola nampiasaina hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21 ny Fortran.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 1960 sy 1970 ===
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|Olona roa mampiasa IBM 704 (maodelin-tsolosaina) iray, izay solosaina vaventy sady fitaovana ara-batana voalohany nahafahana nanao [[Faingo mihevaheva|kajy amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], tamin' ny 1957. Ho an' io milina io no namolavolana ny Fortran.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 42–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Manodidina ny 1960 no novolavolaina ireo solosaina vaventy voalohany, izay solosaina natao hanaovana asa ankapobeny, na dia matihanina ihany aza no afaka nampiasa azy ireo ary tena lafo ny vidiny. Nampidirina tamin' ny alalan' ny karatra nisy loaka ny angona sy ny baiko, ka tsy nisy fampidirana fanampiny azo natao nandritra ny fandehan' ny fandaharana. Noho izany dia natao hahakely araka izay azo atao ny fifandraisana amin' ny mpampiasa ireo fiteny novolavolaina tamin' io fotoana io.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 523–524.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny namoronana ny ventim-pikirakirana madinika, dia nihena be ny vidin' ny solosaina tamin' ny taompolo 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 527.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafahan' ny mpampiasa nifandray bebe kokoa tamin' ny solosaina koa ireo solosaina vaovao, ary nanohana izany ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Lisp, izay nampiharina tamin' ny 1958, no fiteny voalohany nampiasa fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa, izany hoe fampandaharana maneho ny kajy amin' ny alalan' ny fampiharana lefa mampifandray ny angona ampidirina amin' ny vokatra azo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html ''How Lisp Became God's Own Programming Language'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 10 April 2024. datin' ny tahiry: 10 April 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: twobithistory.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240410060444/https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy toy ny Fortran izy io fa nahafahana nampiasa fiantsoan' ny asa iray ny tenany sy teny miankina amin' ny fepetra, izay miova arakaraka ny fepetra ny vokany,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt; sady nampiditra fitantanana miovaova ny toerana fitadidiana tao amin' ny tahirin-toerana fitadidiana azo atokana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary famerenana ho azy ho azo ampiasaina ny toerana fitadidiana tsy ilaina intsony.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 526.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ireo taompolo nanaraka dia ny Lisp no tena nampiasaina tamin' ny rindrankajy momba ny [[Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona|haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona]].&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1978, ny ML (fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa iray hafa) dia nampiditra ny famantarana ho azy ny karazana angona sy ny masontsivana, izany hoe angona fidirana voatondro ao amin' ny famaritana asa iray, izay afaka nandray karazana angona samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 701–703.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny namoahana ny ALGOL (''ALGOrithmic Language'', na fiteny fanehoana algôritma) tamin' ny 1958 sy 1960,&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524–525.&lt;/ref&gt; dia izy io no lasa fenitra nampiasaina hamaritana algôritma tao amin' ny asa soratra momba ny kajimirindra. Na dia voafetra aza ny fahombiazany ara-barotra, dia avy amin' ny ALGOL 60 mivantana na ankolaka ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny be mpampiasa izay mifototra amin' ny filaharan-baiko, anisan' izany ny [[Fiteny C|C]], Pascal, Ada, C++, Java ary C#.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 56–57.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo zava-baovao nampidiriny ka noraisin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana tatỳ aoriana ny fahafahana lehibe kokoa namindra ny fandaharana tamin' ny rafitra hafa, sy ny fampiasana voalohany ny fitsipi-panorenana tsy miankina amin' ny manodidina, nosoratana tamin' ny BNF (endrika Backus–Naur).&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 525.&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin' ny ALGOL koa ny Simula, izay fiteny voalohany nahafahana nanao fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra, na fandaminana ny fandaharana manodidina ny zavatra mampikambana angona sy asa atao aminy. Tafiditra amin' izany ny zana-karazana angona, ny fisafidianana ny asa antsoina mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary ny fandovana toetra. Nahomby ara-barotra koa ny Simula.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 526–527.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny C, izay taranaky ny ALGOL ihany koa, dia mbola be mpampiasa hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21. Ahafahana mikirakira asa ambany lenta kokoa ataon' ny milina ny C raha oharina amin' ny fiteny hafa niara-nisy taminy. Ny fahafahany manao asa maro sy ny fahombiazany, izay vokatry ny fahalalahan' ny fikirakirana tondro amin' ny ampahany — sanda manondro toerana ao amin' ny fitadidiana ireo tondro ireo — dia mahatonga ny fanoratana kaody marina ho sarotra kokoa kosa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Prolog, izay novolavolaina tamin' ny 1972, no fiteny voalohany nampiasa fampandaharana lôjika, ka ny marika ampiasain' ny lôjika voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra no nampiasainy hifandraisana tamin' ny solosaina.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 531.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny fampandaharana lôjika dia mamaritra ny vokatra irina ny mpandahatra, ary mamela ny mpandika baiko hanapa-kevitra ny fomba hahazoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 530.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 1980 hatramin' ny taompolo 2000 ===
[[File:Bangalore India Tech books for sale IMG 5261.jpg|thumb|right|Santionany vitsivitsy amin' ireo boky fianarana fiteny fampandaharana amidy ao [[Bangalore]], India, tamin' ny 2011.]]

Nandritra ny taompolo 1980, ny famoronana ny solosaina manokana dia nanova ireo asa nampiasana ny fiteny fampandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 532–533.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo fiteny vaovao nampidirina tamin' ny taompolo 1980 ny C++, izay fiteny mahafaoka ny C: afaka mandika ny fandaharana C ho kaody milina izy io, nefa manohana koa ny sokajin-javatra, izay famaritana iombonana hamoronana zavatra manana rafitra sy fomba fiasa mitovy, sy ny fandovana toetra.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 534.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Ada sy ny fiteny vaovao hafa dia nampiditra fanohanana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana, izay ahafahan' ny kajy maromaro mandroso mandritra ny fotoana mifanindry.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 534–535.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa vola be tamin' ireo nantsoina hoe fiteny taranaka fahadimy ny governemantan' i Japàna. Nanampy fanohanana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana tao amin' ireo rafitra fanorenan' ny fampandaharana lôjika ireo fiteny ireo, nefa nihoatra azy ireo ny fahaizan' ireo fiteny hafa izay nanohana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 736.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho ny fitomboana haingan' ny [[Aterineto]] sy ny [[Tranonkala|tranonkala maneran-tany]] tamin' ny taompolo 1990, dia nampidirina ny fiteny fampandaharana vaovao hanohanana ny pejin-tranonkala sy ny fampifandraisana solosaina ho tambajotra.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 536.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Java, izay nifototra tamin' ny C++ ary natao hampitombo ny fahafahana mamindra ny fandaharana amin' ny rafitra samihafa sy ny fiarovana, dia nahomby tamin' ny ambaratonga lehibe satria tena ilaina amin' ny rindrankajy maro mampiasa ny Aterineto ireo toetra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 536–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 91–92.&lt;/ref&gt; Fivoarana iray hafa ny fisian' ireo fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika izay mamaritra ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana: ny Python, JavaScript, [[PHP]] (fiteny fampandaharana ampiasaina amin' ny tranonkala) ary Ruby. Natao hamokarana haingana fandaharana kely izay mampandrindra [[Rindrankajy fampiharana|rindrankajy fampiharana]] efa misy izy ireo. Noho izy ireo nampiarahina tamin' ny [[Hypertext Markup Language|HTML]] (fiteny fametahana marika ho an' ny lahatsoratra misy rohy), dia nampiasaina koa izy ireo hanamboarana pejin-tranonkala apetraka amin' ny solosaina mpizara.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 538–539.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 97–99.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 2000 hatramin' izao ===
Nandritra ny taompolo 2000 dia nihena ny hafainganam-pivoaran' ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao izay nanjary be mpampiasa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Zava-baovao iray ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny tolotra, izay natao hanararaotana ireo rafitra mizara ny kajy amin' ny solosaina mifandray, ka tambajotra no mampifandray ny singa mandrafitra azy. Mitovitovy amin' ny zavatra ao amin' ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra ny tolotra, saingy mandeha ao anatin' ny fanatanterahana fandaharana iray izay tantanan' ny rafitra fikirakirana ho singa misaraka (''process'') izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 474–475, 477, 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampifangaro hevitra avy amin' ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny filaharan-baiko sy ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa ny C# sy ny F#.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 542–543.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny 2010 dia nisy fiteny vaovao maromaro — ny Rust, Go, Swift, Zig ary Carbon — nifaninana mba hampiasaina amin' ireo rindrankajy tena ilàna fahombiazana amin' ny fanatanterahana, izay ny C no nampiasaina tamin' izany teo aloha.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 544.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana vaovao dia mampiasa famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana, fa vitsy kosa ireo fiteny vaovao mampiasa famaritana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana, toy ny Julia.&lt;ref&gt;Bezanson, Jeff; Karpinski, Stefan; Shah, Viral B.; Edelman, Alan. ''Julia: A Fast Dynamic Language for Technical Computing''. 2012. eprint: 1209.5145. class: cs.PL.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sasany amin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao dia sokajiana ho fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary, toy ny Scratch sy ny LabVIEW (fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary iray). Ny sasany amin' ireo fiteny ireo koa dia mampifangaro ny fampandaharana an-tsoratra sy an-tsary, toy ny Ballerina.&lt;ref&gt;Sáez-López, J.M., Román-González, M. and Vázquez-Cano, E., 2016. ''Visual programming languages integrated across the curriculum in elementary school: A two year case study using &quot;Scratch&quot; in five schools''. Computers &amp; Education, 97, pp.129-141.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kodosky, J., 2020. ''LabVIEW''. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, 4(HOPL), pp.1-54.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fernando, A. and Warusawithana, L., 2020. ''Beginning Ballerina Programming: From Novice to Professional''. Apress.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarika ho amin' ny famolavolana tetikasa manampy amin' ny famoronana fiteny an-tsary vaovao koa izany fironana izany, toy ny Blockly an' ny [[Google]].&lt;ref&gt;Baluprithviraj, K.N., Bharathi, K.R., Chendhuran, S. and Lokeshwaran, P., 2021, March. ''Artificial intelligence based smart door with face mask detection''. In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS) (pp. 543-548). IEEE.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin' ireo rafitra fototra fampandehanana lalao, toy ny Unreal sy ny Unity, no manohana ny fanoratana baiko an-tsary.&lt;ref&gt;Sewell, B., 2015. ''Blueprints visual scripting for unreal engine''. Packt Publishing Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bertolini, L., 2018. ''Hands-On Game Development without Coding: Create 2D and 3D games with Visual Scripting in Unity''. Packt Publishing Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ==

Azo faritana amin' ny alalan' ny fitsipi-panorenany (endriny) sy ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody (dikany) ny fiteny iray, ary matetika dia famaritana amin' ny alalan' ny fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra no ampiasaina amin' izany.

=== Fitsipi-panorenana ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny fampandaharana}}
[[File:Python add5 parse.png|thumb|367px|Hazo maneho ny firafitry ny kaody Python, miaraka amin' ny kisary kely mampiseho ny fizarana ny kaody ho singa voambolana.]]
[[File:Python add5 syntax.svg|thumb|292px|Matetika ny fampisongadinana ny singan' ny kaody amin' ny loko no ampiasaina mba hanampiana ny mpampandahatra hamantatra ny singa ao amin' ny kaody loharano. Python no fiteny ampiasaina amin' ity ohatra ity.]]
Ny endrika ivelan' ny fiteny fampandaharana iray no antsoina hoe fitsipi-panorenany. Lahatsoratra fotsiny no mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana: mampiasa andian-tsoratra misy teny, isa ary mari-piatoana izy ireny, toy ny fiteny voajanahary an-tsoratra. Misy kosa ny fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary, izay mampiasa ny fifandraisana hita maso eo amin' ny marika mba hamaritana fandaharana iray.

Ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny iray dia mamaritra ireo fitambaran' ny marika azo ampiasaina mba hahazoana fandaharana manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana. Ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody kosa no mamaritra ny dikan' ny fitambaran' ny marika iray: mety ho voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra izany, na ho voasoratra mivantana ao amin' ny kaodin' ny fanatanterahana raisina ho modely, izany hoe ny rindrankajy raisina ho fakan-tahaka amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay fiteny. Satria lahatsoratra no ampiasain' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny, dia ny fitsipi-panorenana an-tsoratra no resahina ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity.

Matetika dia faritana amin' ny fampiarahana ny lamina mamaritra andian-tsoratra, ho an' ny firafitry ny singa voambolana, sy ny endrika Backus–Naur, ho an' ny firafitra ara-pitsipi-panorenana, ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny fampandaharana. Ity manaraka ity dia fitsipi-panorenana tsotra mifototra amin' ny Lisp:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bnf&quot;&gt;
expression ::= atom | list
atom       ::= number | symbol
number     ::= [+-]?['0'-'9']+
symbol     ::= ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].*
list       ::= '(' expression* ')'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Izao no faritan' io fitsipi-panorenana io:
* ny &lt;code&gt;expression&lt;/code&gt;, na teny maneho sanda, dia mety ho &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe singa fototra, na &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe lisitra;
* ny &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;, na singa fototra, dia mety ho &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe isa, na &lt;code&gt;symbol&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe marika;
* ny &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt;, na isa, dia fitohizan' ny tarehimarika iray na maromaro amin' ny fanisana fototra folo, tsy misy elanelana, ary mety hialohavan' ny marika miampy na marika manala;
* ny &lt;code&gt;symbol&lt;/code&gt;, na marika, dia litera iray arahin' ny litera aotra na maromaro amin' ny abidy, ka tsy tafiditra ao ny tarehintsoratra fotsy, toy ny elanelana;
* ny &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;, na lisitra, dia fononteny misokatra iray sy fononteny mikatona mifamaly aminy, ary misy &lt;code&gt;expression&lt;/code&gt;, na teny maneho sanda, aotra na maromaro ao anatiny.

Ireto misy ohatra amin' ny filaharan' ny singa voambolana voarafitra araka io fitsipi-panorenana io: &lt;code&gt;12345&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; ary &lt;code&gt;(a b c232 (1))&lt;/code&gt;.

Tsy voatery ho marina araka ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody ny fandaharana rehetra manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana. Maro ny fandaharana manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana nefa mbola tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fitsipik' ilay fiteny. Mety hiteraka hadisoana mandritra ny fandikana kaody na ny fanatanterahana izany, arakaraka ny famaritana ny fiteny sy ny fahamarinan' ny rindrankajy manatanteraka azy. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany dia mety haneho fihetsika tsy voafaritry ny fiteny ireny fandaharana ireny. Na dia voafaritra tsara ao anatin' ny fiteny aza ny fandaharana iray, dia mbola mety hanana hevitra tsy nokendren' ny olona nanoratra azy.

Raha ny fiteny voajanahary no raisina ho ohatra, dia mety tsy ho azo omena hevitra ny fehezanteny iray manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-pitenenana, na mety ho diso ny hevitra ambarany:
* Ny fehezanteny anglisy hoe « Colorless green ideas sleep furiously » — fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: « Matory amin-katezerana ny hevitra maitso tsy misy loko » — dia voarafitra tsara ara-pitsipi-pitenenana, nefa tsy manana hevitra eken' ny besinimaro.
* Ny fehezanteny anglisy hoe « John is a married bachelor » — fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: « I John dia lehilahy tsy manambady sady manambady » — dia voarafitra tsara ara-pitsipi-pitenenana, nefa milaza hevitra tsy mety ho marina.

Ity sombin-kaody amin' ny [[Fiteny C|fiteny C]] ity dia manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana, nefa manao asa tsy voafaritry ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody: tsy misy dikany ny asa &lt;code&gt;*p &gt;&gt; 4&lt;/code&gt; raha sanda manana karazana angona ho an' ny isa haro no ampiharana azy, ary tsy voafaritra ny &lt;code&gt;p-&gt;im&lt;/code&gt; satria tondro tsy manondro toerana fitadidiana manan-kery ny sandan' ny &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
complex *p = NULL;
complex abs_p = sqrt(*p &gt;&gt; 4 + p-&gt;im);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Raha tsy nampidirina ny fanambarana ny karazana angona eo amin' ny andalana voalohany, dia hiteraka hadisoana momba ny ova &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; tsy voafaritra ilay fandaharana, mandritra ny fandikana azy amin' ny kaompilatera. Ny ova dia singa manana anarana ao amin' ny fandaharana, izay mety hiova sanda. Na izany aza, dia mbola hanaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana ilay fandaharana, satria fampahalalana momba ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody ihany no omen' ny fanambarana ny karazana angona.

Azo sokajina araka ny toerany ao amin' ny ambaratongan' i Chomsky ny fitsipi-panorenana ilaina hamaritana fiteny fampandaharana iray. Azo faritana amin' ny fitsipi-panorenana karazany 2 ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana; izany hoe fitsipi-panorenana tsy miankina amin' ny manodidina izy ireny.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Sipser. ''Introduction to the Theory of Computation''. PWS Publishing. 1996. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-534-94728-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Section 2.2: Pushdown Automata, pp.101–114.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny sasany, anisan' izany ny Perl sy Lisp, dia misy firafitra ahafahana manatanteraka kaody mandritra ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana. Rehefa misy firafitra ahafahan' ny mpampandahatra manova ny fomba fiasan' ny mpamakafaka ny fitsipi-panorenana ao amin' ny fiteny iray, dia manjary olana tsy ahitana fomba fanapahana ankapobeny ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana: tsy misy fomba fanaovana kajy afaka manapa-kevitra amin' ny tranga rehetra. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia manjavozavo koa amin' izany ny fanavahana ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny fanatanterahana kaody.
&lt;ref&gt;Jeffrey Kegler, &quot;[http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability ''Perl and Undecidability''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817183115/http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability tahiry tamin' ny 17 August 2009]&quot;, ''The Perl Review''. Manaporofo ny lahatsoratra faha-2 sy faha-3 fa, amin' ny ankapobeny, olana tsy ahitana fomba fanapahana ankapobeny ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fandaharana Perl. Ny lahatsoratra faha-2 dia mampiasa ny teôreman' i Rice, ary ny lahatsoratra faha-3 kosa mampiasa ny famadihana mivantana ilay olana ho amin' ny olana momba ny fijanonan' ny fandaharana.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tsy mitovy amin' ny rafitry ny baiko mivelatra ho kaody hafa ao amin' ny Lisp sy ny vondron-kaody &lt;code&gt;BEGIN&lt;/code&gt; ao amin' ny Perl, izay mety ahitana kajy amin' ny ankapobeny, ny baiko mivelatra ho kaody hafa ao amin' ny C: fanoloana andian-tsoratra fotsiny no ataon' izy ireny, ka tsy mitaky fanatanterahana kaody.
&lt;ref&gt;Marty Hall, 1995, [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html ''Lecture Notes: Macros''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806054148/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html tahiry tamin' ny 6 August 2013], PostScript [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps endrika] [https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211709/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps tahiry tamin' ny 17 August 2000]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hevitry ny kaody ===
Ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody dia ny dikan' ny votoaty izay manaraka ny fitsipi-panorenan' ilay fiteny.

==== Fitsipika azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana ====
Ny fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana dia mamaritra ny fepetra mametra ny firafitry ny lahatsoratra eken' ilay fiteny, izay sarotra na tsy azo ambara amin' ny fomba hentitra mahazatra amaritana ny fitsipi-panorenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aaby 2004&quot;&gt;Aaby, Anthony. [http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm ''Introduction to Programming Languages'']. 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: 29 September 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043216/http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ny fiteny izay adika amin' ny kaompilatera, ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina mandritra izany fandikana izany no tena tafiditra ao. Ohatra amin' izany ny fanamarinana fa efa nambara mialoha ny fampiasana azy ny anarana famantarana tsirairay, amin' ny fiteny izay mitaky izany fanambarana izany, na ny fanamarinana fa samy hafa ny marika amin' ny sampana tsirairay ao amin' ny baiko misafidy arakaraka ny sanda.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-633951-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p. 18–19&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo ampiharina ny fepetra lehibe maro toy izany amin' ny famaritana azy ho fitsipika ao anatin' ny [[Lôjika|lôjika voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra]] iray antsoina hoe rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona. Anisan' izany ny fanamarinana fa ampiasaina amin' ny toe-javatra sahaza azy ny anarana famantarana, ohatra hoe tsy hanaovana fifanampiana amin' ny isa tsimivaky, izay isa tsy misy ampahany vakiny, sy ny anaran' ny lefa, izay asa mamoaka vokatra avy amin' ny angona ampidirina. Toy izany koa ny fanamarinana fa mifanaraka amin' izay takina ny isa sy ny karazana angon' ireo sanda ampitaina rehefa miantso zana-pandaharana, izany hoe ampahan' ny fandaharana azo antsoina. Mety ho tafiditra amin' ireo fitsipika azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana koa ny endrika hafa amin' ny famakafakana kaody tsy manatanteraka azy, toy ny famakafakana ny fivezivezen' ny angona. Ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana toa an' i Java sy C#, ohatra, dia tafiditra amin' ireo fitsipika ireo ny fanamarinana fa efa nomena sanda ny ova alohan' ny hampiasana azy. Endrika iray amin' ny famakafakana ny fivezivezen' ny angona izany; ny ova dia singa itehirizana sanda ao amin' ny fandaharana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Winskel, Glynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JzUNn6uUxm0C ''The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: An Introduction'']. MIT Press. 5 February 1993. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-73103-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitsipika mandritra ny fanatanterahana ====
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|hevitra omen' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny kaody}}

Rehefa voafaritra ny angona dia tsy maintsy omena baiko ny milina mba hanao asa amin' izany angona izany. Ohatra, mety hamaritra ny paikady ampiasaina hahitana ny sandan' ny teny maneho sanda ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody, na ny fomba anatanterahan' ny rafitra mifehy ny filaharan' ny baiko ireo baiko arakaraka ny fepetra. Ny fitsipika mamaritra ny fihetsiky ny kaody mandritra ny fanatanterahana, izay antsoina koa hoe fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana, no mamaritra ny fomba sy ny fotoana tokony hahatonga ireo rafitra samihafa ao amin' ny fiteny iray hamoaka ny fihetsiky ny fandaharana. Maro ny fomba azo amaritana ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana ireo. Matetika ny fiteny voajanahary no ampiasaina hamaritana azy amin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana fampiasa andavanandro. Betsaka ny fikarohana akademika natokana ho an' ny famaritana hentitra ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny kaody, izay ahafahana mamaritra amin' ny fomba hentitra ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Schreiner, Wolfgang. [https://www3.risc.jku.at/courses/ss99/semantics ''Formal Semantics of Programming Languages'']. Johannes Kepler University Linz. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 September 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Voafetra ny fampiharana ny vokatry ny fikarohana amin' io sehatra io amin' ny famolavolana sy ny fanatanterahana fiteny fampandaharana ivelan' ny tontolo akademika.

== Toetra ==
Manome toetra ahafahan' ny mpampandahatra mamolavola rindrankajy ny fiteny iray. Voalaza eto ambany ny sasany amin' ireo toetra ireo.

=== Rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona ===
Jereo koa: karazana angona, rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona, fiarovana amin' ny fampiasana karazana angona.

Ny karazana angona dia vondron' ireo sanda azo ekena sy ireo asa azo atao amin' ireo sanda ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana tsirairay no mamaritra ireo karazana angona misy, ny karazan' ny teny maneho sanda iray, ary ny fomba ampiharana ny fitovian' ny karazana angona sy ny fifanarahan' ny karazana angona ao amin' ilay fiteny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny teôrian' ny karazana, dia voafaritra tanteraka ny karazana angona ao amin' ny fiteny iray raha milaza ireo karazana angona azo ampiharana ny asa tsirairay ny famaritana an' io asa io.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;&gt;Andrew Cooke. [http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html ''Introduction To Computer Languages'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 July 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 15 August 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815140215/http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa ny fiteny tsy mamaritra karazana angona, toy ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampikambanana, izay mamela ny asa rehetra hatao amin' ny angona rehetra; amin' ny ankapobeny dia andiana singa mitahiry 0 na 1, samy hafa halavana, ireo angona ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt; Raha ny fampiasana azy no jerena, dia vitsy ny fiteny mamaritra tanteraka ny karazana angona, nefa ny ankamaroany dia manome famaritana ny karazana angona amin' ny ambaratonga sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt;

Satria samy hafa ny fomba anehoan' ireo karazana angona samihafa ny sanda, toy ny [[Isa tsimivaky|isa tsimivaky]], izay isa tsy misy ampahany vakiny, sy ny [[Faingo mihevaheva|isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], dia misy vokatra tsy ampoizina rehefa karazana iray no ampiasaina nefa karazana hafa no andrasana. Hamaritra izany ho hadisoana ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona, ary matetika izany no atao rehefa adikan' ny kaompilatera ny fandaharana alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy; mandany loharanon-karena bebe kokoa ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 15, 408–409.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa misy fameperana hentitra ny fifangaroan' ny karazana angona, dia azo fantarina foana ny hadisoana momba ny karazana angona, raha tsy hoe ovana mazava ho karazana hafa ny ova, izany hoe ireo singa manana anarana ao amin' ny fandaharana izay mety hiova sanda. Misy kosa fameperana malalaka ny fifangaroan' ny karazana angona rehefa avelan' ny fiteny hatao tsy misy baiko mazava izany fanovana izany; ohatra, mba hahafahana manao asa eo amin' ny ova samy hafa karazana nefa tsy manao fanovana karazana angona mazava ny mpampandahatra. Arakaraka ny hamaroan' ireo tranga avela hanaovana izany fanovana karazana angona ho azy izany no hihavitsian' ireo hadisoana momba ny karazana angona azo fantarina.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 303–304.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Karazana angona tohanan' ny fiteny matetika ====
Jereo koa: karazana angona fototra.
Matetika ireo fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany no tsy nanohana afa-tsy karazana angona momba ny isa efa natsangana tao anatiny, toy ny [[Isa tsimivaky|isa tsimivaky]], na misy famantarana ahafahana maneho ny maha-miiba na tsia azy na tsy misy izany famantarana izany, sy ny [[Faingo mihevaheva|isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], mba hahafahana manao asa amin' ny [[Isa voatsapa|isa voatsapa]] tsy tsimivaky. Manohana habe maromaro ho an' ny isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva sy ny isa tsimivaky ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana, arakaraka ny habe sy ny fahamarinan' ny fanehoana isa ilain' ny mpampandahatra; matetika dia antsoina hoe ''float'' sy ''double'' ireo endrika samihafa fanehoana isa amin' ny faingo mihevaheva ireo. Rehefa tehirizina ao amin' ny karazana angona kely loatra ka tsy mahazaka azy ny isa tsimivaky iray, dia mitranga ny fihoaran' ny fetra fitahirizana isa tsimivaky. Ny famenon' ny roa (''twos complement'') no fomba fampiasa indrindra hanehoana isa miiba amin' ny karazana angona misy famantarana: ao anatin' ny fanehoana manana halavana raikitra, dia avadika ny 0 ho 1 sy ny 1 ho 0 ao amin' ny endrika maneho ny haben' ilay isa tsy asiana famantarana, ary ampiana 1 avy eo. Ampiasaina koa anefa ny famenon' ny iray (''ones complement''), izay mamadika ny 0 ho 1 sy ny 1 ho 0 fotsiny, fa tsy manampy 1, rehefa mamorona ny endrika maneho isa miiba.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 246–247.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo karazana hafa fampiasa ny boleana, izay na marina na diso ihany ny sandany, sy ny tarehintsoratra, izay okteta iray araka ny fomba nahazatra, ka ampy hanehoana ny tarehintsoratra rehetra ao amin' ny ASCII (kaody fanehoana tarehintsoratra).&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tabilao misy singa voalahatra dia karazana angona izay, amin' ny fiteny maro, tsy maintsy ahitana singa mitovy karazana sady manana halavana raikitra. Ny fiteny hafa kosa dia mamaritra ireny tabilao ireny ho fanondroana angona voatahiry any amin' ny toerana hafa, ary mamela ny singa ao aminy ho samy hafa karazana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 260.&lt;/ref&gt; Arakaraka ny fiteny fampandaharana, ny filaharan' ny tarehintsoratra maromaro, antsoina hoe andian-tsoratra, dia mety ho tohanana amin' ny endrika tabilao misy tarehintsoratra na amin' ny endrika karazana angona fototra natokana ho azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 250.&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho raikitra na miovaova ny halavan' ny andian-tsoratra; manome fahafahana bebe kokoa ilay halavana miovaova, saingy mitaky toerana fitahirizana lehibe kokoa sy fahasarotana bebe kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 254.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny karazana angona hafa mety ho tohanana ny lisitra, izay fitambarana singa voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 281–282.&lt;/ref&gt; ny tabilao mampifandray lakile sy sanda, izay tsy voalahatra ary ny lakile no ahazoana miditra amin' ny angona ao aminy,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt; ny firaketana, izay ampifandraisana amin' ny anarana ny angona ao anatin' ny rafitra voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 276–277.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny andiana sanda voalahatra, izay mitovy amin' ny firaketana saingy tsy manana anarana ireo saha mitahiry angona ao aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitahiry adiresy ao amin' ny fitadidiana ny tondro; matetika izy ireny no manondro toerana ao amin' ny tahirin-toerana fitadidiana azo atokana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, izay itehirizana angona hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 289–290.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny karazana angona azo alahatra, izay matetika antsoina hoe karazana ahitana sanda voatanisa, no karazana angona faritan' ny mpampiasa tsotra indrindra; azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vondron' ny isa tsimivaky lehibe noho ny aotra ny sandany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 255.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taona 1980, dia manohana karazana angona afenina ny fomba fanatanterahana azy koa ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana. Amin' izany dia afenina amin' ny mpampiasa ny fomba fanehoana ny angona sy ny asa atao aminy, ka fifandraisana ahazoana mampiasa asa ihany no azon' ny mpampiasa idirana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 244–245.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny tombontsoa mety ho azo amin' ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana ny angona ny fitomboan' ny fahatokisana ny fiasan' ny fandaharana, ny fihenan' ny fahasarotana, ny fihenan' ny mety hisian' ny fifandonan' ny anarana, ary ny fahafahana manova ny fomba fandaminana ny angona ao anatiny nefa tsy voatery hanova ny kaodiny ny fandaharana mampiasa azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 477.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana sy mandritra izany ====
Amin' ny famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana, dia faritana mialoha ny hanatanterahana ny fandaharana ny karazan' ny teny maneho sanda rehetra, ary matetika dia mandritra ny fandikan' ny kaompilatera izany no atao.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa izay mamaritra ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana dia mitaky ny hilazana mazava ny karazan' ny ova. Ao amin' ny fiteny sasany kosa dia tsy ilazana mazava ny karazana angona; ny iray amin' ireo fomba anaovana izany dia ny fahafahan' ny kaompilatera mamantatra ho azy ny karazana angona avy amin' ny toe-javatra manodidina azy ao amin' ny kaody. Ny lafy ratsin' izany famaritana tsy ilazana mazava ny karazana angona izany dia ny mety hisian' ny hadisoana tsy ho hita.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 211.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampifandraisina hatramin' izay tamin' ireo fiteny mifototra amin' ny lefa, toy ny Haskell sy ny ML (fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa), ny famantarana ho azy ny karazana angona rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;Leivant, Daniel. ''Polymorphic type inference''. ACM Press. Austin, Texas. 1983. pp.: 88–98. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-89791-090-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1145/567067.567077&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. conference: ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny famaritana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana, dia tsy ny ova no ampifandraisina amin' ny karazana angona, fa ny sanda voatahiry ao aminy ihany. Azo ampiasaina indray hitahirizana sanda hafa karazana ny ova iray ihany. Na dia manome fahafahana bebe kokoa ho an' ny mpampandahatra aza izany, dia mihena kosa ny fahatokisana ny fiasan' ny fandaharana sy ny fahafahan' ny fiteny fampandaharana manamarina ny fisian' ny hadisoana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 212–213.&lt;/ref&gt; Mamela ny fampiasana ova manana karazana mampiray karazana maro ny fiteny sasany, ka azo omena sanda na inona na inona karazany ireny ova ireny, ho fanavahana amin' ny fitsipika mahazatra ao aminy izay mamaritra ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana ===
Jereo koa ny fikirakirana mifanindran-dalana.

Eo amin' ny sehatry ny kajimirindra, dia azo tanterahina miaraka ny baiko maromaro. Maro ny fiteny fampandaharana manohana ny fampandehanana mifanindran-dalana, na eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny baiko tsirairay izany na eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zana-pandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 576.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taonjato faha-21, dia nitombo hatrany ny anjara toeran' ny fampiasana ventim-pikirakirana fanampiny teo amin' ny fampitomboana ny hery fikirakiran' ny solosaina. Noho izany, mba hanatsarana ny fahombiazan' ny rindrankajy, dia mila mamolavola azy hampiasa ventim-pikirakirana maromaro miaraka ny mpampandahatra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 579.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Sebesta tamin' ny 2012, ny fiteny tanterahina amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko, toy ny Python sy Ruby, dia tsy manohana ny fampiasana ventim-pikirakirana maromaro mifanindran-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 585.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kosa fiteny fampandaharana hafa manohana ny fitantanana ny angona ifampizaran' ny sampana fanatanterahana samihafa ao anatin' ny fandaharana iray (''threads''). Azony atao izany amin' ny alalan' ny semafôra, izay mifehy ny filaharan' ny fanatanterahana ireo baiko fototra, na amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra manara-maso ny fidirana amin' ny angona iombonana, na amin' ny famelana ny fifampitana hafatra eo amin' ireo sampana fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 585–586.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikarakarana tranga maningana ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|fikarakarana tranga maningana}}

Misy kaody fikarakarana tranga maningana ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana maro. Ampahan-kaody ireo, izay ampandehanina rehefa misy hadisoana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary afaka mikarakara izany amin' ireto fomba roa lehibe ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 630, 634.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Famaranana: atsahatra ny fandaharana ary atolotra ny [[Mpandrindra milina|rafitra fikirakirana]] ny fifehezana ny fanatanterahana. Io safidy io no heverina ho tsotra indrindra.
* Fanohizana: tohizana eo akaikin' ny toerana nitrangan' ilay tranga maningana ny fandaharana. Mety hahatonga ilay tranga maningana hiverina indray izany, raha tsy afaka manova sanda hisorohana ny fiverenan' ilay tranga ny kaody fikarakarana azy.
Ny fiteny fampandaharana sasany dia mamela ny hanokanana vondron-kaody iray hotanterahina, na nisy tranga maningana nitranga na tsia talohan' ny nahatongavan' ny fanatanterahana teo amin' io kaody io; izany no atao hoe fanatanterahana baiko famaranana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 635.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy takalony ny fitomboan' ny fahafahana mikarakara tranga maningana: mihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, na dia fahita aza ny hadisoana amin' ny tondro mamaritra ny toeran' ny singa ao amin' ny tabilao misy singa voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt; dia tsy manamarina izany ny C mba tsy hampihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia afaka manoratra kaody handraisana an-tanana ireo tranga maningana nofaritan' ny mpampiasa aza ny mpanoratra fandaharana, dia mety hanakorontana ny firafitry ny fandaharana izany. Ireo fitambaran-kaody mahazatra omen' ny fiteny sasany, toy ny C, dia mampiasa ny sanda averiny mba hanondroana fa misy tranga maningana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 632.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny sasany sy ny kaompilaterany dia manome safidy hampandehanana na hampitsaharana ny fahafahana mikarakara hadisoana, na vonjimaika na ho raikitra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631, 635–636.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famolavolana sy fanatanterahana ==
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|famolavolana sy fanatanterahana ny fiteny fampandaharana}}

Anisan' ny zavatra nanan-kery lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana ny firafitry ny solosaina. Ny fiteny mifototra amin' ny baiko, izay karazana fiteny fampiasa indrindra, dia novolavolaina mba hahomby amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, izay firafitry ny solosaina nomerika fahita indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, ny fitadidiana no mitahiry ny angona sy ny baiko, fa misaraka aminy kosa ny CPU (ventim-pikirakirana foibe), izay manatanteraka ny baiko amin' ny angona. Tsy maintsy ampitaina mankany amin' ny CPU sy miverina avy ao àry ny angona. Ny singa fototra ao amin' ireo fiteny ireo dia ny ova, ny fanomezana sanda ary ny famerenana baiko, izay mahomby kokoa amin' ireo milina ireo noho ny fiantsoan' ny asa iray ny tenany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fiteny fampandaharana noforonina hatrany am-boalohany, novana mba hamaliana filàna vaovao, ary nakambana tamin' ny fiteny hafa. Maro koa no tsy nampiasaina intsony tatỳ aoriana. Ny faniriana hamorona fiteny fampandaharana iray iombonana, mety amin' ny milina sy ny fampiasana rehetra, no nandrisika ny fipoiran' ny fiteny fampandaharana tamin' ny taompolo 1950, mba tsy hilana fanoratana kaody samihafa ho an' ny solosaina samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Nofre; Priestley; Alberts (2014), p. 55.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1960 anefa dia nolavina ilay hevitra momba ny fiteny iombonana iray, satria samy nanana ny zavatra notakiny ireo tanjona isan-karazany nanoratana kaody.&lt;ref&gt;Nofre; Priestley; Alberts (2014), p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fifandanjana eo amin' ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka ===
Anisan' ny toetra irina hananan' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny fahamoran' ny famakiana azy, ny fahamoran' ny fanoratana azy ary ny fahazoana itokisana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo toetra ireo dia afaka mampihena ny fandaniana amin' ny fanofanana mpanao fandaharana hampiasa ilay fiteny, ny fotoana ilaina hanoratana sy hikojakojana ny fandaharana amin' ilay fiteny, ary ny fandaniana amin' ny fandikana ny kaody amin' ny alalan' ny kaompilatera. Afaka manatsara ny fahombiazan' ny fandaharana mandritra ny fanatanterahana azy koa izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 16–17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na dia matetika aza no nataon' ny fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany ho laharam-pahamehana ny fahombiazana fa tsy ny fahamoran' ny famakiana, dia nitombo ny lanjan' ity farany nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Mety hanasarotra ny famakiana ny fisian' ny fomba fiasa maro ahazoana vokatra iray ihany. Toy izany koa ny fanomezana hevitra maro ny mari-pandidiana iray, ka ahafahan' ilay mari-pandidiana iray ihany manana hevitra samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8–9.&lt;/ref&gt; Toetra iray hafa manan-danja amin' ny fahamoran' ny famakiana ny fahaleovantenan' ny singan' ny fiteny, izay mametra ny isan' ny rafitra fanoratana tsy maintsy ianaran' ny mpanao fandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 9–10.&lt;/ref&gt; Manamora ny famakiana koa ny firafitry ny fitsipi-panorenana mora azo sy ny teny natokana izay takatra avy hatrany ny heviny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fahamoran' ny fanoratana dia ny fahamoran' ny fampiasana ilay fiteny hanoratana kaody hamahana ny olana kendrena. Ankoatra ireo toetra ilaina amin' ny fahamoran' ny famakiana,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; dia manampy ny mpanao fandaharana hanoratra kaody koa ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana, izany hoe ny fanomezana fomba ifandraisana ahafahana manafina ny antsipiriany amin' izay mampiasa azy, ary ny fahaizana maneho hevitra amin' ny kaody, izay ahafahana manoratra fandaharana fohy kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifamatotra akaiky dia akaiky tamin' ny fitaovana ara-batan' ny solosaina ny fiteny fampandaharana voalohany. Rehefa nandeha anefa ny fotoana, dia nitombo ny fahafahana manafina ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana, ka azon' ny mpanao fandaharana naseho ny hevitra lavitra kokoa noho izay azo adika tsotra ho baiko ho an' ny fitaovana ara-batana. Koa satria tsy voafatotra mafy amin' ny fahasarotan' ny solosaina intsony ny mpanao fandaharana, dia afaka manao fikajiana betsaka kokoa ny fandaharan' izy ireo nefa mitaky ezaka kely kokoa aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.: ''The Mythical Man-Month'', Addison-Wesley, 1982, pp. 93–94&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana dia omena miaraka amin' ny tahirin' asa mahazatra, izay ahitana asa antsoina ao amin' ny fandaharana ka fampiasa matetika.&lt;ref&gt;Busbee, Kenneth Leroy; Braunschweig, Dave. [https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/standard-libraries/ ''Standard Libraries'']. 15 December 2018. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 27 January 2024. tranonkala: Programming Fundamentals – A Modular Structured Approach.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fahazoana itokisana dia midika fa manatanteraka izay voalaza ao amin' ny famaritana azy ny fandaharana ao anatin' ny toe-javatra maro samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy afaka mampitombo ny fahazoana itokisana ny fandaharana ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona, ny fikarakarana tranga maningana, ary ny famerana ny fisian' ny anarana maro manondro toerana fitadidiana iray, izany hoe ny fahafahan' ny anaran' ova maromaro miditra amin' ny faritra iray ihany ao amin' ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8, 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana no mitaky fifandanjana eo amin' ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 18, 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, mazàna mampihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana ireo toetra natao hampitomboana ny fahazoana itokisana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian' ny mari-pandidiana maro dia mampitombo ny fahaizana maneho hevitra amin' ny kaody ka manamora ny fanoratana azy, nefa manasarotra ny famakiana azy kosa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;English-like_programming_languages&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Natolotra ho fomba iray hanafoanana ny filàna fiteny manokana ho an' ny fampandaharana ny fampandaharana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary. Mbola lavitra anefa izany tanjona izany, ary mbola azo iadian-kevitra ny tombony azo avy aminy. Nihevitra i [[Edsger Dijkstra|Edsger W. Dijkstra]] fa tena ilaina ny fampiasana fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra mba hisorohana ny fampidirana rafitra fanoratana tsy misy heviny.&lt;ref&gt;Dijkstra, Edsger W. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html ''On the foolishness of &quot;natural language programming.&quot;''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201526/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html tahiry tamin' ny 20 January 2008] EWD667.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandà izany hevitra izany koa i Alan Perlis.&lt;ref&gt;Perlis, Alan. [http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html ''Epigrams on Programming'']. ''SIGPLAN Notices Vol. 17, No. 9''. September 1982. pp.: 7–13. datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 1999. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117034445/http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny fiteny ===
Jereo koa ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana dia fitaovana azon' ny mpampiasa ilay fiteny sy ny mpamolavola ny rafitra mampandeha azy ampiasaina mba hifanarahana raha [[Fandaharana|fandaharana]] manankery amin' ilay fiteny ny sombin' ny kaody loharano iray, ary, raha izany, ny fomba tokony hiasan' ilay fandaharana.

Mety hanana endrika maro ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana, ka anisan' izany ireto manaraka ireto:
* Famaritana mazava ny fitsipi-panorenan' ilay fiteny, ny fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana, ary ny hevitry ny kaody mandritra ny fanatanterahana. Matetika no faritana amin' ny alalan' ny rafi-pitsipika hentitra mamaritra ny firafitry ny soratra ekena ny fitsipi-panorenana. Ny famaritana ny hevitry ny kaody kosa dia azo soratana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary, toy ny amin' ny [[Fiteny C|fiteny C]], na amin' ny alalan' ny famaritana ny hevitry ny kaody amin' ny fitsipika matematika hentitra, toy ny ao amin' ny famaritana ny Standard ML&lt;ref&gt;[[Robin Milner|Milner, R.]]; M. Tofte; R. Harper; D. MacQueen. ''The Definition of Standard ML (Revised)''. MIT Press. 1997. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-63181-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny Scheme.&lt;ref&gt;Kelsey, Richard; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees. [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 ''Section 7.2 Formal semantics'']. ''Revised&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme''. February 1998. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060706081110/http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Famaritana ny fomba fiasan' ny rindrankajy mpandika kaody ho an' ilay fiteny, toy ny ao amin' ny famaritana ny C++ sy ny Fortran. Tsy maintsy tsoahina avy amin' io famaritana io ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody. Azo soratana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary na amin' ny fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra io famaritana io.
* Fanatanterahana raisina ho fakan-kevitra na ho modely, izay soratana amin' ilay fiteny faritana ihany indraindray, toy ny amin' ny Prolog na ny ANSI REXX (REXX voafaritra araka ny fenitra ANSI).&lt;ref&gt;ANSI – ''Programming Language Rexx'', X3-274.1996&lt;/ref&gt; Hita mazava ao amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay fanatanterahana raisina ho modely ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody.

=== Fampiharana ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|fampiharana fiteny fampandaharana}}

Ny fampiharana fiteny fampandaharana dia ny famadihana fandaharana ho kaody milina azon' ny fitaovana ara-batana tanterahina. Avy eo dia azo tanterahina amin' ny fanampian' ny [[Mpandrindra milina|rafitra fikirakirana]] ny kaody milina.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23–24.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny endriky ny fandikana baiko fahita indrindra amin' ny kaody efa ampiasaina amin' ny asa tena izy dia ny fampiasana kaompilatera, izay mandika ny kaody loharano, amin' ny alalan' ny fiteny manana ambaratonga mpanelanelana, ho kaody milina antsoina hoe fandaharana azo tanterahina. Rehefa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodin' ny fandaharana, dia mandeha haingana kokoa izy io raha oharina amin' ireo fomba fampiharana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kaompilatera afaka manao fanatsarana ny fampandehanana fanampiny mba hampihenana ny fampiasana fitadidiana na ny kajy atao rehefa mandeha ilay fandaharana azo tanterahina, kanefa mampitombo ny fotoana ilaina amin' ny fandikana kaody amin' ny kaompilatera izany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fomba fampiharana iray hafa ny mampandeha ny fandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko, izay mandika ny andalana tsirairay amin' ny rindrankajy ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny hanatanterahana azy. Na dia mety hanamora ny fitadiavana sy fanitsiana lesoka aza izany, ny lafy ratsin' ny fampandehanana amin' ny mpandika baiko dia ny fampandehanany ny fandaharana miadana 10 hatramin' ny 100 heny noho ny fandaharana azo tanterahina izay efa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodiny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba fampandehanana mifangaro mampiasa mpandika baiko dia manome sasany amin' ny tombontsoa azo avy amin' ny fandikana amin' ny kaompilatera sy sasany amin' ireo azo avy amin' ny fampandehanana amin' ny mpandika baiko, amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ampahany amin' ny kaody amin' ny kaompilatera. Endrika iray amin' izany ny fandikana kaody amin' ny kaompilatera ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy, izay andikana mialoha amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodin' ny rindrankajy ho amin' ny fiteny mpanelanelana, ary avy eo adika ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 29–30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiteny fehezin' ny tompony ==
Na dia manana famaritana sy rindrankajy manatanteraka azy izay misokatra tanteraka aza ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra, dia misy fiteny fampandaharana maro tsy misy afa-tsy amin' ny endrika fehezin' ny tompony. Mpamatsy tokana ihany no ahazoana ny rindrankajy manatanteraka azy ireny, ary mety hilaza io mpamatsy io fa fananany ara-tsaina ilay fiteny feheziny. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny fiteny fampandaharana fehezin' ny tompony dia fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray na fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika ampiasaina ao anatin' ny vokatra iray ihany. Ny sasany amin' ireny fiteny ireny dia ampiasaina ao anatin' ny orinasan' ny mpamatsy ihany, fa ny hafa kosa azon' ny mpampiasa ivelany ampiasaina.

Misy fiteny fampandaharana eo anelanelan' ny fiteny fehezin' ny tompony sy ny fiteny misokatra. Ohatra, milaza ny ''[[Oracle Corporation]]'' (orinasa Oracle) fa manana zo maha-tompony amin' ny lafiny sasany amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana Java.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny fampandaharana C# an' ny Microsoft kosa dia manana rindrankajy misokatra manatanteraka ny ankamaroan' ny ampahan' ny rafitra, nefa manana ny ''Common Language Runtime'' (CLR, tontolo iombonan' ny fiteny ho an' ny fanatanterahana fandaharana) ho tontolo mihidy ihany koa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ ''Guide to Programming Languages &amp;#124; ComputerScience.org'']. ''ComputerScience.org''. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-05-13. datin' ny tahiry: 13 May 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223729/https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fiteny fehezin' ny tompony no be mpampiasa na dia eo aza izany fifehezan' ny tompony azy izany; anisan' ny ohatra ny [[MATLAB]], VBScript ary Wolfram Language. Mety hiova avy amin' ny fiteny mihidy ho fiteny misokatra ny fiteny sasany. Ohatra, fiteny fampandaharana nampiasaina tao anatin' ny orinasa Ericsson ihany ny Erlang tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html ''The basics'']. 2011-05-10. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-05-13. datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: ibm.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064903/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Manampy indrindra amin' ny fampiharana ny siansa misokatra ny fiteny fampandaharana misokatra ny kaody loharano, satria mampitombo ny fahafahana mamerina ny fikarohana sy mizara kaody.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelaziz, Abdullah I.; Hanson, Kent A.; Gaber, Charles E.; Lee, Todd A. ''Optimizing large real-world data analysis with parquet files in R: A step-by-step tutorial''. ''Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety''. 2023. boky: 33. laharana: 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1002/pds.5728&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. article-number: e5728. pmid: 37984998.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fampiasana ==
Fiteny fampandaharana an' arivony maro no noforonina, indrindra teo amin' ny sehatry ny fikirakirana amin' ny solosaina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ ''HOPL: an interactive Roster of Programming Languages'']. Murdoch University. Australia. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 20 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. quote: This site lists 8512 languages.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika no mampiasa fiteny fampandaharana dimy na mihoatra ny tetikasa rindrankajy tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Mayer, Philip; Bauer, Alexander. ''Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering''. ''An empirical analysis of the utilization of multiple programming languages in open source projects''. ACM. New York, NY, US. 2015. pp.: 4:1–4:10. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4503-3350-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1145/2745802.2745805&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. conference: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering – EASE '15. quote: Results: We found (a) a mean number of 5 languages per project with a clearly dominant main general-purpose language and 5 often-used DSL types, (b) a significant influence of the size, number of commits, and the main language on the number of languages as well as no significant influence of age and number of contributors, and (c) three language ecosystems grouped around XML, Shell/Make, and HTML/CSS. Conclusions: Multi-language programming seems to be common in open-source projects and is a factor that must be dealt with in tooling and when assessing the development and maintenance of such software systems.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mitovy amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fomba hafa anehoan' ny olombelona hevitra ny fiteny fampandaharana, satria mitaky fahitsiana sy fahafenoana bebe kokoa. Rehefa mampiasa fiteny voajanahary hifandraisana amin' ny olon-kafa ny mpanoratra sy ny mpiteny, dia mety hisy heviny maro ny zavatra lazainy ary mety hanao fahadisoana madinika izy ireo, nefa mbola afaka manantena fa ho takatra ny tiany hambara. Ny solosaina kosa, raha lazaina an' ohatra, dia manao izay asaina ataony mihitsy, ary tsy afaka mahatakatra izay kaody nokasain' ny mpampandahatra hosoratana. Ny fitambaran' ny famaritana ny fiteny, ny fandaharana iray ary ny angona ampidirina amin' izany fandaharana izany dia tsy maintsy mamaritra manontolo ny fihetsika hita etỳ ivelany rehefa tanterahina ilay fandaharana, ao anatin' ny sehatra fehezin' ilay fandaharana. Mifanohitra amin' izany, azo ampitaina amin' ny olombelona ny hevitra momba ny algôritma, izany hoe filaharan' ny dingana hamahana olana, nefa tsy ilana ny fahitsiana takin' ny fanatanterahana amin' ny solosaina. Azo atao izany amin' ny alalan' ny kaody fanoritsoritana, izay mampifangaro fiteny voajanahary sy kaody voasoratra amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Manome fomba voarafitra hamaritana singan' angona sy ireo asa na fanovana azo tanterahina ho azy amin' izany angona izany ny fiteny fampandaharana. Ampiasain' ny mpampandahatra ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana omen' ilay fiteny mba hanehoana ireo hevitra tafiditra amin' ny kajy, izany hoe ny fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra. Ireo hevitra ireo dia aseho ho fitambaran' ireo singa tsotra indrindra misy ao amin' ilay fiteny, izay antsoina hoe singa fototra.&lt;ref&gt;Abelson, Sussman, and Sussman. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html ''Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 March 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 26 February 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampandaharana dia ny asa ataon' ny mpampandahatra amin' ny fampifangaroana ireo singa fototra ireo mba hamoronana fandaharana vaovao, na hampifanarahana ny fandaharana efa misy amin' ny fampiasana vaovao na amin' ny tontolo miova.

Mety hotanterahina amin' ny fanodinana anaty andiany tsy misy fifandraisana amin' ny olona ny fandaharana ho an' ny solosaina. Mety hitendry baiko kosa ny mpampiasa mandritra ny fotoam-pifandraisana ifamaliana amin' ny mpandika baiko. Amin' izany dia fandaharana tsotra izao ireo baiko, ka ampifandraisina mifanesy ny fanatanterahana azy. Rehefa afaka mampandeha ny baikony amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko ny fiteny iray, toy ny mpandika baiko Unix na fifandraisana ahazoana mampiasa asa amin' ny fanoratana andalana baiko hafa, nefa tsy avadika mialoha amin' ny alalan' ny kaompilatera, dia antsoina hoe fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika izy.&lt;ref&gt;Vicki, Brown; Morin, Rich. [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html ''Scripting Languages'']. 1999. datin' ny tahiry: 2 December 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MacTech. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202235828/http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fandrefesana ny fampiasana fiteny ===
Sarotra ny mamantatra izay fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra, satria miova arakaraka ny toe-javatra ny famaritana ny fampiasana. Mety hisy fiteny iray handanian' ny mpampandahatra ora maro indrindra, ny iray hafa hananana andalana kaody betsaka kokoa, ary ny fahatelo handany fotoana betsaka indrindra amin' ny CPU (ventim-pikirakirana foibe, izay manatanteraka ny baikon' ny solosaina). Misy fiteny tena be mpampiasa amin' ny karazana rindrankajy fampiharana sasany. Ohatra, mbola ampiasaina betsaka any amin' ny foibe fikirakirana angon' ny orinasa ny COBOL, matetika amin' ny solosaina vaventy;&lt;ref&gt;Georgina Swan. [http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ ''COBOL turns 50'']. Computerworld. 2009-09-21. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-10-19. datin' ny tahiry: 19 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019181128/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ed Airey. [http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html ''7 Myths of COBOL Debunked'']. developer.com. 2012-05-03. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-10-19. datin' ny tahiry: 19 October 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171802/http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; ny Fortran amin' ny rindrankajy fampiharana ara-tsiansa sy ara-teknika; ny Ada amin' ny rindrankajy fampiharana ho an' ny sidina sy ny habakabaka, ny fitaterana, ny raharaha miaramila, ny asa mitaky valiny ao anatin' ny fe-potoana voafaritra, ary ny rafitra tafiditra ao anaty fitaovana; ary ny [[Fiteny C|C]] amin' ny rindrankajy tafiditra ao anaty fitaovana sy ny mpandrindra milina. Misy fiteny hafa ampiasaina tsy tapaka hanoratana karazana rindrankajy fampiharana maro samihafa.

Fomba maro no natolotra handrefesana ny habetsahan' ny fampiasana fiteny iray. Samy misy fitongilanana arakaraka ny zavatra refesiny ireo fomba ireo:
* fanisana ny isan' ny tolotr' asa milaza ilay fiteny;&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Enticknap. [http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/sslcomputer-weekly-it-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-it-job.htm ''SSL/Computer Weekly IT salary survey: finance boom drives IT job growth'']. ''Computer Weekly''. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-06-14. datin' ny tahiry: 26 October 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035734/http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/SSLComputer-Weekly-IT-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-IT-job.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ny isan' ny boky namidy izay mampianatra na manoritsoritra ilay fiteny;&lt;ref&gt;[http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html ''Counting programming languages by book sales'']. Radar.oreilly.com. 2 August 2006. datin' ny tahiry: 17 May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023127/http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* fanombanana ny isan' ny andalana kaody efa misy voasoratra amin' ilay fiteny – mety hanome isa ambany noho ny tena izy izany ho an' ny fiteny tsy fahita matetika amin' ny fikarohana azon' ny besinimaro atao;&lt;ref&gt;Bieman, J.M.; Murdock, V., ''Finding code on the World Wide Web: a preliminary investigation'', Proceedings First IEEE International Workshop on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;
* fanisana ireo filazana ilay fiteny, izany hoe ny anarany, hita amin' ny alalan' ny milina fikarohana ao amin' ny tranonkala.

Nampitambatra ny fampahalalana avy amin' ny vohikala samihafa ny stackify.com sady naka ny salan' izany fampahalalana izany, ary nitatitra ireto fiteny fampandaharana folo be mpampiasa indrindra ireto tao amin' ny filaharany ho an' ny taona 2018, araka ny filaharana midina manomboka amin' ny be mpampiasa indrindra amin' ny ankapobeny: Java, [[Fiteny C|C]], C++, Python, C#, JavaScript, VB .NET, R, [[PHP]] ary MATLAB.&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ ''Most Popular and Influential Programming Languages of 2018'']. stackify.com. 2017-12-18. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-08-29. datin' ny tahiry: 30 August 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004924/https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Jona 2024, ny fiteny fampandaharana dimy voalohany araka ny tondro TIOBE (tondro fandaharana ny fiteny fampandaharana araka ny habetsahan' ny fampiasana azy) dia ny Python, C++, [[Fiteny C|C]], Java ary C#. Manome lisitry ny fiteny fampandaharana 100 voalohany araka io tondro io ny TIOBE ary manavao izany lisitra izany isam-bolana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ ''TIOBE Index'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 24 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny mpiasan' ny gazety ''IEEE Spectrum'', dia mety mbola hanjaka ireo fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra tamin' ny fotoana nanaovan' izy ireo izany fanombanana izany, noho ny fomba fiasan' ny AI (haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona, izany hoe ny fahaizan' ny milina manao asa mitaky faharanitan-tsaina). Noho izany, dia ho sarotra kokoa amin' ny fiteny vaovao ny hahazo mpampiasa betsaka, satria tsy hanoratra fandaharana maro amin' ireo fiteny ireo ny mpanoratra kaody.&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2025 ''IEEE Spectrum'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 25 September 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Endri-piteny, endrika samihafa ary fanatanterahana ==
Ny '''endri-piteny''' (''dialect'' amin' ny teny anglisy) amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana na fiteny fifanakalozana angona dia fiovana na fanitarana somary kely amin' ilay fiteny, izay tsy manova ny toetra fototra ananany.&lt;ref&gt;Cordy, James R.; Halpern-Hamu, Charles D.; Promislow, Eric. ''TXL: A rapid prototyping system for programming language dialects''. ''Computer Languages''. 1991. boky: 16. pp.: 97–107. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1016/0096-0551(91)90019-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ny fiteny toy ny Scheme sy Forth, dia mety hihevitra ny fenitra ho tsy ampy, tsy mifanaraka amin' ny filàna, na tsy manan-kery ny mpamorona ny rindrankajy manatanteraka ireo fiteny ireo. Noho izany, dia matetika izy ireo no miala amin' ny fenitra ka mamorona endri-piteny vaovao. Amin' ny toe-javatra hafa, dia foronina ny endri-piteny mba hampiasaina amin' ny fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray, ary matetika dia ampahany amin' ny fiteny fototra ihany no ao aminy. Eo amin' ny tontolon' ny Lisp, dia heverina ho endri-pitenin' ny Lisp ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny mampiasa ny fitsipi-panorenana fototry ny teny S (''S-expression'') sady manome ny kaody hevitra mitovitovy amin' izay omen' ny Lisp azy, na dia samy hafa be aza ireo fiteny ireo, toy ny Racket sy Clojure, ohatra. Koa satria mahazatra ny fisian' ny endri-piteny maromaro amin' ny fiteny iray, dia mety ho tena sarotra ho an' ny mpanao fandaharana tsy ampy traikefa ny mahita ny tahirin-kevitra mifanaraka amin' izay ampiasainy. Manana endri-piteny maro ny fiteny BASIC (fiteny fampandaharana ho an' ny vao manomboka).

== Fanasokajiana ==
Momba ny antsipiriany: Lisitra voasokajin' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Azo faritana araka ireto sokajy ankapobeny manaraka ireto ny fiteny fampandaharana, na dia mety hifanindry aza ireo sokajy ireo indraindray:&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mandidy
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana mandidy dia ahafahana manatanteraka lôjika voasoratra ho filaharan' ny asa atao araka ny lamina voafaritra. Sokajina ho fiteny mandidy ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny be mpampiasa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mifototra amin' ny lefa
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa dia ahafahana mampihatra lefa mifandimby amin' ny masontsivana omena azy. Ny lefa dia fitsipika mampifandray ny angona ampidirina amin' ny vokatra, ary ny masontsivana eto dia ireo angona omena azy. Na dia ankasitrahan' ny mpikaroka maro aza ireo fiteny ireo noho ny fahatsorany sy ny firindrany, dia nanakana ny fielezan' ny fampiasana azy ny olana momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Lôjika
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana lôjika dia natao mba ho ny rindrankajy, fa tsy ny mpampandahatra, no hanapa-kevitra ny amin' ny filaharana hanatanterahana ny baiko.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mifototra amin' ny zavatra
: Ny OOP (fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra) dia miavaka amin' ny fisian' ny toetra toy ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana amin' ny fikirakirana angona, ny fandovana toetra, ary ny fisafidianana ny asa antsoina mandritra ny fanatanterahana. Tohanan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny mandidy be mpampiasa sy ny fiteny mifototra amin' ny lefa sasany ny OOP.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Fametahana marika
: Na dia tsy fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny heviny hentitra aza ny fiteny fametahana marika, dia mety hahafahana mampifandray azy amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana izany.
; Manokana
: Misy fiteny natao ho an' ny tanjona manokana izay tsy mora ampitahaina amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Fampitahana ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Fampitahana ny fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny baiko fototra]]
* [[Fampandaharana solosaina]]
* [[Kajimirindra]] sy [[topimaso momba ny kajimirindra]]
* [[Fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray]]
* [[Famolavolana modely natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana natao ho an' ny fampianarana]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana noforonina ho fanandramana na ho fialamboly]]
* [[Fampandaharana ahafahana manitatra ny fiteny]]
** [[Fiteny fampandaharana azo itarina ny fitsipi-panorenany]]
* [[Fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny toetra tsy miova]], izany hoe fepetra tazonina ho marina
* [[Fampandaharana mifantoka amin' ny famoronana fiteny manokana]]
* [[Lisitr' ireo endrika samihafan' ny BASIC]] (fiteny fampandaharana)
* [[Lisitr' ireo fiteny fampandaharana manana kaody]] loharano misokatra
* [[Lisitr' ireo mpikaroka momba ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Ireo lisitry ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Fampandaharana lôjika]]
* [[Fampandaharana mampiaraka ny kaody]] sy ny [[fanazavana azy amin' ny fitenin' olombelona]]
* [[Fiteny ilazana fiteny hafa]]
* [[Fampandaharana mikirakira fandaharana]]
** Fampandaharana mikirakira fandaharana ao amin' ny [[Ruby (fiteny fampandaharana)]]
* [[Fiteny famaritana modely]]
* [[Teôria momba ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana ampiasain' ireo tranonkala be mpampiasa indrindra]]
* [[Kaody fanoritsoritana]]
* [[Endrika samihafan' ny fiteny Rebol]]
* [[Fampandaharana ahafahan' ny fandaharana mandinika na manova ny firafiny]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana ho an' ny asa siantifika]]
* [[Fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika]]
* [[Hevitra omen' ny lôjika ny teny sy marika]]
* [[Injenieria momba ny rindrankajy]] sy [[lisitr' ireo lohahevitra momba ny injenieria amin' ny rindrankajy]]
* [[Fitsipi-panorenana amin' ny lôjika]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|vakiteny fanampiny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny fampandaharana}}

* [[Hal Abelson|Abelson, Harold]]; [[Gerald Jay Sussman|Sussman, Gerald Jay]]. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html ''Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'']. MIT Press. 1996. datin' ny tahiry: 9 March 2018. fanontana: 2nd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180309173822/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Raphael Finkel: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022141742/http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ Advanced Programming Language Design]'', Addison Wesley 1995.
* Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, Christopher T. Haynes: ''Essentials of Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2001.
* David Gelernter, Suresh Jagannathan: ''Programming Linguistics'', The MIT Press 1990.
* Ellis Horowitz (mpandrindra): ''Programming Languages, a Grand Tour'' (fanontana faha-3), 1987.
* Ellis Horowitz: ''Fundamentals of Programming Languages'', 1989.
* Shriram Krishnamurthi: ''Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation'', [https://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ navoaka an-tserasera] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430210417/http://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ tahiry tamin' ny 30 April 2021].
* Gabbrielli, Maurizio; Martini, Simone. ''Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms''. Springer. 2023. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-031-34144-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 2nd.
* Bruce J. MacLennan: ''Principles of Programming Languages: Design, Evaluation, and Implementation'', Oxford University Press 1999.
* John C. Mitchell: ''Concepts in Programming Languages'', Cambridge University Press 2002.
* Nofre, David; Priestley, Mark; Alberts, Gerard. ''When Technology Became Language: The Origins of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950–1960''. ''Technology and Culture''. 2014. boky: 55. laharana: 1. pp.: 40–75. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0040-165X&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1353/tech.2014.0031&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 24468397&lt;/nowiki&gt;. pmid: 24988794.
* [[Benjamin C. Pierce]]: ''Types and Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2002.
* Terrence W. Pratt sy Marvin Victor Zelkowitz: ''Programming Languages: Design and Implementation'' (fanontana faha-4), Prentice Hall 2000.
* Peter H. Salus. ''Handbook of Programming Languages'' (boky 4). Macmillan 1998.
* Ravi Sethi: ''Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs'', fanontana faha-2, Addison-Wesley 1996.
* Michael L. Scott sy Jonathan Aldrich: ''Programming Language Pragmatics'', fanontana faha-5, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2025.
* Sebesta, Robert W. ''Concepts of Programming Languages''. Addison-Wesley. 2012. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-13-139531-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 10.
* Franklyn Turbak sy David Gifford niaraka tamin' i Mark Sheldon: ''Design Concepts in Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2009.
* Peter Van Roy sy Seif Haridi. ''Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming'', The MIT Press 2004.
* [[David Watt|David A. Watt]]. ''Programming Language Concepts and Paradigms''. Prentice Hall 1990.
* David A. Watt sy Muffy Thomas. ''Programming Language Syntax and Semantics''. Prentice Hall 1991.
* David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Processors''. Prentice Hall 1993.
* David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Design Concepts''. John Wiley &amp; Sons 2004.
* Wilson, Leslie B. ''Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition''. Addison-Wesley. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-201-71012-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

[[Sokajy:Kajimirindra]]
[[Sokajy:Solosaina]]</text>
      <sha1>nb1swiwe03tnn8v55olf82hf92kwk2n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153444</id>
      <parentid>1153443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T17:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jagwar</username>
        <id>523</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jagwar dia namindra ny pejy [[Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fiteny fampandaharana]] ho [[Fiteny fampandaharana]] fa tsy namela fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1153443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82092" sha1="nb1swiwe03tnn8v55olf82hf92kwk2n" xml:space="preserve">[[File:C Hello World Program.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|alt=Kaody loharanon' ny fandaharana iray amin' ny fiteny C, misy fanamarihana miloko volondavenona.|Ny kaody loharano, izany hoe ny baiko nosoratan' ny mpampandahatra, ho an' ny fandaharana iray amin' ny fiteny [[Fiteny C|C]]. Ny andalana miloko volondavenona dia fanamarihana manazava ilay fandaharana amin' ny olombelona. Rehefa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera (rindrankajy mpandika fandaharana) sy tanterahina izy io, dia hamoaka ny hoe &quot;Hello, world!&quot;.]]

Ny '''fiteny fampandaharana''' dia fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra, natao hanehoana kajy, izany hoe fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra,&lt;ref&gt;''Information technology — Vocabulary''. csnumber: 63598.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mazàna ahafahana mamaritra [[Rindrankajy|rindrankajy]] amin' ny endrika azon' ny olombelona sy ny solosaina ampiasaina.

Mba hanatanterahana fandaharana iray, dia ilaina ny rafitra mampandeha ny fiteny nanoratana azy. Misy fomba roa lehibe enti-manatanteraka ny fiteny fampandaharana: ny fandikana mialoha amin' ny kaompilatera, izay andikana ny fandaharana ho kaody milina, na baiko azon' ny fitaovana mpikirakira tanterahina mivantana, alohan' ny hampandehanana azy; ary ny fampiasana mpandika baiko, izay anatanterahana mivantana ny fandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ny baikony. Ankoatra ireo fomba roa mifanohitra ireo, dia mampiasa fomba mifangaro ny rafitra sasany, toy ny fandikana ny kaody ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy sy ny mpandika kaody mpanelanelana, izay kaody baiko natao ho an' ny milina virtoaly.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta, Robert W. ''Concepts of Programming Languages''. Pearson. 2023. pp.: 46–51. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-292-43682-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 12th global.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana ny firafitry ny solosaina. Mifototra amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, izay miely patrana, ny famolavolana ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana mandidy, izany hoe fiteny maneho ny kajy amin' ny alalan' ny asa ampifandimbiasina araka ny filaharany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta, Robert. ''Concepts of Programming Languages: Global Edition''. Pearson. Harlow. 2022. p.: 41. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-292-43682-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 12th global.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha nifamatotra akaiky tamin' ny [[Hardware|fitaovana ara-batana]] ny fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany, dia mazàna mampiasa fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana kosa ny fiteny maoderina mba tsy hampisehoana ny antsipirian' ireo fitaovana ireo, ka ny asa ilaina ihany no aseho. Ny tanjona amin' izany dia ny hahafahana mamorona rindrankajy tsara kokoa nefa mitaky ezaka kely kokoa. Antsoina hoe fiteny avo lenta ireo fiteny ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://adacomputerscience.org/concepts/proglang_high_level ''High-level languages'']. 2026-05-11. tranonkala: ada computer science.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fifandraisana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary ==
Misy itovian' ny fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary, satria ahafahan' ny olona mifampita hevitra izy ireo. Amin' ny ankapobeny, azon' ny olona vakina ny fandaharana ary afaka maneho hevitra saro-takarina. Na izany aza, voafetra amin' ny sehatry ny kajy, izany hoe ny fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra, ihany ny karazana hevitra azon' ny fiteny fampandaharana aseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;BookProgrammingLanguagesChauhanSharad&quot;&gt;Chauhan, Sharad. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qKRnohkDbb0C ''Programming Languages - Design and Constructs'']. ''10''. University Science Press. 2013. p.: 235. fiteny: English. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-93-81159-41-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 10 September 2025. quote: Like our natural languages, programming languages facilitate the expression and communication between people. However, programming languages differ from natural languages in two ways. First, programming languages also enables communication of ideas between people and computing machines. Second, programming languages have a narrower expressive domain than our natural languages. That is, they facilitate only the communication of computational ideas.&lt;/ref&gt;

Indraindray dia ampiasaina hifandimby ny teny hoe fitenin' ny solosaina (''computer language'') sy ny hoe fiteny fampandaharana (''programming language'')&lt;ref&gt;Robert A. Edmunds, ''The Prentice-Hall standard glossary of computer terminology'', Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 91&lt;/ref&gt;, saingy misy mihevitra fa hevitra roa samy hafa ireo. Misy mihevitra fa ao anatin' ny sokajin' ny fitenin' ny solosaina ny fiteny fampandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Pascal Lando, Anne Lapujade, Gilles Kassel, and Frédéric Fürst, ''[http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707093557/http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf tahiry tamin' ny 7 July 2015], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html ICSOFT 2007] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100427063709/http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html tahiry tamin' ny 27 April 2010], pp. 163–170&lt;/ref&gt; Misy mampiasa ny teny hoe fitenin' ny solosaina hanasokajiana fiteny ampiasaina amin' ny kajimirindra nefa tsy heverina ho fiteny fampandaharana. Misy kosa mihevitra ny fiteny fampandaharana ho rafitra ara-kevitra entina mampandahatra milina ara-kevitra, izany hoe môdely ara-kevitra momba ny milina manao kajy; araka izany fomba fijery izany, ny fitenin' ny solosaina dia ireo fiteny fampandaharana izay mandeha amin' ny solosaina ara-batana manana fitaovana voafetra.
&lt;ref&gt;R. Narasimhan, ''Programming Languages and Computers: A Unified Metatheory'', pp. 189–247 in Franz Alt, Morris Rubinoff (eds.) ''Advances in computers'', Volume 8, Academic Press, 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-012108-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p.215: &quot;[...] the model [...] for computer languages differs from that [...] for programming languages in only two respects. In a computer language, there are only finitely many names—or registers—which can assume only finitely many values—or states—and these states are not further distinguished in terms of any other attributes. [author's footnote:] This may sound like a truism but its implications are far-reaching. For example, it would imply that any model for programming languages, by fixing certain of its parameters or features, should be reducible in a natural way to a model for computer languages.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Manamafy i [[John C. Reynolds]] fa fiteny fampandaharana ihany koa ny fiteny anaovana [[Famaritana manarak'endrika|famaritana hentitra]], izany hoe famaritana mazava tsara mampiasa fomba fanoratana voafaritra tsara, toy ny fiteny rehetra natao hotanterahina. Araka ny heviny, dia fiteny fampandaharana ny endrika fampidirana angona amin' ny alalan' ny soratra, ary na dia ireo mampiasa sary aza, raha misy fiantraikany amin' ny fiasan' ny solosaina izany, na dia tsy mahatanteraka ny kajy rehetra vitan' ny milin' i Turing aza izy ireo amin' ny ankapobeny. Milaza koa izy fa ny tsy fahalalana ny foto-kevitra momba ny fiteny fampandaharana no mahatonga lesoka maro amin' ny endrika fampidirana angona.&lt;ref&gt;John C. Reynolds, &quot;''Some thoughts on teaching programming and programming languages''&quot;, ''SIGPLAN Notices'', Volume 43, Issue 11, November 2008, p.109&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|tantaran' ny fiteny fampandaharana}}.

=== Fivoarana tany am-boalohany ===
Tamin' ny taompolo 1940 no noforonina ireo solosaina voalohany azo nandaharana, ary niaraka taminy ireo fiteny fampandaharana voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;Hierso, Severine. [https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/insider-membership-news/timeline-of-programming-languages ''Coding From 1849 to 2022: a Guide to The Timeline of Programming Languages'']. June 10, 2022. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 1, 2026. tranonkala: IEEE Computer Society.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 519.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasana 1GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka voalohany) ireo solosaina tany am-boalohany, izany hoe fitenin' ny milina, izay ahitana baiko tsotra azon' ny ventim-pikirakirana tanterahina mivantana. Tena sarotra ny nitady sy nanitsy ny lesoka tao amin' io kaody io, ary tsy azo nafindra hampiasaina tamin' ny rafitra solosaina samihafa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 520–521.&lt;/ref&gt; Mba hanamorana ny fampandaharana dia noforonina ny fiteny fampikambanana, izany hoe fiteny mampiasa marika izay mifanandrify akaiky amin' ny baikon' ny milina, na 2GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka faharoa). Nanalavitra ny fitenin' ny milina ireo mba hahamora kokoa ny fahazoan' ny olona ny fandaharana, na dia tsy nampitombo ny fahafahana namindra azy tamin' ny rafitra hafa aza.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany am-boalohany dia vitsy sady lafo ny fitaovana ara-batana azo nampiasaina, fa mora kokoa kosa ny mpiasa. Noho izany dia ireo fiteny sarotra nampiasaina sy nandany fotoana, nefa akaiky kokoa ny fitaovana ara-batana ka nahomby kokoa tamin' ny fampiasana azy, no nomena tombony.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 522.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanova tanteraka ny fampandaharana ny fampidirana ny fiteny fampandaharana avo lenta, na 3GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka fahatelo). Nanafina ny antsipirian' ny fitaovana ara-batana ireo fiteny ireo, fa natao kosa hanehoana algôritma, izany hoe filaharan-dingana voafetra sy voafaritra hamahana olana, amin' ny fomba mora azon' ny olona kokoa. Ohatra, nanjary azo nosoratana tamin' ny alalan' ny marika ireo teny maneho kajy, ary nadika ho kaody milina azon' ny fitaovana ara-batana tanterahina tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1957 no noforonina ny Fortran (''FORmula TRANslation'', na fandikana raikipohy). Matetika izy io no heverina ho fiteny fampandaharana avo lenta voalohany nadika mialoha ho kaody milina,&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mbola nampiasaina hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21 ny Fortran.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 1960 sy 1970 ===
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|Olona roa mampiasa IBM 704 (maodelin-tsolosaina) iray, izay solosaina vaventy sady fitaovana ara-batana voalohany nahafahana nanao [[Faingo mihevaheva|kajy amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], tamin' ny 1957. Ho an' io milina io no namolavolana ny Fortran.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 42–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Manodidina ny 1960 no novolavolaina ireo solosaina vaventy voalohany, izay solosaina natao hanaovana asa ankapobeny, na dia matihanina ihany aza no afaka nampiasa azy ireo ary tena lafo ny vidiny. Nampidirina tamin' ny alalan' ny karatra nisy loaka ny angona sy ny baiko, ka tsy nisy fampidirana fanampiny azo natao nandritra ny fandehan' ny fandaharana. Noho izany dia natao hahakely araka izay azo atao ny fifandraisana amin' ny mpampiasa ireo fiteny novolavolaina tamin' io fotoana io.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 523–524.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny namoronana ny ventim-pikirakirana madinika, dia nihena be ny vidin' ny solosaina tamin' ny taompolo 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 527.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafahan' ny mpampiasa nifandray bebe kokoa tamin' ny solosaina koa ireo solosaina vaovao, ary nanohana izany ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Lisp, izay nampiharina tamin' ny 1958, no fiteny voalohany nampiasa fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa, izany hoe fampandaharana maneho ny kajy amin' ny alalan' ny fampiharana lefa mampifandray ny angona ampidirina amin' ny vokatra azo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html ''How Lisp Became God's Own Programming Language'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 10 April 2024. datin' ny tahiry: 10 April 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: twobithistory.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240410060444/https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy toy ny Fortran izy io fa nahafahana nampiasa fiantsoan' ny asa iray ny tenany sy teny miankina amin' ny fepetra, izay miova arakaraka ny fepetra ny vokany,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt; sady nampiditra fitantanana miovaova ny toerana fitadidiana tao amin' ny tahirin-toerana fitadidiana azo atokana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary famerenana ho azy ho azo ampiasaina ny toerana fitadidiana tsy ilaina intsony.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 526.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ireo taompolo nanaraka dia ny Lisp no tena nampiasaina tamin' ny rindrankajy momba ny [[Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona|haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona]].&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1978, ny ML (fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa iray hafa) dia nampiditra ny famantarana ho azy ny karazana angona sy ny masontsivana, izany hoe angona fidirana voatondro ao amin' ny famaritana asa iray, izay afaka nandray karazana angona samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 701–703.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny namoahana ny ALGOL (''ALGOrithmic Language'', na fiteny fanehoana algôritma) tamin' ny 1958 sy 1960,&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524–525.&lt;/ref&gt; dia izy io no lasa fenitra nampiasaina hamaritana algôritma tao amin' ny asa soratra momba ny kajimirindra. Na dia voafetra aza ny fahombiazany ara-barotra, dia avy amin' ny ALGOL 60 mivantana na ankolaka ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny be mpampiasa izay mifototra amin' ny filaharan-baiko, anisan' izany ny [[Fiteny C|C]], Pascal, Ada, C++, Java ary C#.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 56–57.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo zava-baovao nampidiriny ka noraisin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana tatỳ aoriana ny fahafahana lehibe kokoa namindra ny fandaharana tamin' ny rafitra hafa, sy ny fampiasana voalohany ny fitsipi-panorenana tsy miankina amin' ny manodidina, nosoratana tamin' ny BNF (endrika Backus–Naur).&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 525.&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin' ny ALGOL koa ny Simula, izay fiteny voalohany nahafahana nanao fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra, na fandaminana ny fandaharana manodidina ny zavatra mampikambana angona sy asa atao aminy. Tafiditra amin' izany ny zana-karazana angona, ny fisafidianana ny asa antsoina mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary ny fandovana toetra. Nahomby ara-barotra koa ny Simula.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 526–527.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny C, izay taranaky ny ALGOL ihany koa, dia mbola be mpampiasa hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21. Ahafahana mikirakira asa ambany lenta kokoa ataon' ny milina ny C raha oharina amin' ny fiteny hafa niara-nisy taminy. Ny fahafahany manao asa maro sy ny fahombiazany, izay vokatry ny fahalalahan' ny fikirakirana tondro amin' ny ampahany — sanda manondro toerana ao amin' ny fitadidiana ireo tondro ireo — dia mahatonga ny fanoratana kaody marina ho sarotra kokoa kosa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Prolog, izay novolavolaina tamin' ny 1972, no fiteny voalohany nampiasa fampandaharana lôjika, ka ny marika ampiasain' ny lôjika voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra no nampiasainy hifandraisana tamin' ny solosaina.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 531.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny fampandaharana lôjika dia mamaritra ny vokatra irina ny mpandahatra, ary mamela ny mpandika baiko hanapa-kevitra ny fomba hahazoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 530.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 1980 hatramin' ny taompolo 2000 ===
[[File:Bangalore India Tech books for sale IMG 5261.jpg|thumb|right|Santionany vitsivitsy amin' ireo boky fianarana fiteny fampandaharana amidy ao [[Bangalore]], India, tamin' ny 2011.]]

Nandritra ny taompolo 1980, ny famoronana ny solosaina manokana dia nanova ireo asa nampiasana ny fiteny fampandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 532–533.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo fiteny vaovao nampidirina tamin' ny taompolo 1980 ny C++, izay fiteny mahafaoka ny C: afaka mandika ny fandaharana C ho kaody milina izy io, nefa manohana koa ny sokajin-javatra, izay famaritana iombonana hamoronana zavatra manana rafitra sy fomba fiasa mitovy, sy ny fandovana toetra.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 534.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Ada sy ny fiteny vaovao hafa dia nampiditra fanohanana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana, izay ahafahan' ny kajy maromaro mandroso mandritra ny fotoana mifanindry.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 534–535.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa vola be tamin' ireo nantsoina hoe fiteny taranaka fahadimy ny governemantan' i Japàna. Nanampy fanohanana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana tao amin' ireo rafitra fanorenan' ny fampandaharana lôjika ireo fiteny ireo, nefa nihoatra azy ireo ny fahaizan' ireo fiteny hafa izay nanohana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 736.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho ny fitomboana haingan' ny [[Aterineto]] sy ny [[Tranonkala|tranonkala maneran-tany]] tamin' ny taompolo 1990, dia nampidirina ny fiteny fampandaharana vaovao hanohanana ny pejin-tranonkala sy ny fampifandraisana solosaina ho tambajotra.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 536.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Java, izay nifototra tamin' ny C++ ary natao hampitombo ny fahafahana mamindra ny fandaharana amin' ny rafitra samihafa sy ny fiarovana, dia nahomby tamin' ny ambaratonga lehibe satria tena ilaina amin' ny rindrankajy maro mampiasa ny Aterineto ireo toetra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 536–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 91–92.&lt;/ref&gt; Fivoarana iray hafa ny fisian' ireo fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika izay mamaritra ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana: ny Python, JavaScript, [[PHP]] (fiteny fampandaharana ampiasaina amin' ny tranonkala) ary Ruby. Natao hamokarana haingana fandaharana kely izay mampandrindra [[Rindrankajy fampiharana|rindrankajy fampiharana]] efa misy izy ireo. Noho izy ireo nampiarahina tamin' ny [[Hypertext Markup Language|HTML]] (fiteny fametahana marika ho an' ny lahatsoratra misy rohy), dia nampiasaina koa izy ireo hanamboarana pejin-tranonkala apetraka amin' ny solosaina mpizara.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 538–539.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 97–99.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 2000 hatramin' izao ===
Nandritra ny taompolo 2000 dia nihena ny hafainganam-pivoaran' ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao izay nanjary be mpampiasa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Zava-baovao iray ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny tolotra, izay natao hanararaotana ireo rafitra mizara ny kajy amin' ny solosaina mifandray, ka tambajotra no mampifandray ny singa mandrafitra azy. Mitovitovy amin' ny zavatra ao amin' ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra ny tolotra, saingy mandeha ao anatin' ny fanatanterahana fandaharana iray izay tantanan' ny rafitra fikirakirana ho singa misaraka (''process'') izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 474–475, 477, 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampifangaro hevitra avy amin' ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny filaharan-baiko sy ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa ny C# sy ny F#.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 542–543.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny 2010 dia nisy fiteny vaovao maromaro — ny Rust, Go, Swift, Zig ary Carbon — nifaninana mba hampiasaina amin' ireo rindrankajy tena ilàna fahombiazana amin' ny fanatanterahana, izay ny C no nampiasaina tamin' izany teo aloha.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 544.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana vaovao dia mampiasa famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana, fa vitsy kosa ireo fiteny vaovao mampiasa famaritana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana, toy ny Julia.&lt;ref&gt;Bezanson, Jeff; Karpinski, Stefan; Shah, Viral B.; Edelman, Alan. ''Julia: A Fast Dynamic Language for Technical Computing''. 2012. eprint: 1209.5145. class: cs.PL.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sasany amin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao dia sokajiana ho fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary, toy ny Scratch sy ny LabVIEW (fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary iray). Ny sasany amin' ireo fiteny ireo koa dia mampifangaro ny fampandaharana an-tsoratra sy an-tsary, toy ny Ballerina.&lt;ref&gt;Sáez-López, J.M., Román-González, M. and Vázquez-Cano, E., 2016. ''Visual programming languages integrated across the curriculum in elementary school: A two year case study using &quot;Scratch&quot; in five schools''. Computers &amp; Education, 97, pp.129-141.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kodosky, J., 2020. ''LabVIEW''. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, 4(HOPL), pp.1-54.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fernando, A. and Warusawithana, L., 2020. ''Beginning Ballerina Programming: From Novice to Professional''. Apress.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarika ho amin' ny famolavolana tetikasa manampy amin' ny famoronana fiteny an-tsary vaovao koa izany fironana izany, toy ny Blockly an' ny [[Google]].&lt;ref&gt;Baluprithviraj, K.N., Bharathi, K.R., Chendhuran, S. and Lokeshwaran, P., 2021, March. ''Artificial intelligence based smart door with face mask detection''. In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS) (pp. 543-548). IEEE.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin' ireo rafitra fototra fampandehanana lalao, toy ny Unreal sy ny Unity, no manohana ny fanoratana baiko an-tsary.&lt;ref&gt;Sewell, B., 2015. ''Blueprints visual scripting for unreal engine''. Packt Publishing Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bertolini, L., 2018. ''Hands-On Game Development without Coding: Create 2D and 3D games with Visual Scripting in Unity''. Packt Publishing Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ==

Azo faritana amin' ny alalan' ny fitsipi-panorenany (endriny) sy ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody (dikany) ny fiteny iray, ary matetika dia famaritana amin' ny alalan' ny fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra no ampiasaina amin' izany.

=== Fitsipi-panorenana ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny fampandaharana}}
[[File:Python add5 parse.png|thumb|367px|Hazo maneho ny firafitry ny kaody Python, miaraka amin' ny kisary kely mampiseho ny fizarana ny kaody ho singa voambolana.]]
[[File:Python add5 syntax.svg|thumb|292px|Matetika ny fampisongadinana ny singan' ny kaody amin' ny loko no ampiasaina mba hanampiana ny mpampandahatra hamantatra ny singa ao amin' ny kaody loharano. Python no fiteny ampiasaina amin' ity ohatra ity.]]
Ny endrika ivelan' ny fiteny fampandaharana iray no antsoina hoe fitsipi-panorenany. Lahatsoratra fotsiny no mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana: mampiasa andian-tsoratra misy teny, isa ary mari-piatoana izy ireny, toy ny fiteny voajanahary an-tsoratra. Misy kosa ny fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary, izay mampiasa ny fifandraisana hita maso eo amin' ny marika mba hamaritana fandaharana iray.

Ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny iray dia mamaritra ireo fitambaran' ny marika azo ampiasaina mba hahazoana fandaharana manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana. Ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody kosa no mamaritra ny dikan' ny fitambaran' ny marika iray: mety ho voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra izany, na ho voasoratra mivantana ao amin' ny kaodin' ny fanatanterahana raisina ho modely, izany hoe ny rindrankajy raisina ho fakan-tahaka amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay fiteny. Satria lahatsoratra no ampiasain' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny, dia ny fitsipi-panorenana an-tsoratra no resahina ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity.

Matetika dia faritana amin' ny fampiarahana ny lamina mamaritra andian-tsoratra, ho an' ny firafitry ny singa voambolana, sy ny endrika Backus–Naur, ho an' ny firafitra ara-pitsipi-panorenana, ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny fampandaharana. Ity manaraka ity dia fitsipi-panorenana tsotra mifototra amin' ny Lisp:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bnf&quot;&gt;
expression ::= atom | list
atom       ::= number | symbol
number     ::= [+-]?['0'-'9']+
symbol     ::= ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].*
list       ::= '(' expression* ')'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Izao no faritan' io fitsipi-panorenana io:
* ny &lt;code&gt;expression&lt;/code&gt;, na teny maneho sanda, dia mety ho &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe singa fototra, na &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe lisitra;
* ny &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;, na singa fototra, dia mety ho &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe isa, na &lt;code&gt;symbol&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe marika;
* ny &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt;, na isa, dia fitohizan' ny tarehimarika iray na maromaro amin' ny fanisana fototra folo, tsy misy elanelana, ary mety hialohavan' ny marika miampy na marika manala;
* ny &lt;code&gt;symbol&lt;/code&gt;, na marika, dia litera iray arahin' ny litera aotra na maromaro amin' ny abidy, ka tsy tafiditra ao ny tarehintsoratra fotsy, toy ny elanelana;
* ny &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;, na lisitra, dia fononteny misokatra iray sy fononteny mikatona mifamaly aminy, ary misy &lt;code&gt;expression&lt;/code&gt;, na teny maneho sanda, aotra na maromaro ao anatiny.

Ireto misy ohatra amin' ny filaharan' ny singa voambolana voarafitra araka io fitsipi-panorenana io: &lt;code&gt;12345&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; ary &lt;code&gt;(a b c232 (1))&lt;/code&gt;.

Tsy voatery ho marina araka ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody ny fandaharana rehetra manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana. Maro ny fandaharana manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana nefa mbola tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fitsipik' ilay fiteny. Mety hiteraka hadisoana mandritra ny fandikana kaody na ny fanatanterahana izany, arakaraka ny famaritana ny fiteny sy ny fahamarinan' ny rindrankajy manatanteraka azy. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany dia mety haneho fihetsika tsy voafaritry ny fiteny ireny fandaharana ireny. Na dia voafaritra tsara ao anatin' ny fiteny aza ny fandaharana iray, dia mbola mety hanana hevitra tsy nokendren' ny olona nanoratra azy.

Raha ny fiteny voajanahary no raisina ho ohatra, dia mety tsy ho azo omena hevitra ny fehezanteny iray manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-pitenenana, na mety ho diso ny hevitra ambarany:
* Ny fehezanteny anglisy hoe « Colorless green ideas sleep furiously » — fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: « Matory amin-katezerana ny hevitra maitso tsy misy loko » — dia voarafitra tsara ara-pitsipi-pitenenana, nefa tsy manana hevitra eken' ny besinimaro.
* Ny fehezanteny anglisy hoe « John is a married bachelor » — fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: « I John dia lehilahy tsy manambady sady manambady » — dia voarafitra tsara ara-pitsipi-pitenenana, nefa milaza hevitra tsy mety ho marina.

Ity sombin-kaody amin' ny [[Fiteny C|fiteny C]] ity dia manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana, nefa manao asa tsy voafaritry ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody: tsy misy dikany ny asa &lt;code&gt;*p &gt;&gt; 4&lt;/code&gt; raha sanda manana karazana angona ho an' ny isa haro no ampiharana azy, ary tsy voafaritra ny &lt;code&gt;p-&gt;im&lt;/code&gt; satria tondro tsy manondro toerana fitadidiana manan-kery ny sandan' ny &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
complex *p = NULL;
complex abs_p = sqrt(*p &gt;&gt; 4 + p-&gt;im);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Raha tsy nampidirina ny fanambarana ny karazana angona eo amin' ny andalana voalohany, dia hiteraka hadisoana momba ny ova &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; tsy voafaritra ilay fandaharana, mandritra ny fandikana azy amin' ny kaompilatera. Ny ova dia singa manana anarana ao amin' ny fandaharana, izay mety hiova sanda. Na izany aza, dia mbola hanaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana ilay fandaharana, satria fampahalalana momba ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody ihany no omen' ny fanambarana ny karazana angona.

Azo sokajina araka ny toerany ao amin' ny ambaratongan' i Chomsky ny fitsipi-panorenana ilaina hamaritana fiteny fampandaharana iray. Azo faritana amin' ny fitsipi-panorenana karazany 2 ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana; izany hoe fitsipi-panorenana tsy miankina amin' ny manodidina izy ireny.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Sipser. ''Introduction to the Theory of Computation''. PWS Publishing. 1996. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-534-94728-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Section 2.2: Pushdown Automata, pp.101–114.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny sasany, anisan' izany ny Perl sy Lisp, dia misy firafitra ahafahana manatanteraka kaody mandritra ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana. Rehefa misy firafitra ahafahan' ny mpampandahatra manova ny fomba fiasan' ny mpamakafaka ny fitsipi-panorenana ao amin' ny fiteny iray, dia manjary olana tsy ahitana fomba fanapahana ankapobeny ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana: tsy misy fomba fanaovana kajy afaka manapa-kevitra amin' ny tranga rehetra. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia manjavozavo koa amin' izany ny fanavahana ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny fanatanterahana kaody.
&lt;ref&gt;Jeffrey Kegler, &quot;[http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability ''Perl and Undecidability''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817183115/http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability tahiry tamin' ny 17 August 2009]&quot;, ''The Perl Review''. Manaporofo ny lahatsoratra faha-2 sy faha-3 fa, amin' ny ankapobeny, olana tsy ahitana fomba fanapahana ankapobeny ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fandaharana Perl. Ny lahatsoratra faha-2 dia mampiasa ny teôreman' i Rice, ary ny lahatsoratra faha-3 kosa mampiasa ny famadihana mivantana ilay olana ho amin' ny olana momba ny fijanonan' ny fandaharana.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tsy mitovy amin' ny rafitry ny baiko mivelatra ho kaody hafa ao amin' ny Lisp sy ny vondron-kaody &lt;code&gt;BEGIN&lt;/code&gt; ao amin' ny Perl, izay mety ahitana kajy amin' ny ankapobeny, ny baiko mivelatra ho kaody hafa ao amin' ny C: fanoloana andian-tsoratra fotsiny no ataon' izy ireny, ka tsy mitaky fanatanterahana kaody.
&lt;ref&gt;Marty Hall, 1995, [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html ''Lecture Notes: Macros''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806054148/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html tahiry tamin' ny 6 August 2013], PostScript [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps endrika] [https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211709/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps tahiry tamin' ny 17 August 2000]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hevitry ny kaody ===
Ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody dia ny dikan' ny votoaty izay manaraka ny fitsipi-panorenan' ilay fiteny.

==== Fitsipika azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana ====
Ny fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana dia mamaritra ny fepetra mametra ny firafitry ny lahatsoratra eken' ilay fiteny, izay sarotra na tsy azo ambara amin' ny fomba hentitra mahazatra amaritana ny fitsipi-panorenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aaby 2004&quot;&gt;Aaby, Anthony. [http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm ''Introduction to Programming Languages'']. 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: 29 September 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043216/http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ny fiteny izay adika amin' ny kaompilatera, ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina mandritra izany fandikana izany no tena tafiditra ao. Ohatra amin' izany ny fanamarinana fa efa nambara mialoha ny fampiasana azy ny anarana famantarana tsirairay, amin' ny fiteny izay mitaky izany fanambarana izany, na ny fanamarinana fa samy hafa ny marika amin' ny sampana tsirairay ao amin' ny baiko misafidy arakaraka ny sanda.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-633951-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p. 18–19&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo ampiharina ny fepetra lehibe maro toy izany amin' ny famaritana azy ho fitsipika ao anatin' ny [[Lôjika|lôjika voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra]] iray antsoina hoe rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona. Anisan' izany ny fanamarinana fa ampiasaina amin' ny toe-javatra sahaza azy ny anarana famantarana, ohatra hoe tsy hanaovana fifanampiana amin' ny isa tsimivaky, izay isa tsy misy ampahany vakiny, sy ny anaran' ny lefa, izay asa mamoaka vokatra avy amin' ny angona ampidirina. Toy izany koa ny fanamarinana fa mifanaraka amin' izay takina ny isa sy ny karazana angon' ireo sanda ampitaina rehefa miantso zana-pandaharana, izany hoe ampahan' ny fandaharana azo antsoina. Mety ho tafiditra amin' ireo fitsipika azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana koa ny endrika hafa amin' ny famakafakana kaody tsy manatanteraka azy, toy ny famakafakana ny fivezivezen' ny angona. Ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana toa an' i Java sy C#, ohatra, dia tafiditra amin' ireo fitsipika ireo ny fanamarinana fa efa nomena sanda ny ova alohan' ny hampiasana azy. Endrika iray amin' ny famakafakana ny fivezivezen' ny angona izany; ny ova dia singa itehirizana sanda ao amin' ny fandaharana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Winskel, Glynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JzUNn6uUxm0C ''The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: An Introduction'']. MIT Press. 5 February 1993. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-73103-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitsipika mandritra ny fanatanterahana ====
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|hevitra omen' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny kaody}}

Rehefa voafaritra ny angona dia tsy maintsy omena baiko ny milina mba hanao asa amin' izany angona izany. Ohatra, mety hamaritra ny paikady ampiasaina hahitana ny sandan' ny teny maneho sanda ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody, na ny fomba anatanterahan' ny rafitra mifehy ny filaharan' ny baiko ireo baiko arakaraka ny fepetra. Ny fitsipika mamaritra ny fihetsiky ny kaody mandritra ny fanatanterahana, izay antsoina koa hoe fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana, no mamaritra ny fomba sy ny fotoana tokony hahatonga ireo rafitra samihafa ao amin' ny fiteny iray hamoaka ny fihetsiky ny fandaharana. Maro ny fomba azo amaritana ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana ireo. Matetika ny fiteny voajanahary no ampiasaina hamaritana azy amin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana fampiasa andavanandro. Betsaka ny fikarohana akademika natokana ho an' ny famaritana hentitra ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny kaody, izay ahafahana mamaritra amin' ny fomba hentitra ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Schreiner, Wolfgang. [https://www3.risc.jku.at/courses/ss99/semantics ''Formal Semantics of Programming Languages'']. Johannes Kepler University Linz. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 September 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Voafetra ny fampiharana ny vokatry ny fikarohana amin' io sehatra io amin' ny famolavolana sy ny fanatanterahana fiteny fampandaharana ivelan' ny tontolo akademika.

== Toetra ==
Manome toetra ahafahan' ny mpampandahatra mamolavola rindrankajy ny fiteny iray. Voalaza eto ambany ny sasany amin' ireo toetra ireo.

=== Rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona ===
Jereo koa: karazana angona, rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona, fiarovana amin' ny fampiasana karazana angona.

Ny karazana angona dia vondron' ireo sanda azo ekena sy ireo asa azo atao amin' ireo sanda ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana tsirairay no mamaritra ireo karazana angona misy, ny karazan' ny teny maneho sanda iray, ary ny fomba ampiharana ny fitovian' ny karazana angona sy ny fifanarahan' ny karazana angona ao amin' ilay fiteny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny teôrian' ny karazana, dia voafaritra tanteraka ny karazana angona ao amin' ny fiteny iray raha milaza ireo karazana angona azo ampiharana ny asa tsirairay ny famaritana an' io asa io.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;&gt;Andrew Cooke. [http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html ''Introduction To Computer Languages'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 July 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 15 August 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815140215/http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa ny fiteny tsy mamaritra karazana angona, toy ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampikambanana, izay mamela ny asa rehetra hatao amin' ny angona rehetra; amin' ny ankapobeny dia andiana singa mitahiry 0 na 1, samy hafa halavana, ireo angona ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt; Raha ny fampiasana azy no jerena, dia vitsy ny fiteny mamaritra tanteraka ny karazana angona, nefa ny ankamaroany dia manome famaritana ny karazana angona amin' ny ambaratonga sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt;

Satria samy hafa ny fomba anehoan' ireo karazana angona samihafa ny sanda, toy ny [[Isa tsimivaky|isa tsimivaky]], izay isa tsy misy ampahany vakiny, sy ny [[Faingo mihevaheva|isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], dia misy vokatra tsy ampoizina rehefa karazana iray no ampiasaina nefa karazana hafa no andrasana. Hamaritra izany ho hadisoana ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona, ary matetika izany no atao rehefa adikan' ny kaompilatera ny fandaharana alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy; mandany loharanon-karena bebe kokoa ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 15, 408–409.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa misy fameperana hentitra ny fifangaroan' ny karazana angona, dia azo fantarina foana ny hadisoana momba ny karazana angona, raha tsy hoe ovana mazava ho karazana hafa ny ova, izany hoe ireo singa manana anarana ao amin' ny fandaharana izay mety hiova sanda. Misy kosa fameperana malalaka ny fifangaroan' ny karazana angona rehefa avelan' ny fiteny hatao tsy misy baiko mazava izany fanovana izany; ohatra, mba hahafahana manao asa eo amin' ny ova samy hafa karazana nefa tsy manao fanovana karazana angona mazava ny mpampandahatra. Arakaraka ny hamaroan' ireo tranga avela hanaovana izany fanovana karazana angona ho azy izany no hihavitsian' ireo hadisoana momba ny karazana angona azo fantarina.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 303–304.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Karazana angona tohanan' ny fiteny matetika ====
Jereo koa: karazana angona fototra.
Matetika ireo fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany no tsy nanohana afa-tsy karazana angona momba ny isa efa natsangana tao anatiny, toy ny [[Isa tsimivaky|isa tsimivaky]], na misy famantarana ahafahana maneho ny maha-miiba na tsia azy na tsy misy izany famantarana izany, sy ny [[Faingo mihevaheva|isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], mba hahafahana manao asa amin' ny [[Isa voatsapa|isa voatsapa]] tsy tsimivaky. Manohana habe maromaro ho an' ny isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva sy ny isa tsimivaky ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana, arakaraka ny habe sy ny fahamarinan' ny fanehoana isa ilain' ny mpampandahatra; matetika dia antsoina hoe ''float'' sy ''double'' ireo endrika samihafa fanehoana isa amin' ny faingo mihevaheva ireo. Rehefa tehirizina ao amin' ny karazana angona kely loatra ka tsy mahazaka azy ny isa tsimivaky iray, dia mitranga ny fihoaran' ny fetra fitahirizana isa tsimivaky. Ny famenon' ny roa (''twos complement'') no fomba fampiasa indrindra hanehoana isa miiba amin' ny karazana angona misy famantarana: ao anatin' ny fanehoana manana halavana raikitra, dia avadika ny 0 ho 1 sy ny 1 ho 0 ao amin' ny endrika maneho ny haben' ilay isa tsy asiana famantarana, ary ampiana 1 avy eo. Ampiasaina koa anefa ny famenon' ny iray (''ones complement''), izay mamadika ny 0 ho 1 sy ny 1 ho 0 fotsiny, fa tsy manampy 1, rehefa mamorona ny endrika maneho isa miiba.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 246–247.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo karazana hafa fampiasa ny boleana, izay na marina na diso ihany ny sandany, sy ny tarehintsoratra, izay okteta iray araka ny fomba nahazatra, ka ampy hanehoana ny tarehintsoratra rehetra ao amin' ny ASCII (kaody fanehoana tarehintsoratra).&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tabilao misy singa voalahatra dia karazana angona izay, amin' ny fiteny maro, tsy maintsy ahitana singa mitovy karazana sady manana halavana raikitra. Ny fiteny hafa kosa dia mamaritra ireny tabilao ireny ho fanondroana angona voatahiry any amin' ny toerana hafa, ary mamela ny singa ao aminy ho samy hafa karazana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 260.&lt;/ref&gt; Arakaraka ny fiteny fampandaharana, ny filaharan' ny tarehintsoratra maromaro, antsoina hoe andian-tsoratra, dia mety ho tohanana amin' ny endrika tabilao misy tarehintsoratra na amin' ny endrika karazana angona fototra natokana ho azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 250.&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho raikitra na miovaova ny halavan' ny andian-tsoratra; manome fahafahana bebe kokoa ilay halavana miovaova, saingy mitaky toerana fitahirizana lehibe kokoa sy fahasarotana bebe kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 254.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny karazana angona hafa mety ho tohanana ny lisitra, izay fitambarana singa voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 281–282.&lt;/ref&gt; ny tabilao mampifandray lakile sy sanda, izay tsy voalahatra ary ny lakile no ahazoana miditra amin' ny angona ao aminy,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt; ny firaketana, izay ampifandraisana amin' ny anarana ny angona ao anatin' ny rafitra voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 276–277.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny andiana sanda voalahatra, izay mitovy amin' ny firaketana saingy tsy manana anarana ireo saha mitahiry angona ao aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitahiry adiresy ao amin' ny fitadidiana ny tondro; matetika izy ireny no manondro toerana ao amin' ny tahirin-toerana fitadidiana azo atokana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, izay itehirizana angona hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 289–290.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny karazana angona azo alahatra, izay matetika antsoina hoe karazana ahitana sanda voatanisa, no karazana angona faritan' ny mpampiasa tsotra indrindra; azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vondron' ny isa tsimivaky lehibe noho ny aotra ny sandany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 255.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taona 1980, dia manohana karazana angona afenina ny fomba fanatanterahana azy koa ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana. Amin' izany dia afenina amin' ny mpampiasa ny fomba fanehoana ny angona sy ny asa atao aminy, ka fifandraisana ahazoana mampiasa asa ihany no azon' ny mpampiasa idirana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 244–245.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny tombontsoa mety ho azo amin' ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana ny angona ny fitomboan' ny fahatokisana ny fiasan' ny fandaharana, ny fihenan' ny fahasarotana, ny fihenan' ny mety hisian' ny fifandonan' ny anarana, ary ny fahafahana manova ny fomba fandaminana ny angona ao anatiny nefa tsy voatery hanova ny kaodiny ny fandaharana mampiasa azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 477.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana sy mandritra izany ====
Amin' ny famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana, dia faritana mialoha ny hanatanterahana ny fandaharana ny karazan' ny teny maneho sanda rehetra, ary matetika dia mandritra ny fandikan' ny kaompilatera izany no atao.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa izay mamaritra ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana dia mitaky ny hilazana mazava ny karazan' ny ova. Ao amin' ny fiteny sasany kosa dia tsy ilazana mazava ny karazana angona; ny iray amin' ireo fomba anaovana izany dia ny fahafahan' ny kaompilatera mamantatra ho azy ny karazana angona avy amin' ny toe-javatra manodidina azy ao amin' ny kaody. Ny lafy ratsin' izany famaritana tsy ilazana mazava ny karazana angona izany dia ny mety hisian' ny hadisoana tsy ho hita.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 211.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampifandraisina hatramin' izay tamin' ireo fiteny mifototra amin' ny lefa, toy ny Haskell sy ny ML (fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa), ny famantarana ho azy ny karazana angona rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;Leivant, Daniel. ''Polymorphic type inference''. ACM Press. Austin, Texas. 1983. pp.: 88–98. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-89791-090-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1145/567067.567077&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. conference: ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny famaritana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana, dia tsy ny ova no ampifandraisina amin' ny karazana angona, fa ny sanda voatahiry ao aminy ihany. Azo ampiasaina indray hitahirizana sanda hafa karazana ny ova iray ihany. Na dia manome fahafahana bebe kokoa ho an' ny mpampandahatra aza izany, dia mihena kosa ny fahatokisana ny fiasan' ny fandaharana sy ny fahafahan' ny fiteny fampandaharana manamarina ny fisian' ny hadisoana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 212–213.&lt;/ref&gt; Mamela ny fampiasana ova manana karazana mampiray karazana maro ny fiteny sasany, ka azo omena sanda na inona na inona karazany ireny ova ireny, ho fanavahana amin' ny fitsipika mahazatra ao aminy izay mamaritra ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana ===
Jereo koa ny fikirakirana mifanindran-dalana.

Eo amin' ny sehatry ny kajimirindra, dia azo tanterahina miaraka ny baiko maromaro. Maro ny fiteny fampandaharana manohana ny fampandehanana mifanindran-dalana, na eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny baiko tsirairay izany na eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zana-pandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 576.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taonjato faha-21, dia nitombo hatrany ny anjara toeran' ny fampiasana ventim-pikirakirana fanampiny teo amin' ny fampitomboana ny hery fikirakiran' ny solosaina. Noho izany, mba hanatsarana ny fahombiazan' ny rindrankajy, dia mila mamolavola azy hampiasa ventim-pikirakirana maromaro miaraka ny mpampandahatra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 579.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Sebesta tamin' ny 2012, ny fiteny tanterahina amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko, toy ny Python sy Ruby, dia tsy manohana ny fampiasana ventim-pikirakirana maromaro mifanindran-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 585.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kosa fiteny fampandaharana hafa manohana ny fitantanana ny angona ifampizaran' ny sampana fanatanterahana samihafa ao anatin' ny fandaharana iray (''threads''). Azony atao izany amin' ny alalan' ny semafôra, izay mifehy ny filaharan' ny fanatanterahana ireo baiko fototra, na amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra manara-maso ny fidirana amin' ny angona iombonana, na amin' ny famelana ny fifampitana hafatra eo amin' ireo sampana fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 585–586.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikarakarana tranga maningana ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|fikarakarana tranga maningana}}

Misy kaody fikarakarana tranga maningana ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana maro. Ampahan-kaody ireo, izay ampandehanina rehefa misy hadisoana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary afaka mikarakara izany amin' ireto fomba roa lehibe ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 630, 634.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Famaranana: atsahatra ny fandaharana ary atolotra ny [[Mpandrindra milina|rafitra fikirakirana]] ny fifehezana ny fanatanterahana. Io safidy io no heverina ho tsotra indrindra.
* Fanohizana: tohizana eo akaikin' ny toerana nitrangan' ilay tranga maningana ny fandaharana. Mety hahatonga ilay tranga maningana hiverina indray izany, raha tsy afaka manova sanda hisorohana ny fiverenan' ilay tranga ny kaody fikarakarana azy.
Ny fiteny fampandaharana sasany dia mamela ny hanokanana vondron-kaody iray hotanterahina, na nisy tranga maningana nitranga na tsia talohan' ny nahatongavan' ny fanatanterahana teo amin' io kaody io; izany no atao hoe fanatanterahana baiko famaranana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 635.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy takalony ny fitomboan' ny fahafahana mikarakara tranga maningana: mihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, na dia fahita aza ny hadisoana amin' ny tondro mamaritra ny toeran' ny singa ao amin' ny tabilao misy singa voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt; dia tsy manamarina izany ny C mba tsy hampihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia afaka manoratra kaody handraisana an-tanana ireo tranga maningana nofaritan' ny mpampiasa aza ny mpanoratra fandaharana, dia mety hanakorontana ny firafitry ny fandaharana izany. Ireo fitambaran-kaody mahazatra omen' ny fiteny sasany, toy ny C, dia mampiasa ny sanda averiny mba hanondroana fa misy tranga maningana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 632.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny sasany sy ny kaompilaterany dia manome safidy hampandehanana na hampitsaharana ny fahafahana mikarakara hadisoana, na vonjimaika na ho raikitra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631, 635–636.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famolavolana sy fanatanterahana ==
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|famolavolana sy fanatanterahana ny fiteny fampandaharana}}

Anisan' ny zavatra nanan-kery lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana ny firafitry ny solosaina. Ny fiteny mifototra amin' ny baiko, izay karazana fiteny fampiasa indrindra, dia novolavolaina mba hahomby amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, izay firafitry ny solosaina nomerika fahita indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, ny fitadidiana no mitahiry ny angona sy ny baiko, fa misaraka aminy kosa ny CPU (ventim-pikirakirana foibe), izay manatanteraka ny baiko amin' ny angona. Tsy maintsy ampitaina mankany amin' ny CPU sy miverina avy ao àry ny angona. Ny singa fototra ao amin' ireo fiteny ireo dia ny ova, ny fanomezana sanda ary ny famerenana baiko, izay mahomby kokoa amin' ireo milina ireo noho ny fiantsoan' ny asa iray ny tenany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fiteny fampandaharana noforonina hatrany am-boalohany, novana mba hamaliana filàna vaovao, ary nakambana tamin' ny fiteny hafa. Maro koa no tsy nampiasaina intsony tatỳ aoriana. Ny faniriana hamorona fiteny fampandaharana iray iombonana, mety amin' ny milina sy ny fampiasana rehetra, no nandrisika ny fipoiran' ny fiteny fampandaharana tamin' ny taompolo 1950, mba tsy hilana fanoratana kaody samihafa ho an' ny solosaina samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Nofre; Priestley; Alberts (2014), p. 55.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1960 anefa dia nolavina ilay hevitra momba ny fiteny iombonana iray, satria samy nanana ny zavatra notakiny ireo tanjona isan-karazany nanoratana kaody.&lt;ref&gt;Nofre; Priestley; Alberts (2014), p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fifandanjana eo amin' ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka ===
Anisan' ny toetra irina hananan' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny fahamoran' ny famakiana azy, ny fahamoran' ny fanoratana azy ary ny fahazoana itokisana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo toetra ireo dia afaka mampihena ny fandaniana amin' ny fanofanana mpanao fandaharana hampiasa ilay fiteny, ny fotoana ilaina hanoratana sy hikojakojana ny fandaharana amin' ilay fiteny, ary ny fandaniana amin' ny fandikana ny kaody amin' ny alalan' ny kaompilatera. Afaka manatsara ny fahombiazan' ny fandaharana mandritra ny fanatanterahana azy koa izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 16–17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na dia matetika aza no nataon' ny fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany ho laharam-pahamehana ny fahombiazana fa tsy ny fahamoran' ny famakiana, dia nitombo ny lanjan' ity farany nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Mety hanasarotra ny famakiana ny fisian' ny fomba fiasa maro ahazoana vokatra iray ihany. Toy izany koa ny fanomezana hevitra maro ny mari-pandidiana iray, ka ahafahan' ilay mari-pandidiana iray ihany manana hevitra samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8–9.&lt;/ref&gt; Toetra iray hafa manan-danja amin' ny fahamoran' ny famakiana ny fahaleovantenan' ny singan' ny fiteny, izay mametra ny isan' ny rafitra fanoratana tsy maintsy ianaran' ny mpanao fandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 9–10.&lt;/ref&gt; Manamora ny famakiana koa ny firafitry ny fitsipi-panorenana mora azo sy ny teny natokana izay takatra avy hatrany ny heviny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fahamoran' ny fanoratana dia ny fahamoran' ny fampiasana ilay fiteny hanoratana kaody hamahana ny olana kendrena. Ankoatra ireo toetra ilaina amin' ny fahamoran' ny famakiana,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; dia manampy ny mpanao fandaharana hanoratra kaody koa ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana, izany hoe ny fanomezana fomba ifandraisana ahafahana manafina ny antsipiriany amin' izay mampiasa azy, ary ny fahaizana maneho hevitra amin' ny kaody, izay ahafahana manoratra fandaharana fohy kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifamatotra akaiky dia akaiky tamin' ny fitaovana ara-batan' ny solosaina ny fiteny fampandaharana voalohany. Rehefa nandeha anefa ny fotoana, dia nitombo ny fahafahana manafina ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana, ka azon' ny mpanao fandaharana naseho ny hevitra lavitra kokoa noho izay azo adika tsotra ho baiko ho an' ny fitaovana ara-batana. Koa satria tsy voafatotra mafy amin' ny fahasarotan' ny solosaina intsony ny mpanao fandaharana, dia afaka manao fikajiana betsaka kokoa ny fandaharan' izy ireo nefa mitaky ezaka kely kokoa aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.: ''The Mythical Man-Month'', Addison-Wesley, 1982, pp. 93–94&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana dia omena miaraka amin' ny tahirin' asa mahazatra, izay ahitana asa antsoina ao amin' ny fandaharana ka fampiasa matetika.&lt;ref&gt;Busbee, Kenneth Leroy; Braunschweig, Dave. [https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/standard-libraries/ ''Standard Libraries'']. 15 December 2018. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 27 January 2024. tranonkala: Programming Fundamentals – A Modular Structured Approach.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fahazoana itokisana dia midika fa manatanteraka izay voalaza ao amin' ny famaritana azy ny fandaharana ao anatin' ny toe-javatra maro samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy afaka mampitombo ny fahazoana itokisana ny fandaharana ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona, ny fikarakarana tranga maningana, ary ny famerana ny fisian' ny anarana maro manondro toerana fitadidiana iray, izany hoe ny fahafahan' ny anaran' ova maromaro miditra amin' ny faritra iray ihany ao amin' ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8, 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana no mitaky fifandanjana eo amin' ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 18, 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, mazàna mampihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana ireo toetra natao hampitomboana ny fahazoana itokisana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian' ny mari-pandidiana maro dia mampitombo ny fahaizana maneho hevitra amin' ny kaody ka manamora ny fanoratana azy, nefa manasarotra ny famakiana azy kosa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;English-like_programming_languages&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Natolotra ho fomba iray hanafoanana ny filàna fiteny manokana ho an' ny fampandaharana ny fampandaharana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary. Mbola lavitra anefa izany tanjona izany, ary mbola azo iadian-kevitra ny tombony azo avy aminy. Nihevitra i [[Edsger Dijkstra|Edsger W. Dijkstra]] fa tena ilaina ny fampiasana fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra mba hisorohana ny fampidirana rafitra fanoratana tsy misy heviny.&lt;ref&gt;Dijkstra, Edsger W. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html ''On the foolishness of &quot;natural language programming.&quot;''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201526/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html tahiry tamin' ny 20 January 2008] EWD667.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandà izany hevitra izany koa i Alan Perlis.&lt;ref&gt;Perlis, Alan. [http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html ''Epigrams on Programming'']. ''SIGPLAN Notices Vol. 17, No. 9''. September 1982. pp.: 7–13. datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 1999. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117034445/http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny fiteny ===
Jereo koa ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana dia fitaovana azon' ny mpampiasa ilay fiteny sy ny mpamolavola ny rafitra mampandeha azy ampiasaina mba hifanarahana raha [[Fandaharana|fandaharana]] manankery amin' ilay fiteny ny sombin' ny kaody loharano iray, ary, raha izany, ny fomba tokony hiasan' ilay fandaharana.

Mety hanana endrika maro ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana, ka anisan' izany ireto manaraka ireto:
* Famaritana mazava ny fitsipi-panorenan' ilay fiteny, ny fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana, ary ny hevitry ny kaody mandritra ny fanatanterahana. Matetika no faritana amin' ny alalan' ny rafi-pitsipika hentitra mamaritra ny firafitry ny soratra ekena ny fitsipi-panorenana. Ny famaritana ny hevitry ny kaody kosa dia azo soratana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary, toy ny amin' ny [[Fiteny C|fiteny C]], na amin' ny alalan' ny famaritana ny hevitry ny kaody amin' ny fitsipika matematika hentitra, toy ny ao amin' ny famaritana ny Standard ML&lt;ref&gt;[[Robin Milner|Milner, R.]]; M. Tofte; R. Harper; D. MacQueen. ''The Definition of Standard ML (Revised)''. MIT Press. 1997. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-63181-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny Scheme.&lt;ref&gt;Kelsey, Richard; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees. [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 ''Section 7.2 Formal semantics'']. ''Revised&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme''. February 1998. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060706081110/http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Famaritana ny fomba fiasan' ny rindrankajy mpandika kaody ho an' ilay fiteny, toy ny ao amin' ny famaritana ny C++ sy ny Fortran. Tsy maintsy tsoahina avy amin' io famaritana io ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody. Azo soratana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary na amin' ny fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra io famaritana io.
* Fanatanterahana raisina ho fakan-kevitra na ho modely, izay soratana amin' ilay fiteny faritana ihany indraindray, toy ny amin' ny Prolog na ny ANSI REXX (REXX voafaritra araka ny fenitra ANSI).&lt;ref&gt;ANSI – ''Programming Language Rexx'', X3-274.1996&lt;/ref&gt; Hita mazava ao amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay fanatanterahana raisina ho modely ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody.

=== Fampiharana ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|fampiharana fiteny fampandaharana}}

Ny fampiharana fiteny fampandaharana dia ny famadihana fandaharana ho kaody milina azon' ny fitaovana ara-batana tanterahina. Avy eo dia azo tanterahina amin' ny fanampian' ny [[Mpandrindra milina|rafitra fikirakirana]] ny kaody milina.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23–24.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny endriky ny fandikana baiko fahita indrindra amin' ny kaody efa ampiasaina amin' ny asa tena izy dia ny fampiasana kaompilatera, izay mandika ny kaody loharano, amin' ny alalan' ny fiteny manana ambaratonga mpanelanelana, ho kaody milina antsoina hoe fandaharana azo tanterahina. Rehefa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodin' ny fandaharana, dia mandeha haingana kokoa izy io raha oharina amin' ireo fomba fampiharana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kaompilatera afaka manao fanatsarana ny fampandehanana fanampiny mba hampihenana ny fampiasana fitadidiana na ny kajy atao rehefa mandeha ilay fandaharana azo tanterahina, kanefa mampitombo ny fotoana ilaina amin' ny fandikana kaody amin' ny kaompilatera izany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fomba fampiharana iray hafa ny mampandeha ny fandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko, izay mandika ny andalana tsirairay amin' ny rindrankajy ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny hanatanterahana azy. Na dia mety hanamora ny fitadiavana sy fanitsiana lesoka aza izany, ny lafy ratsin' ny fampandehanana amin' ny mpandika baiko dia ny fampandehanany ny fandaharana miadana 10 hatramin' ny 100 heny noho ny fandaharana azo tanterahina izay efa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodiny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba fampandehanana mifangaro mampiasa mpandika baiko dia manome sasany amin' ny tombontsoa azo avy amin' ny fandikana amin' ny kaompilatera sy sasany amin' ireo azo avy amin' ny fampandehanana amin' ny mpandika baiko, amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ampahany amin' ny kaody amin' ny kaompilatera. Endrika iray amin' izany ny fandikana kaody amin' ny kaompilatera ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy, izay andikana mialoha amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodin' ny rindrankajy ho amin' ny fiteny mpanelanelana, ary avy eo adika ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 29–30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiteny fehezin' ny tompony ==
Na dia manana famaritana sy rindrankajy manatanteraka azy izay misokatra tanteraka aza ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra, dia misy fiteny fampandaharana maro tsy misy afa-tsy amin' ny endrika fehezin' ny tompony. Mpamatsy tokana ihany no ahazoana ny rindrankajy manatanteraka azy ireny, ary mety hilaza io mpamatsy io fa fananany ara-tsaina ilay fiteny feheziny. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny fiteny fampandaharana fehezin' ny tompony dia fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray na fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika ampiasaina ao anatin' ny vokatra iray ihany. Ny sasany amin' ireny fiteny ireny dia ampiasaina ao anatin' ny orinasan' ny mpamatsy ihany, fa ny hafa kosa azon' ny mpampiasa ivelany ampiasaina.

Misy fiteny fampandaharana eo anelanelan' ny fiteny fehezin' ny tompony sy ny fiteny misokatra. Ohatra, milaza ny ''[[Oracle Corporation]]'' (orinasa Oracle) fa manana zo maha-tompony amin' ny lafiny sasany amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana Java.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny fampandaharana C# an' ny Microsoft kosa dia manana rindrankajy misokatra manatanteraka ny ankamaroan' ny ampahan' ny rafitra, nefa manana ny ''Common Language Runtime'' (CLR, tontolo iombonan' ny fiteny ho an' ny fanatanterahana fandaharana) ho tontolo mihidy ihany koa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ ''Guide to Programming Languages &amp;#124; ComputerScience.org'']. ''ComputerScience.org''. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-05-13. datin' ny tahiry: 13 May 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223729/https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fiteny fehezin' ny tompony no be mpampiasa na dia eo aza izany fifehezan' ny tompony azy izany; anisan' ny ohatra ny [[MATLAB]], VBScript ary Wolfram Language. Mety hiova avy amin' ny fiteny mihidy ho fiteny misokatra ny fiteny sasany. Ohatra, fiteny fampandaharana nampiasaina tao anatin' ny orinasa Ericsson ihany ny Erlang tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html ''The basics'']. 2011-05-10. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-05-13. datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: ibm.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064903/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Manampy indrindra amin' ny fampiharana ny siansa misokatra ny fiteny fampandaharana misokatra ny kaody loharano, satria mampitombo ny fahafahana mamerina ny fikarohana sy mizara kaody.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelaziz, Abdullah I.; Hanson, Kent A.; Gaber, Charles E.; Lee, Todd A. ''Optimizing large real-world data analysis with parquet files in R: A step-by-step tutorial''. ''Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety''. 2023. boky: 33. laharana: 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1002/pds.5728&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. article-number: e5728. pmid: 37984998.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fampiasana ==
Fiteny fampandaharana an' arivony maro no noforonina, indrindra teo amin' ny sehatry ny fikirakirana amin' ny solosaina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ ''HOPL: an interactive Roster of Programming Languages'']. Murdoch University. Australia. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 20 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. quote: This site lists 8512 languages.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika no mampiasa fiteny fampandaharana dimy na mihoatra ny tetikasa rindrankajy tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Mayer, Philip; Bauer, Alexander. ''Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering''. ''An empirical analysis of the utilization of multiple programming languages in open source projects''. ACM. New York, NY, US. 2015. pp.: 4:1–4:10. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4503-3350-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1145/2745802.2745805&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. conference: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering – EASE '15. quote: Results: We found (a) a mean number of 5 languages per project with a clearly dominant main general-purpose language and 5 often-used DSL types, (b) a significant influence of the size, number of commits, and the main language on the number of languages as well as no significant influence of age and number of contributors, and (c) three language ecosystems grouped around XML, Shell/Make, and HTML/CSS. Conclusions: Multi-language programming seems to be common in open-source projects and is a factor that must be dealt with in tooling and when assessing the development and maintenance of such software systems.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mitovy amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fomba hafa anehoan' ny olombelona hevitra ny fiteny fampandaharana, satria mitaky fahitsiana sy fahafenoana bebe kokoa. Rehefa mampiasa fiteny voajanahary hifandraisana amin' ny olon-kafa ny mpanoratra sy ny mpiteny, dia mety hisy heviny maro ny zavatra lazainy ary mety hanao fahadisoana madinika izy ireo, nefa mbola afaka manantena fa ho takatra ny tiany hambara. Ny solosaina kosa, raha lazaina an' ohatra, dia manao izay asaina ataony mihitsy, ary tsy afaka mahatakatra izay kaody nokasain' ny mpampandahatra hosoratana. Ny fitambaran' ny famaritana ny fiteny, ny fandaharana iray ary ny angona ampidirina amin' izany fandaharana izany dia tsy maintsy mamaritra manontolo ny fihetsika hita etỳ ivelany rehefa tanterahina ilay fandaharana, ao anatin' ny sehatra fehezin' ilay fandaharana. Mifanohitra amin' izany, azo ampitaina amin' ny olombelona ny hevitra momba ny algôritma, izany hoe filaharan' ny dingana hamahana olana, nefa tsy ilana ny fahitsiana takin' ny fanatanterahana amin' ny solosaina. Azo atao izany amin' ny alalan' ny kaody fanoritsoritana, izay mampifangaro fiteny voajanahary sy kaody voasoratra amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Manome fomba voarafitra hamaritana singan' angona sy ireo asa na fanovana azo tanterahina ho azy amin' izany angona izany ny fiteny fampandaharana. Ampiasain' ny mpampandahatra ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana omen' ilay fiteny mba hanehoana ireo hevitra tafiditra amin' ny kajy, izany hoe ny fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra. Ireo hevitra ireo dia aseho ho fitambaran' ireo singa tsotra indrindra misy ao amin' ilay fiteny, izay antsoina hoe singa fototra.&lt;ref&gt;Abelson, Sussman, and Sussman. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html ''Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 March 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 26 February 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampandaharana dia ny asa ataon' ny mpampandahatra amin' ny fampifangaroana ireo singa fototra ireo mba hamoronana fandaharana vaovao, na hampifanarahana ny fandaharana efa misy amin' ny fampiasana vaovao na amin' ny tontolo miova.

Mety hotanterahina amin' ny fanodinana anaty andiany tsy misy fifandraisana amin' ny olona ny fandaharana ho an' ny solosaina. Mety hitendry baiko kosa ny mpampiasa mandritra ny fotoam-pifandraisana ifamaliana amin' ny mpandika baiko. Amin' izany dia fandaharana tsotra izao ireo baiko, ka ampifandraisina mifanesy ny fanatanterahana azy. Rehefa afaka mampandeha ny baikony amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko ny fiteny iray, toy ny mpandika baiko Unix na fifandraisana ahazoana mampiasa asa amin' ny fanoratana andalana baiko hafa, nefa tsy avadika mialoha amin' ny alalan' ny kaompilatera, dia antsoina hoe fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika izy.&lt;ref&gt;Vicki, Brown; Morin, Rich. [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html ''Scripting Languages'']. 1999. datin' ny tahiry: 2 December 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MacTech. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202235828/http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fandrefesana ny fampiasana fiteny ===
Sarotra ny mamantatra izay fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra, satria miova arakaraka ny toe-javatra ny famaritana ny fampiasana. Mety hisy fiteny iray handanian' ny mpampandahatra ora maro indrindra, ny iray hafa hananana andalana kaody betsaka kokoa, ary ny fahatelo handany fotoana betsaka indrindra amin' ny CPU (ventim-pikirakirana foibe, izay manatanteraka ny baikon' ny solosaina). Misy fiteny tena be mpampiasa amin' ny karazana rindrankajy fampiharana sasany. Ohatra, mbola ampiasaina betsaka any amin' ny foibe fikirakirana angon' ny orinasa ny COBOL, matetika amin' ny solosaina vaventy;&lt;ref&gt;Georgina Swan. [http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ ''COBOL turns 50'']. Computerworld. 2009-09-21. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-10-19. datin' ny tahiry: 19 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019181128/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ed Airey. [http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html ''7 Myths of COBOL Debunked'']. developer.com. 2012-05-03. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-10-19. datin' ny tahiry: 19 October 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171802/http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; ny Fortran amin' ny rindrankajy fampiharana ara-tsiansa sy ara-teknika; ny Ada amin' ny rindrankajy fampiharana ho an' ny sidina sy ny habakabaka, ny fitaterana, ny raharaha miaramila, ny asa mitaky valiny ao anatin' ny fe-potoana voafaritra, ary ny rafitra tafiditra ao anaty fitaovana; ary ny [[Fiteny C|C]] amin' ny rindrankajy tafiditra ao anaty fitaovana sy ny mpandrindra milina. Misy fiteny hafa ampiasaina tsy tapaka hanoratana karazana rindrankajy fampiharana maro samihafa.

Fomba maro no natolotra handrefesana ny habetsahan' ny fampiasana fiteny iray. Samy misy fitongilanana arakaraka ny zavatra refesiny ireo fomba ireo:
* fanisana ny isan' ny tolotr' asa milaza ilay fiteny;&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Enticknap. [http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/sslcomputer-weekly-it-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-it-job.htm ''SSL/Computer Weekly IT salary survey: finance boom drives IT job growth'']. ''Computer Weekly''. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-06-14. datin' ny tahiry: 26 October 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035734/http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/SSLComputer-Weekly-IT-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-IT-job.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ny isan' ny boky namidy izay mampianatra na manoritsoritra ilay fiteny;&lt;ref&gt;[http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html ''Counting programming languages by book sales'']. Radar.oreilly.com. 2 August 2006. datin' ny tahiry: 17 May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023127/http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* fanombanana ny isan' ny andalana kaody efa misy voasoratra amin' ilay fiteny – mety hanome isa ambany noho ny tena izy izany ho an' ny fiteny tsy fahita matetika amin' ny fikarohana azon' ny besinimaro atao;&lt;ref&gt;Bieman, J.M.; Murdock, V., ''Finding code on the World Wide Web: a preliminary investigation'', Proceedings First IEEE International Workshop on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;
* fanisana ireo filazana ilay fiteny, izany hoe ny anarany, hita amin' ny alalan' ny milina fikarohana ao amin' ny tranonkala.

Nampitambatra ny fampahalalana avy amin' ny vohikala samihafa ny stackify.com sady naka ny salan' izany fampahalalana izany, ary nitatitra ireto fiteny fampandaharana folo be mpampiasa indrindra ireto tao amin' ny filaharany ho an' ny taona 2018, araka ny filaharana midina manomboka amin' ny be mpampiasa indrindra amin' ny ankapobeny: Java, [[Fiteny C|C]], C++, Python, C#, JavaScript, VB .NET, R, [[PHP]] ary MATLAB.&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ ''Most Popular and Influential Programming Languages of 2018'']. stackify.com. 2017-12-18. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-08-29. datin' ny tahiry: 30 August 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004924/https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Jona 2024, ny fiteny fampandaharana dimy voalohany araka ny tondro TIOBE (tondro fandaharana ny fiteny fampandaharana araka ny habetsahan' ny fampiasana azy) dia ny Python, C++, [[Fiteny C|C]], Java ary C#. Manome lisitry ny fiteny fampandaharana 100 voalohany araka io tondro io ny TIOBE ary manavao izany lisitra izany isam-bolana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ ''TIOBE Index'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 24 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny mpiasan' ny gazety ''IEEE Spectrum'', dia mety mbola hanjaka ireo fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra tamin' ny fotoana nanaovan' izy ireo izany fanombanana izany, noho ny fomba fiasan' ny AI (haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona, izany hoe ny fahaizan' ny milina manao asa mitaky faharanitan-tsaina). Noho izany, dia ho sarotra kokoa amin' ny fiteny vaovao ny hahazo mpampiasa betsaka, satria tsy hanoratra fandaharana maro amin' ireo fiteny ireo ny mpanoratra kaody.&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2025 ''IEEE Spectrum'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 25 September 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Endri-piteny, endrika samihafa ary fanatanterahana ==
Ny '''endri-piteny''' (''dialect'' amin' ny teny anglisy) amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana na fiteny fifanakalozana angona dia fiovana na fanitarana somary kely amin' ilay fiteny, izay tsy manova ny toetra fototra ananany.&lt;ref&gt;Cordy, James R.; Halpern-Hamu, Charles D.; Promislow, Eric. ''TXL: A rapid prototyping system for programming language dialects''. ''Computer Languages''. 1991. boky: 16. pp.: 97–107. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1016/0096-0551(91)90019-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ny fiteny toy ny Scheme sy Forth, dia mety hihevitra ny fenitra ho tsy ampy, tsy mifanaraka amin' ny filàna, na tsy manan-kery ny mpamorona ny rindrankajy manatanteraka ireo fiteny ireo. Noho izany, dia matetika izy ireo no miala amin' ny fenitra ka mamorona endri-piteny vaovao. Amin' ny toe-javatra hafa, dia foronina ny endri-piteny mba hampiasaina amin' ny fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray, ary matetika dia ampahany amin' ny fiteny fototra ihany no ao aminy. Eo amin' ny tontolon' ny Lisp, dia heverina ho endri-pitenin' ny Lisp ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny mampiasa ny fitsipi-panorenana fototry ny teny S (''S-expression'') sady manome ny kaody hevitra mitovitovy amin' izay omen' ny Lisp azy, na dia samy hafa be aza ireo fiteny ireo, toy ny Racket sy Clojure, ohatra. Koa satria mahazatra ny fisian' ny endri-piteny maromaro amin' ny fiteny iray, dia mety ho tena sarotra ho an' ny mpanao fandaharana tsy ampy traikefa ny mahita ny tahirin-kevitra mifanaraka amin' izay ampiasainy. Manana endri-piteny maro ny fiteny BASIC (fiteny fampandaharana ho an' ny vao manomboka).

== Fanasokajiana ==
Momba ny antsipiriany: Lisitra voasokajin' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Azo faritana araka ireto sokajy ankapobeny manaraka ireto ny fiteny fampandaharana, na dia mety hifanindry aza ireo sokajy ireo indraindray:&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mandidy
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana mandidy dia ahafahana manatanteraka lôjika voasoratra ho filaharan' ny asa atao araka ny lamina voafaritra. Sokajina ho fiteny mandidy ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny be mpampiasa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mifototra amin' ny lefa
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa dia ahafahana mampihatra lefa mifandimby amin' ny masontsivana omena azy. Ny lefa dia fitsipika mampifandray ny angona ampidirina amin' ny vokatra, ary ny masontsivana eto dia ireo angona omena azy. Na dia ankasitrahan' ny mpikaroka maro aza ireo fiteny ireo noho ny fahatsorany sy ny firindrany, dia nanakana ny fielezan' ny fampiasana azy ny olana momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Lôjika
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana lôjika dia natao mba ho ny rindrankajy, fa tsy ny mpampandahatra, no hanapa-kevitra ny amin' ny filaharana hanatanterahana ny baiko.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mifototra amin' ny zavatra
: Ny OOP (fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra) dia miavaka amin' ny fisian' ny toetra toy ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana amin' ny fikirakirana angona, ny fandovana toetra, ary ny fisafidianana ny asa antsoina mandritra ny fanatanterahana. Tohanan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny mandidy be mpampiasa sy ny fiteny mifototra amin' ny lefa sasany ny OOP.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Fametahana marika
: Na dia tsy fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny heviny hentitra aza ny fiteny fametahana marika, dia mety hahafahana mampifandray azy amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana izany.
; Manokana
: Misy fiteny natao ho an' ny tanjona manokana izay tsy mora ampitahaina amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Fampitahana ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Fampitahana ny fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny baiko fototra]]
* [[Fampandaharana solosaina]]
* [[Kajimirindra]] sy [[topimaso momba ny kajimirindra]]
* [[Fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray]]
* [[Famolavolana modely natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana natao ho an' ny fampianarana]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana noforonina ho fanandramana na ho fialamboly]]
* [[Fampandaharana ahafahana manitatra ny fiteny]]
** [[Fiteny fampandaharana azo itarina ny fitsipi-panorenany]]
* [[Fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny toetra tsy miova]], izany hoe fepetra tazonina ho marina
* [[Fampandaharana mifantoka amin' ny famoronana fiteny manokana]]
* [[Lisitr' ireo endrika samihafan' ny BASIC]] (fiteny fampandaharana)
* [[Lisitr' ireo fiteny fampandaharana manana kaody]] loharano misokatra
* [[Lisitr' ireo mpikaroka momba ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Ireo lisitry ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Fampandaharana lôjika]]
* [[Fampandaharana mampiaraka ny kaody]] sy ny [[fanazavana azy amin' ny fitenin' olombelona]]
* [[Fiteny ilazana fiteny hafa]]
* [[Fampandaharana mikirakira fandaharana]]
** Fampandaharana mikirakira fandaharana ao amin' ny [[Ruby (fiteny fampandaharana)]]
* [[Fiteny famaritana modely]]
* [[Teôria momba ny fiteny fampandaharana]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana ampiasain' ireo tranonkala be mpampiasa indrindra]]
* [[Kaody fanoritsoritana]]
* [[Endrika samihafan' ny fiteny Rebol]]
* [[Fampandaharana ahafahan' ny fandaharana mandinika na manova ny firafiny]]
* [[Fiteny fampandaharana ho an' ny asa siantifika]]
* [[Fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika]]
* [[Hevitra omen' ny lôjika ny teny sy marika]]
* [[Injenieria momba ny rindrankajy]] sy [[lisitr' ireo lohahevitra momba ny injenieria amin' ny rindrankajy]]
* [[Fitsipi-panorenana amin' ny lôjika]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|vakiteny fanampiny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny fampandaharana}}

* [[Hal Abelson|Abelson, Harold]]; [[Gerald Jay Sussman|Sussman, Gerald Jay]]. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html ''Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'']. MIT Press. 1996. datin' ny tahiry: 9 March 2018. fanontana: 2nd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180309173822/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Raphael Finkel: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022141742/http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ Advanced Programming Language Design]'', Addison Wesley 1995.
* Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, Christopher T. Haynes: ''Essentials of Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2001.
* David Gelernter, Suresh Jagannathan: ''Programming Linguistics'', The MIT Press 1990.
* Ellis Horowitz (mpandrindra): ''Programming Languages, a Grand Tour'' (fanontana faha-3), 1987.
* Ellis Horowitz: ''Fundamentals of Programming Languages'', 1989.
* Shriram Krishnamurthi: ''Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation'', [https://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ navoaka an-tserasera] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430210417/http://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ tahiry tamin' ny 30 April 2021].
* Gabbrielli, Maurizio; Martini, Simone. ''Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms''. Springer. 2023. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-031-34144-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 2nd.
* Bruce J. MacLennan: ''Principles of Programming Languages: Design, Evaluation, and Implementation'', Oxford University Press 1999.
* John C. Mitchell: ''Concepts in Programming Languages'', Cambridge University Press 2002.
* Nofre, David; Priestley, Mark; Alberts, Gerard. ''When Technology Became Language: The Origins of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950–1960''. ''Technology and Culture''. 2014. boky: 55. laharana: 1. pp.: 40–75. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0040-165X&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1353/tech.2014.0031&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 24468397&lt;/nowiki&gt;. pmid: 24988794.
* [[Benjamin C. Pierce]]: ''Types and Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2002.
* Terrence W. Pratt sy Marvin Victor Zelkowitz: ''Programming Languages: Design and Implementation'' (fanontana faha-4), Prentice Hall 2000.
* Peter H. Salus. ''Handbook of Programming Languages'' (boky 4). Macmillan 1998.
* Ravi Sethi: ''Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs'', fanontana faha-2, Addison-Wesley 1996.
* Michael L. Scott sy Jonathan Aldrich: ''Programming Language Pragmatics'', fanontana faha-5, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2025.
* Sebesta, Robert W. ''Concepts of Programming Languages''. Addison-Wesley. 2012. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-13-139531-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 10.
* Franklyn Turbak sy David Gifford niaraka tamin' i Mark Sheldon: ''Design Concepts in Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2009.
* Peter Van Roy sy Seif Haridi. ''Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming'', The MIT Press 2004.
* [[David Watt|David A. Watt]]. ''Programming Language Concepts and Paradigms''. Prentice Hall 1990.
* David A. Watt sy Muffy Thomas. ''Programming Language Syntax and Semantics''. Prentice Hall 1991.
* David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Processors''. Prentice Hall 1993.
* David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Design Concepts''. John Wiley &amp; Sons 2004.
* Wilson, Leslie B. ''Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition''. Addison-Wesley. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-201-71012-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

[[Sokajy:Kajimirindra]]
[[Sokajy:Solosaina]]</text>
      <sha1>nb1swiwe03tnn8v55olf82hf92kwk2n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Ala masina ao Etiopia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>302634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153446</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T18:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namorona sokajy</comment>
      <origin>1153446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="f8jqo43o6pdeinisroluodnxbhcvp6j" xml:space="preserve">Ala aminin'ny monastera ortodoksa any Etiopia</text>
      <sha1>f8jqo43o6pdeinisroluodnxbhcvp6j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153447</id>
      <parentid>1153446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T18:20:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Sokajy:Ala masina]] ho [[Sokajy:Ala masina ao Etiopia]] i Chirocca77</comment>
      <origin>1153446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="f8jqo43o6pdeinisroluodnxbhcvp6j" xml:space="preserve">Ala aminin'ny monastera ortodoksa any Etiopia</text>
      <sha1>f8jqo43o6pdeinisroluodnxbhcvp6j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Ala masina</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>302635</id>
    <redirect title="Sokajy:Ala masina ao Etiopia" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153448</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T18:20:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Sokajy:Ala masina]] ho [[Sokajy:Ala masina ao Etiopia]] i Chirocca77</comment>
      <origin>1153448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="dnhsvkiwn3nx9tjomw2kuape312tdie" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[:Sokajy:Ala masina ao Etiopia]]</text>
      <sha1>dnhsvkiwn3nx9tjomw2kuape312tdie</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Tontolo iainana</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>302636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153449</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T18:21:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namorona sokajy</comment>
      <origin>1153449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="r4kmv816tp2b2aumv9gwhhquh3lhth9" xml:space="preserve">mahakasika tontolo iainana</text>
      <sha1>r4kmv816tp2b2aumv9gwhhquh3lhth9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anantsatria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153452</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T19:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="723" sha1="og62bdp4390p65q3gbi8k6dcivsvlh8" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''anantsatria''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]])

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo
* ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' L. (''Solanaceae'') -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizanaretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Anamamy]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'').</text>
      <sha1>og62bdp4390p65q3gbi8k6dcivsvlh8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angivibe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153455</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jereo koa</comment>
      <origin>1153455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="730" sha1="e6zq44us3u4rmnlo92nhgysegx6dug7" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''angivibe''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]])

* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') --  angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') --  angivibe, angivy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>e6zq44us3u4rmnlo92nhgysegx6dug7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boreraka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153456</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153456</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="547" sha1="84ecpxatfo8jwdx5kwirx4nswndrbcy" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''boreraka''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Asterales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]): 

* ''[[Helichrysum selaginifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;(DC.) R. Vig. &amp; Humbert&lt;/small&gt; (''Asteraceae'') -- alaivana, boraka, boreraka, sava, sesikondana
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Helichrysum]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>84ecpxatfo8jwdx5kwirx4nswndrbcy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fahavalonkazo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153457</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:20:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153457</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="804" sha1="16bl7zaeehsj71883hlokfripv1qr6p" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''fahavalonkazo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery
* ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rutaceae'') -- fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, manongo, tsihanimpoza

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>16bl7zaeehsj71883hlokfripv1qr6p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mimosa latispinosa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153459</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Fabaceae</comment>
      <origin>1153459</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="477" sha1="swy0qx86d2bekx82lad2r19t8ivchjv" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Mimosa latispinosa''''' dia karazana hazo mafy, ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Mimosaceae]]'' (araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]]) na ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]]). Izao ny anarany amin' ny teny malagasy: '''ahibelona''', '''anakoaimatahepatsa''', '''anakoe matahipantsika''', '''anankoaimatahepatsa''', '''finakanajaza''', '''komemy''', '''roimemy''', '''romemy''', '''romena'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Mimosa]]'' 
* [[Roimemy]]:</text>
      <sha1>swy0qx86d2bekx82lad2r19t8ivchjv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manongo (zavamaniry)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153460</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T20:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="876" sha1="mmq7s28ftr64c62r28n1jla609e0whz" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''manongo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]) ary ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]):

* ''[[Caesalpinia sepiaria]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;. (''Fabaceae'') -- manongo, roimbazaha, roimemy, roinaombalahy, roinombilahy, roinomby, tsiafakaombe, tsiafakomby
* ''[[Dombeya borraginea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') --  manongo, valoambaka
* ''[[Zanthoxylum decaryi]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt;  (''Rutaceae'') --  manago, manongo, manongovola
* ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;  (''Rutaceae'') -- fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, manongo, tsihanimpoza
* ''[[Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''Rutaceae'') -- manongo, tsihanimpoza 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Caesalpinia]]''
* ''[[Dombeya]]''
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''</text>
      <sha1>mmq7s28ftr64c62r28n1jla609e0whz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazomiarotena</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153462</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T21:02:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="930" sha1="gw36tk0jft5npwe9u0uvig6etqscidy" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hazomiarotena''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana ''[[Sapindales]]'') ary ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]): 

* ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' L. (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- fantsikahitra, fantsikakolahy, fantsikala, fantsimbala, fantsinakoholahy, fantsy, fatsitokoho, fatsobala, fatsy, hazolahy, hazomiarotena, hendratra, marofatika, mokotrala, monty, orifataka, tsirimboalavo, velivato
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery
* ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rutaceae'') -- fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, manongo, tsihanimpoza

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Carissa]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''</text>
      <sha1>gw36tk0jft5npwe9u0uvig6etqscidy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hendramena</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153463</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T21:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="520" sha1="tf9svvzl84e0s6cey4vqp6i0o0sadef" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hendramena''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Dalbergia]]'' sp. (''Fabaceae'') -- 
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''Solanum nitens'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') (''Solanaceae'') --  lahirohy, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dalbergia]]''  
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>tf9svvzl84e0s6cey4vqp6i0o0sadef</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hery (zavamaniry)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153464</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T21:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="438" sha1="770lbyhy49ju0jx08lin8fym82043oo" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hery''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fialanakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Mimosa asperata]]'' L. (''Fabaceae'') --  hery, riotra, roitra
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Mimosa]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>770lbyhy49ju0jx08lin8fym82043oo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Al-Khwarizmi</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153467</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T00:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1382646164</comment>
      <origin>1153467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84671" sha1="ch6t7pa0it8yd72kyofqrgnan6k6l2w" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+ Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[File:Madrid - Ciudad Universitaria, Monumento a Muhammad al-Juarismi (cropped).jpg|250px|alt=Sarivongana metaly mampiseho hatreo amin' ny tratran' ny lehilahy iray be volombava, mitafy akanjo lava sy satroka mihodidina, ary mitana boky sy maodely goba, endrika telo refy manana lafy enina efamira mitovy.]]&lt;br /&gt;Sarivongana ao [[Madrid]], natsangana tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref&gt;date: November 26, 2020; title: ''Monument to Muhammad al-Khwarizmi erected in Madrid''; url: https://uza.uz/en/posts/monument-to-muhammad-al-khwarizmi-erected-in-madrid_189785; url-status: live; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20201126104717/https://uza.uz/en/posts/monument-to-muhammad-al-khwarizmi-erected-in-madrid_189785; archive-date: November 26, 2020; access-date: March 16, 2025; work: Uzbekistan National News Agency.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Anarana amin' ny teny arabo
| Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (&lt;span lang=&quot;ar&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ&lt;/span&gt;)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Teraka
| Tokony ho tamin' ny 780
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Toerana nahaterahana
| [[Kôrazmia|Khwarazm]], [[Kalifata Abasida|Kalifata abasida]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Maty
| Tokony ho tamin' ny 850&lt;ref&gt;last1: Toomer; first1: Gerald J.; author1-link: Gerald J. Toomer; editor1-last: Gillispie; editor1-first: Charles Coulston; title: ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography''; date: 1970–1980; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; volume: VII; pages: 358–365; chapter: ''al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā''; publisher: Scribner.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Vernet; first1: Juan; editor1-last: Gibb; editor1-first: H. A. R.; editor2-last: Kramers; editor2-first: J. H.; editor3-last: Lévi-Provençal; editor3-first: E.; editor4-last: Schacht; editor4-first: J.; title: ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''; date: 1960–2005; publisher: Brill; location: Leiden; volume: IV; pages: 1070–1071; edition: 2nd; chapter: ''Al-Khwārizmī''; oclc: 399624.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Vanim-potoana
| Vanim-potoana volamenan' ny sivilizasiôna silamo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sehatra tena nahaliana azy
| Matematika, astronomia, jeografia
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Asa ara-kevitra
| Lahatsoratra momba ny [[Aljebra|aljebra]], na fomba anehoana sy anodinana ny habetsahana tsy fantatra ao anaty fampimirana, sy ny rafitra fanoratana isa hindo-arabo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Asa nosoratany
| ''Al-Jabr'' (820)&lt;br /&gt;''Zij as-Sindhind'' (820)&lt;br /&gt;''Kitab Surat al-Ard'' (833)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Olona niantefan' ny asany
| Abu Kamil avy any Ejipta,&lt;ref name=&quot;MacTutor-AK&quot;&gt;O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abu_Kamil.html &quot;Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam&quot;] Webarchive; url: https://web.archive.org/web/20131211214159/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abu_Kamil.html; date: 11 December 2013., MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia|Nicolo Tartaglia]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Toeram-piasana
| Tranon' ny Fahendrena tao [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] (voatendry tokony ho tamin' ny 820)
|}

'''Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi''',&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Misy tsy fitoviana ao amin' ny boky sy lahatsoratra momba ny anarany feno: Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (&lt;span lang=&quot;fa&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;ابو عبدالله محمد بن موسى خوارزمی&lt;/span&gt;) sa Abū Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (&lt;span lang=&quot;fa&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;ابوجعفر محمد بن موسی خوارزمی&lt;/span&gt;).
Manoratra toy izao i [[Ibn Khaldoun|Ibn Khaldun]] ao amin' ny ''Prolegomena''-ny, araka ny dikanteny malagasy: «I Abu 'Abdallah al-Khuwarizmi no voalohany nanoratra momba ity taranja ity [aljebra]. Taoriany dia nisy i Abu Kamil Shuja' b. Aslam. Nanaraka ny diany ny olona.» Loharano: Ibn Khaldūn, [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Table_of_Contents.htm ''The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history''] Webarchive; url: https://web.archive.org/web/20160917023325/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Table_of_Contents.htm; date: 17 September 2016., nadikan' i Franz Rosenthal avy amin' ny teny arabo, New York: Princeton (1958), toko VI:19.
Ao amin' ny teny fampidirany ny famakafakana mitsikera nataony momba ny fandikan' i Robert of Chester ny ''Algebra'' nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī ho amin' ny teny latina, dia milaza i L. C. Karpinski fa ny anarana hoe Abū Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā dia manondro ny zokiny indrindra amin' ny [[Frères Banou Moussa|mpirahalahy Banū Mūsā]]. Ao amin' ny famerenany ny (Ruska 1917), dia milaza i Karpinski fa ao amin' ny (Ruska 1918), araka ny dikanteny malagasy: «Eto i Ruska dia miantso tsy nahy ny mpanoratra hoe Abū Ga'far M. b. M., fa tsy Abū Abdallah M. b. M.»
I Donald Knuth kosa manoratra ny anarana hoe Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, ary milaza ny heviny toy izao, araka ny dikanteny malagasy: «ara-bakiteny, 'Rain' i Abdullah, Mohammed, zanak' i Moses, teratany avy any Khwārizm,'», sady mitanisa asa nataon' i Heinz Zemanek talohan' izany. Loharano: first: Donald; last: Knuth; chapter: ''Basic Concepts''; title: ''The Art of Computer Programming''; volume: 1; edition: 3rd; year: 1997; publisher: Addison-Wesley; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 1.&lt;/ref&gt; na '''al-Khwarizmi''' fotsiny (tokony ho tamin' ny 780 – tokony ho tamin' ny 850), dia matematisiana niasa nandritra ny Vanim-potoana volamenan' ny sivilizasiôna silamo, izay namokatra asa tamin' ny teny arabo momba ny matematika, ny astronomia ary ny jeografia.
Tokony ho tamin' ny 820 izy no niasa tao amin' ny Tranon' ny Fahendrena tao [[Bagdad|Baghdad]], izay renivohitry ny [[Kalifata Abasida|Kalifata abasida]] tamin' izany fotoana izany. Anisan' ny manam-pahaizana nisongadina indrindra tamin' izany vanim-potoana izany izy, ary nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana ny asany, na tany amin' ny tontolo silamo na tany Eorôpa.

Vitsy ny antsipiriany fantatra momba ny fiainan' i al-Khwarizmi. Ny lahatsorany natao hampahafantarana ny [[Aljebra|aljebra]], izay nangoniny teo anelanelan' ny 813 sy 833 tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Al-Jabr'' (''The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing''),&lt;ref name=&quot; Oaks&quot;&gt;Oaks, J. (2009), ''Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra'', ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'', 63(2), 169–203, p. 171.&lt;/ref&gt; no nanolotra voalohany fomba voarindra hamahana ny fampimirana ambaratonga voalohany sy ny fampimirana ambaratonga faharoa, izany hoe fampimirana izay iray na roa, arakaraka izany, ny ambaratonga ambony indrindra ananan' ny tsy fantatra. Anisan' ny zava-bitany teo amin' ny aljebra ny fampisehoany ny fomba hamahana ny fampimirana ambaratonga faharoa amin' ny alalan' ny famenoana ho toradroa, izany hoe fanampiana singa mba hahazoana fanehoana azo soratana ho toradroa; nanome fanamarinana ara-jeometria, mifototra amin' ny endrika sy ny fifandraisana ara-toerana, izy ho an' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maher&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;p. 14&lt;/sup&gt;
Satria i al-Khwarizmi no voalohany nandray ny aljebra ho taranja mahaleo tena sady nampiditra ny fomba «fanafoanana singa mitovy» sy «fampifandanjana» (famindrana ny singa esorina ho amin' ny lafy ilan' ny fampimirana, izany hoe fanafoanana ny singa mitovy eo amin' ny lafy roa mifanohitra amin' ny fampimirana),&lt;ref&gt;(Boyer 1991, &quot;The Arabic Hegemony&quot; p. 229) &quot;It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like &quot;restoration&quot; or &quot;completion&quot; and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to &quot;reduction&quot; or &quot;balancing&quot; — that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; dia nisy nanoritsoritra azy ho rain' ny aljebra&lt;ref name=&quot;Corbin 1998 44&quot;&gt;url: https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44; title: ''The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy''; last: Corbin; first: Henry; date: 1998; publisher: North Atlantic; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 44; access-date: 19 October 2020; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222614/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Boyer, Carl B., 1985. ''A History of Mathematics'', p.&amp;nbsp;252. Princeton University Press. &quot;Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra, but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khowarizmi...&quot;, &quot;...the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gandz, Solomon, ''The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra'', Osiris, i (1936), 263–277, &quot;Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called &quot;the father of algebra&quot; than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; na ho mpanorina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katz&quot;&gt;last: Katz; first: Victor J.; title: ''Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching''; url: https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf; journal: VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA; pages: 190; via: University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA; quote: The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.; access-date: 7 October 2017; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085930/https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf; archive-date: 27 March 2019; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;url: https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&amp;pg=PA188; title: ''The Oxford History of Islam''; last: Esposito; first: John L.; author-link: John Esposito; date: 6 April 2000; publisher: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: en; page: 188; quote: Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm.; access-date: 29 September 2020; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222600/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&amp;pg=PA188; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny teny anglisy hoe ''algebra'' dia avy amin' ny anarana fanafohezana an' ilay lahatsorany voalaza teo (''Al-Jabr'', &lt;span lang=&quot;ar&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;الجبر&lt;/span&gt;, izay midika hoe «famenoana» na «fampiraisana indray»).&lt;ref&gt;last: Brentjes; first: Sonja; author-link: Sonja Brentjes; date: 1 June 2007; title: ''Algebra''; url: https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&amp;s.q=al+khwarazmi; encyclopedia: Encyclopaedia of Islam; edition: 3rd; access-date: 5 June 2019; archive-date: 22 December 2019; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20191222153702/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&amp;s.q=al+khwarazmi; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, ny fandikana ny [[#Aritmetika|boky fampianaran' i al-Khwarizmi momba ny aritmetika indiana]], na kajy atao amin' ny isa, ho amin' ny teny latina (''Algorithmo de Numero Indorum''), izay nandamina ho fitsipika ny tarehimarika indiana isan-karazany, no nampiditra tao amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] ny rafitra fanoratana isa miankina amin' ny toeran' ny tarehimarika, izay mifototra amin' ny folo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Struik 93&quot;&gt;Struik (1987), p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, ny ''Al-Jabr'', izay nadikan' ilay manam-pahaizana anglisy Robert of Chester ho amin' ny teny latina tamin' ny 1145, dia nampiasaina ho boky fampianarana matematika fototra tany amin' ny oniversite eorôpeana hatramin' ny taonjato faha-16.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20191220170300/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ; url-status: dead; archive-date: 20 December 2019; title: ''History of the Arabs''; last: Hitti; first: Philip Khuri; year: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 379; publisher: Palgrave Macmillan.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159; url-access: registration; title: ''A History of the Islamic World''; publisher: Hippocrene; last1: Hill; first1: Fred James; first2: Nicholas; last2: Awde; year: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/55 55]; quote: &quot;The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing&quot; (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: http://www.ms.uky.edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21.html; title: ''Al-Khwarizmi''; first1: Shawn; last1: Overbay; first2: Jimmy; last2: Schorer; first3: Heather; last3: Conger; publisher: University of Kentucky; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20131212235239/http://www.ms.uky.edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21.html; archive-date: 12 December 2013; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm; title: ''Islam Spain and the history of technology''; access-date: 24 January 2018; archive-date: 11 October 2018; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20181011150650/http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nohavaozin' i al-Khwarizmi ny ''Geography'', lahatsoratra tamin' ny teny grika nosoratan' i [[Klaodio Ptôlemeo|Ptolemy]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-2, ka nitanisany ny laharan-jara hasina sy ny laharam-pehintanin' ny tanàna sy ny toerana samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). ''A History of Algebra: From al–Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether''. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Namokatra andian-tabilao momba ny astronomia koa izy ary nanoratra momba ny asa mifandray amin' ny kalandrie, ary koa ny fitaovana fandrefesana ny toerana misy ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra (''astrolabe'') sy ny famantaranandro masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Arndt (1983), p. 669.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny trigonometria, na fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny zoro sy ny lafin' ny telozoro, i al-Khwarizmi, tamin' ny famokarany tabilao marina tsara momba ny asa trigonometrika antsoina hoe ''sine'' sy ''cosine''.

Natao endrika latina hoe ''Algoritmi'' ny anaran' i al-Khwarizmi, ka ny anarany no niavian' ny teny hoe ''algorithm'' (algôritma, na dingana voalamina arahina mba hanatanterahana kajy na hamahana olana).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehri&quot;&gt;last1: Mehri; first1: Bahman; date: 2017; title: ''From Al-Khwarizmi to Algorithm''; url: https://ioinformatics.org/journal/v11si_2017_71_74.pdf; journal: Olympiads in Informatics; volume: 11; issue: Special Issue; publisher: Vilinus University; pages: 71–74; doi: 10.15388/ioi.2017; doi-broken-date: 8 May 2026; access-date: May 6, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara momba ny fiainany ==
Vitsy ny zavatra fantatra amim-pahatokisana momba ny fiainan' i al-Khwārizmī. Araka ny filazan' i Ibn al-Nadim, dia tao [[Kôrazmia|Khwarazm]] no nahaterahany, ary heverina amin' ny ankapobeny fa avy tamin' io faritra io izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science and medicine&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;last1: Oaks; first1: Jeffrey A.; editor1-last: Kalin; editor1-first: Ibrahim; title: ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam''; date: 2014; publisher: Oxford University Press; location: [[Oxford]]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; volume: 1; pages: 451–459; chapter: ''Khwārizmī''; chapter-url-access: registration; chapter-url: https://www.academia.edu/27227712; access-date: 6 September 2021; archive-date: 30 January 2022; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20220130123536/https://www.academia.edu/27227712; url-status: live.&lt;br /&gt;Dikanteny malagasy: « Mitantara i Ibn al-Nadīm sy i Ibn al-Qifṭī fa avy tany Khwārizm, ilay faritra eo atsimon' ny Ranomasina Aral, ny fianakavian' i al-Khwārizmī. »&lt;br /&gt;Jereo koa: al-Nadīm, Abu'l-Faraj (1871–1872). ''Kitāb al-Fihrist'', ed. Gustav Flügel, Leipzig: Vogel, p. [https://archive.org/details/KitabAlFihrist/page/n447/mode/2up 274]. al-Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn (1903). ''Taʾrīkh al-Hukamā'', eds. August Müller &amp; Julius Lippert, Leipzig: Theodor Weicher, p. [https://archive.org/details/TarikhAlHukama/page/n237/mode/2up 286].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Dodge&quot;&gt;editor-last: Dodge; editor-first: Bayard; translator-last: Dodge; title: ''The Fihrist of al-Nadīm: A Tenth-Century Survey of Islamic Culture''; publisher: Columbia University Press; place: New York; year: 1970; volume: 2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Persàna (vahoaka)|Persàna]] fiaviana izy.&lt;ref&gt;author: Clifford A. Pickover; title: ''The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics''; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&amp;pg=PA84; year: 2009; publisher: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4027-5796-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 84; access-date: 19 October 2020; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222600/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&amp;pg=PA84; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Science and medicine&quot;&gt;last1: Saliba; first1: George; title: ''Science and medicine''; journal: Iranian Studies; date: September 1998; volume: 31; issue: 3–4; pages: 681–690; doi: 10.1080/00210869808701940; quote: Take, for example, someone like Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi (fl. 850) may present a problem for the EIr, for although he was obviously of Persian descent, he lived and worked in Baghdad and was not known to have produced a single scientific work in Persian..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;''A History of Science in World Cultures: Voices of Knowledge''. Routledge. Page 228. Dikanteny malagasy: « Persàna astrônôma sy matematisiana avy tao amin' ny distrikan' i Khwarism (any amin' ny faritr' i Ozbekistàna ao Azia Afovoany) i Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780–850). »&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;last1: Ben-Menahem; first1: Ari; author-link1: Ari Ben-Menahem; title: ''Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences''; date: 2009; publisher: Springer; location: Berlin; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-540-68831-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 942–943; edition: 1st; quote: Persian mathematician Al-Khowarizmi.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;last1: Wiesner-Hanks; first1: Merry E.; last2: Ebrey; first2: Patricia Buckley; last3: Beck; first3: Roger B.; last4: Davila; first4: Jerry; last5: Crowston; first5: Clare Haru; last6: McKay; first6: John P.; author1-link: Merry Wiesner-Hanks; author2-link: Patricia Buckley Ebrey; author6-link: John P. McKay; title: ''A History of World Societies''; date: 2017; publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's; page: 419; edition: 11th; quote: Near the beginning of this period the Persian scholar al-Khwarizmi (d. ca. 850) harmonized Greek and Indian findings to produce astronomical tables that formed the basis for later Eastern and Western research..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;last: Kerner; first: Richard; date: January 14, 2026; title: ''Astronomy in the Islamic World: A European Perspective''; publisher: Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée Sorbonne-Université; location: Paris, France; page: 6; arxiv: 2601.09899; quote: [Algebra] was coined by Persian mathematician and astronomer al-Khwarizmi (ca.780 - ca. 850 C.E.) who lived in Baghdad, in his treatise....&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;EI3; last: Oaks; first: Jeffrey; title: ''al-Khwarazmī, Muḥammad b. Mūsā''; url: https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-35594.xml?rskey=In2IIL; quote: Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārazmī (also al-Khwārizmī, fl. 205–26/820–40), was a mathematician, astronomer, and geographer of Persian origin who worked in Baghdad.; year: 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
Midika hoe « avy any Khwarazm » ny anarany. Faritra anisan' i [[Iràna Lehibe]] i Khwarazm,&lt;ref&gt;Encycloaedia Iranica-online, s.v. &quot;[https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii CHORASMIA, ii. In Islamic times] Webarchive; url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210902091627/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii; date: 2 September 2021.,&quot; by Clifford E. Bosworth.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ao anatin' i [[Tiorkmenistàna]] sy i [[Ozbekistàna]] izy ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bosworth; first1: Clifford Edmund; author1-link: Clifford Edmund Bosworth; editor1-last: Gibb; editor1-first: H. A. R.; editor2-last: Kramers; editor2-first: J. H.; editor3-last: Lévi-Provençal; editor3-first: E.; editor4-last: Schacht; editor4-first: J.; title: ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''; date: 1960–2005; publisher: Brill; location: Leiden; volume: IV; pages: 1060–1065; edition: 2nd; chapter: ''Khwārazm''; oclc: 399624.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia tsy Arabo fiaviana aza izy (azo inoana fa khwārezmiana), dia tamin' ny teny arabo avokoa no nanoratany ny asa ara-tsiansany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science and medicine&quot; /&gt;

Muḥammad ibn Musá al-Khwārizmī al-Majūsī al-Quṭrubbullī (محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسـيّ القطربّـليّ) no anarana nomen' i [[Al-Tabari]] azy. Mety hidika ny anarana fanampiny hoe ''al-Qutrubbulli'' fa avy tany Qutrubbul (Qatrabbul),&lt;ref&gt;''Iraq After the Muslim Conquest'', nosoratan' i Michael G. Morony, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-59333-315-3&lt;/nowiki&gt; (fanontana tamin' ny 2005 mamerina mitovy endrika ilay boky nivoaka tamin' ny 1984), [https://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&amp;dq=qatrabbul&amp;pg=PA145 p.&amp;nbsp;145] Webarchive; url: https://web.archive.org/web/20140627081909/http://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&amp;pg=PA145&amp;dq=qatrabbul; date: 27 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; akaikin' i Baghdad, izy fa tsy avy tany Khwarazm. Lavin' i Roshdi Rashed anefa izany:&lt;ref&gt;last: Rashed; first: Roshdi; author-link: Roshdi Rashed; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC; title: ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk''; date: 1988; publisher: SUNY Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-88706-698-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Zurayq; editor-first: Qusṭanṭīn; page: 108; contribution: ''al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra''; editor2-last: Atiyeh; editor2-first: George Nicholas; editor3-last: Oweiss; editor3-first: Ibrahim M.; contribution-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC&amp;pg=PA108; access-date: 19 October 2015; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222551/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Dikanteny malagasy: « Tsy ilaina ny ho manam-pahaizana momba io vanim-potoana io na momba ny teny sy ny soratra taloha mba hahitana fa tokony hovakina hoe “Muhammad ibn Mūsa al-Khwārizmī sy al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli” ny filazana faharoa nataon' i al-Tabari, ary olona roa no resahina, dia i al-Khwārizmī sy i al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli, ka nesorina tao amin' ny kopia iray tany am-boalohany ny litera ''wa'' [“و” amin' ny teny arabo, izay enti-milaza ny mpampitohy hoe “sy”] teo anelanelan' izy roa. Tsy ho mendrika holazaina izany raha tsy nisy fahadisoana nifanesy momba an' i al-Khwārizmī, ary indraindray aza momba ny niavian' ny fahalalany. Vao haingana, i G.J. Toomer ... no namorona tantara nofinofy iray manontolo niainga tamin' io fahadisoana io, tamim-pahatokisana tsy misy ahiahy; tsy azo lavina anefa fa nahafaly ny mpamaky izany. »
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I David A. King kosa manamafy ny anarana mampifandray azy amin' ny toerana niaviany (''nisba'') hoe Qutrubul. Araka ny filazany, dia nantsoina hoe al-Khwārizmī al-Qutrubbulli izy satria teraka teny ivelan' i Baghdad, akaikin' ilay tanàna.&lt;ref&gt;people: King, David A.; title: ''Astronomy in the Service of Islam''; date: 7 March 2018; time: 20:51; publisher: Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation – Centre for the Study of Islamic Manuscripts; url: https://al-furqan.com/events/astronomy-in-the-service-of-islam/; quote: I mention another name of Khwarizmi to show that he didn't come from Central Asia. He came from Qutrubul, just outside Baghdad. He was born there, otherwise he wouldn't be called al-Qutrubulli. Many people say he came from Khwarazm, tsk-tsk.; access-date: 26 November 2021; archive-date: 1 December 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20211201005353/https://al-furqan.com/events/astronomy-in-the-service-of-islam/; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Momba ny fivavahan' i al-Khwārizmī, dia nanoratra toy izao i Toomer:&lt;ref name=&quot;toomer&quot;&gt;Toomer (1990).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Dikanteny malagasy: « Toa milaza ny anarana fanampiny iray hafa nomen' i al-Ṭabarī azy, dia ny hoe “al-Majūsī”, fa mpanaraka ny [[Zôrôastrisma|fivavahana zôrôastriana]] fahiny izy. Mbola nety ho izany tokoa ny lehilahy iray iraniana fiaviana tamin' izany fotoana izany. Kanefa ny sasin-teny feno fanehoam-pinoana ao amin' ny ''Algebra'' nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī dia mampiseho fa silamo nifikitra tamin' ny foto-pampianarana eken' ny finoany izy; noho izany, dia tsy afaka nidika afa-tsy hoe zôrôastriana ny razambeny, ary angamba izy ihany koa fony mbola tanora, ilay anarana fanampiny nampiasain' i al-Ṭabarī. »
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ahitana tantaram-piainana fohy momba an' i al-Khwārizmī sy lisitry ny bokiny ny ''Al-Fihrist'' nosoratan' i Ibn al-Nadīm. Teo anelanelan' ny taona 813 sy 833 no nanaovan' i al-Khwārizmī ny ankamaroan' ny asany. Taorian' ny nandresen' ny silamo an' i Persia, dia nanjary foiben' ny fandalinana ara-tsiansa sy ny varotra i Baghdad. Tokony ho tamin' ny taona 820 taorian' i Kristy no nanendrena azy ho astrônôma sy lehiben' ny tranombokin' ny Tranon' ny Fahendrena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maher&quot;&gt;Maher, P. (1998), ''From Al-Jabr to Algebra'', ''Mathematics in School'', 27(4), 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;p. 14&lt;/sup&gt; Ny kalifa al-Ma'mūn avy amin' ny [[Kalifata Abasida|Abasida]] no nanorina ny Tranon' ny Fahendrena. Nandalina ny siansa sy ny matematika i al-Khwārizmī, ary anisan' izany ny fandikana sora-tanana ara-tsiansa amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy ny [[Fiteny sanskrity|teny sanskrity]]. Mpahay tantara koa izy, ary nitanisa azy ny olona toa an' i [[Al-Tabari|al-Tabari]] sy i Ibn Abi Tahir.&lt;ref&gt;''The History of al-Tabari'', boky 32, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt;

Voalaza fa nandray anjara tamin' ny voalohany tamin' ireo iraka diplaômatika roa tany amin' ny [[Kazara (vahoaka)|Kazara]] izy nandritra ny nanjakan' i al-Wathiq.&lt;ref&gt;publisher: BRILL; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-474-2145-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Golden; first1: Peter; last2: Ben-Shammai; first2: Haggai; last3: Roná-Tas; first3: András; title: ''The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium''; date: 13 August 2007; page: 376.&lt;/ref&gt; Milaza i Douglas Morton Dunlop fa mety ho olona iray ihany i Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī sy i Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir, zokiny indrindra tamin' izy telo [[Frères Banou Moussa|mirahalahy Banū Mūsā]].&lt;ref&gt;Dunlop (1943).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fandraisana anjara ==
[[File:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|thumb|Pejy iray amin' ny ''Algebra'' nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī.]]

Ny fandraisan' i al-Khwārizmī anjara tamin' ny matematika, jeografia, astronomia ary fanamboarana sarintany dia nametraka ny fototra ho an' ny fanavaozana teo amin' ny aljebra sy ny trigonometria. Ny fomba fiasany voalamina tamin' ny famahana fampimirana ambaratonga voalohany sy fampimirana ambaratonga faharoa no nipoiran' ny teny hoe ''algebra'' (aljebra), izay nalaina avy amin' ny lohatenin' ny bokiny momba izany, ''Al-Jabr''.&lt;ref&gt;url: http://sharif.edu/~tabesh/math-education.pdf; title: ''Mathematics Education in Iran From Ancient to Modern''; author: Yahya Tabesh; author2: Shima Salehi; website: Sharif University of Technology; access-date: 16 April 2018; archive-date: 16 April 2018; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200423/http://sharif.edu/~tabesh/math-education.pdf; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'', izay nosoratana manodidina ny taona 825,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehri&quot; /&gt; no tena nampiely ny rafitra hindo-arabo fanoratana isa nanerana an' i Afovoany Atsinanana sy Eorôpa. Rehefa nadika tamin' ny teny latina tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 ilay asa, ka nomena ny lohateny hoe ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum'' (Al-Khwarizmi momba ny fomba hindo fanaovana kajy), dia nampidirina tany amin' ny tontolo tandrefana ny teny hoe ''algorithm'' (algôritma).&lt;ref&gt;last: Presner; first: Todd; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=f9X9EAAAQBAJ; title: ''Ethics of the Algorithm: Digital Humanities and Holocaust Memory''; date: 2024-09-24; publisher: Princeton University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-25896-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 20; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Daffa (1977).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;last: Clegg; first: Brian; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=by-4DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA61; title: ''Scientifica Historica: How the world's great science books chart the history of knowledge''; date: 1 October 2019; publisher: Ivy Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-78240-879-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 61; language: en; access-date: 30 December 2021; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222610/https://books.google.com/books?id=by-4DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA61; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sasany tamin' ny asany dia nifototra tamin' ny astronomia persiana sy ny astronomia [[Babilônia|babilôniana]], ny isa indiana ary ny matematika grika.&lt;ref&gt;last: Bradley; first: Michael John; title: ''The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times To 1300''; date: 2006; publisher: Infobase Publishing; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7910-9723-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 99; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=EIdtVPeD7GcC&amp;pg=PA99; language: en; quote: Al-Khwarizmi's most significant astronomical achievement was the creation of an extensive set of tables known as Zij al-sindhind (Astronomical tables of India). He based much of this work on similar tables that Indian astronomer Brahmagupta had included in his seventh-century work Brahmasphutasiddhānta (Improved system of Brahma), a work that Arabic translators had named Zij al-sindhind, combining the words sind, a region of Pakistan, and bind, the Arabic word for India. He also borrowed material from the massive second-century work Almagest (The greatest compilation), created by the Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, and the more recent sixth-century work Zij al-shāh..&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalamina sy nahitsin' i al-Khwārizmī ny angon-kevitr' i [[Klaodio Ptôlemeo]] momba an' i Afrika sy Afovoany Atsinanana. Boky lehibe iray hafa nosoratany ny ''Kitab surat al-ard'' (''The Image of the Earth'', izany hoe “Ny sarin' ny Tany”; nadika hoe ''Geography'', izany hoe “Jeografia”), izay maneho ny fangitra amaritana ireo toerana ara-jeografia, na ny isa mamaritra ny toerana misy azy ireo. Nifototra tamin' ireo ao amin' ny ''Geography'' nosoratan' i Ptôlemeo izany, saingy nohatsaraina ny sanda momba ny [[Ranomasina Mediteranea]], Azia ary Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/al-khwarizmi-biography-notable-achievements-facts/; title: ''Al-Khwārizmī - Biography, Notable Achievements &amp; Facts''; first: World History; last: Edu; date: 28 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra momba ny fitaovana mekanika izy, toy ny ''astrolabe'' (fitaovana fandrefesana ny toerana misy ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra)&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Frank, ''al-Khwarizmi über das Astrolab'', 1922.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny famantaranandro masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Nanampy tamin' ny tetikasa iray hamaritana ny refin' ny manodidina ny Tany sy tamin' ny fanaovana sarintanin' izao tontolo izao ho an' ny kalifa al-Ma'mun izy, sady niandraikitra jeôgrafa 70.&lt;ref&gt;access-date: 30 May 2008; url: https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366; title: ''al-Khwarizmi''; encyclopedia: [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]; archive-date: 5 January 2008; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20080105123350/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa niparitaka tany Eorôpa tamin' ny alalan' ny dikanteny latina ny asany tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, dia nisy fiantraikany lalina tamin' ny fandrosoan' ny matematika tany Eorôpa izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Khwarizmi; title: ''Al-Khwarizmi &amp;#124; Biography &amp; Facts &amp;#124; Britannica''; date: 1 December 2023; website: www.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny lahatsoratra navoaka tao amin' ny ''American Journal of Alternative Education'' tamin' ny 2024, ny fandraisan' i al-Khwarizmi anjara tamin' ny astronomia, izay nampifangaro ny teôria sy ny fampiharana, dia nisy fiantraikany mivantana tamin' ireo astrônôma tamin' ny androny sy tamin' io sehatra io manontolo. Ny fomba fiasany voalamina sy natao tamim-pitandremana ary ny fandrosoana ara-tsiansa vitany tamin' io sehatra io dia nisy fiantraikany mivantana tamin' ny astronomia môderina, araka io lahatsoratra io. Izao no voalaza ao (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;“Ny tabilao astronomikan' i al-Khwarizmi, fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Zij'', dia nanjary fitaovana tena nilain' ny taranaka astrônôma nifandimby tatỳ aoriana. Ireo tabilao ireo dia nahafahana nanao kajy marim-pototra mba haminaniana ny fisehoan-javatra astronomika, toy ny fanakonana ny Masoandro sy ny Volana ary ny toerana misy ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, izay tena nilaina tamin' ny famaritana ny lalana haleha sy ny fandrefesana ny fotoana.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Scientific Bulletin&quot;&gt;last1: Ibragimovich; first1: Zhantaev Maksud; date: December 5, 2024; title: ''The Legacy of Al-Khwarizmi: Pioneering Contributions to Mathematics, Astronomy and Education''; journal: American Journal of Alternative Education; volume: 1; issue: 10; publisher: Scientific Bulletin; pages: 28–32.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Aljebra ===
Ny lahatsoratra fototra momba izany dia ''Al-Jabr''.

Jereo koa ny dikanteny latina tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, ny matematika teo amin' ny tontolo silamo tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ary ny siansa teo amin' ny tontolo silamo tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; width:250px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; widths=&quot;125&quot;&gt;
The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (Arabic).png|Ny sora-tanana arabo tany am-boalohany navoaka an-tsoratra, avy amin' ny ''Book of Algebra'' nosoratan' i Al-Khwārizmī.
The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (English).png|Pejy iray amin' ny ''The Algebra of Al-Khwarizmi'' nataon' i Fredrick Rosen, amin' ny teny anglisy.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Ny ''Al-Jabr'' (''The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing'', amin' ny teny arabo: ''الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة'', ''al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala'') dia boky momba ny matematika nosoratana tokony ho tamin' ny taona 820 taorian' i Kristy. Nosoratana noho ny fampirisihan' ny kalifa al-Ma'mun izy io, mba ho boky manazava ny kajy ho an' ny besinimaro, ary ahitana ohatra sy fampiharana maro amin' ny olana samihafa momba ny varotra, ny fandrefesan-tany ary ny lova ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=Algebra_1831_translation_rosen&gt;url: http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra; work: 1831 English Translation; title: ''The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, al-Khwārizmī''; first: Frederic; last: Rosen; access-date: 2025-11-02; archive-date: 2011-07-16; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101515/http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe ''algebra'' dia avy amin' ny anaran' ny iray amin' ireo fomba fiasa fototra amin' ny fampimirana nohazavaina ao amin' io boky io: ''al-jabr'', izay midika hoe «famerenana amin' ny laoniny», ary ilazana ny fanampiana isa eo amin' ny lafy roan' ny fampimirana mba hanakambanana na hanafoanana singa. Nadikan' i Robert of Chester ho amin' ny teny latina tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Liber algebrae et almucabala'' ilay boky, tao [[Segovia]] tamin' ny taona 1145, ka avy amin' izany ny teny hoe ''algebra''; nandika azy koa i Gerard of Cremona. Misy dika arabo tokana tehirizina ao Oxford, ary nadikan' i F. Rosen tamin' ny taona 1831 izany.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Khwārizmī (1831).&lt;/ref&gt; Misy dikanteny latina tehirizina ao Cambridge.&lt;ref&gt;author: Karpinski, L.C.; date: 1912; title: ''History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica''; journal: Science; volume: 35; issue: 888; pages: 29–31; author-link: L. C. Karpinski; bibcode: 1912Sci....35...29K; doi: 10.1126/science.35.888.29; pmid: 17752897; url: https://zenodo.org/record/1448076; access-date: 29 September 2020; archive-date: 30 October 2020; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113041/https://zenodo.org/record/1448076; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanome fanazavana feno momba ny famahana fampimirana maromiantaona hatramin' ny ambaratonga faharoa ilay boky,&lt;ref&gt;Boyer (1991), p. [https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/228 228]: &quot;The Arabs in general loved a good clear argument from premise to conclusion, as well as systematic organization — respects in which neither Diophantus nor the Hindus excelled.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ary nandinika ny fomba fototra momba ny «fanafoanana singa mitovy» sy ny «fampifandanjana», izay ilazana ny famindrana singa mankany amin' ny lafy ilany amin' ny fampimirana, izany hoe ny fanafoanana singa mitovy eo amin' ny lafy roa mifanatrika amin' ny fampimirana.&lt;ref name=Boyer-229&gt;Boyer (1991), &quot;The Arabic Hegemony&quot;, p.&amp;nbsp;229. &quot;It is not certain just what the terms ''al-jabr'' and ''muqabalah'' mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word ''al-jabr'' presumably meant something like &quot;restoration&quot; or &quot;completion&quot; and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word ''muqabalah'' is said to refer to &quot;reduction&quot; or &quot;balancing&quot; — that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fomba nampiasain' i Al-Khwārizmī hamahana fampimirana ambaratonga voalohany sy fampimirana ambaratonga faharoa, dia navadika ho iray amin' ireto endrika mahazatra enina ireto aloha ny fampimirana, ka isa tsimivaky miabo ny ''b'' sy ny ''c''. Ny «faka» eto dia ilazana ilay tsy fantatra tsy nakarina ho toradroa:
* toradroa mitovy faka (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''bx'');
* toradroa mitovy isa (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''c'');
* faka mitovy isa (''bx'' = ''c'');
* toradroa sy faka mitovy isa (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ''bx'' = ''c'');
* toradroa sy isa mitovy faka (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ''c'' = ''bx'');
* faka sy isa mitovy toradroa (''bx'' + ''c'' = ''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).

Natao izany tamin' ny fizarana tamin' ny fatran' ny toradroa sy tamin' ny fampiasana ireo fomba fiasa roa hoe ''al-jabr'' (الجبر, «famerenana amin' ny laoniny» na «famenoana») sy ''al-muqābala'' («fampifandanjana»). Ny ''al-jabr'' dia fomba anesorana ireo singa miiba ao amin' ny fampimirana — na isa tsy ampiarahina amin' ny tsy fantatra izany, na faka na toradroa — amin' ny fanampiana habetsahana mitovy eo amin' ny lafy tsirairay. Ohatra, ny ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 40''x''&amp;nbsp;−&amp;nbsp;4''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; dia ovaina ho 5''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 40''x''. Ny ''al-muqābala'' kosa dia fomba anangonana ireo habetsahana mitovy karazana eo amin' ny lafy iray amin' ny fampimirana. Ohatra, ny ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;14 = ''x''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;5 dia ovaina ho ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;9 = ''x''.

Mampiasa ny fanoratana matematika amin' ny famantarana ankehitriny ny fanazavana etsy ambony mba hanehoana ireo karazan' olana dinihin' ilay boky. Tamin' ny andron' i al-Khwārizmī anefa dia mbola tsy noforonina ny ankamaroan' ireo famantarana ireo, ka voatery nampiasa soratra mahazatra izy mba hanehoana ny olana sy ny vahaolana. Ohatra, izao no nosoratany momba ny olana iray, araka ny dikantenin' i Rosen tamin' ny taona 1831 (dikanteny malagasy):&lt;ref name=Algebra_1831_translation_rosen /&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Raha misy milaza hoe: «Zarainao roa ny folo: ampitomboy amin' ny tenany ny ampahany iray; hitovy amin' ny iray hafa ampitomboina iraika amby valopolo izany.» Kajy: hoy ianao, ny folo analana zavatra iray, rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny tenany, dia zato ampiana toradroa iray analana zavatra roapolo, ary izany dia mitovy amin' ny zavatra iraika amby valopolo. Esory amin' ilay zato sy toradroa ireo zavatra roapolo, ary ampio amin' ireo iraika amby valopolo. Dia ho zato ampiana toradroa iray no azo, izay mitovy amin' ny faka iraika amby zato. Zarao roa ny isan' ny faka; dimampolo sy sasany ny antsasany. Ampitomboy amin' ny tenany izany, ka ho dimampolo sy dimanjato sy roa arivo sy ampahefany. Analao zato izany; dimampolo sy efajato sy roa arivo sy ampahefany no sisa. Tadiavo ny faka toradroan' izany; sivy amby efapolo sy sasany izany. Esory amin' ny antsasaky ny isan' ny faka, izay dimampolo sy sasany, izany. Iray no sisa, ary izany no iray amin' ireo ampahany roa.

— Al-Khwārizmī.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Khwārizmī (1831), pp. 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Amin' ny fanoratana matematika amin' ny famantarana ankehitriny, raha ''x'' ilay «zavatra» (شيء, ''shayʾ'') na «faka», dia asehon' ireto dingana ireto izany fomba fiasa izany:
:&lt;math&gt;(10-x)^2=81 x&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;100 + x^2 - 20 x = 81 x&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;x^2+100=101 x&lt;/math&gt;

Aoka hatao hoe ''x'' = ''p'' sy ''x = q'' ny fakan' ny fampimirana, izany hoe ny vahaolana. Dia &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{p+q}{2}=50\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;pq =100&lt;/math&gt; ary
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{p-q}{2} = \sqrt{\left(\frac{p+q}{2}\right)^2 - pq}=\sqrt{2550\tfrac{1}{4} - 100}=49\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
Noho izany dia azo amin' izao ny faka iray:
:&lt;math&gt;x=50\tfrac{1}{2}-49\tfrac{1}{2}=1&lt;/math&gt;

Maro ny mpanoratra namoaka lahatsoratra tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Kitāb al-jabr wal-muqābala'', anisan' izany i Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī, i Abū Kāmil, i Abū Muḥammad al-'Adlī, i Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, i 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, i Sind ibn 'Alī, i Sahl ibn Bišr ary i Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī.

Nofaritan' i Solomon Gandz ho rain' ny aljebra i Al-Khwarizmi (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Heverina ho fototra sy vato fehizoron' ny siansa ny aljebran' i Al-Khwarizmi. Amin' ny lafiny iray, mendrika kokoa noho i Diophantus ny hiantsoana an' i al-Khwarizmi hoe «rain' ny aljebra», satria i al-Khwarizmi no voalohany nampianatra ny aljebra tamin' ny endrika fototra sy ho taranja dinihina amin' ny maha-izy azy, fa ny teôrian' ny isa no tena nifantohan' i Diophantus.&lt;ref&gt;Gandz, Solomon, ''The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra'', Osiris, i (1936), 263–277&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nanampy toy izao i Victor J. Katz (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ny lahatsoratra tena momba ny aljebra voalohany mbola misy dia ilay asa momba ny ''al-jabr'' sy ny ''al-muqabala'' nataon' i Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, izay nosoratana tao Baghdad tokony ho tamin' ny taona 825.&lt;ref name=Katz/&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nanoratra toy izao tao amin' ny ''MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive'' (tahirin-tantaran' ny matematika MacTutor) i John J. O'Connor sy i Edmund F. Robertson (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Angamba ny iray amin' ireo fandrosoana lehibe indrindra vitan' ny matematika arabo dia nanomboka tamin' izany fotoana izany tamin' ny asan' i al-Khwarizmi, dia ny fiandohan' ny aljebra. Zava-dehibe ny mahatakatra ny halehiben' izany hevitra vaovao izany. Fiovana revolisionera niala tamin' ny fomba grika niheverana ny matematika, izay jeometria no tena votoatiny, izany. Teôria nampiray ny aljebra, ka nahafahana nandray ny [[Isa voasaina|isa voasaina]], ny [[Isa tsivoasaina|isa tsivoasaina]], ny habetsahana ara-jeometria, sy ny sisa, ho toy ny «zavatra dinihina araka ny fitsipiky ny aljebra» avokoa. Nanome lalam-pivoarana vaovao tanteraka ho an' ny matematika izy, izay mivelatra lavitra kokoa ny foto-keviny noho izay nisy teo aloha, ary nanome fitaovana ho an' ny fivoaran' ilay taranja amin' ny hoavy. Lafiny lehibe iray hafa tamin' ny fampidirana ireo hevitra ara-aljebra ny nahafahan' ny matematika nampiharina tamin' ny tenany tamin' ny fomba tsy mbola nisy teo aloha.&lt;ref name=MacTutor&gt;MacTutor, ''Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi''. Id: Al-Khwarizmi.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nanoratra toy izao i Roshdi Rashed sy i Angela Armstrong (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Hita fa tsy mitovy amin' ny takelaka babyloniana ihany ny lahatsoratr' i Al-Khwarizmi, fa tsy mitovy amin' ny ''Arithmetica'' nosoratan' i [[Diophante d'Alexandrie|Diophantus]] koa. Tsy andiana olana hovahana intsony no resahina, fa famelabelarana miainga amin' ny singa fototra, izay tsy maintsy manome ireo endrika fototra rehetra mety ho ananan' ny fampimirana ny fanakambanana azy; manomboka eo dia ireo fampimirana ireo mihitsy no mazava fa tena ivon' ny fandinihana. Etsy ankilany, efa hatrany am-piandohana no miseho ny hevitra momba ny fampimirana dinihina amin' ny maha-izy azy, ary azo lazaina fa amin' ny fomba ankapobeny izany: tsy hoe mipoitra mandritra ny famahana olana fotsiny izy, fa ampiasaina manokana hamaritana vondrona olana tsy manam-petra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Rashed; first1: R.; author1-link: Roshdi Rashed; last2: Armstrong; first2: Angela; date: 1994; title: ''The Development of Arabic Mathematics''; publisher: Springer; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7923-2565-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 29181926; pages: 11–12.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Florian Cajori, mpahay tantaran' ny matematika soisa-amerikana, dia tsy nitovy tamin' ny asan' ireo matematisiana indiana ny aljebran' i Al-Khwarizmi, satria tsy nanana fitsipika tahaka ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny sy ny fanafoanana singa mitovy ny Indiana.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://archive.org/details/ahistorymathema02cajogoog; title: ''A History of Mathematics''; last: Florian Cajori; publisher: Macmillan; year: 1919; page: [https://archive.org/details/ahistorymathema02cajogoog/page/n117 103]; quote: That it came from Indian source is impossible, for Hindus had no rules like &quot;restoration&quot; and &quot;reduction&quot;. They were never in the habit of making all terms in an equation positive, as is done in the process of &quot;restoration..&lt;/ref&gt; Momba ny fahasamihafana sy ny lanjan' ny asa ara-aljebra nataon' i Al-Khwarizmi raha oharina amin' ny an' ilay matematisiana indiana [[Brahmagupta]], dia nanoratra toy izao i Carl B. Boyer (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Marina fa tamin' ny lafiny roa dia nihemotra raha oharina amin' ny an' i [[Diophante d'Alexandrie|Diophantus]] ny asan' i al-Khowarizmi. Voalohany, ambany lavitra kokoa ny haavony raha oharina amin' ireo olana nodinihin' i Diophantus; faharoa, soratana amin' ny teny tanteraka ny aljebran' i al-Khowarizmi, tsy misy ireo fanafohezana ara-matematika hita ao amin' ny ''Arithmetica'' grika na ao amin' ny asan' i Brahmagupta. Na ny isa aza dia nosoratana tamin' ny teny fa tsy tamin' ny famantarana! Tsy dia azo inoana fa nahalala ny asan' i Diophantus i al-Khwarizmi, saingy tsy maintsy nahafantatra fara fahakeliny ireo ampahany momba ny astronomia sy ny kajy tao amin' ny asan' i Brahmagupta izy; na izany aza dia samy tsy nampiasa fanafohezana ara-matematika na isa miiba na i al-Khwarizmi na ireo manam-pahaizana arabo hafa. Na izany aza, akaiky kokoa ny aljebra fototra ankehitriny noho ny asan' i Diophantus na ny an' i Brahmagupta ny ''Al-jabr'', satria tsy olana sarotra amin' ny famakafakana fampimirana tsy voafaritra tanteraka no ifantohan' ilay boky, fa famelabelarana mivantana sy fototra momba ny famahana fampimirana, indrindra fa ny fampimirana ambaratonga faharoa.
Tamin' ny ankapobeny dia tian' ny Arabo ny fanjohian-kevitra mazava tsara miainga amin' ny hevitra iaingana ka hatramin' ny fehin-kevitra, ary koa ny fandaminana mirindra — lafiny izay tsy nisongadinan' i Diophantus na ny Hindoa.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics; title: ''A History of Mathematics''; last: Boyer; first: Carl Benjamin; author-link: Carl Benjamin Boyer; year: 1968; page: [https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics/page/n268 252].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Aritmetika ===
[[File:Houghton Typ 520.03.736 - Margarita philosophica.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Ireo mpanao kajy amin' ny tarehimarika hindo-arabo mifanandrina amin' ireo mampiasa fitaovana antsoina hoe ''abacus'', izay anaovana kajy amin' ny fanetsehana famantarana, araka ny sary voasokitra tamin' ny taona 1503.]]
[[File:Dixit algorizmi.png|thumb|upright=.8|Pejy avy amin' ny dikanteny latina, manomboka amin' ny hoe « Dixit algorizmi ».]]
Momba ny aritmetika ny asa faharoa nanan-kery indrindra nosoratan' i Al-Khwārizmī. Voatahiry tamin' ny alalan' ny dikanteny latina izy io, fa very kosa ny soratra arabo tany am-boalohany. Anisan' ny asa sorany ny ''kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī'' (Bokin' ny kajy indiana&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Misy manam-pahaizana mandika ny lohateny ''al-ḥisāb al-hindī'' ho « kajy amin' ny tarehimarika hindoa », nefa ny teny arabo hoe ''Hindī'' dia midika hoe « indiana », fa tsy « hindoa »: manondro an' i India izy io, fa tsy ny fivavahana hindoa. Araka ny filazan' i A. S. Saidan, tokony ho takatra ho aritmetika atao « araka ny fomba indiana », mampiasa tarehimarika hindo-arabo, izany fa tsy hoe « aritmetika indiana » fotsiny. Nampiditra ny zava-baovao noforoniny manokana tao amin' ny asa sorany koa ireo matematisiana arabo.
title: ''The Earliest Extant Arabic Arithmetic: Kitab al-Fusul fi al Hisab al-Hindi of Abu al-Hasan, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Uqlidisi''; first: A. S.; last: Saidan; journal: Isis; volume: 57; pages: 475–490; number: 4; date: Winter 1966; publisher: The University of Chicago Press; jstor: 228518; doi: 10.1086/350163; s2cid: 143979243.&lt;/ref&gt;), ary angamba koa ny soratra tsotra kokoa hoe ''kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī'' (Fanampiana sy fanalana amin' ny aritmetika indiana).&lt;ref&gt;Burnett (2017), p. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Avari; first: Burjor; author-link: Burjor Avari; title: ''Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent''; publisher: Routledge; year: 2013; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-58061-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC; pages: 31–32; access-date: 29 September 2020; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222543/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ireo soratra ireo dia nanazava algôritma, na dingana voalamina hanaovana kajy, amin' ny isa aseho amin' ny rafitra mifototra amin' ny folo (tarehimarika hindo-arabo), izay azo tanterahina eo amin' ny takela-kazo misy vovoka. Takela-kazo rakotra vovoka na fasika manify, antsoina hoe ''takht'' amin' ny teny arabo (''tabula'' amin' ny teny latina), no nampiasaina hanaovana kajy. Azo nanoratana tarehimarika tamin' ny fitaovana maranitra fanoratana izany, ka mora nofafana sy nosoloana ireo tarehimarika rehefa nilaina. Nampiasaina nandritra ny efa ho taonjato telo ny algôritman' i Al-Khwarizmi, mandra-panoloana azy tamin' ny algôritman' i Al-Uqlidisi, izay azo notanterahina tamin' ny penina sy taratasy.&lt;ref&gt;first: Glen; last: Van Brummelen; author-link: Glen Van Brummelen; chapter: ''Arithmetic''; editor: Thomas F. Glick; title: ''Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia''; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46; year: 2017; publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 46; access-date: 5 May 2019; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222557/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafiditra tao anatin' ny fidiran' ny siansa arabo tao Eorôpa tamin' ny alalan' ny fandikan-teny nandritra ny taonjato faha-12 ireo soratra ireo, ary nitondra fiovana lehibe tao Eorôpa.&lt;ref&gt;chapter: ''Al-Khwarizmi''; editor: Thomas F. Glick; title: ''Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia''; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA298; year: 2017; publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; access-date: 6 May 2019; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222552/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA298; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny anarany nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny latina, ''Algorismus'', dia nanjary anaran' ilay fomba fanaovana kajy amin' ny tarehimarika hindo-arabo, ary mbola hita ao amin' ny teny hoe algôritma. Nisolo tsikelikely ireo fomba nampiasa fitaovana antsoina hoe ''abacus'', izay anaovana kajy amin' ny fanetsehana famantarana, io fomba io; ireo no fomba nampiasaina tany Eorôpa talohan' izany.&lt;ref&gt;first: Glen; last: Van Brummelen; author-link: Glen Van Brummelen; chapter: ''Arithmetic''; editor: Thomas F. Glick; title: ''Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia''; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46; year: 2017; publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 46–47; access-date: 5 May 2019; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222557/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Soratra latina efatra mampifanaraka ny fomba nampiasain' i Al-Khwarizmi no mbola voatahiry, na dia tsy misy amin' ireo aza no heverina ho dikanteny ara-bakiteny:&lt;ref&gt;Burnett (2017), p. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Dixit Algorizmi'' (navoaka tamin' ny taona 1857 tamin' ny lohateny hoe ''Algoritmi de Numero Indorum''&lt;ref name=&quot;Algorithmi&quot;&gt;chapter: ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum''; title: ''Trattati D'Aritmetica''; year: 1857; publisher: Tipografia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche; location: Rome; pages: 1–; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=1J9GAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA1; access-date: 6 May 2019; archive-date: 28 March 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1J9GAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA1; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Thus spake&quot; /&gt;
* ''Liber Alchoarismi de Practica Arismetice''
* ''Liber Ysagogarum Alchorismi''
* ''Liber Pulveris''
Ny hoe ''Dixit Algorizmi'' (« Izao no nolazain' i Al-Khwarizmi ») no fehezanteny fanombohan' ny sora-tanana iray ao amin' ny tranombokin' ny Oniversiten' i Cambridge. Matetika izy io no antsoina amin' ny lohateny nomena azy tamin' ny taona 1857, dia ny hoe ''Algoritmi de Numero Indorum''. Lazaina fa nataon' i Adelard of Bath izy io; izy ihany no efa nandika ireo tabilao astronomika tamin' ny taona 1126. Io angamba no akaiky indrindra ny asa soratr' i Al-Khwarizmi mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thus spake&quot;&gt;first1: John N.; last1: Crossley; first2: Alan S.; last2: Henry; journal: Historia Mathematica; volume: 17; issue: 2; pages: 103–131; year: 1990; title: ''Thus Spake al-Khwārizmī: A Translation of the Text of Cambridge University Library Ms. Ii.vi.5''; doi: 10.1016/0315-0860(90)90048-I; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny asa nataon' i Al-Khwarizmi momba ny aritmetika no nampiditra tao amin' ny tontolo tandrefana ny [[Tarehimarika arabo|tarehimarika arabo]], izay mifototra amin' ny rafitra fanoratana isa hindo-arabo novolavolaina tao amin' ny matematika indiana. Ny teny hoe algôritma (''algorithm'' amin' ny teny anglisy) dia avy amin' ny fomba fanaovana kajy amin' ny tarehimarika hindo-arabo atao hoe ''algorism'', izay novolavolain' i al-Khwārizmī. Samy avy amin' ny endrika latina amin' ny anaran' i al-Khwārizmī ireo teny anglisy hoe ''algorithm'' sy ''algorism'': avy amin' ny hoe ''Algoritmi'' ny voalohany, ary avy amin' ny hoe ''Algorismi'' ny faharoa.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91544/how-algorithm-got-its-name; title: ''How Algorithm Got Its Name''; date: 8 January 2018; website: earthobservatory.nasa.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Astronomia ===
Jereo koa: Astronomia tao amin' ny tontolo silamo tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.

[[File:Corpus Christ College MS 283 (1).png|thumb|upright=.7|Pejy avy amin' ny ''Corpus Christi College MS 283'', dikanteny latina an' ny ''Zīj'' nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī.]]

Ny ''Zīj as-Sindhind'' nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī&lt;ref name=&quot;toomer&quot; /&gt; (amin' ny teny arabo: ''زيج السند هند'', midika hoe «tabilao astronomika an' ny ''Siddhanta''»&lt;ref name=&quot;Thurston1996&quot;&gt;last: Thurston; first: Hugh; title: ''Early Astronomy''; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpHjqxQQ9oC&amp;pg=PP204; year: 1996; publisher: Springer Science &amp; Business Media; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-387-94822-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 204–.&lt;/ref&gt;) dia asa ahitana toko manodidina ny 37 momba ny kajy mifandraika amin' ny kalandrie sy ny astronomia, ary tabilao 116 mirakitra angona momba ny kalandrie, ny astronomia ary ny fanandroana, miampy tabilao mirakitra ny sandan' ny asa trigonometrika ''sine''. Io no voalohany tamin' ireo boky arabo maro atao hoe ''Zij'', izay nifototra tamin' ny fomba astronomika indiana nantsoina hoe ''sindhind''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kennedy-1956&quot;&gt;Kennedy (1956), pp. 26–29.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe ''Sindhind'' dia endrika niovan' ny teny [[Fiteny sanskrity|sanskrity]] hoe ''Siddhānta'', izay anarana mahazatra iantsoana boky fianarana astronomia. Ny hafainganam-pihodinana antonony ao amin' ny tabilaon' i al-Khwārizmī dia nalaina avy amin' ireo ao amin' ny ''corrected Brahmasiddhanta'' (''Brahmasphutasiddhanta'') nosoratan' i [[Brahmagupta]].&lt;ref&gt;last: van der Waerden; first: Bartel Leendert; author-link: Bartel Leendert van der Waerden; url: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642516016; title: ''A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether''; date: 1985; publisher: Springer-Verlag; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-642-51601-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: Berlin Heidelberg; pages: 10; language: en; access-date: 22 June 2021; archive-date: 24 June 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203930/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642516016; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahitana tabilao momba ny fihetsehan' ny [[Masoandro]], ny [[Volana]] ary ireo [[Fajiry|fajiry]] dimy fantatra tamin' izany fotoana izany io asa io. Nanamarika fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny astronomia tao amin' ny tontolo silamo izy io. Talohan' izany, dia nifantoka indrindra tamin' ny fikarohana ny astronoma silamo teo amin' io sehatra io, ka nandika ny asan' ny hafa ary nianatra ny zavatra efa fantatra.

Very ny dikan-teny arabo tany am-boalohany, izay nosoratana manodidina ny taona 820, nefa voatahiry ao amin' ny dikanteny latina iray ny dikan-teny nataon' ilay astronoma espaniola Maslama al-Majriti manodidina ny taona 1000. Azo heverina fa i Adelard of Bath no nanao io dikanteny latina io, tamin' ny 26 Janoary 1126.&lt;ref&gt;Kennedy (1956), p. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; Voatahiry ao amin' ny ''Bibliothèque publique'' (Tranombokim-bahoaka) any Chartres, ny ''Bibliothèque Mazarine'' (Tranomboky Mazarine) any Paris, ny ''Biblioteca Nacional'' (Tranombokim-pirenena) any Madrid, ary ny ''Bodleian Library'' (Tranomboky Bodleian) any Oxford ireo sora-tanana efatra amin' ilay dikanteny latina mbola tavela.

Sady teo amin' ny fampiharana no teo amin' ny teôria ny fandraisan' i al-Khwārizmī anjara tamin' ny astronomia, ka nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny fomba nahatakarana sy nampiharana ny fahalalana momba ny zava-mitranga eny amin' ny lanitra tamin' ny androny izany. Nisy fiantraikany mivantana tamin' ny astronomia môderina ny fomba fiasany feno fitandremana sy ny fandrosoana ara-tsiansa vitany teo amin' io sehatra io, araka ity filazana ity (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;«Nanjary fitaovana tena nilain' ireo taranaka astronoma tatỳ aoriana ny tabilao astronomika nataon' i al-Khwārizmī, izay fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Zij''. Nahafahana nanao kajy marina tsara ireo tabilao ireo mba hamaritana mialoha ny zava-mitranga eny amin' ny lanitra, toy ny fanakonan' ny Masoandro na ny Volana sy ny toeran' ireo zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, izay tena nilaina tamin' ny fitarihan-dalana nandritra ny dia sy ny fandrefesana ny fotoana.»&lt;ref name=&quot;Scientific Bulletin&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Trigonometria ===
Nisy tabilao ho an' ny asa trigonometrika antsoina hoe ''sine'' sy ''cosine'' tao amin' ny ''Zīj as-Sindhind'' nosoratan' i Al-Khwārizmī.&lt;ref name=Kennedy-1956 /&gt; Misy lahatsoratra iray mifandraika amin' izany, momba ny trigonometria eo ambonin' ny bola, heverina fa nosoratany.&lt;ref name=MacTutor /&gt;

Nandrafitra tabilao marina momba ny asa trigonometrika antsoina hoe ''sine'' sy ''cosine'' i Al-Khwārizmī.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sesiano&quot;&gt;Jacques Sesiano, ''Islamic mathematics'', p. 157, in title: ''Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Mathematics''; editor1-first: Helaine; editor1-last: Selin; editor1-link: Helaine Selin; editor2-first: Ubiratan; editor2-last: D'Ambrosio; editor2-link: Ubiratan D'Ambrosio; year: 2000; publisher: Springer Science+Business Media; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4020-0260-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;title: ''trigonometry''; url: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry; encyclopedia: [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]; access-date: 21 July 2008; archive-date: 6 July 2008; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20080706200811/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jeografia ===
[[File:World map by Al-Khwarizmi.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Fanarenana nataon' i Gianluca Gorni ny ampahan' ny sarintanin' izao tontolo izao nataon' i al-Khwārizmī izay mahakasika ny Ranomasimbe Indianina. Mifanaraka amin' ny an' i Ptôlemeo sy Martellus ary Behaim ny ankamaroan' ny anaran-toerana nampiasain' i al-Khwārizmī. Mitovy ny endrika ankapoben' ny morontsiraka eo anelanelan' i Taprobane sy Cattigara. Ny Dragon's Tail (Rambon' ny dragona), na ny fisokafan' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina any atsinanana, izay tsy hita ao amin' ny famaritan' i Ptôlemeo, dia voasoritra amin' ny antsipiriany vitsy dia vitsy eo amin' ny sarintanin' i al-Khwārizmī, nefa mazava sy voafaritra tsara eo amin' ny sarintanin' i Martellus sy ny an' i Behaim tatỳ aoriana.]]
[[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|Dika tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 amin' ny ''Geography'' nosoratan' i Ptôlemeo, aseho ho fampitahana.]]
[[File:Earliest extant map of the Nile, in al-Khwārazmī’s Kitāb ṣūrat al- arḍ.jpg|thumb|Ny sarintanin' i Neily tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry, ao amin' ny ''Kitāb ṣūrat al- arḍ'' nosoratan' i Al-Khwārazmī.]]
Ny asa lehibe fahatelo nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī dia ny ''Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ'' (amin' ny teny arabo: ''كتاب صورة الأرض''; «Bokin' ny famaritana ny Tany»),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Ny lohateny feno dia ''The Book of the Description of the Earth, with its Cities, Mountains, Seas, All the Islands and the Rivers, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī, according to the Geographical Treatise written by Ptolemy the Claudian'' (raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Bokin' ny famaritana ny Tany, miaraka amin' ny tanànany, tendrombohiny, ranomasiny, ny nosy rehetra ary ny renirano, nosoratan' i Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī, araka ny boky momba ny jeografia nosoratan' i Ptolemy the Claudian»). Noho ny hevitra maro azo anazavana ny teny hoe ''surah'' anefa, dia azo raisina koa ho «Bokin' ny sarin' ny Tany» na koa «Bokin' ny sarintanin' izao tontolo izao» izany.&lt;/ref&gt; izay fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe ''Geography'', ary vita tamin' ny taona 833. Fanavaozana lalina ny ''Geography'' nosoratan' i [[Klaodio Ptôlemeo|Ptôlemeo]] tamin' ny taonjato faharoa izy io. Misy fampidirana ankapobeny arahin' ny lisitry ny fangitra 2402, izany hoe isa amaritana ny toerana misy ny tanàna sy ny zavatra hafa ara-jeografia, ao anatiny.&lt;ref&gt;access-date: 30 May 2008; url: http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html; title: ''The history of cartography''; publisher: GAP computer algebra system; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20080524092016/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html; archive-date: 24 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy dika iray amin' ny ''Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ'' mbola voatahiry, ary ao amin' ny Trano famakiam-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Strasbourg no misy azy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Consultation''; url: https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc96697g/ca19904036; access-date: 2024-08-27; website: archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: al-Ḫwarizmī; first: Muḥammad Ibn Mūsā; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=uL8BQwAACAAJ; title: ''Das Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ des Abū Ǧaʻfar Muḥammad Ibn Mūsā al-Ḫuwārizmī''; date: 1926; language: ar.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fandikana amin' ny teny latina ao amin' ny ''Biblioteca Nacional de España'' (Tranombokim-pirenen' i Espaina), any Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution''; author: Keith J. Devlin; year: 2012; publisher: Bloomsbury; format: Paperback; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781408822487&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 55; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=RFMmPGa0cisC&amp;q=Kit%C4%81b+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABrat+al-Ar%E1%B8%8D+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Espa%C3%B1a+-wikipedia.&lt;/ref&gt; Manomboka amin' ny lisitry ny laharam-pehintany sy ny laharan-jara hasina ilay boky; refin-joro amaritana toerana mianavaratra na mianatsimo ny voalohany, ary miantsinanana na miankandrefana ny faharoa. Narindra araka ny «faritra ara-toetrandro» ireo, izany hoe navondrona ho sokajy araka ny laharam-pehintany, ary nalahatra araka ny laharan-jara hasina tao anatin' ny faritra tsirairay. Araka ny nomarihin' i Paul Gallez, io rafitra io dia ahafahana mamantatra amin' ny alalan' ny fanatsoahan-kevitra laharam-pehintany sy laharan-jara hasina maro, rehefa simba loatra ilay hany tahirin-kevitra mbola voatahiry ka saika tsy hay vakina intsony. Tsy misy ny sarintanin' izao tontolo izao na ao amin' ilay dika arabo na ao amin' ilay fandikana latina. Afaka nanarina ilay sarintany tsy hita anefa i Hubert Daunicht, tamin' ny alalan' ny lisitry ny fangitra. Novakin' i Daunicht tao amin' ny sora-tanana ny laharam-pehintany sy ny laharan-jara hasin' ny teboka teny amin' ny morontsiraka; raha tsy hay novakina kosa ireo, dia notsoahiny avy tamin' ny teny manodidina. Nafindrany teo amin' ny taratasy misy efamira madinika ireo teboka ireo, ary nampifandraisiny tamin' ny hitsy, ka nahazoany endrika manakaiky ny morontsiraka araka ny nisehoany teo amin' ilay sarintany tany am-boalohany. Toy izany koa no nataony tamin' ny renirano sy ny tanàna.&lt;ref&gt;Daunicht&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahitsin' i al-Khwārizmī ilay tombana nataon' i Ptôlemeo izay nanitatra be loatra ny halavan' ny [[Ranomasina Mediteranea]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Kennedy-188&quot;&gt;Edward S. Kennedy, ''Mathematical Geography'', p.&amp;nbsp;188, ao amin' i Rashed sy Morelon (1996), pp. 185–201.&lt;/ref&gt; manomboka any amin' ny [[Vondronosy Canarias]] ka hatrany amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanan' i Mediteranea. Tombanana ho 63 degre amin' ny [[Laharan-jara hasina|laharan-jara hasina]] izany tamin' i Ptôlemeo, ka nihoatra loatra; i al-Khwārizmī kosa nanombana azy ho efa ho 50 degre amin' ny laharan-jara hasina, izay saika marina. Ny degre dia ventim-pandrefesana zoro. Izao no filazalazana ny nataony, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Nasehony ho [[Ranomasimbe|ranomasimbe misokatra]] ny [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]] sy ny Ranomasimbe Indianina, fa tsy ho ranomasina voahodidina tany toy ny nataon' i Ptôlemeo.»&lt;ref name=&quot;Covington&quot;&gt;first: Richard; last: Covington; journal: Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007; date: 2007; pages: 17–21; url: http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm; title: ''The Third Dimension''; access-date: 6 July 2008; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022044/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm; archive-date: 12 May 2008; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tsipika fanovozana ny laharan-jara hasina nampiasain' i al-Khwārizmī, izay nandalo tao amin' ny Nosy Sambatra, dia tokony ho 10° tany atsinanan' ny tsipika nampiasain' i Marinus sy Ptôlemeo, araka izany. Nanohy nampiasa an' io tsipika fanovozana an' i al-Khwārizmī io ny ankamaroan' ny mpanoratra silamo nandrafitra boky fitanisana sy famaritana toerana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kennedy-188&quot; /&gt;

=== Kalandrie jiosy ===
Nanoratra asa hafa maromaro i Al-Khwārizmī, anisan' izany ny lahatsoratra iray momba ny [[Tetiandro hebreo|kalandrie hebreo]], mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Risāla fi istikhrāj ta'rīkh al-yahūd'' (amin' ny teny arabo: ''رسالة في إستخراج تأريخ اليهود''; ''Extraction of the Jewish Era'', izany hoe « Famaritana ny fanisana taona jiosy »). Manoritsoritra ny [[Tsingerin' i Metôna|tsingerin' i Metôna]], izay tsingerina maharitra 19 taona ampidirana volana fanampiny ao amin' ny kalandrie, sy ny fitsipika hamaritana ny andro ao anatin' ny herinandro hifanandrifian' ny andro voalohany amin' ny volana [[Tisry (volana hebreo)|Tisry]] io lahatsoratra io. Kajiny koa ny elanelan-taona eo amin' ny fanisana taona ''Anno Mundi'', na fanisana taona jiosy, sy ny fanisana taona seleokida. Manome fitsipika hamaritana ny laharan-jara hasina antonony an' ny Masoandro sy ny Volana amin' ny fampiasana ny kalandrie hebreo koa izy io; ny laharan-jara hasina antonony dia laharan-jara hasina kajina araka ny fihetsehana ara-zoro antonony. Hita ao amin' ny asa nosoratan' i Al-Bīrūnī sy [[Mosesy Maimônida|Maimonides]] ny votoaty mitovitovy amin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;toomer&quot; /&gt;

=== Asa hafa ===
Ny ''Al-Fihrist'' nosoratan' i Ibn al-Nadim, izay lisitry ny boky amin' ny teny arabo, dia manonona ny ''Kitāb al-Taʾrīkh'' (''كتاب التأريخ'') nosoratan' i al-Khwārizmī, boky mitantara ny zava-nitranga isan-taona. Tsy misy sora-tanana mivantana amin' io boky io mbola voatahiry; efa nisy kopia tonga tany Nusaybin anefa tamin' ny taonjato faha-11, fara fahatarany, ary tao no nahitan' i Mar Elias bar Shinaya, izay eveka mitropolita tao an-toerana, azy. Mitanisa io boky io ny tantara nosoratan' i Elias, manomboka amin' ny «fahafatesan' ny Mpaminany» (dikanteny malagasy) ka hatramin' ny taona 169 AH (taona aorian' ny Hijra); eo amin' io taona io kosa no misy ampahany tsy hita amin' ny lahatsoratr' i Elias mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;author: LJ Delaporte; title: ''Chronographie de Mar Elie bar Sinaya''; date: 1910; page: xiii.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy sora-tanana maromaro amin' ny teny arabo any Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo ary Paris mirakitra lahatsoratra fanampiny izay azo antoka fa avy amin' i al-Khwārizmī, na mety ho avy aminy. Mirakitra lahatsoratra momba ny famantaranandro masoandro ilay sora-tanana any Istanbul; ny ''Fihrist'' dia milaza fa i al-Khwārizmī no nanoratra ny ''Kitāb ar-Rukhāma(t)'' (''كتاب الرخامة''). Momba ny astronomia mandinika ny toerana sy ny fitodihan' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra amin' ny fiheverana ny lanitra ho bola kosa ny lahatsoratra hafa, toy ilay momba ny famaritana ny fitodihana mankany [[Meka (Arabia Saodita)|Mecca]].

Lahatsoratra roa no mendrika hodinihina manokana: ny iray momba ny elanelana ara-zoro amin' ny fiposahana, izany hoe ny elanelana ara-zoro marindrano eo amin' ny fitodihan' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra rehefa miposaka sy ny atsinanana (''Ma'rifat sa'at al-mashriq fī kull balad''); ny iray kosa momba ny famaritana ny azimota, na ny refin-joro amaritana fitodihana raha oharina amin' ny meridiana fanovozan-kevitra, avy amin' ny haavo ara-zoro, izany hoe ny zoro misy eo amin' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra sy ny faravodilanitra (''Ma'rifat al-samt min qibal al-irtifā&amp;#39;''). Nanoratra boky roa momba ny fampiasana sy ny fanamboarana fitaovana fandrefesana ny toeran' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra (''astrolabe'') koa izy.

== Fanomezam-boninahitra ==
[[Image:1983 CPA 5426 (1).png|Hajia sovietika fahatsiarovana navoaka tamin' ny 6 Septambra 1983, ho fahatsiarovana ny faha-1200 taona nahaterahan' i al-Khwārizmī, araka ny tombana.|thumb|upright=.8]]
* Al-Khwarizmi (lavaka)&amp;nbsp;— Lavaka eo amin' ny faritry ny Volana izay tsy mitodika amin' ny Tany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: El-Baz; first1: Farouk; title: ''Al-Khwarizmi: A New-Found Basin on the Lunar Far Side''; journal: Science; date: 1973; volume: 180; issue: 4091; pages: 1173–1176; url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1736378; doi: 10.1126/science.180.4091.1173; jstor: 1736378; pmid: 17743602; bibcode: 1973Sci...180.1173E; s2cid: 10623582. NASA Portal: [https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/photos/43-t.html Apollo 11, Photography Index].
&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13498 Al Chwarizmi — Asterôida ao amin' ny fehin' asterôida lehibe, hitan' i E. W. Elst sy V. G. Ivanova tamin' ny 6 Aogositra 1986 tao Smolyan.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=13498; title: ''Small-Body Database Lookup''; website: ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 11156 Al-Khwarismi — Asterôida ao amin' ny fehin' asterôida lehibe, hitan' i P. G. Comba tamin' ny 31 Desambra 1997 tao Prescott.&lt;ref&gt;url: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=11156; title: ''Small-Body Database Lookup''; website: ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==

&lt;references /&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra nampiasaina ===
* Arndt, A. B. (December 1983). ''Al-Khwarizmi''. ''The Mathematics Teacher'', boky 76, laharana 9, pejy 668–670. DOI: 10.5951/MT.76.9.0668. JSTOR: 27963784.
* Boyer, Carl B. (1991). ''The Arabic Hegemony''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye A History of Mathematics]''. Fanontana: ''Second''. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Burnett, Charles (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39 Arabic Numerals]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia'', natontan' i Thomas F. Glick. Taylor &amp; Francis. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Nojerena: 5 May 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222536/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39 Voatahiry tamin' ny 28 March 2023]. Satan' ny rohy ao amin' ny loharano: velona.
* Daffa, Ali Abdullah al- (1977). ''The Muslim contribution to mathematics''. London: Croom Helm. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-85664-464-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Dunlop, Douglas Morton (1943). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920 Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]''. ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', boky 2, laharana 3–4, pejy 248–250. DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00098464. JSTOR: 25221920. S2CID: 161841351. Nojerena: 24 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210625061227/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920 Voatahiry tamin' ny 25 June 2021]. Satan' ny rohy ao amin' ny loharano: velona.
* Kennedy, E. S. (1956). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726 A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables]''. ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', boky 46, laharana 2, pejy 123–177. DOI: 10.2307/1005726. JSTOR: 1005726. HDL: 2027/mdp.39076006359272; azo idirana maimaim-poana amin' ny alalan' ny HDL. Nojerena: 24 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726 Voatahiry tamin' ny 4 June 2021]. Satan' ny rohy ao amin' ny loharano: velona; mila famandrihana ny fidirana amin' ny URL.
* Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dIWtmfwvItkC Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]'', boky 1. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-415-12410-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Struik, Dirk Jan (1987). ''[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1 A Concise History of Mathematics]''. Fanontana faha-4. Dover Publications. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-486-60255-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ny rohy.
* Toomer, Gerald (1990). ''[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā]''. Ao amin' ny ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', boky 7, natontan' i Gillispie, Charles Coulston. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-684-16962-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Nojerena: 31 December 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160702040538/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html Voatahiry tamin' ny 2 July 2016]. Satan' ny rohy ao amin' ny loharano: velona.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==

=== Momba ny fiainany ===
* Brentjes, Sonja (2007). ''[http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]'' (voatahiry tamin' ny [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185327/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm 6 July 2011]), ao amin' ny ''The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers'', natontan' i Thomas Hockey sy ny hafa. ''Springer Reference''. New York: Springer, 2007, p.&amp;nbsp;631–633. ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf Dika PDF] (endrika antontan-taratasy azo afindra), voatahiry tamin' ny [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114103045/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf 14 January 2012]).
* Hogendijk, Jan P., ''[http://www.alkhwarizmi.nl/ Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE)]'' (voatahiry tamin' ny [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203102909/http://alkhwarizmi.nl/ 3 February 2018]) — lisitra momba ny asa sorany, ny sora-tanana, ny fanontana ary ny dikanteny.
* ''Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi''. ''MacTutor Biography'', famantarana: Al-Khwarizmi.
* Sezgin, F., mpanonta, ''Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy'', Frankfurt: ''Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften'' (Ivontoerana momba ny tantaran' ny siansa arabo sy silamo), 1997–99.

=== Aljebra — vakiteny fanampiny ===
* Al-Khwārizmī, Muhammad ibn Musa (1831; taona namoahana ny asa voalohany: 820 CE). ''[https://archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwuoft Al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wa'l-Muqābala]'' (lohatenin' ny dikanteny: ''The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa''). Nandika: Rosen, Frederic; nanomana ny fanontana: Rosen, Frederic. London: The Oriental Translation Fund. Nojerena tamin' ny 2025-11-02. ''[https://legacy-www.math.harvard.edu/~knill/teaching/summer2019/exhibits/algebra/AlgebraMohammedBenMusa.pdf pdf]''. Al-Khwārizmī, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā (1831a). ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa]''. Nandika: Rosen, Frederic. Wikisource. Nojerena tamin' ny 2025-11-02.
* Gandz, Solomon (November 1926). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605 The Origin of the Term &quot;Algebra]''. ''The American Mathematical Monthly'', boky 33, laharana 9, pejy 437–440. DOI: 10.2307/2299605. JSTOR: 2299605. Mila famandrihana ny fidirana amin' ny rohy. Nojerena tamin' ny 24 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210625055507/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605 Tahiry tamin' ny 25 June 2021]; satan' ny rohy voalohany: mandeha.
* Gandz, Solomon (1936). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610 The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra]''. ''Osiris'', boky 1, laharana 1, pejy 263–277. DOI: 10.1086/368426. JSTOR: 301610. S2CID: 60770737. Nojerena tamin' ny 24 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210625080209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610 Tahiry tamin' ny 25 June 2021]; satan' ny rohy voalohany: mandeha.
* Gandz, Solomon (1938). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569 The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī]''. ''Osiris'', boky 5, laharana 5, pejy 319–391. DOI: 10.1086/368492. JSTOR: 301569. S2CID: 143683763. Nojerena tamin' ny 24 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210625054923/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569 Tahiry tamin' ny 25 June 2021]; satan' ny rohy voalohany: mandeha.
* Hughes, Barnabas (1986). ''[https://doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.306339 Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition]''. ''Mediaeval Studies'', boky 48, pejy 211–263. DOI: 10.1484/J.MS.2.306339. Mila famandrihana ny fidirana amin' ny rohy.
* Hughes, Barnabas (1989). ''Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of al-Khwarizmi's al-Jabr: A New Critical Edition'' (amin' ny teny latina; la). Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-515-04589-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Karpinski, L.C. (1915). ''[https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version]''. The Macmillan Company. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 May 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200924032358/https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks Tahiry tamin' ny 24 September 2020]; satan' ny rohy voalohany: mandeha.
* Rashed, Roshdi (1996). ''[https://archive.org/details/RoshdiRasheded.EncyclopediaOfTheHistoryOfArabicScienceVol.3Routledge1996/Rashed%20R.-Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Arabic%20Science.%202-Routledge%20%281996%29/mode/2up Algebra]''. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science'', nomanin' i Rashed, Roshdi, boky 2, pejy 17–43. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780415124102&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

=== Astronomia — vakiteny fanampiny ===
* title: ''Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna''; first: B.R.; last: Goldstein; author-link: B. R. Goldstein; publisher: Yale University Press; date: 1968; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-300-00498-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Hogendijk; first1: Jan P.; author1-link: Jan Hogendijk; title: ''Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the &quot;Sine of the Hours&quot; and the Underlying Sine Table''; journal: Historia Scientiarum; date: 1991; volume: 42; pages: 1–12; url: http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English; access-date: 24 June 2021; archive-date: 7 May 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210507023229/http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English; url-status: live. (Pejy fandraisana ao amin' ny tranonkalan' i Hogendijk. Asa navoaka amin' ny teny anglisy, laharana faha-25).
* last1: King; first1: David A.; author-link: David A. King (historian); title: ''Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century''; date: 1983; publisher: Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East 2; location: New York University; url: https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers; access-date: 24 June 2021; archive-date: 25 June 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030900/https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers; url-status: live. (Famaritana sy fandinihana asa madinika fito mifandraika amin' i al-Khwarizmi izay hita vao haingana).
* last: Neugebauer; first: Otto; author-link: Otto Neugebauer; title: ''The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi''; date: 1962.
* last1: Rosenfeld; first1: Boris A.; editor1-last: Folkerts; editor1-first: Menso; editor1-link: Menso Folkerts; editor2-last: Hogendijk; editor2-first: Jan P.; editor2-link: Jan Hogendijk; title: ''Vestigia Mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H.L.L. Busard''; date: 1993; publisher: Brill; location: Leiden; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5183-536-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 305–308; chapter: ''&amp;#39;Geometric trigonometry&amp;#39; in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham''.
* last1: Van Dalen; first1: Benno; editor1-last: Casulleras; editor1-first: Josep; editor2-last: Samsó; editor2-first: Julio; title: ''From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet''; date: 1996; publisher: Instituto Millás Vallicrosa de Historia de la Ciencia Arabe; location: Barcelona; pages: 195–252; url: http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html; chapter: ''al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time''; chapter-url: http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html; access-date: 24 June 2021; archive-date: 24 June 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203439/http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html; url-status: live. (Pejy fandraisana ao amin' ny tranonkalan' i Van Dalen. Lisitry ny asa navoaka, lahatsoratra – laharana faha-5).

=== Kalandrie jiosy — vakiteny fanampiny ===
* Kennedy, E. S. (1964). ''Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar''. ''Scripta Mathematica'', boky 27, tak. 55–59.

== Rohy ivelany ==
*[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc96697g/ca19904036 Sora-tanana tranainy indrindra amin' ny ''Kitab Surat al-Ard''] ao amin' ny Tranombokim-pirenena ao Strasbourg.

[[:Sokajy:Astronomia]]
[[:Sokajy:Matematika]]</text>
      <sha1>ch6t7pa0it8yd72kyofqrgnan6k6l2w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Diego Velázquez</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153468</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T00:56:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1383516874</comment>
      <origin>1153468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="76951" sha1="pgc1b5df4vklynqdsk98fp3q741592d" xml:space="preserve">'''Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez'''{{#tag:ref|Fanononana anglisy britanika: &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;/vɪˈlæskwɪz/&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/velazquez,_diego &quot;Velázquez, Diego&quot;] (US), sy [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Vel%C3%A1zquez,+Diego &quot;Velázquez, Diego&quot;]. ''Lexico UK English Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. Ny rohy voalohany dia voamarika fa tsy mandeha tamin' ny September 2022, ary ny faharoa tamin' ny October 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; anglisy amerikanina: &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;/vɪˈlɑːskeɪs, -k(w)ɛz, -kɪs, -kɛs/&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.com/browse/velazquez &quot;Velázquez&quot;]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Vel%C3%A1zquez &quot;Velázquez&quot;]. ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' (fanontana faha-5). HarperCollins. Notsidihina tamin' ny 18 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/velazquez &quot;Velázquez&quot;]. ''Collins English Dictionary''. HarperCollins. Notsidihina tamin' ny 18 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; fanononana espaniôla: &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot; lang=&quot;es&quot;&gt;[ˈdjeɣo roˈðɾiɣeθ ðe ˈsilβa i βeˈlaθkeθ]&lt;/span&gt;.|group=note}} (natao batisa tamin' ny 6 Jona 1599 – maty tamin' ny 6 Aogositra 1660) dia mpanao hosodoko espaniôla nanaraka ny fomba barôka. Izy no mpanakanto nitana ny toerana voalohany tao an-dapan' i [[Philipp IV (Espaina)|Philip IV]], mpanjakan' i Espaina sy Pôrtogaly, ary tamin' ny vanim-potoana volamenan' ny kolontsaina espaniôla. Araka ny ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', dia heverina amin' ny ankapobeny ho anisan' ny mpanakanto lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny zavakanto tandrefana izy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diego-Velazquez &quot;Diego Velazquez&quot;]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ity anarana espaniôla ity, Rodríguez de Silva no anaram-pianakaviana voalohany, ary Velázquez no faharoa.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Diego Velázquez
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[File:Diego Velázquez Autorretrato 45 x 38 cm - Colección Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos - Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia.jpg|frameless|250px|alt=Sarin' ny tenan' i Diego Velázquez nataony hosodoko.|Sarin' ny tenany, manodidina ny 1640.]]&lt;br /&gt;Sarin' ny tenany, manodidina ny 1640.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Anarana nahaterahana
| Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Daty nanaovana batisa
| 6 Jona 1599
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Toerana nahaterahana
| [[Sevila]], Andalusia, Espaina
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Daty nahafatesana
| 6 Aogositra 1660 (61 taona)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Toerana nahafatesana
| [[Madrid]], Espaina
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sehatra niasany
| Hosodoko
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Fironana ara-javakanto
| Hosodoko barôka espaniôla
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sanganasa
| ''The Surrender of Breda'' (1634–35)&lt;br /&gt;''Rokeby Venus'' (1647–1651)&lt;br /&gt;''Portrait of Innocent X'' (1650)&lt;br /&gt;''Portrait of Juan de Pareja'' (manodidina ny 1650)&lt;br /&gt;''Las Meninas'' (1656)&lt;br /&gt;''Las Hilanderas'' (manodidina ny 1657)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Voninahitra
| Mpikambana manana ny anaram-boninahitra ''knight'' ao amin' ny fikambanan' i Santiago
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sonia
| [[File:Velázquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y 1599-1660 01 Signatur.svg|frameless|200px|alt=Sonian' i Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez.|Sonian' i Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez.]]&lt;br /&gt;Sonian' i Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez.
|}

Mpanakanto nanana fomba manokana i Velázquez tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana barôka, manodidina ny 1600–1750. Tamin' ny voalohany dia nitandrina fatratra ny antsipiriany izy sady nandoko tamin' ny fomba mampifanohitra mafy ny mazava sy ny maizina ary mampanjaka ny haizina (''tenebrism''). Taty aoriana dia namolavola fomba malalaka kokoa izy, ka ny fampiasana borosy sahisahy sy misongadina no nampiavaka izany. Ankoatra ny seho maro manan-danja ara-tantara sy ara-kolontsaina, dia nandoko sarin' olona am-polony maro izy, na ny tao amin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjakan' i Espaina na ny olon-tsotra. Ny ''Las Meninas'' (1656) no nanamarika ny fara tampon' izany asa izany sady heverina ho sanganasany lehibe indrindra.

Lasa modely ho an' ny mpanao hosodoko tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ny sanganasan' i Velázquez, na ireo nanaraka ny fanehoana mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy (''realism'') na ireo nanaraka ny impresiônisma, izay mifantoka amin' ny vokatry ny hazavana sy ny loko. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 dia naneho fanajana azy ny mpanakanto toa an' i [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Salvador Dalí]] ary Francis Bacon, tamin' ny fandikana indray araka ny fomba fijeriny manokana ny sasany tamin' ireo sary tena ahafantarana ny asan' i Velázquez.

Tafiditra tao amin' ny tahirin-javakanton' ny mpanjakan' i Espaina ny ankamaroan' ny sanganasany. Ao amin' ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado) any Madrid no misy ny fitambaran' ny sanganasany izay heverina ho tsara indrindra lavitra. Nisy tamin' ireo sarin' olona nataony kosa nalefa tany ivelany ho fanomezana ara-diplômasia, indrindra ho an' ny fianakaviana Habsburg tany Aotrisy.

== Fahazazana sy fiandohan' ny asa ==
[[File:Casa natal de Velazquez.jpg|upright|thumb|Trano nahaterahan' i Velázquez tao [[Sevila]].]]
Teraka tao [[Sevila]], Andalusia, Espaina, i Velázquez. Izy no zanaka voalohan' i Juan Rodríguez de Silva, mpanao sy mpanamarina taratasy ara-dalàna, sy Jerónima Velázquez. Natao batisa tao amin' ny fiangonan' i San Pedro tao Sevila izy ny alahady 6 Jona 1599.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt; Azo inoana indrindra fa andro na herinandro vitsivitsy taorian' ny nahaterahany no nanaovana izany batisa izany. Avy any Pôrtogaly ny raibe sy renibeny avy amin' ny rainy, Diego da Silva sy María Rodríguez, ary efa nifindra tao Sevila am-polony taona maro talohan' izany. Rehefa natolotra azy tamin' ny 1658 ny anaram-boninahitra maha-''knight'' (laharam-boninahitra eo amin' ny andriana), dia nilaza i Velázquez fa taranaky ny andriana madinika, mba hahafenoany ny fepetra takina; mety ho mpanao varotra anefa ny raibe sy renibeny. Misy mpanoratra nanolo-kevitra fa ''conversos'', izany hoe Jiosy niova ho kristianina, ny raibe sy renibeny.&lt;ref&gt;Samuel, Edgar (17 June 1996). ''The Jewish ancestry of Velasquez''. ''Jewish Historical Studies'', volume 35, pages 27–32. JSTOR 29779978.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Newitt, Malyn (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HaGytoSF6uAC&amp;pg=PA98&amp;lpg=PA98&amp;dq= ''Portugal in European and World History'']. London: Reaktion Books. p. 98. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781861895196&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Otaka, Yasujiro (September 2000). [http://www.sangensha.co.jp/allbooks/index/070E.htm ''An Aspiration Sealed'']. ''Special Issue: Art History and the Jew''. Studies in Western Art. Nojerena tamin' ny 8 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolo-kevitra i Rafael Cómez fa mety ho nanana razambe ''Morisco'', izany hoe silamo niova ho kristianina tany Espaina sy ny taranany, i Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;Cómez Ramos, Rafael (2002). [https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/LAB-ARTE/article/view/19569 ''La parentela de Velázquez'']. ''Laboratorio de Arte'', issue 15, pages 383–388.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tao anatin' ny fari-piainana tsotra no nitaizana azy. Efa naneho talenta tamin' ny zavakanto izy fahazaza, ka nampianarina asa tao amin' i Francisco Pacheco, mpanakanto sy mpampianatra tao Sevila. Nilaza i Antonio Palomino, mpanoratra tantaram-piainana tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-18, fa nianatra vetivety tamin' i Francisco de Herrera i Velázquez talohan' ny nianarany asa tamin' i Pacheco, saingy tsy misy antontan-taratasy manamarina izany. Nisy fifanarahana nosoniavina tamin' ny 17 Septambra 1611 izay nanao ho ara-dalàna ny fianarany asa nandritra ny enin-taona tamin' i Pacheco, ary natao nanan-kery nanomboka tamin' ny 10 Desambra 1610.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy koa nanolo-kevitra fa mety ho nisolo an' i Pacheco, izay nanao dia, i Herrera teo anelanelan' ny Desambra 1610 sy Septambra 1611.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris_9&quot;&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia noheverina ho mpanao hosodoko tsy nahaliana sy tsy niavaka aza i Pacheco, dia naneho ny zava-misy tamin' ny fomba tsotra sy mivantana izy indraindray. Nitoetra ho nanaraka indrindra ny fomba manerista, izay firehan-javakanto nialoha ny barôka, anefa ny asany.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Mpampianatra nahita fianarana lalina izy, ary nampirisika ny fivelaran' ny sain' ny mpianany. Tao amin' ny sekolin' i Pacheco no nianaran' i Velázquez momba ny tontolo grika sy rômanina tamin' ny Andro Taloha. Nampiofanina tamin' ny fifandanjan' ny refin' ny zavatra aseho sy ny fanehoana ny halalina sy ny elanelana amin' ny sary koa izy, ary nahita ireo fironana teo amin' ny vondron' ny mpanoratra sy ny mpanakanto tao Sevila.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Diego Velazquez - An Old Woman Cooking Eggs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Old Woman Frying Eggs'' (Vehivavy antitra manendy atody; 1618). ''National Gallery of Scotland'' (Tranombakoka nasionaly momba ny zavakanton' i Ekôsy), Edinburgh.]]
Nanambady an' i Juana Pacheco (1 Jona 1602 – 10 Aogositra 1660), zanakavavin' ny mpampianatra azy, i Velázquez tamin' ny 23 Aprily 1618. Nanan-janakavavy roa izy mivady. Ny zokiny, Francisca de Silva Velázquez y Pacheco (1619–1658), dia nanambady an' ilay mpanao hosodoko Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo tao amin' ny fiangonan' i Santiago tao Madrid tamin' ny 21 Aogositra 1633. Ny zandriny, Ignacia de Silva Velázquez y Pacheco, teraka tamin' ny 1621, dia maty mbola zazakely.&lt;ref&gt;[http://marriage.about.com/od/thearts/p/velazquezd.htm ''Juana and Diego Velazquez Marriage Profile'']. Marriage.about.com. Nojerena tamin' ny 22 December 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111025173919/http://marriage.about.com/od/thearts/p/velazquezd.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 25 October 2011]. Tsy miasa ny rohy tany am-boalohany.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Bodegones'', izany hoe sary maneho seho an-dakozia izay mampisongadina zavatra tsy mihetsika, ny asa voalohany nataon' i Velázquez. Anisan' ireo mpanakanto espaniôla voalohany nandoko seho toy izany izy. Ny ''Old Woman Frying Eggs'' (Vehivavy antitra manendy atody; 1618) dia mampiseho ny fahaizan' ilay mpanakanto tanora niavaka tamin' ny fanehoana mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mety ho nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny fanehoana ny zava-misy sy ny fampiasana hazavana mampihetsi-po ao amin' io asa io ny sanganasan' i [[Le Caravage|Caravaggio]], izay mety ho hitan' i Velázquez tamin' ny alalan' ny dika mitovy fa tsy ny tena izy, ary koa ireo sary sokitra nolokoina tamin' ny loko maro tao amin' ny fiangonana tao Sevila.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny roa amin' ireo ''bodegones'' nataony, ''Kitchen Scene with Christ in the House of Martha'' (Seho an-dakozia miaraka amin' i Kristy ao an-tranon' i Martha; 1618) sy ''Kitchen Scene with Christ at Emmaus'' (Seho an-dakozia miaraka amin' i Kristy ao Emmaus; tokony ho tamin' ny 1618), dia samy ahitana seho ara-pivavahana any ambadika. Ny fomba nandokoana azy ireo dia mahatonga ny mpijery tsy hahafantatra mazava raha sary mihantona amin' ny rindrina ilay seho ara-pivavahana, na fanehoana ny eritreritr' ilay mpanompovavy ao an-dakozia izay hita eo anoloana, na zava-mitranga tena misy tazana avy eo am-baravarankely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, pp. 122, 126.&lt;/ref&gt;
Manaraka ny fomba fandrafetana nampiasain' i Pacheco ny ''The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception'' (Ny Virjiny tsy azon' ny fahotana tamin' ny niforonany; 1618–19). Soloiny amin' ny tarehin' ny tovovavy iray avy eo an-toerana sy ny fomba fampiasana borosy isan-karazany anefa ny endriky ny tarehy nohatsaraina hifanaraka amin' ny idealy sy ny velarana nohalamaina tsara hita amin' ny asan' ny mpampianatra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, pp. 28, 29.&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ny asa ara-pivavahana hafa nataony ny ''The Adoration of the Magi'' (Ny fitsaohan' ny Magy; 1619) sy ''Saint John the Evangelist on the Island of Patmos'' (Masindahy John mpanoratra ny Filazantsara ao amin' ny nosy Patmos; 1618–19). Samy efa manomboka mampiseho ny fanehoany ny zava-misy amin' ny fomba maranitra kokoa sy voadinika tsara kokoa ireo sary roa ireo.

Tamin' io vanim-potoana io koa no nanaovany ny sarin' i ''Sor Jerónima de la Fuente'' (1620), izay sarin' olona mampiseho ny vatana manontolo voalohany nataon' i Velázquez,&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 142.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny sary maneho ny fiainana andavanandro ''The Waterseller of Seville'' (Ilay mpivarotra rano ao Sevila; 1618–1622). Nantsoina hoe «tampon' ny ''bodegones'' nataon' i Velázquez» io asa io, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay filazana azy. Ankafizina izy noho ny fahaizana avo lenta nanehoana ny endrika mibahan-toerana sy ny firafitry ny velaran-javatra eo amin' ny sary, ary koa noho ny fahamatorany manetriketrika sady mifono zava-miafina.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 130.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fahatongavana tany Madrid (vanim-potoana voalohany) ==
[[File:Felipe IV de castaño y plata, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Philip IV in Brown and Silver'' (Philip IV manao akanjo volontany sy volafotsy), 1632, ''National Gallery'' (Tranombakokam-pirenena momba ny sary hosodoko), London]]
Efa nahazo laza tany Sevila i Velázquez tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1620. Nankany Madrid izy tamin' ny Avrily 1622, nitondra taratasy fampahafantarana azy ho an' i Don Juan de Fonseca, mpitondra fivavahana niandraikitra ny fanompoam-pivavahan' ny mpanjaka. Tsy nahazo alalana handoko ny sarin' ny mpanjaka vaovao, [[Philipp IV (Espaina)|Philip&amp;nbsp;IV]], i Velázquez, fa nandoko ny sarin' ilay poeta Luis de Góngora noho ny fangatahan' i Pacheco.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_245&quot;&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt; Nasehon' ilay sary fa nanao satroboninahitra ravina lôrie i Góngora, saingy nototofan' i Velázquez loko izany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Niverina tany Sevila izy tamin' ny Janoary 1623 ary nijanona tany hatramin' ny Aogositra.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, pp. 29, 245.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Desambra 1622 dia maty i Rodrigo de Villandrando, ilay mpanao hosodoko tao an-dapa tian' ny mpanjaka indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 57.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazo baiko ho any an-dapa avy tamin' i Gaspar de Guzmán, kônta sy diokan' i Olivares, minisitra nanam-pahefana lehibe teo ambany fitondran' i Philip&amp;nbsp;IV, i Velázquez. Natolotra azy ny vola ''ducat'' 50 (volamena 175&amp;nbsp;g) handoavana ny fandaniany, ary niaraka taminy ny rafozandahiny. Nampiantrano an' ilay tanora mpanao hosodoko tao an-tranony i Fonseca ary nipetraka mba hosodokoina ny sariny; rehefa vita ilay sary dia nentina tany amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_245&quot;/&gt; Nisy baiko hanao ny sarin' ny mpanjaka, ary tamin' ny 30 Aogositra 1623 dia nipetraka teo anoloan' i Velázquez i Philip&amp;nbsp;IV mba hosodokoina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_245&quot;/&gt; Nahafaly ny mpanjaka ilay sary, ary nandidy an' i Velázquez hifindra any Madrid i Olivares. Nampanantena izy fa tsy hisy mpanao hosodoko hafa hahazo handoko ny sarin' i Philip intsony, ary hesorina tsy hivezivezy ny sarin' ny mpanjaka hafa rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  pp. 12, 200.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona nanaraka, 1624, dia nahazo ''ducat'' 300 avy tamin' ny mpanjaka izy handoavana ny famindrana ny ankohonany ho any Madrid, izay nonenany nandritra ny andro sisa niainany.
[[File:Velázquez - El Triunfo de Baco o Los Borrachos (Museo del Prado, 1628-29).jpg|thumb|''El Triunfo de Baco'' na ''Los Borrachos'', 1629 (amin' ny teny anglisy: ''The Triumph of Bacchus/The Drunks''; Ny fandresen' i Bacchus/Ny mamo), ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), Madrid]]

[[File:Diego Velázquez 030.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of the Infanta Maria Theresa'' (Sarin' ny zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka Maria Theresa), zanakavavin' i Philip IV sy Elisabeth of France, ''Kunsthistorisches Museum'' (Tranombakoka momba ny Tantaran' ny Zavakanto), Vienna]]
Tafiditra ho mpanompon' ny mpanjaka i Velázquez, ka nahazo karama ''ducat'' 20 isam-bolana, trano hipetrahana ary vola ho an' ny sary izay hosodokoiny. Naranty teo amin' ny tohatran' i San Felipe ny sarin' i Philip nataony, ary noraisina tamim-pankasitrahana mafana. Efa tsy hita intsony io sary io, tahaka ny sarin' i Fonseca ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris_12&quot;&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; Manana sary roa nataon' i Velázquez maneho ny mpanjaka anefa ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), laharana 1070 sy 1071. Ao amin' ireo dia efa tsy hita intsony ilay fomba hentitra tamin' ny vanim-potoana tany Sevila, ary malefaka kokoa ny loko. Mazava sy voafehy tsara ny fanehoana ny endrika amin' ny alalan' ny hazavana sy ny aloka, ka mampahatsiahy ny an' i Antonio Mor, ilay Hôlandey mpandoko sarin' olona ho an' i [[Philip II an'i Espaina|Philip&amp;nbsp;II]], izay nanan-kery lehibe teo amin' ny fomba fandokoana espaniôla. Asehon' i Velázquez manao ''golilla'' i Philip: vozon' akanjo rongony henjana izay mivelatra mivoaka avy eo amin' ny hatoka ka mamorona zoro mahitsy aminy. Nisolo ireo vozon' akanjo be haingo sy misy vala maro izay fanao tao an-dapa teo aloha ny ''golilla'', tao anatin' ny lalàna fanavaozana ny fitafiana nataon' i Philip nandritra ny krizy ara-toekarena.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tonga tao an-dapan' i Espaina tamin' ny 1623 ny Printsin' i Wales, izay lasa [[Charles I|Charles&amp;nbsp;I]] tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny firaketana, dia nipetraka teo anoloan' i Velázquez izy mba hosodokoina, saingy efa tsy hita intsony ilay sary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris_12&quot;/&gt;

Tamin' ny 1627 dia nanao fifaninanana ho an' ny mpanao hosodoko sangany tao Espaina i Philip, ka ny fandroahana ny [[Maora (vahoaka)|Maora]] no lohahevitra. Nandresy i Velázquez tamin' ny sary iray izay levon' ny afo tao an-dapa tamin' ny 1734.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny firaketana, dia nasehon' ilay sary i [[Philipp III (Espaina)|Philip&amp;nbsp;III]] nanondro tamin' ny tehiny vahoaka lahy sy vavy izay nentin' ny miaramila niala, raha nipetraka tamim-pitoniana kosa ilay vehivavy natao ho fanehoana an' i Espaina. Ho valisoa dia notendrena ho manamboninahitra mpikarakara ny fidirana sy ny fandraisana ao an-dapa i Velázquez. Tatỳ aoriana dia nahazo tambin-karama ''réis'' 12 isan' andro koa izy, izay nitovy tamin' ny vola nomena ny mpanety tao an-dapa, ary ''ducat'' 90 isan-taona ho an' ny fitafiana.

Tamin' ny Septambra 1628 dia tonga tany Madrid ho iraky ny zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka Isabella i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]], ary niaraka taminy i Velázquez nijery ireo sary nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]] tao Escorial. Naneho ny fahaizany niavaka ho mpanao hosodoko sy tandapa i Rubens nandritra ireo fito volana nanaovany ilay iraka diplaômatika. Nanaja fatratra ny fahaizan' i Velázquez izy, saingy tsy nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ny fomba fandokoan' ity farany. Na izany aza, dia nampitombo ny fanirian' i Velázquez hitsidika an' i Italia sy hijery ny asan' ireo mpanao hosodoko italiana lehibe izy.&lt;ref&gt;Ortega y Gasset 1953, p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1629 dia nahazo ''ducat'' 100 i Velázquez ho an' ilay sary maneho an' i [[Diônisôsy|Bacchus]], ''The Triumph of Bacchus'', izay antsoina koa hoe ''Los Borrachos'' (Ny mamo). Sary maneho andian-dehilahy manao fitafiana tamin' izany fotoana izany izy io, manome voninahitra tovolahy iray mitanjaka tapany, misatroka ravin' ny zavamaniry mandady antsoina hoe ''ivy'', ary mipetraka eo ambonin' ny barikan-divay. Io no sary voalohany nataon' i Velázquez momba ny angano mikasika ny andriamanitra.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro ny fomba nandikana azy: ho fanehoana fampisehoana an-tsehatra, ho fanahafana maneso, na ho fanehoana an' ohatra ny tantsaha mangataka amin' ny andriamanitry ny divay mba hanamaivana ny alahelony.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 74.&lt;/ref&gt; Hita amin' ny fomba nandokoana azy ny fanehoana ny zavatra araka ny endriny hita izay nampiavaka ny asa voalohan' i Velázquez, saingy misy fiantraikany kely avy amin' i Titian sy Rubens.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fotoana nijanonana tany Italia ==
Tamin' ny 1629, dia nahazo alalana hijanona tany Italia nandritra ny herintaona sy tapany i Velázquez. Ekena fa dingana nanan-danja lehibe teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny fomba fandokoany io fitsidihana voalohany io, ary koa teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fanohanan' ny mpanjakan' i Espaina ny zavakanto, satria i Philip&amp;nbsp;IV no niantoka ny diany. Na izany aza, dia vitsy ny tsipiriany mazava fantatra momba izay hitan' ilay mpanao sary hosodoko, ny olona nihaonany, ny fomba nandraisan' ny olona azy ary ny fanavaozana nantenainy hampidirina tamin' ny fomba fandokoany.

Nankany [[Venezia|Venice]], Ferrara, Cento, Loreto, [[Bologna]] ary [[Rôma|Rome]] izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt; Tamin' ny 1630, dia nitsidika an' i [[Napoli|Naples]] izy mba handoko ny sarin' i Maria Anna avy any Espaina, ary angamba tany izy no nihaona tamin' i [[José de Ribera|Ribera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt; Ny asa lehibe tamin' io fotoana voalohany nijanonany tany Italia io dia ny ''Joseph's Bloody Coat brought to Jacob'' (1629–30) sy ny ''Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan'' (1630). Samy mampiseho ny faniriany hifaninana amin' ny Italiana amin' ny fanaovana sary hosodoko maneho tantara amin' ny fomba manetriketrika ireo sary roa ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovitovy refy ireo sary roa ireo, izay samy ahitana olona maromaro saika mitovy habe amin' ny olona tena izy, ary mety ho noeritreretina ho sary roa mifameno: mampiseho famitahana ilay seho avy ao amin' ny Baiboly, fa mampiseho ny fampiharihariana ny famitahana kosa ilay seho avy amin' ny angano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_157&quot;&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 157.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy ny efa nataony tao amin' ny ''The Triumph of Bacchus'', dia nasehon' i Velázquez ho olona niaina tamin' ny androny ireo olona tao amin' ny sariny, ary fihetsika sy fisehon' ny tarehy hita teo amin' ny fiainana andavanandro no nasehon' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 147.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanaraka ny ohatry ny mpanao sary hosodoko avy any Bologna, toa an' i Guido Reni, i Velázquez ka nandoko ny ''Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan'' tamin' ny lamba efa nasiana loko fanomanana volondavenona mazava, fa tsy ilay loko fanomanana somary mena matroka nampiasainy tamin' ny asany rehetra teo aloha. Nahatonga ny sariny ho namirapiratra kokoa noho izay vitany teo aloha izany fiovana izany, ary nanjary fanaony mahazatra ny nampiasa loko fanomanana volondavenona mazava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_157&quot;/&gt;

=== Fiverenana tany Madrid (vanim-potoana antenatenany) ===
[[File:Velázquez - de Breda o Las Lanzas (Museo del Prado, 1634-35).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ny ''La rendición de Breda'' (1634–35) dia nahazo aingam-panahy avy amin' ny fitsidihana voalohany nataon' i Velázquez tany Italia, izay niarahany tamin' i Ambrogio Spinola. Efa nandresy sy naka ny tanàna hôlandey Breda i Spinola taona vitsivitsy talohan' izany. Asehon' ilay sary ny fanoloran' ny Hôlandey ny fanalahidin' ny tanàna tamin' ny tafika espaniôla nandritra ny fahirano an' i Breda. Heverina ho anisan' ny sary hosodoko tsara indrindra nataon' i Velázquez izy io.]]
Niverina tany Madrid i Velázquez tamin' ny Janoary 1631.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt; Tamin' io taona io no nahavitany ny voalohany tamin' ireo sarin' ilay printsy tanora maro nataony, dia ny ''Prince Balthasar Charles with a Dwarf'', izay ao amin' ny ''Museum of Fine Arts'' (Tranombakoky ny haikanto) ao Boston.&lt;ref&gt;Asturias and Bardi 1969, p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ireo sary toy ny ''Equestrian portrait of prince Balthasar Charles'' (1635), dia asehon' i Velázquez ho mendri-kaja sy manan-kaja toy ny andriana ilay printsy, na manao ny fitafian' ny maresaly, mpitari-tafika ambony, eo ambonin' ny soavaliny mampiakatra avo ny tongony eo am-pamindra. Amin' ny dika iray, dia eo amin' ny toeram-pianarana mitaingin-tsoavaly ao an-dapa no isehoan' ilay seho. Mijery avy eo amin' ny lavarangana ny mpanjaka sy ny mpanjakavavy, ary manatrika eo i Olivares amin' ny maha lehiben' ny mpikarakara ny soavalin' ny printsy azy.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 182.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mba handravahana ny lapa vaovaon' ny mpanjaka, ny Palacio del Buen Retiro, dia nandoko ny sarin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka mitaingin-tsoavaly i Velázquez.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Philip IV on Horseback'' (1634–35), dia aseho avy amin' ny ilany ny mpanjaka, amin' ny endrika maneho fahamboniana tsy azo hozongozonina. Asehony ny fahaizany mitaingin-tsoavaly amin' ny fampijoroana tsy misy fahasahiranana ny soavaly amin' ny tongony aoriana miforitra, ka mampiakatra ny tapany anoloana amin' ny vatany, fihetsika antsoina hoe ''levade''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_38&quot;/&gt; Ny ''The Surrender of Breda'' (1634–35), sary lehibe izay natao ho an' io lapa io koa, no hany sary hosodokon' i Velázquez mbola misy izay mampiseho zava-nitranga ara-tantara tamin' ny androny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_38&quot;&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba anoharana ny fandresen' ny tafika espaniôla ny Hôlandey ao amin' ilay sary dia tsy mampiasa ny fanehoana fandresena sy fahamboniana mahazatra amin' ny seho toy izany, izay ahitana jeneraly mitaingin-tsoavaly mitazana avy eny ambony ny fahavalony resy mandohalika. Asehon' i Velázquez kosa ilay jeneraly espaniôla mijoro eo anoloan' ilay jeneraly hôlandey toy ny olona mitovy lenta aminy, sady manolotra tanana ho fampiononana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, pp. 38–41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hita amin' ireo sarin' olona maro nataon' i Velázquez ny tarehy tsy maneho fihetseham-po sy manjombon' i Olivares, minisitra nanana fahefana lehibe. Anisan' izany ny sary roa: ny iray mampiseho azy hatrany an-doha ka hatrany an-tongotra, mijoro amim-pahamendrehana sy fahamboniana, mitondra ny lakroa maitson' ny fikambanan' ny mpiady Alcantara ary mihazona tehina famantarana ny andraikiny amin' ny maha lehiben' ny mpikarakara ny soavaly azy; ny iray kosa, ny ''The Count-Duke of Olivares on Horseback'' (manodidina ny 1635), dia mampiseho azy amin' ny endrika manome voninahitra azy, toy ny maresaly eo am-piadiana. Tamin' ireo sary ireo no nanehoan' i Velázquez ny fankasitrahany an' ilay mpanohana azy izay nampahafantatra azy voalohany tamin' ny mpanjaka.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, pp. 164, 180.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanao ny modelin' ny sarivongana iray ny mpanao sokitra Juan Martínez Montañés, niainga tamin' ny sarin' ny mpanjaka mitaingin-tsoavaly nataon' i Velázquez tamin' ny 1636, izay tsy hita intsony. Nampiasa halimo narendrika i Pietro Tacca, mpanao sokitra avy any [[Florencia]], mba hamolavolana ilay sarivongana, izay mijoro eo amin' ny Plaza de Oriente ao Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s ''Juan Martínez Montañés'']. ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanompo akaiky an' i Philip i Velázquez ary niaraka taminy tany Aragon tamin' ny 1644. Tany no nandokoan' ilay mpanakanto ny sarin' ny mpanjaka nanao ny fitafiana nanaovany fisafoana ny miaramilany tao Fraga.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Aesop'' sy ny ''Menippus'' nataon' i Velázquez, izay samy tamin' ny manodidina ny 1636–1638, dia mampiseho mpanoratra fahiny amin' ny endrika mpangataka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt; Ny ''Mars Resting'' (manodidina ny 1638) dia sady sarin' olona ao amin' ny angano no sarin' ny lehilahy efa eo antenatenan' ny taonany, toa reraka, maka tahaka an' i Mars.&lt;ref&gt;Portús 2004, p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Nasongadina tamin' ny fandokoana ny toetra manokan' ilay olona natao modely, fa ny volombavany ambony molotra, misavoritaka sy lehibe loatra, kosa dia tsy mifanaraka amin' ny endrika andrasana ka mampihomehy kely.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 212.&lt;/ref&gt; Nomena heviny isan-karazany io sary azo anomezana heviny maro io. Raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia lazain' i Javier Portús ho « fisaintsainana momba ny zava-misy, ny fanehoana azy ary ny fomba fijerin' ny mpanakanto » izy io, fa i Alfonso E. Pérez Sánchez kosa milaza fa « noheverina koa ho fisaintsainana manjombona momba ny herin' ny tafik' i Espaina izay mihena ».&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt;

Raha tsy noho ny fanendrena azy hiasa ho an' ny mpanjaka, izay nahafahan' i Velázquez nisoroka ny sivana nataon' ny Inkizisiôna espaniôla, dia tsy ho afaka nampiseho ny ''La Venus del espejo'' (manodidina ny 1644–1648) izy. Antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''Venus at her Mirror'' io sary io, ary fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe ''The Rokeby Venus''. Io no sary voalohany fantatra mampiseho vehivavy miboridana nataon' ny mpanakanto espaniôla,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;&gt;Sánchez, Alfonso E. Pérez (1 January 2003). &quot;Velázquez, Diego&quot;. Grove Art Online.&lt;/ref&gt; sady hany sary mampiseho vehivavy miboridana nataon' i Velázquez mbola misy.

==== Sarin' olona ====
[[File:Diego Velázquez - Portrait of a Lady - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|''Lady from court'' (vehivavy avy ao an-dapa), manodidina ny 1635, ''Gemäldegalerie Berlin'' (tranombakoka fampirantiana sary hosodoko ao Berlin).]]

Ankoatra ireo sarin' i Philip maro nataon' i Velázquez, izay efatra amby telopolo araka ny fanisana iray,&lt;ref&gt;Ortega y Gasset 1953, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nandoko ny sarin' ny olona hafa tao amin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka koa izy: i Elisabeth of Bourbon, vadin' i Philip voalohany, sy ny zanany, indrindra fa i Don Baltasar Carlos, zanany lahimatoa, izay tokony ho roa taona tamin' ny nanaovan' i Velázquez ny sariny voalohany. Nisy mpitaingin-tsoavaly, miaramila, mpitondra fivavahana, ary i Francisco de Quevedo, poety, koa nipetraka ho modely ho an' i Velázquez. Ao amin' ny Apsley House ny sarin' i Quevedo.

Nandoko ny sarin' ny mpanao hatsikana sy ny olona fohy vatana maromaro tao an-dapan' i Philip koa i Velázquez. Nasehony tamin' ny fomba feno fiheverana sy fanajana ny toetra manokan' izy ireo ireo olona ireo, toy ny ao amin' ny ''The Jester Don Diego de Acedo'' (1644). Ny tarehin' i Acedo maneho faharanitan-tsaina, ny boky lehibe ary ny tavoahangin-dranomainty sy ny penina eo anilany dia mampiseho azy ho lehilahy hendry sy nahita fianarana.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny sary tamin' io vanim-potoana antenatenany io ny ''Pablo de Valladolid'' (1635), izay mampiseho mpanao hatsikana toa eo am-pilalaovana anjara, sy ny ''The Buffoon of Coria'' (1639).

Noho izy mpanao hosodoko tao an-dapa, dia vitsy kokoa noho ny an' ireo mpanao hosodoko hafa rehetra tamin' ny androny ny asa ara-pivavahana nampanaovina an' i Velázquez.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_36&quot;/&gt; Ny ''Christ Crucified'' (1632), izay natao ho an' ny tranon-drelijiozy San Plácido ao Madrid, dia mampiseho an' i Kristy vao avy maty. Mitanondrika eo amin' ny tratrany ny lohan' ny Mpamonjy, ary manarona ny ampahany amin' ny tarehiny ny volony mainty misavoritaka, ka manamafy amin' ny alalan' ny sary ny hevitry ny fahafatesana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_36&quot;&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Izy irery no aseho eo anoloan' ny lafika maizina.

I Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo, vinanton' i Velázquez, no nandimby azy tamin' ny andraikitra fikarakarana ny fidirana sy ny fandraisana tao an-dapa tamin' ny 1634.&lt;ref&gt;Asturias and Bardi 1969, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; Niakatra tsikelikely hatrany ny andraikitr' i Mazo tao amin' ny fanompoana ny mpanjaka. Nahazo vola fanampiana raikitra 500 ''ducat'', vola nampiasaina tamin' izany fotoana izany, izy tamin' ny 1640, ary nampitomboina ho 700 izany tamin' ny 1648, ho tambin' ireo sarin' olona efa nataony sy mbola hataony. Voatendry ho mpanara-maso ny asa tao an-dapa izy tamin' ny 1647.

Nankinin' i Philip tamin' i Velázquez avy eo ny iraka hividy sary hosodoko sy sary sokitra ho an' ny tahirin-javakanton' ny mpanjaka. Na dia nanan-karena tamin' ny sary hosodoko aza i Espaina, dia tsy ampy ny sarivongana tao aminy, ka nirahina ho any Italia indray i Velázquez mba hividy izany.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fitsidihana faharoa tany Italia ===
[[File:Retrato del Papa Inocencio X. Roma, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Portrait of Pope Innocent X'' (sarin' ny Papa Inokentio X), 1650]]
Rehefa niainga tamin' ny 1649 i Velázquez, dia niaraka taminy i Juan de Pareja, mpanampy azy izay mbola andevo tamin' izany fotoana izany ary efa nampianariny nandoko.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  pp. 25, 27, 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Niondrana an-tsambo avy tao [[Málaga]] i Velázquez, nidina tao [[Genova]], ary nanohy ny diany avy tao Milan nankany Venezia. Nividy sary hosodokon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]], [[Le Tintoret|Tintoretto]] ary [[Paul Véronèse|Veronese]] izy teny an-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  pp. 25, 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray azy tamim-pankasitrahana lehibe ny dioka tao Modena. Tao izy no nandoko ny sarin' ilay dioka izay ao amin' ny trano fampirantiana zavakanto ao Modena, sy sarin' olona roa izay mandravaka ny trano fampirantiana ao [[Dresden]] ankehitriny. Avy tamin' ny fivarotana ny sary tao Modena tamin' ny 1746 ireo sary ao Dresden ireo.

Nanambara mialoha ny fiantombohan' ny fomba fandokoana fahatelo sady farany nampiasain' i Velázquez ireo asa ireo. Ohatra miavaka amin' izany ny sarin' ny [[Inokentio X (papa)|Papa Inokentio X]] ao amin' ny ''Doria Pamphilj Gallery'' (trano fampirantiana zavakanto Doria Pamphilj) ao Rôma, izay nalehan' i Velázquez taorian' izany. Nandray azy tamim-pankasitrahana manokana ny papa ary nanome azy medaly sy rojo volamena. Nitondra dika mitovy amin' ilay sary niverina tany Espaina i Velázquez. Ilay sary no noheverin' i Joshua Reynolds, izay nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra ''Sir'', ho sary tsara indrindra tao Rôma. Misy dika mitovy maromaro amin' izy io any amin' ny trano fampirantiana samihafa; mety ho sary fanomanana ilay sary fototra ny sasany amin' ireo, na dika natao ho an' i Philip. Tamin' ity asa ity i Velázquez no nahatratra ilay nantsoin' ny Espaniôla niara-belona taminy hoe ''manera abreviada'' (fomba fanehoana nohafohezina), izany hoe fomba fandokoana sahy kokoa sy maranitra kokoa. Hita ho tsy niantra mihitsy ny endrik' i Inokentio tao amin' ilay sary, ka natahotra ny olona sasany tao [[Vatikàna]] sao tsy hankasitrahan' ny papa izany. Nahafaly an' i Inokentio anefa ilay asa, ary nahantony tao amin' ny efitra fiandrasan' ireo olona tonga nitsidika azy tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy.

[[File:Retrato de Juan Pareja, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|upright|''Portrait of Juan de Pareja'' (sarin' i Juan de Pareja), tokony ho tamin' ny 1650]]
Tamin' ny 1650, tao Rôma, dia nandoko ny ''portrait of Juan de Pareja'' (sarin' i Juan de Pareja) koa i Velázquez. Ao amin' ny ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' (tranombakoka momba ny zavakanto Metropolitan) ao [[New York]] izy io ankehitriny. Io sary io no nahatonga azy ho voafidy ho mpikambana tao amin' ny ''Accademia di San Luca'' (Akademian' i Masindahy Lioka). Voalaza fa nataon' i Velázquez ho fanazarana ny fahaizany ilay sary, ho fiomanana amin' ny fandokoana ny sarin' ny papa. Nasehony tamin' ny antsipiriany ny endrik' i Pareja sy ny akanjony somary tonta sy notampenana, na dia vitsy aza ny dian' ny borosy nampiasainy. Tamin' ny Novambra 1650 no nanafahan' i Velázquez an' i Juan de Pareja tamin' ny fanandevozana.&lt;ref&gt;Hitan' i Jennifer Montagu ilay taratasy fanafahana amin' ny fanandevozana. Jereo ny ''Burlington Magazine'', volume 125, 1983, pp. 683–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny asa tamin' io vanim-potoana io koa ireo sary hosodoko kely roa maneho tontolo eny an-kalamanjana, izay samy mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''View of the Garden of the Villa Medici'' (fahitana ny zaridainan' ny Villa Medici). Toa natao tamin' ny fijerena mivantana ny tontolo nasehony ireo sary ireo, ka niavaka tamin' ny sary tamin' izany fotoana izany. Hita amin' izy ireo ny fandinihana akaiky nataon' i Velázquez momba ny hazavana tamin' ny fotoana samihafa nandritra ny andro.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982, pp. 141–143; Ortega y Gasset 1953, p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny iraka nampanaovina azy ny fitadiavana haingon-trano ho an' ny ''Room of Mirrors'' (Efitry ny Fitaratra) tao amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjaka Alcazar ao Madrid. Noho izany dia naniraka an' i Matteo Bonuccelli izy hanamboatra dika roa ambin' ny folo amin' ireo sarivongana liona Medici, vita amin' ny ''bronze'' (metaly mifangaro izay varahina no akora fototra ao aminy), amin' ny alalan' ny fandrarahana ilay metaly anaty lasitra. Ao amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjaka ao Madrid sy ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado) ireo dika ireo ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/obra/leon/ León – Colección – Museo Nacional del Prado]. www.museodelprado.es.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' io lapa io koa ny andiana sarivongana avy amin' ny andian' asa mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Seven Planets'' (ireo planeta fito), izay nentin' i Velázquez avy tany Italia tany am-boalohany mba hapetraka tao amin' ny Alcazar.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Palace of Madrid, Visitor leaflet&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandritra ny fotoana nipetrahany tao Rôma i Velázquez dia niteraka zazalahy ivelan' ny fanambadiana, nantsoina hoe Antonio. Tsy misy filazana fantatra fa efa nahita an' io zanany io izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_247&quot;&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiverenana tany Espaina sy ny asa nataony tatỳ aoriana ==
Nanomboka tamin' ny Febroary 1650 dia imbetsaka i Philip no nangataka an' i Velázquez hiverina tany Espaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_247&quot;/&gt; Araka izany, rehefa avy nitsidika an' i [[Napoli|Naples]] — izay nihaonany tamin' i Jose Ribera, namany efa hatry ny ela — sy Venice izy, dia niverina tany Espaina tamin' ny taona 1651, nandalo an' i [[Barselona|Barcelona]]. Nitondra sary hosodoko maro sy sarivongana 300 izy; nalamina sy nanaovana katalaogy ho an' ny mpanjaka ireo tatỳ aoriana.

Efa maty tamin' ny taona 1644 i Elisabeth of France, ary efa nanambady an' i Mariana of Austria ny mpanjaka. Tamin' io fotoana io dia nanao sary hosodoko maro nampiseho an' i Mariana tamin' ny fihetsika samihafa i Velázquez. Tamin' ny taona 1652 dia nofidin' ny mpanjaka manokana izy hitana ny andraikitra ambony hoe ''aposentador mayor'' (lehiben' ny mpikarakara ny trano ipetrahan' ny mpanjaka sy ny tandapany). Asa mitaky andraikitra izany, fa tsy andraikitra ahazoana vola nefa tsy mitaky asa firy, ary nanelingelina ny fanatanterahany ny zavakantony.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy naneho fihemorana akory anefa ny sanganasany tamin' io vanim-potoana io, fa anisan' ny fanehoana tsara indrindra ny fomba fandokoany.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Las Meninas ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: ''Las Meninas''.

[[File:Las Meninas, by Diego Velázquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|''Las Meninas'' (1656)]]

Toa i Margaret Theresa, zanaka vavimatoan' ilay mpanjakavavy vaovao sady iray amin' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka, no foto-kevitry ny ''Las Meninas'' (1656; ''The Maids of Honour'' amin' ny teny anglisy, izany hoe ireo tovovavy mpanotrona ao an-dapa), izay asa lehibe indrindra nataon' i Velázquez. Noforonina efa-taona talohan' ny nahafatesany io sary io ary ohatra miavaka amin' ny zavakanto barôka eorôpeanina. Nantsoin' i Luca Giordano, mpanao hosodoko italianina niara-belona taminy, hoe « teôlôjian' ny hosodoko » izy io, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Asturias and Bardi 1969, p. 106.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1827 kosa, i Sir Thomas Lawrence, filohan' ny ''Royal Academy of Arts'' (Akademian' ny Zavakanto an' ny Mpanjaka), dia nilazalaza azy tao anaty taratasy ho « tena filôzôfian' ny zavakanto », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy.&lt;ref&gt;Gower, Ronald Sutherland (1900). [https://archive.org/details/sirthomaslawrenc00gowe/page/n233/mode/2up ''Sir Thomas Lawrence'']. London, Paris &amp; New York: Goupil &amp; co, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mazava anefa hoe iza na inona marina no foto-kevitr' ilay sary.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola misokatra ny safidy hoe ilay zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka izany, sa angamba ilay mpanao hosodoko mihitsy. Hita ao amin' ny fitaratra eo amin' ny rindrina any aoriana ny taratry ny mpanjaka sy ny mpanjakavavy, saingy mbola zava-miafina ny niavian' io taratra io: tsy mazava raha mijoro eo amin' ny toerana misy ny mpijery izy mivady, na ilay sary eo am-pandokoan' i Velázquez no hita ao amin' ny fitaratra. Araka ny voalazan' i [[#Loharano|Dale Brown]], mety ho noheverin' i Velázquez ho fambara mialoha ny firodanan' ny [[Empira Espaniôla|Empira espaniôla]] ireo endriky ny mpanjaka sy ny mpanjakavavy manjavozavo eo amin' ny rindrina any aoriana; hihamafy izany firodanana izany taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Philip.

Ao amin' ny boky ''Les Mots et Les Choses'' (''The Order of Things'') nivoaka tamin' ny 1966, ny filôzôfy [[Michel Foucault]] dia nanokana ny toko voalohany ho amin' ny famakafakana amin' ny an-tsipiriany ny ''Las Meninas''. Nolazalazainy ny fomba ametrahan' ilay sary fanontaniana momba ny fanehoana zavatra, amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasany fitaratra sy velarana anehoana sary ary ny fifindrana miverimberina aterak' izany eo amin' ny ao anatin' ilay sary, ny velarany ary ny ivelany.

Lazaina fa ny mpanjaka no nandoko ny Lakroan' i Masindahy Jakôba, mariky ny voninahitra avy amin' ny fikambanana ara-boninahitra Santiago, teo amin' ny tratran' ilay mpanao hosodoko, araka ny ahitana izany ankehitriny eo amin' ny lamba hosodoko. Tsy nahazo izany anaram-boninahitra ''knight'' (mpikambana ao amin' ny fikambanana ara-boninahitry ny mpiady) izany anefa i Velázquez raha tsy telo taona taorian' ny nandokoana ity sary ity. Na ny mpanjakan' i Espaina aza dia tsy afaka nanome izany anaram-boninahitra izany an' ilay mpanao hosodoko tao an-dapa nankamaminy indrindra raha tsy nahazo ny faneken' ny vaomiera natsangana hanadihady ny « fahadiovan' ny firazanany ». Ny tanjon' ireny fanadihadiana ireny dia ny hisakana ny fanendrena ho amin' andraikitra izay olona noheverina fa nanana na dia sombiny tamin' ny fivadiham-pinoana aza teo amin' ny razambeny — izany hoe fisian' ny razambe jiosy na maoro — na izay noheverina ho fahalotoana noho ny fanaovana asa tanana na raharaham-barotra teo amin' ny fianakavian' ny rainy na ny reniny nandritra ny taranaka maro. Hita tao amin' ny tahirin' ny fikambanana Santiago ny firaketan' io vaomiera io. Tamin' ny 1659 no nomena an' i Velázquez ilay anaram-boninahitra. Nohamarinina ny asany amin' ny maha-olon-tsotra sy mpanao asa tanana azy, satria tamin' ny naha-mpanao hosodokon' ny mpanjaka azy dia hita fa tsy nanao « fivarotana » sary izy.

=== Taona farany ===
[[File:Velazquez figurando.jpg|thumb|Ampahany amin' ny ''Las Meninas'': sarin' i Velázquez nataony ihany.]]
[[File:Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez - Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress'' (1659), sarin' i Margarita Teresa tamin' izy valo taona.]]
Raha ny tena izy, dia roa ihany ny mpanohana ny zavakanto tao Espaina: ny fiangonana sy ny mpanjaka tia zavakanto niaraka tamin' ny tandapany. I [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]], izay niasa mafy ho an' ny fiangonana nanan-karena sy nanam-pahefana, dia kely ihany ny vola navelany handoavana ny fandevenana azy. I Velázquez kosa dia nisitraka karama tsara sy vola fanampiana raikitra nandritra ny fiainany ka hatramin' ny nahafatesany.

Anisan' ny asa farany nataony ny ''Las hilanderas'' (''The Spinners'', izany hoe ny mpamoly kofehy), izay nolokoiny manodidina ny taona 1657 ary maneho ny anganon' i Arachne nosoratan' i Ovid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot;/&gt; Ilay lamba voatenona misy sary eo amin' ny faritra aoriana dia mifototra amin' ny ''The Rape of Europa'' nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]], na, izay azo inoana kokoa, amin' ny dika nolokoin' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Rubens]] tao Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Wendy. ''[http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/november-2007/319986/the-bobbin-and-the-distaff.thtml &quot;The Bobbin and the Distaff&quot;]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110811150919/http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/november-2007/319986/the-bobbin-and-the-distaff.thtml tahiry], 11 August 2011), ''Apollo'', 1 November 2007. Retrieved on 28 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Feno hazavana sy fahatsapana ny rivotra ary fihetsehana ilay sary, sady ahitana loko velombelona sy fomba fandokoana voakajy tsara. Nilaza i Anton Raphael Mengs fa toa tsy ny tanana no nandoko io asa io, fa ny herin' ny finiavana fotsiny. Ao no mivondrona ny fahalalana rehetra momba ny zavakanto voangon' i Velázquez nandritra ny asa maha-mpanakanto azy, izay naharitra efapolo taona mahery. Tsotra ny fandrindrana ny loko: mitambatra sy mifangaro ao ny mena, ny maitso manopy manga, ny volondavenona ary ny mainty amin' ny endriny samihafa.

Heverina ho anisan' ny sanganasany tsara indrindra ireo sarin' ny zanaky ny mpanjaka nataon' i Velázquez tamin' ny faramparan' ny fiainany. Ao amin' ny ''Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress'',&lt;ref name=&quot;bilddatenbank.khm.at&quot;&gt;Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien [http://bilddatenbank.khm.at/images/500/GG_2130_HP.jpg &quot;Infantin Margarita Teresa (1651–1673) in blauem Kleid | Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez | 1659 | Inv. No.: GG_2130&quot;] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131101011349/http://bilddatenbank.khm.at/images/500/GG_2130_HP.jpg tahiry], 1 November 2013). Retrieved on 27 January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; dia tonga amin' ny fivoarany feno indrindra ny fomba fandokoany manokana: ireo pentina loko apetraka amin' ny faritra midadasika amin' ny lamba hosodoko dia miteraka vokatra hita maso saika mitovy amin' ny an' ny impresiônisma. Mila mijoro amin' ny elanelana sahaza ny mpijery mba hahitany ny habaka asehon' ilay sary ho toy ny habaka tena mibahan-toerana manana refy telo.

Ny hany sarin' ny Printsy Felipe Próspero nataony mbola voatahiry&lt;ref name=&quot;Kunsthistorisches Museum 1661&quot;&gt;Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien [http://bilddatenbank.khm.at/images/500/GG_319_HP.jpg &quot;Infant Philipp Prosper (1657–1661) | Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez | 1659 | Inv. No.: GG_319&quot;] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141026115652/http://bilddatenbank.khm.at/images/500/GG_319_HP.jpg tahiry], 26 October 2014). Retrieved on 27 January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; dia miavaka amin' ny fampiarahana ny endrik' ilay printsy zaza sy ny alikany amin' ny fahatsapana alahelo an-kolaka. Hita taratra amin' ilay sary ny fanantenana napetraka tamin' io hany mpandova ny seza fiandrianan' i Espaina io tamin' izany fotoana izany: mifanohitra amin' ny loko mampahatsiahy ny faran' ny fararano sy ny fahafatesana ny mena sy ny fotsy mamiratra. Mibanjina ny mpijery toy ny mametra-panontaniana ny alika kely iray izay miboraka maso. Ilay faritra aoriana, izay hatsatra amin' ny ankapobeny, dia toa manambara an-kolaka anjara mampalahelo: vao efa-taona monja ilay printsy kely rehefa maty. Toy ny amin' ny sary hosodoko rehetra nataon' ilay mpanakanto tamin' ny faramparan' ny fiainany, dia malefaka mikoriana sy velombelona indrindra ny fomba fampiasany ny loko.

Tamin' ny taona 1660, dia nohamafisin' ny fanambadian' i Maria Theresa sy [[Louis XIV]] ny fifanekem-pihavanana teo amin' i Frantsa sy Espaina. Natao tao amin' ny nosy ''Island of Pheasants'', nosy kely honahona ao amin' ny renirano Bidassoa, ny lanonana. I Velázquez no niandraikitra ny fandravahana ny tranoheva espaniola sy ny haingo rehetra nanodidina ny lanonana. Nahasarika ny sain' ny maro ny fihetsiny mendrika andriana sy ny famirapiratan' ny fitafiany. Niverina tao Madrid izy tamin' ny 26 Jona, ary voan' ny tazo tamin' ny 31 Jolay. Rehefa tsapany fa efa nanakaiky ny fahafatesany, dia nanao sonia ny didim-pananany izy, ka ny vadiny sy ilay namany akaiky antsoina hoe Fuensalida, mpitahiry ny antontan-taratasin' ny mpanjaka, no notendreny ho hany mpanatanteraka izany. Maty tamin' ny 6 Aogositra 1660 izy. Nalevina tao amin' ny fasam-pianakaviana Fuensalida tao amin' ny fiangonan' i San Juan Bautista izy, ary tao anatin' ny valo andro dia nalevina teo anilany koa i Juana vadiny. Noravan' ny Frantsay io fiangonana io manodidina ny taona 1809, ka tsy fantatra intsony ny toerana nandevenana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Goodman, Al. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/07/arts/arts-abroad-a-furor-for-velazquez-his-art-but-also-his-bones.html ''ARTS ABROAD; A Furor for Velazquez: His Art but Also His Bones'']. ''The New York Times'', 7 September 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sarotra dia sarotra ny nandamina ireo kaonty nifamahofaho mbola tsy voalamina teo amin' i Velázquez sy ny tahirim-bolam-panjakana. Tsy voalamina tanteraka izany raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1666, taorian' ny nahafatesan' ny Mpanjaka Philip.

== Fomba sy teknika ==

=== Caravaggio sy Velázquez ===
Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17, dia efa nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpanakanto eoropeana ny fomba fanehoana ny zavatra araka ny endriny hita narahin' i Caravaggio. Tao amin' ny bokiny ''Arte de la Pintura'' (Ny zavakanton' ny fandokoana), dia nidera an' i Caravaggio i Pacheco ho mpanao hosodoko nahavita nampiseho izao manaraka izao (dikanteny malagasy): «zava-misy toa velona, tamin' ny fanaovana hosodoko naka tahaka ny zavatra tena hita, tsy ny tarehin' olombelona ihany, [...] fa ny fitafiana koa, na volonondry izany na landy, ary ny zavatra hafa rehetra.»&lt;ref name=&quot;Lopez2000&quot;&gt;José López-Rey; Odile Delenda (July 2000). ''Velázquez: Complete Works''. Taschen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3836581790&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampidirin' i Velázquez tao amin' ny asany ny fomba nampiasan' i Caravaggio ny fanehoana mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy, ny fampifanoherana ny hazavana sy ny aloka, ary ny loko matanjaka, saingy fiandohana fotsiny no nandraisany izany. Notantarain' i José López-Rey, mpahay tantaran' ny zavakanto avy any Espaina sady manam-pahaizana malaza momba an' i Velázquez, ny fomba nihoaran' ny fomban' i Velázquez ny an' i Caravaggio, na dia hatramin' ny asa voalohandohany aza (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;Fototra lehibe ho an' ireo mpanaraka azy ny fampifanoherana misongadina ny hazavana sy ny aloka nataon' i Caravaggio. Nahatanteraka izany izy tamin' ny [...] fanasongadinana ny endriny sy ny lokony tamin' ny famirapiratana tsy miovaova. Ao anatin' ny asa tsirairay nataon' i Caravaggio, dia tsy miova firy na ny toetran' ny fomba fampiasana ny borosy fandokoana, na ny firafitry ny akora manome loko, na ny hamafin' ny hazavana. [...] Nahavita fanehoana manaitra ny retsi-pahatsapana i Velázquez, izay tsy hita tao amin' ny fomba fanehoan' i Caravaggio ny zavatra araka ny endriny hita; toy izany koa ny fahaizany nampahatsapa ny halalina sy ny elanelana amin' ny sary tamin' ny fanehoana ny rivotra manelanelana ny zavatra, ary ny fanehoany mazava ny fifanoheran' ny maha-Andriamanitra sy ny maha-olombelona. Tamin' ny fanatanterahany izany, dia nampiseho fahaizana lalina mahatsapa na ny firafitry ny velaran' ny zavatra aseho na ny firafitry ny akora manome loko mihitsy i Velázquez. Izany no nahatonga azy hampiasa ny hazavana sy ny aloka tamin' ny fomba malefaka sy mirindra, ary hampiasa dian-borosy isan-karazany, marokoroko na malama, manify dia manify na matevina, izay nitovy kokoa tamin' ny an' i Titian noho ny an' i Caravaggio.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lopez2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Ireo dia tany Italia ===
Fanao mahazatra ny mizara ny asan' i Velázquez amin' ny maha-mpanao hosodoko azy araka ireo diany roa tany Italia. Mahalana izy no nanao sonia ny sariny, ary ny datin' ireo sanganasany lehibe indrindra ihany no hita ao amin' ny tahirin-kevitry ny mpanjaka. Ny porofo hita ao amin' ireo sary mihitsy sy ny tantara mifandray amin' ireo sarin' olona nataony no mameno amin' ny ampahany ireo daty tsy hita.

Na dia nahafantatra ireo firehana rehetra tamin' ny hosodoko italianina aza i Velázquez sady naman' ireo mpanao hosodoko nanana ny toerany indrindra tamin' ny androny, dia nahavita tsy ho voabaikon' ny fitaomana avy any ivelany izy, ka nampivelatra samirery ny toetrany manokana sy ireo foto-keviny momba ny zavakanto. Nolaviny ny fisehosehoana nampiavaka ny sarin' olona natao ho an' ireo lapan' ny mpanjaka hafa tany Eorôpa. Vao mainka kosa nahenany ny fisehosehoana teo amin' ilay fomba efa tsotra nanehoana ny sarin' ny Habsburg, izay naorin' i Titian, Antonio Mor ary Alonso Sánchez Coello.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Fantatra izy tamin' ny fampiasana fitambaran' ny loko somary voafetra, nefa nampifangaroany tamim-pahaizana lehibe ireo loko teo am-pelatanany mba hahazoana loko samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;McKim-Smith et al. 1988.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy nisy fahasamihafana lehibe teo amin' ny akora manome loko nampiasainy sy ny an' ireo niara-belona taminy. Ireto indrindra no nampiasainy: mineraly manga atao loko (''azurite''), vovoka fitaratra manga atao loko (''smalt''), akora manome loko mena mivaivay (''vermilion''), akora mena azo amin' ny fampiraiketana zavatra fandokoana amin' ny akora fototra tsy mety levona (''red lake''), akora manome loko mavo misy firaka sy vifotsy (''lead-tin-yellow''), ary akora avy amin' ny tany manome loko mavo, mena na volontany (''ochres'').&lt;ref&gt;[http://colourlex.com/project/diego-velazquez/ Diego Velázquez], ColourLex&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo sanganasany voalohany dia natao tamin' ny lamba hosodoko izay norakofana sosona fanomanana mena manopy volontany talohan' ny nandokoana ny sary. Tamin' ny diany voalohany tany Italia no nanombohany nampiasa sosona fanomanana volondavenona mazava, ary notohizany nandritra ny androm-piainany izany.&lt;ref&gt;Carr et al. 2006, pp. 71, 78.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho io fiovana io dia nanjary mazava kokoa ny sary hosodokony, ary tamin' ny ankapobeny dia loko mangatsiaka amin' ny fijery sady manopy volafotsy no nanjaka tao amin' izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_2006_p79&quot;&gt;Carr et al. 2006, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitsy ireo sary natao tamin' ny tsipika izay azo antoka fa asan' i Velázquez.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKim-Smith_Dec_1979&quot;&gt;McKim-Smith, Gridley. (December 1979), ''On Velázquez's Working Method''. ''The Art Bulletin''. '''61''' (4): 589–603.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia misy aza ny sary nataony tamin' ny tsipika ho fanomanana ny sasany tamin' ny sary hosodokony, dia ny fandokoana mivantana izay hitany teo anoloany no fomba fiasany. Ny sary azo tamin' ny fandinihana ireo hosodokony tamin' ny taratra X dia mampiseho fa matetika izy no nanova ny fandaminana ireo singa tao amin' ny sary rehefa nandroso ny fandokoana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKim-Smith_Dec_1979&quot;/&gt;

== Lova navelany ==
Tsy namokatra sary hosodoko betsaka i Velázquez; tombanana ho eo anelanelan' ny 110 sy 120 ny sary hosodoko amin' ny lamba fantatra fa nataony.&lt;ref name=&quot;vogel&quot;&gt;Vogel, Carol (10 September 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/arts/design/10velazquez.html ''An Old Spanish Master Emerges From Grime'']. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 11 September 2009. Teny nalaina ao amin' ny loharano: ''Jonathan Brown, this country's leading Velázquez expert ... &quot;Velázquez was a painter who measured out his genius in thimblefuls.&quot; His output was so small that, depending on who's counting, Mr. Brown estimates, there are only 110 to 120 known canvases by the artist.''&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy namorona sary pirinty avy amin' ny takelaka nohanin' ny asidra (''etchings'') na avy amin' ny takelaka voasokitra (''engravings'') izy, ary vitsy monja ny sary nosoritana izay lazaina fa nataony.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Portús, i Velázquez no olona nanan-kery indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fanaovana sarin' olona tany Espaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Portus_57&quot;&gt;Portús 2004, p. 57.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia vitsy aza ny mpanaraka azy mivantana, dia naka hevitra avy tamin' ny asany ireo mpanao hosodoko tao amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjakan' i Espaina, toa an' i Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo vinantolahiny sy Juan Carreño de Miranda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Portus_57&quot;/&gt; Nanahaka akaiky ny fomba fandokoany i Mazo, ary maro tamin' ny sary hosodoko sy kopia nataon' i Mazo no noheverina taloha fa asan' i Velázquez.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris 1982, p. 183&quot;&gt;Harris 1982, p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt; Nihena ny lazan' i Velázquez tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, rehefa ireo mpanakanto teraka sy niofana tany ivelany no nanjaka teo amin' ny fanaovana sarin' olona tao amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjakan' i Espaina. Tany amin' ny faran' io taonjato io, dia nihamaro ireo manam-pahaizana akaiky ny lapa izay niaiky ny lanjan' ny asany. Tao amin' ny lahatsoratra navoakany tamin' ny 1781, dia nilaza izao momba an' i Velázquez i Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «rehefa maty izy, dia niara-maty taminy ny voninahitry ny hosodoko tany Espaina».&lt;ref&gt;Portús 2004, p. 200.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1778, dia namorona andian-tsary pirinty avy amin' ny takelaka nohanin' ny asidra i [[Francisco de Goya|Goya]], naka tahaka ireo sary hosodokon' i Velázquez. Anisan' ny tetikasan' ny kôntin' i Floridablanca hamokarana sary pirinty avy amin' ireo hosodoko tao amin' ny tahirin' ny mpanjaka izany.&lt;ref&gt;Portús 2004, p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt; Hita amin' ireo kopia namelàn' i Goya ny tenany hanova ny antsipiriany fa nandinika lalina ny asan' ilay mpanao hosodoko teo alohany izy. Mbola nataony modely hatramin' ny faran' ny asany ny sanganasan' i Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;Portús 2004, pp. 204–207.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy dia fantatra tany ivelan' i Espaina ny asan' i Velázquez raha tsy tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris 1982, p. 183&quot;/&gt; Tsy voaroban' ireo maresaly frantsay nandritra ny ady tao amin' ny Saikinosy Iberika ny ankamaroan' ny sary hosodokony. Tamin' ny 1828, dia nanoratra avy tany Madrid i Sir David Wilkie fa nahatsapa ho teo anatrehan' ny hery vaovao teo amin' ny zavakanto izy rehefa nijery ireo sanganasan' i Velázquez. Nilaza koa izy fa nahita fitoviana nahavariana teo amin' io mpanakanto io sy ny fomba britanika fanaovana sarin' olona, indrindra ny an' i Henry Raeburn. Nampiaiky azy ny «famirapiratana sy fahavelomana» nanenika ny asan' i Velázquez, araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Gower, Ronald Sutherland (1902). [http://archive.org/details/sirdavidwilkie00goweiala ''Sir David Wilkie'']. London: G. Bell and sons. University of California Libraries. pp. 64–65. Fiteny: En.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika no lazaina fa anisan' ireo nanan-kery lehibe tamin' ny zavakanton' i [[Édouard Manet]] i Velázquez. I Manet kosa dia matetika heverina ho nampifandray ny fanehoana mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy sy ny impresiônisma, izay fomba fandokoana manasongadina ny vokatry ny hazavana sy ny loko. Nantsoin' i Manet hoe «mpanao hosodokon' ny mpanao hosodoko» i Velázquez, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carr_2006_p79&quot;/&gt; Nankafiziny ny fahatsapana mivantana entin' ny asan' i Velázquez sy ny fomba fampiasany ny borosy fandokoana izay mamelona ny sary. Niainga avy amin' ireo lohahevitra sy endrika niverimberina tao amin' ny sanganasan' i Velázquez koa izy tamin' ny zavakantony manokana.&lt;ref&gt;Schjeldahl, Peter (10 November 2002). [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/the-spanish-lesson ''The Spanish Lesson: Manet's gift from Velázquez'']. ''The New Yorker''. Retrieved 25 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiaiky azy manokana ny lafika tao amin' ny ''Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid'' (Sarin' i Pablo de Valladolid), izay nofaritany toy izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «angamba ny ampahan-tsary hosodoko mahagaga indrindra natao hatramin' izay».&lt;ref&gt;Wolf, Norbert (2013). ''Diego Velásquez 1599 – 1660''. Taschen. Alemania. p. 8. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-8228-6195-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: es. Mpandika teny: P.L. Green.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ireo mpanaraka ny impresiônisma, dia mpialoha lalana ny fahitana madio eo amin' ny zavakanto i Velázquez, ary noheverin' izy ireo ho mpisava lalan' ny zavakanto môderina izy.

[[File:Pablo de Valladolid, por Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|upright|''Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid'' (Sarin' i Pablo de Valladolid), 1635. Mpanao hatsikana tao amin' ny lapan' i [[Philipp IV (Espaina)|Philip IV]] ilay aseho amin' ny sary.]]

Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nisy heriny lehibe tamin' ireo mpanakanto toa an' i James McNeill Whistler sy John Singer Sargent i Velázquez.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sánchez_Grove&quot; /&gt;

=== Famoronana maoderina mifototra amin' ny asa-sary klasika ===
Ny fanajan' ny mpanao hosodoko tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ny asan' i Velázquez dia maneho ny maha-zava-dehibe azy hatrany. Nanome voninahitra an' i Velázquez i [[Pablo Picasso]] tamin' ny 1957, rehefa namorona endrika vaovao 44 avy amin' ny ''Las Meninas'', araka ny fomba fandokoana mampiavaka azy.&lt;ref&gt;Harris 1982,  p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia nanahy aza i Picasso fa hoheverina ho dika mitovy fotsiny ireo fandikany vaovao ny sary hosodokon' i Velázquez, fa tsy ho asa-sary samy manana ny maha-izy azy, dia tafiditra ho anisan' ny asa ekena ho fototra amin' ny zavakanto espaniôla ireo sary hosodoko goavana ireo. Izy ireo no lehibe indrindra noforoniny hatramin' ny ''Guernica'' (1937).&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.pablopicasso.org/las-meninas.jsp Las Meninas, 1957 by Pablo Picasso]''. www.pablopicasso.org. Nojerena tamin' ny 29 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tahaka an' i Picasso, dia namorona asa-sary i [[Salvador Dalí]] tamin' ny 1958, ho fanomanana ny faha-300 taonan' ny nahafatesan' i Velázquez. ''Velázquez Painting the Infanta Margarita With the Lights and Shadows of His Own Glory'' no lohateniny.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://archive.thedali.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=1670;type=101 Velázquez Painting the Infanta Marguerita with the Lights and Shadows of His Own Glory]''. archive.thedali.org. Nojerena tamin' ny 28 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Maneho ny fanomezam-boninahitra lalina nataon' i Dalí ho an' i Velázquez ny fandrindrana ny loko ao amin' ilay sary. Toy ny tamin' i Picasso ihany koa, dia nampiasainy hanehoana foto-kevitra vaovao kokoa teo amin' ny zavakanto sy ny fisainana ilay asa-sary: ny mistisisma nokleary, foto-kevitra ara-javakanto, ho an' i Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://archive.thedali.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=1670;type=101 Velázquez Painting the Infanta Marguerita with the Lights and Shadows of His Own Glory]''. archive.thedali.org. Nojerena tamin' ny 29 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nihevitra ilay mpanao hosodoko anglô-irlandey Francis Bacon fa « iray amin' ny sarin' olona tsara indrindra hatramin' izay » ny ''Portrait of Innocent X'' nataon' i Velázquez, araka ny fandikana ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Arya, Rina (2009). ''Painting the Pope: An Analysis of Francis Bacon's Study After Velázquez's Portrait of Innocent X''. ''Literature and Theology'', '''23''' (1), 33–50.&lt;/ref&gt; Namorona endrika vaovao maromaro avy amin' io sary io izy tamin' ny taompolo 1950, tamin' ny fomba ekspresiônista, izay manasongadina ny fanehoam-pihetseham-po amin' ny alalan' ny fanovana ny endriky ny zavatra aseho. Indraindray anefa dia nampiseho endrika nampihoron-koditra kokoa an' i Inokentio ny sary nataon' i Bacon. Anisan' ireo endrika vaovao malaza ireo ny ''Figure with Meat'' (1954), izay mampiseho ny papa eo anelanelan' ny tapany roa amin' ny omby voazara roa.&lt;ref&gt;Bacon, Francis (1954). ''[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/4884/figure-with-meat Figure with Meat]''. Nojerena tamin' ny 28 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy mpanakanto avy any Amerika Atsimo koa nanome voninahitra azy. Anisan' izany i Fernando Botero, izay naka olona avy amin' ny sary hosodoko sasany nataon' i Velázquez ka nanao ny sarin' izy ireo tamin' ny vatana nampitomboina habe.&lt;ref&gt;''Fernando Botero and His Remakes of Classic Masterpieces''. ''Daily Art Magazine'', 19 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa i Herman Braun-Vega tamin' ny andian' asa-sariny ''Velasquez stripped bare accompanied by the Menines''. Aseho ao amin' ny ''Museum of Antioquia'' (Tranombakoky ny Antioquia), ao Medellín, Kôlômbia, ny asa-sary fototra misy takelaka maromaro ao amin' io andiany io.&lt;ref&gt;Gutíerrez, Nydia (26 February 2014). ''[https://issuu.com/museodeantioquia/docs/guia_coleccionable_en_curvas Guía #74: 68, 70, 72. Bienales de Arte Coltejer]''. Issuu. Museo de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombie. Daty namoahana: 26 February 2014. p. 7–8. Teny espaniôla; PDF. Nojerena tamin' ny 29 March 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Blanton Museum of Art'' (Tranombakoka Blanton momba ny Zavakanto), ao Austin, Texas, kosa ny ''Velasquez going to his easel'', asa-sary misy takelaka efatra.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://blanton.emuseum.com/objects/14098/velazquez-yendo-a-su-caballete-de-la-serie-velaquez-mis-a-n Velásquez Going to His Easel (From the series Veláquez Stripped Bare)]''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahitana indray tamin' ny 2009–2011 ireo sary nataon' i Velázquez ===
Tamin' ny 2009, dia nodiovina sy narenina ny ''Portrait of a Man'' (Sarin-dehilahy), ao amin' ny tahirin' ny ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' (tranombakoka momba ny zavakanto Metropolitan). Efa ela io sary io no nampifandraisina tamin' ireo mpanaraka ny fomba fandokoan' i Velázquez. Hita anefa fa i Velázquez mihitsy no nanao azy, ary mifanaraka amin' ny endriky ny olona iray ao amin' ny sary hosodoko ''the Surrender of Breda'' ny endrik' ilay lehilahy asehony. Mety ho sary fanomanana an' io sary hosodoko io àry ilay sary vao nodiovina. Na dia noheverina ho azo antoka aza fa i Velázquez no nanao azy, dia mbola tsy fantatra mazava tamin' izany ny olona naseho tao. Nihevitra ny mpahay tantaran' ny zavakanto sasany fa sarin' i Velázquez nataony ihany io sary fanomanana vao hita io.&lt;ref&gt;url: http://www.metmuseum.org/Special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId=%7B97C73240-8088-439F-890E-CAD28F8ACE41%7D; title: ''Velázquez Rediscovered &amp;#124; Past Exhibitions &amp;#124; the Metropolitan Museum of Art''; access-date: 12 April 2010; archive-date: 9 July 2010; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20100709105210/http://www.metmuseum.org/special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId=%7B97C73240-8088-439F-890E-CAD28F8ACE41%7D; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 2010, dia nisy tatitra nilaza fa mety ho isan' ny asa nataon' i Velázquez tany am-piandohan' ny asany ny sary hosodoko simba iray, izay efa ela no navela tao amin' ny efitra ambanin' ny tranon' ny ''Yale University Art Gallery'' (tranombakoka zavakanton' ny Oniversiten' i Yale). Noheverina fa nomena an' i Yale tamin' ny 1925 io sary io. Talohan' io tatitra io, dia efa nolazaina fa avy amin' ny vondron' ny mpanao hosodoko tany Espaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 izy io. Vonona ny hanaiky fa i Velázquez no nanao azy ny manam-pahaizana sasany, saingy mbola tsy namoaka hevitra momba izany ny tranombakoka Prado tao Madrid. Maneho an' i Maria Virjiny ampianarina mamaky teny io sary io. Voalaza tamin' izany fa ireo manam-pahaizana momba ny fikojakojana sy fanarenana asa-kanto ao Yale no hanarina azy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Tremlett; first: Giles; title: ''Yale basement yields Spanish treasure – a possible Velázquez masterpiece''; url: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jul/01/velazquez-masterpiece-found-yale-basement; date: 1 July 2010; work: The Guardian; location: UK; access-date: 22 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/yale-uncovers-velazquez-in-basement-storage-1.938470; title: ''Yale uncovers Velazquez in basement storage''; publisher: CBC News; date: 3 July 2010; access-date: 22 December 2010; url-status: live; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20100706010545/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/artdesign/story/2010/07/03/yale-velazquez.html; archive-date: 6 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Ôktôbra 2011, dia nanamafy tamin' ny alalan' ny famakafakana nampiasa taratra X i Peter Cherry, mpahay tantaran' ny zavakanto ao amin' ny ''Trinity College Dublin'' (Kôlejy Trinity ao Dublin), fa asa nataon' i Velázquez izay tsy mbola fantatra talohan' izany ny sarin' olona iray hita tany amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra. Tao amin' ny tahiry izay an' i Matthew Shepperson taloha, mpanao hosodoko tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, no nahitana azy. Lehilahy tsy fantatra anarana, tokony ho 50 hatramin' ny 69 taona, no asehon' ilay sary. Mety ho i Juan Mateos izy io, izay lehiben' ny mpikarakara ny fihazana ho an' i [[Philipp IV (Espaina)|Philip IV]], mpanjakan' i Espaina sady mpanohana an' i Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;last: Jury; first: Louise; title: ''Portrait in hoard sent to auction revealed to be £3million Velázquez''; url: http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-24002861-portrait-in-hoard-sent-to-auction-revealed-to-be-pound-3million-velzquez.do; url-status: dead; work: London Evening Standard; date: 27 October 2011; access-date: 27 October 2011; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20111029213704/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-24002861-portrait-in-hoard-sent-to-auction-revealed-to-be-pound-3million-velzquez.do; archive-date: 29 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Mirefy 47 x 39&amp;nbsp;cm ilay sary hosodoko, ary namidy tamin' ny lavanty tamin' ny 7 Desambra 2011 tamin' ny vidiny £3,000,000.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Rediscovered Velazquez painting sold for £3m at auction''; url: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-16065909; publisher: BBC News; date: 7 December 2011; access-date: 29 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taranaka ===
Araka ireo loharano momba ny tetiarana, dia razamben' ireo andriana nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra ''marquess'' tao Monteleone i Velázquez, tamin' ny alalan' ny zanany vavy Francisca de Silva Velázquez y Pacheco (1619–1658). Anisan' izy ireo i Enriquetta (Henrietta) Casado de Monteleone (1725–1761), izay nanambady tamin' ny taona 1746 an' i Heinrich VI (1707–1783), ilay nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra maha-andriana hoe ''Count Reuss zu Köstritz''. Araka ireo loharano ireo ihany, dia taranak' izy mivady ny olona maromaro avy amin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka eorôpeana. Anisan' ireo voatanisa ao, miaraka amin' ny anaram-boninahitra nampiasain' ireo loharano, i Felipe VI, mpanjakan' i Espaina, izay taranak' izy ireo tamin' ny alalan' i Sophia avy any Grisia sy Danemarka reniny;&lt;ref&gt;[http://europeandynasties.com/relationship_between_queen_sofia_of_spain_and_velazquez.htm ''Relationship between Queen Sofia of Spain and Velazquez'']. Europeandynasties.com. access-date: 22 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; i Willem-Alexander, mpanjakan' i Nederlandy; i Carl XVI Gustaf, mpanjakan' i Soeda; i Albert II, mpanjakan' i Belzika; i Hans-Adam II, printsin' i Liktenstaina; ary i Henri, dokabe tao Loksemborga.&lt;ref&gt;[http://worldroots.com/brigitte/famous/v/velasquez.htm ''Interesting descendants of Spanish Painter Don Diego Rodriguez da Silva y Velasquez - Archived copy'']. access-date: 19 July 2009. url-status: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516081331/http://worldroots.com/brigitte/famous/v/velasquez.htm Tahiry], archive-date: 16 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ao amin' ny kolontsaina ho an' ny besinimaro ==

Nolalaovin' i Julián Villagrán ny anjara toeran' i Velázquez ao amin' ny ''El ministerio del tiempo'', andian-tantara espaniôla amin' ny fahitalavitra ahitana zava-mahagaga noforonina. Mpandray anjara miverina miseho ao amin' ilay andian-tantara i Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.rtve.es/television/20150129/foto-julian-villagran-diego-velazquez-ministerio-del-tiempo/1089592.shtml Julián Villagrán es Diego de Velázquez en la serie 'El Ministerio del Tiempo']''. RTVE.es, 29 January 2015 (amin' ny teny espaniôla). Nojerena tamin' ny 10 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Lisitry ny sanganasan' i Diego Velázquez

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Boky loharano ==
* Asturias, Miguel Ángel, sy P. M. Bardi (1969). ''L'opera completa di Velázquez''. Milano: Rizzoli. OCLC 991877516.
* Carr, Dawson W., Xavier Bray, sy Diego Velázquez (2006). ''Velázquez''. London: National Gallery. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1857093038&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Harris, Enriqueta (1982). ''Velázquez''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0801415268&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* McKim-Smith, G., Andersen-Bergdoll, G., Newman, R. (1988). ''Examining Velázquez''. Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0300036159&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ortega y Gasset, José (1953). ''Velázquez''. New York: Random House. OCLC 989292513.
* Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez et al. (1990). ''Velázquez''. Madrid: Museo del Prado. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8-48731-701-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Portús, Javier (2004). ''The Spanish Portrait from [[El Greco]] to [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]'' (fampirantiana, Museo nacional del Prado, 20 Oktobra 2004 – 6 Febroary 2005). London: Scala. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 185759374X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Boky sy lahatsoratra fanampiny ==
* Brown, Dale (1969). ''The World of Velázquez: 1599–1660''. New York: Time-Life Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8094-0252-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ortiz, Alfonso E. Pérez Sánchez y Julian Gallego. 1990. ''Velázquez''. Museo del Prado. Navoakan' ny Ministerio de Cultura de España. Notohanan' ny Fundación Banco Hispano Americano. 1990. Pejy 470. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 84-87317-01-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Brown, Jonathan (1978). ''Images and Ideas in Seventeenth-Century Spanish Painting''. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-03941-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Brown, Jonathan (1986). ''Velázquez: Painter and Courtier''. Yale University Press, New Haven. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-300-03466-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Brown, Jonathan (1988). ''Enemies of Flattery: Velázquez' Portraits of Philip IV'', ao amin' ny bokin' i Rotberg, Robert I. sy Rabb, Theodore K., ''Art and History: Images and Their Meaning'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Brown, Jonathan (2008). ''Collected Writings on Velázquez'', CEEH &amp; Yale University Press, New Haven. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-300-14493-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Calvo Serraller, Francisco (1999). ''Velázquez''. Madrid: Electa. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 84-8156-203-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Davies, David sy Enriqueta Harris (1996). ''Velázquez in Seville''. National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-300-06949-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Domínguez Ortiz, A. &amp; Gállego, J. &amp; Pérez Sánchez, A.E. (1989). ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/63259/rec/2 Velázquez ]''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780810939066&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Elizabeth McGrath sy Jean Michel Massing. ''The Slave in European Art''. The Warburg Institute 2012.
* ''[http://www.bib.ub.es/velazquez/1varti1.pdf Enriqueta Harris resalta la 'pasión británica' por Velázquez en un simposio en Sevilla]''. ''El Pais Digital''. Nojerena tamin' ny 9 April 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041024132313/http://www.bib.ub.es/velazquez/1varti1.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 24 October 2004].
* Erenkrantz, Justin R. ''[http://www.erenkrantz.com/Words/TheMaskAndTheMirror.shtml The Variations on Past Masters]''. ''The Mask and the Mirror''. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 April 2005.
* Goldberg, Edward L. ''Velázquez in Italy: Painters, Spies and Low Spaniards''. ''The Art Bulletin'', boky 74, laharana 3 (September 1992), pejy&amp;nbsp;453–456.
* Kahr, Madlyn Millner (1976). ''Velázquez: The Art of Painting''. Harper &amp; Row.
* Knox, Giles. ''Velázquez's King Philip IV of Spain from the Frick Collection'' (andiana boky ''Masterpiece in Residence''). Dallas sy New York: Meadows Museum, SMU miaraka amin' ny Scala Arts Publishers, Inc. (2022). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-78551-444-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Moser, Wolf (2011). ''Diego de Silva Velázquez: Das Werk und der Maler'', boky miisa 2. Edition Saint-Georges, Lyon. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-00-032155-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Pacheco, Francisco sy Palomino, Antonio (2018). ''Lives of Velázquez'', Getty Publications. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-60606-5884&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Passuth, László: ''Más perenne que el bronce – Velázquez y la corte de Felipe IV'' (lohateny tany am-boalohany: ''A harmadik udvarmester'') / Noguer y Caralt Editores, 2000.
* Prater, Andreas (2007). ''Venus ante el espejo'', CEEH. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-84-936060-0-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Salort-Pons, Salvador, ''Velázquez en Italia'', Fundación de Apoyo a la História del Arte Hispanico, Madrid 2002. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 84-932891-1-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne L., tonian-dahatsoratra (2002). ''The Cambridge Companion to Velázquez''. Cambridge University Press.
* ''Velázquez, Diego'' (1995). ''Enciclopedia Hispánica''. Barcelona: Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-56409-007-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Wolf, Norbert (1998). ''Diego Velázquez, 1599–1660: the face of Spain'' Taschen, Köln. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-8228-6511-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.wga.hu/index1.html Sanganasan' i Velázquez] ao amin' ny ''Web Gallery of Art'' (galeriam-panakanto ao amin' ny tranonkala)
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/velazquez_diego.html Velázquez] ao amin' ny Artcyclopedia.com
* [http://www.diegovelazquez.org/ Sary hosodoko 202 nataon' i Diego Velázquez] ao amin' ny DiegoVelazquez.org
* [http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/diego-velazquez Diego Velázquez] ao amin' ny WikiPaintings.org
* [https://bibliotecadigital.museodelprado.es/pradobib/es/media/group/1022061.do ''Velázquez – Técnica y Evolución''] (Velázquez – Teknika sy fivoarana), nosoratan' i Carmen Garuda Pérez (1992), ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), 617 pejy. Amin' ny teny espaniola. Dika mitovy amin' ny endriky ny boky tany am-boalohany, ahitana fanadihadiana ara-tsiansa amin' ny antsipiriany momba ny sary hosodokon' i Velázquez. Haben' ny rakitra: 80 MB (megabaita). Rehefa voasintona ilay rakitra, dia ovaina ho &quot;.pdf&quot; ny tovana &quot;.do&quot; amin' ny anarany.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180906125028/https://owlstand.com/#/exhibitions/6ad2f894-70a2-4654-ab26-3f3c0aebd075 Fampirantiana an-tserasera ny sanganasan' i Diego Velazquez] ao amin' ny Owlstand.com
* [http://colourlex.com/project/diego-velazquez/ Diego Velázquez], fanangonana loharanom-baovao sy fanadihadiana misy sary momba ny akora manome loko ampiasaina amin' ny hosodoko. ColourLex.

[[:Sokajy:Mpanao hosodoko]]</text>
      <sha1>pgc1b5df4vklynqdsk98fp3q741592d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Dialektika</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153469</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T01:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384722493</comment>
      <origin>1153469</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87398" sha1="g6cniar65oeobyolq0u0ynmokz2xggr" xml:space="preserve">''Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fitenim-paritra na ny Dianetics.''

Ny '''Dialektika''' (amin' ny teny anglisy, ''dialectic'' na ''dialectics''), antsoina koa hoe fomba dialektika, dia fomba fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina sy fandresen-dahatra [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfika]] izay manasongadina ny fandrosoan' ny fisainana amin' ny alalan' ny famahana fifanoherana. Avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny grika taloha|grika taloha]] hoe ''dialektikē'' ny anarany. Ny fototr' io teny io dia ny teny [[Fiteny grika taloha|grika taloha]] hoe ''dialegesthai'', izay midika hoe «mifampiresaka». Nampiely ny fampiasana ilay teny ny resadresaka sôkratika nosoratan' i [[Platôna]]. Nasehon' ireo asa soratra ireo ho fifanakalozan-kevitra eo amin' ny olona roa na maro ny dialektika: samy manana ny fomba fijeriny momba ny lohahevitra iray ireo olona ireo, nefa maniry ny hahita ny [[Fahamarinana|fahamarinana]] amin' ny alalan' ny fandresen-dahatra mifototra amin' ny antony. Ao amin' ny filôzôfia amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina, dia nanjary fomba fiasa miavaka ny dialektika. Matetika izy io no fomba fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina voalamina, izay mikendry ny hametraka lamina fanazavana mahafaoka ny fivoarana, ny fiovana ary ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny lafiny samihafan' ny zava-misy.

Nandritra ny tantarany dia niova be ny hevitra fonosin' ny dialektika. Tamin' ny Andro Taloha, ireo [[Filôzôfia presôkratika|filôzôfa talohan' i Socrates]], toa an' i [[Heraklito|Heraclitus]], dia namolavola azy ho dialektika mikasika ny zavatra ivelan' ny saina. Ny fitsipiky ny fiovana eo amin' izao rehetra izao sy ny maha-iray ny zavatra mifanohitra no nifantohan' izy ireo. Nanaraka izany ny dialektika mikasika ny olona misaina sy ny fahatsiarovany, izay nosantarin' ny Sôfista sy i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]]. Nafindran' izy ireo ho amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tenan' ny olombelona sy ny fahaiza-mandresy lahatra ny fifantohana. Nasandratr' i [[Platôna]] ho fomba ambony indrindra amin' ny fikarohana filôzôfika ny dialektika, satria noheveriny ho lalana hahatakarana ireo Endrika izay mihoatra ny traikefa mety ho azo. I [[Aristôty|Aristotle]], mpianany, kosa dia namaritra azy indray ho fomba handinihana amim-pitsikerana ireo hevitra ekena sy hajaina (''endoxa'').

Tamin' ny vanim-potoana môderina, indrindra teo anivon' ny idealisma alemàna, izay manome toerana fototra ny fisainana na ny fanahy amin' ny fanazavana ny zava-misy, dia novelomina indray sy narafitra ho lamina voarindra ny dialektika. Nofaritan' i [[Immanuel Kant|Immanuel Kant]] ho lôjikan' ny fiheveran-diso izy io: nofaritany ireo fifanoheran-kevitra samy toa azo porofoina izay miseho tsy azo ialana rehefa mihoatra ny fetran' ny traikefa mety ho azo ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsain' ny olombelona. Niainga tamin' ny asan' i Kant sy ny fandraisan' anjaran' ireo mpandinika tao amin' ny rômantisma, toa an' i [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|F. W. J. Schelling]], i [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F. Hegel]] mba hamolavola ny dialektika. Tsy noheverin' i Hegel ho kilema ny fifanoherana, fa ho hery manosika ny fihetsehana sy ny fivoarana rehetra. Ao amin' ny filôzôfian' i Hegel, ny dialektika dia sady fomba fandresen-dahatra no [[Ôntôlôjia (filôzôfia)|fandalinana ny maha-misy]]: zotra avy ao anatiny izay ivelaran' ny Fanahy (''Geist'') ka ahatongavany amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena.

Tatỳ aoriana, i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] sy i [[Friedrich Engels|Friedrich Engels]] dia namolavola indray ny dialektikan' i Hegel ka nametraka azy teo amin' ny fototra [[Materialisma|materialista]], izany hoe nihevitra ny zavatra ara-materialy ho fototry ny zava-misy.
Tamin' izany no nametrahan' izy ireo ny materialisma ara-tantara sy ny materialisma dialektika.
Teo ambany fitaoman' ny fanakianan' ireo Hegeliana tanora, dia nanohana ny hevitra izy ireo fa ny fifanoherana ao anatin' ny toe-javatra ara-materialy, ara-tsôsialy ary ara-toekarena misy eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, indrindra ny tolon-tsaranga, no manosika ny fivoaran' ny tantara.
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 dia lohahevitra fototra, ary matetika niteraka adihevitra, ny dialektika teo anivon' ny marksisma sôvietika sy ny marksisma tandrefana.
Ireo mpandinika tao amin' ny Sekolin' i Frankfurt, toa an' i [[Theodor W. Adorno|Theodor W. Adorno]], dia namolavola fomba nantsoina hoe dialektika mandà (''negative dialectics''), izay nanohitra ny fironan' ny lamin' i Hegel hampihavana ny fifanoherana sy hanamafy izay misy.
Tamin' ny tapany faharoa tamin' io taonjato io, ny dialektikan' i Hegel sy ny an' i Marx dia niharan' ny fanakianana nitohy avy amin' ny firehana analitika, izay manasongadina ny famakafakana hevitra sy ny fandresen-dahatra, ny ''post-structuralism'' (firehana manadihady indray ny rafitra sy ny fifanoherana raikitra amin' ny hevitra), ary ny ''postmodernism'' (firehana manakiana ny fototra iorenan' ny fomba fisainana môderina).
Ireo firehana ireo dia nanohitra ny fiheverana fototra iorenan' ireo dialektika ireo.
Na izany aza, ho setrin' ireo krizy maneran-tany amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny sy ny fetran' ireo lamina siantifika mampihena ny fanazavana ho amin' ny singa tsotra, dia nisy fahalianana niverina tamin' ny dialektikan' i Hegel sy ny an' i Marx, ho fomba fandinihana amim-pitsikerana ahatakarana ireo rafitra saro-drafitra miova arakaraka ny fotoana.

== Fiavian' ny teny sy famaritana ==
Toa i [[Platôna]] mihitsy no namorona ny teny hoe ''dialektikē'' (dialektika),&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-16b2ec9a46e7c7e0&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; izay avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny grika taloha|grika tranainy]] hoe ''dialegesthai'', midika hoe «mifampiresaka» na «mandray anjara amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-fb29b1b732a284f2&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Manambatra ny hoe ''dia'' («mamakivaky» na «miampita») sy ny hoe ''[[Logos|logos]]'' («saina mandanjalanja» na «kabary») ilay teny, ka manondro fizotran' ny fihetsehana sy fampifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny singa mpanelanelana amin' ny alalan' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra mifototra amin' ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1e4ce6416c4a941a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''Oxford English Dictionary'', na OED (Rakibolana anglisy Oxford), dia mamaritra ny dialektika toy izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «ny fahaizana mandinika amim-pitsikerana ny [[Fahamarinana|fahamarinan' ny]] hevitra iray; ny fikarohana ny fahamarinana amin' ny alalan' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1e4ce6416c4a941a&quot; /&gt; Milaza koa ny OED fa nahazo hevitra manokana kokoa ilay teny tao amin' ny filôzôfia môderina, indrindra tamin' ny alalan' ny asan' i [[Immanuel Kant]] sy [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1e4ce6416c4a941a&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny filôzôfian' i Hegel, dia sady ilazana ny fizotran' ny fisainana izay amahana ny fifanoherana ka ahatongavana amin' ny fahamarinana ambony kokoa sy mahafaoka kokoa izy io, no ilazana ny fizotran' izao tontolo izao mihitsy, izay heverina fa mivoatra amin' ny alalan' ny fampiraisana tsy an-kijanona ny zavatra mifanohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1e4ce6416c4a941a&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny mpanoratra marksista John Rees, dia manasongadina fitsipika fototra telo ny fisainana dialektika: ny fiheverana ny zavatra ho fitambarana iray misy faritra mifandray, izany hoe ny fifamatoran' ny faritra ao anatin' ny fitambarana iray; ny fiovana tsy an-kijanona; ary ny fifanoherana ho hery manosika izany fiovana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-cdb8a3161411ee06&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Nofintinin' i Rees tamin' izao teny izao ny endrika ankapoben' ny dialektika, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fitambarana iray misy fifanoherana ao anatiny sady ao anatin' ny fizotran' ny fiovana tsy an-kijanona».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-5f412df5191f306b&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; I Michael Basseches, manam-pahaizana momba ny psikôlôjia, dia nandinika ireo fiheverana ny dialektika tao amin' ny filôzôfia talohan' ny nanaovany fikarohana niorina tamin' ny fandinihana ny fivoarana ara-psikôlôjian' ny fisainana dialektika teo amin' ny olon-dehibe. Namaritra ny dialektika amin' ny ankapobeny izy toy izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fiovan' endrika eo amin' ny fivoarana (izany hoe fihetsehana mandalo endrika samihafa eo amin' ny fivoarana), izay mitranga amin' ny alalan' ny fifandraisana mandrafitra azy sy ny fifampiantraikany».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e779834bd47c68b0&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b744aafddf59bfe9&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFBasseches1984|Basseches (1984)]], pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampifamatotra hevitra telo izany famaritana izany: ny fiovana, ny maha-fitambarana iray, ary ny fifandraisana ao anatiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b744aafddf59bfe9&quot; /&gt; Nampiasa fampitahana tamin' ny lalana i Basseches mba hanazavana izany. Ny «fihetsehana &lt;em&gt;ao anatin' ny&lt;/em&gt; endrika», izay tsy dialektika, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazany, dia tahaka ny fiara mifamezivezy eo anelanelan' ny tanàna amin' ny lalana tsy miova; ny «fihetsehana &lt;em&gt;mandalo&lt;/em&gt; endrika», izay dialektika, kosa dia tahaka ny fanorenana safidy vaovao sy tsara kokoa hisolo ny lalana rehefa tsy mahafeno ny filàna intsony ilay lalana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b744aafddf59bfe9&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ireo mpandinika voataonan' ny marksisma-leninisma no nanavaka ny dialektika na ny fisainana dialektika tamin' izay nantsoiny hoe [[Metafizika|metafizika]] na fisainana metafizika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f0a578ee9988a99e&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFActon1955|Acton (1955)]], pp. 71–80.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-ce5633f70393e30f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, tao amin' ny boky fianarana marksista-leninista ''History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short Course'' (1938), dia nilaza i [[Joseph Stalin]], raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, fa «mifanohitra tanteraka amin' ny metafizika ny dialektika».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f03a2de8e3aae081&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFActon1955|Acton (1955)]], p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy mpandinika tsy marksista anefa nitsikera izany fampifanohitra ny dialektika sy ny metafizika izany ho tsy mirindra ara-kevitra&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-acc4ad8a9c7a83c1&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFActon1955|Acton (1955)]], p. 76–77.&lt;/ref&gt; sy mamitaka, satria ny dialektika hegeliana na marksista dia endrika iray amin' ny metafizika manana tantara lava, dia ny metafizika mifototra amin' ny fizotran-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-911dec7bfa09bb95&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2007|Rescher (2007)]], p. 80.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka izany tsikera izany, izay asehon' ny marksista ho fandavana ny metafizika &lt;em&gt;rehetra&lt;/em&gt; dia tokony ho takarina kokoa ho fandavana &lt;em&gt;karazany iray&lt;/em&gt; amin' ny metafizika izay tsy manome toerana ampy ny fizotran-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6e2ab89ccdb88f61&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFActon1955|Acton (1955)]], pp. 80.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanaraka fanavahana mitovitovy efa nataon' i [[Friedrich Engels]] talohany ny fanavahana nataon' i Stalin.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-99be605f56e9e0c0&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFActon1955|Acton (1955)]], p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Engels, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, ny fisainana «metafizika» dia mandray ny zavatra sy ny hevitra ho «mitokana, ... raikitra, tsy miovaova, voafaritra indray mandeha ho mandrakizay», ary misaina amin' ny alalan' ny «hevitra mifanohitra izay tsy azo ampiraisina mihitsy».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e779834bd47c68b0&quot; /&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, araka an' i Engels ihany, ny fisainana dialektika dia «mahatakatra ny zavatra sy ny sarin' ireo zavatra ireo ao an-tsaina, dia ny hevitra, amin' ny fifamatorana fototra misy eo aminy, ny fifampitohizany, ny fihetsehany, ny fiaviany ary ny fiafarany», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e779834bd47c68b0&quot; /&gt;

Famaritana miely patrana nefa voatsikera matetika ny dialektika ny lamina misy dingana telo: [[Tsangan-kevitra|hevitra aroso]] (''thesis'')–hevitra mifanohitra (''antithesis'')–hevitra vaovao mampiray ny fifanoherana (''synthesis''). Ao amin' io lamina io, dia lavin' ny hevitra mifanohitra aminy ny filazana iray aroso voalohany, ary voavahan' ny filazana vaovao ny fihenjanana misy eo amin' izy roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1e4ce6416c4a941a&quot; /&gt; Nampifandray io lamina io tamin' i Hegel ireo mpitsikera toa an' i [[Karl Popper]],&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b507622afa0ca54a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 344.&lt;/ref&gt; na dia milaza aza ireo manam-pahaizana fa mahalana i Hegel mihitsy no nampiasa ireo teny ireo, ary nampitandrina izy mba tsy hampihena ny fihetsehana dialektika ho «lamina tsy misy aina», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-4b48371853607c79&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 344, n. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-083bbc7cc5af73d8&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFArthur2004|Arthur (2004)]], p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanohitra io lamina io ireo mpandinika toa an' i Bertell Ollman, mpandinika teôria marksista, satria manatsotra tafahoatra ny fomba dialektika izy io. Nofaritan' i Ollman ho «lamina misy dingana telo raikitra tsy azo ahetsika» izy io, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, izay maneho amin' ny fomba diso ny maha-miovaova sy mifampiantraika ny fisainana dialektika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6cbd4e6357363fed&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFOllman2003|Ollman (2003)]], p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-75e9541b6c514085&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza kosa i Ollman fa ny dialektika dia «fomba fisainana izay mampifantoka ny fandinihana amin' ny fiovana sy ny fifampiantraikany rehetra mitranga eto amin' izao tontolo izao», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6cbd4e6357363fed&quot; /&gt;

Ny mpandrindra ny ''The Routledge International Handbook of Dialectical Thinking'' (2024) dia nandray izao toerana izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «tsy misy famaritana na lamina tokana manjaka momba ny fisainana dialektika amin' izao fotoana izao».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0a17e35f31331641&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFShannonMascoloBelolutskaya2024|Shannon, Mascolo, Belolutskaya (2024)]], p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filôzôfia tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==

=== Fisainana tatsinanana fahiny ===
Araka ny famelabelaran' i Dafermos, dia nipoitra tao amin' ny fomban-drazana filôzôfika tatsinanana fahiny ny endrika voalohan' ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina dialektika, izay antsoina matetika hoe dialektika miforona ho azy.
Nampiavaka azy ireo ny fijerena ny tontolo voajanahary ho fitambarana iray misy faritra mifandray sady miova.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-ffe264084418ffd7&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nivoatra avy tamin' ny fifandraisana mivantana tamin' ny tontolo tamin' ny alalan' ny fahatsapana io fomba fisainana io, talohan' ny niforonan' ny taranja siantifika manokana sy ny rafitra voalamina fanasokajiana ny hevitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-ffe264084418ffd7&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Yin yang.svg|thumb|Araka ny fanazavan' i Dafermos, ny mariky ny ''yin-yang'' dia maneho ny firaisan' ny zavatra mifanohitra sy ny fifampiasan' izy ireo amin' ny fomba dialektika, izay hevitra fototra ao amin' ny fisainana sinoa fahiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e4b54c2aa04743bd&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ao amin' ny fisainana sinoa fahiny, dia miseho mazava ao amin' ny ''I Ching'' (Bokin' ny fiovana) io dialektika miforona ho azy io.
Mampiasa rafitra ahitana marika misy tsipika enina miisa 64 io boky io mba hanehoana ny fizotran' ny fiovana sy ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-7f80042ff16ddbd7&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny foto-kevitry ny ''yin and yang'' no ivon' io fomba fijery izao tontolo izao io: hery roa mifanohitra nefa mifameno izy ireo, toy ny haizina sy ny hazavana, na ny tsy fanaovan-javatra sy ny fanaovan-javatra.
Araka io fomba fijery io, ny fifampiasan' ireo hery ireo no mampandeha ny fizotran-javatra rehetra eo amin' ny natiora sy ny fiarahamonina.
Tsy fifanoherana tanteraka izany fifandraisana izany, fa fifandanjana mirindra sy fiovana tsy an-kijanona, ka samy mirakitra ny tsimok' ny ankilany ireo hery roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e4b54c2aa04743bd&quot; /&gt;
Mbola mamelabelatra io dialektika io ny [[Taôisma|taôisma]], indrindra ao amin' ny ''Tao Te Ching''.
Asehony ho fikorianana mitohy ny zava-misy, dia ny ''Tao'', ka ao anatin' izany ny zavatra mifanohitra, toy ny fisiana sy ny tsy fisiana, ny sarotra sy ny mora, ary ny lava sy ny fohy, dia samy miteraka ny ankilany sady mamaritra azy.
Matetika no lazaina ho dialektika mifototra amin' ny fandavana ny dialektika taôista, noho ny fanasongadinany ny tsy fisiana, ny fahabangana ary ny tsy fanaovana asa an-tery (''wu wei'').
Izany dia entiny mitsikera ny rafitra foronin' ny olombelona sy ny hevitra raisina ho fahamarinana tsy azo iadian-kevitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c608a07e089c781f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, araka ny famakafakan' i Dafermos, io fomba fijery sinoa izao tontolo izao io dia manome lanja kokoa ny firindrana miverimberina ara-tsingerina noho ny tolona mitondra fivoarana.
Heveriny ho mifandanja sy mifameno ny zavatra mifanohitra, fa tsy ao anatin' ny fifandonana tsy azo ampihavanina izay mila fihoarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-214d88cb06ad3bb5&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fisainana tany India fahiny kosa, araka ny famelabelaran' i Dafermos, dia efa ahitana lohahevitra dialektika ny soratra masina tranainy indrindra, dia ny ''Vedas''.
Ny ''Rigveda'' dia mandinika ireo zavatra mifampifanohitra eo amin' izao rehetra izao, toy ny hazavana sy ny haizina, ny filaminana sy ny korontana, ary ny fisiana sy ny tsy fisiana.
Tsy raisiny ho fizarana roa raikitra ireo, fa ho hery mifampiankina ao anatin' ny fizotran' ny fiforonana sy ny fiovana tsy an-kijanona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-61e874680a386481&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 36–37.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fampianarana hindoa momba izao rehetra izao, miaraka amin' ny vondron' andriamanitra telo ao aminy (i [[Brahmā|Brahma]] mpamorona, i [[Vishnu]] mpitahiry ary i [[Shiva]] mpandrava), dia maneho fomba fahatakarana dialektika ny toetra ara-tsingerin' ny fisiana.
Ao amin' io fampianarana io, ny famoronana, ny fitahirizana ary ny fandravana dia dingana tsy misaraka amin' ny gadona mandrakizain' izao rehetra izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c9f70819f2e89c11&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny ''Upanishads'' dia namolavola endrika dialektika mifototra amin' ny fandavana mba hilazana ny zava-misy faratampony, dia ny ''Brahman''.
Mihoatra ny toetra rehetra azo fantarina amin' ny traikefa izy io, ka amin' ny alalan' ny fandavana ny hevitra voafetra rehetra ihany no ahafahana manatona ny fahatakarana azy: ''neti neti'', izay midika hoe tsy izao, tsy izatsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1305349914761084&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 39, 42.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka io famakafakana io, dia nentin' ny [[Bodisma|bodisma]] lavidavitra kokoa izany dialektika mifototra amin' ny fandavana izany tamin' ny alalan' ny foto-kevitra telo: ny fahabangana, na ny tsy fisian' ny maha-izy raikitra ananan' ny zavatra amin' ny tenany (''śūnyatā''); ny tsy faharetana (''anicca''); ary ny fandavana ny fisian' ny tena raikitra sy maharitra (''anattā'').
Ireo foto-kevitra ireo dia mamakafaka sy mandrava amin' ny fomba mirindra ny fiheverana rehetra fa misy maha-izy raikitra raiki-tampisaka ao amin' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-2c997af2f402cd4e&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Grisia fahiny ===
[[File:Heraclitus b 4 compressed.jpg|thumb|upright|Heverina ho ny filazana mazava voalohany momba ny dialektika teo amin' ny fisainana grika fahiny ny filôzôfian' i [[Heraklito|Heraclitus]], izay miorina amin' ny fiovana tsy an-kijanona mahakasika ny zava-drehetra sy ny firaisan' ny zavatra mifanohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e235fc791d94f2c5&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nifamatotra tamin' ny fiovana avy amin' ny fomba fiheverana izao tontolo izao mifototra amin' ny angano (''[[Fedrà|mythos]]'') ho amin' ny fanazavana mifototra amin' ny saina (''[[Logos|logos]]'') ny fipoiran' ny dialektika tao Grisia fahiny. Nanomboka nikaroka ny zavatra fototra (''arche'') mandrafitra izao rehetra izao ireo [[Filôzôfia presôkratika|filôzôfa talohan' i Socrates]], ka ny fandinihana ara-tsaina no nampiasainy fa tsy ny fitantarana angano.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-2daa81a0bc1d7fb7&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 53–54.&lt;/ref&gt; Heverina ho ny filazana mazava voalohany momba ny fanazavana dialektika an' izao rehetra izao ny filôzôfian' i [[Heraklito|Heraclitus]] (tokony ho 540–480 talohan' i Kristy).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e235fc791d94f2c5&quot; /&gt; Fototry ny fisainany ny fiovana tsy an-kijanona mahakasika ny zava-drehetra, izay fintinin' ilay fitenenana malaza hoe «mikoriana ny zava-drehetra» (dika malagasy; ''panta rhei''), sy ny maha-iray ny zavatra mifanohitra. Ho an' i Heraclitus, miova tsy an-kijanona ny zava-misy, ary ny [[Afo|afo]] no tandindon' izany fiovana izany. Ny zava-drehetra dia miforona sy maharitra amin' ny alalan' ny tolona (''polemos'') eo amin' ny hery mifanohitra, toy ny fiainana sy ny fahafatesana ary ny fifohazana sy ny torimaso, izay nambarany fa «iray ihany» (dika malagasy).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-627068c3e82b23c9&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 56–57.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-eb0ecc222732752f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWilliams1989|Williams (1989)]], p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, nolavin' ireo mpanaraka ny sekolin' i Elea, indrindra fa i [[Parmenida|Parmenides]], ny maha-tena misy ny fihetsehana sy ny fiovana. Nanohana ny fisian' ny Misy tokana, tsy miova sady mandrakizay i Parmenides, izay tsy azo takarina afa-tsy amin' ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina. Noheveriny kosa fa endrika ivelany hita fotsiny ilay tontolo miovaova tsapan' ny retsi-pahatsapana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a94aaea67bbd48d6&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 61–62.&lt;/ref&gt; Namolavola andian-kevitra toa mifanohitra amin' ny fisainana mahazatra i [[Zénon d'Élée|Zeno of Elea]], mpianany, mba hampisehoana fa tsy azo ekena araka ny lôjika ny fisian' ny fihetsehana. Nampiasa endrika dialektika miompana amin' ny fandavana izy, izay nampiharihary ny fifanoherana ao amin' ny fiheverana mahazatra momba ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-8bcb7d85b81aaabd&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 63.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fiovana lehibe niaraka tamin' ireo sofista, izay nampiala ny fikarohana filôzôfika tamin' ny fandinihana izao rehetra izao ka nampifantoka azy tamin' ny olombelona misaina sy ny fomba fahatsapany. Nampiorina ny fahalalana tamin' ny fahatsapan' ny tsirairay ilay hevitra malaza naroson' i Protagoras hoe «ny olombelona no refy andrefesana ny zava-drehetra» (dika malagasy). Nanokatra ny lalana ho amin' ny fiheverana ny fahalalana ho miankina amin' ny fomba fijery sy ny fisalasalana filôzôfika eo amin' ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana]] izany. Nampivelatra ny dialektika ho fahaizana mandresy lahatra amin' ny alalan' ny fahaiza-mandaha-teny (''antilogikē'') ireo sofista. Matetika izy ireo no nampiasa izany mba handinihana lalina ireo fandresen-dahatra mifanohitra sy hampisehoana fa samy azo porofoina ireo filazana roa mifanohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-25a9f94582ae0267&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 66–67.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-fbe3cb96bf2a9bbe&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Marcello_Bacciarelli_-_Alcibiades_Being_Taught_by_Socrates,_1776-77_crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Alcibiades]] Being Taught by [[Sôkraty|Socrates]]'' (Alcibiades ampianarin' i Socrates), sanganasan' i Marcello Bacciarelli (1776).]]
Navadik' i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]] ho fikarohana ny fahamarinana iaraha-manao io fomba io. Nampitahainy tamin' ny «fahaizana mampiteraka» (dika malagasy) ny dialektika, satria nikendry ny hampipoitra hevi-baovao tamin' ny alalan' ny famakafakana sy fanakianana ny eritreritry ny hafa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3551bbb057854a28&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWilliams1989|Williams (1989)]], p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny alalan' ny fomba fametrahany fanontaniana, fantatra amin' ny hoe fomban' i Socrates na ''elenchus'', no nitaomany ireo olona niresahany hiditra amin' ny fifampiresahana, mba handinihana ireo hevitra ninoany, hampiharihariana ireo fiheverana nekeny nefa tsy nodinihiny, ary hitarihana azy ireo ho amin' ny fahalalana ny tenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3b9e5711d104b70f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 70–71.&lt;/ref&gt; Niompana tamin' ny fanaporofoana ny tsy fahamarinan' ny hevitra naroso (''elenchic'') ny dialektikan' i Socrates tamin' ny ankapobeny. Matetika izy io no niafara tamin' ny fahaverezan-kevitra, na ''aporia'', izay nanery ireo mpifampiresaka hiala tamin' ny filazany tany am-boalohany, nefa tsy voatery nahatonga azy ireo ho amin' ny fehin-kevitra raikitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-74d9756d36dbaed5&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377 (cropped).jpg|Sary sokitra maneho ny loha sy ny tapany ambony amin' ny tratran' i [[Platôna|Plato]].
Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|Sary sokitra maneho ny loha sy ny tapany ambony amin' ny tratran' i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Nandamina ny dialektika ho fomba mirindra i [[Platôna|Plato]], mpianatr' i Socrates, ary nanandratra azy ho fomba ambony indrindra eo amin' ny filôzôfia, dia ny «fahaizan' ny mpanjaka» (dika malagasy).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-5d1adb05291af570&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 74.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo fifampiresahana nosoratany dia fakan-tahaka voakaly sady noforonina avy amin' ny resaka mandeha ho azy fanaon' i Socrates. Sady manana endrika ara-pilôzôfia, na dialektika, izy ireo no manana endrika tantara an-tsehatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c8563a2f9c8c4e72&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Plato, ny dialektika dia sady fahalalana mirindra momba ny maha-misy no fahaizana (''technē'') mametraka fanontaniana sahaza mba hahitana ny fahamarinana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0bb9f97b40a4d840&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], pp. 50-51.&lt;/ref&gt; Dingana ara-tsaina hentitra izy io, izay ahafahan' ny saina miakatra avy amin' ilay tontolo miovaova iainan' ny retsi-pahatsapana sy ny hevitra inoana fotsiny (''doxa''), ho amin' ny tontolon' ny Endrika mandrakizay sady tsy miova, izay itoeran' ny fahalalana marina (''episteme'').&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-5d1adb05291af570&quot; /&gt; Misy fihetsika roa mifameno ao anatin' io dingana io: ny fanangonana (''synagoge''), izay mampivondrona ireo zavatra tsirairay voafaritra eo ambanin' ny Endrika ankapobe iray, sy ny fizarana ho sokajy (''diairesis''), izay manavaka ireo sokajy madinika mandrafitra ny Endrika iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-8c88d9e986d7eeef&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, na dia manana endrika fifampiresahana aza ny dialektikan' i Plato, dia dingana tarihina ho amin' ny tanjona voafaritra sady mifototra amin' ny fandresen-dahatra izy amin' ny farany. Noho izany, mitovy rafitra amin' ny famelabelaran-kevitry ny mpiteny tokana izy, fa tsy toy ny fifampiresahana am-bava mandeha ho azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a8f75d318047f677&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;

Namboarin' i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]] indray ny dialektika, ka navahany na tamin' ny [[Lôjika|lôjika mandinika ny endrika ara-drafitry ny fandresen-dahatra]] (ny fandinihana analitika) na tamin' ny filôzôfia (ny fahalalana mirindra momba ny maha-misy). Nofaritany ho fomba fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina miainga amin' ny hevitra ekena sy hajaina (''endoxa'') ny dialektika, mba hitsapana ireo filazana azo dinihina ho marina na diso sy hahitana ireo fitsipika fototra voalohany iorenan' ny fikarohana rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-9e6bcca8f235c63f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Topics'', asa lehibe nosoratany momba izany, dia asehony ho fahaizana mirindra (''technē'') manorina fandresen-dahatra ampiasaina amin' ny adihevitra manaraka endrika voafaritra ny dialektika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-78db758b89ebc42f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], pp. 11–12, 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Aristotle, ny ''topos'' dia tetika iray indrindra indrindra, izay matetika miorina amin' ny fitsipika ankapobe, ka ahafahan' ny mpampiasa dialektika manorina fandresen-dahatra ho an' ny filazana iray azo dinihina ho marina na diso.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1f335e5a5ea896a0&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], pp. 20–21, 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalaminy araka ireo fomba efatra ilazana toetra momba ny zavatra iray ireo tetika ireo: ny famaritana, ny toetra mampiavaka, ny sokajy ankapobe, ary ny toetra tsy mandrafitra ny maha-izy ny zavatra. Nilaza izy fa ny fifehezana io «fahalalana ireo fomba ilazana toetra» io (dika malagasy) no fototry ny fahaizana dialektika, mba hahatonga ny olona ho mahay mitady fandresen-dahatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-26bfe973edb0d393&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], pp. 26, 46.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny nandaminany ho rafitra mirindra ireo fomba fandresen-dahatra hita ao amin' ny fifampiresahana nosoratan' i Plato, ny asan' i Aristotle dia maneho fiovana ho amin' ny fiheverana ny dialektika izay mifantoka kokoa amin' ny endrika voafaritra sy ny lôjika ary ny famelabelaran-kevitry ny mpiteny tokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-195fefd69485d6aa&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], pp. 54, 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny [[Vanim-potoana helenistika|vanim-potoana helenistika]], nampidirin' ireo [[Stôikisma|mpanaraka ny sekoly stôika]] tao amin' ny lôjika ny dialektika, ho fandinihana ny fandresen-dahatra sy ny rafitr' ireo filazana azo dinihina ho marina na diso. Ireo [[Pirônisma|mpandala ny fisalasalana filôzôfika]] kosa dia nampiasa azy mba hampiatoana ny fanapahan-kevitra momba izay marina na diso (''epoché''), tamin' ny fampifanandrinana ireo filazana mifanipaka izay samy naroso ho fahamarinana tsy azo iadian-kevitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c71a392f18cebbdd&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 87, 91.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filôzôfia tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny Fifohazam-panavaozana ==
Ny fivoaran' ny dialektika nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Taloha ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]] dia voavolavolan' ny fandrafetana tsikelikely ho fitsipika mazava ilay fahaizana nampianarin' i Aristotle. Nanomboka tamin' i Theophrastus, mpandimby azy, izany dingana izany, ary nampandrosoin' i [[Cicero]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-595ac1173212219b&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], pp. 61, 63.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanohitra ny dialektika ny [[Teôlôjia kristiana|teôlôjiana kristiana]] tany am-boalohany sasany, toa an' i [[Tertoliano|Tertullian]], izay nihevitra azy io ho fahaizana manohintohina ny foto-kevitra efa ijoroana, ka nilaza azy, amin' ny teny nadika, ho «fahaizana mandrava tahaka ny anorenany». Ny hafa kosa, toa an' i [[Aogostino avy any Hipôna|Augustine of Hippo]], dia nanaiky ny lanjany teo amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra ara-teôlôjia.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1ae4b316ae16a962&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Aristotele, organon, XIII secolo (bml, pluteo 11 sin 1) 01.jpg|thumb|Dika mitovy tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 amin' ny ''Organon'' nosoratan' i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]].]]
I [[Boethius]] no nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny fampitana azy tany amin' ny Tandrefana nampiasa ny teny latina. Nisy akony lalina teo amin' ny lôjika, na ny fandalinana ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina, tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ny asany momba ireo fomba itadiavana tohan-kevitra (''Topics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-64ceaa86a9e1bc4d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny lahatsorany ''De topicis differentiis'' (momba ny fanavahana ireo fomba itadiavana tohan-kevitra), dia nandamina izany fahaizana izany ho rafitra i Boethius, ka nanavaka karazana roa: ny ''maxima propositio'' (filazana faratampony) sy ny ''differentia'' (hevitra andaminana ny fitadiavana tohan-kevitra).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-20bf904a8eff8e3a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], p. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo filazana faratampony dia fitsipika ankapobe izay hita ho marina avy hatrany, ka natao ho hevitra iorenan' ny fandresen-dahatra na ho antoka fa mitombina ny tohan-kevitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-80d5fd4f916a3d92&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], pp. 32, 39.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''differentiae'' kosa dia fitaovana azo ampiasaina hitadiavana tohan-kevitra: hevitra enti-mandamina izy ireo, izay nanampy ny mpanao dialektika hahita teny mpanelanelana hampifandraisana ny hevitra ao amin' ny fandresen-dahatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c7a9f4e1515955fa&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], pp. 32, 45, 49.&lt;/ref&gt; Io rafitra voalamina tsara nataon' i Boethius io no lasa fototry ny fianarana dialektika mandra-pahitana indray tamin' ny endriny feno ny ''Organon'' nosoratan' i Aristotle.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-faee48eb1885652d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-dad577ef446171ba&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFStump1989|Stump (1989)]], p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia tafiditra indrindra tao ambanin' ny teôlôjia ny dialektika, ary lasa iray tamin' ireo taranja fototra telo tao amin' ny ''Trivium'' (fampianarana fototra misy taranja telo), niaraka tamin' ny [[Fitsipi-pitenenana|fitsipi-pitenenana]] sy ny fahaiza-mandaha-teny. Niaraka tamin' ny firoboroboan' ny [[Skôlastika|skolastika]], dia niverina nodinihina ny dialektika ho fomba fototra hisaintsainana ny teôlôjia sy ny filôzôfia. Nampiasa fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina dialektika tamin' ny endriky ny ''disputatio'', na adihevitra voalamina mifandimby fanontaniana sy valiny, ny mpandinika skolastika. Nataon' izy ireo izany hampifanarahana ny fifanoherana toa hita teo amin' ireo lahatsoratra nekena ho manam-pahefana, indrindra teo amin' ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina, izay nasehon' ny asan' i Aristotle, sy ny [[Fanambaràna (finoana)|fanambarana avy amin' Andriamanitra]], izay nasehon' ny Soratra Masina.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3626c1a725038ab3&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 104, 106.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiavaka io vanim-potoana io ny adihevitra nafana teo amin' ny fiheverana fa manana fisiana tena izy ireo hevitra ankapobe (''realism'') sy ny nominalisma, izay tsy manaiky ny fisian' izy ireny ho zavatra ankapobe mahaleo tena. Ny [[Ôntôlôjia (filôzôfia)|maha-misy]] ireo hevitra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro no niadian-kevitra, ka nampisalasala ny fifandraisana dialektika teo amin' ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra sy ny hevitra ankapobe izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a831a1880159c242&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 106–107.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fanazavan' i Ilyenkov, ny famerana tery nataon' ny skolastika ny lôjika ho fitaovana fotsiny enti-manao adihevitra am-bava sy mandika ny Soratra Masina no niafara tamin' ny fahaverezan' ny fitokisan' ny mpandinika maro tany am-piandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a2d5ef40d406752d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny anjara asa sy ny fahazoana ny dialektika nandritra ny ''Renaissance'' (vanim-potoan' ny Fifohazam-panavaozana). Ny mpandinika nanome lanja ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy, toa an' i Lorenzo Valla sy Rodolphus Agricola, dia nanohitra ny fanasongadinana ny endrika ara-drafitra tsy mifototra amin' ny toe-javatra mivaingana teo amin' ny lôjika skolastika. Nampirisika dialektika mifantoka amin' ny fifandraisana sy ny fandresen-dahatra azo ampiharina izy ireo, izay mifamatotra akaiky kokoa amin' ny fahaiza-mandaha-teny.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6a274bddb28b4b74&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 110–111.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanao fandinihana indray izay nanova lalina kokoa ny foto-kevitra i [[Nicholas of Cusa]], tamin' ny nampidirany ny hevitra hoe ''coincidentia oppositorum'' (fihaonan' ny zavatra mifanohitra). Nambarany fa ny Tsy miankina amin-javatra hafa (''Absolute'') no fototra tsy manam-petra izay mampifanaraka ny fifanoherana rehetra. Nihoatra ny fitsipika tsy fanekena ny fifanoherana napetrak' i Aristotle izany hevitra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1136aa02d5abc915&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-ddde0763ee29e18b&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWhite1996|White (1996)]], p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanohy nampivelatra io fomba fisainana io i [[Giordano Bruno]]. Nandroso ny fiheverana izy fa tsy manam-petra sady miova mandrakariva izao rehetra izao, ary mandray anjara amin' ny fizotran' ny famoronana sy ny fiovana mitohy ny zavatra misy rehetra ao aminy. Nanohitra ny fiheverana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany fa voafetra sy voalamina araka ny ambaratonga izao rehetra izao izany fomba fijeriny izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-da4e60a40311380e&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 113.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filôzôfia môderina ==

=== Metafizika sy ny fipoiran' ny siansa môderina ===
Ny fipoiran' ny siansa môderina tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sy faha-17, izay nanasongadina ny fandinihana mifototra amin' ny traikefa sy ny fahitsiana ara-matematika, dia nanohitra ny endrika nentim-paharazana amin' ny dialektika.
Araka ny fomba nitantaran' ny mpanaraka an' i Hegel sy ny Marksista izany tatỳ aoriana, ny fomba famakafakana sy ny fomba mampihena ny fanazavana ho amin' ny singa tsotra nampiasain' ny mpandinika toa an' i [[Francis Bacon]] sy [[Isaac Newton]] dia niteraka fomba fijery manazava ny natiora ho toy ny milina, izay nandray ny natiora ho rafitra misy zavatra misaraka fehezin' ny lalàna tsy miova.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0113267b82fe9cc6&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-be6c09a6e594dd61&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], pp. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;
Io fomba fisainana io, izay nantsoin' i [[Friedrich Engels]] tatỳ aoriana hoe «[[Metafizika|metafizika]]» na «fomba fisainana metafizika», dia mandray ny zavatra tsirairay ho mitokana, raikitra ary tsy miova, ka mifanohitra amin' ny fomba fijery dialektika izay manasongadina ny fiovana sy ny fifandraisana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-eab85f55543a74c1&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 122–123.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nisy anefa mpandinika tsy Marksista nitsikera io fampiasana ny teny hoe «metafizika» io, satria hoy izy ireo, ny dialektika mihitsy dia karazana metafizika, indrindra fa metafizika mandray ny fizotran' ny fiovana ho fototry ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f0a578ee9988a99e&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-911dec7bfa09bb95&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny fijerin' ny mpanaraka an' i Hegel sy ny Marksista tatỳ aoriana, dia samy nandray anjara tamin' io fironana metafizika tsy dialektika io ny [[Rasiônalisma|rasionalisma]], izay manasongadina ny saina ho loharanom-pahalalana, sy ny empirisma, izay manasongadina ny traikefa ho loharanom-pahalalana; ireo no lovam-pisainana filôzôfika nanjaka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina.
Ny rasionalisman' i [[René Descartes]] dia nametraka fomba manavaka fototra roa hentitra teo amin' ny saina (''res cogitans'', na zavatra misaina) sy ny zavatra ara-materialy (''res extensa'', na zavatra mivelatra ao amin' ny habaka), ka nampisaraka tanteraka ny fisainana sy ny tontolo ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b58590cfe1ed467f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 126.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny fanazavan' i Ilyenkov, izany no niteraka ny olana fototra momba ny fifandraisan' ny saina sy ny vatana teo amin' ny filôzôfia môderina: raha fototra maha-misy roa mifanohitra tanteraka ny fisainana sy ny zavatra ara-materialy mivelatra ao amin' ny habaka, dia manjary tsy hay hazavaina ny fifandraisan' izy ireo ao amin' ny olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e3200813ded5c145&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tsy nahavaha izany fifanoherana izany ny sekolin' i Descartes raha tsy tamin' ny fiantsoana ny fidiran' Andriamanitra an-tsehatra; «fanekena ho resy eo anatrehan' ny teôlôjia» no niantsoan' i Ilyenkov izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny, ka nanasongadinany ny fetran' ilay fomba manavaka fototra roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-190c62382b0c5476&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], pp. 24, 26.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny rafitr' i [[Baruch Spinoza]], izay [[Mônisma|mihevitra ny zava-misy ho manana fototra iray]], dia nampitovy an' Andriamanitra sy ny Natiora (''Deus sive Natura'', na Andriamanitra, izany hoe ny Natiora), ary nilaza fa ny famaritana rehetra dia fandavana (''Omnis determinatio est negatio'').
Nofaritan' i Evald Ilyenkov, filôzôfa sôvietika tatỳ aoriana, ho «dialektika amin' ny heviny lalina» izany rafitra izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny; na izany aza, araka io famakafakana io, dia nitoetra ho fototra maha-misy tokana, tsy miova ary mandrakizay ilay noheverin' i Spinoza.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b214376b61fc3d3f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 129–130.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-ddb0b8d4fb7c0eb1&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny tontolo misy fototra maro noheverin' i [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], izay ahitana singa fototra miasa avy amin' ny tenany antsoina hoe ''monads'', dia nampiditra ny fiovana sy ny fitsipiky ny fitohizana; nefa ny fifandrindran' ireo singa ireo dia efa voafaritry ny fitsipika iray ivelan' izy ireo mialoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c964ddcd9795d25f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 133–135.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny famakafakan' i Rees, ny empirisman' i [[John Locke]], izay nandray ny saina ho toy ny ''tabula rasa'' (takelaka mbola tsy misy soratra) mandray fotsiny izay ampitain' ny retsi-pandre, dia nanamafy koa ny modelim-pahalalana manazava ny fiasan' ny saina ho toy ny milina sady mifantoka amin' ny olona tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-61a6bdce61bbc69d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' io famakafakana io ihany, ny [[Skeptisisma (filôzôfia)|fisalasalana filôzôfika]] lalina nataon' i [[David Hume]], izay nametra-panontaniana ny hevitra momba ny fifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany sy ny fototra maha-misy, dia nampiseho ny fetran' ny empirisma sy ny rasionalisma. Nitarika krizy teo amin' ny metafizika izany ka nanomana ny fiverenan' ny dialektika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-dc82ac21b8e78181&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], pp. 16–17.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Idealisma alemàna ===
Namolavola teôria vaovao momba ny dialektika ny idealisma alemàna, izay manome toerana fototra ny eritreritra na ny fanahy eo amin' ny zava-misy. Nipoitra izy io ho setrin' izay noheverina ho fetran' ny [[Materialisma|materialisma]], na fomba mametraka ny zavatra ara-materialy ho fototry ny zava-misy, izay nanazava izao rehetra izao ho toy ny fiasan' ny milina nandritra ny [[Taonjaton' ny Fahazavana]]. Naneho fandinihana filôzôfika ny fiovam-piarahamonina lalina tamin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay koa izany fipoirany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-581e2b7501143ecd&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], pp. 12, 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Immanuel Kant]]]]
Tao amin' ny ''Critique of Pure Reason'' (1781) no nanombohan' i [[Immanuel Kant]] izany fifohazan' ny dialektika izany, tamin' ny nanomezany hevitra vaovao azy. Noheveriny ho adin' ny rehetra amin' ny rehetra ny toetry ny filôzôfia tamin' ny androny, ka nitady hametraka lalàna hifehy ny saina mandanjalanja izy mba hamahana ny fifandirana tao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b6d764eb5589156a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], p. 77.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny maha-ankapobe, na ny maha-iombonan' ny zavatra maro ny hevitra iray, no noheveriny ho ivon' ny teôriany momba ny fahalalana, ny etika ary ny fandinihana ny hatsarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3f6607f177702e6c&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWhite1996|White (1996)]], p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha nitady hampiasa ny dialektika hahazoana fahalalana momba ny zavatra ivelan' ny saina ireo filôzôfa teo alohany, dia nilaza kosa i Kant fa lôjikan' ny fiheveran-diso izy io, izany hoe fomba fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina izay miteraka fiheveran-diso (''Logik des Scheins'').&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-78e2e9eafdab4e94&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 149, 155.&lt;/ref&gt; Nasehony fa rehefa mitady hihoatra ny fetran' ny traikefa mety ho azo ny saina mandanjalanjan' ny olombelona (''Vernunft''), ka mandinika zavatra any ankoatr' izany traikefa izany, toy ny [[Fanahin' ny vatana|fanahy]], izao tontolo izao raisina ho fitambarana iray manontolo, ary Andriamanitra, dia tsy maintsy tafiditra ao anatin' ny fifanoherana. Nantsoiny hoe fifanoheran-kevitra samy toa azo porofoina amin' ny saina mandanjalanja madio ireo fifanoherana ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f0af25b646dc5f90&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 157–160.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Kant, ny andraikitry ny dialektika dia ny mandà indrindra: mifehy ny saina mandanjalanja mba hanadio ny tenany amin' ny alalan' ny fitsikerana izy io, mampiharihary ireo fiheveran-diso ireo ary manoritra ny fetra sahaza ny fahalalan' olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b0a6258a0ebcc9a8&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFNikulin2010|Nikulin (2010)]], p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt; Ampahany lehibe tamin' ny tetikasany ny lôjika mikasika ny fepetra ahafahana mahafantatra, izay nampiditra ny sokajy fototry ny metafizika tao amin' ny lôjika ho endriky ny fitsarana mampifandray hevitra ka mampitombo fahalalana, ary manan-kery momba ny zavatra fantarina.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-86d499432bcf235a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fandinihan' i Rees anefa dia niorina tamin' ny fifanoherana fototra ny rafitr' i Kant: nilaza izy fa ny fiasan' ny zava-misy ivelan' ny saina, na ny zavatra amin' ny maha-izy azy, no mahatonga ny tsapa amin' ny alalan' ny taovam-pandrenesana, nefa nilaza koa fa hevitra ao an-tsaina ny fifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany, fa tsy toetran' ny tontolo ivelan' ny saina.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e6010daa30500619&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

Novan' i [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] ho fomba manamafy sy manorina rafitra ny dialektikan' i Kant izay nanana andraikitra fandavana. Nolaviny ho mifanohitra amin' ny lôjika ny hevitr' i Kant momba ny zavatra amin' ny maha-izy azy izay tsy azo fantarina, ary naoriny tamin' ny asan' ny olona misaina sady mahatsapa ny tenany ny rafiny. Nantsoiny hoe «izaho» (''I'') izany olona misaina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f866b160f423a652&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 161, 163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c7b00b5291773255&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFIlyenkov1977|Ilyenkov (1977)]], p. 117.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Fichte, dia voaforona amin' ny alalan' ny dingana telo ny zava-misy: ny «izaho» no mametraka ny tenany ho misy, izay hevitra aroso; misy «tsy-izaho» (''not-I'') mifanohitra aminy, izay hevitra mifanohitra; ary voavaha amin' ny alalan' ny hevitra vaovao mampiray ny fifanoherana ny fihenjanana eo amin' izy roa, ka izany no ahafahan' ny fahalalana sy ny asa azo ampiharina samy misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f866b160f423a652&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny hevitra ankapobe tsy mifamatotra amin' ny zavatra manokana ny rafiny, dia niroso nankany amin' ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra. Ny hametraka ny natiora, na ny «tsy-izaho», eo ambany fahefan' ny saina mandanjalanja no tanjony farany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1bdc9bb1e7baf870&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWhite1996|White (1996)]], pp. 29, 39.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nitarin' i [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] ho amin' ny tontolo ivelan' ny saina ny dialektikan' i Fichte izay niainga tamin' ny olona misaina. Namolavola ''Naturphilosophie'', na filôzôfian' ny natiora, izy, ka tsy nihevitra ny natiora ho «tsy-izaho» mandray fotsiny izay mihatra aminy, fa ho fizotra mihetsika sy mandamina ny tenany. Noheveriny fa ny natiora sy ny fanahy, na ny olona misaina sy ny zavatra fantariny, dia tendro roa ao amin' ny Fototra tsy miankina amin' ny hafa iray ihany, izay nantsoiny hoe maha-iray tanteraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-13983712cc85da58&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 170–171.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Schelling, mivelatra amin' ny alalan' ny fifandraisan' ny hery mifanohitra, na tendro mifanohitra, izao rehetra izao, ary ny fifanoherana no hery fototra manosika ny fihetsehana sy ny fiainana rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-13983712cc85da58&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fomba fijeriny, izany Fototra tsy miankina amin' ny hafa izany dia fahitana mivantana amin' ny saina izay tsy azon' ny fahatakarana mahatsiaro tena tratrarina. Ny fomba fijerin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena andavanandro, izay nantsoiny hoe fandinihana mandanjalanja, dia tsy afaka nahatakatra ny zava-misy afa-tsy ho zavatra raikitra sy tsy miova, tamin' ny alalan' ny famoronana foto-kevitra. Ny tena fomba fijerin' ny fandinihana filôzôfika lalina kosa no afaka nahatakatra ny toetra mihetsika sy miovan' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-57b62203bf784843&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWhite1996|White (1996)]], pp. 34–35.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;Hegelian_dialectic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;Hegelian_dialectics&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
[[File:Jakob Schlesinger - Hegel 1831.jpg|thumb|upright|Araka ny filazan' i Dafermos, namolavola ny rafitra lôjika dialektika feno indrindra i [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], ka nametraka ny fifanoherana ho hery manosika ny zava-misy rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-14bd917bd9cacd2f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Araka ny filazan' i Dafermos, i [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] no nanome ny endriny feno sy voarafitra indrindra ny lovantsofina dialektikan' ny idealisma alemàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-14bd917bd9cacd2f&quot; /&gt; Notsikerainy ireo teo alohany noho ny namelany tsy ho voavaha ny fifanoherana teo amin' ny olona misaina sy ny zavatra fantariny, ary teo amin' ny eritreritra sy ny maha-misy. Nankasitrahan' i Hegel ny nanasongadinan' i Kant fa tsy azo ialana ny dialektika ary manana andraikitra fototra eo amin' ny saina mandanjalanja izy io, nefa nihevitra izy fa tsy ampy ny dingana vitan' i Kant.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e43c810c6bc5df11&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWilliams1989|Williams (1989)]], p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Hegel, ny dialektika dia fihetsehan' ny eritreritra avy ao anatiny sy entin' ny tenany, ary koa fizotran' ny fivoaran' ny zava-misy iray manontolo. Tao amin' ny ''Phenomenology of Spirit'' (1807), izay miresaka ny fanahy amin' ny heviny filôzôfika, no namariparitany ny fivoaran' ny fahatsiarovan-tena mamakivaky dingana maromaro ka miafara amin' ny fahalalana tanteraka. Tao amin' ny ''Science of Logic'' (1812–1816, 1831) kosa no namelabelarany ny firafitr' izany fihetsehana izany tamin' ny alalan' ny rafitra sokajy ara-lôjika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a6fd992df4522113&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 177, 185.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ivon' ny dialektikan' i Hegel ny foto-kevitry ny fifanoherana, izay tsy noheveriny ho fahadisoana ara-lôjika fa ho «fakan' ny fihetsehana sy ny fiainana rehetra», araka ny dikan-teny malagasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-74934fc3cc5a3e5b&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 277, n. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa dinihina ny foto-kevitra na ny endriky ny maha-misy tsirairay, dia miseho fa lafiny iray ihany no asehony, ka miova ho amin' izay mifanohitra aminy izy. Ny famahana izany fifanoherana izany dia mitondra ho amin' ny dingana ambony kokoa sy mahafaoka kokoa, izay mitahiry ireo dingana teo aloha. Nantsoin' i Hegel hoe ''Aufhebung'' izany fizotra izany: fanafoanana sady fitahirizana ary fanandratana no hevitr' io teny io miaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-9f8039a1985638ba&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 196.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d867efb28afc9e10&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWilliams1989|Williams (1989)]], p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Hegel, io foto-kevitra io dia maneho ny fandravana sy ny fitahirizana tsy an-kijanona hita amin' ny fiovan' ny maha-misy ho tsy misy sy ny tsy misy ho maha-misy. Ny hevitr' i Heraclitus momba ny fahatongavana ho zavatra hafa no niavian' izany foto-kevitra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d867efb28afc9e10&quot; /&gt;

=== Dialektika marksista ===
[[File:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored &amp; Adjusted (3x4 cropped b).png|thumb|upright|Nanova ny fototry ny dialektika idealistan' i Hegel i [[Karl Marx]], ka nampiorina izany indray tamin' ny materialisma ho teôrian' ny fivoarana ara-tantara atosiky ny fifanoherana ao amin' ny fomba famokarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-685a0e02383f709d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nandray sy nanova ny dialektikan' i Hegel i [[Karl Marx]] sy [[Friedrich Engels]], ka namindra ny fotony avy amin' ny idealisma, izay manome toerana fototra ny hevitra na ny fanahy, ho amin' ny [[Materialisma|materialisma]], izay mampiorina ny fanazavana amin' ny toe-javatra ara-materialy. Nolavin' izy ireo ny fiheveran' i Hegel fa ny Fanahy mampivoatra ny tenany no manetsika ny tantara; nilaza kosa izy ireo fa ny fifanoherana ao anatin' ny toe-javatra ara-materialy, ara-tsosialy ary ara-toekarena no manosika ny fivoaran' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6ad78712d8aa0ec6&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 214.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny asan' izy ireo ny fivoaran' ny fisainan' ny tanora mpanaraka an' i Hegel, indrindra ny fanakianan' i [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] ny fisainan' i Hegel miala amin' ny zava-misy mivaingana, sy ny fitakian' i Arnold Ruge ara-politika ny asa ampiharana sy anovana ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-96d2417033e35a54&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWhite1996|White (1996)]], pp. 129–131, 358–359.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i Marx fa nanao hadisoana roa sosona ny idealisman' i Hegel: voalohany, nampihena ny tontolo azo tsapain-tanana ho sokajin-kevitra tsy mivaingana izy; faharoa, voatery namerina nanaiky izany tontolo izany tsy nisy fanakianana izy avy eo, ka nanamarina ny zava-misy efa nisy ho toy ny vokatra mifanaraka amin' ny saina nateraky ny fizotra dialektika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-002b5e22d5a01e09&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i Marx, tsy fomba famaritana izao tontolo izao fotsiny ny fomba dialektika, fa fitaovana anehoana fa mandalo sy voaforona ara-tantara ny endriny, ary mety hovana amin' ny alalan' ny revolisiona. Hoy izy momba ny dialektika, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «mihevitra ny endri-piarahamonina rehetra niorina nandritra ny tantara ho mihetsika sy miova hatrany izy, ka mandinika ny maha-mandalo azy tsy latsaka noho ny fisiany amin' ny fotoana iray&amp;nbsp;... manakiana sy revolisionera izy amin' ny maha-izy azy».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3ed42d1bcde5cc65&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Bertell Ollman, revolisionera ny dialektika satria, amin' ny dikanteny malagasy, «manampy antsika hahita ny ankehitriny ho fotoana lalovan' ny fiarahamonintsika» izy, ka mitaky ny handinihana «ny niaviany sy ny lalan-kizorany, ho ampahany amin' ny fahafantarana ny maha-izy azy».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-af34d106af88470d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFOllman2003|Ollman (2003)]], p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fiheveran' i Marx ny asan' olombelona no fototra filôzôfikan' ny dialektika materialistany. Noraisiny ho fizotra mampifandray ny olombelona sy ny natiora ny asa: io no ahafahan' ny olombelona manova amim-pahatsiarovan-tena ny tontolo iainany, sady manova ny tenany amin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-869bd96a0d876814&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], pp. 66–67.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' izany fomba fijery izany, ny asa dia mampiray ny fahatsiarovan-tena, izany hoe ny drafitra, sy ny lafiny ara-materialy, izany hoe ny asa ara-batana. Manome fototra ara-materialy handresena ny fisarahana fototra eo amin' ny olona misaina sy ny zavatra iantefan' ny fisainany àry izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-12f66f43ab5a3e40&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba fiasan' i Marx, izay nanjary fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe materialisma ara-tantara, dia mandray ny tantara ho fifandimbiasan' ny fomba famokarana. Samy misy fifanoherana anatiny eo amin' ny hery enti-mamokatra, izany hoe ny teknôlôjia sy ny asa, ary ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny famokarana, izany hoe ny fananana sy ny firafitry ny saranga, ny fomba famokarana tsirairay. Araka io fomba fijery io, mitarika ho amin' ny tolon-tsaranga ireo fifanoherana ireo, ary amin' ny farany ho amin' ny revolisiona ara-tsosialy, izay mamaha ny fifanoherana amin' ny fametrahana fomba famokarana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a83785170c24c811&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 76.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiharin' i Marx tamin' ny famakafakana ny kapitalisma io fomba dialektika io tao amin' ny sanganasany lehibe, ''Das Kapital''. Ny entam-barotra, izay noraisiny ho endrika fototra toy ny sela ao amin' ny fiarahamonina kapitalista, no nanombohany ny famakafakana. Nasongadiny ny fifanoherana anatiny eo amin' ny sanda azo amin' ny fampiasana sy ny sanda amin' ny fifanakalozana ao amin' ny entam-barotra. Narahiny ny fomba ivelaran' io fifanoherana fototra io amin' ny endrika mifandimby, dia ny vola, ny renivola ary ny sanda noforonin' ny mpiasa mihoatra ny sandan' ny herin' asany. Nasehony tamin' izany ny fomba iterahany ny fifanoherana ao amin' ny rafitry ny fomba famokarana kapitalista, toy ny fifanoheran' ny tombontsoan' ny [[Madiotanana|sarangan' ny tompon' ny renivola]] sy ny sarangan' ny mpiasa mivelona amin' ny fivarotana ny herin' asany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-f9b850dec6104755&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 241, 243.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Engels]]]]
Anisan' ny làlam-pivoarana lehibe sy niadian-kevitra tao amin' ny dialektika marksista ny tetikasan' i Engels momba ny dialektikan' ny natiora. Tao amin' ny sanganasany tsy vita, ''Dialectics of Nature'', dia nikatsaka ny hanaporofo izy fa tsy lalàn' ny tantaram-piarahamonina sy ny fisainan' olombelona ihany ny dialektika, fa «tena lalàn' ny fivoaran' ny natiora» koa, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-8dfff610ca078291&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFKangal2020|Kangal (2020)]], p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tanjony, amin' ny dikanteny malagasy, dia ny «hanafaka ny dialektika ampiasaina amim-pahatsiarovan-tena amin' ny filôzôfia idealista alemàna», ary hampihatra izany amin' ny fiheverana materialista ny tontolon' ny natiora. Nokendreny tamin' izany ny hanoherana ny fironana manohitra ny filôzôfia sy ny fironana metafizika izay hitany teo amin' ny mpahay siansa niara-belona taminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0d0f089f1cd7f3eb&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFKangal2020|Kangal (2020)]], pp. 95, 112.&lt;/ref&gt; Io tetikasa io no nanjary niompanan' ny adihevitra naharitra momba an' i Engels. Milaza ny mpanakiana fa ny fandrafetany ny dialektika dia nampihatra izany tamin' ny zava-drehetra ka nanova azy ho rafitra metafizika henjana, izay mihevitra ny fisehoan-javatra ho voafaritry ny antony mialoha; araka ny hevitr' izy ireo, nanolana ny fomba ara-tantaran' i Marx izay nandinika fanavahana maro kokoa izany. Ny mpanohana kosa dia mandray ny asan' i Engels ho fanitarana tena ilaina sy mifanaraka amin' ny fomba fijery materialista niombonan' izy roa lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3939a21f12c2c528&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFKangal2020|Kangal (2020)]], pp. 16, 67.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Criticisms&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== Fivoarana sy tsikera tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ==
: Jereo koa: Tsikera momba ny marksisma sy Mpitsikera ny materialisma dialektika.

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, nanjary lohahevitra fototra teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny marksisma sôvietika sy ny marksisma tandrefana ny dialektika, sady niharan' ny tsikera avy amin' ny firehana filôzôfika hafa koa.

=== Marksisma sôvietika sy tandrefana ===
Taorian' ny Revôlisiôna rosiana, dia natao foto-pampianarana filôzôfika ofisialin' ny [[Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika|Firaisana Sôvietika]] ny dialektika, tamin' ny anarana hoe ''diamat'' (materialisma dialektika, izay mampifototra ny fanazavana ny zava-misy amin' ny toe-javatra ara-materialy sy ny fifanoherana ao aminy).
Nifototra indrindra tamin' ny asan' i Georgi Plekhanov izany. Niainga tamin' ny hevitr' i Engels i Plekhanov ka nametraka rafitra iray izay niheverana ny toetra maha-olombelona ho zavatra miova volavolain' ny lalàna ara-toekarena tsy miankina amin' ny sain' ny olona. Araka ny fandikana sasany, dia niala tamin' ny fomba fijerin' i Marx tany am-boalohany izany, izay nihevitra fa maharitra sady manatanteraka ny fahafahany avy ao anatiny ny toetra ara-piarahamonin' ny olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-c22bb877247e1e82&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWhite1996|White (1996)]], pp. 346, 365.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nisy fifandonana filôzôfika nahery vaika tamin' ny taompolo 1920 teo amin' ireo mpanaraka ny fomba fijery mekanisista, na ny fanazavana ny zava-misy ho toy ny fiasan' ny milina, sy ireo mpanaraka an' i Deborin. Ny voalohany dia nitady hampihena ny dialektika ho siansa mifototra amin' ny fandinihana sy ny fanamarinana amin' ny traikefa; ny faharoa kosa niaro ny fototra filôzôfika hegeliana iorenan' ny dialektika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-fc57ab4680b0f607&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], pp. 190–191.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-300d07b423539217&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFKangal2020|Kangal (2020)]], pp. 60–66.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nifantoka tamin' ny lova navelan' ny ''Dialectics of Nature'' nosoratan' i Engels io adihevitra io; tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika no namoahana voalohany an' io boky io tamin' ny 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0a5711f0ee580e4a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFKangal2020|Kangal (2020)]], p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny fitondran' i [[Joseph Stalin]], dia novana ho andian-dalàna henjana sy voafintina anaty lasitra raikitra tsy azo iadian-kevitra io dialektika ofisialy io, ary nampiasaina matetika hanamarinana fanapahan-kevitra ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-e6211981c591088c&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 288–289.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, dia nitohy ny fomba fisainana nantsoina hoe «marksisma sôvietika mamorona». Ohatra tamin' izany ireo mpandinika toa an' i Evald Ilyenkov, izay nitady hamelona indray fandikana hegeliana ny fomba dialektikan' i Marx, izay noheveriny ho mahatoky kokoa amin' ny hevitra niandohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-bf3859ca73e9a42c&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 290.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
File:Lukács György.jpg|alt=Sarin' i Georg Lukács|Georg Lukács
File:Theodor W. Adorno.jpg|alt=Sarin' i Theodor W. Adorno|[[Theodor W. Adorno]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Nandritra izany koa, dia nipoitra ny marksisma tandrefana ho setrin' ny faharesen' ireo revôlisiôna eorôpeana sy ny fiakaran' ny [[Fasisma|fasisma]].
Ireo marksista tandrefana voalohany toa an' i Georg Lukács, Karl Korsch ary [[Antonio Gramsci]] dia namelona indray ny dialektika hegeliana ho fanakianana ny marksisman' ny Internasionaly Faharoa, izay niantehitra tamin' ny fomba fijery mekanisista sy ny fiheverana fa voafaritry ny antony mialoha ny fisehoan-javatra.
Tao amin' ny fanamarihana ambany pejy iray nanjary nalaza tao amin' ny ''History and Class Consciousness'' (1923), dia nanomboka ny fanakianana an' i Engels teo amin' ny marksisma tandrefana i Lukács. Nilaza izy fa diso i Engels tamin' ny fanitarana ny fomba dialektika ho amin' ny natiora; nanjary iray tamin' ny fototra niorenan' ny «adihevitra momba an' i Engels» io fomba fijery io.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d6065f520a599e3e&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 312–313.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0a5711f0ee580e4a&quot; /&gt;
Nohamafisiny ny hevitra momba ny fitambarana iray misy faritra mifandray sy ny maha-iray ny olona misaina sy ny zavatra eritreretiny. Araka ny heviny, ny sarangan' ny mpiasa no mpandray anjara ara-tantara afaka mandresy ny fandraisana ny fifandraisan' olombelona ho toy ny zavatra mahaleo tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina kapitalista.
Teo antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia namolavola «dialektika mandà» ny sekolin' i Frankfurt, indrindra fa i [[Theodor W. Adorno]] sy i Herbert Marcuse. Ho setrin' ny vokatra nitarika ho amin' ny fitondrana mifehy ny lafim-piainana rehetra, na avy amin' ny fasisma na avy amin' ny stalinisma, dia nanjary nisalasala lalina izy ireo tamin' ny fanasongadinan' i Hegel ny maha-iray sy ny fitambarana misy faritra mifandray ary ny fanamafisany azy ireo.
Tao amin' ny ''Negative Dialectics'' (1966), dia nilaza i Adorno fa tsy tokony hanaiky ny fironana hampihavana ny fifanoherana ny fisainana, fa tokony hifantoka kosa amin' izay «tsy azo ampitovina» sy amin' ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra izay tsy voarakitr' ireo rafitra mitady hampiditra ny zava-drehetra ao anatiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-bf8246a832a3b453&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 323–324.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1960 sy nandritra ny taompolo 1970, dia nandà tanteraka ny dialektika hegeliana ny marksisma mandinika indrindra ny rafitra, indrindra fa ny asan' i Louis Althusser. Nofaritan' io fomba fisainana io ho «fanafenana ny zava-misy» mifototra amin' ny idealisma, na fiheverana mametraka ny fisainana ho fototry ny zava-misy, izany dialektika izany. Nikatsaka ny hametraka ny marksisma ho siansa mifototra amin' ny fandinihana sy ny fanamarinana izy, ka nampiorina izany tamin' ny hevitra momba ny famaritana ny fifanoherana iray amin' ny alalan' ny anton-javatra maro miara-miasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-0dde48af95c8bb8b&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], pp. 286–287.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra tao amin' ny ''Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital'' (2004) i Michael Heinrich, mpitsikera ao amin' ny ''Neue Marx-Lektüre'' (famakiana vaovao an' i Marx), araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: «Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny tranga, ny kabary miedinedina momba ny dialektika dia azo ahena ho amin' ny filazana tsotra fa miankina amin' ny zavatra hafa rehetra ny zavatra rehetra ary samy misy fiantraikany amin' ny hafa, sady somary sarotra izany rehetra izany — izay marina amin' ny ankamaroan' ny tranga, nefa tsy tena milaza na inona na inona.»&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-9b6e22f84b9cc5e0&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFHeinrich2004|Heinrich (2004)]], pp. 36–37.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fivoaran' ny «dialektika vaovao» na «marksisma hegeliana vaovao» tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20, teo amin' ireo mpandinika toa an' i Christopher J. Arthur, dia nanantitrantitra indray ny maha-zava-dehibe ny ''Science of Logic'' nosoratan' i Hegel ho an' ny fahatakarana ny fomba nampiasain' i Marx tao amin' ny ''Das Kapital''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-8e08b375cc0e535f&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFArthur2004|Arthur (2004)]], p. 1–2.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny hevitra fototr' io fomba fisainana io dia ny fanavahana ny «dialektika ara-tantara» sy ny «dialektika mandinika ny rafitra».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d6c84216fc3db913&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFArthur2004|Arthur (2004)]], p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny filazan' ireo mpanohana azy, dia nampifangaro tsy araka ny tokony ho izy an' ireo fomba roa ireo ny fandikana maro teo aloha, ka nitarika ho amin' ny famakiana an' i Marx izay mihevitra ny fivoarana ho efa voafaritry ny antony mialoha sy manaraka lalana tokana.
Ny dialektika mandinika ny rafitra kosa dia asehon' izy ireo ho fomba mandinika ny rafitra amin' ny fotoana iray, fa tsy manaraka ny fifandimbiasany ara-tantara. Fomba amakafakana ny firafitry ny fitambarana iray misy faritra mifandray, toy ny kapitalisma, izany, amin' ny fanarahana ny fivoaran' ireo sokajin-kevitra ao aminy araka ny lôjika: avy amin' ny hevitra nosarahana tamin' ny antsipiriany mankany amin' ny hevitra voafaritra sy feno fifandraisana kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d0c4b28ca43441fd&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFArthur2004|Arthur (2004)]], pp. 4, 63–64.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsikera avy amin' ny filôzôfia analitika sy ny pôstmôdernisma ===
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Karl_Popper1990.jpg|alt=Sarin' i Karl Popper tamin' ny 1990
MarioBungesmall.jpg|alt=Sarin' i Mario Bunge tamin' ny 2007
&lt;/gallery&gt;
[[Karl Popper]] sy Mario Bunge, filôzôfa tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 izay nifantoka tamin' ny [[Fomba fiasa siantifika|fandalinana ny fomba fiasan' ny siansa]], dia nitsikera ny dialektikan' i Hegel sy ny dialektika marksista ho tsy ara-tsiansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b517a656a6381eb4&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 345.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-5df5b07dca3bc087&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFWan2013|Wan (2013)]], pp. 412–428.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niorina tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 ny filôzôfia analitika, izay manasongadina ny famakafakana ny hevitra sy ny lôjikan' ny fandresen-dahatra ary manjaka eo amin' ny filôzôfia ampianarina sy karohina eny amin' ny oniversite any amin' ny faritra miteny anglisy.
Nampiavaka ny fiandohany ny fandavana mafy ny filôzôfian' i Hegel, indrindra nataon' i G.&amp;nbsp;E. Moore sy [[Bertrand Russell]].
Tao amin' ny asa sorany maromaro, nolazain' i Russell fa «mahaliana sady ahazoana lesona» ny foto-pampianarana sy ny dialektikan' i Hegel (fandikana ny teniny),&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-453acc09710e49f8&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRussell1959|Russell (1959)]], p. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; kanefa nolaviny satria heveriny ho «diso» amin' ny ankapobeny (fandikana ny teniny) sady mifototra amin' ny fahadisoana amin' ny fandanjalanjana ara-lôjika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6c54f5ab7b066837&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 342.&lt;/ref&gt;
I [[Karl Popper]], izay nandray hevitra avy amin' ny filôzôfia analitika, dia namelabelatra tsikera nanan-kery momba ny dialektikan' i Hegel tao amin' ny ''What Is Dialectic?'' (1937) sy ny ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'' (1945).
Nilaza izy fa ny faneken' io dialektika io ny fifanoherana dia mandika ny fitsipiky ny tsy fifanoherana, izay fototra amin' ny lôjika, ka mahatonga azy ho tsy ara-tsiansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d18ae15adc446518&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFPopper1940|Popper (1940)]]. [[#CITEREFPopper1962|Popper (1962)]].&lt;/ref&gt;
Ho an' i Popper, ny dialektika dia endriky ny «fifikirana tsy azo iadian-kevitra amin' ny foto-kevitra izay vao mainka nohamafisina» (fandikana ny teniny), ka miaro ny teôria tsy ho azo porofoina amin' ny fitsapana fa diso.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-b517a656a6381eb4&quot; /&gt;
Fitopolo taona tatỳ aoriana, i Nicholas Rescher, izay nanaraka ny pragmatisma analitika, fomba mampifandray ny famakafakana ny hevitra amin' ny fampiasana azy, sady anisan' ny namelona indray ny fahalianana tamin' ny dialektika ao amin' ny teôrian' ny fandresen-dahatra nandritra ny ampahefa-potoana faran' ny taonjato faha-20,&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-2cb7f4cc4962dffe&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFEemeren2004|Eemeren (2004)]].&lt;/ref&gt; dia namaly toy izao (fandikana): «Ny tsikeran' i Popper dia tsy mahakasika afa-tsy endrika tafahoatra amin' ny dialektika».
Nanampy tamim-panesoana izy hoe (fandikana): «Mahatsikaiky fa misy zavatra tena dialektika mihitsy ao amin' ny tsikeran' i Popper ny dialektika».&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1a653a823709c33a&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2007|Rescher (2007)]], p. 116.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 1940, teo amin' ny fotoana namoahana ny tsikeran' i Popper ihany, i Sidney Hook, filôzôfa nanaraka ny pragmatisma, izay mandinika ny hevitra amin' ny fifandraisany amin' ny fampiharana, dia niresaka ny «misy heviny sy ny tsy misy heviny ao amin' ny dialektika» (fandikana).
Nolaviny ho tsy ara-tsiansa ny fomba fiheverana roa ny dialektika, kanefa nekeny ny fomba fiheverana iray ho «sokajy mety amin' ny fandaminana ny hevitra» (fandikana).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-75e9541b6c514085&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-9431e84e605fb3e5&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFHook1940|Hook (1940)]].&lt;/ref&gt;
Nitsikera imbetsaka ny dialektikan' i Hegel sy ny dialektika marksista koa i Mario Bunge, mpahay fizika sy filôzôfa izay nandray hevitra avy amin' ny filôzôfia analitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-5df5b07dca3bc087&quot; /&gt;
Nantsoiny hoe «manjavozavo sady lavitra ny siansa» izy ireo (fandikana),&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-1585e3cef015a902&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFBunge1981|Bunge (1981)]].&lt;/ref&gt; ary nolazainy ho «lova nitera-doza» (fandikana).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-daffe477badb1d54&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFBunge2012|Bunge (2012)]].&lt;/ref&gt;
Rehefa nandinika ny tsikera nataon' i Bunge momba ny dialektika ny sôsiôlôga Poe Yu-ze Wan, dia nihevitra izy fa manan-danja sy mitombina ny fandresen-dahatr' i Bunge.
Na izany aza, nihevitra izy fa mbola afaka manampy ny mpahay siansa amin' ny fitadiavana sy fitarihana ny fikarohana amin' ny lafiny sasany ny dialektika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-5df5b07dca3bc087&quot; /&gt;

Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-20, nisy tsikera hafa avy amin' ny ''post-structuralism'' (fomba filôzôfika mitsikera ny fiheverana ny rafitra ho raikitra) sy ny pôstmôdernisma (fomba fisaina mitsikera ny foto-kevitra sy ny fanazavana ankapoben' ny vanim-potoana môderna).
Nanohitra ny «fitantarana lehibe» momba ny vanim-potoana môderna izy ireo (fandikana), anisan' izany ny dialektikan' i Hegel sy ny dialektika marksista.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-37652ed9898e236c&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 360.&lt;/ref&gt;
Niainga tamin' ny fisalasalana filôzôfikan' i [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] ny mpandinika toa an' i Jean-François Lyotard, [[Michel Foucault]] ary [[Gilles Deleuze]], ka nandà ireo hevitra dialektika momba ny fitambarana iray misy faritra mifandray, ny fandrosoana ary ny fandavana voafaritra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-37652ed9898e236c&quot; /&gt;
Nilaza izy ireo fa ny dialektika dia manery izao tontolo izao hanana firaisana tsy mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy sy filaminana hazavaina amin' ny tanjona iafarana, nefa ny fahasamihafana, ny hamaroan' ny endrika ary ny tsy fitohizana no toetra fototra mampiavaka izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-89ae1a0f45ef350c&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 360, 362.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny hevitry ny mpanoratra marksista John Rees, ny fomba fijery tena manjombona nananan' i Lyotard dia mifototra amin' ny finoana fa misy hantsana tsy azo iampitana mihitsy eo amin' ny fahalalana sy izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-97c297a5f0d2c950&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFRees1998|Rees (1998)]], p. 291.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny nosoratan' i Rees koa, nampiasain' i Lyotard ny anarana «Auschwitz» mba «hanehoana ny tsy maha-manan-danja ny zava-misy azo fantarina amin' ny traikefa» ho an' izay filazana môderna rehetra momba ny fanafahana ny olombelona (fandikana ny teny notononin' i Rees).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-97c297a5f0d2c950&quot; /&gt;
Ny famakafakana mandrava ny fifanoherana raikitra amin' ny hevitra nataon' i [[Jacques Derrida]] dia nikendry ny handrava ny fandaminana ny fisainana tandrefana ho tsiroaroa mifanohitra, tamin' ny fanehoana ny lôjikan' ny ''différance''.
Ity farany dia fizotran' ny fanemorana tsy misy farany ny famaritana ny hevitra, izay tsy azo faranana amin' ny hevitra vaovao farany mampiray ny fifanoherana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-6fdd2cf4ab7ec5ce&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 362.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nisy mpitsikera anefa nilaza fa misy toe-javatra toa mifanohitra ao amin' izany: rehefa manandrana ny «hisaraka amin' i Hegel» ireo mpandinika ireo (fandikana), dia matetika mbola voafandrika ao anatin' ilay sehatry ny hevitra tadiaviny horavana ihany izy ireo, ka fitaovana ara-pisainana avy amin' i Hegel no ampiasainy hanoherana an' i Hegel.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-3ee199f4ce2f0b33&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 367.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ny lanjany amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny ==
Taorian' ny nanambarana ilay nantsoina hoe faran' ny tantara, taorian' ny faharavan' ny Firaisana Sôvietika, dia niverina ny fahalianan' ny mpandinika sasany amin' ny dialektikan' i Hegel sy ny dialektika marksista. Araka ny filazan' i Manolis Dafermos, ny fitohizan' ny krizy maneran-tany eo amin' ny toekarena, ny tontolo iainana ary ny pôlitika dia nampametra-panontaniana ireo fiheverana ny fivoaran' ny tantara ho manaraka lalana tokana tsy misy fifanoherana, ary nampiseho ny fetran' ny fomba fisainana empirista, izay manasongadina ny traikefa ho loharanon' ny fahalalana, sy ireo fomba mampihena ny fanazavana ho amin' ny singa tsotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-cf29f2ed9b61a3c7&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 382–383.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazany ihany, io fiverenan' ny fahalianana io dia maneho ny fitomboan' ny fahatakarana ny dialektika ho fomba fijery mandinika sy mitsikera ny zava-misy ary mitari-dalana ny fomba fandalinana azy. Ahafahana mahatakatra sy miatrika ny fiarahamonina ankehitriny izany, amin' ny maha-sarotra azy sy ny fiovany ary ny fifanoherana ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-36b2bb45e6a044ea&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 382.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza i Bertell Ollman, mpandinika marksista, fa rehefa miha-mampiavaka ny fiarahamonina ny «fahasarotana lehibe lavitra sy fiovana ary fifampiantraikany haingana lavitra», dia manjary «vao mainka tsy azo ilaozana ankehitriny mihoatra noho ny tamin' ny fotoana rehetra teo aloha» ny fahatakarana dialektika, mba hahazoana ireo fifandraisana ao amin' ny rafitra izay mamaritra azy; dikan-teny malagasy ireo teny nindramina ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-a102cf78129c450d&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFOllman2003|Ollman (2003)]], p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Dafermos, dia misy fiverenana amin' i Hegel ao amin' ny filôzôfia analitika: miverina mandinika ny idealisma alemàna ny filôzôfa toa an' i Robert Brandom sy John McDowell mba hiatrehana ny tsy fahampian' ny fomba famakafakana manasaraka ny zavatra hodinihina ho singa mahaleo tena sy ny fomba mampiorina ny fahalalana amin' ny finoana fototra tsy miankina amin' ny finoana hafa. Ny idealisma eto dia fomba filôzôfika manome toerana fototra ny saina na ny fanahy amin' ny fanazavana ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-7c0df543b25d968b&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 353.&lt;/ref&gt; Ampifandraisin' i Dafermos amin' ny fandravan' i Hegel ny fiheverana fa azo antoka avy hatrany ny fahalalana avy amin' ny fahatsapana (''sense-certainty'') ny asan' i Wilfrid Sellars, indrindra ny tsikerany ny ''Myth of the Given'': ilay fiheverana fa afaka ho fototra manamarina ny fahalalana ny zavatra omen' ny fahatsapana mivantana, tsy mila fanelanelanan' ny foto-kevitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d991222d57c8d257&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 354.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin' ny fiverenan' ny fahalianana amin' ny dialektika koa i Slavoj Žižek, manam-pahaizana mandray anjara amin' ny adihevitra ampahibemaso, tamin' ny fandikany indray ny fisainan' i Hegel sy ny an' i Lacan mba hamakafakana ny kolontsaina sy ny pôlitika ankehitriny. Na izany aza, ny fomba fijeriny antsoina hoe ''parallax gap'', izay manasongadina ny elanelana tsy azo ahena eo amin' ny fomba fijery, dia manome lanja kokoa ireo fisarahana tsy azo foanana noho ny famoronana hevitra vaovao mampiray ny fifanoherana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-afda4fd3fc39e4ca&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 372–373.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Dafermos, eo amin' ny sehatry ny siansa samihafa dia misy ny fanekena fa tsy ampy hanazavana ireo fisehoan-javatra sarotra ny môdely manaraka fifandraisana tsotra mahitsy, ireo môdely mandinika toe-javatra tsy miova, ary ireo mampihena ny fanazavana ho amin' ny singa tsotra. Amin' ny fomba fijeriny, ny dialektika dia manolotra rafitra fandinihana ahafahana mahatakatra ny rafitra sasany miova arakaraka ny fotoana, ny toetra mipoitra eo amin' ny fitambarana vokatry ny fifampiantraikan' ny singa ao aminy, ary ny fifampiantraikany tsy manaraka fifandraisana tsotra mahitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d6f40957d13b0d33&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 391.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fizika, araka ny fitantaran' i Dafermos, dia misy fandikana filôzôfika mihevitra fa hita amin' ny foto-kevitra toy ny fisehoana amin' ny endrika onja sy poti-javatra ao amin' ny mekanika koantika ny môdely dialektikan' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-d6f40957d13b0d33&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny biôlôjia, araka ny filazan' i Rees, ny boky ''The Dialectical Biologist'' (1985), nosoratan' ireo biôlôjista Richard Levins sy Richard Lewontin, dia nanasongadina ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany, sady nanohitra ny fomba mihevitra fa voafaritry ny fototarazo ny toetran' ny zavamananaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-cdb8a3161411ee06&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina, araka ny filazan' i Dafermos, dia nampiasaina handalinana ny fivoarana ara-tsaina, ny teôrian' ny fanabeazana, ary ny fifanoherana ao amin' ny kapitalisma maneran-tany ny môdely dialektika. Anisan' izany ilay antsoina hoe fisarahan' ny fifanakalozana ara-materialy eo amin' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona sy ny natiora (''metabolic rift'').&lt;ref name=&quot;sfn-601b8837cd88ff01&quot;&gt;[[#CITEREFDafermos2025|Dafermos (2025)]], p. 384, 393.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Sokajy efatra amin' ny endriky ny fisainana dialektika
* Resadresaka
* Fifanakalozan-kevitra
* ''Dialectica'' — Gazety ara-pilôzôfia
* ''De Dialectica'' — Asa soratra isan-karazany momba ny dialektika sy ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina araka ny lôjika
* Fitsaboana amin' ny fanovana fitondran-tena mampiasa fomba dialektika (na fitsaboana ara-tsaina mampifandray ny fomba dialektika sy ny fanovana fitondran-tena)
* Fikarohana mampiasa fomba dialektika
* Fomba mifototra amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra
* Fomba fampianarana — Fomba fampianarana izay azo ampitahaina amin' ny fomba dialektika mba hampisehoana ny fahasamihafany
* Lahateny sy fifanakalozan-kevitra
* Fanerena hisafidy amin' ny safidy roa nefa misy safidy hafa
* Lôjika sy dialektika
* Fifandanjana vokatry ny fandinihana ny fitsarana sy ny fitsipika
* Dialektikan' ny fifandraisana
* ''Tarka Shastra'' (fandalinana ny fandanjalanjana ara-tsaina)
* Firaisan' ny zavatra mifanohitra

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Asa voatonona ===
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFActon1955&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Acton, H. B. (1955). ''[https://archive.org/details/illusionsofepoch0000acti The Illusion of the Epoch: Marxism-Leninism as a Philosophical Creed]''. London: Cohen &amp; West. OCLC 3741720. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFArthur2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Arthur, Christopher J. (2004). ''The New Dialectic and Marx's Capital''. Nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 2002. Leiden: Brill. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-13643-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBasseches1984&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Basseches, Michael (1984). ''[https://archive.org/details/dialecticalthink00bassrich Dialectical Thinking and Adult Development]''. Andiany: ''Publications for the Advancement of Theory and History in Psychology'', boky faha-3. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0893910171&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 10532903. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy. Ity misy lahatsoratra nivoaka talohan' io boky io, izay mamintina ny hevi-dehibe raketiny: &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBasseches1980&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Basseches, Michael (1980). ''Dialectical schemata: a framework for the empirical study of the development of dialectical thinking''. ''Human Development'', 23 (6), pejy 400–421. JSTOR 26765542. DOI 10.1159/000272600.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBunge1981&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bunge, Mario (1981). ''[https://archive.org/details/scientificmateri0000bung/page/41 A critique of dialectics]''. Ao amin' ny ''Scientific Materialism''. Andiany: ''Episteme'', boky faha-9. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pejy [https://archive.org/details/scientificmateri0000bung/page/41 41–63]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9027713049&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 7596139. DOI 10.1007/978-94-009-8517-9_4. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohin' ny toko.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBunge2012&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bunge, Mario (2012). ''Dialectical materialism''. Ao amin' ny ''Evaluating Philosophies''. Andiany: ''Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science'', boky faha-295. New York: Springer. Pejy 84–85. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789400744073&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 806947226. DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0_9.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDafermos2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dafermos, Manolis (2025). ''Dialectics as Mode of Thought and Method in History''. Andiany: ''Perspectives in Cultural-Historical Research'', boky faha-14. Cham: Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-032-06919-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI 10.1007/978-3-032-06920-7.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFEemeren2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Eemeren, Frans H. van; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014). ''Rescher's dialectic''. Ao amin' ny ''Handbook of Argumentation Theory''. Fanontana nohavaozina. New York: Springer. Pejy 330–336. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789048194728&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 871004444. DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5_6.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHeinrich2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Heinrich, Michael (2012). ''[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000hein/page/36 Dialectics—a Marxist 'Rosetta Stone'?]''. Ao amin' ny ''An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital''. Nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 2004. Nadikan' i Alexander Locascio. New York: Monthly Review Press. Pejy [https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000hein/page/36 36–37]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58367-288-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 768793094. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohin' ny toko.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHook1940&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hook, Sidney (1940). ''[https://archive.org/details/reasonsocialmyth00hook/page/262 Sense and nonsense in dialectic]''. Ao amin' ny ''Reason, Social Myths and Democracy''. New York: John Day. Pejy [https://archive.org/details/reasonsocialmyth00hook/page/262 262–264]. OCLC 265987.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFIlyenkov1977&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ilyenkov, E. V. (1977). ''[https://archive.org/details/dialecticallogic0000ilen Dialectical Logic: Essays on Its History and Theory]''. Nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1974. Nadikan' i Creighton, H. Campbell. Moscow: Progress Publishers. OCLC 491038593. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKangal2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kangal, Kaan (2020). ''Friedrich Engels and the Dialectics of Nature''. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-34334-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFNikulin2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Nikulin, Dmitri V. (2010). ''Dialectic and Dialogue''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8047-7015-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFOllman2003&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ollman, Bertell (2003). ''Dance of the Dialectic: Steps in Marx's Method''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-07118-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPopper1940&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Karl Popper|Popper, Karl R.]] (October 1940). ''What is dialectic?''. ''Mind'', 49 (196), pejy 407, 426. DOI 10.1093/mind/XLIX.194.403. JSTOR 2250841. Navoaka indray tatỳ aoriana toy izao: &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPopper1962&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Popper, Karl R. (1962). ''What is dialectic?''. Ao amin' ny ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge''. New York: Basic Books. Pejy 316, 335. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7100-6507-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 316022.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRees1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rees, John (1998). ''The Algebra of Revolution: The Dialectic and the Classical Marxist Tradition''. London; New York: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-19877-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRescher2007&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rescher, Nicholas (2007). ''Dialectics: A Classical Approach to Inquiry''. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-938793-76-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 185032382. DOI 10.1515/9783110321289.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRussell1959&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]]; Foulkes, Paul (1959). ''[https://archive.org/details/wisdomofwesthist0000russ Wisdom of the West: A Historical Survey of Western Philosophy in its Social and Political Setting]''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Pejy [https://archive.org/details/wisdomofwesthist0000russ/page/245 245–253]. OCLC 368395. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohin' ny boky.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFShannonMascoloBelolutskaya2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Shannon, Nick; Mascolo, Michael F.; Belolutskaya, Anastasia (mpandrindra ny boky, 2024). ''The Routledge International Handbook of Dialectical Thinking''. New York: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781032324678&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 1414369958. DOI 10.4324/9781003317340.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFStump1989&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Stump, Eleonore (1989). ''Dialectic and Its Place in the Development of Medieval Logic''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-2036-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWan2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wan, Poe Yu-ze (December 2013). ''Dialectics, complexity, and the systemic approach: toward a critical reconciliation''. ''Philosophy of the Social Sciences'', 43 (4), pejy 411–452. DOI 10.1177/0048393112441974. S2CID 144820093.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWhite1996&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;White, James D. (1996). ''Karl Marx and the Intellectual Origins of Dialectical Materialism''. Houndmills, UK; New York: Macmillan Press; St. Martin's Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-333-66594-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWilliams1989&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Williams, Howard L. (1989). ''Hegel, Heraclitus and Marx's Dialectic''. Hemel Hempstead, UK; New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf; St. Martin's Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7450-0527-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* Fitaovam-pianarana mifandraika amin' ny algôritma dialektika ao amin' ny Wikiversity — algôritma (dingana voafaritra hanatanterahana fomba iray) mifototra amin' ny fitsipiky ny dialektika klasika.
* ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel-dialectics/ Hegel's Dialectics]'', lahatsoratra ao amin' ny ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (rakipahalalana momba ny filôzôfia an' i Stanford).
* ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dialectic Dialectic]'', ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', boky faha-8, fanontana faha-11, 1911, pejy 156.
* ''[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mctaggart/hegel/contents.htm Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic]'' nosoratan' i J. M. E. McTaggart (1896), ao amin' ny marxists.org.

[[:Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]</text>
      <sha1>g6cniar65oeobyolq0u0ynmokz2xggr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Zava-misy</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153473</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:58:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1381557762</comment>
      <origin>1153473</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="201852" sha1="803q7uqd6bekq871mifrw51xoasbhp0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fananana tsy azo afindra toerana (''realty'' amin' ny teny anglisy).&lt;/small&gt;

Ny '''Zava-misy''' dia ny fitambaran' ny [[Fisiana|zavatra rehetra misy]], na izay iombonan' ny zavatra rehetra misy. Matetika izy io no ampifanoherina amin' ny fisehoan-javatra araka izay tsapa, ka avahana amin' izay toa misy ny tena misy, na dia iadian-kevitra aza ny fahamarinan' izany fanavahana izany sy ny maha-fototra azy. Misy fepetra samihafa naroso hanavahana ny zavatra tena misy amin' ny tsy tena misy, anisan' izany ny fahafahana miteraka vokatra, ny tsy fiankinana amin' ny saina, ary ny tsy maha-fahatsapan-diso azy. Mifampiditra amin' ny hevitra toy ny maha-misy, ny fisiana, [[Izao tontolo izao|izao tontolo izao]], ny maha-tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana, ary ny [[Fahamarinana|fahamarinana]] ny hevitry ny zava-misy.

Iadian' ny filôzôfa hevitra ny karazan-javatra anisan' ny zava-misy sy ny fomba ifandaminan' izy ireo. Anisan' ny singa naroso ho mandrafitra azy ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra sy ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro, ny zavatra misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana ary ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, ny zava-mitranga marina, ny tranga, ary ny singa madinika fototra. Ny adihevitra momba ny firafitry ny zava-misy dia mandinika ny fifandraisan' ny ampahany sy ny fitambarany, ny fanavahana ny zavatra fototra amin' ny tsy fototra, ny hevitra fa mifandahatra ho ambaratonga ny zava-misy, ary ny anjara toeran' ny maha-iray sy ny maha-maro ao amin' ny adihevitra eo amin' ny [[Mônisma|fomba mihevitra fototra iray]] sy ny fomba mihevitra fototra maro. Lohahevitra hafa koa ny [[Erana (jeômetria)|habaka]] sy ny [[Fotoana|fotoana]], izay rafitra andaminana ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny zavatra misy, ary ny lalàn' ny natiora, izay mamaritra ny fizotra miverimberina na ny lamina ankapobe arahina amin' ny fifampiasan' ny zavatra misy sy ny fisehoan' ny fiovana.

Ny realisma dia fomba fihevitra fa tsy miankina amin' ny [[Fahalalana|fahalalan' ny olombelona]] na ny fahatsiarovan-tenany ny zava-misy. Ny fandavana ny realisma kosa dia mandà izany hevitra izany ary mihevitra fa ny lafiny sasany amin' ny zava-misy dia volavolain' ny fiasan' ny saina, ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay, na ny fifanarahana ara-tsosialy. Ny adihevitra eo amin' ny mpomba sy ny mpandà ny realisma dia mahakasika ny fisian' ny karazan-javatra samihafa tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay, anisan' izany ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro, ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, ny [[Soatoavina|soatoavina]], ary ny zavatra tsy azo dinihina mivantana izay heverin' ny teôria ara-tsiansa fa misy. Lohahevitra mifandray amin' izany ny fahafahana mahazo fahalalana sy ny fetran' izany, ka raisina ho fahatakarana mahomby ny zava-misy ny fahalalana. Afaka mamolavola ny traikefa ny teknôlôjia ankehitriny, amin' ny alalan' ny zava-misy ampiana fampahalalana nomerika sy ny zava-misy virtoaly, ary mampipoitra fanontaniana momba ny [[Ôntôlôjia (filôzôfia)|toerana eo amin' ny fisiana]] ananan' ny zavatra virtoaly.

Mahakasika sehatra maro ny hevitry ny zava-misy, anisan' izany ny [[Metafizika|metafizika]], ny [[Epistemôlôjia|epistemôlôjia na fandalinana ny fahalalana]], ny [[Fizika|fizika]], ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|psikôlôjia na fandalinana ny saina sy ny fitondran-tena]], ary ny [[Antrôpôlôjia|antrôpôlôjia na fandalinana ny olombelona]]. Efa hatramin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] no niadian-kevitra ny teôria momba ny toetran' ny zava-misy. Anisan' ny fomba fisainana tany am-boalohany nanana fiantraikany lehibe ireo nipoitra tao amin' ny filôzôfia indiana, ny filôzôfia sinoa, ary ny filôzôfia grika fahiny.

== Famaritana ==
Ny zava-misy dia ny fitambaran' ny [[Entity|zavatra misy]] rehetra. Mahafaoka izao rehetra izao manontolo sy izay rehetra ao anatiny izy, anisan' izany ny vato, ny hazo, ny olombelona ary ny kintana. Amin' ny heviny hafa kely, ny zava-misy dia tsy io fitambarana io mihitsy, fa lafiny iray iombonan' izay rehetra mandrafitra azy. Amin' izany heviny izany, dia ny maha-tena misy na izay iombonan' ny zavatra tena misy rehetra izy, ka mampiavaka azy ireo amin' ny zavatra tsy tena misy na izay vokatry ny fahatsapan-diso. Rehefa ampiasaina ho [[Anaran' ny azo isaina|anarana manondro zavatra azo isaina]] ny teny anglisy hoe ''reality'', ny hoe ''a reality'' (zava-misy iray) dia manondro sehatra iray voafaritra na rafitra iray mirindra sy mifamatotra. Ohatra amin' izany ny zava-misy ara-piarahamonina ao amin' ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] iray, na ny zava-misy virtoaly ao amin' ny tontolon' ny lalao video iray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?; [[#CITEREFHarperCollins2022|HarperCollins (2022)]]; [[#CITEREFPenrose2006|Penrose (2006)]], pp. 32–34; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA27 27–28]; [[#CITEREFCambridge_University_Press_&amp;_Assessment2026|Cambridge University Press &amp; Assessment (2026)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika no ampifanoherina amin' ny fisehoan-javatra araka izay tsapa ny zava-misy: ny fisehoan-javatra araka izay tsapa dia ny endrika isehoan' ny zavatra amin' ny olona, fa ny zava-misy kosa dia ny tena toetran' ireo zavatra ireo. Mbola iadian-kevitra raha manamarika fahasamihafana tena misy sy fototra io fampifanoherana io, ka manasaraka ny tontolon' ny fisehoan-javatra iainana sy ny tontolon' ny zava-misy tsy azo tratrarina. Araka ny fomba fijery iray hafa, ny fisehoan-javatra sy ny zava-misy dia fomba samy hafa handinihana zavatra iray ihany. Noho izany, ao amin' ny fomba andrafetana ny foto-kevitra no ametrahany ny fahasamihafana, fa tsy ao amin' ny fisarahan' ny tontolo roa. Mifanaraka amin' ny hevitra hoe mampiseho ny zavatra araka ny tena toetrany ny fisehoan-javatra marina izany fomba fijery izany. Midika izany fa mety hifanaraka ny fisehoan-javatra sy ny zava-misy, ary tsy voatery hisaraka. Araka ny hevitra iray naroso, na ny fisehoan-javatra marina na ny diso dia mety samy ho anisan' ny zava-misy, ohatra amin' ny maha-tranga ao amin' ny atidoha azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 1–7, 16; [[#CITEREFWilson2005|Wilson (2005)]], pp. 43–44; [[#CITEREFKennick2006|Kennick (2006)]], Lead section, § Looks and Appearances; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA6 6–8, 23]&lt;/ref&gt; Heverina amin' ny ankapobeny fa misy amin' ny tenany ny zavatra tena misy, ka tsy miankina amin' izay eritreretin' ny olona momba azy. Rehefa mifanena amin' izy ireny ny olona iray, dia mety ho ny toetra sasany ihany no ahariharin' ny fisehoany, fa ny hafa kosa mijanona ho takona. Mety ho manjavozavo ny fisehoan-javatra, toy ny amin' ny fahitana manjavozavo (na fahitana tsy mampiseho mazava ny antsipirian' ny zavatra). Matetika kosa no aroso ny hevitra fa voafaritra tanteraka ny zava-misy, izany hoe raikitra amin' ny antsipiriany rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 7–10; [[#CITEREFSearle1998|Searle (1998)]], p. 398; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA27 27–28]; [[#CITEREFRescher2018|Rescher (2018)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyAEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–4]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny teny anglisy hoe ''reality'' (zava-misy) dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny latina|latina]] hoe ''realitas'' (maha-tena misy), izay mifototra amin' ny teny hoe ''res'' (zavatra), sy ny teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]] hoe ''réalité'' (zava-misy). Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-16 no fantatra fa nampiasana azy voalohany tamin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFOED_staff2026|OED staff (2026)]]; [[#CITEREFChantrell2002|Chantrell (2002)]], p. 419; [[#CITEREFRescher2018|Rescher (2018)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyAEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1]&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandray amin' ny sehatra maro ny foto-kevitry ny zava-misy. Anisan' izany ny [[Metafizika|metafizika]], sampan' ny [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfia]] mandalina ny toetra sy ny rafitra fototry ny zava-misy, ary ny [[Siansa|siansa mifototra amin' ny fandinihana sy ny fanandramana]], izay mandinika ny zavatra mandrafitra ny tontolo voajanahary sy ny lalàna mifehy azy amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana sy ny fanandramana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2017|Koons, Pickavance (2017)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FLH4DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3 3–4, 7]; [[#CITEREFPenrose2006|Penrose (2006)]], pp. 32–34; [[#CITEREFRescher2018|Rescher (2018)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyAEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR7 vii, ix–x]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fepetra famantarana ===
Ny fepetra famantarana ny zava-misy dia toetra na fenitra aroso hanavahana ny zavatra tena misy amin' ny zavatra tsy tena misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFWilson2005|Wilson (2005)]], pp. 43–44; [[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny fepetra resahina matetika ny fahafahana miteraka vokatra, izay raisina ho famantarana ny maha-zava-misy. Resahina ao amin' ny filôzôfia grika fahiny amin' ny anarana hoe fitsipika eleatika izany: araka io fitsipika io, ny hoe tena misy dia midika hoe afaka miteraka fiovana sady mety hiharan' izany fiovana izany. Ohatra, araka io fepetra io, dia tena nisy i [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] satria afaka nampihetsika olona an-tapitrisany sy namolavola ny tolona ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i India. I [[Dadabe Noely|Santa Claus]] kosa dia tsy tena misy satria tsy afaka manao zavatra misy fiantraikany amin' izao tontolo izao. Na izany aza, anisan' ny zava-misy ny tantara momba an' i Santa Claus, toy ny lahatsoratra ao amin' ny boky ho an' ny ankizy, satria afaka mitaona ny fomba fisainan' ny olona izy ireny. Miteraka adihevitra ny fitsipika eleatika satria mazàna izy io no heverina ho mandà fa tena misy ireo zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, toy ny [[Isa|isa]], izay dinihina amin' ny sehatra toy ny [[Matematika|matematika]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?; [[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], p. 8; [[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § Being Qua Being&lt;/ref&gt;

Tolo-kevitra iray hafa nanana akony ny mandray ny tsy fiankinana amin' ny saina ho fepetra famantarana ny zava-misy: araka izany, tsy miankina amin' izay eritreretin' ny olona momba azy ny zavatra tena misy. Asongadin' io fomba fijery io fa zavatra atrehina ny zava-misy fa tsy zavatra foronina, ary afaka manohitra ny finoana sy ny faniriana na misakana ny fahatanterahan' izy ireny, tsy toy ny zavatra foronin' ny saina izay azo ovana araka izay tiana. Ohatra, raha tena misy ny planeta iray na ny viriosy (na singa bitika izay tsy afaka mihamaro raha tsy ao anatin' ny sela velona) iray, dia misy samirery izy ary miasa araka ny toetrany, na dia tsy fantatry ny olona aza na diso aza ny finoan' izy ireo momba azy. Ny zavatra tsy tena misy kosa, araka io fomba fijery io, dia miankina amin' ny eritreritra sy ny hevitra ny fisiany; tsy hipoitra izy ireny, na hanjavona, raha tsy misy ny asan' ny saina mamorona na mampaharitra azy. Ohatra, tsy hisy ny olona ao amin' ny tantara noforonina toa an' i Gandalf raha tsy nisy olona nieritreritra momba azy mihitsy. Anisan' ny fahasarotana atrehin' io fepetra io ny manazava ny maha-zava-misy ny zavatra ao an-tsaina ihany, satria toa anisan' izao tontolo izao ny [[Fieritreretana|eritreritra]], ny [[Fitadidiana|fahatsiarovana]] ary ny [[Fihetseham-po|fihetseham-po]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?; [[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 9–10; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA27 27–28]&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fepetra mifandray akaiky amin' izany milaza fa ny hoe tena misy dia midika hoe tsy vokatry ny fahatsapan-diso. Mifantoka amin' ny fomba isehoan' ny zavatra araka izay tsapa izy io, ka manavaka ny fisehoan-javatra mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy, izay tena araka izay isehoany, sy ny fisehoan-javatra mamitaka, izay tsy araka izay isehoany. Amin' ny heviny malalaka, ny fisehoan-javatra araka izay tsapa dia tsy voafetra amin' izay raisin' ny vavahadin-tsaina, fa mety hahafaoka koa ny fahatsiarovana, ny finoana ary ny eritreritra. Araka io fepetra io, maneho ny zava-misy araka ny tena maha-izy azy ny fahatsapana mifanaraka amin' ny marina; ny zavatra hita amin' ny fahatsapana tsy misy zavatra ivelany mifanandrify aminy (na toy ny mahita na mandre zavatra nefa tsy misy izany eo ivelany), ny [[Nofy|nofy]] ary ny fahitana mamitaka vokatry ny hazavana kosa dia heverina ho tsy tena misy, satria diso ny fanehoan' izy ireny an' izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA6 6–8, 23]; [[#CITEREFWilson2005|Wilson (2005)]], pp. 43–44&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fepetra hafa mampitovy ny maha-zava-misy amin' ny maha-tena izy fa tsy sandoka. Naroson' i J. L. Austin sady mifototra amin' ny filôzôfia mandinika ny fampiasana andavanandro ny fiteny izany. Araka io fomba fijery io, ny hoe tena izy dia mifandraika mandrakariva amin' ny sokajy na zavatra iray, toy ny hoe diamondra tena izy. Ampifanohariny amin' ny maha-sandoka ny maha-tena izy, toy ny fanavahana ny [[Ganagana|gana]] tena izy sy ny gana sandoka ampiasaina ho fandrika hisarihana biby. Ny fahasarotana atrehin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny fiteny andavanandro dia ny hoe manana fampiasana maro ny teny anglisy hoe ''real'' (tena misy na tena izy), ary tsy izy rehetra no mifandraika amin' ny hevitra metafizika momba ny zava-misy. Ohatra, azo ampiasaina izy io hilazana fa tena tsara ny zavatra iray raha ampitahaina amin' ny hafa ao amin' ny sokajiny, toy ilay fitenenana anglisy hoe “Now this is real coffee!” (azo adika hoe “Ity vao tena kafe!”).&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?; [[#CITEREFBennett1966|Bennett (1966)]], pp. 501–504; [[#CITEREFReynolds2006|Reynolds (2006)]], pp. 468–469, 476–479&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fepetra hafa naroso mampitovy ny zava-misy amin' izay azo dinihina, azo refesina,{{#tag:ref|Manana anjara fototra eo amin' ny fomba fiheverana ara-tsiansa ny zava-misy ny fahafahana mandrefy azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHorákRott2003|Horák, Rott (2003)]], pp. 1–12&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-02}} tsy misy fifanoherana ao aminy,{{#tag:ref|Ohatra, nilaza ny filôzôfa toa an' i [[Zénon d'Élée|Zeno avy any Elea]] sy F. H. Bradley fa tsy tena misy ny fisehoan-javatra sasany, toy ny [[Fotoana|fotoana]] sy ny fihetsehana, satria tsy mifanaraka ny hevitra momba azy ireny na toa miteraka fifanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKennick2006|Kennick (2006)]], § Appearances of the Impossible; [[#CITEREFWilson2005|Wilson (2005)]], pp. 43–44&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-01}} mahasoa, mahaleo tena amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay, iombonan' ny olona samihafa amin' ny traikefany, na manana ny maha-fototra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], Footnote 115; [[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 8–10; [[#CITEREFWilson2005|Wilson (2005)]], pp. 43–44&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hevitra mifandray aminy ===
[[File:Alexius Meinong 1900.jpg|alt=Sarin-dehilahy be volombava manao akanjo misy palitao|thumb|upright=.8|Araka ny hevitr' i Alexius Meinong, mivelatra kokoa noho ny hevitra hoe zava-misy ny hevitra hoe maha-misy, satria mahafaoka ny zavatra tsy misy koa izy io.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMarek2024|Marek (2024)]], Lead section, § 2. Meinong on Philosophy, § 5. Object Theory — Ontology beyond Being and Non-Being&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mifanindry amin' ny hevitra maro mifandray aminy ny hoe zava-misy, toy ny maha-misy, ny [[Fisiana|fisiana]], ny [[Izao tontolo izao|tontolo]], ny maha-tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana, ary ny [[Fahamarinana|fahamarinana]]. Arakaraka ny toe-javatra ampiasana azy, dia mety hitovy hevitra ireo teny ireo, na samy hanana anjara toerana voafaritra ao anatin' ny teôria.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2018|Rescher (2018)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyAEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1]; [[#CITEREFHarperCollins2022|HarperCollins (2022)]]; [[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], Lead section, § Reality and Actuality&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny heviny mivelatra indrindra, ny maha-misy no sokajy ankapobe indrindra mahafaoka ny zava-drehetra, ary ny tsy fisian-javatra mihitsy ihany no mifanohitra aminy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMacIntyre2006|MacIntyre (2006)]], Lead section, § 'Being' as a Name; [[#CITEREFJaroszyński2023|Jaroszyński (2023)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LtL7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254 254–255]; [[#CITEREFLowe2005|Lowe (2005)]], p. 84; [[#CITEREFJacquette2014|Jacquette (2014)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–2, 12–13]&lt;/ref&gt; Misy filôzôfa, toa an' i Alexius Meinong, mihevitra fa mivelatra kokoa noho ny hevitra hoe zava-misy ny hevitra hoe maha-misy: ankoatra ny zavatra tena misy na efa tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana, dia mahafaoka ny zavatra tsy misy koa izy io, toy ny zavatra mety hisy fotsiny na ny zavatra tsy feno.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMarek2024|Marek (2024)]], Lead section, § 2. Meinong on Philosophy, § 5. Object Theory — Ontology beyond Being and Non-Being&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny heviny tery kosa, ny maha-misy dia mifanohitra amin' ny fiovana eo amin' ny fisiana, ary manondro ireo lafiny marin-toerana na maharitra amin' ny zava-misy. Ny fiovana eo amin' ny fisiana kosa dia manondro ny fiovan-toetra, toy ny fialan' ny zavatra iray amin' ny toetry ny maha-misy azy ho amin' ny toetra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMacIntyre2006|MacIntyre (2006)]], Lead section, § 'Being' as a Name; [[#CITEREFZhang2011|Zhang (2011)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA220 220]; [[#CITEREFHartmann2012|Hartmann (2012)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4PyJfVZn-rcC&amp;pg=PA46 46–47]&lt;/ref&gt; Lohahevitra fototra iray ao amin' ny fandalinana ny maha-misy ny sokajin' ny maha-misy, izany hoe ireo sokajy fototra ahafahana manao fitanisana feno ny zavatra rehetra ao amin' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § The Categories of Being&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisiana dia raisina matetika ho ny hoe misy fotsiny ny zavatra iray: milaza izany fa anisan' ny tontolo io zavatra io, nefa tsy mamaritra ny maha-izy azy. Matetika izy io no ampifanoherina amin' ny [[Fiziana (filôzôfia)|maha-izy ny zavatra]], izay manondro ny toetra fototra na ireo toetra mampiavaka azy. Azo takarina matetika ny maha-izy ny zavatra iray nefa tsy fantatra akory raha misy izy io na tsia. Iadian-kevitra eo amin' ny mpandalina ny maha-misy raha azo raisina ho toetran' ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra ny fisiana, mitovy amin' ny toetra mahazatra toy ny maha-mena, na kosa tokony horaisina ho foto-kevitra na fomba ilazana fa misy zavatra ahitana toetra iray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGibson1998|Gibson (1998)]], p. 2; [[#CITEREFCeylan1993|Ceylan (1993)]], pp. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134 329–337]; [[#CITEREFNelson2022|Nelson (2022)]], Lead Section; [[#CITEREFMacIntyre2006|MacIntyre (2006)]], § Is Existence a Predicate?&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tontolo iray dia fitambaran' ny zavatra misy, izay heverina ho toe-javatra mivelatra indrindra azo eritreretina na ho rafitra mahafaoka ny zava-drehetra ao amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana amin' ny fitambarany: izay rehetra nisy, misy, ary mbola hisy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMenzel2025|Menzel (2025)]], Lead section; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA20 20–21]&lt;/ref&gt; Misy filôzôfa mihevitra fa tontolo iray ihany no mandrafitra ny zava-misy, dia izao rehetra izao izay tena misy. Araka ny fomba fijery hafa kosa, dia tontolo maro miara-misy no mandrafitra ny zava-misy, ka samy maneho fomba hafa mety ho nisian' ny zavatra ny tsirairay. Ohatra, ny realisma momba ny tontolo mety hisy an' i David Lewis dia milaza fa misy tontolo mety hisy tsy tambo isaina, izay samy manana firaisana ara-habaka sy ara-potoana ao anatiny, ary samy tena misy tahaka ny tontolo izay misy tokoa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMenzel2025|Menzel (2025)]], § 2. Three Philosophical Conceptions of Possible Worlds; [[#CITEREFParent|Parent]], Lead section, § 2. Lewis' Realism&lt;/ref&gt; Misy hevitra mitovitovy amin' izany koa ao amin' ny fandikana mihevitra tontolo maro ao amin' ny fizika koantika, izay mandinika ny tranga amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa. Araka io fandikana io, rehefa misy fandrefesana koantika, dia tsy vokatra iray monja fa ny vokatra rehetra mety hiseho no samy mitranga; raisina ho fisampanan' izao rehetra izao ho tontolo maro izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFVaidman2021|Vaidman (2021)]], Lead section, § 1. Introduction&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny maha-tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana dia mahafaoka ny toetry ny zavatra izay efa tanteraka na efa miseho. Mifanohitra amin' ny fahafahana mbola tsy tanteraka izany, izay manondro ireo fahafahana ananan' ny zavatra iray nefa mbola tsy ampihariny. Ohatra, ny voan' ny hazo antsoina hoe ''oak'' dia afaka mitombo ho hazo ''oak'' raha mifanaraka amin' izany ny fepetra, nefa mbola tsy tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana io hazo io.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFeser2017|Feser (2017)]], pp. 35–38; [[#CITEREFRéeUrmson2004|Rée, Urmson (2004)]], pp. 30–31; [[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § Reality and Actuality&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny heviny somary hafa, dia matetika ny maha-tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana no dinihina miaraka amin' izay mety ho marina sy izay tsy maintsy marina, ho fomba samihafa isehoan' ny maha-misy. Ny maha-tanteraka dia mahafaoka izay tena zava-misy; ny mety ho marina dia manondro izay mety ho zava-misy; ary ny tsy maintsy marina dia mahakasika izay tsy maintsy ho zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], p. 7; [[#CITEREFHartmann2013|Hartmann (2013)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sL-lJxW_swAC&amp;pg=PA1 1–5]; [[#CITEREFHorákRott2003|Horák, Rott (2003)]], pp. 1–2&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika io fanavahana io no hazavaina amin' ny alalan' ny tontolo mety hisy: mety ho marina ny toe-javatra iray raha marina ao amin' ny tontolo mety hisy iray farafahakeliny izy io; tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana izy io raha marina ao amin' ny tontolo izay misy tokoa; ary tsy maintsy marina izy io raha marina ao amin' ny tontolo mety hisy rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMenzel2025|Menzel (2025)]], Lead Section, § 1. Possible Worlds and Modal Logic; [[#CITEREFKuhn2010|Kuhn (2010)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=c_eYe6NVaDMC&amp;pg=PA13 13]&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny maha-tanteraka sy izay tsy maintsy marina no raisina ho lafiny amin' ny zava-misy. Iadian-kevitra kosa hoe hatraiza no maha-anisan' ny zava-misy an' izay mety ho marina, ohatra amin' ny fanavahana ny fahafahana tena misy na tena izy amin' ireo fahafahana ara-drafitra fotsiny na tsy tena izy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 6–7; [[#CITEREFHorákRott2003|Horák, Rott (2003)]], pp. 1–2; [[#CITEREFGibbs1970|Gibbs (1970)]], pp. 340–341&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fahamarinana dia fifanarahana amin' ny zava-misy. Mifanohitra amin' ny tsy fahamarinana izy io, izay mahafaoka ireo fanehoana diso tsy mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy. Matetika ny fahamarinana no raisina ho toetran' ny [[Fehezankevitra (filôzôfia)|filazana]] na finoana izay milazalaza izao tontolo izao araka izay misy azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSimmons2006|Simmons (2006)]], p. 534–535; [[#CITEREFGlanzberg2018|Glanzberg (2018)]], pp. 1–3; [[#CITEREFBeallMiddleton2024|Beall, Middleton (2024)]], pp. 6–7&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' izany heviny izany, dia tsy mitovy amin' ny zava-misy ny fahamarinana, fa toetran' ny fanehoana mifanaraka aminy: miankina amin' ny zava-misy ny fahamarinana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 12–14; [[#CITEREFAsay2020|Asay (2020)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y13bDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–2]&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny heviny hafa kosa, ny teny anglisy hoe ''truth'' (fahamarinana) dia ampiasaina hitovy hevitra amin' ny hoe zava-misy, toy ny ao amin' ny fehezanteny anglisy ''In truth, he was not qualified for the job.'', izay adika eto hoe « Raha ny tena marina, dia tsy nahafeno ny fepetra notakina tamin' ilay asa izy ».&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHarperCollins2022a|HarperCollins (2022a)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Maro ny teôria momba ny toetry ny fahamarinana naroso. Araka ny teôrian' ny fifanarahana amin' ny zava-misy, dia marina ny filazana iray raha mifanaraka amin' ny zava-mitranga marina. Ny teôrian' ny tsy fifanoherana sy ny fifanohanana kosa dia mihevitra fa ny tsy fifanoherana ara-lôjika sy ny fifanohanan' ny finoana no mandrafitra ny fahamarinana. Ny teôria mampifototra ny fahamarinana amin' ny vokany dia mamaritra ny fahamarinana arakaraka ny vokatra aterany: ny marina dia izay mahomby na izay hahatanty fanadihadiana tsy misy fetra. Ny teôria mametra ny fahamarinana ho amin' ny anjara asany ara-piteny dia mihevitra fa tsy manana toetra fototra manan-danja raiki-tampisaka aminy ny fahamarinana ankoatra ny anjara asa faran' izay kely tanany amin' ireo fomba fiteny momba ny fahamarinana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGlanzberg2025|Glanzberg (2025)]], § 1. The Neo-Classical Theories of Truth, § 5. Deflationism; [[#CITEREFEngel2002|Engel (2002)]], pp. 12–15, 26–27, 34–35, 41–42&lt;/ref&gt;

== Singa mandrafitra ny zava-misy ==
Resahina eo amin' ny tontolon' ny fikarohana akademika ireo sokajin' ny maha-misy na singa samihafa mandrafitra ny zava-misy. Tsy ifanarahana ny hoe iza amin' izy ireo no misy eo amin' ny ambaratonga fototra indrindra, ary raha karazana singa iray ihany na karazana maro no mandrafitra ny zava-misy amin' ny farany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § The Categories of Being; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA27 27–28, 74]; [[#CITEREFThomasson2022|Thomasson (2022)]], Lead Section&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny fanavahana fototra ny fanavahana ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra sy ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro. Ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra dia zavatra misy tokana izay tsy miverina amin' ny zavatra hafa, toa an' i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]], ny [[Nily|reniranon' i Nile]], ary ny [[Volana]]. Amin' ny maha-zavatra tsirairay azy, dia tsy mitovy amin' ny toetra ankapobe izy ireo: ireo toetra ankapobe ireo kosa dia zavatra misy amin' ny endrika ankapobe izay afaka miseho amin' ny zavatra maro, toy ny loko manga, ny endrika boribory, ary ny toetra maha-[[Biby mampinono|biby mampinono]]. Matetika ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra no faritana ho zavatra isehoan' ny toetra ankapobe, nefa tsy izy ireo indray no miseho amin' ny zavatra hafa amin' izany fomba izany. Amin' izany heviny izany, dia misy amin' ny tenany izy ireo, fa ny toetra ankapobe kosa misy ao amin' ny zavatra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 17–19, 82–83; [[#CITEREFMaurin2019|Maurin (2019)]], Lead Section; [[#CITEREFBigelow1998|Bigelow (1998)]], Lead Section; [[#CITEREFCowling2019|Cowling (2019)]], Lead Section&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika no anadihadiana amin' ny alalan' ny toetra{{#tag:ref|Manolotra fomba fijery hafa ny teôria mandray ny toetra ho fisehoan-toetra manokana amin' ny zavatra tsirairay, ka antsoina hoe ''tropes'' ireo fisehoan-toetra manokana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMaurin2024|Maurin (2024)]]; [[#CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022|Orilia, Paolini Paoletti (2022)]], § 1.6 Universals versus Tropes&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-04}} sy ny fifandraisana ny toetra ankapobe. Ny toetra dia maneho lafiny iray mampiavaka zavatra misy iray hafa na ny fomba maha-izy azy. Ohatra, toetran' ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra, dia ny Volana sy ny [[Masoandro]], ny endrika boribory. Ny fifandraisana kosa dia ny fomba ifandraisan' ny zavatra roa na maromaro. Ohatra, ny hoe kely noho dia fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny Volana sy ny Masoandro.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § Properties and Relations; [[#CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022|Orilia, Paolini Paoletti (2022)]], Lead Section, § 1.5 Relations; [[#CITEREFSider2010|Sider (2010)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-KkPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13 13]&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fomba fandinihana iray manadihady ny fisehoan' ny toetra ankapobe amin' ny zavatra tsirairay amin' ny alalan' ny zava-mitranga marina na ny toetry ny raharaha. Ohatra, singa roa no ao amin' ilay zava-mitranga marina lazaina hoe « mety maty i Socrates »: ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra hoe ''Socrates'' sy ny toetra ankapobe hoe ''maha-mety maty''. Ny tranga kosa dia anisan' ireo singa heverina fa mandrafitra ny zava-misy, ary miseho ao anatin' ny fotoana, toy ny fahitana ny penisilinina (na karazana fanafody antibiotika) sy ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § Complexes; [[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 139–145; [[#CITEREFArmstrong2010|Armstrong (2010)]], pp. 26–30&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:(Venice) Aristotele by Francesco Hayez in gallerie Accademia Venice (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Hosodoko amin-doko menaka mampiseho lehilahy be volombava manao akanjo lava|Nanolotra rafitra misy sokajy folo i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]] mba hamaritana ireo singa fototra mandrafitra ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFThomasson2022|Thomasson (2022)]], § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism; [[#CITEREFStudtmann2024|Studtmann (2024)]], § 2. The Ten-Fold Division; [[#CITEREFWardy1998|Wardy (1998)]], § 1. Categories in Aristotle&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Misy fanavahana hafa manan-danja koa eo amin' ny zavatra misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana sy ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana. Araka ny fomba fijery mahazatra iray, dia misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana ireo voalohany, toy ny voninkazo, ny soavaly ary ny sambo. Afaka miova sy miteraka vokatra ary mifampisy fiantraikany izy ireo, toy ny rehefa mihinana voninkazo ny soavaly ka mamotika azy amin' izany. Ireo zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana kosa dia tsy manana toerana ao amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana, tsy miova, ary sady tsy manana antony niteraka azy no tsy miteraka vokatra,{{#tag:ref|Tsy ifanarahana ny famaritana marina ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFOliver2005|Oliver (2005)]], p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-03}} toy ny [[Isa|isa]] ara-matematika sy ny endrika ara-jeômetrika. Iadian-kevitra ny hoe singa fototra mandrafitra ny zava-misy ireny zavatra ireny sa zavatra aorin' ny saina fotsiny amin' ny alalan' ny hevitra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFArmstrong2010|Armstrong (2010)]], pp. 1–2, 5, 8; [[#CITEREFCampbell2006|Campbell (2006)]], § Abstract Objects; [[#CITEREFOliver2005|Oliver (2005)]], p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanolotra teôria samihafa momba ny sokajy ireo filôzôfa. Namolavola rafitra misy sokajy folo i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]], ka ny zavatra misy amin' ny tenany sady iankinan' ny toetra no sokajy ivony. Ny sokajy hafa kosa, toy ny habetsahana, ny toetra ary ny toerana, dia miankina amin' ireo zavatra misy amin' ny tenany ireo na fomba isehoan' izy ireny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFThomasson2022|Thomasson (2022)]], § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism; [[#CITEREFStudtmann2024|Studtmann (2024)]], § 2. The Ten-Fold Division; [[#CITEREFWardy1998|Wardy (1998)]], § 1. Categories in Aristotle&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoritra rafitra misy sokajy roa ambin' ny folo i [[Immanuel Kant]], izay noraisiny ho hevitra madio ampiasain' ny fahatakaran-tsaina. Nozarainy ho vondron-tsokajy momba ny habetsahana, ny toetra, ny fifandraisana ary ny fomba maha-misy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFThomasson2022|Thomasson (2022)]], § 1.2 Kantian Conceptualism; [[#CITEREFWardy1998|Wardy (1998)]], § 1. Categories in Kant&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanolotra teôria hafa tao amin' ny fomban-kevitra filôzôfika tandrefana i [[Edmund Husserl]], i Samuel Alexander, i Roderick Chisholm ary i E. J. Lowe.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFThomasson2022|Thomasson (2022)]], § 1.3 Husserlian Descriptivism, § 1.4 Contemporary Category Systems; [[#CITEREFGrimRescher2023|Grim, Rescher (2023)]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT39 § Various Recents]&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ny filôzôfia hindoa fahiny, dia noraisin' ny sekolin-kevitra Samkhya ho foto-kevitra roa iorenan' ny zava-misy ny fahatsiarovan-tena madio sy ny zavatra ara-materialy,&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2025|Robinson, Weir (2025)]], § 2.1 Dualism in Indian Philosophy; [[#CITEREFRuzsa|Ruzsa]], Lead section, § 4d. Evolution, Humanity and the World; [[#CITEREFHarzer2005|Harzer (2005)]], p. 8089&lt;/ref&gt; fa ny sekolin-kevitra Vaisheshika kosa nanolotra rafitra misy sokajy enina: ny zavatra misy amin' ny tenany, ny toetra, ny fihetsehana, ny toetra ankapobe, ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra ary ny firaiketana tsy azo sarahina amin' ny zavatra misy azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKumar2019|Kumar (2019)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr2YDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA34 34–36]; [[#CITEREFLeaman2002|Leaman (2002)]], p. 269; [[#CITEREFWesterhoff2019|Westerhoff (2019)]], § Three important systems of categories: Vaiśeṣika&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny fisainana sinoa fahiny, ny [[Taôisma|fampianarana momba ny Tao]] dia nandray ny Tao ho loharanon' ny fisiana rehetra, izay eo amin' ny toerana rehetra, misy amin' ny tenany, tsy azo tsapain' ny fandrenesana ary tsy takatry ny saina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFYijie2012|Yijie (2012)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkMuSA5pNsC&amp;pg=PA170 149–176]; [[#CITEREFDynes2016|Dynes (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA60 60–61]&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny sekolin-kevitra ''yinyang'', izay mifandray amin' izany, dia nandray ny ''yin'' sy ''yang'' ho hery roa mifandray, ka ny fifampiasan' izy ireo no fototry ny fizotran-javatra rehetra eo amin' ny natiora.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBianchi2025|Bianchi (2025)]], § China; [[#CITEREFWang|Wang]], Lead section, § 1. Origins of the Terms Yin and Yang&lt;/ref&gt;

Mampiasa hevitra toy ny singa madinika fototra, ny [[Hery|hery]], ny saha ara-fizika, izay ilazana toetra ara-fizika voafaritra amin' ny toerana tsirairay, ary ny habaka sy fotoana mifamatotra ny mpahay fizika mba handinihana ireo singa fototra mandrafitra izao rehetra izao. Ao amin' ny mekanika koantika, izay mandinika ny fihetsiky ny rafitra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa, dia mamaritra ireo singa madinika fototra fantatra rehetra ny môdely manara-penitra, ka mizara azy ireo ho sokajy roa: ny fermiona, toy ny [[Elektrôna|elektrôna]], ary ny bôzôna, toy ny [[Voankazavana|fôtôna]]. Faritany koa ny fifampiasan' ireo singa ireo amin' ny alalan' ny hery fototra rehetra, afa-tsy ny hery misintona, izay hazavain' ny [[Relativité general|teôrian' ny relativite ankapobe]], momba ny fifandraisan' ny hery misintona sy ny firafitry ny habaka sy fotoana. Ezaka hampiray ny mekanika koantika sy ny relativite ankapobe ny teôrian' ny tady: mametraka ho vinavina izy fa tady bitika mihovitrovitra no singa fototra iorenan' ireo singa madinika fototra sy ny fifampiasan' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSebens2020|Sebens (2020)]], Lead section, § What Electrons Feel; [[#CITEREFKrause2014|Krause (2014)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wx63CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA227 227, 230–231, 234, 236]; [[#CITEREFPerkowitz2019|Perkowitz (2019)]], § 20th-century Surprises, § The Next Correlation, § Physics Subdivided, § A Radical Quantum Theory, § Strings and the Multiverse&lt;/ref&gt;

== Firafitra ==

=== Fiforonan' ny fitambarana ===
Ny firafitry ny zava-misy dia mahakasika ny lamina fototra amin' ny maha-misy, ka milazalaza ny fomba andaminana ny zavatra misy sy ny fomba ifampiasany. Ny fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny ampahany sy ny fitambarany dia teôria mandinika ny fomba iforonan' ny fitambarana lehibe kokoa avy amin' ny zavatra misy sy ny lalàna mifehy izany fiforonana izany. Maro amin' ny zavatra fampiasa andavanandro no zavatra misy mitambatra avy amin' ny ampahany maromaro. Ohatra, ny latabatra dia ahitana ny takela-databatra sy ny tongotra manohana azy. Ny ampahany tsirairay koa dia mety ho voaforon' ny ampahany mbola kely kokoa, toy ny [[Môlekiola|môlekiola]] mandrafitra ny takela-databatra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFEffinghamBeebeeGoff2010|Effingham, Beebee, Goff (2010)]], pp. 121, 156; [[#CITEREFHeil2005|Heil (2005)]], p. 790; [[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 250–251; [[#CITEREFCornell|Cornell]], Lead Section, § 2. The Special Composition Question&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy teôria samihafa natolotra momba ny fitsipiky ny fifandraisan' ny ampahany sy ny fitambarany izay iorenan' ny fiforonan' ny fitambarana. Ny fomba mihevitra fa miforona hatrany ny fitambarana dia milaza fa izay vondron-javatra misy rehetra dia mandrafitra fitambarana iray, na dia tsy misy fifandraisana hafa aza eo amin' ireo zavatra ireo. Araka ny fomba mametra fepetra amin' ny fiforonan' ny fitambarana kosa, dia tsy maintsy mahafeno fepetra sasantsasany ny vondron-javatra misy vao azo heverina ho fitambarana iray. Anisan' ny fepetra natolotra ny hoe mifampikasoka ireo ampahany, ka tsy ekena ho fitambarana ny fanakambanan-javatra tsy misy antony manokana, toy ny vondrona iray ahitana ny Rindrina Lehiben' i Sina sy ny seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenen' i Mexico City. Ny mpandà ny fisian' ny fitambarana kosa dia mandà ny fisian' ny fitambarana rehetra, ka milaza fa raha ny fotony dia zavatra misy tsotra ihany no misy, fa tsy misy zavatra voaforon' ny ampahany maromaro.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFWeatherson2023|Weatherson (2023)]], Lead section, § 3. Overpopulation; [[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 82–83; [[#CITEREFCornell|Cornell]], Lead Section, § 2. The Special Composition Question; [[#CITEREFBrenner2015|Brenner (2015)]], p. 1295; [[#CITEREFTallant2017|Tallant (2017)]], pp. 19–21, 23–24, 32–33&lt;/ref&gt; Misy adihevitra hafa eo amin' ny metafizika momba ny maha-zava-misy ny zavatra misy tsotra na tsy azo zaraina, izay tsy manana ampahany hafa ankoatra ny tenany manontolo. Ny mpanaraka ny fomba mihevitra fa misy singa tsy azo zaraina dia manamafy ny fisian' ireny zavatra ireny, fa ny mpandala ny teôria momba ny zavatra ara-materialy ho fitambarana mitohy kosa dia mihevitra fa azo zaraina hatrany tsy misy fetra ny zavatra ara-materialy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBerryman2022|Berryman (2022)]], § 2.6 Atomism and Particle Theories in Ancient Greek Sciences; [[#CITEREFVarzi2019|Varzi (2019)]], § 3.4 Atomism, Gunk, and Other Options&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maha-fototra ===
[[File:Fundamental and non-fundamental.svg|thumb|alt=Kisary misy ny teny anglisy hoe fundamental, izay midika hoe fototra, sy non-fundamental, izay midika hoe tsy fototra, ary zana-tsipìka iray|Araka ny fomba fijery sasany, manana rafitra misy ambaratonga ny zava-misy, ka ny zavatra fototra no iorenan' ny zavatra tsy fototra. Ao amin' ny kisary, ny hoe ''fundamental'' dia midika hoe «fototra», ary ny hoe ''non-fundamental'' dia midika hoe «tsy fototra».&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTahko2023|Tahko (2023)]], § Lead section; [[#CITEREFMcKenzie2022|McKenzie (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bMBgEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–2]; [[#CITEREFSchaffer2010|Schaffer (2010)]], pp. 31–32&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Anisan' ny lafiny hafa amin' ny firafitry ny zava-misy ny hevitra hoe misy zavatra miankina amin' ny zavatra hafa na miorina aminy eo amin' ny fisiany. Ohatra, araka ny fomba fijery iray, ny zavatra lehibe toy ny seza dia miankina amin' ny zavatra bitika iorenany, toy ny singa fototra. Mahaliana manokana ny mpandalina ny maha-misy ny ambaratonga fototra indrindra amin' ny zava-misy. Io dia ahitana zavatra izay tsy miankina amin' ny zavatra hafa mihitsy, na tsy miorina amin' ny zavatra misy hafa, na mahaforona fototra farany kely indrindra ampy hamaritana ny zavatra hafa rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTahko2023|Tahko (2023)]], § Lead section; [[#CITEREFMcKenzie2022|McKenzie (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bMBgEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–2]; [[#CITEREFSchaffer2010|Schaffer (2010)]], pp. 31–32&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fomba samihafa ijerena ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra fototra sy ny zavatra tsy fototra. Anisan' izany ny fiankinana eo amin' ny fisiana, ny fampiorenana amin' ny fototra ara-pisiana, ny fanazavana tanteraka ny zavatra iray amin' ny alalan' ny fototra iankinany, ny fiankinan-toetra izay tsy ahafahan' ny toetra amin' ny ambaratonga ambony miova raha tsy miova ny toetra amin' ny ambany, ary ny fipoiran' ny toetra vaovao amin' ny ambaratonga ambony. Misy fomba fijery milaza fa ny ambaratonga fototra ihany no tena misy amin' ny farany. Araka izany hevitra izany, azo esorina amin' ny lafiny iray ireo zavatra tsy fototra, satria azo faritana ny zava-misy na dia tsy iresahana azy ireo aza. Misy kosa fomba fijery hafa manamafy fa ny fiankinana dia tsy midika ho fahafahana manaisotra izay miankina. Ohatra, ireo teôria momba ny fipoiran' ny toetra vaovao amin' ny endriny mahery dia milaza fa tena vaovao ireo zavatra misy amin' ny ambaratonga ambony, ary mifampisy fiantraikany ara-antony amin' ny zavatra amin' ny ambaratonga ambany, nefa tsy azo hazavaina tanteraka amin' ny alalan' ireo zavatra ambany ireo fotsiny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTahko2023|Tahko (2023)]], § Lead section, § 1. Varieties of Fundamentality, § 3. Metaphysical Foundationalism; [[#CITEREFIoannidisVishneHemmoShenker2022|Ioannidis, Vishne, Hemmo, Shenker (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–3]; [[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § What Is Reality?, Footnote 115; [[#CITEREFVintiadis|Vintiadis]], §2.a.i. Strong and Weak Emergence&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo fomba fijery ny maha-misy ho tsy misy ambaratongam-piankinana kosa dia mandà fa manana rafitra misy ambaratonga ny zava-misy, ary milaza fa mitovy ambaratonga ny fisian' ny zavatra rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSchaffer2009|Schaffer (2009)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I_1QEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54 54–55]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny zava-misy faratampony tsy miankina amin' ny hafa (''the Absolute'') dia hevitra mifandray akaiky amin' izany. Heverina ho zava-misy izay misy amin' ny tenany izy io, tsy voafehin' ny fepetra ivelany ary tsy miankina amin' ny zavatra hafa mihitsy. Resahina ao amin' ny idealisma alemàna sy ao amin' ny lovantsofina samihafa momba ny [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjia]] io hevitra io.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcInerny2003|McInerny (2003)]], Lead section, § Summary; [[#CITEREFSprigge2005|Sprigge (2005)]], p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny lovantsofina hindoa, dia matetika izy io no ampitovina amin' i Brahman, izay heverina ho zava-misy manerana ny zavatra rehetra sy fitsipika faratampony iorenan' ny maha-misy rehetra. Ohatra, ny sekolin' ny Advaita Vedanta dia manavaka an' i Brahman, izay heveriny ho zava-misy faratampony manana toetra maha-Andriamanitra, amin' ny sehatry ny fisehoan-javatra mamitaka, antsoina hoe ''Maya'', izay ampifandraisiny amin' ny sehatry ny traikefa andavanandro azo tsapain-tanana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMenon|Menon]], Lead section, § 2. Metaphysics and Philosophy; [[#CITEREFPani1993|Pani (1993)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KMb9MmZTAdsC&amp;pg=PA39 17–18, 38–39]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ambaratongan' ny zava-misy ====
Misy fomba fandalinana filôzôfika mampiasa ny hevitra momba ny maha-fototra sy ny fiankinana mba handinihana izao tontolo izao ho misy ambaratonga na sosona, toy ny ambaratongan' ny [[Zaka|zavatra ara-materialy]], ny [[Fiainana|aina]], ny [[Saina|saina]], ary ny zava-misy ara-piarahamonina. Araka ny fomba fijery iray, ireo ambaratonga ireo dia fitaovana momba ny fomba fikarohana, na fomba fandaminana ny fikarohana ara-tsiansa: ny [[Fizika|fizika]] no mandalina ny zavatra ara-materialy, ny [[Biôlôjia|biôlôjia]] no mandinika ny [[Zavamananaina|zavamananaina]], ary ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|psikôlôjia]] no mandinika ny saina. Misy kosa fomba fijery mirona kokoa amin' ny metafizika milaza fa tsy fanamorana ny fomba fikarohana fotsiny ireo ambaratonga samihafa, fa maneho ny rafitra ananan' ny zava-misy ao aminy mihitsy. Araka io fomba fijery io, be pitsiny kokoa ny ambaratonga ambony ary ahitana tranga vaovao, nefa miankina amin' ny ambaratonga ambany izy ireo ka tsy afaka misy raha tsy misy ireo ambany ireo. Ny ambaratonga ambany kosa dia mandeha araka ny fomba fiasa fototra kokoa ary manana laharam-pahamehana ara-pisiana raha oharina amin' ny ambony. Amin' izany heviny izany, mety hisy ny zavatra ara-materialy nefa tsy misy aina, fa ny aina kosa dia miorina amin' ny zavatra ara-materialy ary miankina aminy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHeil2005|Heil (2005)]], p. 790; [[#CITEREFIoannidisVishneHemmoShenker2022|Ioannidis, Vishne, Hemmo, Shenker (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–3]; [[#CITEREFPetersonPoli2026|Peterson, Poli (2026)]], § 5.2 Strata&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo mihevitra ny zava-drehetra ho ara-batana nefa mandà ny fampihenana ny ambony ho amin' ny ambany dia milaza fa ara-batana avokoa ny zava-drehetra amin' ny farany, nefa manamafy fa tsy azo hazavaina tanteraka amin' ny fizika fototra fotsiny ireo zava-misy momba ny saina amin' ny ambaratonga ambony. Araka io fomba fijery io, na dia ho feno aza ny fahatakarana ny fizika, dia tsy ho lany andro ireo siansa natokana handalina ny ambaratonga ambony, toy ny psikôlôjia. Ohatra, misy hevitra mandray ny toetry ny saina ho anjara asa ara-tsaina, izay tsy voafetra amin' ny atidohan' olombelona na amin' ny lamina manokana amin' ny fampandehanana ny sela ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, fa azo tanterahina amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra ara-batana samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFIoannidisVishneHemmoShenker2022|Ioannidis, Vishne, Hemmo, Shenker (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7 7–9]; [[#CITEREFHeil2004|Heil (2004)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ9TlR1pMhQC&amp;pg=PA179 179, 188–189]; [[#CITEREFBen-Menahem2022|Ben-Menahem (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA15 15–17]&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy adihevitra mitovitovy amin' izany momba ny fomba iorenan' ny zava-misy ara-piarahamonina iombonana amin' ny asan-tsain' ny tsirairay, sy momba ny halehiben' izany fiankinana izany. Ny zava-misy ara-piarahamonina dia ahitana ireo zava-misy momba ny andrim-piarahamonina sy ny fitsipika ara-piarahamonina, toy ny [[Vola|vola]], ny lalàna, ary ny [[Fiteny|fiteny]]. Araka ny hevitra iray, dia miorina amin' ny toe-tsaina iombonana izy io, satria ny mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] dia miara-manaiky ireo fitsipika sy hevitra mifamatotra amin' ny andrim-piarahamonina ireo ary manao zavatra mifanaraka amin' izany. Ohatra iray amin' izany ny fandraisana tapa-taratasy iray ho vola noho ny fomba itondran' ny olona sy ampiasany azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSearle1995|Searle (1995)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zrLQwJCcoOsC&amp;pg=PR11 xi–xii, 1–2, 13, 23–24, 27–28]; [[#CITEREFKoepsell2016|Koepsell (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_raiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 79–82]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fomba mihevitra fototra iray sy fototra maro ===
[[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Hosodoko mampiseho lehilahy misy volombava sy lava volo manao akanjo mihaja miloko maizina|Araka ny fiheveran' i [[René Descartes]] fa zavatra roa samy manana ny fisiany ny saina sy ny vatana, dia ahitana karazan-javatra misy roa ny zava-misy: ny zavatra ara-materialy sy ny saina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 591; [[#CITEREFDehsen2013|Dehsen (2013)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA51 51]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ny [[Mônisma|fomba mihevitra fototra iray]] sy ny fomba mihevitra fototra maro dia vondrona ahitana fomba fijery samihafa momba ny anjara toeran' ny maha-iray sy ny fahamaroana ao amin' ny firafitry ny zava-misy.
Araka ny fomba mihevitra fa tokana ny zavatra misy, dia zavatra misy mivaingana iray monja no mandrafitra ny zava-misy amin' ny farany: zavatra iray ny [[Izao tontolo izao|tontolo]] manontolo, ary ny zavatra misy tsirairay hita eo amin' ny fiainana andavanandro, toy ny hazo sy ny biby, dia tsy zavatra mahaleo tena fa toetra ananan' io tontolo heverina ho zavatra iray io na fomba isehoany fotsiny.
Mifanohitra amin' izany ny fomba mihevitra fa maro ny zavatra misy. Akaiky kokoa ny traikefa andavanandro io fomba fijery faharoa io, satria milaza fa zavatra maro no mandrafitra ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSchaffer2018|Schaffer (2018)]], Lead section, § 1.1 Many Monisms; [[#CITEREFMeyer2025|Meyer (2025)]], § 4.1 Modes and Existence Monism&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy adihevitra hafa eo amin' ny fomba mihevitra fototra iray sy fototra maro izay tsy mikasika ny isan' ny zavatra misy, fa ny karazana anasokajiana ireo zavatra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSchaffer2018|Schaffer (2018)]], Lead section, § 1.1 Many Monisms&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fomba manavaka ny saina sy ny vatana ho fototra roa dia endriky ny fomba mihevitra fototra maro, izay milaza fa karazana roa samy hafa hatrany amin' ny fotony ny saina sy ny vatana mandrafitra ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSchaffer2018|Schaffer (2018)]], § 1.1 Many Monisms; [[#CITEREFNagel2005|Nagel (2005)]], p. 221; [[#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2025|Robinson, Weir (2025)]], § 1. Dualism and the Mind-Body Problem&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Ny mpanavaka ny saina sy ny vatana ho zavatra roa samy manana ny fisiany dia milaza fa zavatra roa miavaka samy manana ny fisiany ireo, fa ny mpanavaka azy ireo ho toetra roa kosa mihevitra azy ireo ho toetra samy hafa ananan' ny zavatra iray ihany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2025|Robinson, Weir (2025)]], § 3.1 Substance Dualism, § 3.2 Property Dualism; [[#CITEREFLowe2009|Lowe (2009)]], pp. 66–68&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-05}}
Ny fomba mihevitra fototra iray kosa dia milaza fa mitovy karazana ny zava-drehetra.
Ny fomba mihevitra fototra iray araka ny idealisma dia milaza fa ara-tsaina ny zava-misy amin' ny maha-izy azy, fa ny fomba mihevitra fototra iray tsy ara-batana sady tsy ara-tsaina kosa milaza fa sady tsy ara-batana no tsy ara-tsaina ny zava-misy amin' ny fotony, fa ivelan' ireo sokajy roa ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJaworski2011|Jaworski (2011)]], pp. 5, 246, 256; [[#CITEREFSearle2004|Searle (2004)]], pp. 44, 47–48&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fomba fijery nanjaka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-20 dia ny fomba mihevitra fototra iray ara-batana, izay milaza fa ara-batana ny zava-drehetra.
Samy manana ny fanazavany ny toerana sy ny anjara asan' ny saina ao anatin' ny zava-misy ara-batana tanteraka ny endrika samihafan' ny fomba mihevitra ny zava-drehetra ho ara-batana.
Ny endriny mandà ny fisian' ny zavatra ara-tsaina dia mandà fa misy izany zavatra izany, fa ny endriny manazava tanteraka ny zavatra ara-tsaina amin' ny fizotra ara-batana sy ny endriny tsy manaiky izany fanazavana tanteraka izany kosa dia samy manazava azy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fizotra ara-batana.
Ohatra, ny fomba manazava ny saina amin' ny fitondran-tena dia manazava ny hevitra momba ny saina amin' ny fitondran-tena azo dinihina mivantana ihany.
Ny fomba manazava ny saina araka ny anjara asa tanterahiny kosa dia manolotra fanazavana tsy mampihena ny zavatra ara-tsaina ho fizotra ara-batana fotsiny, ka mampitovy ny hevitra momba ny saina amin' ny anjara asa izay azon' ny rafitra samy hafa tanterahina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJaworski2011|Jaworski (2011)]], pp. 68, 71–73, 102–104; [[#CITEREFSearle2004|Searle (2004)]], pp. 48–52, 62; [[#CITEREFKind2020|Kind (2020)]], § 3. Physicalism&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Habaka sy fotoana mifamatotra ary lalànan' ny natiora ===
Ny [[Erana (jeômetria)|habaka]] sy ny [[Fotoana|fotoana]] dia rafitra mandamina ny zava-misy amin' ny alalan' ny fandrindrana ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra misy.
Araka ny fomba fahatakarana klasika, dia rafitra roa samy hafa izy ireo: ny habaka dia rafitra mitohy manana saka telo, izany hoe lafiny mahaleo tena telo hamaritana toerana, izay itoeran' ny zavatra misy; ny fotoana kosa dia fandrosoana manana saka iray hamaritana fotoana, avy amin' ny lasa, mandalo amin' ny ankehitriny, ary mankany amin' ny hoavy.
Ao amin' ny fizika môderina, ny [[Relativité general|teôrian' ny relativite ankapobe]], izay momba ny fifandraisan' ny hery misintona sy ny firafitry ny habaka sy fotoana, dia mandray azy ireo ho rafitra iray itambaran' ny saka ara-habaka sy ara-potoana mifamatotra, ary iharan' ny fiantraikan' ny fihetsiky ny mpandinika ny refy azo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDowden|Dowden]], § 3.a. History of Answers; [[#CITEREFWeinert2004|Weinert (2004)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-R4ANHu-csMC&amp;pg=PA130 130–131]; [[#CITEREFClifton2005|Clifton (2005)]], p. 887&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ny filôzôfia, ny mpanaraka ny realisma sy ny idealisma dia miady hevitra momba ny hoe misy tsy miankina amin' ny sain' olombelona ve ny habaka sy ny fotoana, sa rafitra aorin' ny saina mba handaminana ny traikefa azo avy amin' ny fahatsapana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDainton2010|Dainton (2010)]], pp. 245–246; [[#CITEREFJaniak2022|Janiak (2022)]], § 4.2 Absolute/Relational Vs. Real/Ideal; [[#CITEREFPelczar2015|Pelczar (2015)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tkjTBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA115 115]&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Ohatra, i [[Immanuel Kant]] dia nihevitra fa endrika miankina amin' ny saina ny habaka sy ny fotoana, ary amin' ny alalan' izy ireo no andaminan' ny saina ny fisehoan-javatra araka izay tsapa. I J. M. E. McTaggart kosa dia nilaza fa misy singa mifanohitra ao amin' ny foto-kevitry ny fotoana, ka nanatsoaka hevitra fa fahatsapan-diso ny fotoana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGuyer1998|Guyer (1998)]], § 5. Space, Time and Transcendental Idealism); [[#CITEREFDainton2010|Dainton (2010)]], pp. 13–17, 219&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-07}}
Ny mpanaraka ny fomba fijery mametraka ny habaka sy fotoana ho zavatra mahaleo tena sy ny mpanaraka ny fomba fijery mampifototra azy ireo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra dia mandinika ny hoe zavatra iray miavaka, toy ny fitoeran-javatra goavana, ve ny habaka sy fotoana mifamatotra, sa tambajotran' ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023|Hoefer, Huggett, Read (2023)]], Lead Section; [[#CITEREFBenovsky2016|Benovsky (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19 19–20]; [[#CITEREFRomero2018|Romero (2018)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA135 135]&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fomba fijery mampitovy ny maha-zava-misy ny lasa, ny ankehitriny ary ny hoavy dia milaza fa samy tena misy mitovy ireo telo ireo.
Mifanohitra amin' izany ny teôrian' izao rehetra izao ho fitambarana mitombo, izay milaza fa tsy tena misy ny hoavy, sy ny fomba fijery milaza fa ny ankehitriny ihany no tena misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMerricks2006|Merricks (2006)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cqOM0YJuzXEC&amp;pg=PA103 103]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny foto-kevitry ny fifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany dia mamaritra ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra misy ao amin' ny habaka sy fotoana mifamatotra.
Mampifandray ny antony sy ny vokany izy io rehefa mifampiasa sy mifanan-kery ny zavatra misy, toy ny vato natsipy izay antony, sy ny fahavakisan' ny fitaratry ny varavarankely izay vokany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010|Carroll, Markosian (2010)]], pp. 20–22; [[#CITEREFTallant2017|Tallant (2017)]], pp. 218–219&lt;/ref&gt;
Mifandray akaiky amin' ny fahafahan' ny zavatra miova na mampiova zavatra hafa izany fifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany izany; anisan' ireo fahafahana na hery ireo ny fahafahana mirehitra sy ny fahafahana mampita herinaratra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChoiFara2021|Choi, Fara (2021)]], Lead, § 1. Analyses of Disposition Ascriptions&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny lalànan' ny natiora dia fitoviana na fiverimberenana manara-drafitra eo amin' ny firafitry ny zava-misy: mamaritra ny lamina ifampiasan' ny zavatra misy sy izoran' ny fiovana izy ireo.
Ohatra, ny lalànan' ny termôdinamika dia mamaritra ny fihetsiky ny [[Hafanana|hafanana]] sy ny endrika hafa isehoan' ny [[Angôvo|angovo]], toy ny hevitra fa voatahiry hatrany ny habetsahan' ny angovo manontolo.
Manana anjara toerana lehibe eo amin' ny siansa ara-batana ny lalànan' ny natiora, satria manome rafitra haminavinana ny vokatra rehefa misy fepetra voafaritra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSwartz|Swartz]], Lead section; [[#CITEREFHoefer2026|Hoefer (2026)]], § 2.4 Laws of Nature; [[#CITEREFKreithWest1996|Kreith, West (1996)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PePq7o6mAbwC&amp;pg=PA19 19–21]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba mihevitra ny tranga ho voafaritry ny antony mialoha dia milaza fa voafaritry ny tranga teo aloha tanteraka, na tsy maintsy aterak' ireny, ny tranga tsirairay.
Araka io fomba fijery io, izay nitranga tamin' ny lasa no mamaritra izay hitranga amin' ny hoavy, anisan' izany ny fitondran-tenan' olombelona.
Mbola iadian-kevitra ny hoe marina ve io fomba fijery io, ary, raha marina izy, midika ve izany fa tsy misy ny [[Safidy malalaka|fahafahana misafidy]].
Ny fandikana sasany ny mekanika koantika, izay fandalinana ny fihetsiky ny rafitra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa, dia milaza fa ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny fandrefesana dia miankina, araka ny toetrany mihitsy, amin' ny vintana voafaritra ara-matematika, ka mandà ny fiheverana ny tranga ho voafaritry ny antony mialoha; tsy izany anefa no lazain' ny fandikana rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHoefer2026|Hoefer (2026)]], Lead section, § 1. Introduction, § 2.5 Fixed, § 4.4 Quantum Mechanics; [[#CITEREFArmstrong2018|Armstrong (2018)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uf7EDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA93 93–94]&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Ny fahafenoan' ny antony ara-batana dia hevitra mifandray amin' izany, ary fitsipika naroso milaza fa ny tranga ara-batana tsirairay dia manana antony ara-batana ampy hampisy azy. Midika izany fa tsy misy zavatra tsy ara-batana afaka miteraka vokatra ara-batana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBen-Menahem2022|Ben-Menahem (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 11, 13, 20–21]&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-06}}

Ny môdely momba izao rehetra izao, izany hoe rafitra anazavana na anehoana azy, dia mamaritra ny firafitra sy ny fihetsik' izao rehetra izao amin' ny ambaratonga midadasika.
Ny teôrian' ny ''Big Bang'' (fipoahana lehibe), izay eken' ny maro, dia milaza fa nanomboka tokony ho 13,8 lavitrisa taona lasa izay izao rehetra izao: nafana sy matevina izaitsizy izy tany am-piandohana, ary nivelatra sy nihamangatsiaka hatramin' izay.
Samy hafa ny vinavina naroso momba ny hoavin' izao rehetra izao any aoriana lavitra.
Ny sasany dia maminavina fa hitohy tsy misy fetra ny fivelarany.
Ny hafa kosa dia milaza fa hijanona amin' ny farany izany fivelarana izany, ary hivadika ho fihenana, ka hiafara amin' ny ''Big Crunch'' (fifintinana lehibe).
Ny teôria momba ny tsingerin' izao rehetra izao dia mametraka fifandimbiasan' ny fivelarana sy ny fifintinana tsy manam-pahataperana, ka ny ''Big Crunch'' tsirairay dia mitarika ho amin' ny ''Big Bang'' vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSteinhardt2014|Steinhardt (2014)]], § 2. The Cyclic Universe; [[#CITEREFHooftVandoren2014|Hooft, Vandoren (2014)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hy-7CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83 83–84]; [[#CITEREFBörner2004|Börner (2004)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cDJw3dWjw_UC&amp;pg=PA3 3–4]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Realisma sy fandavana ny realisma ==
Ny realisma sy ny fandavana ny realisma dia vondrom-pomba fiheverana momba ny fahaleovantenan' ny zava-misy amin' ny saina. Amin' ny heviny mivelatra indrindra, ny realisma dia fomba fiheverana fa misy araka ny maha-izy azy izao tontolo ivelan' ny saina izao sy ny zavatra mandrafitra azy, na ahoana na ahoana ny fomba ahatsapan' ny olona sy iheverany azy ireo. Amin' izany heviny izany, dia tsy miankina amin' ny fahalalan' ny olombelona na ny fahatsiarovan-tena ny zava-misy, fa misy misaraka amin' ireo, anisan' izany ireo lafiny tsy fantatr' iza na iza.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHirst2006|Hirst (2006)]], Lead section, § The Polemic against Idealism; [[#CITEREFMarshall2005|Marshall (2005)]]; [[#CITEREFMiller2026|Miller (2026)]], Lead section, § 1. Preliminaries; [[#CITEREFCraig1998a|Craig (1998a)]], Lead section&lt;/ref&gt;

Lavin' ny fandavana ny realisma izany fomba fiheverana izany. Arakaraka ny endriny, dia milaza kosa izy fa tsy misy tontolo ivelan' ny saina, na hoe miankina amin' ny fizotran-javatra ao an-tsaina, ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay, na ny fifanarahana ara-tsosialy ny zava-misy amin' ny lafiny sasany. Ohatra, ny idealisma metafizika dia milaza fa ara-tsaina ny zava-drehetra amin' ny maha-izy azy, ka mety handray ny zavatra ara-materialy ho hevitra ao an-tsaina. Ny fomba mampifototra ny zavatra ara-batana amin' ny traikefam-pandrenesana (''phenomenalism''), izay fomba fiheverana mifandray amin' izany, dia mandray ny zavatra ara-batana ho fitambaran' ny traikefam-pandrenesana tena iainana na mety hiainana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHirst2006|Hirst (2006)]], Lead section, § The Polemic against Idealism; [[#CITEREFMiller2026|Miller (2026)]], Lead section&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba mihevitra ny zava-misy ho miankina amin' ny fomba fijery (''relativism''), izay endrika iray hafa amin' ny fandavana ny realisma, dia milaza fa miova arakaraka ny fomba fijerin' ny olona na ny rafi-kevitra ampiasainy izay raisina ho tena misy. Ny fomba mihevitra ny zava-misy ho vokatra aorin' ny fiarahamonina (''constructivism'') dia milaza fa aorina ny zava-misy fa tsy hoe efa eo ka fantarina fotsiny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCraig1998|Craig (1998)]], Lead section, § 1. Grades of Relativism, § 2. The Credibility of Relativism; [[#CITEREFGoswick|Goswick]], Lead section, § 1. What Is Constructivism?&lt;/ref&gt; Hafa kosa ny fomba fiasan' ny ''quietism'', izay mikatsaka ny hampiseho fa tsy manana fototra ny adihevitra eo amin' ny realisma sy ny fandavana azy. Araka io fomba fiheverana io, dia tsy tena tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny votoatin' ny raharaha no fototry ny adihevitra, fa fisafotofotoana eo amin' ny hevitra ampiasaina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMiller2026|Miller (2026)]], § 8. Views which Undermine the Debate: Quietism&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny fifandirana eo amin' ny realisma sy ny fandavana azy no mifantoka amin' ny karazan-javatra misy voafaritra, fa tsy amin' ny zava-misy manontolo. Anisan' izany ny adihevitra momba ny hoe manana fisiana mahaleo tena amin' ny saina ve ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro, ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, ary ny [[Soatoavina|soatoavina]]. Amin' izany heviny izany, dia mahafaoka fomba fiheverana maro mifandraika amin' ny sehatra voafaritra samihafa ny realisma sy ny fandavana azy. Ohatra, mety hanohana ny realisma momba ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro ny olona iray, nefa handà ny realisma momba ny soatoavina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMiller2026|Miller (2026)]], Lead section; [[#CITEREFCraig1998a|Craig (1998a)]], Lead section&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Toetra ankapobe ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot; widths=&quot;175&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
File:Color yellow.svg|alt=Faritra miloko mavo|Loko mavo.
File:FullMoon2010.jpg|alt=Sarin' ny Volana|Ny Volana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Miady hevitra ny mpomba ny realisma sy ny mpandà izany raha misy ny toetra ankapobe, toy ny loko mavo, ankoatra ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra, toy ny [[Volana]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein|MacLeod, Rubenstein]], Lead Section, § 2. Versions of Realism, § 3. Versions of Anti-Realism; [[#CITEREFBigelow1998a|Bigelow (1998a)]], § 4. Nominalism and Realism; [[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 17–19, 45–46&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny realisma momba ny toetra ankapobe dia manamafy fa misy tsy miankina amin' ny saina ny zavatra ankapobe, izany hoe toetra azon' ny zavatra tsirairay maro ananana, toy ny loko ''mavo''. Araka ny fomba fijery platonika momba ny toetra ankapobe, dia anisan' ny zava-misy amin' ny maha-izy azy ireny toetra ireny, fa tsy miankina amin' ny zavatra tsirairay ahitana azy. Milaza io fomba fijery io fa tsy ny zavatra tsirairay miloko mavo ihany no misy, toy ny akondro sy ny tanamasoandro, fa misy koa ny toetra ankapobe ''mavo'' mihitsy. Araka ny hevitr' i [[Platôna|Plato]], dia misy ao amin' ny tontolon' ny Endrika misaraka, ivelan' ny habaka sy ny fotoana io toetra ankapobe io. Manaiky ny realisma antonony fa misy tsy miankina amin' ny saina ny toetra ankapobe, saingy mandà ny fisian' ireny ao amin' ny tontolo misaraka. Milaza kosa izy fa ao amin' ny zavatra tsirairay ahitana azy no misy ny toetra ankapobe. Midika izany fa tsy hisy ny toetra ankapobe ''mavo'' raha tsy misy zavatra miloko mavo ahitana azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein|MacLeod, Rubenstein]], Lead Section, § 2. Versions of Realism; [[#CITEREFBigelow1998a|Bigelow (1998a)]], § 4. Nominalism and Realism; [[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 17–19; [[#CITEREFHale2020|Hale (2020)]], § Universals&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandavana ny realisma momba ny toetra ankapobe dia mandà ny fisian' ireny tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Araka ny fomba mametraka ny toetra ankapobe ao amin' ny saina, dia misy ao an-tsaina ny toetra ankapobe amin' ny endriky ny hevitra ampiasain' ny olona hanasokajiana sy handaminana ny zavatra tsapany. Fitaovana handaminana ny asa ataon' ny saina izy ireny, fa tsy toetran' ny zavatra misy ivelan' ny saina. Ny nominalisma, izay fomba fijery iray hafa mandà ny realisma momba ny toetra ankapobe, dia mandà ny fiheverana ny toetra ankapobe ho zavatra ao an-tsaina ary koa ny fiheverana azy ho zavatra ivelan' ny saina. Milaza izy fa ny zavatra tsirairay voafaritra ihany no misy. Anisan' ny fanazavana omeny, ohatra, ny hoe vokatry ny teny ampiasaina hanakambanana zavatra ho sokajy iray, na ny fitoviana eo amin' ny zavatra tsirairay, ireo toa toetra ankapobe.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein|MacLeod, Rubenstein]], Lead Section, § 3. Versions of Anti-Realism; [[#CITEREFBigelow1998a|Bigelow (1998a)]], § 4. Nominalism and Realism; [[#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017|Loux, Crisp (2017)]], pp. 17–19, 45–46&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana ===
[[File:Number 7.svg|thumb|alt=Isa 7|upright=.6|Ao amin' ny filôzôfian' ny matematika, ny adihevitra eo amin' ny realisma sy ny fandavana azy dia mikasika ny hoe manana fisiana mahaleo tena amin' ny saina ve ny zavatra ara-matematika, toy ny isa [[Fito|7]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBalaguer2009|Balaguer (2009)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PA35 35–38, 44–46]; [[#CITEREFIrvine2009|Irvine (2009)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PR11 xi]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Miady hevitra ny mpanaraka ny realisma sy ny mpanohitra azy momba ny hoe anisan' ny zava-misy ve ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, na amin' ny heviny ahoana no maha-anisan' ny zava-misy azy ireo. Araka ny realisma, dia misy amin' ny maha-izy azy ny zavatra toy izany, anisan' izany ny [[Isa|isa]], ny vondrona ara-matematika (fitambaran-javatra raisina ho zavatra iray), ary ny lefa ara-matematika (fampifandraisana manome vokatra iray voafaritra ho an' ny singa tsirairay ampidirina). Miampy ireo zavatra misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana, toy ny voninkazo sy ny fiara, izy ireo. Matetika ny mpanaraka ny realisma no milaza fa ny resaka andavanandro sy ny fiteny ara-tsiansa dia miresaka matetika momba ny zavatra izay toa tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana. Araka izany hevitra izany, dia efa raisina ho misy ireo zavatra ireo amin' ireo fomba fiteny ireo.{{#tag:ref|Fototry ny fanaporofoan-kevitra mifototra amin' ny tsy fahafahana manao raha tsy misy zavatra iray io hevitra io. Manamafy ny fisian' ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana ireo fanaporofoan-kevitra ireo, amin' ny filazana fa ilaina tsy azo ialana amin' ny fanazavana ara-tsiansa ny zavatra toy izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFColyvan2001|Colyvan (2001)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bns8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 6–10]&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-08}} Misy fanoherana nisy fiantraikany amin' io fomba fijery io izay miainga amin' ny filazana fa any ivelan' ny habaka sy ny fotoana ary ny fifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany no misy ireo zavatra ireo. Mampametra-panontaniana izany hoe ahoana no hahafahan' ny olombelona, izay zavatra misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana, mahalala momba azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPlebani2020|Plebani (2020)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2pbiDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–5]; [[#CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-Vidal2020|Falguera, Martínez-Vidal (2020)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2pbiDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR6 vi–viii, ix]; [[#CITEREFTallant2017|Tallant (2017)]], pp. 48–56&lt;/ref&gt;

Mihevitra ny mpanohitra ny realisma fa tsy misy ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, ary manolotra fanazavana hafa izy ireo. Araka ny fomba mihevitra ny zavatra resahina ho ao anatin' ny rafitra noforonina, ny resaka momba ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana dia mikasika zavatra noforonina ao anatin' ny rafitra ekena an-tsaina ho toy ny tena misy. Araka io fomba fijery io, dia mety hahasoa amin' ny toe-javatra sasany izany fomba firesaka izany, nefa tsy midika fa omena fisiana tena izy na fisiana mahaleo tena amin' ilay rafitra ireo zavatra resahina. Fomba hafa koa ny milaza amin' ny teny hafa, nefa mitahiry ny heviny, ireo fehezanteny izay toa miresaka zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana. Mikendry ny hampiseho io fomba io fa azo esorina ilay toa fanekena ny fisian' ireo zavatra ireo, ary zavatra misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana ihany no resahin' ireo filazana ireo raha ny marina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-Vidal2020|Falguera, Martínez-Vidal (2020)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2pbiDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR8 viii–ix]; [[#CITEREFTallant2017|Tallant (2017)]], pp. 56–59, 69–73&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny olana fototra ao amin' ny filôzôfian' ny matematika ny momba ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana, indrindra ny fanontaniana hoe mikasika zavatra tena misy ve ny filazana ara-matematika. Ny platonisma ara-matematika dia endriky ny realisma izay milaza fa manana fisiana mahaleo tena amin' ny saina, any ivelan' ny habaka sy ny fotoana, ny zavatra ara-matematika, toy ny isa. Misy endriny maro ny fandavana ny realisma momba ny zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana eo amin' ny matematika; anisan' izany, nefa tsy izy irery, ilay fomba mandray azy ireo ho ao anatin' ny rafitra noforonina. Ohatra, ny fomba mampifototra ny matematika amin' ny saina dia milaza fa zavatra naorin' ny saina na hevitra ny zavatra ara-matematika, fa tsy zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana. Araka ny fomba mampifototra ny matematika amin' ny fifanarahana, ny fahamarinan' ny filazana ara-matematika dia miankina amin' ny fifanarahana momba ny fiteny na amin' ny famaritana, fa tsy amin' ny fifandraisany amin' ny zava-misy mahaleo tena amin' ny fiteny. Ny fomba mandray ny matematika ho fampiasana marika araka ny fitsipika, izay endrika hafa iray amin' ny fandavana ny realisma, dia mihevitra ny matematika ho asa fanodinkodinana marika. Araka izany fomba fijery izany, ny fahamarinana ara-matematika dia mifototra amin' ny hoe mamela ny fananganana fanaporofoana ara-matematika ve ireo fitsipika mifehy ny fanodinkodinana marika.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBalaguer2009|Balaguer (2009)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PA35 35–38, 44–46]; [[#CITEREFIrvine2009|Irvine (2009)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PR11 xi]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Soatoavina ===
Ny realisma momba ny soatoavina sy ny fandavana azy dia mandinika ny toeran' ny soatoavina eo amin' ny fisiana. Ny fisian' ny soatoavina amin' ny ankapobeny no ifantohan' ny fomba fijery sasany, fa ny hafa kosa dia voafetra amin' ny sehatra manokana, toy ny soatoavina [[Môraly|ara-pitondran-tena]], [[Estetika|momba ny hatsarana]], na [[Fivavahana|ara-pivavahana]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHarold2023|Harold (2023)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCnPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 1–14]; [[#CITEREFRescher1969|Rescher (1969)]], pp. 15–16; [[#CITEREFZagzebski2004|Zagzebski (2004)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KhqPito92b8C&amp;pg=PA11 11]; [[#CITEREFOddie2013|Oddie (2013)]], Lead section&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny realisma, ny soatoavina dia toetran' ny zava-misy tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Midika izany fa misy zava-mitranga marina momba ny maha-[[Tsara|tsara]] na maha-ratsy ny zavatra iray, izay tsy miankina amin' ny saina, na inona na inona finoan' ny tsirairay sy ny zavatra tiany kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFZagzebski2004|Zagzebski (2004)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KhqPito92b8C&amp;pg=PA11 11]; [[#CITEREFOddie2013|Oddie (2013)]], Lead section&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba mihevitra ny soatoavina ho anisan' ny tontolo voajanahary dia milaza fa anisan' io tontolo io ny soatoavina, ka azon' ny siansa momba ny zavaboary dinihina amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana mifototra amin' ny traikefa. Ny fomba manavaka ny soatoavina amin' ny toetra azo dinihina amin' ny traikefa, izay endrika hafa amin' ny realisma, kosa dia milaza fa tena samy hafa ireo toetra ireo sy ny soatoavina, ary anisan' ny sehatra hafa amin' ny zava-misy ny soatoavina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFrankena2006|Frankena (2006)]], pp. 639–640; [[#CITEREFDeLapp|DeLapp]], § 4a. Moral Realisms; [[#CITEREFFitzPatrick2011|FitzPatrick (2011)]], pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandà ny fisian' ny soatoavina tsy miankina amin' ny saina ireo fomba fijery mandà ny realisma, ary misy endriny samihafa. Araka ny fomba mampiankina ny soatoavina amin' ny tsirairay, dia miankina amin' ny fihetsika ara-tsaina sy ny zavatra tian' ny tsirairay kokoa ny soatoavina. Ohatra, ny fomba mandray ny filazana momba ny soatoavina ho fanehoam-pihetseham-po dia milaza fa fanehoana ny fihetseham-pon' ny tsirairay amin' ny fanekeny na fandavany zavatra ireny filazana ireny, fa tsy filazana zava-mitranga marina tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Ny teôrian' ny fahadisoana kosa dia milaza fa diso avokoa ny filazana rehetra momba ny soatoavina, satria tsy misy ny soatoavina.{{#tag:ref|Anisan' ny fomba fijery mifandray amin' izany ny fomba mandà ny hevitra tsy miankina amin' ny saina amin' ny fisiana, izay milaza fa tsy manana [[Antom-pisian'ny olona|hevitra]] na tanjona tsy miankina amin' ny saina izao tontolo izao,&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPratt|Pratt]], § 3. Existential Nihilism; [[#CITEREFCrosby1998|Crosby (1998)]], § Existential Nihilism&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny fijery filôzôfika momba ny faharatsian' izao tontolo izao, izay milaza fa ratsy amin' ny maha-izy azy izao tontolo izao ary, araka io fomba fijery io, aleo ny tsy fisiana toy izay ny fisiana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDyckMalfaraMoya2026|Dyck, Malfara, Moya (2026)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4YC-EQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA183 183–184]; [[#CITEREFBerman2005|Berman (2005)]], pp. 693–694&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-09}} Misy endrika hafa amin' ny fandavana ny realisma milaza kosa fa sady tsy marina no tsy diso ny filazana momba ny soatoavina, fa tsy misy heviny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFOddie2013|Oddie (2013)]], Lead section, § Are Value Claims Truth Evaluable?,  § Do Value Claims Have Truth Makers?, § Value Realism by Degrees: a Flow Chart; [[#CITEREFOliver1998|Oliver (1998)]]; [[#CITEREFRønnow-Rasmussen2015|Rønnow-Rasmussen (2015)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA34 34]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siansa ===
Ny realisma ara-tsiansa dia fomba fijery milaza fa ireo teôria siantifika tsara indrindra dia manome famaritana marina momba izao tontolo izao izay tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Araka io fomba fijery io, ny fomba anehoan' ny siansa izao tontolo izao dia marina tanteraka, na farafaharatsiny manakaiky ny marina, satria maneho ny zava-misy araka ny maha-izy azy. Mihatra indrindra amin' ny sata ananan' ireo zavatra tsy azo tsapa mivantana io fomba fijery io: zavatra tsy azon' ny retsi-pandrenesana tsapaina mivantana ireo, nefa heverin' ny teôria siantifika ho misy mba hanazavana ny tranga azo tsapa. Azo tsapa mivantana, ohatra, ny alika sy ny seza, satria afaka mahatsapa azy ireo mivantana ny taovam-pandrenesan' ny olombelona rehefa mifanaraka amin' izany ny toe-javatra. Ny elektrôna sy ny lefa ara-matematika mamaritra ny toetry ny rafitra koantika kosa dia tsy azo tsapa mivantana, ary porofo ankolaka no anatsoahana hevitra momba azy ireo. Noho izany, ireo mpanohana ny realisma ara-tsiansa dia milaza fa tsy zavatra noforonina fotsiny ireo zavatra tsy azo tsapa mivantana izay heverin' ny teôria siantifika tsara indrindra ho misy, fa mifanandrify amin' ny lafiny tena misy amin' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChakravarttyMassimiSprevak2025|Chakravartty, Massimi, Sprevak (2025)]], Lead section, § 1. What is Scientific Realism?; [[#CITEREFListon|Liston]], Lead section, § 5. Scientific Realism&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny realisma mifototra amin' ny rafitra dia endrika iray manana akony amin' ny realisma ara-tsiansa, izay manova ny fomba fahazoana ny maha-tena misy an' ireo zavatra tsy azo tsapa mivantana. Milaza izy io fa manakaiky ny marina fotsiny ny teôria siantifika: mamaritra marina ny rafitra fototra ifandraisan' ireo singan' ny zava-misy izy ireo, nefa mety hisy tsy fahamarinana ny filazany momba ireo zavatra tsy azo tsapa mivantana izay heveriny ho misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLadyman2023|Ladyman (2023)]], Lead section, § 1. Introduction; [[#CITEREFListon|Liston]], § 11.a. Structuralism&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Anisan' ny antony lehibe nanosika io fomba fijery io ny fahitana fa matetika no nasiam-panitsiana ny famaritana ireo zavatra tsy azo tsapa mivantana tao amin' ny teôria siantifika taloha, mba hifanaraka amin' ny vokatra vaovao azo tamin' ny fandinihana sy fanandramana. Naminavina marina ireo lafiny ankapobe kokoa amin' ny firafitry ny zava-misy anefa ireny teôria ireny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLadyman2023|Ladyman (2023)]], Lead section, § 1. Introduction, § 2. The Best of Both Worlds?&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-10}}

Ny fandavana ny realisma dia mampisalasala ny amin' ny fahafahana mamorona famaritana marina momba izao tontolo izao izay tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Ny fomba mandray ny teôria ho fitaovana faminavinana, ohatra, dia milaza fa fitaovana hanaovana faminavinana marina ny teôria siantifika. Araka io fomba fijery io, azo ampidirina ao amin' ny fanorenana teôria ireo zavatra tsy azo tsapa mivantana mba hanampiana ny faminavinana, nefa tsy tokony horaisina ho tena misy. Ny empirisma mikendry ny fahafenoana ara-panandramana, izay fomba fijery mifanakaiky aminy, dia milaza fa ny fahafenoana ara-panandramana no tanjon' ny teôria siantifika fa tsy ny fahamarinana feno. Afaka mampiasa zavatra heverina ao amin' ny teôria ho misy izy ireo, raha toa ka ahazoana famaritana marina momba ny tranga azo tsapa izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFListon|Liston]], § 6. Constructive Empiricism, § 11.b. Stanford's New Induction; [[#CITEREFFine1998|Fine (1998)]], Lead section; [[#CITEREFDent2005|Dent (2005)]], p. 436&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny realisma eo an-toerana dia fomba fijery mampiaraka ny fitsipiky ny fifampiantraikany eo amin' ny manodidina akaiky sy ny hevitra fa manana toetra ara-fizika voafaritra ny zavatra, na misy olona mandinika azy na tsia. Araka io fitsipika io, ny manodidina akaiky azy ihany no miantraika amin' ny zavatra ara-batana: tsy misy fiantraikany mivantana na eo no ho eo avy eny lavitra; fomba fiasa eo an-toerana avokoa no ahatanterahan' ny fifampiantraikany rehetra sy iparitahany. Vokatra isan-karazany azo tamin' ny fandinihana sy fanandramana teo amin' ny fizika koantika, izay mandinika ny rafitra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa, no mametra-panontaniana momba ny fampiarahana io fitsipika io sy ny realisma. Manondro ireny vokatra ireny fa na misy anton-javatra tsy voafetra amin' ny manodidina akaiky miantraika amin' ny vokatry ny fandinihana, na miankina amin' ny fanaovana ny fandrefesana izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLaudisa2023|Laudisa (2023)]], pp. Abstract, § Introduction; [[#CITEREFBESIII_Collaboration2025|BESIII Collaboration (2025)]], § Introduction; [[#CITEREFLambare2022|Lambare (2022)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny [[Siansan' ny fiarahamonina|siansa momba ny fiarahamonina]], ny realisma mitsikera dia milaza fa ampahany amin' ny zava-misy ihany no asehon' ireo tranga azo tsapa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Araka io fomba fijery io, ireo tranga ireo dia fisehoan' ny fomba fiasa tsy azo tsapa mivantana nefa azo ovana amin' ny fidirana an-tsehatra, ary heverina ho tena misy tahaka ireo tranga ireo ihany ireo fomba fiasa ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFZhang2023|Zhang (2023)]], § 1. Introduction; [[#CITEREFMukumbangDe_SouzaEastwood2023|Mukumbang, De Souza, Eastwood (2023)]], § Critical Realism&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hafa ===
Ny realisma momba ny tontolo mety hisy dia fomba fihevitra milaza fa tena misy tahaka ny tontolo misy tanteraka ireo tontolo mety hisy. Araka io fomba fihevitra io, ny zava-misy dia ahitana tontolo tsy tambo isaina izay misy eo amin' ny habaka sy ny fotoana; miara-misy ireo tontolo ireo nefa tsy mifampitaona. Ny fomba fijerin' ny mpandinika ihany no mampiavaka ny tontolo misy tanteraka amin' ireo tontolo hafa mety hisy: ny tontolo misy tanteraka dia ny tontolo misy ilay mpandinika, fa ireo tontolo hafa mety hisy kosa dia onenan' ireo olona mifanandrify amin' ny olona ao amin' ny tontolony.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMenzel2025|Menzel (2025)]], § 2. Three Philosophical Conceptions of Possible Worlds; [[#CITEREFParent|Parent]], Lead section, § 2. Lewis' Realism&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny realisma antsoina hoe ''speculative realism'' dia endriky ny realisma ao amin' ny filôzôfia kontinantaly. Manohitra ny hevitra fa mifamatotra amin' ny maha-izy azy ny tontolo sy ny saina izy io, ary manantitrantitra fa ny zava-misy dia tsy miankina amin' ny saina na amin' ny fomba ahatsapan' ny olombelona sy ieritreretany azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHarman2018|Harman (2018)]], § Introduction&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba iatrehana ny adihevitra eo amin' ny realisma sy ny fandavana ny realisma amin' ny lafiny hevitry ny filazana, izay natolotr' i Michael Dummett, dia milaza fa ny hevitry ny filazana no tena fototry ny tsy fitovian-kevitra, fa tsy ny fisian' ny zavatra. Araka io fomba fandinihana io, ny realisma dia mihevitra fa ny fahamarinana na ny hevitry ny fehezanteny dia voafaritry ny fepetra ivelany na ny zava-misy tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Ny fandavana ny realisma kosa dia raisina ho fomba fihevitra mampitovy ny hevitry ny filazana iray amin' ny porofo izay hanohana azy, na amin' ny fepetra ahafahan' ny olona iray manana antony marim-pototra hilazana azy ho marina. Dummett dia manatsoaka hevitra fa, araka ny realisma, ny fehezanteny iray dia marina na diso, fa araka ny fandavana ny realisma kosa dia misy safidy fahatelo ankoatra ny marina sy diso ho an' ireo fehezanteny tsy azo tapahina ho marina na diso, izay sady tsy azo hamarinina no tsy azo porofoina ho diso.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLoux2005|Loux (2005)]], pp. 633–637; [[#CITEREFCraig1998a|Craig (1998a)]], Lead section, § 4. Logical and Semantic Versions; [[#CITEREFMiller2026|Miller (2026)]], Lead section, § 6. Views Opposing the Independence Dimension (I): Semantic Realism&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fahalalana ==
Ny [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]] dia fahatsapana na fahafantarana akaiky izay mamolavola ny fomba ahatakaran' ny olona ny zava-misy sy ifandraisany aminy. Fifandraisana mahomby amin' ny zava-misy amin' ny alalan' ny fiasan' ny saina izy io, ary matetika ampifandraisina amin' ny [[Fahamarinana|fahatakarana marina ny toetry ny zavatra]] sy ny fananana antony tsara na fanamarinana ho an' ny fomba fijery iray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFZagzebski1999|Zagzebski (1999)]], p. 109; [[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], Lead section, § 1. The Varieties of Cognitive Success; [[#CITEREFCrumley_II2009|Crumley II (2009)]], pp. 53–54&lt;/ref&gt;

Miresaka loharanom-pahalalana isan-karazany ny filôzôfa, ho fomba iforonan' izany fifandraisana amin' ny zava-misy izany. Anisan' ireo ny fahatsapana, ny fandinihan-tena ao an-tsaina, ny fahaiza-misaina, ny [[Fitadidiana|fitadidiana]], ary ny fampitana fahalalana amin' ny filazana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKern2017|Kern (2017)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eyh5DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA8 8–10, 133]; [[#CITEREFSmith2023|Smith (2023)]], p. 3; [[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], § 5. Sources of Knowledge and Justification; [[#CITEREFHetherington|Hetherington]], § 3. Ways of Knowing&lt;/ref&gt;
Miankina amin' ny taovam-pahatsapana ny fahatsapana mba hahazoana fampahalalana momba izao tontolo izao avy amin' ny traikefa, ka anisan' izany ny fahitana sy ny fandrenesana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], § 5.1 Perception; [[#CITEREFHetherington|Hetherington]], § 3. Ways of Knowing&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fandinihan-tena ao an-tsaina dia fahafantarana avy ao anatiny ny toetry ny sain' ny tena.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], § 5.2 Introspection&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fahaiza-misaina dia fahafahana manao fanatsoahan-kevitra ara-lôjika sy mahatratra fahamarinana tsy miankina amin' ny zavatra tsapan' ny taovam-pahatsapana eo no ho eo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHetherington|Hetherington]], § 3d. Knowing by Thinking-Plus-Observing; [[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], § 5.4 Reason; [[#CITEREFAudi2002|Audi (2002)]], pp. 85, 90–91; [[#CITEREFAudi2006|Audi (2006)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-YPTEeIhOXYC&amp;pg=PA38 38]&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fitadidiana dia fahafahana mitahiry fampahalalana avy amin' ny loharano hafa sy mahatonga izany ho azon' ny saina ampiasaina rehefa ilaina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], § 5.3 Memory; [[#CITEREFAudi2002|Audi (2002)]], pp. 72–75; [[#CITEREFGardiner2001|Gardiner (2001)]], pp. 1351–1352&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fampitana fahalalana amin' ny filazana dia famindrana fahalalana avy amin' ny olona iray ho amin' ny iray hafa amin' ny alalan' ny fifandraisana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], § 5.5 Testimony&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Manana anjara toerana lehibe eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fahalalana eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny fampitana fahalalana amin' ny filazana. Io taranja io dia mandinika ny fomba amolavolan' ny fizotra ara-piarahamonina ny fahazoana, ny fampitana ary ny fanombanana ny fahalalana ao anatin' ny vondron' olona.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTanesini2017|Tanesini (2017)]], Lead section; [[#CITEREFO'ConnorGoldbergGoldman2024|O'Connor, Goldberg, Goldman (2024)]], Lead section, § 1. What Is Social Epistemology?, § 3.1 Testimony&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-11}}

Ny [[Fomba fiasa siantifika|fomba fiasa ara-tsiansa]] dia fomba hentitra ahazoana fahalalana ara-tsiansa. Tafiditra amin' izany ny famolavolana [[Petra-kevitra|vinavina]] hanazavana tranga iray, ary avy eo ny fitsapana azy amin' ny porofo avy amin' ny traikefa azo amin' ny fanandramana voafehy na ny fandinihana. Lafiny fototra amin' izany ny fahafahana mamerina ny fikarohana: tokony horaketina ny dingana narahina mba hahafahan' ny mpikaroka hafa mamerina ilay fikarohana, hanamarinana na handavana ny vokatra hita tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDoddZambettiDeneve2023|Dodd, Zambetti, Deneve (2023)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jXqAEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 11–12]; [[#CITEREFHatfield1998|Hatfield (1998)]]; [[#CITEREFHepburnAndersen2021|Hepburn, Andersen (2021)]], Lead Section, § 6.1 &quot;The scientific method&quot; in science education and as seen by scientists; [[#CITEREFMoser2005|Moser (2005)]], p. 390&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny realisma mivantana sy ny realisma ankolaka dia fomba samy hafa ahatakarana ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra hita ao amin' ny traikefam-pahatsapana sy ny zavatra ara-batana mahatonga izany. Araka ny realisma mivantana, tsy misy fahasamihafana eo amin' ny maha-izy azy ireo: ireo zavatra tsapa dia ireo zavatra tena misy ihany, ka midika izany fa mivantana ny fifandraisan' ny fahatsapana sy ny zava-misy. Olana atrehin' ny realisma mivantana ny fahatsapana diso, toy ny fahatsapan-diso, izay tsy ifanandrifian' ny zavatra tsapa amin' ny zavatra tena misy. Mikatsaka hamaha io olana io ny realisma ankolaka amin' ny fanavahana ny zavatra ao an-tsaina tafiditra amin' ny fahatsapana sy ny zavatra ara-batana mahatonga azy ireo. Araka io fomba fijery io, ankolaka ny fifandraisana: misy ao anatin' ny traikefa ny zavatra toy ny hevitra na ny votoaty atolotry ny fahatsapana, ary ireo no maneho na manondro zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny saina. Ny olana atrehin' ny realisma ankolaka dia ny fanazavana hoe ahoana no ahafahana mifandray marina amin' ny zava-misy raha toa ka tsy mahatsapa afa-tsy hevitra na votoaty atolotry ny fahatsapana ao anaty saina ny olona, izay toy ny fisalobonana manelanelana ny olona mahatsapa sy ny zava-misy ivelany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFO'Brien|O'Brien]], Lead section, § 1. Direct Realism; § 2. Indirect Realism; [[#CITEREFBrown1992|Brown (1992)]], p. 341; [[#CITEREFCrumley_II2009|Crumley II (2009)]], pp. 268–269, 277–278, 300–301&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fetran' ny fahalalana sy fahaleovan-tena amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay ===
Mandinika ireo fetra samihafa ananan' ny fahalalana, na ireo sakana tsy ahafahan' ny saina mahafantatra ny zava-misy, ny filôzôfa. Miankina amin' ny toe-javatra manokana ny sasany amin' ireo sakana ireo, ka mahakasika fampahalalana tsy azo idirana. Ohatra, mety tsy ho azo fantarina intsony ankehitriny ny zava-nitranga sasany tamin' ny lasa satria tsy namela soritra, toy ny sakafo maraina nohanin' i [[Jolio Kaisara|Caesar]] tamin' ny andro namonoana azy. Misy kosa fetra ankapobe kokoa izay avy amin' ny fetran' ny fahafahan' ny sain' olombelona mahafantatra zavatra, fa tsy avy amin' ny toe-javatra manokana, toy ny zava-misy sarotra loatra ka tsy hain' iza na iza saintsainina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2009|Rescher (2009)]], pp. ix, 1–2, 6, 10, 93; [[#CITEREFRescher2009a|Rescher (2009a)]], pp. x–xi, 57–58, 140–141; [[#CITEREFMarkieFolescu2023|Markie, Folescu (2023)]], § 1. Introduction&lt;/ref&gt; Maneho elanelana ireo fetra ireo: tsy mahafaoka ny zava-misy manontolo ny fahalalana, fa mihoatra azy ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2010|Rescher (2010)]], pp. 20–24, 26–28, 50–53&lt;/ref&gt;

Olana iray hafa ny hoe mety ho tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay ve ny fahalalana. Ohatra, heverina matetika ho tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay ny filazana mifototra amin' ny fandrefesana, toy ny hoe 20°C ny maripana. Ny fanombanan' ny olona tsirairay kosa dia heverina matetika ho miankina amin' ny fahatsapany manokana, toy ny filazana fa mangatsiatsiaka na mahafinaritra izany maripana izany. Ny fomba fijery iray, izay novolavolain' i [[John Locke]] voalohany, dia manavaka ny toetra voalohany tsy miankina amin' ny mpahatsapa sy ny toetra faharoa miankina amin' ny mpahatsapa. Araka io fomba fijery io, ny toetra voalohany, toy ny habe sy ny endrika, dia tena toetran' ny zavatra mihitsy. Ny toetra faharoa kosa, toy ny loko sy ny fofona, dia traikefa ateraky ny toetra voalohany, nefa ao an-tsain' ny mpahatsapa ihany no misy azy. Misy fomba fijery hafa, avy amin' ny filôzôfian' i Kant, izay milaza fa ny zava-miseho rehetra iainana dia voavolavolan' ny firafitry ny fahazoan' olombelona zavatra, izay efa ao aminy hatrany am-bohoka, ka tsy ahafahana mamantatra ny toetran' ny zavatra amin' ny maha-izy azy tsy miankina amin' ny mpahatsapa. Matetika ireo mpiaro ny fahalalana tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay no manasongadina ireo sehatra ahitana fifanarahana lehibe eo amin' ny mpandinika samy manana ny fomba fijeriny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMulder|Mulder]], Lead section, § 2. Epistemological Issues; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. 31, 42; [[#CITEREFBrinkmann2010|Brinkmann (2010)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuT31alSlQwC&amp;pg=PA41 41–45]&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fandikana sasany ny mekanika koantika, izay mandalina ny fihetsiky ny rafitra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa, mampametra-panontaniana ny hoe tsy miankina amin' ny mpandinika ve ny fandrefesana eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zavatra bitika dia bitika. Milaza ireo fandikana ireo fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny fandinihana ny zava-miseho koantika ny dingan' ny fandrefesana, ka mampametra-panontaniana ny fisian' ny fahalalana tsy miankina amin' ny mpandinika.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHeelan2012|Heelan (2012)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1UrvCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR11 xi–xii]; [[#CITEREFChalmersMcQueen2022|Chalmers, McQueen (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ6FEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 11–14]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fisalasalana filôzôfika ====
[[File:Braininvat.svg|thumb|alt=Kisary mampiseho atidoha mifandray amin' ny solosaina|Ny andrana an-tsaina momba ny atidoha ao anaty fitoeran-javatra dia mandinika ny mety hisian' ny traikefa rehetra ateraky ny fomba artifisialy, amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana herinaratra hanaitairana ny atidoha, ka mampametra-panontaniana ny hoe afaka mahafantatra ny zava-misy ve ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPutnam1999|Putnam (1999)]], pp. 30–31; [[#CITEREFCrumley_II2009|Crumley II (2009)]], pp. 17&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ny [[Skeptisisma (filôzôfia)|fisalasalana filôzôfika]] dia fitambaran' ny fomba fijery izay mampametra-panontaniana ny fahafahana mahazo fahalalana. Ny endriny sasany dia miompana amin' ny sehatra voafaritra amin' ny fahalalana, toy ny fisalasalana momba ny fahalalana ara-pivavahana, izay mandà fa azo raisina ho fahalalana ny finoana momba an' Andriamanitra na ireo foto-pampianarana ara-pivavahana hafa. Ny fisalasalana momba ny fahalalana ara-môraly kosa dia fomba fijery milaza fa tsy misy fahalalana ara-môraly; ohatra, tsy azo fantarina raha mety na tsy mety ara-môraly ny fihetsika iray. Ny fisalasalana momba ny metafizika dia milaza fa tsy azo fantarina ny toetra fototry ny zava-misy, toy ireo filazana momba ny sokajin' ny zavatra misy na ny fisian' ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCohen1998|Cohen (1998)]], § Article Summary; [[#CITEREFHookway2005|Hookway (2005)]], p. 838; [[#CITEREFMoser2011|Moser (2011)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ETRCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA200 200]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisalasalana amin' ny fotony, na fisalasalana ankapobe, no endriky ny fisalasalana filôzôfika manana velarana midadasika indrindra. Laviny ny fisian' ny fahalalana amin' izay endrika na sehatra rehetra, satria lazainy fa tsy azo atao ny mahazo fahalalana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHookway2005|Hookway (2005)]], p. 838; [[#CITEREFBergmann2021|Bergmann (2021)]], p. 57; [[#CITEREFMorelandCraig2003|Moreland, Craig (2003)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mPEN_EDiZuQC&amp;pg=PA95 95]&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy fomba fijery eken' ny maro aza izany, dia resahina ao amin' ny asa soratra akademika ireo andrana an-tsaina samihafa izay mampisalasala ny maha-azo itokiana ny fahafahan' ny sain' olombelona mahafantatra zavatra. Ny tohan-kevitra momba ny nofy dia milaza fa tsy afaka matoky tanteraka mihitsy ny olona iray fa tsy [[Nofy|manonofy]] izy amin' io fotoana io. Izany dia mampisalasala amin' ny ankapobeny ny fahafahana manavaka ny zava-misy amin' ny fahatsapan-diso amin' izay fotoana rehetra. Hevitra mitovitovy amin' izany no dinihina ao amin' ireo toe-javatra foronina momba ny atidoha ao anaty fitoeran-javatra, izay mandinika ny mety hisian' ny traikefa rehetra ateraky ny fomba artifisialy amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana herinaratra hanaitairana ny atidoha. Toy izany koa ny andrana an-tsaina momba ny fanahy ratsy mpamitaka, izay maka sary an-tsaina zavatra misy manana hery tahaka ny andriamanitra iray, ka afaka mitsabaka ao amin' ny fiainan-tsain' ny olona iray mba hamitaka azy amin' ny fotoana rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCrumley_II2009|Crumley II (2009)]], pp. 17, 53–54; [[#CITEREFKlein1998|Klein (1998)]], § 8. The Epistemic Principles and Scepticism; [[#CITEREFPutnam1999|Putnam (1999)]], pp. 30–31&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zava-misy ampiana fampahalalana nomerika sy zava-misy virtoaly ===
Mampiasa ny hevitra momba ny zava-misy tahafina ny tranga an-tsaina sasany ao amin' ny fisalasalana filôzôfika mba hanoherana ny maha-azo itokiana ny fiasan' ny sain' ny olombelona amin' ny fahafantarana zavatra. Afaka mamolavola ny traikefa koa anefa ny teknolojia ankehitriny, toy ny zava-misy ampiana fampahalalana nomerika sy ny zava-misy virtoaly. Tafiditra ao amin' ny zava-misy ampiana fampahalalana nomerika ny fitaovana mampiseho fampahalalana nomerika mifanaingina amin' ny tontolo ara-batana hita, amin' ny fotoana isehoany. Ohatra amin' izany ny solomaso mampiseho famantarana manoro lalana na fampahalalana momba ny toe-javatra eo amin' ny faritra hitan' ny maso. Manalavitra kokoa ny tontolo ara-batana kosa ny zava-misy virtoaly, ka mampiditra tanteraka ny mpampiasa ao anatin' ny tontolo tahafina, toy ny tontolon' ny lalao videô na ny tontolo tahafina hanaovana fanazarana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKhanRaoufCheng2011|Khan, Raouf, Cheng (2011)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cAEKKXHTOVkC&amp;pg=PA1 1–4]; [[#CITEREFGhaffarMullettPeiRoberts2022|Ghaffar, Mullett, Pei, Roberts (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YN5mEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14 14–17]&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Ampiasaina matetika ny teny hoe « fiainana tena misy » mba hanavahana ny tranga ao amin' ny tontolo ara-batana amin' izay ao amin' ny tontolo virtoaly na noforonina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 1. Is This the Real Life; [[#CITEREFCollins_staff2026|Collins staff (2026)]]&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-13}}

[[File:Virtuality continuum 2-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|alt=Kisary maneho ny maridrefy mitohy mampifandray ny zava-misy ara-batana sy ny zava-misy virtoaly|Fitohizana eo amin' ny zava-misy ara-batana sy ny zava-misy virtoaly. Ahitana endrika samihafa mampifangaro ny tontolo ara-batana sy ny votoaty nomerika io maridrefy mitohy io: mety ho famantarana vitsivitsy na sosona fampahalalana nomerika matevina no ampiana amin' ny tontolo ara-batana hita; mety hampidirana zavatra avy amin' ny tontolo ara-batana kosa ny tontolo virtoaly, na mety ho virtoaly manontolo izy io.]]

Ny fitohizana eo amin' ny zava-misy ara-batana sy ny zava-misy virtoaly dia rafitra ara-teôria mametraka maridrefy mitohy ahitana endrika samihafa ifangaroan' ireo zava-misy ireo. Ohatra, mety hanome famantarana vitsivitsy fotsiny ny fitaovana manampy fampahalalana nomerika amin' ny zava-misy, na mety hampiseho sosona votoaty nomerika matevina mifanaingina amin' ny tontolo hita. Toy izany koa, mety hampiditra zavatra avy amin' ny tontolo ara-batana ao anatin' ny tontolo tahafina ny tontolon' ny zava-misy virtoaly, na mety ho virtoaly manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKhanRaoufCheng2011|Khan, Raouf, Cheng (2011)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cAEKKXHTOVkC&amp;pg=PA1 1–4]; [[#CITEREFGhaffarMullettPeiRoberts2022|Ghaffar, Mullett, Pei, Roberts (2022)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YN5mEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14 14–17]&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Ao amin' ny filôzôfia pôstmôderina, ny teny hoe ''hyperreality'', izay noforonin' i Jean Baudrillard, dia ilazana ny toe-javatra tsy ahafahana manavaka intsony ny zava-misy sy ny fanehoana azy. Mety hitranga izany, ohatra, rehefa heverina ho manan-kery kokoa noho ny zavatra tany am-boalohany ny tahaka.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChaput2003|Chaput (2003)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9qA_-Rkkq2AC&amp;pg=PA182 182–183]&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note|name=note-12}}

Olana filôzôfika samihafa no mifandray amin' ny fomba maha-misy ny zavatra virtoaly, toy ny sabatra majika hita ao amin' ny tontolon' ny lalao videô. Araka ny fomba fijery iray, fahatsapan-diso na zavatra tsy tena misy ireny, satria tsy misy ao amin' ny tontolo ara-batana ivelan' ny tontolo tahafina. Fomba fijery hafa kosa no milaza fa tena misy izy ireny amin' ny maha-zavatra nomerika azy, manana fisiana marina sy fahafahana miteraka vokatra, ary sady ao anatin' ny fizotran' ny fikirakirana ataon' ny solosaina no voaforon' izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 6. What Is Reality?, §  11. Are Virtual Reality Devices Illusion Machines?; [[#CITEREFFernandes2023|Fernandes (2023)]], § Introduction&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fomba fijery ankapobe momba izao tontolo izao sy teôria manazava ny zava-drehetra ===
Ny fomba fijery ankapobe momba izao tontolo izao dia rafitra mandrakotra lafiny maro entina mahatakatra ny zava-misy sy ny toeran' ny olombelona ao anatiny. Ahitana finoana, hevitra ary toe-tsaina izy io, izay iorenan' ny fomba andikan' ny olona ny traikefany, ny fomba andraisany fanapahan-kevitra ary ny fomba itondrany ny fiainany. Noho izany, tsy ny raharaha ara-teôria ihany no resahin' ireny fomba fijery ireny, fa ny fomba fijery momba ny fiainana andavanandro sy ny fanombanana izay manan-danja ary izay tokony hatao koa. Samy manome valiny samihafa momba ny fanontaniana mahakasika ny fisian' ny olombelona ireo fomba fijery ireo, toy ny fanontaniana momba ny [[Antom-pisian'ny olona|hevitry ny fiainana]], ny [[Môraly|fitondran-tena tsara sy ratsy]], ary ny toetry ny zava-misy. Anisan' izany, ohatra, ny fahasamihafan' ny fomba fijery [[Fivavahana|ara-pivavahana]] sy ny fomba fijery tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBunge2010|Bunge (2010)]], pp. 1–6; [[#CITEREFMcIvor2008|McIvor (2008)]]; [[#CITEREFWheeler2020|Wheeler (2020)]], § 1. Introduction to Worldviews&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny teôria manazava ny zava-drehetra dia rafitra fanazavana mandrakotra lafiny rehetra, izay mampiditra ny fahalalana rehetra ao anatin' ny rafitra ara-teôria tsy mifanoipaka ny filazana ao anatiny. Fanazavana miray no kendren' ireny teôria ireny, fa tsy fitambaran' ny zava-misy tsirairay tsy mifandray. Ohatra, mamaritra singa, sokajy na fitsipika fototra voafetra isa izy ireny, ka ireo no atao fototra hanazavana ny tranga rehetra. Ny teôria filôzôfika manazava ny zava-drehetra dia mandinika tranga maro avy amin' ny sehatra samihafa, anisan' izany ny toetry ny [[Zaka|zavatra ara-materialy]] sy ny [[Saina|saina]], ny fahamarinana ara-matematika, ny [[Safidy malalaka|fahafahana misafidy]], ny adidy ara-pitondran-tena, ary ny [[Soatoavina|soatoavina]]. Hevitra fototra iorenan' io fomba fandalinana io ny fandinihana ny fitambaran' ny zava-drehetra tsy asiana fetra, amin' ny fihoarana ny fetran' ireo sehatra voafaritra iasan' ny taranja hafa, toy ny fizika sy ny psikôlôjia.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHunt1992|Hunt (1992)]], pp. 219–221; [[#CITEREFSøvik2022|Søvik (2022)]], pp. 3–6, 26; [[#CITEREFWhite2014|White (2014)]], pp. 3–9&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fizika kosa, voafaritra kokoa ny hevitry ny hoe ''teôria manazava ny zava-drehetra'': ilazana rafitra mikendry ny hampiray ny fizika koantika, izay mandinika ny rafitra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa, sy ny teôrian' ny relativite izy io. Ny teôrian' ny relativite dia mamaritra ny zava-misy amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zavatra lehibe sy ny toetry ny hery misintona, fa ny fizika koantika kosa mamaritra ny zava-misy amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zavatra madinika dia madinika sy ny fifandraisana fototra rehetra ifanaovan' ny zavatra ara-batana fantatra, afa-tsy ny hery misintona. Ilaina ny fampiraisana ireo teôria ireo amin' ny fandinihana ny tranga izay iarahan' ireo sehatra roa ireo miasa, toy ny ao amin' ny [[Lavaka mainty|lavaka mainty]], izay misy saha manana hery misintona mafy ka misy fiantraikany amin' ny fihetsika koantika.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFStern2000|Stern (2000)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=buzuYtjU5o0C&amp;pg=PA174 174–176]; [[#CITEREFSanchez1992|Sanchez (1992)]], pp. 359–360&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amin' ny sehatra samihafa ==
Manan-danja amin' ny sehatra maro ny hevitra momba ny zava-misy. Eo amin' ny [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfia]], ny [[Metafizika|metafizika]] sy ny [[Ôntôlôjia (filôzôfia)|fandalinana ny maha-misy]] dia mandinika ny toetrany sy ny rafitra fototra iorenany. Dinihin' ireo taranja ireo ny dikan' ny hoe tena misy ny zavatra iray, ny fanasokajiana ny [[Entity|zavatra misy]] ho sokajin' ny maha-misy samihafa, ary ny zavatra misy eo amin' ny ambaratonga fototra indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRescher2018|Rescher (2018)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyAEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–2]; [[#CITEREFLowe2005a|Lowe (2005a)]], p. 671; [[#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2017|Koons, Pickavance (2017)]], pp. 1–2&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Referential theory of meaning.svg|thumb|alt=Kisary mampiseho ny teny anglisy ilazana ny paoma sy zana-tsipìka manondro paoma|Ny [[Filôzôfian' ny fiteny|filôzôfian' ny fiteny]] dia mandinika ny fomba ahafahan' ny singa ara-piteny, toy ny teny anglisy hoe ''apple'' (paoma), mifandray amin' ny zava-misy amin' ny alalan' ny fanondroana araka ny tokony ho izy zavatra eto amin' izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRobertson2013|Robertson (2013)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=czr880lvAPIC&amp;pg=PA189 189–190]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana]], izay sampana hafa ao amin' ny filôzôfia, dia mandinika ny fomba ahafahan' ny olona mahafantatra ny zava-misy. Hadihadiny ny atao hoe [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]], ny niaviany, ary izay azo na tsy azo fantarina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSteupNeta2024|Steup, Neta (2024)]], Lead section, § 2. What is Knowledge?, § 6. The Limits of Cognitive Success; [[#CITEREFCrumley_II2009|Crumley II (2009)]], pp. 16–17&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fandalinana ny traikefa araka izay iainan' ny olona azy dia mamakafaka ny rafitry ny fahatsiarovan-tena araka ny fomba iainan' ny tsirairay azy. Ifantohany ny fomba iainan' ny olona ny zava-misy sy ny fomba itodihan' ny toe-pahatsiarovan-tena amin' ny zavatra hafa ankoatra ny tenany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSchmitt2006|Schmitt (2006)]], Lead section, § Intentionality; [[#CITEREFSmith2018|Smith (2018)]], Lead section&lt;/ref&gt; Lohahevitra mitovitovy amin' izany eo amin' ny [[Filôzôfian' ny saina|filôzôfian' ny saina]] sy ny [[Filôzôfian' ny fiteny|filôzôfian' ny fiteny]] ny olana momba ny fanondroana zavatra. Mikasika ny fomba ahafahan' ny singa ara-tsaina sy ara-piteny, toy ny [[Fieritreretana|eritreritra]] sy ny [[Voanteny|teny]], mifandray amin' ny zava-misy amin' ny alalan' ny fanondroana araka ny tokony ho izy zavatra eto amin' izao tontolo izao izy io.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBlackburn2005|Blackburn (2005)]], pp. 312; [[#CITEREFKim2011|Kim (2011)]], pp. 23–26; [[#CITEREFRobertson2013|Robertson (2013)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=czr880lvAPIC&amp;pg=PA189 189–190]&lt;/ref&gt; Mandinika sehatra voafaritra ao amin' ny zava-misy ny sampana hafa samihafa ao amin' ny filôzôfia. Ohatra, ny teôrian' ny soatoavina dia miompana amin' ny maha-tena misy ny [[Soatoavina|soatoavina]],&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHiroseOlson2015|Hirose, Olson (2015)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–4]&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny filôzôfian' ny matematika dia mandinika ny hevitra ahafahana milaza fa anisan' ny zava-misy ny zavatra dinihin' ny matematika, toy ny [[Isa|isa]] sy ny vondrona ara-matematika, izany hoe fitambaran-tsinga.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFIrvine2009|Irvine (2009)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PR9 ix–xi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo amin' ny [[Siansa|siansa]], ny [[Fizika|fizika]] dia mandinika ny tontolo ara-batana ary mahafaoka karazana tranga maro. Amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zavatra madinika kokoa noho ny atôma, ny fizikan' ny poti-javatra dia mifantoka amin' ny poti-javatra fototra sy ny fifampiasan' izy ireo. Amin' ny ambaratonga astrônômika kosa, ny [[Kôsmôlôjia|fandalinana izao rehetra izao]] dia mamakafaka ny fiandohana sy ny firafitra ary ny fivoaran' [[Izao rehetra izao|izao rehetra izao]] amin' ny maha-fitambarany azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPerkowitz2019|Perkowitz (2019)]], § Physics Subdivided; [[#CITEREFIliopoulosTomaras2021|Iliopoulos, Tomaras (2021)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y2dHEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–2]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|psikôlôjia]] dia mandinika ny fomba ahatsapan' ny olona ny zava-misy sy anomezany hevitra azy ary amaliany izany amin' ny fihetsiny. Tafiditra amin' izany ny fomba ananganan' ny fizotran-javatra ao an-tsaina môdely anehoana ny zava-misy, sy ny fomba ampivilian' ny fahatsapan-diso sy ny fitongilanana eo amin' ny fisainana ny fahazoana azy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006|Bernstein, Nash (2006)]], pp. 86, 117–120; [[#CITEREFGross2020|Gross (2020)]], pp. 74, 242, 332–333&lt;/ref&gt; Mifampiditra amin' ny siansa momba ny fizotran' ny fahalalana ao an-tsaina izy io; ireo siansa ireo dia mandinika ny fomba anovan' ny fizotran-javatra ao an-tsaina ny fampahalalana momba izao tontolo izao. Mifampiditra amin' ny siansa momba ny rafi-pitatitra koa izy io, izay mandinika ny asan' ny atidoha fototr' ireny fizotran-javatra ireny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022|Friedenberg, Silverman, Spivey (2022)]], pp. 2–3, 17–18&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny teôrian' ny psikanalizy (na famakafakana ny saina), ny fitsipiky ny zava-misy (na fomba fiasan' ny saina mampihemotra ny fahazoana fahafaham-po avy hatrany arakaraka ny fitakian' ny zava-misy ivelany) dia fomba fiasana aroso izay manohitra ny fitsipiky ny fahafinaretana. Mampihemotra ny fahazoana fahafaham-po avy hatrany izy io rehefa mifanohitra amin' ny fitakian' ny zava-misy ivelany izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRoussillon2005|Roussillon (2005)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Fiasan' ny saina hafa aroso ny fanombanana ny fifandraisan' ny traikefa amin' ny zava-misy (na fanavahana ny tranga ao an-tsaina sy ny tranga ivelany). Amin' izany no anavahan' ny olona ny tranga ao anatin' ny sainy sy ny tranga ivelany mba hanombanana ny fifanarahan' ny traikefany amin' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018|American Psychological Association (2018)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Miresaka ny fomba ahafahan' ny rafitra fanehoana ny fahalalana mandamina ny fampahalalana momba ny zava-misy sy mahatonga azy ho azon' ny solosaina kirakiraina ny [[Kajimirindra|mpahay siansa momba ny solosaina]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSonneveldLoening1993|Sonneveld, Loening (1993)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BbBBAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA188 188–189]; [[#CITEREFShapiro2006|Shapiro (2006)]], p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Azo ampiasaina amin' ny fakana tahaka amin' ny solosaina ireny angon-drakitra ireny mba hamoronana môdely maneho ny tranga eo amin' ny tontolo tena misy sy haminavinana ny vokany. Ny petra-kevitra momba ny zava-misy novokarin' ny fakana tahaka dia fomba fijery milaza fa zava-misy vokarin' ny fakana tahaka izao tontolo izao manontolo sy izay rehetra ao anatiny, anisan' izany ny olombelona. Misy hevitra mifandray amin' izany milaza fa ny fampahalalana no akora fototra iorenan' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChalmers2022|Chalmers (2022)]], § 2. What Is the Simulation Hypothesis?; [[#CITEREFDodig-Crnkovic2007|Dodig-Crnkovic (2007)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fTdhDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA263 263–267]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny [[Antrôpôlôjia|antrôpôlôjia]] dia mandinika ireo fomba fiaina samihafa, anisan' izany ny fomba anomezan' ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] samihafa hevitra ny zava-misy. Misy sampana ao aminy mamakafaka ny fomba fijery ankapobe momba izao tontolo izao izay mampiavaka ny kolontsaina tsirairay, ary mampitaha izany eo amin' ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMendelson2008|Mendelson (2008)]], Lead section; [[#CITEREFSheikh2022|Sheikh (2022)]], § Introductin, § From the Margins to the Center of Conflict Thinking&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]] sy ny [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjia]] dia liana amin' ny toetra sy ny fisian' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] na izay manana ny maha-andriamanitra. Misy foto-pampianarana milaza fa Andriamanitra no ambaratonga fototra indrindra amin' ny zava-misy, satria avy aminy amin' ny maha-Andriamanitra azy no nipoiran' ny voary manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMeister2014|Meister (2014)]], pp. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137314758_3 19–20]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny [[Tantara|taranja tantara]] dia mandinika ny zava-misy ara-tantara, izay mifandray indrindra amin' ny lasan' ny olombelona. Misy adihevitra samihafa eo amin' ny [[Histôriôgrafia|fandalinana ny fomba fanoratana tantara]] momba ny hoe azo atao ve ny mitantara ny lasa amin' ny fomba tena mahaleo tena amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCollingwood1993|Collingwood (1993)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 9]; [[#CITEREFKragh1987|Kragh (1987)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&amp;pg=PA41 41]; [[#CITEREFStanford1998|Stanford (1998)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PijhEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA50 50–53]&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny tantaran' ny zavakanto, misy fomba fanehoana samihafa miresaka ny olana momba ny zava-misy. Anisan' izany ny realisma, izay mikatsaka ny fanehoana araka ny marina ny zavatra asehony, sy ny sorealisma, izay mampiasa marika an' ohatra tsy ampoizina sy fampifandraisana tsy manaraka ny saina mandanjalanja mba hampisehoana ambaratonga lalina kokoa mifandray amin' ny ampahan' ny saina tsy tonga ao amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena sy ny nofy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFrazier2000|Frazier (2000)]], pp. 561, 658–659; [[#CITEREFSułkowskiDacko-PikiewiczSzczepańska-Woszczyna2025|Sułkowski, Dacko-Pikiewicz, Szczepańska-Woszczyna (2025)]], § 9.5 Surrealist Marketing&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Efa tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] no nipoiran' ny teôria samihafa momba ny toetry ny zava-misy. Nanomboka tamin' ny arivo taona voalohany talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, tao amin' ny filôzôfia indiana, dia nihevitra ny ''Upanishads'' fa i Brahman no ilay misy fara tampony sady loharanon' ny fisiana rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPerrett2016|Perrett (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7 7–10]; [[#CITEREFGrayling2019|Grayling (2019)]], § Indian Philosophy; [[#CITEREFAndreaOverfield2015|Andrea, Overfield (2015)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA70 70–71]; [[#CITEREFNaschak2023|Naschak (2023)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCOjEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43 43–44]&lt;/ref&gt; Nipoitra tokony ho tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy ny sekolin-kevitra Vaisheshika, ary namolavola rafitra iray ahitana sokajy fototra enina amin' ny maha-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKumar2019|Kumar (2019)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr2YDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA34 34–36]; [[#CITEREFLeaman2002|Leaman (2002)]], p. 269; [[#CITEREFWesterhoff2019|Westerhoff (2019)]], § Three important systems of categories: Vaiśeṣika&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Samkhya, sekolin-kevitra iray hafa ao amin' ny filôzôfia hindoa izay narafitra tamin' ny fomba voalamina tokony ho tamin' ny taona 350 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy, dia nanolotra rafitra manavaka fototra roa. Namaritra ny zava-misy ho vokatry ny fifampifandraisan' ny fototra roa izy io: ny fahatsiarovan-tena madio sy ny zavatra ara-materialy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFRuzsa|Ruzsa]], Lead Section; [[#CITEREFGrayling2019|Grayling (2019)]], § Indian Philosophy&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny lovantsofina filôzôfika sinoa, ny fisainana [[Taôisma|taoista]] dia nipoitra tokony ho tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, ary nihevitra ny ''Tao'' ho loharanon' ny zava-misy rehetra, izay manenika ny zavatra rehetra nefa tsy hay ambara amin' ny teny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLittlejohn|Littlejohn]], § 5. Fundamental Concepts in the Daodejing; [[#CITEREFDynes2016|Dynes (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA60 60–61]; [[#CITEREFWangBaoGuan2020|Wang, Bao, Guan (2020)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gSfXDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3 3]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alpharabius in Liber Chronicarum 1493 AD.png|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Sary mainty sy fotsy mampiseho lehilahy antitra lava volombava manao akanjo lava|Nihevitra ny mpandinika samihafa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, toa an' i Al-Farabi, fa Andriamanitra no fototry ny fisiana rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMorley|Morley]], § 1.b. Early Christian Thought, § 1.c. Medieval Thought; [[#CITEREFCarroll2007|Carroll (2007)]], pp. 678–686&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Tao amin' ny filôzôfia grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, dia niady hevitra momba ny fototra voalohany ipoiran' ny zavatra rehetra ny [[Filôzôfia presôkratika|filôzôfa talohan' i Socrates]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHancock2006|Hancock (2006)]], p. 183; [[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 590; [[#CITEREFKirk2004|Kirk (2004)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC&amp;pg=PA308 308–310]&lt;/ref&gt; I Leucippus (nanao ny asany tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) sy i [[Demôkrity|Democritus]] mpianany (tokony ho 460–370 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) dia nihevitra fa singa tsy azo zaraina no mandrafitra ny zava-misy amin' ny fotony, ary nantsoiny hoe atôma ireo singa ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFWebel2021|Webel (2021)]], pp. 34–35&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Platôna|Plato]] (tokony ho 427–347 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) dia nanohana ny fisian' ny tontolon' ny endrika na hevitra mandrakizay, ankoatra ny tontolo ara-materialy misy zavatra miovaova.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHancock2006|Hancock (2006)]], pp. 184–185; [[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 590; [[#CITEREFGraham|Graham]], § 3b. Metaphysics&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Aristôty|Aristotle]] mpianany (384–322 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) dia nanolotra rafitra ahitana sokajy folo mamaritra ireo zavatra fototra mandrafitra ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFThomasson2022|Thomasson (2022)]], § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism; [[#CITEREFStudtmann2024|Studtmann (2024)]], § 2. The Ten-Fold Division; [[#CITEREFWardy1998|Wardy (1998)]], § 1. Categories in Aristotle&lt;/ref&gt; Niainga tamin' ny hevitr' i Plato momba ny tontolon' ny endrika i [[Plôtinôsy|Plotinus]] (tokony ho 204–270 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy), ka nihevitra ny Iray ho fototra fara tampony iorenan' ny zava-misy rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHancock2006|Hancock (2006)]], pp. 187–188; [[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], pp. 590–591; [[#CITEREFGraham|Graham]], § 5. Post-Hellenistic Thought&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya - cropped.png|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Hosodoko mampiseho lehilahy manao akanjo lava mena, mipetraka mifampita tongotra|Araka ny sekolin-kevitra Advaita Vedanta novolavolain' i [[Adi Shankara]], dia fahatsapan-diso ny tontolon' ny fisehoan-javatra andavanandro, ary i Brahman, izay fototra iorenany, ihany no manana maha-zava-misy tanteraka.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGrayling2019|Grayling (2019)]], § Indian Philosophy; [[#CITEREFPerrett2016|Perrett (2016)]], § The Medieval Period of Indian Philosophy; [[#CITEREFDalal2021|Dalal (2021)]], Lead Section, § 2.3 Two-Tiered Reality; [[#CITEREFRangaswami2012|Rangaswami (2012)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2snhxaaWDAYC&amp;pg=PA114 114]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Nandritra ny [[Andro Antenatenany]], mpandinika maro no nihevitra an' Andriamanitra ho zava-misy fototra indrindra sady loharanon' ny zavaboary rehetra. Hita tao amin' ny [[Kristianisma|lovantsofina kristiana]] ny endrika samihafa tamin' izany hevitra izany, izay naroson' ny filôzôfa toa an' i [[Aogostino avy any Hipôna|Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430) sy i [[Tômasy avy any Akoino|Thomas Aquinas]] (1225–1274). Hita tao amin' ny [[Silamo|lovantsofina silamo]] koa izany, ka nodinihin' ny mpandinika toa an' i Al-Farabi (tokony ho 870–950) sy i [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] (980–1037).&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMorley|Morley]], § 1.b. Early Christian Thought, § 1.c. Medieval Thought; [[#CITEREFCarroll2007|Carroll (2007)]], pp. 678–686&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny lohahevitra fototra hafa tamin' izany vanim-potoana izany ny olana momba ny toetra ankapobe iombonan' ny zavatra maro. Niady hevitra ny mpomba ny realisma, ny mpomba ny fomba mametraka ireo toetra ireo ao amin' ny saina, ary ny mpomba ny nominalisma, raha misy tsy miankina amin' ny saina ireo toetra ankapobe ireo, na misy ao an-tsaina, na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFInwagen2023|Inwagen (2023)]]; [[#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein|MacLeod, Rubenstein]], Lead Section, § 3. Versions of Anti-Realism; [[#CITEREFBigelow1998a|Bigelow (1998a)]], § 4. Nominalism and Realism&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny filôzôfia hindoa, ny sekolin-kevitra Advaita Vedanta dia nipoitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-8, ary nihevitra fa fahatsapan-diso ny tontolon' ny fisehoan-javatra andavanandro, ka nampifanohitra izany tamin' ny maha-zava-misy faratampon' i Brahman.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGrayling2019|Grayling (2019)]], § Indian Philosophy; [[#CITEREFPerrett2016|Perrett (2016)]], § The Medieval Period of Indian Philosophy; [[#CITEREFDalal2021|Dalal (2021)]], Lead Section, § 2.3 Two-Tiered Reality; [[#CITEREFRangaswami2012|Rangaswami (2012)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2snhxaaWDAYC&amp;pg=PA114 114]&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Sina, nanomboka tokony ho tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, ny kônfosianisma vaovao dia nihevitra fa manana lamina mifanaraka amin' ny saina ny zava-misy. Miseho amin' ilay fotokevitra antsoina hoe ''Li'' izany lamina izany, ary io no fototra iorenan' ny maha-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBerthrong|Berthrong]], Lead Section, § 4. Traits, Themes and Motifs; [[#CITEREFWu2022|Wu (2022)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA56 56]; [[#CITEREFSmart2008|Smart (2008)]], p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

Tao amin' ny filôzôfia tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, i [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650) dia nanolotra ny fomba mihevitra fototra roa samy manana fisiana mahaleo tena, ka nilaza fa karazan-javatra roa no mandrafitra ny zava-misy: ny [[Zaka|zavatra ara-materialy]] sy ny [[Saina|saina]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 591; [[#CITEREFDehsen2013|Dehsen (2013)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA51 51]&lt;/ref&gt; Nandà izany fanavahan' i Descartes fototra roa izany i [[Baruch Spinoza]] (1632–1677), ary nihevitra kosa fa zavatra iray ihany no mandrafitra izao tontolo izao, izay nantsoiny hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, «Andriamanitra na ny natiora».&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHancock2006|Hancock (2006)]], p. 190; [[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 591&lt;/ref&gt; Nandinika ny fifandraisan' ny zava-misy sy izay mety hisy i [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] (1646–1716). Nilaza izy fa hevitra ao an-tsain' Andriamanitra ireo tontolo mety hisy, nefa ilay tontolo tena misy ihany no tanteraka eo amin' ny fisiana, satria io no nofidin' Andriamanitra ho tsara indrindra amin' ireo tontolo mety hisy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBrownChiek2016|Brown, Chiek (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i9zMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 2–3]&lt;/ref&gt; Teo am-pamakafakana ny traikefan' ny olombelona, i [[John Locke]] (1632–1704) dia nanavaka ny toetra voalohany sy ny toetra faharoa, ary nilaza fa ny toetra voalohany ihany no mifanandrify amin' ny toetran' ny zava-misy tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMulder|Mulder]], Lead section, § 2.a. Can We Know Objective Reality?; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], p. 42&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny mekanika klasika novolavolain' i [[Isaac Newton]] (1643–1727), dia noheveriny ho rafitra voafaritry ny antony mialoha ny tranga ao aminy izao rehetra izao, ary fehezin' ny lalàn' ny fihetsika mihatra amin' ny zavatra rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcCauley1997|McCauley (1997)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PxytO6eByI8C&amp;pg=PA21 21]; [[#CITEREFMossman2014|Mossman (2014)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19 19]&lt;/ref&gt; Namolavola endrika iray feno amin' ny idealisma mampifototra ny fisiana amin' ny saina mahatsapa i [[George Berkeley]] (1685–1753). Nilaza izy fa hevitra ao an-tsaina ihany no fisian' ny zavatra, araka ilay teny famintinany izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe «ny misy dia izay tsapa».&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCowanSpiegel2016|Cowan, Spiegel (2016)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixk2CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 1–3]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Russell1907-2.jpg|thumb|alt=Sary mainty sy fotsy mampiseho lehilahy misy volombava ambony manao akanjo misy palitao|upright=.8|Tao amin' ny atômisma ara-lôjika novolavolain' i [[Bertrand Russell]], izay mamakafaka ny firafitry ny zava-misy, dia noheveriny ho zava-mitranga marina fototra maro be ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLivingston2001|Livingston (2001)]], pp. 30–36&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Nandà ny fahafahana mahalala ny zavatra amin' ny maha-izy azy tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny olona i [[Immanuel Kant]] (1724–1804). Nilaza kosa izy fa ny firafitra efa ao amin' ny olombelona hatrany am-bohoka no mamolavola ny traikefa rehetra, dia ny firafitry ny fahaiza-mahalala ananan' ny olombelona.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMulder|Mulder]], § 2.d. Skepticism Regarding Knowledge of Objective Reality; [[#CITEREFBunge2006|Bunge (2006)]], pp. 31, 42; [[#CITEREFBrinkmann2010|Brinkmann (2010)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuT31alSlQwC&amp;pg=PA41 41–45]&lt;/ref&gt; Ho setrin' ny filôzôfian' i Kant, dia nitady fotokevitra iray mampiray ny zavatra rehetra ho fototry ny zava-misy manontolo ireo idealista alemàna.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHancock2006|Hancock (2006)]], p. 193; [[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 592; [[#CITEREFCritchley2001|Critchley (2001)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=syhsLJ1eMOEC&amp;pg=PA31 31]&lt;/ref&gt; Nanaraka fomba fijery mitovitovy amin' izany i Francis Herbert Bradley (1846–1924), izay nihevitra ny tanteraka ho fitambaran' ny maha-misy mahafaoka ny zavatra rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHancock2006|Hancock (2006)]], p. 193; [[#CITEREFHamlyn2005|Hamlyn (2005)]], p. 592; [[#CITEREFGrayling2019|Grayling (2019)]], § Idealism&lt;/ref&gt; Nifanohitra tamin' izany kosa i [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] (1788–1860), izay nitsikera ny idealisma alemàna ary nihevitra fa sitrapo jamba tsy manaraka ny saina no fototra iorenan' ny zava-misy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGrayling2019|Grayling (2019)]], § Schopenhauer; [[#CITEREFJanaway1999|Janaway (1999)]], pp. [https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext 248–249]; [[#CITEREFBarua2018|Barua (2018)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mqVFDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 2–3]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, i [[Bertrand Russell]] (1872–1970) sy i G. E. Moore (1873–1958) dia niainga tamin' ny fahaiza-misaina mahazatra sy ny siansa mifototra amin' ny fandinihana sy ny fanandramana mba hanoherana ny idealisma. Nohamafisiny fa misy tsy miankina amin' ny saina izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGriffin2013|Griffin (2013)]], pp. 383, 396, 399–402; [[#CITEREFPeters2021|Peters (2021)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UakWEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 31–32]&lt;/ref&gt; Niara-namolavola ny atômisma ara-lôjika tamin' i [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] mpianany (1889–1951) i Russell; fomba famakafakana izay mamaritra ny zava-misy ho zava-mitranga marina fototra maro be izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLivingston2001|Livingston (2001)]], pp. 30–36&lt;/ref&gt; Nandroso fomba fijery hafa i [[Alfred North Whitehead]] (1861–1947), ka namaritra ny zava-misy ho fitambarana iray mifamatotra toy ny zavamananaina, izay voaforon' ny fizotran-javatra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMacLean2012|MacLean (2012)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6n-hQpt6r3sC&amp;pg=PA51 51]; [[#CITEREFPalmer1998|Palmer (1998)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&amp;pg=PA175 175]&lt;/ref&gt;

Nihevitra i Alexius Meinong (1853–1920) fa mivelatra kokoa noho ny foto-kevitry ny zava-misy ny foto-kevitry ny maha-misy, satria mahafaoka zavatra tsy manana fisiana izy io, toy ny zavatra mety hisy fotsiny sy ny zavatra tsy feno.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMarek2024|Marek (2024)]], Lead section, § 2. Meinong on Philosophy, § 5. Object Theory — Ontology beyond Being and Non-Being&lt;/ref&gt; Teo ambany fitaoman' i Kant, i [[Edmund Husserl]] (1859–1938) dia nilaza fa mifamatotra amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena ny zava-misy, satria izy io no zavatra mifanandrify amin' ny traikefa sy iombonan' ny olona mahatsapa samihafa. Tsy azo ahena ho fototra tsy miankina velively amin' ny saina izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFZahavi2025|Zahavi (2025)]], § 3. The Transcendental Turn: Epoché, Phenomenological Reduction, and Transcendental Idealism&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra môdely mandamina ny zava-misy ho ambaratonga mifanarakaraka i Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950), ka nizara izao tontolo izao ho ambaratonga efatra: ny tsy manan' aina, ny biôlôjika, ny ara-tsaina, ary ny ara-panahy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPoli2011|Poli (2011)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qya55bssVQC&amp;pg=PA1 1, 11, 21–22]&lt;/ref&gt; Niainga tamin' ny hevitr' i Leibniz i David Lewis (1941–2001), ka namolavola ny realisma momba ny tontolo mety hisy, ary nilaza fa tena misy tahaka ilay tontolo tena misy ireo tontolo mety hisy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMenzel2025|Menzel (2025)]], § 2. Three Philosophical Conceptions of Possible Worlds; [[#CITEREFParent|Parent]], Lead section, § 2. Lewis' Realism&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin' ny fizika, i [[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955) dia namolavola ny teôrian' ny relativite, izay mandray ny habaka sy ny fotoana ho saka mifamatotra, izany hoe lafiny mahaleo tena hamaritana toerana na fotoana nefa mifamatotra ao anatin' ny rafitra iray. Ny [[Jeômetria|firafitr' ireo saka ireo ara-jeômetrika, izany hoe ny endrika sy ny fifandraisana ara-habaka ao aminy]], dia aondriky ny zavatra ara-materialy sy ny angovo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFWeinert2004|Weinert (2004)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-R4ANHu-csMC&amp;pg=PA130 130–131]; [[#CITEREFPetkov2014|Petkov (2014)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi9nBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA153 153]&lt;/ref&gt; Niainga tamin' ny asan' i [[Niels Bohr]] (1885–1962), i [[Werner Heisenberg]] (1901–1976), ary i [[Erwin Schrödinger]] (1887–1961) ny mekanika koantika, izay mandinika ny fihetsiky ny rafitra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa. Nanova tanteraka ny fahatakarana ara-tsiansa ny zava-misy amin' ny ambaratonga bitika izy io: nampiseho fa afaka mitondra tena toy ny onja ny poti-javatra; fa manana sanda misaraka ihany ny habetsahana ara-fizika sasany, toy ny angovo, fa tsy sanda ao anatin' ny elanelana mitohy; ary fa ny vokatry ny fandrefesana dia miankina, araka ny toetrany mihitsy, amin' ny vintana voafaritra ara-matematika.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPolkinghorne2002|Polkinghorne (2002)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp7P8LayJJgC&amp;pg=PR11 xi–xii, 11–12, 17–18, 25–26]&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny taonjato faha-20, teo amin' ny filôzôfian' ny siansa, dia nanjary nanana toerana lehibe ny realisma ara-tsiansa, izay milaza fa manome famaritana marina ny tontolo tsy miankina amin' ny saina ireo teôria ara-tsiansa tsara indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFListon|Liston]], Lead section, § 5. Scientific Realism; [[#CITEREFSaatsi2017|Saatsi (2017)]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SFEPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 2]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==

=== Fanamarihana ===
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

=== Fanondroan-doharano ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Loharanon-kevitra ===
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;American Psychological Association (2018). ''[https://dictionary.apa.org/reality-testing Reality Testing]''. ''APA Dictionary of Psychology''. American Psychological Association. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAndreaOverfield2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500]''. Cengage Learning. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-305-53746-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en. author-link1: Alfred J. Andrea.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFArmstrong2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Armstrong, D. M. (2010). ''Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-161542-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFArmstrong2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Armstrong, D. M. (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uf7EDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA94 The Mind-body Problem: An Opinionated Introduction]''. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-429-96480-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAsay2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Asay, Jamin (2020). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y13bDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 A Theory of Truthmaking: Metaphysics, Ontology, and Reality]''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-49988-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAudi2002&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Audi, Robert (2002). ''The Sources of Knowledge''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology''. Oxford University Press. Takila 71–94. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-513005-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAudi2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Audi, Robert (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-YPTEeIhOXYC&amp;pg=PA38 Testimony, Credulity, and Veracity]''. Ao amin' ny ''The Epistemology of Testimony'', natontan' i Lackey, Jennifer; Sosa, Ernest. Clarendon Press. Takila 25–49. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-153473-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276011.003.0002. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBalaguer2009&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Balaguer, Mark (2009). ''Realism and Anti-Realism in Mathematics''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PA1 Philosophy of Mathematics]'', natontan' i Irvine, Andrew D. Elsevier. Takila 35–102. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-08-093058-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBarua2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Barua, Arati (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mqVFDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 Introducing Schopenhauer's Philosophy of the World, Self, and Morality in the Light of Vedantic and Non-Vedantic Wisdom]''. Ao amin' ny ''Schopenhauer on Self, World and Morality: Vedantic and Non-Vedantic Perspectives'', natontan' i Barua, Arati. Springer Nature Singapore. Takila 1–10. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-10-5954-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBeallMiddleton2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Beall, Jc; Middleton, Ben (2024). ''Truth: The Basics''. Taylor &amp; Francis. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-003-81502-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBen-Menahem2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ben-Menahem, Yemima (2022). ''2. Levels of Reality and Levels of Description''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Levels of Reality in Science and Philosophy: Re-examining the Multi-level Structure of Reality]'', natontan' i Ioannidis, Stavros; Vishne, Gal; Hemmo, Meir; Shenker, Orly. Springer Nature. Takila 11–26. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-99425-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBennett1966&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bennett, Jonathan (1966). ''III.—'Real'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''. ''Mind'', boky LXXV, laharana 300, takila 501–515. DOI: 10.1093/mind/LXXV.300.501.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBenovsky2016&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Benovsky, Jiri (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19 Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice]''. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-319-25334-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBergmann2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bergmann, Michael (2021). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=T7EzEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57 Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-265357-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBerman2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Berman, David (2005). ''Pessimism and Optimism''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', natontan' i Honderich, Ted. Oxford University Press. Takila 693–694. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBernsteinNash2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bernstein, Douglas; Nash, Peggy W. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Do-bFrt9tUC Essentials of Psychology]''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-618-71312-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBerryman2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Berryman, Sylvia (2022). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/ Ancient Atomism]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 25 March 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190502171318/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/ Tahiry]: 2 May 2019. url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBerthrong&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Berthrong, John H. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/ Neo-Confucian Philosophy]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 31 March 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBESIII_Collaboration2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;BESIII Collaboration (2025). ''Test of Local Realism via Entangled Λ̄Λ System''. ''Nature Communications'', boky 16, laharana 1, takila 4948. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59498-4. doi-access: free. PMID: 40436867. PMC: 12119992.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBianchi2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bianchi, Ugo (2025). ''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/dualism-religion Dualism]''. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Nojerena: 10 December 2025. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBigelow1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bigelow, John C. (1998). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1 Particulars]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. Nojerena: 24 March 2024. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N040-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBigelow1998a&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bigelow, John C. (1998a). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-1 Universals]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. Nojerena: 25 March 2024. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N065-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBlackburn2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Blackburn, Simon (2005). ''The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy''. Fanontana: 2nd. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-861013-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBörner2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Börner, Gerhard (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cDJw3dWjw_UC&amp;pg=PA1 The Early Universe: Facts and Fiction]''. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-540-44197-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBrenner2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Brenner, Andrew (2015). ''[https://philarchive.org/rec/BREMNA Mereological Nihilism and the Special Arrangement Question]''. ''Synthese'', boky 192, laharana 5, takila 1295–1314. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-014-0619-7.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBrinkmann2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Brinkmann, Klaus (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vuT31alSlQwC&amp;pg=PA1 Idealism Without Limits: Hegel and the Problem of Objectivity]''. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-481-3622-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBrown1992&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Brown, Harold I. (1992). ''Direct Realism, Indirect Realism, and Epistemology''. ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'', boky 52, laharana 2, takila 341–363. DOI: 10.2307/2107939. JSTOR: 2107939. ISSN: 1933-1592.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBrownChiek2016&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Brown, Gregory; Chiek, Yual (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i9zMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 Introduction]''. Ao amin' ny ''Leibniz on Compossibility and Possible Worlds'', natontan' i Brown, Gregory; Chiek, Yual. Springer. Takila 1–20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-319-42695-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBunge2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bunge, Mario (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6GraKxazuOQC&amp;pg=PA1 Chasing Reality: Strife Over Realism]''. University of Toronto Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8020-9075-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBunge2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bunge, Mario (2010). ''Matter and Mind: A Philosophical Inquiry''. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-481-9224-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCambridge_University_Press_&amp;_Assessment2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cambridge University Press &amp; Assessment (2026). ''[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reality Reality]''. ''Cambridge Dictionary''. Cambridge University Press &amp; Assessment. Nojerena: 3 July 2026. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCampbell2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Campbell, Keith (2006). ''Ontology''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology Encyclopedia of Philosophy]'', natontan' i Borchert, Donald M. Boky 7. Fanontana: 2nd. Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. Takila 21–27. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCarroll2007&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Carroll, William E. (2007). ''Creation and Science in the Middle Ages''. ''New Blackfriars'', boky 88, laharana 1018, takila 678–689. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-2005.2007.00178.x.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Carroll, John W.; Markosian, Ned (2010). ''An Introduction to Metaphysics''. Fanontana: 1st. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-82629-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCeylan1993&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ceylan, Yasin (1993). ''A Critical Approach to the Avicennian Distinction of Essence and Existence''. ''Islamic Studies'', boky 32, laharana 3, takila 329–337. JSTOR: 20840134. ISSN: 0578-8072.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChakravarttyMassimiSprevak2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Chakravartty, Anjan; Massimi, Michaela; Sprevak, Mark (2025). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/ Scientific Realism]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 22 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChalmers2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Chalmers, David J. (2022). ''Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-393-63581-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChalmersMcQueen2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Chalmers, David J.; McQueen, Kelvin J. (2022). ''1. Consciousness and the Collapse of the Wave Function''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ6FEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics]'', natontan' i Gao, Shan. Oxford University Press. Takila 11–63. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-750166-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChantrell2002&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Chantrell, Glynnis (2002). ''The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9654717-5-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChaput2003&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Chaput, Catherine (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9qA_-Rkkq2AC&amp;pg=PA183 Hyperreality]''. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopedia of Postmodernism'', natontan' i Taylor, Victor E.; Winquist, Charles E. Psychology Press. Takila 182–184. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-30886-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChoiFara2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Choi, Sungho; Fara, Michael (2021). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dispositions/ Dispositions]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 15 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFClifton2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Clifton, Robert (2005). ''Space-Time''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', natontan' i Honderich, Ted. Oxford University Press. Takila 887. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCohen1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cohen, Stewart (1998). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/scepticism/v-1 Scepticism]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-P045-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCollingwood1993&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Collingwood, R. G. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 The Idea of History]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-285306-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCollins_staff2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Collins staff (2026). ''[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/real-life Real Life]''. ''Collins Dictionary''. HarperCollins. Nojerena: 1 October 2026. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFColyvan2001&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Colyvan, Mark (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bns8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 The Indispensability of Mathematics]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-516661-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCornell&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cornell, David. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/ Material Composition]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 25 March 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240325135146/https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/ Tahiry]: 25 March 2024. url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCowanSpiegel2016&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cowan, Steven B.; Spiegel, James S. (2016). ''Introduction: Idealism and Christian Philosophy''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixk2CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Idealism and Christian Philosophy: Idealism and Christianity Volume 2]'', natontan' i Cowan, Steven B.; Spiegel, James S. Bloomsbury. Takila 1–10. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-62892-407-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCowling2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Cowling, Sam (2019). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2 Universals]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N065-2. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCraig1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Craig, Edward (1998). ''Relativism''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Fanontana: 1st. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N050-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCraig1998a&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Craig, Edward (1998a). ''Realism and Antirealism''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Fanontana: 1st. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N049-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCritchley2001&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Critchley, Simon (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=syhsLJ1eMOEC&amp;pg=PA31 Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-157832-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCrosby1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Crosby, Donald A. (1998). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/nihilism/v-1 Nihilism]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCrumley_II2009&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Crumley II, Jack S. (2009). ''An Introduction to Epistemology''. Fanontana: 2nd. Broadview Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-77048-156-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDainton2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dainton, Barry (2010). ''Time and Space''. Fanontana: 2nd. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-94404-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDalal2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dalal, Neil (2021). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ Śaṅkara]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 2 April 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220127111736/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ Tahiry]: 27 January 2022. url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDehsen2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dehsen, Christian von (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ Philosophers and Religious Leaders]''. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-95102-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDeLapp&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;DeLapp, Kevin M. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/metaethi/ Metaethics]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 19 December 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240123102700/https://iep.utm.edu/metaethi/ Tahiry]: January 23, 2024. url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDent2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dent, Nicholas (2005). ''Instrumentalism''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', natontan' i Honderich, Ted. Oxford University Press. Takila 436. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDoddZambettiDeneve2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dodd, Ashley C.; Zambetti, Benjamin R.; Deneve, Jeremiah (2023). ''Scientific Method''. Ao amin' ny ''Translational Surgery''. Elsevier. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-323-90630-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDodig-Crnkovic2007&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana (2007). ''15. Where Do New Ideas Come From? How Do They Emerge? Epistemology as Computation (Information Processing)''. Ao amin' ny ''Randomness and Complexity: From Leibniz to Chaitin'', natontan' i Calude, Cristian S.; Chaitin, Gregory J. World Scientific. Takila 263–280. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-277-083-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDowden&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dowden, Bradley. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/time/ Time]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 15 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDyckMalfaraMoya2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dyck, Corey W.; Malfara, Fabio; Moya, Ignacio L. (2026). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4YC-EQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA183 Evil, Suffering, and Pessimism: Readings from the Darker Side of Modern Philosophy]''. Broadview Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-77048-945-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDynes2016&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dynes, Wayne R. (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA60 Creation of Daoism (6th Century BC)]''. Ao amin' ny ''Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History'', natontan' i Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew. Bloomsbury. Takila 60–63. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFEffinghamBeebeeGoff2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Effingham, Nikk; Beebee, Helen; Goff, Philip (2010). ''Metaphysics: The Key Concepts''. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-85517-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFEngel2002&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Engel, Pascal (2002). ''Truth''. Acumen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7735-2461-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-Vidal2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Falguera, José L.; Martínez-Vidal, Concha (2020). ''Preface''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2pbiDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Abstract Objects: For and Against]'', natontan' i Falguera, José L.; Martínez-Vidal, Concha. Springer. Takila v–xviii. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-38242-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFernandes2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Fernandes, Joshua (2023). ''Reality+ – Virtual Worlds and the Problem of Philosophy''. ''Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology'', boky 23, laharana 1. DOI: 10.1080/20797222.2024.2326227. doi-access: free.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFeser2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Feser, Edward (2017). ''Actuality, Potentiality, and Relativity’s Block Universe''. Ao amin' ny ''Neo-Aristotelian Perspectives on Contemporary Science'', natontan' i Simpson, William M. R.; Koons, Robert C.; Teh, Nicholas J. Routledge. Takila 35–60. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-315-21162-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI: 10.4324/9781315211626-4. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFine1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Fine, Arthur (1998). ''Scientific Realism and Antirealism''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Fanontana: 1st. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-Q094-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFitzPatrick2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). ''Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties''. Ao amin' ny ''New Waves in Metaethics'', natontan' i Brady, Michael. Palgrave Macmillan. Takila 7–35. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-230-29489-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI: 10.1057/9780230294899_2. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFrankena2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Frankena, William K. (2006). ''Value and Valuation''. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', natontan' i Borchert, Donald M. Boky 9. Fanontana: 2nd. Macmillan. Takila 636–641. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865789-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFrazier2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Frazier, Nancy (2000). ''The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History''. Penguin Reference. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-670-10015-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Friedenberg, Jay; Silverman, Gordon; Spivey, Michael (2022). ''Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind''. Fanontana: 4. Sage. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5443-8015-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGardiner2001&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Gardiner, J. M. (2001). ''Episodic Memory and Autonoetic Consciousness: A First-person Approach''. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences'', boky 356, laharana 1413, takila 1351–1361. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0955. PMID: 11571027. PMC: 1088519. ISSN: 0962-8436.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGhaffarMullettPeiRoberts2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ghaffar, Seyed Hamidreza; Mullett, Paul; Pei, Eujin; Roberts, John (2022). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YN5mEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14 1. What Is Industry 4.0?]''. Ao amin' ny ''Innovation in Construction: A Practical Guide to Transforming the Construction Industry'', natontan' i Ghaffar, Seyed Hamidreza; Mullett, Paul; Pei, Eujin; Roberts, John. Springer Nature. Takila 3–26. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-95798-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.

* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGibbs1970&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Gibbs, Benjamin (1970). ''Real Possibility''. ''American Philosophical Quarterly'', 7 (4), p. 340–348. JSTOR: 20009366. ISSN: 0003-0481.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGibson1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Gibson, Q. B. (1998). ''The Existence Principle''. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7923-5188-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGlanzberg2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Glanzberg, Michael (2018). ''Introduction''. Ao amin' i Glanzberg, Michael (mpandrindra), [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41343/chapter-abstract/352423103?redirectedFrom=fulltext ''The Oxford Handbook of Truth'']. Oxford University Press, p. 1–6. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-174977-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGlanzberg2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Glanzberg, Michael (2025). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/ ''Truth'']. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 6 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGoswick&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Goswick, Dana. [https://iep.utm.edu/constructivism-in-metaphysics/ ''Constructivism in Metaphysics'']. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 21 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGraham&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Graham, Jacob N. [https://iep.utm.edu/ancient-greek-philosophy/ ''Ancient Greek Philosophy'']. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 2 April 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGrayling2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Grayling, A. C. (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ ''The History of Philosophy'']. Penguin UK. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98086-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGriffin2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Griffin, Nicholas (2013). ''Russell and Moore’s Revolt against British Idealism''. Ao amin' i Beaney, Michael (mpandrindra), ''The Oxford Handbook of The History of Analytic Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, p. 383–406. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238842.013.0024. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-174978-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGrimRescher2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Grim, Patrick; Rescher, Nicholas (2023). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT39 ''Theory of Categories: Key Instruments of Human Understanding'']. Anthem Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-83998-815-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGross2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Gross, Richard (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7TsDwAAQBAJ ''Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour'']. Fanontana: 8th. Hodder Education. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5104-6846-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGuyer1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Guyer, Paul (1998). ''Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Fanontana: 1st. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-DB047-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHale2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hale, Bob (2020). [https://www.britannica.com/topic/realism-philosophy ''Realism'']. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Fiteny: en. Nojerena: 22 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHamlyn2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hamlyn, D. W. (2005). [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1586 ''Metaphysics, History of'']. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, p. 590–593. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHancock2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hancock, Roger (2006). ''Metaphysics, History of''. Ao amin' i Borchert, Donald M. (mpandrindra), ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', boky 6. Fanontana: 2nd. Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference, p. 183–197. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865786-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHarman2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Harman, Graham (2018). ''Speculative Realism: An Introduction''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5095-2002-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHarold2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Harold, James (2023). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCnPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 ''1. Introduction'']. Ao amin' i Harold, James (mpandrindra), ''The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Art''. Oxford University Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-753979-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHarperCollins2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;HarperCollins (2022). [https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=reality ''Reality'']. ''The American Heritage Dictionary''. HarperCollins. Nojerena: 17 May 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHarperCollins2022a&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;HarperCollins (2022a). [https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=truth ''Truth'']. ''The American Heritage Dictionary''. HarperCollins. Nojerena: 17 May 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHartmann2012&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hartmann, Nicolai (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4PyJfVZn-rcC&amp;pg=PA46 ''New Ways of Ontology'']. Transaction Publishers. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4128-4704-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHartmann2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hartmann, Nicolai (2013). ''Alex Scott; Stephanie Adair''. Ao amin' ny [https://books.google.com/books?id=sL-lJxW_swAC&amp;pg=PA1 ''Possibility and Actuality'']. Mpandika teny: Scott, Alex; Adair, Stephanie. Walter de Gruyter. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-024668-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHarzer2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Harzer, Edeltraud (2005). ''Samkhya''. Ao amin' i Jones, Lindsay (mpandrindra), ''Encyclopedia Of Religion''. Fanontana: 2nd. Thomson Gale, p. 8089–8093. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865997-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHatfield1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hatfield, Gary (1998). ''Scientific Method''. Ao amin' ny [https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/scientific-method/v-1 ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'']. Routledge. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHeelan2012&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Heelan, Patrick A. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1UrvCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR11 ''Quantum Mechanics and Objectivity: A Study of the Physical Philosophy of Werner Heisenberg'']. Springer. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-94-015-0831-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHeil2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Heil, John (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ9TlR1pMhQC&amp;pg=PA1 ''Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction'']. Psychology Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-28355-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHeil2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Heil, John (2005). ''Reality, Levels of''. Ao amin' i Honderich, Ted (mpandrindra), ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, p. 790. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHepburnAndersen2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hepburn, Brian; Andersen, Hanne (2021). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-method/ ''Scientific Method'']. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 23 July 2022. Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200226213921/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-method/ 26 February 2020]. Toetry ny URL (url-status): live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHetherington&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hetherington, Stephen. [https://iep.utm.edu/knowledg/ ''Knowledge'']. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 18 May 2022. Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220602105750/https://iep.utm.edu/knowledg/ 2 June 2022]. Toetry ny URL (url-status): live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHiroseOlson2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015). ''Introduction to Value Theory''. Ao amin' i Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (mpandrindra), [https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 ''The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory'']. Oxford University Press, p. 1–12. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-022143-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHirst2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hirst, R. J. (2006). ''Realism''. Ao amin' i Borchert, Donald M. (mpandrindra), [https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/art-and-architecture/european-art-1600-present/realism ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy''], boky 8. Fanontana: 2nd. Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference, p. 260–269. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHoefer2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hoefer, Carl (2026). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/ ''Causal Determinism'']. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 15 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hoefer, Carl; Huggett, Nick; Read, James (2023). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-theories-classical/ ''Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Classical Theories'']. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 26 March 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHooftVandoren2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hooft, Gerard't; Vandoren, Stefan (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hy-7CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83 ''Time In Powers Of Ten : Natural Phenomena And Their Timescales'']. World Scientific. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-4494-93-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHookway2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hookway, C. J. (2005). ''Scepticism''. Ao amin' i Honderich, Ted (mpandrindra), ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, p. 838–840. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHorákRott2003&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Horák, Vítezslav; Rott, Hans (2003). ''Introduction''. Ao amin' i Rott, Hans; Horák, Vítezslav (mpandrindra), ''Possibility and Reality: Metaphysics and Logic''. Ontos, p. 1–12. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-937202-24-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHunt1992&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Hunt, G. M. K. (1992). ''Is Philosophy a 'Theory of Everything'?''. ''Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement'', 33, p. 219–231. DOI: 10.1017/S1358246100002368.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFIliopoulosTomaras2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Iliopoulos, John; Tomaras, Theodore N. (2021). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y2dHEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 ''Elementary Particle Physics: The Standard Theory'']. Oxford University Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-265816-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFInwagen2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Inwagen, Peter van (2023). [https://www.britannica.com/topic/problem-of-universals ''Problem of Universals'']. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Fiteny: en. Nojerena: 1 July 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFIoannidisVishneHemmoShenker2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ioannidis, Stavros; Vishne, Gal; Hemmo, Meir; Shenker, Orly (2022). ''1. Introduction''. Ao amin' i Ioannidis, Stavros; Vishne, Gal; Hemmo, Meir; Shenker, Orly (mpandrindra), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TD90EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 ''Levels of Reality in Science and Philosophy: Re-examining the Multi-level Structure of Reality'']. Springer Nature, p. 1–10. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-99425-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFIrvine2009&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Irvine, Andrew D. (2009). ''Preface''. Ao amin' i Irvine, Andrew D. (mpandrindra), [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&amp;pg=PA1 ''Philosophy of Mathematics'']. Elsevier, p. ix–xiii. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-08-093058-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJacquette2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Jacquette, Dale (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA207 ''Ontology'']. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-48959-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJanaway1999&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Janaway, Christopher (1999). [https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext ''10. The Primacy of Will'']. Ao amin' ny ''Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, p. 248–270. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-825003-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJaniak2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Janiak, Andrew (2022). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-spacetime/ ''Kant's Views on Space and Time'']. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 26 March 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJaroszyński2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Jaroszyński, Piotr (2023). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LtL7EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254 ''Culture: A Drama of Nature and Person'']. Brill. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-69118-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJaworski2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Jaworski, William (2011). ''Philosophy of Mind: A Comprehensive Introduction''. Fanontana: 1. Wiley-Blackwell. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4443-3367-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKennick2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kennick, W. E. (2006). ''Appearance and Reality''. Ao amin' i Borchert, Donald M. (mpandrindra), [https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/appearance-and-reality ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy''], boky 1. Fanontana: 2nd. Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference, p. 229–233. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKern2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kern, Andrea (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eyh5DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA8 ''Sources of Knowledge: On the Concept of a Rational Capacity for Knowledge'']. Harvard University Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-41611-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKhanRaoufCheng2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Khan, Wasim Ahmed; Raouf, Abdul; Cheng, Kai (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cAEKKXHTOVkC&amp;pg=PA1 ''Virtual Manufacturing'']. Springer. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-85729-186-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKim2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kim, Jaegwon (2011). ''Philosophy of Mind''. Fanontana: 3rd. Westview Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8133-4458-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKind2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kind, Amy (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=saPSDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT62 ''Philosophy of Mind: The Basics'']. Routledge. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-61354-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKirk2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kirk, G. S. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC ''Presocratics'']. Ao amin' i Rée, Jonathan; Urmson, J. O. (mpandrindra), ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy''. Routledge, p. 308–317. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-33177-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKlein1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Klein, Peter D. (1998). [https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/knowledge-concept-of/v-1 ''Knowledge, Concept of'']. Ao amin' i Craig, Edward (mpandrindra), ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-P031-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKoepsell2016&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Koepsell, David (2016). ''Social Reality, Law, and Justice''. Ao amin' i Zaibert, Leo (mpandrindra), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_raiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 ''The Theory and Practice of Ontology'']. Springer, p. 79–94. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-137-55278-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKoonsPickavance2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Koons, Robert C.; Pickavance, Timothy (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FLH4DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 ''The Atlas of Reality: A Comprehensive Guide to Metaphysics'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-119-11612-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKragh1987&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kragh, Helge (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&amp;pg=PA41 ''An Introduction to the Historiography of Science'']. Cambridge University Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-38921-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKrause2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Krause, Michael Richard (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wx63CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA227 ''Cern: How We Found The Higgs Boson'']. World Scientific. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-4623-48-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKreithWest1996&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kreith, Frank; West, Ronald E. (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PePq7o6mAbwC&amp;pg=PA19 ''CRC Handbook of Energy Efficiency'']. CRC Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8493-2514-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKuhn2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kuhn, Thomas S. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c_eYe6NVaDMC&amp;pg=PA13 ''Possible Worlds in History of Science'']. Ao amin' i Sture, Allén (mpandrindra), ''Possible Worlds in Humanities, Arts and Sciences: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 65''. Walter de Gruyter, p. 9–32. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-086685-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKumar2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kumar, ShashiPrabha (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr2YDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA34 ''Categories, Creation and Cognition in Vaiśeṣika Philosophy'']. Springer. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-13-2965-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLadyman2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ladyman, James (2023). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism/ ''Structural Realism'']. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 22 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLambare2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lambare, Justo Pastor (2022). ''On the Meaning of Local Realism''. ''Foundations of Physics'', 52 (5), laharan' ny lahatsoratra: 98. DOI: 10.1007/s10701-022-00618-1. Bibcode: 2022FoPh...52...98L.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLaudisa2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Laudisa, Federico (2023). ''How and When Did Locality Become 'Local Realism'? A Historical and Critical Analysis (1963–1978)''. ''Studies in History and Philosophy of Science'', 97, p. 44–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.11.008. PMID: 36549108. arXiv: 2205.05452.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLeaman2002&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Leaman, Oliver (2002). ''Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy''. Routledge. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-68905-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFListon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Liston, Michael. [https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/ ''Scientific Realism and Antirealism'']. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 22 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLittlejohn&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Littlejohn, Ronnie. [https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/ ''Daoist Philosophy'']. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 30 March 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLivingston2001&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Livingston, Paul M. (2001). ''Russellian and Wittgensteinian Atomism''. ''Philosophical Investigations'', 24 (1), p. 30–54. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9205.00134.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLoux2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Loux, Michael J. (2005). ''21. Realism and Anti-realism: Dummett's Challenge''. Ao amin' i Loux, Michael J.; Zimmerman, Dean W. (mpandrindra), ''The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics''. Oxford University Press, p. 633–664. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-928422-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLouxCrisp2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Loux, Michael J.; Crisp, Thomas M. (2017). ''Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction''. Fanontana: 4th. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-138-63933-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLowe2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lowe, E. J. (2005). ''Being''. Ao amin' ny [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'']. Oxford University Press, p. 84. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLowe2005a&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lowe, E. J. (2005a). ''Ontology''. Ao amin' ny [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806 ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'']. Oxford University Press. Fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLowe2009&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lowe, E. J. (2009). ''Dualism''. Ao amin' i Beckermann, Ansgar; McLaughlin, Brian P.; Walter, Sven (mpandrindra), ''The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind''. Fanontana: 1st. Oxford University Press, p. 66–84. Fiteny: en. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.003.0004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926261-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMacIntyre2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;MacIntyre, Alasdair (2006). ''Being''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/english-vocabulary-d/being Encyclopedia of Philosophy]''; Borchert, Donald M. (tonian-dahatsoratra). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. Fanontana: 2nd; boky 1; tak. 527–532. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMacLean2012&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;MacLean, James (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6n-hQpt6r3sC&amp;pg=PA51 Rethinking Law as Process: Creativity, Novelty, Change]''. Routledge. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-69776-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;MacLeod, Mary C.; Rubenstein, Eric M. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/universa/ Universals]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (rakipahalalana filôzôfika amin' ny Internet). Nojerena tamin' ny 24 March 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193719/https://iep.utm.edu/universa/ Tahiry tamin' ny 24 February 2024]. Satan' ny URL (adiresin' ny loharano): live (mbola azo idirana).
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMarek2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Marek, Johann (2024). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/meinong/ Alexius Meinong]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (rakipahalalana filôzôfikan' i Stanford). ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University'' (laboratoara fikarohana momba ny metafizika ao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Stanford). Nojerena tamin' ny 6 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMarkieFolescu2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Markie, Peter; Folescu, M. (2023). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ Rationalism vs. Empiricism]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 29 February 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830003555/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ Tahiry tamin' ny 30 August 2006]. Satan' ny URL: live (mbola azo idirana).
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMarshall2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Marshall, Gordon (2005). ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/realism-philosophy A Dictionary of Sociology]''. ''Oxford University Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i Oxford). Fanontana: 3rd. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-860986-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMaurin2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2019). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2 Particulars]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. Fiteny: en (anglisy). DOI (famantarana nomerika maharitry ny asa): [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-N040-2 10.4324/9780415249126-N040-2]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMaurin2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2024). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tropes/ Tropes]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 8 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMcCauley1997&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;McCauley, Joseph L. (1997). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PxytO6eByI8C&amp;pg=PA21 Classical Mechanics: Transformations, Flows, Integrable and Chaotic Dynamics]''. ''Cambridge University Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i Cambridge). Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-57882-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMcInerny2003&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;McInerny, R. M. (2003). ''Absolute, the''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/absolute New Catholic Encyclopedia]''. Thomson/Gale. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7876-4005-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMcIvor2008&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;McIvor, David W. (2008). ''Weltanschauung''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/worldview-philosophy International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences]''; Darity, William A. (tonian-dahatsoratra). Macmillan. Fanontana: 2nd. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865965-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMcKenzie2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;McKenzie, Kerry (2022). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMBgEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Fundamentality and Grounding]''. ''Cambridge University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-316-99799-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMeister2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Meister, Chad (2014). ''[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137314758_3 Concepts of God/Ultimate Reality]''. Ao amin' ny ''Philosophy of Religion''. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 19–37. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314758_3 10.1057/9781137314758_3]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-137-31475-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMendelson2008&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mendelson, E. M. (2008). ''World View''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/world-view International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences]''; Darity, William A. (tonian-dahatsoratra). Macmillan. Fanontana: 2nd. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865965-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMenon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Menon, Sangeetha. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/advaita-vedanta/ Vedanta, Advaita]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMenzel2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Menzel, Christopher (2025). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/possible-worlds/ Possible Worlds]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 4 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMerricks2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Merricks, Trenton (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cqOM0YJuzXEC&amp;pg=PA103 4. Goodbye Growing Block]''. Ao amin' ny ''Oxford Studies in Metaphysics''; Zimmerman, Dean W. (tonian-dahatsoratra). Clarendon Press. Boky 2; fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 103–110. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-929058-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMeyer2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Meyer, Aiden (2025). ''Radical Ontic Structural Realism as a Structuralist Existence Monism''. ''Synthese''. Boky 206, laharana 2; laharan-dahatsoratra: 62. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-025-05120-5 10.1007/s11229-025-05120-5]; fahazoana miditra amin' ny DOI: free (maimaim-poana).
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMiller2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Miller, Alexander (2026). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/ Realism]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMorelandCraig2003&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Moreland, J. P.; Craig, William Lane (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mPEN_EDiZuQC&amp;pg=PA95 Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview]''. InterVarsity Press. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8308-2694-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMorley&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Morley, Brian. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/god-west/ God, Western Concepts of]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 1 July 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMoser2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Moser, Paul K. (2005). ''13. Scientific Knowledge''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology''. ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-020818-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMoser2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Moser, Paul K. (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ETRCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA200 Religious Skepticism]''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism''; Greco, John (tonian-dahatsoratra). ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 200–224. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0010 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0010]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-990985-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMossman2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mossman, Kenneth L. (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19 The Complexity Paradox: The More Answers We Find, the More Questions We Have]''. ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-933034-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMukumbangDe_SouzaEastwood2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mukumbang, Ferdinand C.; De Souza, Denise E.; Eastwood, John G. (2023). ''The Contributions of Scientific Realism and Critical Realism to Realist Evaluation''. ''Journal of Critical Realism''. Boky 22, laharana 3; tak. 504–524. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2023.2217052 10.1080/14767430.2023.2217052].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMulder&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mulder, Dwayne H. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/objectiv/ Objectivity]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 26 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFNagel2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Nagel, Thomas (2005). ''Dualism''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Honderich, Ted (tonian-dahatsoratra). ''Oxford University Press''. Tak. 221. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFNaschak2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Naschak, Bruce Stephen (2023). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCOjEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43 The Global Mystical Tradition]''. Bloomsbury. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-7936-3791-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFNelson2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Nelson, Michael (2022). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/ Existence]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 August 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000135/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/ Tahiry tamin' ny 3 September 2018]. Satan' ny URL: live (mbola azo idirana).
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFO'Brien&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O'Brien, Daniel. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/ Perception, Objects of]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 26 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFO'ConnorGoldbergGoldman2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O'Connor, Cailin; Goldberg, Sanford; Goldman, Alvin I. (2024). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/ Social Epistemology]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 29 July 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/19980503004746/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/ Tahiry tamin' ny 3 May 1998]. Satan' ny URL: live (mbola azo idirana).
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFOddie2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Oddie, Graham (2013). ''Value Realism''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee588 The International Encyclopedia of Ethics]''. Wiley. Fanontana: 1st; fiteny: en (anglisy). DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee588 10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee588]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4051-8641-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFOED_staff2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;OED staff (2026). ''[https://www.oed.com/dictionary/reality_n?tl=true Reality, n.]'' Ao amin' ny ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (rakibolana anglisin' i Oxford). ''Reality, n. Meanings, etymology and more &amp;#124; Oxford English Dictionary''. ''Oxford University Press''. Fanontana: 3rd.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFOliver1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Oliver, Alex (1998). ''Value, Ontological Status of''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-N066-1 10.4324/9780415249126-N066-1]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFOliver2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Oliver, Alexander D. (2005). ''Abstract Entities''. Ao amin' ny ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Honderich, Ted (tonian-dahatsoratra). ''Oxford University Press''. Tak. 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Orilia, Francesco; Paolini Paoletti, Michele (2022). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/ Properties]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2 July 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240416092556/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/ Tahiry tamin' ny 16 April 2024]. Satan' ny URL: live (mbola azo idirana).
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPalmer1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Palmer, Clare (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&amp;pg=PA175 Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking]''. Clarendon Press. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-826952-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPani1993&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pani, Binita (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KMb9MmZTAdsC&amp;pg=PA39 The Indian Scriptures and the Life Divine]''. Ashish Publishing House. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7024-592-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFParent&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Parent, Ted. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/mod-meta/ Modal Metaphysics]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 4 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPelczar2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pelczar, Michael (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tkjTBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA115 Sensorama: A Phenomenalist Analysis of Spacetime and Its Contents]''. ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-104706-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPenrose2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Penrose, Roger (2006). ''What Is Reality?'' ''New Scientist''. Boky 192, laharana 2578; tak. 32–39. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(06)61094-4 10.1016/S0262-4079(06)61094-4].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPerkowitz2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Perkowitz, Sidney (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8W6fDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Physics: A Very Short Introduction]''. ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-881394-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPerrett2016&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Perrett, Roy W. (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7 An Introduction to Indian Philosophy]''. ''Cambridge University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-85356-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPeters2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Peters, Michael A. (2021). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UakWEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 2.c Wittgenstein and the Rise of Linguistic Philosophy]''. Ao amin' ny ''Wittgenstein, Education and the Problem of Rationality''. Springer Nature Singapore. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 31–45. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-15-9972-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPetersonPoli2026&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Peterson, Keith; Poli, Roberto (2026). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nicolai-hartmann/ Nicolai Hartmann]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPetkov2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Petkov, Vesselin (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi9nBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA153 8. Physics as Spacetime Geometry]''. Ao amin' ny ''Springer Handbook of Spacetime''; Ashtekar, Abhay; Petkov, Vesselin (tonian-dahatsoratra). Springer. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 141–164. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-642-41992-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPlebani2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Plebani, Matteo (2020). ''1. Recent Debates over the Existence of Abstract Objects: An Overview''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2pbiDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Abstract Objects: For and Against]''; Falguera, José L.; Martínez-Vidal, Concha (tonian-dahatsoratra). Springer. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 1–16. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-38242-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPoli2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Poli, Roberto (2011). ''Hartmann's Theory of Categories: Introductory Remarks''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qya55bssVQC&amp;pg=PA1 The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann]''; Poli, Roberto; Scognamiglio, Carlo; Tremblay, Frederic (tonian-dahatsoratra). Walter de Gruyter. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-025418-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPolkinghorne2002&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Polkinghorne, John (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp7P8LayJJgC&amp;pg=PA1 Quantum Theory: A Very Short Introduction]''. ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-157767-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPratt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pratt, Alan. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ Nihilism]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 February 2025.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPutnam1999&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Putnam, Hilary (1999). ''2. Brains in a Vat''. Ao amin' ny ''Skepticism: A Contemporary Reader''; DeRose, Keith; Warfield, Ted A. (tonian-dahatsoratra). ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 27–42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-511827-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRangaswami2012&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rangaswami, Sudhakshina (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2snhxaaWDAYC&amp;pg=PA114 The Roots of Vedānta]''. Penguin Books India. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-306445-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRéeUrmson2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rée, Jonathan; Urmson, J. O. (2004). ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy''. Routledge. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-33177-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRescher1969&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rescher, Nicholas (1969). ''Introduction to Value Theory''. Prentice-Hall. Fiteny: en (anglisy). OCLC (laharana famantarana ny firaketana ao amin' ny tambajotram-piraketana bokin' ny tranomboky): 1070925450.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRescher2009&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rescher, Nicholas (2009). ''Unknowability: An Inquiry into the Limits of Knowledge''. Lexington books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7391-3615-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRescher2009a&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rescher, Nicholas (2009a). ''Ignorance: On the Wider Implications of Deficient Knowledge''. ''University of Pittsburgh Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i Pittsburgh). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8229-6014-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRescher2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rescher, Nicholas (2010). ''Reality and Its Appearance''. Continuum. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4411-5629-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRescher2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rescher, Nicholas (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyAEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Understanding Reality: Metaphysics in Epistemological Perspective]''. Bloomsbury. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 979-8-216-27476-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFReynolds2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Reynolds, Steven L. (2006). ''Realism and the Meaning of 'Real' 1''. ''Noûs''. Boky 40, laharana 3; tak. 468–494. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2006.00620.x 10.1111/j.1468-0068.2006.00620.x].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRobertson2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Robertson, Teresa (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=czr880lvAPIC&amp;pg=PA189 2.2 Reference]''. Ao amin' ny ''Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Language''; Russell, Gillian; Fara, Delia Graff (tonian-dahatsoratra). Routledge. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-59407-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRobinsonWeir2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Robinson, Howard; Weir, Ralph (2025). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dualism/ Dualism]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ''Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University''. Nojerena tamin' ny 5 December 2025.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRomero2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Romero, Gustavo E. (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA135 Scientific Philosophy]''. Springer. Fiteny: en (anglisy). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-319-97631-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRoussillon2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Roussillon, René (2005). ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/reality-principle International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis]''; Mijolla, Alain de (tonian-dahatsoratra). Macmillan Reference USA. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0028659244&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRuzsa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ruzsa, Ferenc. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ Sankhya]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 December 2025.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRønnow-Rasmussen2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni (2015). ''Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory]''; Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (tonian-dahatsoratra). ''Oxford University Press''. Fiteny: en (anglisy); tak. 29–43. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-022143-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSaatsi2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Saatsi, Juha (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFEPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 Introduction: Scientific Realism in the 21st Century]''. Ao amin' ny: Saatsi, Juha (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''The Routledge Handbook of Scientific Realism''. Routledge. Pejy 1–4. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-351-36291-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSanchez1992&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sanchez, N. (1992). ''String Quantum Gravity and Black Holes''. Ao amin' ny: Sabbata, Venzo De; Zhang, Zhenjiu (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''Black Hole Physics''. Springer. Pejy 359–380. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7923-1679-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSchaffer2009&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Schaffer, Jonathan (2009). ''12. On What Grounds What''. Ao amin' ny: Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=I_1QEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology]''. Oxford University Press. Pejy 347–383. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-156768-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSchaffer2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Schaffer, Jonathan (2010). ''Monism: The Priority of the Whole''. ''The Philosophical Review''. Boky 119, laharana 1, pejy 31–76. DOI: 10.1215/00318108-2009-025.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSchaffer2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Schaffer, Jonathan (2018). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monism/ Monism]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 14 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSchmitt2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Schmitt, Richard (2006). ''Phenomenology''. Ao amin' ny: Borchert, Donald M. (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/phenomenology Encyclopedia of Philosophy]''. Boky 7. Fanontana: 2nd. Macmillan. Pejy 278–299. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865789-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSearle1995&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Searle, John R. (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zrLQwJCcoOsC&amp;pg=PA1 The Construction of Social Reality]''. Simon and Schuster. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-928045-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSearle1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Searle, John R. (1998). ''Truth: A Reconsideration of Strawson's Views''. Ao amin' ny: Hahn, Lewis Edwin (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''The Philosophy of P.F. Strawson''. Open Court. Pejy 385–401. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8126-9377-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSearle2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Searle, John R. (2004). ''Mind: A Brief Introduction''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-515733-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSebens2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sebens, Charles (2020). ''What's Everything Made Of?''. ''American Scientist''. Boky 108, laharana 1, pejy 42. DOI: 10.1511/2020.108.1.42.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFShapiro2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Shapiro, Stuart C. (2006). ''Knowledge Representation''. ''[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0470018860.s00058 Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science]''. Wiley. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-01619-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI: 10.1002/0470018860.s00058. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSheikh2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sheikh, Mona Kanwal (2022). ''Worldviews and Conflict Analysis''. ''Negotiation Journal''. Boky 38, laharana 3, pejy 383–396. DOI: 10.1111/nejo.12411. PMID: 36632412. PMC: 9827816.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSider2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sider, Theodore (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GK8SEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Logic for Philosophy]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-265881-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSimmons2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Simmons, Keith (2006). ''Truth''. Ao amin' ny: Borchert, Donald M. (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''[https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/truth Encyclopedia of Philosophy]''. Boky 9. Fanontana: 2nd. Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. Pejy 534–542. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSmart2008&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Smart, Ninian (2008). ''World Philosophies''. Routledge. Fanontana: 2nd. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-41188-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSmith2018&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Smith, David Woodruff (2018). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/ Phenomenology]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 28 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSmith2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Smith, Emmanuel (2023). ''Doxastic Justification and Testimonial Beliefs''. ''Episteme''. Boky 22, pejy 179–192. DOI: 10.1017/epi.2023.49. ISSN: 1750-0117. Fidirana amin' ny DOI: free.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSonneveldLoening1993&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sonneveld, Helmi B.; Loening, Kurt L. (1993). ''Terminology: Applications in interdisciplinary communication''. John Benjamins Publishing. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-272-7400-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSprigge2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sprigge, T. L. S. (2005). ''Absolute, the''. Ao amin' ny: Honderich, Ted (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press. Pejy 2. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFStanford1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Stanford, Michael (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PijhEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 An Introduction to the Philosophy of History]''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-631-19941-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSteinhardt2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Steinhardt, Paul (2014). ''2. The Cyclic Universe''. Ao amin' ny: Brockman, John (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''The Universe: Leading Scientists Explore the Origin, Mysteries, and Future of the Cosmos''. Harper Collins. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-229609-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFStern2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Stern, A. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=buzuYtjU5o0C&amp;pg=PA1 Quantum Theoretic Machines: What is thought from the point of view of Physics?]''. Elsevier. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-08-054013-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSteupNeta2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2024). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 12 July 2024. Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200721023728/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ 21 July 2020]. Toetry ny URL: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFStudtmann2024&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Studtmann, Paul (2024). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-categories/ Aristotle's Categories]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 22 March 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSułkowskiDacko-PikiewiczSzczepańska-Woszczyna2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sułkowski, Łukasz; Dacko-Pikiewicz, Zdzisława; Szczepańska-Woszczyna, Katarzyna (2025). ''Philosophy and Management: Great Minds and Organizational Ideas''. Taylor &amp; Francis. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-040-42381-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSwartz&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Swartz, Norman. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/lawofnat/ Laws of Nature]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 15 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSøvik2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Søvik, Atle Ottesen (2022). ''A Basic Theory of Everything: A Fundamental Theoretical Framework for Science and Philosophy''. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-077104-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFTahko2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tahko, Tuomas E. (2023). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fundamentality/ Fundamentality]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 14 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFTallant2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tallant, Jonathan (2017). ''Metaphysics: An Introduction''. Bloomsbury. Fanontana: 2nd. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-3500-0671-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFTanesini2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tanesini, Alessandra (2017). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-epistemology/v-2 Social Epistemology]''. ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. Nojerena: 29 July 2024. DOI: 10.4324/0123456789-P046-2. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFThomasson2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Thomasson, Amie (2022). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/ Categories]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 20 March 2024. Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154635/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/ 8 October 2023]. Toetry ny URL: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFVaidman2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vaidman, Lev (2021). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 4 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFVarzi2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Varzi, Achille (2019). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ Mereology]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 25 March 2024. Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200928232840/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ 28 September 2020]. Toetry ny URL: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFVintiadis&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Vintiadis, Elly. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/emergence/ Emergence]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 14 June 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWang&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wang, Robin R. ''[https://iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ Yinyang (Yin-yang)]''. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Nojerena: 10 December 2025.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWangBaoGuan2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wang, Yueqing; Bao, Qinggang; Guan, Guoxing (2020). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gSfXDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3 1. Way (Dao, 道)]''. ''History of Chinese Philosophy Through Its Key Terms''. Nanjing University Press. Pejy 1–18. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-981-15-2572-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWardy1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wardy, Robert (1998). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-1 Categories]''. ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. Nojerena: 22 March 2024. Fiteny: en. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N005-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWeatherson2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Weatherson, Brian (2023). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/problem-of-many/ The Problem of the Many]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 19 November 2024.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWebel2021&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Webel, Charles P. (2021). ''The World as Idea: A Conceptual History''. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-74671-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWeinert2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Weinert, Friedel (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-R4ANHu-csMC&amp;pg=PA130 The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries]''. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-540-21374-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWesterhoff2019&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Westerhoff, Jan (2019). ''[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-2 Categories]''. ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780415249126-N005-2. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWheeler2020&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wheeler, Tom (2020). ''Transformed Thinking: A Defense of the Christian Worldview, English Standard Version''. Ambassador International. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-62020-747-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWhite2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;White, Alan (2014). ''Toward a Philosophical Theory of Everything: Contributions to the Structural-Systematic Philosophy''. Bloomsbury Academic. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-62356-718-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWilson2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wilson, Catherine (2005). ''Appearance and Reality''. Ao amin' ny: Honderich, Ted (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press. Pejy 43–44. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFWu2022&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wu, Guo (2022). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle]''. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-7936-5432-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFYijie2012&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Yijie, Tang (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkMuSA5pNsC&amp;pg=PA170 Cheng Xuanying and the Study of the Twofold Mystery]''. Ao amin' ny: Mou, Zhongjian (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''Taoism''. Brill. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-17453-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFZagzebski1999&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zagzebski, Linda (1999). ''What Is Knowledge?''. Ao amin' ny: Greco, John; Sosa, Ernest (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). ''The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology''. Blackwell. Pejy 92–116. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-631-20290-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI: 10.1002/9781405164863.ch3.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFZagzebski2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zagzebski, Linda (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KhqPito92b8C&amp;pg=PA1 Divine Motivation Theory]''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-53576-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFZahavi2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zahavi, Dan (2025). ''[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/ Edmund Husserl]''. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Nojerena: 1 July 2026.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFZhang2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zhang, Jiayan (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA220 One and Many: A Comparative Study of Plato's Philosophy and Daoism Represented by Ge Hong]''. University of Hawaii Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8248-6118-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFZhang2023&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Zhang, Tong (2023). ''Critical Realism: A Critical Evaluation''. ''Social Epistemology''. Boky 37, laharana 1, pejy 15–29. DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2080127. HDL: 11250/3021156. Fidirana amin' ny HDL: free.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reality Fikarohana famaritana ny teny anglisy ''Reality'' ao amin' ny Wiktionary]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reality Rakitra haino aman-jery momba ny zava-misy ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reality Teny nalaina momba ny zava-misy ao amin' ny Wikiquote]
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reality Fikarohana lahatsoratra momba ny zava-misy ao amin' ny Wikisource]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reality Fikarohana boky fianarana momba ny zava-misy ao amin' ny Wikibooks]
* [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reality Fikarohana loharanom-pianarana momba ny zava-misy ao amin' ny Wikiversity]

[[:Sokajy:Metafizika]]
[[:Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]</text>
      <sha1>803q7uqd6bekq871mifrw51xoasbhp0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazonta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153475</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1063" sha1="p9nmqgqqdl9eevtm55v1o0c47nyjn0i" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hazonta''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakavina ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Ebenaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Ebenales]] / [[Ericales]]) ary ''[[Ehretiaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Boraginales]]):

* ''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''Ebenaceae'') -- hazonta
* ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;) (''Ehretiaceae'') -- andiambavy, betroko, bontroko, harezo, hazondraihitsika, hazonta, kitatamalandy, malazovoafitetika, malazovoany, manindra, matifioditra, mavoampotaka, sarivatoana, tafitao, taindalotra, tokika, tsikatoaka, vatonaneha, voarafitra
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- andembavifotsy, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompika, hazonta, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, tekabe, tsingevika

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Diospyros]]''
* ''[[Ehretia]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]''</text>
      <sha1>p9nmqgqqdl9eevtm55v1o0c47nyjn0i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazontaha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153476</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="844" sha1="fyaugrn3ja5uyxeulmueev3worzs1me" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hazontaha''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Lamiales]]) sy ''[[Phyllanthaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malpighiales]]):

* ''[[Phyllanthus bojerianus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt; (''Phyllanthaceae'') -- ambalazo, ambolaza, hazontaha, karepa, marefolena,  marofolena, piky, raipika, repika
* ''[[Rhigozum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; (''Bignoniaceae'') -- hazontaha

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Phyllanthus]]''
* ''[[Rhigozum]]''
* [[Hazonta]]: ''[[Diospyros humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Ebenaceae]]''); ''[[Ehretia cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Ehretia corymbosa'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Ehretiaceae]]''); ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>fyaugrn3ja5uyxeulmueev3worzs1me</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Montafara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153477</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T03:47:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1072" sha1="q837khl7k1llf8g30yteuhtwpbhmjh6" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''montafara''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianalaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]):

* ''[[Asclepias curassavica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') --  fanoromena, kitseakanalika, montafara, treniombilahy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Muntafara sessilifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) -- antafara, antafaravavy, bararaka, montafara, montafaralahy, montafaravavy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- akanga, akangahazo, akangarano, akangatsimangolonanaka, folitra, haboka,  kabodrano, kaboka, kabokankoraka, kaboke, kanga, kangarano, kapoka, koraka, montafara, montaka, voakanga, voakangarano

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Asclepias]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
* ''[[Voacanga]]''</text>
      <sha1>q837khl7k1llf8g30yteuhtwpbhmjh6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fôndamentalisma</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153481</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:09:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384090275</comment>
      <origin>1153481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65732" sha1="th2qdwf9d76dtb1zdo9qg2xkq7eebxk" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Fôndamentalisma''' dia firehana hita eo amin' ny vondrona sy olona sasany, izay miavaka amin' ny fampiharana fivoasana hentitra sy ara-bakiteny amin' ny Soratra Masina, ny [[Tenim-pinoana|fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra]], na ny foto-kevitra ideôlôjika, ary amin' ny finoana mafy fa zava-dehibe ny manavaka ny vondrona misy ny tena sy ny vondrona ivelan' ny tena,&lt;ref&gt;last1: Altemeyer; first1: B.; last2: Hunsberger; first2: B.; Taona: 1992; Lohateny: ''Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice''; Gazety akademika: ''International Journal for the Psychology of Religion''; Boky: 2; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 113–133; doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;&gt;last1: Kunst; first1: Jonas R.; last2: Thomsen; first2: Lotte; last3: Sam; first3: David L.; Lohateny: ''Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians: Late Abrahamic reunion''; Gazety akademika: ''European Journal of Social Psychology''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/6436421]; Daty: June 2014; Boky: 44; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 337–348; doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Kunst; first1: J. R.; last2: Thomsen; first2: L.; Taona: 2014; Lohateny: ''Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations''; Gazety akademika: ''The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion''; Boky: 25; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 293–306; doi: 10.1080/10508619.2014.937965; hdl: 10852/43723; s2cid: 53625066; url: [https://zenodo.org/record/812900]; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hunsberger; first1: B; Taona: 1995; Lohateny: ''Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism''; Gazety akademika: ''Journal of Social Issues''; Boky: 51; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 113–129; doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: ... the fundamentalism and quest relationships with prejudice are especially meaningful in light of an association with right‐wing authoritarianism. ... In the end, it would seem that it is not religion per se, but rather the ways in which individuals hold their religious beliefs, which are associated with prejudice..&lt;/ref&gt; ka mitarika amin' ny fanasongadinana hevitra iray momba ny hoe «fahadiovana» sy ny faniriana hiverina amin' ny filamatra taloha, izay heverin' ny mpomba izany fa nialan' ny mpikambana. Matetika io teny io no ampiasaina amin' ny sehatry ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]] mba hilazana fifikirana tsy miova amin' ny fitambaran' ny finoana fototra tsy azo ahena intsony (ireo «fototra» iorenan' ny finoana).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of &quot;Fundamentalism&quot;''; Gazety akademika: ''American Anthropologist''; Daty: Jun 2001; first: Judith; last: Nagata; Boky: 103; Laharana: 2; doi: 10.1525/aa.2001.103.2.481; Pejy: 481–498; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Once considered exclusively a matter of religion, theology, or scriptural correctness, use of the term fundamentalism has recently undergone metaphorical expansion into other domains [...]..&lt;!--|access-date= January 13, 2011--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny mpikaroka momba ny fivavahana dia mandray ny teny hoe «fôndamentalisma» ho enti-milaza tranga ara-pivavahana mifamatotra indrindra amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Na dia fivoasana vaovao ny fivavahana araka ny fepetra amaritan' ny môdernisma azy aza ny fôndamentalisma, dia mandray ny fivavahana ho toy ny zavatra mivaingana sy raikitra izy io, ho fanoherana ny firehana môdernista, ny firehana [[Sekiolarisma|manasaraka ny fivavahana sy ny raharaham-panjakana]], ny firehana [[Liberalisma|liberaly]], ary ny [[Ekiomenisma|firehana ekiomenika mikendry ny firaisan' ny samy Kristianina]]. Ireo firehana ireo dia mivoatra eo anivon' ny fivavahana sy ny fiarahamonina amin' ny ankapobeny, ary heverin' ny fôndamentalisma ho vahiny amin' ny lovam-pivavahana iray manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;armstrong&quot;&gt;last: Armstrong; first: Karen; Daty: 2004; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalism and the Secular Society''; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40203988]; Gazety akademika: ''International Journal''; Boky: 59; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 875–877; doi: 10.2307/40203988; jstor: 40203988; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Arakaraka ny toe-javatra ampiasana azy, ny anarana hoe «fôndamentalisma» dia mety ho teny manambany fa tsy famaritana tsy miangatra, sahala amin' ny hoe «ankavanana» na «ankavia» izay mety hanana heviny miiba rehefa ilazana fomba fijery pôlitika.&lt;ref&gt;last: Harris; first: Harriet; author-link: Harriet Harris (academic); Lohateny: ''Fundamentalism and Evangelicals''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Toerana: Oxford; Taona: 2008; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-953253-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 182663241.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;first: Roland; last: Boer; editor: Tony Bennett; editor2: Lawrence Grossberg; editor3: Meaghan Morris; editor4: Raymond Williams; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalism''; Rakipahalalana: ''New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society''; Mpamoaka: Blackwell Publishing; Toerana: Cambridge, Massachusetts; Taona: 2005; Pejy: 134–137; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-631-22568-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 230674627; url: [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf]; Daty nijerena: July 27, 2008; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910055945/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: September 10, 2008; df: mdy-all; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Widely used as a pejorative term to designate one's fanatical opponents – usually religious and/or political – rather than oneself, fundamentalism began in Christian Protestant circles in the eC20. Originally restricted to debates within evangelical ('gospel-based') Protestantism, it is now employed to refer to any person or group that is characterized as unbending, rigorous, intolerant, and militant. The term has two usages, the prior one a positive self-description, which then developed into the later derogatory usage that is now widespread..&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fôndamentalisma ara-pivavahana ==

=== Bodisma ===
Jereo koa: Bodisma sy herisetra.

Nisy fôndamentalista bodista nikendry vondrona ara-pivavahana sy ara-poko hafa, toy ny tany [[Mianmara]]. Any Mianmara, izay anjakan' ny bodista, dia nisy fifanenjanana teo amin' ireo Mozilmana vitsy anisa sy ireo bodista maro anisa, indrindra nandritra ny korontana nanohitra ny Mozilmana tany Mianmara tamin' ny 2013 (izay mety ho nampirisihin' ny vondrona manaraka politika hentitra tsy milefitra, toy ny Hetsika 969).&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/30965]; Daty: March 30, 2013; author: KYAW ZWA MOE; Lohateny: ''Root Out the Source of Meikhtila Unrest''; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130827232539/http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/30965]; Daty nitahirizana: August 27, 2013; Daty nijerena: November 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy koa izany nandritra ny hetsika mifandray amin' ny fandripahana ny Rohingya (nanomboka tamin' ny 2016).

Ahitana fôndamentalisma bodista koa any [[Srilanka]]. Any Srilanka, izay anjakan' ny bodista, dia nisy fifanenjanana tato ho ato teo amin' ireo Mozilmana vitsy anisa sy ireo bodista maro anisa, indrindra nandritra ny korontana nanohitra ny Mozilmana tany Srilanka tamin' ny 2014&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/19/world/asia/sri-lanka-muslim-aluthgama]; Lohateny: ''Fear, shock among Sri Lankan Muslims in aftermath of Buddhist mob violence''; first1: Iqbal; last1: Athas; first2: Tim; last2: Hume; Daty: June 24, 2014; work: ''CNN''; Daty nijerena: January 23, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny korontana nanohitra ny Mozilmana tany Srilanka tamin' ny 2018,&lt;ref&gt;
url: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43305453]; Lohateny: ''Sri Lanka struggles to halt days of Buddhist riots''; Daty: March 7, 2018; work: ''BBC News''; Daty nijerena: January 23, 2020.
&lt;/ref&gt; izay voalaza fa nampirisihin' ny vondrona manaraka politika hentitra tsy milefitra, toy ny ''Bodu Bala Sena'' (vondrona bodista manaraka politika hentitra).&lt;ref&gt;last: Riza; first: M.; Lohateny: ''Sri Lanka declares emergency amid communal riots''; url: [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/3/6/sri-lanka-imposes-state-of-emergency-after-communal-riots]; Daty nijerena: 2024-10-17; website: Al Jazeera; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samy ahitana ohatra ara-tantara sy ankehitriny momba ny fôndamentalisma bodista ireo sampana telo lehibe amin' ny [[Bodisma|bodisma]]: ny [[Bodisma teravada|Theravada]], ny [[Bodisma mahaiana|Mahayana]] ary ny [[Bodisma vajraiana|Vajrayana]]. Ankoatra ireo ohatra voalaza etsy ambony momba ny fôndamentalisma eo amin' ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny Theravada, dia azo heverina ho ohatra iray ao amin' ny lovam-pampianarana Vajrayana ny fandraisan' i Pabongkhapa, ''lama'' tibetana (mpampianatra ara-pivavahana) tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, ny hevitra momba an' i Dorje Shugden, izay andriamanitra mpiaro, ho zavatra raikitra.
Nampiasain' i Pabongkhapa ho fitaovana lehibe i Dorje Shugden tamin' ny fanenjehany ny Hetsika Rimé izay niroborobo. Hetsika ekiomenika, izany hoe nikatsaka ny fampiraisana ireo sampana ara-pivavahana, izy io, ary nampitambatra ny fampianaran' ny Sakya, ny Kagyu ary ny Nyingma,&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSchaik2011|Schaik (2011)]], pp. 165–169&lt;/ref&gt; ho setrin' ny fanjakan' ny sekoly Gelug.
Na dia nisokatra tamin' ny fampianarana samihafa aza i Pabongkhapa tany am-piandohan' ny fiainany, dia nisy famantarana maromaro noheveriny fa naneho ny tsy fahafalian' i Dorje Shugden taminy noho izy nandray fampianarana avy amin' ny sekoly tsy Gelug. Nanomboka hetsika famelomana indray ny lovam-pampianarana àry izy, izay nanohitra ny fampifangaroan' ireo mpanaraka ny Gelug ny fomba fanaony amin' ny fomba tsy Gelug.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKay2004|Kay (2004)]], p. 47&lt;/ref&gt;
Toy izao no nanehoana ny tena asan' ilay andriamanitra (dikanteny malagasy): «ny fiarovana ny lovam-pampianarana Ge-luk amin' ny alalan' ny herisetra, ka anisan' izany hatramin' ny famonoana ny fahavalony». Misy fanavahana lehibe anefa ao amin' ny fanazavana manaraka (dikanteny malagasy): «ireo ‘fahavalon' ny Gelug’ ireo dia tsy dia ireo mpikambana ao amin' ny sekoly mpifaninana loatra, fa indrindra ireo mpanaraka ny lovam-pampianarana Gelug ‘izay mampifangaro ny lovam-pampianaran' i Dzong-ka-ba amin' ny singa avy amin' ny lovam-pampianarana hafa, indrindra ny Dzok-chen ao amin' ny Nying-ma’».&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKay2004|Kay (2004)]], p. 47&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany Japàna, ohatra iray nisongadina ny fampiasan' ny mpikambana sasany ao amin' ny antokom-pivavahana Nichiren, izay ao amin' ny Mahayana, ny ''shakubuku''. Fomba fampielezana finoana mba hahazoana mpanaraka izy io, izay ahitana fanamelohana mafy ny antokom-pivavahana hafa ho tsy ampy na [[Ratsy|ratsy]].

=== Kristianisma ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Fôndamentalisma kristiana]].

Nofaritan' i George Marsden ho fitakiana ny hifikirana hentitra amin' ny foto-pampianarana teôlôjika sasany ny fôndamentalisma kristiana, ho fanoherana ny teôlôjia môdernista.&lt;ref&gt;Tamin' ny 2023, efa voatonona ho loharano in-3600 mahery ny sanganasan' i Marsden, araka ny Google Scholar. Lohateny: ''Google Scholar''; url: [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;q=marsden+fundamentalism&amp;as_sdt=1,27]; Daty nijerena: 2023-01-02; website: scholar.google.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny mpomba azy no namorona ilay teny tany am-boalohany mba hilazana finoana teôlôjika dimy manokana izay nambaran' izy ireo fa anisan' ny finoana mahazatra hatry ny ela tao amin' ny kristianisma. Nitarika ny fivoaran' ny [[Fôndamentalisma kristiana|hetsika fôndamentalista kristiana]] teo amin' ny fiarahamonina prôtestanta tao Etazonia ny famoronana ilay teny, tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref&gt;first: John; last: Buescher; Lohateny: ''A History of Fundamentalism''; url: [https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100714095134/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092]; Daty nitahirizana: 14 July 2010; Daty nijerena: 2023-01-02; website: teachinghistory.org.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Etazonia no nipoiran' ny fôndamentalisma amin' ny maha hetsika azy, nanomboka teo amin' ireo teôlôjiana [[Presbiterianisma|presbiteriana]] mpitahiry ny foto-pampianarana nentim-paharazana tao amin' ny ''Princeton Theological Seminary'' (sekoly ambony fianarana teôlôjia ao Princeton), tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19. Tsy ela dia niely tamin' ireo mpitahiry ny foto-pampianarana nentim-paharazana teo amin' ny [[Batisma|Batista]] sy ny antokom-pivavahana hafa izany, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1910 sy 1920 teo ho eo. Ny tanjon' ilay hetsika dia ny hanamafy indray ireo foto-pampianarana teôlôjika fototra sy hiaro azy ireo amin' ny fanamby napetraky ny [[Teôlôjia liberaly|teôlôjia liberaly]] sy ny [[Famakafakana ara-tantara aman-tsikera|fandinihana mitsikera ny niaviana sy ny toe-javatra nanoratana ny Baiboly]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFAmmerman1991|Ammerman (1991)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark A. Noll, ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada'' (1992), pp. 376-86.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny hevitra momba ny fôndamentalisma dia miainga amin' ireo fihaonambe momba ny Baiboly tao Niagara, izay natao isan-taona teo anelanelan' ny taona 1878 sy 1897. Nandritra ireo fihaonambe ireo no namaritan' ny mpandray anjara ireo foto-pampianarana izay noheverina tamin' ny ankapobeny ho fototry ny finoana kristiana.

Efa nisy endrika nialoha ny fôndamentalisma tao amin' ny ''The Fundamentals: A Testimony To The Truth'', fitambarana bokikely roa ambin' ny folo navoakan' izy mirahalahy Milton sy Lyman Stewart teo anelanelan' ny taona 1910 sy 1915. Heverina amin' ny ankapobeny ho fototry ny fôndamentalisma kristiana môderina io fitambarana io.

Tamin' ny taona 1910, ny Fivoriambe ankapoben' ny Fiangonana presbiteriana dia namaritra ireto foto-pampianarana ireto, izay nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe «fototra dimy»:&lt;ref&gt;George M. Marsden, ''Fundamentalism and American Culture'', (1980) p. 117&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny [[Tsindrimandry (fivavahana)|tsindrimandrin' Andriamanitra tao amin' ny fanoratana ny Baiboly]] sy ny tsy fahafahan' ny Soratra Masina diso noho izany;
* Ny [[Fiteraham-birijiny|fahaterahan' i Jesoa tamin' ny virjiny]];
* Ny finoana fa ny fahafatesan' i Kristy no fanavotana ny fahotana;
* Ny [[Fitsanganan' i Jesoa ho velona|fitsanganan' i Jesoa tamin' ny maty]] ara-batana;
* Ny maha zava-nitranga ara-tantara ny [[Fahagagana nataon' i Jesoa|fahagagana nataon' i Jesoa]].

Tamin' ny taona 1920 no nampiasain' i Curtis Lee Laws voalohany tamin' ny soratra vita pirinty ny teny anglisy hoe ''fundamentalist''. Tonian' ny gazety batista ''The Watchman Examiner'' izy,&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''fundamentalist (adj.)''; url: [https://www.etymonline.com/word/fundamentalist]; website: Etymonline; Mpamoaka: Online Etymology Dictionary; Daty nijerena: January 29, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; ary nanolo-kevitra ny hiantsoana ireo Kristiana niady ho an' ny fototry ny finoana hoe ''fundamentalists'' izy.&lt;ref&gt;Curtis Lee Laws, ''Convention Side Lights,'' The Watchman-Examiner, 8, no. 27 (1 July 1920), p 834.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe fôndamentalista ireo mpitahiry ny foto-pampianarana teôlôjika nentim-paharazana izay nivondrona nanodidina ireo fototra dimy. Nolavin' izy ireo ny fiheverana fa misy itoviany amin' ny lovam-pivavahana mifandray aminy ara-teôlôjia, toy ny fanakambanana ny kristianisma sy ny [[Silamo|silamo]] ary ny [[Jodaisma|jodaisma]] ho [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fianakaviam-pivavahana iray avy amin' i Abrahama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;/&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, na dia mazàna manaiky ireo fototra araka ny ilazana azy ao amin' ny ''The Fundamentals'' aza ireo vondrona [[Evanjelisma|evanjelika]], toy ny ''Billy Graham Evangelistic Association'' (fikambanan' i Billy Graham momba ny fitoriana ny Filazantsara), dia matetika izy ireo no vonona handray anjara amin' ny hetsika miaraka amin' ireo vondrona ara-pivavahana izay tsy mifikitra amin' ireo foto-pampianarana heverina ho tena ilaina ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Carpenter, ''Revive us Again'' (1997) p 200&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahan' ny vondrom-poko ===
Jereo koa: firehana manasongadina ny fomba amam-panaon' ny tompontany; [[Fivavahan-drazana|fivavahan' ny vondrom-poko]].

Manam-pahaizana vitsivitsy no miantso hoe fôndamentalista ny sasany amin' ny hetsika famelomana indray ny fomba amam-panao ara-pivavahana ao anatin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana|fivavahan' ny vondrom-poko]] sy ny fivavahan' ny tompontany. Ireo hetsika ireo dia manasongadina ny fomba amam-panaon' ny tompontany sady mandà ny fiovana nentin' ny fanjakana môderina sy ny fivavahana lehibe, ka manohana ny fiverenana amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana, mifanohitra amin' ny hetsika fanavaozana mampifangaro finoana. Araka izany, anisan' ireo hetsika ara-pivavahana vaovao maro teo amin' ny tompontany amerikanina, izay sokajina amin' ny ankapobeny ho fôndamentalista, ny fikomiana Pueblo (''Pueblo Revolt''; taompolo 1680), ny hetsiky ny mpaminany [[Shawnee|Shawnee]] (''Shawnee Prophet Movement''; 1805–1811), ny hetsiky ny mpaminany [[Tserôky (vahoaka)|Cherokee]] (''Cherokee Prophet Movement''; 1811–1813), ny ady ''Red Stick War'' (1813–1814), ny fikomian' i White Path (''White Path's Rebellion''; 1826), ny hetsiky ny mpaminany Winnebago (''Winnebago Prophet Movement''; 1830–1832), ny hetsika ''Ghost Dance'' voalohany (1869–1870) sy ny hetsika ''Ghost Dance'' faharoa (1889–1890), ary ny hetsika ''Snake'' teo amin' ny vahoaka Cherokee, Choctaw ary [[Moskôgy (vahoaka)|Muscogee Creek]] nandritra ny taompolo 1890.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChampagne2005|Champagne (2005)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hindoisma ===
Jereo koa: ''Hindutva'', nasiônalisma hindoa ary fampihorohoroana hindoa.

Tranga sarotra sy ahitana fifanoherana ny fisian' ny fôndamentalisma ao amin' ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]]. Misy milaza fa ahitana fironana fôndamentalista ny lafiny sasany amin' ny ''Gaudiya Vaishnavism'', nefa hita mazava kokoa ireo fironana ireo ao amin' ny ''Hindutva'', izay endrika manjaka amin' ny nasiônalisma hindoa ao India ankehitriny sady firehana mihamahery sy mihamitombo fahefana eo amin' io fivavahana io.
Ahitana hevitra sy fomba amam-panao isan-karazany momba ny fiainana ara-panahy ny hindoisma, nefa tsy manana rafitra ara-pitondram-pivavahana, na manam-pahefana ara-pivavahana tsy azo iadian-kevitra, na rafi-pitantanana, na mpaminany, na boky masina izay tsy maintsy ankatoavin' ny rehetra.
Afaka misafidy ny [[Pôliteisma|hino andriamanitra maro]] ny Hindoa; na hanaraka ny [[Panteisma|panteisma]], izay mampitovy an' Andriamanitra sy izao rehetra izao; na ny [[Panenteisma|panenteisma]], izay mihevitra fa ao amin' Andriamanitra izao rehetra izao nefa tsy voafetra amin' izao rehetra izao Andriamanitra; na ny pandeisma, izay mihevitra fa nanjary izao rehetra izao ilay Andriamanitra namorona azy ka tsy miasa misaraka aminy intsony; na ny [[Henôteisma|henoteisma]], izay manompo andriamanitra iray nefa tsy mandà ny fisian' ny andriamanitra hafa; na [[Mônôteisma|hino Andriamanitra tokana]]; na [[Mônisma|hihevitra fa fototra tokana no iorenan' ny zava-misy rehetra]]; na [[Agnôstisisma|tsy hilaza ho mahalala raha misy Andriamanitra na tsia]]; na [[Ateisma|tsy hino ny fisian' ny andriamanitra]]; na [[Homanisma|hanaraka fomba fisainana manome lanja ny olombelona sy ny fahafahany mampiasa ny sainy ary ny mahasoa azy]].&lt;ref&gt;last: Lipner; first: Julius; author-link: Julius J. Lipner; Lohateny: ''Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices''; Mpamoaka: Routledge; Taona: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fanontana: 2nd; Toerana: Abingdon; oclc: 812916971; Pejy: 8; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: &quot;... one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, henotheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Kurtz; first: Lester R.; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of violence, peace, &amp; conflict''; Mpamoaka: Elsevier; publication-place: Amsterdam; Daty: 2008; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84972-393-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 436849045.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MK Gandhi, ''The Essence of Hinduism Archived 24 July 2015 at the [[Wayback Machine]]'', Tonian-dahatsoratra: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, jereo ny pejy 3; Araka ny voalazan' i Gandhi, &quot;a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny voalazan' i Doniger, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny hevitra momba ny raharaha lehibe rehetra mahakasika ny finoana sy ny fomba fiaina — ny tsy fihinanana hena, ny tsy fampiasana herisetra, ny finoana ny fahaterahana indray, eny fa na dia ny fizarana ara-tsaranga nolovaina hatrany am-bohoka aza — dia iadian-kevitra, fa tsy [[Tenim-pinoana|fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra]]. »&lt;ref&gt;last: Doniger; first: Wendy; Lohateny: ''On Hinduism''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_QAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3]; Taona: 2014; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press USA; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; author-link: Wendy Doniger; Pejy: 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy milaza fa sarotra ny mahita « fôndamentalisma ara-pivavahana » amin' ny tena heviny, izay mifikitra amin' ny fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra, satria maro karazana ny fomba amam-panao sy ny hevitra voafaokan' ny teny hoe hindoisma, ka tsy misy « fototra » ara-pampianarana momba an' Andriamanitra iombonana.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Hinduism not a religion, there's no book, no papacy: Sadhguru''; Daty: May 24, 2016; url: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRxmg213lBc]; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 2021-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hafa kosa manondro ny fitomboan' ny nasiônalisma hindoa vao haingana tao India ho porofo manohitra izany. Voalaza momba io fivavahana io fa, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, « tsy manaiky hoferana amin' ny famaritana sy ny fanasokajiana tiantsika homena azy ». Ao India, ny teny hoe ''dharma'' no tiana hampiasaina kokoa, izay mivelatra kokoa noho ny teny tandrefana hoe « fivavahana ».&lt;ref&gt;last: Sharma; first: Arvind; Lohateny: ''The Study of Hinduism''; Mpamoaka: University of South Carolina Press; Taona: 2003; Pejy: 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho izany, misy manam-pahaizana milaza fa tsy manana fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra ny hindoisma, ka tsy manana hevitra manokana momba ny « fôndamentalisma ». Ny manam-pahaizana hafa kosa manasokajy hetsika hindoa maro mandray anjara mavitrika amin' ny politika ho isan' ny « vondron' ny fôndamentalista hindoa ».&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''On the Difference Between Hinduism and Hindutva''; url: [https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/on-the-difference-between-hinduism-and-hindutva/]; Daty nijerena: 2021-12-04; website: Association for Asian Studies; Fiteny: en-US.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brekke 1991 127&quot;&gt;author: Brekke; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalism: Prophecy and Protest in an Age of Globalization''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGooYIEd9h4C&amp;pg=PA127]; Taona: 1991; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Pejy: 127; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781139504294&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Silamo ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fôndamentalisma silamo.

Miverina any amin' ny fiandohan' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana silamo, tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 sy tamin' ny andron' ny [[Karijisma|Kharijites]], ny fiandohan' ny fôndamentalisma ao amin' ny fivavahana silamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poljarevic 2021&quot;&gt;author-last: Poljarevic; author-first: Emin; Taona: 2021; Toko: ''Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)''; editor1-last: Cusack; editor1-first: Carole M.; editor1-link: Carole M. Cusack; editor2-last: Upal; editor2-first: Muhammad Afzal; Lohateny: ''Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements''; Toerana: Leiden and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]; Mpamoaka: Brill Publishers; Andian-dahatsoratra: Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion; Boky: 21; doi: 10.1163/9789004435544_026; doi-access: free; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; issn: 1874-6691; Pejy: 485–512.&lt;/ref&gt; Niainga tamin' ny fijoroany izay ara-pôlitika indrindra izy ireo ka namolavola foto-pampianarana tafahoatra izay nampiavaka azy tamin' ny [[Mozilmana]] [[Siisma|siita]] sy [[Sonisma|sonita]] nanaraka ny firehana lehibe indrindra tao amin' ireo sampana roa ireo. Nisongadina indrindra ny Kharijites noho ny fampiharany tamin' ny fomba hentitra tafahoatra ny fanambarana ny Mozilmana hafa ho tsy mpino (''takfir''): nambarany ho tsy mpino ny Mozilmana hafa, ka noheverin' izy ireo ho mendrika ny ho faty noho izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poljarevic 2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/]; Lohateny: ''Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''; work: ''The Globe and Mail''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism]; Lohateny: ''Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism''; author: Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara; work: ''Ottawa Citizen''; Daty: February 6, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hasan-balance-2012&quot;&gt;author: Dr. Usama Hasan; Daty: 2012; url: [http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf]; Lohateny: ''The Balance of in challenging extremism''; Daty nijerena: 2015-11-17; url-status: dead; Mpamoaka: Quilliam Foundation; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: August 2, 2014; df: mdy.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ady ara-pivavahana teo amin' ny siita sy ny sonita nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 dia nanokatra lalana ho an' ny mpandinika firehan-kevitra mahery fihetsika, toa an' i Ali Shariati (1933–77), hampifandray ny revôlisiôna ara-piarahamonina sy ny fôndamentalisma silamo, araka ny hita tamin' ny [[Revôlisiôna Iraniana]] tamin' ny 1979.&lt;ref&gt;last: Griffith; first: William E.; Daty: 1979; Lohateny: ''The Revival of Islamic Fundamentalism: The Case of Iran''; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2626789]; Gazety akademika: ''International Security''; Boky: 4; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 132–138; doi: 10.2307/2626789; jstor: 2626789; s2cid: 154146522; issn: 0162-2889; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Nipoitra tany amin' ny firenena maro ny fôndamentalisma silamo;&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence Davidson, ''Islamic Fundamentalism'' (Greenwood, 2003)&lt;/ref&gt; ny endriny ''Salafi''-''[[Oahabisma|Wahhabi]]'' dia aely maneran-tany ary vatsian' i [[Arabia Saodita]], i [[Katara]] ary i [[Pakistàna]] vola.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States''; url: [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm]; Daty: 26 June 2003; website: www.govinfo.gov; Toerana: [[Washington D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]; Mpamoaka: United States Government Publishing Office; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215092631/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm]; Daty nitahirizana: 15 December 2018; url-status: live; Daty nijerena: 26 June 2021; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Nearly 22 months have passed since the atrocity of September 11th. Since then, many questions have been asked about the role in that day's terrible events and in other challenges we face in the war against terror of [[Arabia Saodita|Saudi Arabia]] and its official sect, a separatist, exclusionary and violent form of Islam known as Wahhabism. It is widely recognized that all of the 19 suicide pilots were Wahhabi followers. In addition, 15 of the 19 were Saudi subjects. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from [[Marôka|Morocco]] to [[Indônezia|Indonesia]], via [[Israely|Israel]], Saudi Arabia, [[Tsetsenia|Chechnya]]. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on U.S. troops in Iraq. ''The Washington Post'' has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in Fallujah. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam ... The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today's international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like al Qaeda, a group that, according to the FBI, and I am quoting, is the 'number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today'..&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: DeLong-Bas; first: Natana J.; author-link: Natana J. DeLong-Bas; Taona: 2004; Lohateny: ''Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=797QCwAAQBAJ]; Toerana: [[New York]]; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0195169913&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Armstrong; first: Karen; author-link: Karen Armstrong; Daty: 27 November 2014; Lohateny: ''Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism''; url: [http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism]; Toerana: [[Lôndôna|London]]; magazine: ''New Statesman''; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism]; Daty nitahirizana: 27 November 2014; url-status: live; Daty nijerena: 28 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Crooke; first: Alastair; author-link: Alastair Crooke; orig-date: First published 27 August 2014; Daty: 30 March 2017; Lohateny: ''You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia''; url: [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html]; Toerana: [[New York]]; work: ''The Huffington Post''; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html]; Daty nitahirizana: 28 August 2014; url-status: live; Daty nijerena: 28 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author-last: Sells; author-first: Michael; Daty: 22 December 2016; Lohateny: ''Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem''; url: [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1]; Toerana: [[New York]]; work: ''The Huffington Post''; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032152/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e]; Daty nitahirizana: 8 April 2020; url-status: live; Daty nijerena: 28 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lindijer; first1: Koert; Lohateny: ''How Islam from the north spreads once more into the Sahel''; url: [http://theafricanists.info/how-islam-from-the-north-spreads-once-more-into-the-sahel/]; website: The Africanists; Daty nijerena: 24 November 2014; Daty: 24 August 2013; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Hundreds of years later, Islam again comes to the Sahel, this time with an unstoppable mission mentality and the way paved by money from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Pakistan. Foreigners, and also Malians who received scholarships to study in Saudi Arabia, introduce this strict form of Islam, and condemn the sufi's (sic)..&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanamarika fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny fampiasana ny teny anglisy hoe “''fundamentalism''” (fôndamentalisma) ny krizin' ny fakana takalonaina tany Iràna tamin' ny 1979–80. Rehefa niezaka nanazava ny firehan-kevitr' i [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] sy ny Revôlisiôna Iraniana tamin' ny mpihaino sy mpamaky tandrefana ny fampahalalam-baovao, dia nilazalaza izany ho “''fundamentalist version of Islam''” izy ireo, izany hoe «endrika fôndamentalistan' ny fivavahana silamo», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, tamin' ny fampitahana azy tamin' ny hetsika fôndamentalista kristiana tany Etazonia. Teraka tamin' izany ny teny anglisy hoe ''Islamic fundamentalist'' (fôndamentalista silamo), izay nanjary iray amin' ny fampiasana mahazatra ny teny hoe fôndamentalisma nandritra ireo taona nanaraka.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://news.google.com/archivesearch?ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;um=1&amp;tab=wn&amp;q=Islamic+fundamentalist&amp;scoring=n&amp;sa=N&amp;sugg=d&amp;as_ldate=1990&amp;as_hdate=1991&amp;lnav=d4&amp;hdrange=1992,2005]; Lohateny: ''Google News Search: Chart shows spikes in '79 (Iran hostage crisis), after 9/11 and in '92 and '93 (Algerian elections, PLO).''; Daty nijerena: December 9, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jodaisma ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fôndamentalisma jiosy.

Nampiasaina ny anarana hoe «fôndamentalisma jiosy» mba hilazana ny endrika manao tolona mafy amin' ny ziônisma ara-pivavahana, sy ny endrika [[Askenazy|Ashkenazi]] sy [[Sefarada|Sephardic]] amin' ny jodaisma Haredi.&lt;ref name=&quot;brit1&quot;&gt;url: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1191955/fundamentalism/252664/Jewish-fundamentalism-in-Israel#ref883280]; Lohateny: ''fundamentalism - religious movement''; website: britannica.com; Daty nijerena: October 22, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Nofaritan' i Ian S. Lustik ho «foto-pisainana nasiônalista tafahoatra, [[Eskatôlôjia|mifototra amin' ny fampianarana momba ny andro farany]], ary mitaky ny hampidirana ao amin' ny firenena iray ny faritany heverina ho azy» ny «fôndamentalisma jiosy» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.geocities.com/alabasters_archive/dangerous_fundamentalists.html]; author: Ian S. Lustik; Lohateny: ''Israel's Dangerous Fundamentalists''; Gazety akademika: ''Foreign Policy''; Laharana: 68; Daty: Fall 1987; Pejy: 118–139; issn: 0015-7228; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021171748/http://geocities.com/alabasters_archive/dangerous_fundamentalists.html]; Daty nitahirizana: October 21, 2009; Daty nijerena: November 4, 2013; df: mdy-all.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ateisma vaovao ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ateisma vaovao.

Ny teny hoe ateisma vaovao dia ilazana ny fomba fijerin' ny manam-pahaizana eny amin' ny oniversite, mpanoratra, mpahay siansa ary filôzôfa sasany izay [[Ateisma|tsy mino ny fisian' ny andriamanitra]], tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lee; first1: Lois; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XguDDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT48]; Lohateny: ''A Dictionary of Atheism''; last2: Bullivant; first2: Stephen; Daty: 2016-11-17; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-252013-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 12 March 2017; Daty nitahirizana: 20 January 2023; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230120215619/https://books.google.com/books?id=XguDDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT48]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Wolf; first: Gary; Daty: November 1, 2006; Lohateny: ''The Church of the Non-Believers''; Fiteny: en-US; magazine: ''Wired''; url: [https://www.wired.com/2006/11/atheism/]; Daty nijerena: 2023-01-19; issn: 1059-1028; Daty nitahirizana: 21 July 2017; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721010426/https://www.wired.com/2006/11/atheism/]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy mpitsikera namaritra ny ateisma vaovao ho fôndamentalisma tsy ara-pivavahana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Hedges; first: Chris; Lohateny: ''When Atheism Becomes Religion: America's New Fundamentalists''; Taona: 2008; Mpamoaka: Free Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4165-7078-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=b-f_HU9MZuYC&amp;dq=new+atheism+fundamentalism&amp;pg=PA1].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: McAnulla; first: Stuart; Lohateny: ''Secular fundamentalists? Characterising the new atheist approach to secularism, religion and politics''; Gazety akademika: ''British Politics''; Boky: 9; Pejy: 124–145; Taona: 2011; Laharana: 2; Mpamoaka: Palgrave Macmillan; doi: 10.1057/bp.2013.27; url: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/bp.2013.27]; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: LeDrew; first: Stephen; Lohateny: ''Relativism and Post-Truth in Contemporary Society''; Toko: ''Scientism and Utopia: New Atheism as a Fundamentalist Reaction to Relativism''; Taona: 2018; Pejy: 143–155; Mpamoaka: Springer; doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96559-8_9; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-319-96558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Rohin' ny toko: [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-96559-8_9].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Stahl; first: William; Lohateny: ''Religion and the New Atheism: A Critical Appraisal''; Toko: ''One-Dimensional Rage: The Social Epistemology Of The New Atheism And Fundamentalism''; Taona: 2010; Pejy: 95–108; Mpamoaka: Brill; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-19053-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Rohin' ny toko: [https://brill.com/display/book/9789004190535/Bej.9789004185579.i-253_008.xml].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politika ==
Eo amin' ny politika maoderina, dia nampifandraisina tamin' ny politika ankavanana ny fôndamentalisma, indrindra fa ny fitandrovana ny lamina ara-piarahamonina nentim-paharazana. Matetika ny mpomba izany fitandrovana izany no manohana politika mifanaraka amin' ny fôndamentalisma ara-pivavahana, toy ny fanohanana ny fanaovana vavaka any an-tsekoly sy ny fanoherana ny zon' ny LGBT (vehivavy tia vehivavy, lehilahy tia lehilahy, olona tia lahy sy vavy, ary olona manana maha-lahy na maha-vavy tsy mitovy amin' ny nanasokajiana azy tamin' ny nahaterahany), ary koa ny fanoherana ny fanalan-jaza.&lt;ref&gt;last: Martin; first: William; Taona: 1996; Lohateny: ''With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tzi7bIDP3aMC]; Toerana: New York; Mpamoaka: Broadway Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-553-06745-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, ny [[Sekiolarisma|fanasarahana ny fivavahana sy ny raharaham-panjakana]] dia nampifandraisina tamin' ny politika ankavia na [[Liberalisma|liberaly]], satria mifanohitra amin' ireo politika voalaza ireo ny toerana raisiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;armstrong&quot;/&gt; Na izany aza, nisy koa politika samihafa avy amin' ny ankavia izay noheverina ho endriky ny fôndamentalisma,&lt;ref&gt;last: Graham; first: Peter; Toko: ''Liberal Fundamentalism and Its Rivals''; Daty: 2006-06-08; Lohateny: ''The Epistemology of Testimony''; Pejy: 0; editor-last: Lackey; editor-first: Jennifer; Rohin' ny toko: [https://academic.oup.com/book/43179/chapter-abstract/362367716?redirectedFrom=fulltext#:~:text=Liberal%20Fundamentalism%20holds%20that%20it%20is%20a%20priori,confers%20justification%20on%20S%20's%20belief%20that%20P.]; Daty nijerena: 2025-01-15; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-927601-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor2-last: Sosa; editor2-first: Ernest.&lt;/ref&gt; indrindra ireo endrika hentitra kokoa amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny tsy rariny ara-piarahamonina, antsoina hoe ''woke''.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kaufmann; first: Eric; Daty: 2020-11-20; Lohateny: ''Liberal Fundamentalism: A Sociology of Wokeness''; url: [https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2020/11/liberal-fundamentalism-a-sociology-of-wokeness/]; Daty nijerena: 2025-01-15; website: American Affairs Journal; Fiteny: en-US.&lt;/ref&gt;

Voatsikera ny fampiasana ny teny hoe «fôndamentalisma» eo amin' ny politika. Nampiasain' ny vondrona politika izany mba hanaratsiana ny mpanohitra azy, ary novainy arakaraka ny tombontsoa ara-politikany ny fomba nampiasana ilay teny. Araka ny nosoratan' i Judith Nagata, mpampianatra ao amin' ny ''Asia Research Institute'' (Ivon-toeram-pikarohana momba an' i Azia) ao amin' ny ''National University of Singapore'' (Oniversitem-pirenena ao Singaporo), tamin' ny 2001 (dikan-teny malagasy): «Ny ''mujahiddin'' afgan, izay niady tamin' ny fahavalo sôvietika nandritra ny taompolo 1980, dia azon' ireo mpanohana azy avy any Etazonia tamin' izany fotoana izany noderaina ho “mpiady ho an' ny fahafahana”, fa ny [[Talibana|Taliban]] ankehitriny kosa, izay heverina, ankoatra ny zavatra hafa, ho mpiaro an' i [[Osama Bin Laden|Osama bin Laden]], fahavalon' i Etazonia, dia antsoina tsy amim-pisalasalana hoe “fôndamentalista”.»&lt;ref&gt;Nagata, Judith. 2001. ''Toward an Anthropology of &quot;Fundamentalism.&quot;'' Toronto: Blackwell Publishing, p.9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiasaina tamin' ny heviny manambany ny teny hoe «fôndamentalista» mba hilazana filôzôfia heverina ho mifikitra amin' ny hevitra ara-bakiteny, ary koa filôzôfia heverina ho miseho ho hany loharanon' ny fahamarinana tsy miankina amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny tsirairay, na antsoina mahazatra hoe [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]] izany filôzôfia izany na tsia.
Ohatra, nanao fanakianana ankapobe momba ny «fôndamentalisma ateista» (dikan-teny malagasy) ny arsevekan' i Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;McGrath 2007&quot;&gt;Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath, ''The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist Fundamentalism and the Denial of the Divine'', Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK), February 15, 2007, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-281-05927-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated5&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.churchinwales.org.uk/press/display_press_release.php?prid=4542]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316070109/http://www.churchinwales.org.uk/press/display_press_release.php?prid=4542]; url-status: dead; Lohateny: ''Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru &amp;#124; The Church in Wales&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;''; Daty nitahirizana: March 16, 2008; Daty nijerena: December 30, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;url: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7156783.stm]; work: ''BBC News''; Lohateny: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Atheistic fundamentalism' fears''; Daty: December 22, 2007; Daty nijerena: May 3, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
Hoy izy (dikan-teny malagasy): «Mampidi-doza ny fôndamentalisma na inona na inona karazany, na ara-baiboly izany, na ateista, na silamo.»&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.atheistnation.net/news/?atheist/article,00139]; Lohateny: ''Archbishop of Wales fears the rise of &quot;Atheistic Fundamentalism&quot;''; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227061935/http://www.atheistnation.net/news/?atheist/article%2C00139]; Daty nitahirizana: December 27, 2007; Daty nijerena: November 4, 2013; df: mdy-all.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nilaza koa izy hoe (dikan-teny malagasy): «Ny fôndamentalisma vaovao amin' ny androntsika ... dia mitarika ho amin' ny fiteny mandroaka sy manilika, amin' ny fitenin' ny firehana tafahoatra sy ny fisarahana ho toby mifanohitra, ary amin' ny filazana fa, satria momba antsika Andriamanitra, dia tsy momba anareo izy.»&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7156783.stm]; Lohateny: ''Atheistic fundamentalism&quot; fears''; work: ''BBC News''; Daty: 22 December 2007; Daty nijerena: November 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny filazany, izany no nitarika toe-javatra toy ny niantsoan' ny filankevitra eo an-toerana ny Krismasy hoe «Winterval», ny fandavan' ny sekoly hanao tantara an-tsehatra momba ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa, ary ny fanesorana [[Lakroa|lakroa]] tao amin' ny trano fivavahana madinika.
Nisy kosa namaly fa angano an-tanàn-dehibe ny sasany amin' ireo lazaina fa fanafihana ny Krismasy ireo; tsy ny sekoly rehetra no manao tantara an-tsehatra momba ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa satria misy misafidy ny hilalao tantara hafa mahazatra, toy ny ''A Christmas Carol'' na ''The Snow Queen''; ary noho ny fitomboan' ny fifanenjanana eo amin' ny fivavahana samihafa, dia fiezahana hitazonana ny fanjakana tsy hiandany amin' ny fivavahana ny famelana fampirantiana hafa eo amin' ny toerana ho an' ny besinimaro, fa tsy fampisehoana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.theguardian.com/christmas2007/story/0,,2230951,00.html]; work: ''The Guardian''; Toerana: London; Lohateny: ''Sorry to disappoint, but it's nonsense to suggest we want to ban Christmas''; first: Polly; last: Toynbee; Daty: December 21, 2007; Daty nijerena: May 3, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''The New Inquisition'', i Robert Anton Wilson dia manesoeso ireo mpikambana amin' ny fikambanana mpandinika amim-pisalasalana, toy ny ''Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal'' (Komity misahana ny fanadihadiana ara-tsiansa ny filazana momba ny zava-miseho heverina ho ivelan' ny voajanahary), ka milaza azy ireo ho materialista fôndamentalista. Miampanga azy ireo izy ho mandà, noho ny fifikirany tsy azo iadian-kevitra amin' ny heviny, izay porofo rehetra mifanohitra amin' ny [[Materialisma|materialisma]], izany hoe ny fiheverana fa ny zavatra ara-materialy no fototry ny zava-misy, ka milaza izany porofo izany ho vokatry ny haliosinasiôna (na fahatsapana zavatra tsy misy loharano ivelany mifanaraka aminy) na hosoka.&lt;ref&gt;Pope Robert Anton Wilson, ''The New Inquisition: Irrational Rationalism and the Citadel of Science''. 1986. 240 pages. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-56184-002-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany Frantsa, nandritra ny diabe nanoherana ny fametrahana fameperana amin' ny fanaovana saron-doha any amin' ny sekolim-panjakana, dia nisy sora-baventy nilaza ilay fandrarana ho «fôndamentalisma momba ny fanasarahana ny fivavahana sy ny raharaham-panjakana» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/12/19/edscarf_ed3_.php ''Secular fundamentalism''], International Herald Tribune, December 19, 2003&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Daty: 2004-01-17; Lohateny: ''Headscarf ban sparks new protests''; Fiteny: en-GB; url: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3405453.stm]; Mpamoaka: BBC News; Daty nijerena: 2023-01-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Etazonia, ny tsy fandeferana ataon' ny olon-tsotra na mifototra amin' ny kolontsaina manoloana ny vehivavy manao ''hijab'' (saron-doha silamo) sy manoloana ny fandraisana anjara mavitrika ataon' ny Mozilmana eo amin' ny politika dia nantsoina koa hoe «fôndamentalisma momba ny fanasarahana ny fivavahana sy ny raharaham-panjakana» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;first: Ayesha; last: Ahmad; Daty: 22 April 2002; Lohateny: ''Muslim Activists Reject Secular Fundamentalism''; url: [https://www.islamawareness.net/Secularism/activists.html]; Daty nijerena: 2023-01-02; website: www.islamawareness.net.&lt;br /&gt;Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030315140709/http://minaret.org/dinner5.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 15 March 2003; url: [http://minaret.org/dinner5.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Minaret of Feedom 5th Annual Dinner Edited Transcript''; first: Imad-ad-Dean; last: Ahmad; Mpamoaka: Minaret of Feedom.&lt;/ref&gt;

Indraindray ny teny hoe «fôndamentalisma» dia ampiasaina hilazana fifikirana amin' ny foto-kevitra iray na maromaro izay manohitra ny kolontsaina manjaka. Anisan' izany ny teny manambany hoe «fôndamentalisma momba ny tsena», izay enti-milaza finoana tafahoatra, mitovitovy amin' ny finoana ara-pivavahana, fa afaka mamaha ny olana ara-toekarena sy ara-piarahamonina ny fomba fijery na politika ara-toekarena [[Kapitalisma|kapitalista]] manohana ny tsy fitsabahan' ny fanjakana amin' ny toekarena na ny tsena malalaka tsy misy fameperana. Araka ny mpahay toekarena John Quiggin, ny toetra mahazatra amin' ny «kabary fôndamentalista ara-toekarena» dia ny fanambarana «tsy azo iadian-kevitra» sy ny filazana fa tsy tena mpahay toekarena izay olona manana hevitra mifanohitra amin' izany (dikan-teny malagasy). I Roderick Hindery, mpampianatra misotro ronono amin' ny fandinihana ny fivavahana, dia mitanisa toetra tsara lazaina fa ananan' ny fôndamentalisma ara-politika, ara-toekarena, na amin' ny endrika hafa eo amin' ny kolontsaina. Anisan' izany ny «fahavitrihana, ny hafanam-po, ny fahavononana hampiaraka ny teny amin' ny asa, ary ny fialana amin' ny marimaritra iraisana mora atao tsy amim-pandinihana» (dikan-teny malagasy). Tanisainy koa ny lafiny ratsy, toy ny toe-tsaina ara-psikôlôjia, ny fomba fijery izay indraindray manome vahana ny olom-bitsy heverina ho ambony sady mirona amin' ny fanantenan-dratsy, ary, amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny fivoasana ara-bakiteny.&lt;ref&gt;Hindery, Roderick (2008). [http://propagandaandcriticalthought.com/RHComparativeEthicsArticle2008.htm ''Comparative Ethics, Ideologies, and Critical Thought''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120128013058/http://propagandaandcriticalthought.com/RHComparativeEthicsArticle2008.htm Tahiry] (January 28, 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanakianana ==
Izao no fanakianan' i Elliot N. Dorff (dika amin' ny teny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;Mba hampiharana ny fandaharan' ny fôndamentalista dia ilaina ny fahazoana tanteraka ilay fiteny fahiny nanoratana ny lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany, raha toa ka azo avahana amin' ireo dika samy hafa tokoa ilay lahatsoratra marina. Ankoatra izany, olombelona no mampita izany fahatakarana izany amin' ny taranaka mifandimby. Na dia te hanaraka ara-bakiteny ny tenin' Andriamanitra aza ny olona iray, dia tsy maintsy misy ny fivoasan' olombelona satria mila mahatakatra izany teny izany aloha ny olona. Amin' izany dingana izany, dia mifangaro tsy azo sarahina amin' ny hevitr' ilay tenin' Andriamanitra mihitsy ny fahafahan' olombelona manao fahadisoana. Noho izany, dia tsy azo atao ny manaraka ny tenin' Andriamanitra izay tsy azo iadian-kevitra; ny fahatakaran' olombelona ny sitrapon' Andriamanitra ihany no azo tratrarina.&lt;ref&gt;Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, ''A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law'', SUNY Press, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1970 dia nitafatafa tamin' i Howard Thurman ny BBC (Orinasa Britanika momba ny Fampielezam-peo sy Fahitalavitra), ho an' ny fandaharana iray momba ny fivavahana. Izao no nolazainy tamin' ilay mpanao tafatafa (dika amin' ny teny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;Milaza aho fa noforonin' ny saina ny fanambaràm-pinoana, ny fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra ary ny teôlôjia. Toetran' ny saina ny mitady ny hevitry ny zavatra iainana, ka mamadika ireo traikefa mifangaro ho singa azo takarina, izay antsointsika hoe foto-kevitra, firehan-kevitra na hevitra voarafitra. Ny traikefa ara-pivavahana dia feno aina, miovaova, miboiboika ary mamokatra zava-baovao. Tsy zakan' ny saina anefa izany, ka tsy maintsy fatorany amin' ny fomba iray ilay traikefa ara-pivavahana, toy ny manidy azy ao anaty tavoahangy. Rehefa milamina ilay traikefa, dia ifantohan' ny saina ka angalany hevitra voarafitra, fomba fihevitra ary fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra, mba hahatakaran' ny saina ny traikefa ara-pivavahana. Mandritra izany anefa dia mitohy hatrany ny traikefa ara-pivavahana, ka rehefa voavolavolako ho fanambarana ny fanekem-pampianarako mba hahafahako misaintsaina azy, dia lasa zavatra dinihin' ny saina ilay traikefa ara-pivavahana.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1981/v38-2-criticscorner1.htm]; Lohateny: ''An Interview With Howard Thurman and Ronald Eyre''; magazine: ''Theology Today''; Boky: 38; Laharana: 2; Daty: July 1981; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20020906162337/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1981/v38-2-criticscorner1.htm]; Daty nitahirizana: 6 September 2002; Mpamoaka: BBC; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Long Search; via: Princeton Theological Seminary; Daty nijerena: August 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Anisan' ny fanakianana ny fôndamentalisma izay nisy akony ny bokin' i James Barr momba ny fôndamentalisma kristiana sy ny famakafakan' i Bassam Tibi ny fôndamentalisma silamo.&lt;ref&gt;last: Tibi; first: Bassam; Lohateny: ''The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder''; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; Taona: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0520236905&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanadihadiana iray natao tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Edinburgh momba ny olon-dehibe maro tao Etazonia, tamin' ireo lafiny enina norefesina tamin' ny firaiketana amin' ny fivavahana dia toy izao no hita (dika amin' ny teny malagasy): « Ny faharanitan-tsaina ambany kokoa no mifandray indrindra amin' ny haavo ambony kokoa amin' ny fôndamentalisma. »&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The relationship between intelligence and multiple domains of religious belief: Evidence from a large adult US sample''; author1: Gary J. Lewis; author2: Stuart J. Ritchie; author3: Timothy C. Bates; url: [http://www.midus.wisc.edu/findings/pdfs/1197.pdf]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130421071042/http://www.midus.wisc.edu/findings/pdfs/1197.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 2013-04-21; url-status: live; Daty: 2011-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fampiasana ho anarana fanasokajiana ==
Ny ''AP Stylebook'', boky torolalana momba ny fomba fanoratana an' ny ''Associated Press'' (sampam-baovao iombonana, antsoina hoe AP), dia manoro hevitra mba tsy hampiasana ny teny hoe ''fôndamentalista'' hilazana vondrona iray raha tsy io vondrona io mihitsy no mampiasa izany teny izany hilazana ny tenany. Maro amin' ny manam-pahaizana no nandray fomba fijery mitovy amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/may/12/can-anyone-define-fundamentalist/ &quot;Can anyone define 'fundamentalist'?&quot;]'', Terry Mattingly, ''Ventura County Star'', May 12, 2011. Nojerena tamin' ny August 6, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kosa manam-pahaizana hafa mampiasa ilay teny amin' ny heviny mivelatra kokoa, ho famaritana vondrona samihafa ao amin' ny fomba amam-panao ara-pivavahana samihafa. Anisan' izany ireo vondrona izay hanohitra ny fanasokajiana azy ho fôndamentalista, toy ny hita ao amin' ny Tetikasa momba ny fôndamentalisma.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo, ohatra, Marty, M. and Appleby, R.S. mpandrindra ny boky (1993). ''Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance''. John H. Garvey, Timur Kuran, and David C. Rapoport, mpandrindra mpiara-miasa amin' ny boky, Vol 3, The Fundamentalism Project. University of Chicago Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Tex Sample fa fahadisoana ny mampiasa ny anarana hoe fôndamentalista [[Mozilmana|mozilmana]], [[Jiosy|jiosy]], na [[Kristianina|kristiana]]. Araka ny heviny kosa, ny fôndamentalisman' ny fôndamentalista no ahiny voalohany indrindra, ambonin' ny fiheverana hafa mifandray amin' ny antokom-pivavahana na ny finoana.&lt;ref&gt;Tex Sample. Public Lecture, Faith and Reason Conference, San Antonio, TX. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Firehana mitaky fankatoavana hentitra ny fahefana
* Fivoasana ara-bakiteny ny Baiboly
* Fanerena hanova ny finoana sy ny fomba fisainana
* ''Christian Identity'' (kristianisma)
* Nasiônalisma kristiana
* ''Christian Reconstructionism'' (firehana kristiana)
* Fasisma mifandray amin' ny mpitondra fivavahana
* Finoana ny famoronana
* Fampianarana momba ny famoronana milaza ho ara-tsiansa
* ''Creativity'' (fivavahana)
* [[Sekta|Vondrona ara-pivavahana na ara-pinoana (''cult'')]]
* [[Tenim-pinoana|Fifikirana amin' ny fanekem-pampianarana tsy azo iadian-kevitra]]
* Teôlôjian' ny fahefan' ny Kristiana amin' ny fiarahamonina
* [[Evanjelisma]]
* Firehana tafahoatra
* Fanomezan-danja ny endrika amin' ny filôzôfia
* Fahalalahana ara-pivavahana
* ''Fundamentalism'' (sary sokitra)
* [[Fomba fiasa ara-tantara amam-pitsipiteny|Fomba fivoasana mifototra amin' ny tantara sy ny fitsipi-pitenenana]]
* [[Fiangonana Batisma Mahaleo Tena|''Independent Fundamental Baptist'' (batista mahaleo tena sy fôndamentalista)]]
* Fampidirana foto-pampianarana tsy misy fandinihana mitsikera
* Integrisma (fifikirana amin' ny fampianarana ara-pivavahana nentim-paharazana)
* Firehana silamo tafahoatra
* Fanjakana Islamika
* [[Islamisma|Firehana ara-pôlitika mifototra amin' ny finoana silamo]]
* ''Kinism''
* Fanomezan-danja ny fanarahana hentitra ny lalàna ara-pivavahana
* Ateisma mitolona
* Fiheverana fa misy fitsipika momba ny tsara sy ny ratsy manankery amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra
* ''New Independent Fundamental Baptist'' (batista vaovao mahaleo tena sy fôndamentalista)
* [[Pentekôtisma]]
* Herisetra ara-pôlitika
* Pôlitika mitaky fanovana ifotony
* Firehana te hiverina amin' ny lamina taloha
* Fivavahana sy fanorenana fandriampahalemana
* Fivavahana eo amin' ny pôlitika
* Fanavakavahana ara-pivavahana
* Fifikirana tafahoatra amin' ny fivavahana
* Tsy fandeferana ara-pivavahana
* Nasiônalisma ara-pivavahana
* Fanenjehana ara-pivavahana
* Fanavahana vondron' olona araka ny fivavahany
* Fampihorohoroana ara-pivavahana
* Herisetra ara-pivavahana
* Ady ara-pivavahana
* [[Restaorasiônisma|Firehana hamerina ny endriky ny fivavahana tany am-piandohana]]
* Fanomezan-danja ny fombafomba ao amin' ny Fiangonan' i Angletera
* Fisaraham-bazana ara-pivavahana
* Vondrom-pivavahana nisampana
* Fifikirana amin' ny antokom-pivavahana misy ny tena
* Herisetra eo amin' ny antokom-pivavahana
* [[Fivavaham-panjakana]]
* Fiheverana fa misy vondron' olona ambony noho ny hafa ka tokony hanjaka aminy
* [[Teôkrasia|Fitondram-panjakana mifototra amin' ny fahefana ara-pivavahana]]
* Fiheverana fa ny lalàn' Andriamanitra no tokony hitondra ny fiarahamonina
* [[Katôlisisma tradisiônalista|Katôlisisma mpifikitra amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana]]
* ''True Orthodox church'' (fiangonana ôrtôdôksa)
* Herisetra atao amin' ny Mozilmana ao India taorian' ny fahaleovantena
* Herisetra atao amin' ny Kristiana ao India

== Fanondroan-doharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Loharano ==
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAmmerman1991&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;surname: Ammerman; given: Nancy T.; authorlink: Nancy Ammerman; Toko: ''North American Protestant Fundamentalism''; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&amp;pg=PA1]; editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Taona: 1991; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalisms Observed''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project, 1; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; Pejy: 1–65; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50878-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, sy Emmanuel Sivan (2003). ''Strong Religion''. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-01497-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Armstrong, Karen (2001). ''The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism''. New York: Ballantine Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-345-39169-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Brasher, Brenda E. (2001). ''The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism''. New York: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-415-92244-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChampagne2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Champagne, Duane (2005). [https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements ''North American Indian Religions: New Religious Movements'']. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set'', mpandrindra ny famoahana: Lindsay Jones, fanontana faha-2, boky 10. Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. Azo amin' ny alalan' ny Encyclopedia.com.
* Caplan, Lionel. (1987). ''Studies in Religious Fundamentalism''. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
* Dorff, Elliot N. sy Rosett, Arthur, ''A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law'', SUNY Press, 1988.
* Gorenberg, Gershom. (2000). ''The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' New York: The Free Press.
* surname: Heilman; given: Samuel C.; authorlink: Samuel Heilman; surname2: Friedman; given2: Menachem; Taona: 1991; authorlink2: Menachem Friedman; Toko: ''Religious Fundamentalism and Religious Jews: The Case of the Haredim''; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&amp;pg=PA197]; editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalisms Observed''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project, 1; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; Pejy: 197–264; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50878-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hindery, Roderick. 2001. ''Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought?'' Mellen Press: lafiny samihafa amin' ny fôndamentalisma, p.&amp;nbsp;69–74.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKay2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kay, David N. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gv_QmAEACAAJ ''Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and Adaptation'']. RoutledgeCurzon. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-29765-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.
* Keating, Karl (1988). ''Catholicism and Fundamentalism''. San Francisco: Ignatius. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-89870-177-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Lawrence, Bruce B. ''Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age.'' San Francisco: Harper &amp; Row, 1989.
* Marsden; George M. (1980). ''Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925'' Oxford University Press.
* Marty, Martin E. sy Appleby, R. Scott (mpandrindra ny famoahana) (1991). ''Fundamentalisms Observed''. Andian-boky ''The Fundamentalism Project'', 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50878-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project, 2; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Taona: 1993; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50880-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project, 3; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Taona: 1993; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50883-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Lohateny: ''Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project, 4; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Taona: 1994; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XTDteHrDgfAC]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50885-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalisms Comprehended''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project, 5; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Taona: 1995; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=GFMx4bT1nNQC]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-226-50887-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Noll, Mark A. (1992). ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
* Ruthven, Malise (2005). ''Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-280606-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSchaik2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Schaik, Sam van (28 June 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=La1CWinaDR4C ''Tibet: A History'']. Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-300-15404-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.
* Schirrmacher, Thomas (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/36807042 ''Fundamentalism: When Religion becomes Dangerous'']. VKW. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-86269-054-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.
* Torrey, R.A. (mpandrindra ny famoahana). (1909). ''The Fundamentals''. Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A., ankehitriny Oniversite Biola). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8010-1264-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ''Religious movements: fundamentalist.'' Ao amin' ny Goldstein, Norm (mpandrindra ny famoahana) (2003). ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003'' (fanontana faha-38), p.&amp;nbsp;218. New York: The Associated Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-917360-22-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* editor-surname: Marty; editor-given: Martin E.; editor-link: Martin E. Marty; editor-surname2: Appleby; editor-given2: R. Scott; editor-link2: R. Scott Appleby; Boky: 1–5; Taona: 1991–1995; Lohateny: ''Fundamentalisms...''; Andian-dahatsoratra: The Fundamentalism Project; Toerana: Chicago, Il; London; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fundamentalism Ny teny anglisy ''fundamentalism'' ao amin' ny Wiktionary].
* [https://archive.knoxnews.com/entertainment/family/terry-mattingly-can-anyone-define-fundamentalist-ep-404467959-357836791.html Misy afaka mamaritra ny atao hoe fôndamentalista ve?] (''Can Anyone Define Fundamentalist?''). Lahatsoratr' i Terry Mattingly navoakan' ny ''Scripps Howard News Service'' (sampam-pampahalalam-baovao Scripps Howard).
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00545gy Fôndamentalisma] (''Fundamentalism''), fandaharana ao amin' ny ''In Our Time'' (andiam-pandaharana amin' ny onjam-peo), an' ny BBC (Orinasa Britanika momba ny Fampielezam-peo sy Fahitalavitra).
* [https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1004/p25s1-wosc.html Fanontaniana sy valiny momba ny fôndamentalisma islamika] (''Q &amp; A on Islamic Fundamentalism'').
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119100448/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/home/news-and-notices/news/press-releases/release-archive/releases-2007/fundamentalism-11072007.shtml Ny fototry ny fôndamentalisma dia nampifandraisina tamin' ny fandikana ny Baiboly tamin' ny taonjato faha-16] (''Roots of Fundamentalism Traced to 16th Century Bible Translations''), Oniversiten' i Harvard, 7 Novambra 2007.

[[:Sokajy:Fivavahana]]
[[:Sokajy:Politika]]
[[:Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]</text>
      <sha1>th2qdwf9d76dtb1zdo9qg2xkq7eebxk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Max Fontaine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153484</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:40:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Noforonina tamin'ny alalan'ny fandikana an'i &quot;[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/241200261|Max Fontaine]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1153484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15879" sha1="m33u4wjy7euvtq6doiezwrop44rlrt1" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 décembre 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janvier 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septembre 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta IV sy V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny Malagasy i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Août 2022 |title=Entreprise de reboisement : l’aspect social est-il cohérent avec l’environnement ? |url=https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/ |access-date=24 avril 2026 |website=Mongabay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 mars 2026 |title=MEDD sous Max Fontaine : L’Écologie au service du profit privé |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/ |website=La Gazette de la Grande Île |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 mars 2026 |title=Crédits carbone : la cagnotte (des copains) invisible de Bôndy |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/ |website=La Gazette de la Grande Île |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>m33u4wjy7euvtq6doiezwrop44rlrt1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153485</id>
      <parentid>1153484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:45:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15878" sha1="nf7lsntw416u1a19hb1qm0l18l4hswq" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta IV sy V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny Malagasy i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Août 2022 |title=Entreprise de reboisement : l’aspect social est-il cohérent avec l’environnement ? |url=https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/ |access-date=24 avril 2026 |website=Mongabay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 mars 2026 |title=MEDD sous Max Fontaine : L’Écologie au service du profit privé |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/ |website=La Gazette de la Grande Île |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 mars 2026 |title=Crédits carbone : la cagnotte (des copains) invisible de Bôndy |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/ |website=La Gazette de la Grande Île |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>nf7lsntw416u1a19hb1qm0l18l4hswq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153486</id>
      <parentid>1153485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:47:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nampiditra loharano</comment>
      <origin>1153486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15815" sha1="j0n1sg4qqarjwlqloatddi2l0q7127x" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta IV sy V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny Malagasy i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Août 2022 |title=Entreprise de reboisement : l’aspect social est-il cohérent avec l’environnement ? |url=https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/ |access-date=24 avril 2026 |website=Mongabay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 mars 2026 |title=Crédits carbone : la cagnotte (des copains) invisible de Bôndy |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/ |website=La Gazette de la Grande Île |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>j0n1sg4qqarjwlqloatddi2l0q7127x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153487</id>
      <parentid>1153486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:47:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15655" sha1="o48w40nsy50ozfo90nujt4hob444d2n" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta IV sy V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny Malagasy i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Août 2022 |title=Entreprise de reboisement : l’aspect social est-il cohérent avec l’environnement ? |url=https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/ |access-date=24 avril 2026 |website=Mongabay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>o48w40nsy50ozfo90nujt4hob444d2n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153488</id>
      <parentid>1153487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fiantraikan'ny Bondy amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany */</comment>
      <origin>1153488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15478" sha1="d71zgkmf1oyukhxi100iw0uu9rjete0" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta IV sy V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny Malagasy i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>d71zgkmf1oyukhxi100iw0uu9rjete0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153489</id>
      <parentid>1153488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:48:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15511" sha1="q58ets0s757dg3lsgnu4uw6vk1egpgf" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>q58ets0s757dg3lsgnu4uw6vk1egpgf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153491</id>
      <parentid>1153489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T05:35:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15865" sha1="82r5x7be4ybiif5bb7v6654loxlxvxv" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena ala. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>82r5x7be4ybiif5bb7v6654loxlxvxv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153493</id>
      <parentid>1153491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T05:42:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15869" sha1="e63dipauaagf4wxwmxktcagabxxed4p" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Avy eo i Fontaine dia nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]] . Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

[[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]]</text>
      <sha1>e63dipauaagf4wxwmxktcagabxxed4p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fedrà</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153490</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T05:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378218527; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1113921</comment>
      <origin>1153490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103674" sha1="ja28ipso071jf89xrwaqqqsd42koaql" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hotherus and wood maidens by Froelich.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Ballads of bravery'' (1877), ampahany amin' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà momba an' i Arthur]]
Ny '''fedrà''' dia sokajin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny kolontsainam-bahoaka nentim-paharazana, izay ahitana indrindra fitantarana manana anjara asa fototra eo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Amin' ny fampiasan' ny mpikaroka azy, io teny io dia tsy mitovy hevitra amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' amin' ny fiteny andavanandro, izay ilazana [[Finoana|finoana]] tsy marina. Tsy misy ifandraisany amin' ny famaritana raha fedrà ny fitantarana iray ao amin' ny kolontsainam-bahoaka nentim-paharazana ny fahamarinany na ny tsy fahamarinany.&lt;ref&gt;Deretic, Irina. ''Why are myths true: Plato on the veracity of myths.'' Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies (2020): vol. 36, issue 3, pp. 441–451.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny fedrà no ankatoavin' ny manam-pahefana ara-pivavahana sy tsy ara-pivavahana, ary mety ho voajanahary na [[Mihoatra ny natoraly|mihoatra ny voajanahary]] ny toetrany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Maro ny fiarahamonina no mampivondrona ny fedrà sy ny tantara nentim-paharazana heverina ho ara-tantara ary ny tantarany, ka mihevitra ny fedrà sy ireo tantara nentim-paharazana ireo ho fitantarana zava-nisy tamin' ny lasa lavitra.&lt;ref&gt; ([[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 9)  (Loharano: Simpson, Jacqueline, and Steve Roud, eds. 2003. &quot;Myths.&quot; In ''A Dictionary of English Folklore''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0191726644&lt;/nowiki&gt;.)  ([[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], p. 23)  ([[#CITEREFPettazzoni1984|Pettazzoni (1984)]], p. 102) &lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|fedrà momba ny famoronana]] manokana dia mametraka ny tantara ao amin' ny vanim-potoana tany am-piandohana indrindra, fony izao tontolo izao mbola tsy nanana ny endrika azony tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt; ([[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 9)  ([[#CITEREFDundes1984|Dundes (1984)]], p. 1)  ([[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], p. 6)  (Loharano: Leeming, David Adams, and David Adams. ''A dictionary of creation myths.'' Oxford University Press, 1994.) &lt;/ref&gt; Ny fedrà manazava ny fiandohana dia manazava ny fomba nametrahana sy nanaovana ho masina ny fomba amam-panao sy ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina ary ny [[Fady|fady]] eo amin' ny fiarahamonina iray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], p. 6&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fedrà momba ny firenena dia fitantarana momba ny lasan' ny firenena iray izay entina maneho ny soatoaviny. Misy fifandraisana be pitsiny eo amin' ny fitantarana am-bava ny fedrà sy ny fanatanterahana fombafomba.

== Fiavian' ny teny ==
Ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika taloha|teny grika taloha]] hoe ''μῦθος'' (''mȳthos''),&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Myth''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth]; Rakipahalalana: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Daty nijerena: 11 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; izay midika hoe «fitenenana», «fitantarana», na «tantara foronina». Ny teny grika taloha hoe ''μυθολογία'' (''mythología'', izay midika hoe «tantara», «tantara nentim-paharazana», na «fitantarana tantara») kosa dia manambatra ny teny hoe ''mȳthos'' sy ny tovana hoe ''-λογία'' (''-logia'', «fandalinana»).&lt;ref name=&quot;oedlogy&quot;&gt;&quot;-logy&quot;. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1st&amp;nbsp;ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka izany, nampiasa ny teny hoe ''mythología'' i [[Platôna|Plato]] ho teny ankapobeny ilazana ny tantara foronina na ny fitantarana tantara, na inona na inona karazany. Nampidirina tao amin' ny fiteny eorôpeana hafa io teny io tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19, saingy nomena hevitra voafetra kokoa, ho teny ampiasain' ny mpikaroka ilazana izao manaraka izao, araka ny fandikana ny famaritana anglisy: «fitantarana nentim-paharazana, indrindra izay mahakasika ny tantara tany am-piandohan' ny vahoaka iray na manazava zava-miseho voajanahary na ara-piarahamonina, ary mazàna ahitana zavaboary na zava-mitranga mihoatra ny voajanahary».&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oedmthos&quot; /&gt;

Nindramina ho ao amin' ny teny latina faramparany avy eo ny teny grika hoe ''mythología''. Hita ao amin' ny lohatenin' ny ''Mythologiæ'', nosoratan' ilay mpanoratra tamin' ny teny latina Fabius Planciades Fulgentius tamin' ny taonjato faha-5, izy io, mba hilazana izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe fitambaran' ny fedrà grika sy rômana, izany hoe ireo tantara grika sy rômana manazava ny fiandohana sy ny antony ary ahitana ny andriamaniny. Nambaran' ny ''Mythologiæ'' an' i Fulgentius mazava fa fitantarana an' ohatra maneho hevitra hafa mila hazavaina ireo tantara resahiny, fa tsy zava-nitranga marina.&lt;ref&gt;first: Fabius Planciades; last: Fulgentius; Lohateny: ''Fulgentius the Mythographer''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=73mJIuYfmzEC]; Taona: 1971; Mpamoaka: Ohio State University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8142-0162-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampidirina tao amin' ny teny frantsay antenatenany avy eo ilay teny latina, ka lasa ''mythologie''. Na avy amin' ny fampiasana frantsay izany na avy amin' ny fampiasana latina, dia nandray ny teny hoe ''mythology'' ny teny anglisy tamin' ny taonjato faha-15. Tamin' ny voalohany dia «fanazavana fedrà iray na maromaro», «fivoasana angano misy fampianarana», na «boky mirakitra fanazavana toy izany» no heviny. Ao amin' ny ''Troy Book'' nosoratan' i John Lydgate (manodidina ny taona 1425) no ahitana voalohany ny fampiasana an-tsoratra an' io teny io.&lt;ref name=&quot;oedmlogy&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124702 mythology, ''n.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210713104549/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=807ECB5AFE1729CE83B09E4BBB927748?authRejection=true&amp;url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F124702 Tahiry] (13 July 2021).&quot; ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. Accessed 20 Aug 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Teny anglisy antenatenany tany am-boalohany:&lt;br /&gt;&quot;...I [ Paris ] was ravisched in-to paradys.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;And thus this god [''sc.'' [[Merkiora (andriamanitra)|Mercury]]&lt;nowiki&gt;],&lt;/nowiki&gt; diuers of liknes,&lt;br /&gt;&quot;More wonderful than I can expresse,&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Schewed hym silf in his appearance,&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Liche as he is discrived in Fulgence,&lt;br /&gt;&quot;In the book of his '''methologies'''...&quot; (Loharano: Lydgate, John. ''Troyyes Book'', Vol. II, ll. 2487. (amin' ny teny anglisy antenatenany) Navoaka indray tao amin' ny [https://archive.org/stream/lydgatestroybono9701lydguoft#page/n241/mode/2up ''Lydgate's Troy Book'', Vol. I, p. 216] nomanin' i Henry Bergen. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. (London), 1906. Accessed 20 Aug 2014.) &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. 2020. &quot;[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mythology Mythology] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170702143024/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mythology Tahiry] (2 July 2017).&quot; ''Online Etymology Dictionary.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' i Lydgate ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 na faha-18, ny teny hoe ''mythology'' dia nilaza fampianarana momba ny tsara sy ny ratsy, angano misy fampianarana, fitantarana an' ohatra maneho hevitra hafa, fanoharana, na fitambaran' ny tantara nentim-paharazana,&lt;ref name=&quot;oedmlogy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Teny anglisy tany am-boalohany: All which [''sc.'' John Mandevil's support of Ctesias's claims] may still be received in some acceptions of morality, and to a pregnant invention, may afford commendable '''mythologie'''; but in a natural and proper exposition, it containeth impossibilities, and things inconsistent with truth. (Loharano: Browne, Thomas. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo18.html ''Pseudodoxia Epidemica: or, Enquiries into Many Received Tenets and Commonly Presumed Truths'', Vol. I, Ch. VIII.] Edward Dod (London), 1646. Navoaka indray tamin' ny 1672.) &lt;/ref&gt; izay noheverina ho tsy marina.
Tatỳ aoriana dia nanjary nampiasaina hilazana fitambaran' ny tantara nentim-paharazana mitovy amin' izany tao amin' ny kolontsaina hafa [[Pôliteisma|mino andriamanitra maro]] eran' izao tontolo izao izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;oedmlogy&quot; /&gt; Koa ny teny hoe ''mythology'' no niditra tao amin' ny teny anglisy talohan' ny hoe ''myth''.
Ohatra, misy teny hoe ''mythology'' ao amin' ny ''Dictionary'' an' i Johnson, fa tsy misy ny hoe ''myth''.&lt;ref&gt;Ohatra, ao amin' ny ''Dictionary'' an' i Johnson dia ahitana ny teny hoe ''mythology'', (Loharano: Johnson, Samuel. [http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=19456 &quot;Mythology&quot; in ''A Dictionary of the English Language: In which the Words are Deduced from their Originals, and Illustrated in their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers to which are Prefixed a History of the Language and an English Grammar'', p. 1345.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170701145956/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=19456 Tahiry] (1 July 2017) W. Strahan (London), 1755.)  ''mythologist'', ''mythologize'', ''mythological'', ary ''mythologically''. (Loharano: Johnson, Samuel. [http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?page_id=7070&amp;i=1345 ''A Dictionary of the English Language'', p.&amp;nbsp;1345] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170701145745/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?page_id=7070&amp;i=1345 Tahiry] (1 July 2017). W. Strahan (London), 1755. Accessed 20 Aug 2014.) &lt;/ref&gt;
Efa nampiasaina tao amin' ny teny anglisy talohan' ny ohatra voalohany ahitana ny hoe ''myth'' tamin' ny 1830 tokoa na ny teny nindramina avy amin' ny teny grika hoe ''mythos''&lt;ref&gt;Teny anglisy tany am-boalohany: &quot;That ''Mythology'' came in upon this Alteration of their &lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Egyptians]]' ''Theology'', is obviously evident: for the mingling the History of these Men when Mortals, with what came to be ascribed to them when Gods, would naturally occaion it. And of this Sort we generally find the ''Mythoi'' told of them...&quot; (Loharano: Shuckford, Samuel. [http://www.classicapologetics.com/s/shuckcre.pdf ''The Creation and Fall of Man. A Supplemental Discourse to the Preface of the First Volume of the Sacred and Profane History of the World Connected'', pp. xx–xxi.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210713104547/https://classicapologetics.com/s/shuckcre.pdf Tahiry] (13 July 2021) J.&amp;nbsp;&amp; R. Tonson &amp; S. Draper (London), 1753. Accessed 20 Aug 2014.) &lt;/ref&gt; (''mythoi'' amin' ny endriny milaza maro) na ny endrika nalaina tahaka ny teny latina hoe ''mythus''&lt;ref&gt;Teny anglisy tany am-boalohany: &quot;Long before the entire separation of metaphysics from poetry, that is, while yet poesy, in all its several species of verse, music, statuary, &amp;c. continued mythic;—while yet poetry remained the union of the sensuous and the philosophic mind;—the efficient presence of the latter in the ''synthesis'' of the two, had manifested itself in the sublime ''mythus'' ''περὶ γενέσεως τοῦ νοῦ ἐν ἀνθρωποῖς'' concerning the ''genesis'', or the birth of the νοῦς or reason in man.&quot; (Loharano: Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. &quot;''On the Prometheus of Æschylus: An Essay, preparatory to a series of disquisitions respecting the Egyptian, in connection with the sacerdotal, theology, and in contrast with the mysteries of ancient Greece.''&quot; Royal Society of Literature (London), 18 May 1825. Navoaka indray ao amin' ny first: Henry Nelson; last: Coleridge; Lohateny: ''The Literary Remains of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Shakespeare, with an introductory matter on poetry, the drama, and the stage. Notes on Ben Jonson; Beaumont and Fletcher; On the Prometheus of Æschylus and others''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA8LAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA335]; Taona: 1836; Mpamoaka: W. Pickering; Pejy: 335.) &lt;/ref&gt; (''mythi'' amin' ny endriny milaza maro).&lt;ref&gt;Teny anglisy tany am-boalohany: &quot;According to the rabbi [[Mosesy Maimônida|Moses Ben Maimon]], Enos, discoursing on the splendor of the heavenly bodies, insisted that, since God had thus exalted them above the other parts of creation, it was but reasonable that we should praise, extol, and honour them. The consequence of this exhortation, says the rabbi, was the building of temples to the stars, and the establishment of idolatry throughout the world. By the Arabian divines, the imputation is laid upon the patriarch [[Abrahama (patriarka)|Abraham]]; who, they say, on coming out from the dark cave in which he had been brought up, was so astonished at the sight of the stars, that he worshipped Hesperus, the Moon, and the Sun successively as they rose. (Loharano: author-link: Abrahamus Ecchellensis; last: Abraham of Hekel; Lohateny: ''Chronicon orientale, nunc primum Latinitate donatum ab Abrahamo Ecchellensi Syro Maronita e Libano, linguarum Syriacae, ... cui accessit eiusdem Supplementum historiae orientalis (The Oriental Chronicles''; Toko: ''Historia Arabum(History of the Arabs)''; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=APDxSjZkOS8C&amp;pg=PA175]; Taona: 1651; Mpamoaka: e Typographia regia; Pejy: 175; Fiteny: la. Nadika tamin' ny alalan' ny famerenana ny heviny amin' ny teny hafa tao amin' ny first: Thomas; last: Blackwell; Lohateny: ''Letters Concerning Mythology''; Toko: ''Letter Seventeenth''; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=QdNbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA269]; Taona: 1748; Pejy: 269.)  These two stories are good illustrations of the origin of myths, by means of which, even the most natural sentiment is traced to its cause in the circumstances of fabulous history. (Loharano: Famakafakana nataon' ny mpanoratra tsy nitonona anarana momba ny first: Edward; last: Upham; Lohateny: ''The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=BoJEAAAAcAAJ]; Taona: 1829; Mpamoaka: R. Ackermann. Ao amin' ny [https://archive.org/stream/westminsterrevi09wasogoog#page/n56/mode/2up ''Westminster Review'', No. XXIII, Art. III, p. 44]. Rob't Heward (London), 1829.&lt;!--sic--&gt; Accessed 20 Aug 2014.) &lt;/ref&gt;

== Mpandray anjara fototra sy firafitry ny tantara ==

Mazàna dia tsy olombelona ny mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ny fedrà, toy ny [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]], ny zavaboary manana toetra maha-andriamanitra sy maha-olombelona, ary ireo zavaboary hafa [[Mihoatra ny natoraly|mihoatra ny voajanahary]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 4,5, Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Myths are often associated with theology and ritual. Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld....Legends are more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. They tell of migrations, wars and victories, deeds of past heroes, chiefs, and kings, and succession in ruling dynasties.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mythfolk3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oflaherty3&quot;&gt;last: Doniger O'Flaherty; first: Wendy; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Af7TFlN5hmsC&amp;pg=PA19]; Lohateny: ''Hindu Myths''; Daty: 1975; Mpamoaka: Penguin; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-044306-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 19; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: I think it can be well argued as a matter of principle that, just as 'biography is about chaps', so mythology is about gods.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford literary3&quot;&gt;last1: Baldick; first1: Chris; url: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-646?rskey=Nc4w5m&amp;result=9]; Lohateny: ''Legend''; Daty: 2015; Rakipahalalana: ''The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''; Fanontana: 4th; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-871544-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern humans rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently. The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives...&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hafa kosa dia mampiditra ny olombelona, ny biby, na ny fitambaran' ireo ao amin' ny fanasokajiany ny fedrà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;last: Winzeler; first: Robert L.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=uPJb-Yka0xAC]; Lohateny: ''Anthropology and Religion: What We Know, Think, and Question''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Rowman Altamira; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7591-1046-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 120; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tantara momba ny olombelona tsotra, izay matetika anefa dia mpitarika amin' ny endriny samihafa, dia mazàna tafiditra ao amin' ny tantara nentim-paharazana momba olona na zava-nitranga heverina ho ara-tantara, fa tsy ao amin' ny fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 4,5, Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Myths are often associated with theology and ritual. Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld....Legends are more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. They tell of migrations, wars and victories, deeds of past heroes, chiefs, and kings, and succession in ruling dynasties.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford literary3&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia avahana amin' ireo tantara ireo ny fedrà satria momba ny andriamanitra, mazàna tsy manana fototra ara-tantara, ary mitranga ao amin' ny tontolo iray tamin' ny lasa lavitra izay tena hafa noho ny tontolo ankehitriny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford literary3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], pp. 4–5, Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Myths are often associated with theology and ritual...Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld. Myths account for the origin of the world, of mankind, of death...&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ==
Jereo koa: Fivavahana sy fedrà.

[[File:Francesco Hayez 028.jpg|thumb|''Odysseus Overcome by Demodocus' Song'' (Odysseus safotry ny fihetseham-po noho ny hiran' i Demodocus), hosodoko mifototra amin' ny fedrà nataon' i Francesco Hayez, 1813–1815]]
Somary samy hafa ny famaritan' ny manam-pahaizana ny fedrà. Anisan' ny famaritana voatonona matetika anefa ny an' i Lauri Honko, mpandalina ny kolontsainam-bahoaka nentim-paharazana avy any Finlandy. Izao izany raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny fedrà dia tantaran' ny andriamanitra, fitantarana ara-pivavahana momba ny [[Kôsmôgônia|niandohan' izao tontolo izao]], ny [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|famoronana]], ny zava-nitranga fototra ary ny asa fakan-tahaka nataon' ny andriamanitra, izay nahatonga izao tontolo izao sy ny natiora ary ny kolontsaina, niaraka tamin' ny singa rehetra ao aminy, ho voaforona sy hahazo ny lamina mbola iainany hatramin' izao. Maneho sy manamafy ny soatoavina sy ny fitsipika ara-pivavahan' ny fiarahamonina ny fedrà; manome modelim-pitondran-tena hotahafina izy, manamarina ny fahafahan' ny fombafomba miteraka vokatra amin' ireo tanjona azo tsapain-tanana kendreny, ary mametraka ny fahamasinan' ny [[Fanompoam-pivavahana|fanompoam-pivavahana]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], pp. 41–42, 49&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Izao kosa no famaritan' ny prôfesôra José Manuel Losada ny fedrà, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Fitantarana manana anjara asa, mampiasa tandindona ary miompana amin' ny lohahevitra, momba ny zava-nitranga iray na maromaro mihoatra ny mahazatra, izay manondro zavatra mihoatra ny traikefa mahazatra, masina ary mihoatra ny voajanahary; raha ny foto-keviny dia tsy misy fijoroana vavolombelona ara-tantara manohana azy; ary mifandray amin' ny fampianarana momba ny niavian' izao tontolo izao na ny andro farany, izay mahakasika ny isam-batan' olona na ny vondron' olona, nefa manana toetra tanteraka mandrakariva.&lt;ref&gt;last: Losada; first: José Manuel; Lohateny: ''Mitocrítica cultural. Una definición del mito''; Fanontana: 1st; Mpamoaka: Akal; Taona: 2022; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-84-460-5267-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Madrid; Pejy: 195; Fiteny: Spanish.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Losada; first: José Manuel; Daty: 2014; Lohateny: ''Myth and Extraordinary Event''; Gazety akademika: ''International Journal of Language and Literature''; Boky: 2 June; Pejy: 31–55.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Araka ny fikarohana momba ny fedrà izay mandinika ny fitambarany manontolo, nataon' i Annette Zgoll, manam-pahaizana momba an' i Asiria fahiny, sy Christian Zgoll, mpandalina ny fiteny sy ny lahatsoratra grika sy latina fahiny, dia izao no famaritana ny fedrà, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Azo faritana ho ''Erzählstoff'' [akora fitantarana] ny fedrà, izay miseho amin' ny endrika maro amin' ny alalan' ireo kinovany ary — arakaraka ny kinova — misy sosom-pitantarana maro; ''Erzählstoff'' izay andaminana ho fitohizan' ny singa madinika indrindra amin' ny fizotry ny tantara ireo fanazavana mihoatra ny traikefa mahazatra entina mandika ny zavatra azo iainana, sady misy filazana tsy ambara mivantana fa ilaina amin' ny fandikana sy ny fifehezana ny toe-piainan' ny olombelona izany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Zgoll; first: Christian; Lohateny: ''Mythische Sphärenwechsel. Methodisch neue Zugänge zu antiken Mythen in Orient und Okzident''; Mpamoaka: Walter de Gruyter GmbH; Taona: 2020; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-065252-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Zgoll; editor-first: Annette and Christian; Toerana: Berlin/Boston; Pejy: 75–76.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Mampiasa ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' amin' ny heviny samihafa ny manam-pahaizana amin' ny sehatra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDundes1984|Dundes (1984)]], p. 147&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDoty2004|Doty (2004)]], pp. 11–12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 5&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny heviny malalaka dia mety hanondro tantara nentim-paharazana rehetra,&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKirk1984|Kirk (1984)]], p. 57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKirk1973|Kirk (1973)]], p. 74&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFApollodorus1976|Apollodorus (1976)]], p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; hevi-diso miely amin' ny vahoaka na zavatra foronin' ny saina izy io.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary''; Toko: ''myth''; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00spri/page/770 770]; Fanontana: 10th; Mpamoaka: Merriam-Webster, Inc; Toerana: [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]; Taona: 1993; title-link: Merriam-Webster.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia mety hifanindry aza ny fedrà sy ireo sokajin' ny kolontsainam-bahoaka nentim-paharazana hafa, dia matetika no heverina fa miavaka amin' ny sokajy toy ny tantara nentim-paharazana momba olona na zava-nitranga heverina ho ara-tantara sy ny tantaram-bahoaka ny fedrà, satria tsy heverina ho fitantarana [[Fahamasinana|masina]] ireo sokajy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SALAMON-GOLDBERG-2012&quot;&gt;Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qhsdhM9tI3EC&amp;pg=PA125]; last1: Salamon; first1: Hagar; first2: Harvey E.; last2: Goldberg; Daty: 2012; Toko: ''Myth-Ritual-Symbol''; editor1-first: Regina F.; editor1-last: Bendix; editor2-first: Galit; editor2-last: Hasan-Rokem; Lohateny: ''A Companion to Folklore''; Pejy: 125; Mpamoaka: Wiley-Blackwell; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1405194990&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy misy mihevitra ho marina ny karazana tantaram-bahoaka sasany, toy ny [[Angano|angano]], ka izany no mety hiheverana azy ho hafa noho ny fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], pp. 9, 17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], pp. 10–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFPettazzoni1984|Pettazzoni (1984)]], pp. 99–101&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ny fedrà dia [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]], zavaboary manana toetra maha-andriamanitra sy maha-olombelona, na olombelona [[Mihoatra ny natoraly|mihoatra ny voajanahary]],&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mythfolk3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oflaherty3&quot;/&gt; fa olombelona kosa amin' ny ankapobeny no mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ireo tantara heverina ho ara-tantara.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford literary&quot;&gt;last1: Baldick; first1: Chris; Lohateny: ''Legend''; url: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-646?rskey=Nc4w5m&amp;result=9]; Rakipahalalana: ''The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''; Fanontana: 4th; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online; Daty: 2015; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-871544-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern humans rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently. The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives...&lt;/ref&gt; Maro anefa ny maningana sy ny fifangaroana, toy ny ao amin' ny ''Iliad'', ny ''Odyssey'' ary ny ''Aeneid''.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKirk1973|Kirk (1973)]], pp. 22, 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKirk1984|Kirk (1984)]], p. 55&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, rehefa miely avy amin' ny kolontsaina iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa ny tantara, na rehefa miova ny finoana, dia mety ho lasa heverina ho tantaram-bahoaka ny fedrà, ka ovana ho olombelona na zavaboary manana toetra maha-olombelona amin' ny ampahany ireo andriamanitra mpandray anjara ao aminy, toy ny goavam-be, ny [[Elfa|''elves'']] ary ny ''faeries''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mythfolk3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFDoty2004|Doty (2004)]], p. 114&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBascom1965|Bascom (1965)]], p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, mety hahazo toetra ara-fedrà rehefa mandeha ny fotoana ny akora ara-tantara sy ara-literatiora. Ohatra, ny fitambaran' ny tantara momba an' i Britaina — tantara nentim-paharazana momba an' i Britaina Lehibe, indrindra ireo mifantoka amin' i [[Roi Arthur|Arthur Mpanjaka]] sy ny mpitaingin-tsoavaly mpiadin' ny Latabatra Boribory —&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.britannica.com/art/romance-literature-and-performance#toc50951]; Lohateny: ''romance &amp;#124; literature and performance''; Rakipahalalana: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Daty nijerena: 2017-11-06; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny fitambaran' ny tantara momba an' i Frantsa dia toa miainga lavitra avy amin' ny zava-nitranga ara-tantara tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-8, tsirairay avy, ary nanjary fedrà tao anatin' ireo taonjato nanaraka.

Amin' ny fiteny andavanandro dia azo ampiasaina koa ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' hilazana finoana iombonan' ny olona maro nefa tsy misy zava-misy iorenany, na tantara tsy marina rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200804055211/https://www.lexico.com/definition/myth Myth].&quot; ''Lexico''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020. § 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika io fampiasana io no manambany,&lt;ref&gt;last: Howells; first: Richard; Lohateny: ''The Myth of the Titanic''; Mpamoaka: Macmillan; Taona: 1999; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=34BdSTbnSKUC&amp;q=myth+pejorative&amp;pg=PA37]; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-312-22148-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary niainga tamin' ny fiheverana ho diso ny fedrà ara-pivavahana sy ny finoan' ny kolontsaina hafa; niitatra anefa izy io ka mahakasika ny finoana tsy ara-pivavahana koa.&lt;ref&gt;Eliade, Mircea. 1967. ''Myths, Dreams and Mysteries''. pp. 23, 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fampiasan' ny mpandalina ny kolontsainam-bahoaka nentim-paharazana sy ny manam-pahaizana amin' ny sehatra hafa mifandray aminy, toy ny [[Antrôpôlôjia|fandalinana ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy]], dia tsy mitsara ny fahamarinan' ny fitantarana na ny tsy fahamarinany ny teny hoe fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;Winzeler, Robert L. 2012. ''Anthropology and Religion: What We Know, Think, and Question''. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. pp. 105–106.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny manam-pahaizana mandinika ny Baiboly, na ny Testamenta Taloha na ny Testamenta Vaovao, dia manana heviny manokana ara-pandalinana ny teny hoe fedrà: ilazana indrindra ny «famaritana ny asan' izay any amin' ny tontolo hafa amin' ny alalan' ny zava-misy eto amin' ity tontolo ity» izy io (fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy), toy ny fitantarana ny Famoronana sy ny Fahalavoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford Dic Bib&quot;&gt;last1: Browning; first1: W. R. F.; Lohateny: ''Myth''; url: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001/acref-9780199543984-e-1296?rskey=PjDvHe&amp;result=9]; Rakipahalalana: ''A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.)''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online; Daty: 2010; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: In modern parlance, a myth is a legend or fairy‐story unbelievable and untrue but nevertheless disseminated. It has a more technical meaning in biblical studies and covers those stories or narratives which describe the actions of the other‐worldly in terms of this world, in both OT and NT. In Genesis the Creation and the Fall are myths, and are markedly similar to the creation stories of Israel's Near Eastern neighbours.&lt;/ref&gt;

Koa satria fampiasa hilazana tantara tsy marina raha tsaraina araka ny zava-misy fa tsy ny fiheveran' ny olona ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' amin' ny fiteny andavanandro, dia mety hiteraka adihevitra mafana ny fanasokajiana fitantarana iray ho fedrà. Maro amin' ny mpanaraka fivavahana no mino tsy amim-pisalasalana fa zava-nitranga ara-tantara ny fitantarana ao amin' ny lovantsofin' ny fivavahany, ka manohitra ny fanasokajiana azy ireny ho fedrà, nefa mampiasa io fanasokajiana io amin' ny fitantarana nentim-paharazana avy amin' ny fivavahana hafa. Noho izany dia mety hosokajin' ny manam-pahaizana sasany ho «fedrà» avokoa ny fitantarana ara-pivavahana rehetra noho ny antony azo ampiharina, ohatra mba tsy hanambaniana lovantsofina iray manokana, satria samy manana ny fomba andikany ny kolontsaina hafa ny kolontsaina tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Taona: 2005; Lohateny: ''Preface''; Rakipahalalana: ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&amp;pg=PR7]; Pejy: vii, xii; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-515669-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; first: David; last: Leeming.&lt;/ref&gt; Mety tsy hampiasa ny teny hoe fedrà mihitsy kosa ny manam-pahaizana hafa mba tsy hanomezana hevitra manambany ny fitantarana masina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], pp. 41–42, 49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Voambolana mifandraika ===

==== Fitambaran' ny fedrà sy fandalinana ny fedrà (''mythology'') ====
Ho an' ny fampiasana ny teny hoe ''mythology'' hilazana ny fizotry ny tantara ankapoben' ny asa foronina iray, indrindra ny fandaharana amin' ny fahitalavitra, dia jereo ny fifamatoran' ny tantara ao amin' ny asa foronina.

[[File:Jesus-College-MS-111 00379 190r (cropped) Geraint.jpg|thumb|Andalana fanombohan' ny iray amin' ireo fedrà ao amin' ny ''Mabinogi'' ao amin' ny ''Red Book of Hergest'' (nosoratana talohan' ny taonjato faha-13, ary mirakitra fedrà momba ireo andriamanitra seltika efa nisy talohan' ny vanim-potoana rômana). Teny valesa tany am-boalohany:&lt;br /&gt;''Gereint vab Erbin. Arthur a deuodes dala llys yg Caerllion ar Wysc...'' &lt;br /&gt;(Dikan' ny fanazavana anglisy amin' ny teny malagasy: Geraint zanak' i Erbin. Zatra nampivory ny tandapany tao Caerlleon amoron' i Usk i Arthur...)]]
Amin' ny fampiasana ankehitriny, ny teny hoe ''mythology'' dia mazàna ilazana ny fitambaran' ny fedrà ananan' ny vondron' olona iray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKirk1973|Kirk (1973)]], p. 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra amin' izany ny fitambaran' ny fedrà grika, ny fitambaran' ny fedrà rômana, ny fitambaran' ny fedrà seltika ary ny fitambaran' ny fedrà hitita: samy ilazana ny fitambaran' ny fedrà averina tantaraina eo anivon' ireo kolontsaina ireo izy ireo.&lt;ref name=grassie/&gt;

Azo ilazana ny fandalinana ny fedrà tsirairay sy ny fitambaran' ny fedrà koa ny teny hoe ''mythology''.

==== Fanangonana sy fanoritsoritana ny fedrà (''mythography'') ====
Ny fanangonana na fanoritsoritana ny fedrà dia antsoina indraindray hoe ''mythography''. Ampiasaina koa io teny io hilazana boky fanangonana fedrà ataon' ny manam-pahaizana, na hilazana ny fandalinana ny fedrà amin' ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200719000015/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mythography Mythography].&quot; ''Lexico''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ireo mpanangona sy mpanoritsoritra fedrà lehibe tao amin' ny lovantsofina momba ny fedrà grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Chance, Jane. 1994–2000. ''Medieval Mythography'', 2 vols. Gainesville.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] (43 talohan' ny fanisan-taona iraisana – 17/18 amin' ny fanisan-taona iraisana), izay nisy fiantraikany lalina ireo fitantarany ny fedrà;
* Fabius Planciades Fulgentius, mpanoratra tamin' ny teny latina tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-5 ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-6, izay nanangona fedrà maro samihafa sy nanome fivoasana mifantoka amin' ny fampianarana momba ny tsara sy ny ratsy tao amin' ny ''Mythologies'' (''Mitologiarum libri III'');
* ireo mpanangona sy mpanoritsoritra fedrà antsoina hoe ''Vatican Mythographers'' tsy fantatra anarana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, izay namorona boky fanangonana fedrà grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha izay mbola nisy fiantraikany hatramin' ny faran' ny Andro Antenatenany;
* Natalis Comes, manam-pahaizana tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina eorôpeana (''Renaissance''), izay nanoratra ny ''Mythologiae'' misy boky folo; nanjary loharano fanao fanovozan-kevitra momba ny fedrà grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha io asa soratra io tatỳ aoriana nandritra izany vanim-potoana izany tany Eorôpa.

Anisan' ireo asa fanangonana sy fanoritsoritana ny fedrà hafa manan-danja ny ''Prose Edda'' tamin' ny taonjato faha-13, izay lazaina fa nosoratan' i Snorri Sturluson, avy any Islandy. Io no asa fototra mbola voatahiry avy amin' ny Andro Antenatenany izay manome topimaso momba ny fitambaran' ny fedrà nôrdika.

I Jeffrey G. Snodgrass, mpampianatra ambony momba ny antrôpôlôjia, izany hoe ny fandalinana ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy, ao amin' ny ''Colorado State University'' (Oniversitem-panjakan' i Colorado),&lt;ref&gt;website: Colorado State University; Lohateny: ''Dr. Snodgrass editor of new blog series: Bioculturalism''; Daty: 3 August 2015; first: Katie; last: Horton; url: [https://anthgr.colostate.edu/2015/08/snodgrass-bioculturalism/]; Daty nijerena: 28 October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; dia niantso ireo ''Bhats'' any India hoe mpanangona sy mpanoritsoritra fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;Gazety akademika: ''Culture and Religion''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 1; Taona: 2004; Pejy: 71–104; Lohateny: ''Hail to the Chief?: The Politics and Poetics of a Rajasthani 'Child Sacrifice'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''; first: Jeffrey G.; last: Snodgrass; doi: 10.1080/0143830042000200364; s2cid: 144663317; issn: 1475-5629; oclc: 54683133.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Famakafakana ny fedrà (''myth criticism'') ====
Ny famakafakana ny fedrà dia rafitra fivoasana ny kolontsaina amin' ny alalan' ny antrôpôlôjia, noforonin' ilay filôzôfa frantsay Gilbert Durand. Nampiasa izany ny manam-pahaizana mba hanazavana ny fototra ara-fedrà ao amin' ny asa foronina ankehitriny; noho izany dia mila mampifandray taranja maro ny famakafakana ny fedrà amin' izao vanim-potoana izao. Ireo mpamakafaka ny fedrà nanaraka ny fomba nentim-paharazana, toa an' i Georges Dumézil, Hans Blumenberg, Kurt Hübner ary Pierre Brunel, dia namorona rafitra natao ho modelin' ny fandinihana ary nanazava ny hevitr' ireo fedrà tao amin' ny loharano niaviany, nandritra ny fivoarany ary tao anatin' ny toe-javatra nifandraisany.

Hoy José Manuel Losada (dika amin' ny teny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;«Mahomby io fomba nentim-paharazana famakafakana ny fedrà io rehefa mandinika ny fedrà ao amin' ny literatiora talohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, mamantatra ireo loharano ara-literatiora, mamantatra ny fivoaran' ny fiteny, mandinika ny fifandraisan' ny lahatsoratra samihafa, ary mahatakatra ny lafiny ara-piarahamonina sy ara-tsaina ary ireo lafiny momba ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy».&lt;ref&gt;author1: José Manuel Losada; author1-link: José Manuel Losada; editor1-last: Stachon; editor1-first: Markus; editor2-last: Lipscomb; editor2-first: Antonella; editor3-last: Kolovou; editor3-first: Penelpe; Lohateny: ''Antiquity in Progress: Intermedial Presences of Ancient Mediterranean Cultures in the Modern World''; Daty: 2025; Mpamoaka: Propylaeum; Toerana: Heidelberg; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-96929-346-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 219; Fiteny: English; Toko: ''Cultural Myth Criticism: Theory and Methodology''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Fitambaran' ny fedrà sy tantara mifamatotra (''mythos'') ====
Fanazavana fanampiny: tontolo noforonina ifamatoran' ny tantara.

Satria misy fotoana ampiasana ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' amin' ny heviny manambany, dia naleon' ny manam-pahaizana sasany nampiasa ny teny hoe ''mythos'' ho solony.&lt;ref name=grassie&gt;last1: Grassie; first1: William; Daty: March 1998; Lohateny: ''Science as Epic? Can the modern evolutionary cosmology be a mythic story for our time?''; Gazety akademika: ''Science &amp; Spirit''; Boky: 9; Laharana: 1; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: The word 'myth' is popularly understood to mean idle fancy, fiction, or falsehood; but there is another meaning of the word in academic discourse... Using the original Greek term ''mythos'' is perhaps a better way to distinguish this more positive and all-encompassing definition of the word.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny fampiasana fahita kokoa ankehitriny, ny teny hoe ''mythos'' dia ilazana ny heviny araka an' i Aristote, dia ny singa amin' ny fizotry ny tantara, na ny fitambaran' ny fedrà na tantara mifamatotra, indrindra ireo ao anatin' ny lovantsofina ara-pivavahana na ara-kolontsaina iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;oedmthos&quot;&gt;&quot;mythos, ''n.''&quot; 2003. In ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina indraindray indrindra io teny io hilazana fitambaran' ny fedrà noforonina amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny, toy ny famoronana tontolo noforonina nataon' i [[Howard Phillips Lovecraft|H. P. Lovecraft]].

==== Famoronana fedrà an-tsitrapo (''mythopoeia'') ====
Ny ''mythopoeia'' ([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mytho-#English ''mytho-''] + [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-poeia#English ''-poeia''], midika hoe «mamorona fedrà aho») dia teny nampiasain' i [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] sy ny hafa mba hilazana ny famoronana fitambaran' ny fedrà atao amim-pahatsiarovan-tena.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200804051551/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mythopoeia Mythopoeia].&quot; ''Lexico''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 31 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jereo koa: ilay tononkalo ''Mythopoeia''; ampitahao amin' i Tolkien, J. R. R. [1964] 2001. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JW-cQ-cypwwC Tree and Leaf; Mythopoeia; The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221211183157/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JW-cQ-cypwwC Tahiry] (11 December 2022).'' London: HarperCollins. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-00-710504-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana sy fampiasana amin' ny teny malagasy ===

Ny fedrà dia tantara na hevitra foronin' ny saina ho enti-manazava ny zava-mitranga eto amin' izao tontolo izao na eo amin' ny [[fiarahamonina]] ary indrindra natao hanorenana ny fanao eo amin' ny fiarahamonina araka ny anjara toeran' ny soatoavina fototra ao amin' ny fiarahamonina mitady ny fiombonana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Alain Cabantous, ''Mythologies urbaines: Les villes entre histoire et imaginaire'', Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015, p. 11.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny alalan' ny [[lovantsofina]] am-bava no ampitana azy amin' ny voalohany, izay manolotra fanazavana momba ny endrika fototra ao amin' ny tontolo sy ny fiarahamonina nanefy na nampita io fedrà io. Rehefa hadino ka tsy misy mpanaraka intsony ny fivavahana iray dia manjary fedrà: izany no mitranga amin' ny fivavahana seltika taloha sy ny fivavahan' ny [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Egiptiana]], ny an' ny Grika ary ny an' ny [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]].

Ny mpanoratra malagasy sasany dia mampiasa ny teny hoe ''angano''. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia fitantarana ahitana tandindona manazava ny niavian' izao tontolo izao sy ireo [[Andriamanitra (anarana iombonana)|andriamanitra]], ny [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|famoronana]] ny [[biby]] sy ny [[olombelona]]; ny fiavian' ny [[lovantsofina]] sy ny fombafomba ary ny endrika sasany amin' ny asa ataon' ny olombelona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Mythologie&quot;, ''Microsoft Encata 2009''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Fitantarana anorenana ny fomba amam-panao eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny fedrà, ary ny [[firenena]] na ny vahoaka rehetra dia samy manana fedrà.

Hoy Razafintsalama raha miresaka ny amin' ny fedrà:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;ny fedrà dia tsy mikendry ny hitantara zava-nitranga tamin' ny toerana na vanim-potoana azo faritana, fa maneho an'ohatra fa nisy hatrizay, mbola misy ary hisy hatrany ny fototra tsy azo hozongozonina iorenan' ny maha-olona ny olona, ny maha-lehilahy ny lehilahy ary ny maha-vehivavy ny vehivavy; toraka izany ny fototra iorenan' ny rafi-piaraha-monina sy ny fomba vaventy iakinan' ny fifandraisana mirindra eo amin' ny mpiara-belona. Izany hoe, karazana teolojia ntaolo ny fedrà&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Razafintsalama, P. A., ''Taridalana ho enti-manadihady ny finoana sy ny fomba malagasy'', Edisiôna Md Paoly, Antananarivo, 1998, p.20.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Ny teny hoe ''fedrà'' sy ny mitovy hevitra aminy ====

Matetika dia mifandray amin' ny [[fivavahana]] ny fedrà ka mahatonga ny mpanoratra amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] sasany, indrindra ny [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjiana]], hampiasa ny andian-teny hoe ''angano masina'' na ''anganom-pinoana'' na ''anganom-pivavahana'', na dia tsy voatery ho momba ny fivavahana na ny finoana ny fedrà fa mety hikasika ny fiarahamonina na ny fitondram-panjakana na zavatra hafa izay tsy ahitana resaka fahamasinana.

Araka an' i Jacques Faublée, izay nanangona tantara tany amin' ny faritry ny Malagasy bara dia &quot;tantaram-piandohana&quot; no hevitry ny teny hoe ''fedrà'' (4)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Faublée, Jacques, ''Récits bara'', Institut d'Ethnologie, Musée de l'Homme, 1947, p. 14.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fivoasana ==

=== Fandalinana mampitaha ny fedrà ===
Ny fandalinana mampitaha ny fedrà dia fampitahana araka ny fomba fiasa voarindra ny fedrà avy amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa. Mikendry ny hamantatra ireo lohahevitra fototra iombonan' ny fedrà ao amin' ny kolontsaina maro izy io. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ireo mpandalina mampitaha ny fedrà dia mampiasa ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà samihafa mba hanohanana ny hevitra fa manana loharano iray iombonana ireo fitambaran' ny fedrà ireo. Mety hanome aingam-panahy hamoronana fedrà io loharano io, na hanome fitambaran' ny fedrà tany am-piandohana niombonana (''protomythology''), izay niova sy nisaraka ho fitambaran' ny fedrà ao amin' ny kolontsaina tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLittleton1973|Littleton (1973)]], p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fomba fijery manasongadina ny anjara asa ara-piarahamonina ===
Mpandinika maromaro no nilaza fa mandrafitra sy mamolavola ny fiarahamonina ary ny fitondran-tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny fedrà. Araka an' i Eliade, anisan' ny anjara asa lehibe indrindra ananan' ny fedrà ny mametraka modely ho an' ny fitondran-tena&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 51&lt;/ref&gt; ary mety hahatonga ny olona hiaina traikefa ara-pivavahana ny fedrà. Araka ny heviny, rehefa mitantara na mamerina mampiseho ny fedrà ny olona ao amin' ny fiarahamonina nentim-paharazana, dia misintaka amin' ny ankehitriny ka miverina amin' ny vanim-potoana tantarain' ny fedrà, ary amin' izany dia manatona kokoa ny maha-andriamanitra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 51&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFEliade1998|Eliade (1998)]], p. 19&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i Honko fa amin' ny toe-javatra sasany dia mamerina mampiseho fedrà ny fiarahamonina iray mba hiezahana hamerina ny toe-javatra nisy tamin' ny vanim-potoana tantarain' ny fedrà. Ohatra, mety hamerina mampiseho ny fanasitranana voalazan' ny fedrà fa nataon' ny andriamanitra iray tany amin' ny fiandohan' ny fotoana izy ireo, amin' ny fikasana hanasitrana olona iray amin' ny ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], pp. 41–42, 49&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, nilaza i Barthes fa mikatsaka traikefa ara-pivavahana ny kolontsaina môderina. Araka ny heviny, satria tsy anjaran' ny siansa ny mamaritra ny fitsipika momba ny tsara sy ny ratsy eo amin' ny olombelona, dia fiezahana hifandray amin' ny lasa heverina ho nanana izany fitsipika izany ny traikefa ara-pivavahana, mifanohitra amin' ny ankehitriny anjakan' ny teknolojia.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBarthes1972|Barthes (1972)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Faritan' i Pattanaik toy izao ny fitambaran' ny fedrà, araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «ny fahamarinana araka ny fijerin' ny olona izay ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny tantara, ny tandindona ary ny fombafomba».&lt;ref&gt;Daty nijerena: 2020-04-13; Lohateny: ''No society can exist without myth, says Devdutt Pattanaik''; url: [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/no-society-can-exist-without-myth-says-devdutt-pattanaik/story-PG1v4iB17j07dV5Vyv86QN.html]; Daty: 4 July 2016; website: Hindustan Times; first: Namya; last: Sinha.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoy koa izy, araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny zava-misy dia fahamarinan' ny rehetra. Ny tantara foronina dia tsy fahamarinan' iza na iza. Ny fedrà dia fahamarinan' ny olona iray.»&lt;ref&gt;first: Jamal; last: Shaikh; Daty: 8 July 2018; Lohateny: ''Interview: Devdutt Pattanaik &quot;Facts are everybody's truth. Fiction is nobody's truth. Myths are somebody's truth&quot;''; website: Hindustan Times; url: [https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/interview-devdutt-pattanaik-facts-are-everybody-s-truth-fiction-is-nobody-s-truth-myths-are-somebody-s-truth/story-bF0Y9JzlqKyLMAiKYNGTbL.html]; Daty nijerena: 2020-04-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanazavana ny fedrà ho tantara ara-tantara novaina ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fanazavana ny fedrà ho tantara ara-tantara novaina.

Jereo koa: [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]].

Misy teôria milaza fa fitantarana nanova endrika ny zava-nitranga ara-tantara ny fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBulfinch2004|Bulfinch (2004)]], p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io teôria io, mamerimberina manampy antsipiriany amin' ny fitantarana ara-tantara ny mpitantara, mandra-pahatongan' ireo olona ao amin' izany fitantarana izany ho raisina ho andriamanitra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBulfinch2004|Bulfinch (2004)]], p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, mety ho avy amin' ny fitantarana ara-tantara momba ny mpanjaka iray nampianatra ny vahoakany hampiasa lay sy hamantatra ny toetry ny rivotra ny fedrà momba an' i Aeolus, andriamanitry ny rivotra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBulfinch2004|Bulfinch (2004)]], p. 194&lt;/ref&gt; Naneho hevitra toy izany i [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]] (taonjato faha-5 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iombonana) sy i Prodicus.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; Antsoina hoe fanazavana ny fedrà ho tantara ara-tantara novaina (''euhemerism'') ity teôria ity, araka ny anaran' i Euhemerus, mpandalina ny fedrà (manodidina ny taona 320 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iombonana), izay nanolotra ny hevitra fa avy amin' ny tantara nentim-paharazana momba ny olombelona no nipoiran' ny andriamanitra grika.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Euhemerism.&quot; ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fitantarana an' ohatra maneho hevitra hafa ===
Misy teôria milaza fa niainga avy amin' ny fitantarana an' ohatra maneho zava-miseho voajanahary ny fedrà: maneho ny masoandro i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], maneho ny rano i Poseidon, sy ny sisa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny teôria iray hafa kosa, dia niainga avy amin' ny fitantarana an' ohatra maneho hevitra ara-filôzôfia na ara-panahy ny fedrà: maneho ny fahaiza-mitsara amim-pahendrena i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]], maneho ny faniriana ara-pitiavana i [[Afrôdita|Aphrodite]], sy ny sisa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHonko1984|Honko (1984)]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; Nanohana teôria manazava ny fedrà ho fitantarana an' ohatra maneho hevitra hafa i Müller. Nihevitra izy fa niainga avy amin' ny fanoritsoritana an' ohatra ny natiora ny fedrà, ary nanjary noraisina ara-bakiteny tsikelikely ireny fanoritsoritana ireny. Araka izany fomba fijery izany, ohatra, dia nisy filazana ara-tononkalo fa romotra ny ranomasina, izay noraisina ara-bakiteny tatỳ aoriana, ka nanjary noheverina ho andriamanitra romotra ny ranomasina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 20&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanomezana toetra maha-olona ===
Jereo koa: Fomba fisainana ara-fedrà.

Nilaza ny mpandinika sasany fa ny fanomezana toetra maha-olona ny zavatra sy ny hery no miteraka ny fedrà. Araka ireo mpandinika ireo, nivavaka tamin' ny zava-miseho voajanahary, toy ny afo sy ny rivotra, ny olona fahiny, ka nataony andriamanitra tsikelikely ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBulfinch2004|Bulfinch (2004)]], p. 195&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, araka io teôria io, nirona hihevitra ny zavatra ho andriamanitra ny olona fahiny, fa tsy ho zavatra tsotra fotsiny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen2013|Frankfort, Frankfort, Wilson, Jacobsen (2013)]], p. 4&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io teôria io àry, nolazain' izy ireo ho asa nataon' ny andriamanitra manana ny maha-izy azy sy ny sitrapony ny zava-mitranga voajanahary, ka niteraka ny fedrà izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen2013|Frankfort, Frankfort, Wilson, Jacobsen (2013)]], p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanazavana ny fedrà amin' ny fombafomba ===
Jereo koa: Fedrà sy fombafomba.

Araka ny teôria momba ny fifandraisan' ny fedrà sy ny fombafomba dia mifamatotra amin' ny fombafomba ny fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 61&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny endriny mitondra izany hevitra izany lavitra indrindra, io teôria io dia milaza fa nipoitra mba hanazavana ny fombafomba ny fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFGraf1996|Graf (1996)]], p. 40&lt;/ref&gt; I Smith no nanolotra voalohany izany hevitra izany,&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMeletinsky2014|Meletinsky (2014)]], pp. 19–20&lt;/ref&gt; ka nilaza fa manomboka manao fombafomba noho ny antony tsy mifandray amin' ny fedrà ny olona. Araka ny fanazavany, rehefa hadinon' izy ireo ny antony niandohan' ny fombafomba iray dia mamorona fedrà hanazavana izany izy ireo, ary milaza fa fahatsiarovana ireo zava-nitranga tantarain' io fedrà io ilay fombafomba.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 63&lt;/ref&gt; I James George Frazer, mpanoratra ny ''The Golden Bough'', boky momba ny fandalinana mampitaha ny fedrà sy ny fivavahana, dia nilaza fa nino ny fombafomba natao hampiasana hery miafina ny olombelona tamin' ny voalohany; tatỳ aoriana dia nanomboka nihena ny finoany ny fampiasana hery miafina ka namorona fedrà momba ny andriamanitra izy ireo, ary nanome hevitra vaovao ny fombafombany ho fombafomba ara-pivavahana natao hampitoniana ny andriamanitra.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFrazer1913|Frazer (1913)]], p. 711&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantaran' ny fandalinana ny fedrà ho taranja akademika ==

Anisan' ny fomba fandalinana nanan-danja teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fandalinana ny fedrà ny an' i Vico, [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]], [[Friedrich von Schiller|Schiller]], [[Carl Gustav Jung|Jung]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], Lévy-Bruhl, [[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Strauss]] ary Frye, ny an' ny sekolim-pisainana sôvietika, ary ny an' ny sekolim-pisainana momba ny fedrà sy ny fombafomba.&lt;ref&gt;first: Guy; last: Lanoue; Toko: ''Foreword''; in: [[#CITEREFMeletinsky2014|Meletinsky]]; Taona: 2014; p: viii.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Grisia tamin' ny Andro Taloha ===
[[File:Myths and legends of Babylonia and Assyria (1916) (14801987593).jpg|thumb|upright|''Myths and legends of [[Babilônia|Babylonia]] and [[Asiria|Assyria]]'' (1916)]]
[[File:Editions of Hamilton's book.png|thumb|Ny ''Mythology'' nosoratan' i Edith Hamilton dia anisan' ny fitaovana lehibe nahafahan' ny mpiteny anglisy nahalala ny fitambaran' ny fedrà grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha.]]
Nanomboka tamin' ireo [[Filôzôfia presôkratika|filôzôfa talohan' i Socrate]] ny fivoasana ny fedrà tamin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana mitsikera.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Iray tamin' ireo mpandinika ny fedrà nanana ny anjara toerana lehibe indrindra talohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina i Euhemerus. Nivoasany ho fitantarana zava-nitranga ara-tantara marina ny fedrà, na dia niova endrika aza noho ny fitantarana azy imbetsaka.

Nozarain' i Sallustius ho sokajy dimy ny fedrà:&lt;ref&gt;''On the Gods and the World.'' toko 5;

Jereo: ''Collected Writings on the Gods and the World''. Frome: The Prometheus Trust. 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Teôlôjia|momba ny andriamanitra]];
* momba ny natiora (na momba ny lalàn' ny natiora);
* [[Animisma|momba ny fanahy]];
* momba ny zavatra ara-nofo; ary
* mifangaro, izay ahitana fedrà maneho ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny sokajy roa na maromaro amin' ireo voalaza teo aloha, ary ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fombafomba fandraisana ho mpikambana.

Nanameloka ny fedrà ao amin' ny tononkalo i [[Platôna|Plato]] raha niresaka ny fanabeazana tao amin' ny ''Republic''. Ny antony lehibe nanakianany azy dia ny mety handraisan' ireo tsy nahita fianarana ara-bakiteny ny tantaran' ny andriamanitra sy ny mahery fo. Na izany aza, dia niverimberina niresaka fedrà izy tao amin' ny asa sorany rehetra. Rehefa nivoatra ny fampianarana nanaraka an' i Plato, nandritra ireo dingana antsoina mahazatra hoe platônisma antenantenany sy [[Neôplatônisma|neôplatônisma]], dia nisy mpanoratra toa an' i [[Plotarkosy|Plutarch]], [[Pôrfiriôsy|Porphyry]], [[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], Olympiodorus ary [[Damaskiôsy|Damascius]] nanoratra mazava momba ny fivoasana amin' ny alalan' ny tandindona ny fedrà nentim-paharazana sy ny fedrà avy amin' ny [[Ôrfisma|fivavahana ôrfika]].&lt;ref&gt;Angamba ao amin' ny lahatsoratra fahadimy sy fahenina amin' ny ''Commentary on the Republic'' nosoratan' i Proclus no ahitana ny andalan-tsoratra lava indrindra momba ny fivoasana filôzôfika ny fedrà (hita ao amin' ny ''The Works of Plato I'', trans. Thomas Taylor, The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1996); asa lehibe iray hafa amin' io sehatra io ny famakafakan' i Porphyry ny lava-baton' ireo nimfa (fanahy vavy mifandray amin' ny natiora) ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Homer (''Select Works of Porphyry'', Thomas Taylor The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1994). Misy fandikan-teny anglisy feno ao amin' ireo rohy ivelany etsy ambany.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiasaina an-tsitrapo tao amin' ny literatiora ny lohahevitra momba ny fedrà, nanomboka tamin' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]]. Mety hanondro mazava tontolo iray misy fedrà ny asa soratra vokatr' izany, nefa tsy manjary anisan' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà akory ilay asa soratra (''Cupid and Psyche''). Indrindra indrindra, ny tantaram-pahasahiana sy zava-mahagaga tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany (''romance'') dia mampiasa io fanovana ny fedrà ho literatiora io ho fitaovana ara-pamoronana. Araka ny voalaza teo aloha, ny fanazavana ny fedrà ho tantara ara-tantara novaina dia manazava ny fedrà araka ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina, ka mametraka ireo lohahevitra nanana toetra ara-fedrà teo aloha ao anatin' ny toe-javatra mifandray amin' ny fiainana azo tsapain-tanana. Mety hitranga izany, ohatra, aorian' ny fiovana lehibe eo amin' ny fomba fijery ara-kolontsaina na ara-pivavahana, indrindra ny fivoasana indray ny fitambaran' ny fedrà avy amin' ny [[Paganisma|fivavahana pôliteista taloha tsy kristiana]] taorian' ny fampielezana ny kristianisma.

=== Ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tany Eorôpa ===
[[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Ao amin' ny asa sorany hoe ''The Metamorphoses'', i Ovid, pôeta rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha, dia nitantara ny amin' i Io, fanahy vavy mifandray amin' ny natiora, izay voataonan' i Jupiter, mpanjakan' ny andriamanitra, hanao firaisana ara-nofo taminy. Rehefa nialona i Juno vadiny, dia novan' i Jupiter ho omby vavy tanora mbola tsy niteraka i Io mba hiarovana azy. Mitantara ny tapany faharoa amin' ilay tantara ity sary hosodoko amin' ny takelaka ity. Eo amin' ny ilany havia ambony, dia mivoaka avy ao amin' ny rahona i Jupiter mba handidy an' i Mercury hamonjy an' i Io. Eo amin' ny ilany havia ambany, dia mitarika ny andian' ombiny mankany amin' ny toerana iambenan' i Argus, ilay manana maso zato, an' i Io i Mercury. Eo afovoany ambony, dia mampatory an' i Argus i Mercury, izay miseho ho mpiandry ondry, ary manapaka ny lohany avy eo. Alain' i Juno avy eo ny mason' i Argus mba handravahana ny volon-drambon' ny vorombola fiompiny, ary irahiny hanenjika an' i Io ireo Furies, ka mandositra mankany amin' ny renirano Nile i Io. Farany, dia vitan' i Jupiter ny mandresy lahatra ny vadiny hampitsahatra ny fampijaliana an' ilay fanahy vavy. Rehefa tafaverina amin' ny endriny voajanahary i Io, dia mandositra any anaty ala ary tonga Isis, andriamani-bavy ao Ejipta, amin' ny farany.|Mitantara ny tapany faharoa amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' ity takelaka misy sary hosodoko nataon' i Bartolomeo di Giovanni ity. Eo amin' ny ilany havia ambony, dia mivoaka avy ao amin' ny rahona i Jupiter mba handidy an' i Mercury hamonjy an' i Io.&lt;ref&gt;Mpamoaka: The Walters Art Museum; url: [http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298]; Lohateny: ''The Myth of Io.''; Daty nijerena: 18 December 2015; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298]; Daty nitahirizana: 16 May 2013; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fanazavana fanampiny momba ity takelaka ity: katalaogy Zeri laharana 64, pp. 100–101.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Niverina indray ny fahalianana tamin' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà mifandray amin' ny [[Pôliteisma|finoana andriamanitra maro]] nandritra ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tany Eorôpa, ary nipoitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ireo asa voalohany momba ny fanangonana sy fanoritsoritana ny fedrà, anisan' izany ny ''Theologia Mythologica'' (1532).

=== Taonjato faha-19 ===
[[File:Robert Wilhelm Ekman - Väinämöinen’s Play.jpg|thumb|Väinämöinen, ilay hendry manana toetra maha-andriamanitra sy maha-olombelona, sady iray amin' ireo mpandray anjara lehibe ao amin' ny ''The Kalevala'', tononkalo mitantara ny zava-bitan' ny mahery fo avy amin' ny fedrà any Finlandy, tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 &lt;small&gt;(''Väinämöinen's Play'', Robert Wilhelm Ekman, 1866)&lt;/small&gt;|upright=1.05]]
[[File:Thor's Battle Against the Jötnar (1872) by Mårten Eskil Winge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|''Thor's Fight with the Giants'' (1872), nataon' i Mårten Eskil Winge. I Thor no andriamanitry ny kotroka ao amin' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà nôrdika.]]
Nipoitra tamin' ny tapany faharoa amin' ny taonjato faha-19 ny teôria tandrefana môderina voalohany momba ny fedrà teo amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; — tamin' ny fotoana nandraisana ny teny hoe ''myth'' ho voambolana ampiasain' ny mpikaroka amin' ny fiteny eorôpeana koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oedmthos&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny nanosika izany ny fahalianana vaovao tamin' ny tantaran' i Eorôpa fahiny sy ny kolontsaina amin' ny fitenin' ny vahoaka. Nifandray tamin' ny nasiônalisma nentin' ny rômantisma izany fahalianana izany, ary anisan' ny naneho azy ny fikarohan' i Jacob Grimm (1785–1863). Tsy tamin' ny fedrà grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha ihany no nifantohan' ny sain' ny mpikaroka eorôpeana vokatr' io hetsika io, fa tamin' ny akora izay ampifandraisina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà nôrdika, ny any Finlandy, sy ny sisa koa. Anisan' ny nanosika ny teôria tandrefana koa ny ezaka nataon' ny Eorôpeana mba hahatakarana sy hifehezana ireo kolontsaina sy tantara ary fivavahana nifanena taminy tamin' ny alalan' ny fanjanahantany. Anisan' izay hitany tamin' izany ireo lahatsoratra tranainy dia tranainy, toy ny ''Rigveda'' amin' ny [[Fiteny sanskrity|teny sanskrita]] sy ny ''[[Epikan' i Gilgamesa|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'' amin' ny [[Fiteny someriana|teny somerianina]], ary ireo fitantarana am-bava mbola nampitaina tamin' izany fotoana izany, toy ny fedràn' ny vazimba teratany any Amerika na ny tantara notantaraina tao amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana afrikana|fivavahana afrikana nentim-paharazana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;shippey&quot;&gt;Shippey, Tom. 2005. &quot;''A Revolution Reconsidered: Mythography and Mythology in the Nineteenth Century.''&quot; pp. 1–28 in ''The Shadow-Walkers: Jacob Grimm’s Mythology of the Monstrous'', edited by T. Shippey. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. pp. 4–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fiantraikany lalina tamin' ny tontolon' ny fisainan' ny mpikaroka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ireo hevitra vao nipoitra momba ny [[Evôlisiôna|fivoarana miandalana]]. Anisan' izany ny fahafantarana fa maro amin' ny fiteny any Eorazia — ary noho izany, mety ho toy izany koa ny tantara — no samy avy amin' ny fiteny iray niombonana izay tsy misy intsony, dia ny fiteny indô-eorôpeana tany am-piandohana. Noheverina fa azo averina aorina amin' ny fanjohian-kevitra mifototra amin' ny fampitahana ireo fiteny nipoitra avy aminy io fiteny io. Anisan' ireo hevitra ireo koa ny fiheverana fa mety hiova miandalana tahaka ny karazan-javamananaina ny kolontsaina.&lt;ref name = shippey/&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia nasehon' ny teôria tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ho fomba fisainana tsy nahomby na lany andro ny fedrà. Matetika ireo teôria ireo no nandika azy ho endrika tany am-piandohana nifanandrify tamin' ny siansa môderina, tao anatin' ny fomba fijery izay nihevitra fa lalana tokana no izoran' ny fiovan' ny kolontsaina: araka izany fiheverana izany, dia lalana iray ihany no nizoran' ny kolontsain' olombelona rehetra tamin' ny fivoarany, saingy samy hafa ny hafainganam-pandehany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], pp. 3–4&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tontolo voajanahary ====
Anisan' ireo teôria nanana toerana lehibe tamin' ny fandalinana ny fedrà tamin' ny tapany farany amin' ny taonjato faha-19 ny fanazavana ny fedrà amin' ny zava-miseho voajanahary (''nature mythology''). Anisan' ireo mpanohana azy lehibe i Max Müller sy i Edward Burnett Tylor. Niainga tamin' ny fiheverana io teôria io fa ny tontolo voajanahary no tena nifantohan' ny olona izay nantsoiny hoe «mbola tany amin' ny dingana voalohany». Nirona handika ireo fedrà izay toa nanafintohina ny Eorôpeana tamin' ny vanim-potoana viktôriana izy io — toy ny tantara momba ny firaisana ara-nofo, ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny mpihavana akaiky, na ny fihinanana nofon' olombelona — ho fanoharana momba ny zava-miseho voajanahary, toy ny fahavokarana amin' ny fambolena.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;McKinnell, John. 2005. ''Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend''. Cambridge: Brewer. pp. 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io teôria io, dia tsy nahatakatra ny lalànan' ny natiora izay tsy miankina amin' ny sitrapon' ny olona na ny zavamananaina hafa ny olombelona tany am-piandohana, ka niezaka nanazava ny zava-miseho voajanahary tamin' ny fanomezana fanahy ny zavatra tsy mananaina; avy amin' izany, araka io fanazavana io, no nipoiran' ny [[Animisma|finoana fa misy fanahy ny zavatra]].

Araka an' i Tylor, dia nandalo dingana maromaro ny fivoaran' ny fisainan' olombelona: niainga tamin' ny hevitra mifototra amin' ny fedrà izany, ary nandroso miandalana ho amin' ny hevitra ara-tsiansa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 4&lt;/ref&gt; Nihevitra koa i Müller fa avy amin' ny fiteny ny fedrà, ary niantso azy tamin' ny teny an' ohatra izay azo adika hoe «aretin' ny fiteny» mihitsy. Nanombantombana izy fa vokatry ny tsy fisian' ny anarana ilazana hevitra tsy azo tsapain-tanana sy ny sokajin' anarana tsy lahy sady tsy vavy amin' ny fitsipi-pitenenan' ny fiteny fahiny no nipoiran' ny fedrà. Ireo fomba fiteny an' ohatra izay manome endrika sy toetra maha-olona ny zavatra, izay nilaina tamin' ireny fiteny ireny, dia noraisina ara-bakiteny tatỳ aoriana, ka nitarika ho amin' ny fiheverana fa tena manana fahatsiarovan-tena na maha-andriamanitra ny zava-miseho voajanahary.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 20&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ny mpikaroka rehetra no nanaiky izany fomba fijery izany, na dia ireo tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 aza. Nilaza i Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, fa «ny toe-tsaina lazaina ho mbola tany am-piandohana dia toetry ny sain' olombelona, fa tsy dingana iray amin' ny fivoarany ara-tantara».&lt;ref&gt;last: Mâche; Lohateny: ''Music, Myth and Nature, or The Dolphins of Arion''; Taona: 1992; Pejy: 8; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=YNCVOY423HsC&amp;pg=PA8]; first: Francois-Bernard; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-7186-5321-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandao ny hevi-dehibe tamin' ny fanazavana ny fedrà amin' ny zava-miseho voajanahary koa ny fikarohana tatỳ aoriana, rehefa nanamarika fa tsy ampy mihitsy ny porofo manohana ireny fandikana ireny eo amin' ireo olona tena nampiely ny fedrà.&lt;ref&gt;Dorson, Richard M. 1955. &quot;''The Eclipse of Solar Mythology.''&quot; pp. 25–63 in ''Myth: A Symposium'', edited by T. A. Sebeok. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Fombafomba ====
Nihevitra i Frazer fa fandikana diso ny fombafomba ara-majia ny fedrà, ary ireo fombafomba ireo kosa dia nifototra tamin' ny fiheverana diso momba ny lalànan' ny natiora. Io hevitra io no ivon' ny sekolim-pisainana mandinika ny fifandraisan' ny fedrà sy ny fombafomba.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], pp. 67–68&lt;/ref&gt; Araka an' i Frazer, dia miainga amin' ny finoana tsy marim-pototra ny lalàna ara-majia izay tsy miankina amin' ny sitrapon' ny olona na ny zavamananaina hafa ny olombelona. Rehefa tsapany fa tsy mandaitra ny fampiharana ireny lalàna ireny, dia afoiny ny finoany ny lalànan' ny natiora, ka finoana andriamanitra manana sitrapo sy toetra maha-izy azy ary mifehy ny natiora no soloany azy; izany no miteraka ny fedrà ara-pivavahana, araka io teôria io. Mandritra izany fotoana izany, dia mbola manao ireo fombafomba ara-majia taloha ihany ny olona noho ny fahazarana, saingy mandika azy ireo indray ho famerenana an-tsehatra ny zava-nitranga ao amin' ny fedrà. Farany, araka an' i Frazer, dia takatry ny olona fa manaraka lalàna voajanahary ny natiora, ary amin' ny alalan' ny siansa no ahafantarany ny tena toetr' ireny lalàna ireny. Eto indray, ao amin' io teôria io, dia mahatonga ny fedrà ho lany andro ny siansa, rehefa mandroso ny olombelona, araka ilay filazany izay azo adika hoe «avy amin' ny majia, mandalo amin' ny fivavahana, ka tonga amin' ny siansa».&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFrazer1913|Frazer (1913)]], p. 711&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza i Segal fa, amin' ny fampifanandrinana ny fisainana mifototra amin' ny fedrà sy ny fisainana ara-tsiansa môderina, dia milaza an-kolaka ireny teôria ireny fa tsy maintsy mandao ny fedrà ny olombelona môderina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taonjato faha-20 ===
[[File:Prometheus by Gustave Moreau.jpg|thumb|''Prometheus'' (1868), nataon' i Gustave Moreau. Ao amin' ny fitambaran' ny fedrà notantarain' i [[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiodus]] sy angamba i [[Aeschylus]] (ireo tantara an-tsehatra grika telo mifampitohy, dia ny ''Prometheus Bound'', ny ''Prometheus Unbound'' ary ny ''Prometheus Pyrphoros''), dia fatorana sy ampijalina i Prometheus noho izy nanome afo ny olombelona.|upright=1.3]]

Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 dia nisy asa lehibe namolavolana fomba fivoasana ny fedrà mifototra amin' ny psikanalizy (na fomba fandinihana ny saina mifantoka amin' ny dingana sy ny faniriana tsy tsapan' ny olona). Nitarika izany i [[Sigmund Freud]], izay naka aingam-panahy tamin' ny fedrà grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha ka nanomboka namolavola ny foto-kevitry ny kômpleksa Oedipus (na fitambaran' ny fihetseham-po ateraky ny faniriana ara-nofo tsy tsapan' ny zaza amin' ny ray na reny tsy mitovy fananahana aminy, araka ny teôrian' i Freud; ''Oedipus complex'' amin' ny teny anglisy) tao amin' ny bokiny ''The Interpretation of Dreams'', tamin' ny 1899. Niezaka hahatakatra ny fiasan' ny saina ao ambadiky ny fedrà maneran-tany koa i [[Carl Gustav Jung|Jung]]. Nilaza i Jung fa misy hery ara-tsaina sasany efa ananan' ny olona hatrany am-bohoka, izay tsy tsapany ary iombonan' ny olombelona rehetra; nantsoiny hoe endrika fototra iombonana ao amin' ny tsy fahatsiarovan-tena ireo. Nino izy fa ny fitoviana eo amin' ny fedrà avy amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mampiseho fa misy ireo endrika fototra iombonan' ny olombelona rehetra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Boeree.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-20 dia nitombo sy nanan-kery ny teôria momba ny fedrà mandinika ny rafitra fototra, notarihin' i [[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Strauss]]. Nilaza i Strauss fa taratry ny lamina ao amin' ny saina ny fedrà; nohazavainy fa rafitra ara-tsaina raikitra kokoa ireo lamina ireo, indrindra fa hevitra mifanohitra mandeha tsiroaroa (tsara sy ratsy, mangoraka sy tsy miraharaha ny fahorian' ny hafa), fa tsy fihetseham-po na faniriana manosika tsy tsapan' ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 113&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia namolavola famakafakana ny fedrà nifantoka tamin' ny anjara asany ara-piarahamonina teo amin' ny fiainana andavanandro i Bronislaw Malinowski. Ampifandraisina aminy ny fiheverana fa mety ho « fedrà entina manamarina ny lamina ara-piarahamonina » ny fedrà toy ny tantara manazava ny fiandohana: izany hoe manome fanamarinana ny fitsipika ara-kolontsaina sy ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Birenbaum, Harvey. 1988. ''Myth and Mind''. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. pp. 152–153.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, taorian' ny vanim-potoana nanjakan' ny fandinihana ny rafitra fototra (nanomboka tany amin' ny manodidina ny taompolo 1960 ka hatramin' ny taompolo 1980), dia nihamafy hatrany, teo amin' ireo fomba fandinihana ny fedrà nanjaka teo amin' ny [[Antrôpôlôjia|fandalinana ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy]] sy ny [[Sôsiôlôjia|fandalinana ny fiarahamonina]], ny fandraisana ny fedrà ho endrika fitantarana azo dinihina, hazavaina ary fakafakaina tahaka ny firehan-kevitra, ny tantara ary ny kolontsaina. Raha lazaina amin' ny fomba hafa, araka ireo fomba fandinihana ireo, ny fedrà dia fomba fahatakarana sy fitantarana tantara mifamatotra amin' ny fahefana, ny rafitra pôlitika ary ny tombontsoa pôlitika sy ara-toekarena.

Mifanohitra amin' ireo fomba fandinihana ireo ny fomba fijerin' i Joseph Campbell sy i Eliade, ohatra, izay mihevitra fa misy fifandraisana ifotony eo amin' ny fedrà sy ireo hevitra masina fara tampony izay mihoatra ny mampiavaka ny kolontsaina tsirairay. Nandalina ny fedrà sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny tantara indrindra ireo taranja samihafa ao amin' ny siansan' ny fiarahamonina. Ny ankamaroan' ireo fandinihana ireo dia miara-miainga amin' ny fiheverana fa tsy azo avahana ny tantara sy ny fedrà amin' ny filazana fa zava-misy, tena nisy, marina ary fahamarinana ny tantara, fa mifanohitra amin' izany kosa ny fedrà.

Tamin' ny taompolo 1950 dia namoaka andiana lahatsoratra nandinika ny fedrà môderina sy ny fizotry ny famoronana azy i Barthes, tao amin' ny bokiny ''Mythologies''. Anisan' ny asa voalohany teo amin' ny fomba fijery nipoitra taorian' ny fandinihana ny rafitra fototra io boky io, tamin' ny fotoana vao nipoiran' izany fomba fandinihana ny fedrà izany. Nanaiky ny fisian' ny fedrà eo amin' ny tontolo môderina sy ao amin' ny kolontsaina be mpanaraka io fomba fijery io.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFBarthes1972|Barthes (1972)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Nihena haingana ny anjara toeran' ny fivavahana tao amin' ny kolontsaina tandrefana nandritra ny taonjato faha-20. Nahatonga ny manam-pahaizana tandrefana ho vonona kokoa handinika ny fitantarana ao amin' ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana abrahamika]] ho fedrà izany. Nilaza ireo teôlôjiana toa an' i [[Rudolf Bultmann]] fa nila nanao fivoasana manavaka ny endrika ara-fedrà amin' ny hevitra ampitaina ny kristianisma môderina;&lt;ref&gt;[[Rudolf Bultmann|Bultmann, Rudolf]]. 1958. ''Jesus Christ and Mythology''. New York: Scribner.&lt;/ref&gt; nanaiky kosa ny manam-pahaizana hafa momba ny fivavahana fa anisan' ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fitantarana [[Fivavahana abrahamika|abrahamika]] ny maha-fedrà azy, ka ara-drariny izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFSegal2015|Segal (2015)]], p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny tovana amin' ny ''Myths, Dreams and Mysteries'' sy tao amin' ny ''The Myth of the Eternal Return'', dia noheverin' i Eliade ho vokatry ny fandavan' ny olombelona môderina ny fedrà sy ny fahatsapana ny masina ny fanahiany.

Nanoratra toy izao i Conrad Hyers, teôlôjiana kristiana (dikanteny malagasy):&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFHyers1984|Hyers (1984)]], p. 107&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Manana heviny ratsy ankehitriny ny fedrà, izay mifanohitra tanteraka amin' ny heviny eo amin' ny tontolon' ny fivavahana... Eo amin' ny tontolon' ny fivavahana, ny fedrà dia fitantarana mitondra ny fahamarinana fara tampony, ireo fahamarinana fototra sy manan-danja indrindra amin' izy rehetra. Amin' ny alalan' izy ireny no andaminan' ny olona sy anazavany ny fiainany ary ahitany hasina sy tanjona amin' ny fisiany. Mampifandray ny olona amin' ireo zava-misy masina ny fedrà, dia ireo loharano fototra ipoiran' ny fisiana, ny hery ary ny fahamarinana. Tsy heverina ho mifanohitra amin' ny fahadisoana fotsiny izy ireny, fa heverina koa ho miavaka mazava amin' ny tantara natao hampiala voly sy amin' ny fitenin' ny vahoaka ampiasainy amin' ny asa andavanandro, ao an-tokantrano ary amin' ny raharaha azo ampiharina. Manome valiny momba ny misiterin' ny fisiana sy ny fahatongavana ho misy izy ireny: misitery izay miafina amin' ny maha-misitery azy, nefa miseho amin' ny alalan' ny tantara sy ny fombafomba. Tsy ny fahamarinana fotsiny no resahin' ny fedrà, fa ny fahamarinana fara tampony.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Taonjato faha-21 ===
Na ny fikarohana tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, izay nirona hihevitra ny tantara sy ny kolontsainam-bahoaka nentim-paharazana voarakitra ho sombin' ny fedrà tsy lavorary izay efa very ny ampahany, na ny asa tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 nandinihana ny rafitra fototra, izay nikatsaka ny hamantatra ny lamina sy rafitra iorenan' ny endrika samihafa, izay matetika maro karazana, isehoan' ny fedrà iray, dia samy nirona hanambatra ny loharano mba hanandrana hamerina hanorina izay noheverin' ny mpikaroka ho endrika tonga lafatra kokoa na endrika fototry ny fedrà. Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20 kosa, ireo mpikaroka voataonan' ny pôstmôdernisma dia nirona hilaza fa samy manana ny lanjany sy ny heviny ara-kolontsaina ny fitantarana tsirairay momba ny fedrà iray. Araka ny hevitr' izy ireo, tsy fiharatsian' ny endrika iray izay tonga lafatra kokoa fahiny no asehon' ny fedrà, fa efa toetran' ny fedrà mihitsy ny maha-azo ovana sy miovaova azy.&lt;ref&gt;Ohatra: McKinnell, John. 1994. ''Both One and Many: Essays on Change and Variety in Late Norse Heathenism'', (''Philologia: saggi, ricerche, edizioni'' 1, edited by T. Pàroli). Rome.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io fomba fijery io àry, dia tsy misy ny atao hoe «fitantarana tany am-boalohany» na «endrika tany am-boalohany» amin' ny fedrà iray. Ohatra iray nisongadina tamin' io fironana io ny lahatsoratr' i A. K. Ramanujan hoe ''Three Hundred Ramayanas''.&lt;ref&gt;Ramanujan, A. K. 1991. &quot;[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3j49n8h7&amp;chunk.id=d0e1254&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=d0e1254&amp;brand=ucpress ''Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation''].&quot; pp. 22–48 in ''Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia'', edited by P. Richman. Berkeley: University of California Press. ark: [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3j49n8h7/ 13030/ft3j49n8h7/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514082733/http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3j49n8h7/ Tahiry] (14 May 2008).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ramanujan, A. K. [1991] 2004. &quot;[http://www.trans-techresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/three-hundred-Ramayanas-A-K-Ramanujan.pdf ''Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005173023/http://www.trans-techresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/three-hundred-Ramayanas-A-K-Ramanujan.pdf Tahiry] (5 October 2018).&quot; pp. 131–160 in ''The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-566896-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nifanaraka tamin' izany koa ny nanohanan' ny mpikaroka hevitra nanohitra ny fanomezana toerana voalohany ny lahatsoratra ho fitaovana fampitana ny fedrà. Nilaza izy ireo fa mety hitovy lanja aminy na hihoatra azy aza ny fitaovam-pampitana hafa, toy ny zavakanto hita maso, na ny endriky ny tontolo sy ny fanomezana anarana ny toerana mihitsy aza.&lt;ref&gt;Ohatra: Dowden, Ken. 1992. ''The Uses of Greek Mythology''. London: Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny fomba fandinihana ny akora fitantarana, dia tsy lahatsoratra ny fedrà, fa akora fitantarana (''Erzählstoffe'') azo ampifanarahana amin' ny fitaovam-pampitana samihafa, toy ny tononkalo mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo, hira fiderana, boky torolalana, sarimihetsika, dihy, sy ny sisa.&lt;ref&gt;Zgoll, Christian (2019). ''Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft'' (= ''Mythological Studies'' 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 25–31. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11054119-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy toy ny fomba fandinihana akademika hafa, izay mifantoka indrindra amin' ny anjara asan' ny fedrà, indrindra eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, ny fikarohana ny fedrà amin' ny alalan' ny akora fitantarana dia mikendry ny hahatakatra ny fedrà sy ny toetrany amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana ny fedrà mihitsy. Tao anatin' ny fikarohana ny fedrà tany Göttingen, i Annette sy Christian Zgoll dia namolavola ny fomba fandalinana ny akora fitantarana (''hylistics'') mba hanavahana ny akora ara-fedrà amin' ny fitaovana mampita azy, ka hahafahana mampitaha izany akora izany na dia samy hafa aza ny fitaovam-pampitana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Daty: 17 November 2023; Lohateny: ''Auszeichnung in der Altorientalistik und Klassischen Philologie''; url: [https://idw-online.de/de/news824208]; website: Informationsdienst Wissenschaft.&lt;/ref&gt; Zaraina ho singa madinika indrindra amin' ny fizotry ny tantara (''hylemes'') ny votoatin' ny fitaovam-pampitana, ary tanisaina amin' ny endrika manaraka fitsipika iombonana ireo singa ireo; izany no antsoina hoe famakafakana ny singa madinika indrindra amin' ny fizotry ny tantara (''hyleme analysis'').&lt;ref&gt;Zgoll, Christian (2019). ''Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft'' (= ''Mythological Studies'' 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 109–118. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11054119-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Zgoll; first1: Annette; Toko: ''In Search Of Dumuzi: An Introduction to Hylistic Narratology''; Daty: 2023-03-14; Lohateny: ''The Shape of Stories''; Pejy: 285–350; Rohin' ny toko: [https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9789004539761/BP000012.xml]; Daty nijerena: 2024-04-08; Mpamoaka: Brill; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.1163/9789004539761_013; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-53976-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last2: Cuperly; first2: Bénédicte; last3: Cöster-Gilbert; first3: Annika; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io fomba fandinihana io, ny tsy fifanarahana ao amin' ny votoatiny dia mety hanondro ny fisian' ny sosona mifanosona, izany hoe ny fifanindrian' ny akora fitantarana maromaro, ny endrika samihafa isehoan' ny fitantarana, ary ny sosona avy amin' ny fanovàna natao tamin' ny tantara, ao anatin' ny endrika voafaritra iray isehoan' ilay tantara amin' ny fitaovam-pampitana iray ihany.&lt;ref&gt;Zgoll, Christian (2019). ''Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft'' (= ''Mythological Studies'' 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 316–369. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11054119-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izany, ao anatin' ny fetra sasany, mba hanandramana hamerina hanorina ireo endrika taloha sy endrika hafa isehoan' ilay akora fitantarana iray ihany, izay nifaninana na natambatra, na sady nifaninana no natambatra.&lt;ref&gt;Zgoll, Christian (2019). ''Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft'' (= ''Mythological Studies'' 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 508–516. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11054119-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fametrahana mifanila ireo filaharan' ny singa madinika indrindra amin' ny fizotry ny tantara dia ahafahana mampitaha amin' ny fomba voalamina ny endrika samihafa isehoan' ny akora fitantarana iray ihany, na akora fitantarana maro samy hafa izay mifandray na mitovitovy rafitra.&lt;ref&gt;Zgoll, Christian (2019). ''Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft'' (= ''Mythological Studies'' 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 164–204. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11054119-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny famelabelarany ankapobeny ny tantaran' ny fikarohana ny fedrà nandritra ny zato taona, i Udo Reinhardt, mpandalina ny fiteny sy ny lahatsoratra tamin' ny Andro Taloha sady mpikaroka ny fedrà, dia nilaza ny asa fototr' i Christian Zgoll hoe ''Tractatus mythologicus'' ho «boky torolalana farany indrindra momba ny teôrian' ny fedrà», izay manana «lanja miavaka» ho an' ny fikarohana môderina ny fedrà, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Reinhardt, Udo (2022). ''Hundert Jahre Forschungen zum antiken Mythos (1918/20–2018/20). Ein selektiver Überblick (Altertum – Rezeption – Narratologie)'' (= ''Mythological Studies'' 5). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 325–322. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-078634-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ny vanim-potoana môderina ==
[[File:10,000 Belgian francs of 1929 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Taratasi-bola avy any [[Belzika|Belzika]] tamin' ny 1929, ahitana an' i [[Keresy (andriamanibavy)|Ceres]], an' i [[Neptiona (andriamanitra)|Neptune]] ary tehina misy bibilava roa mifamatotra (''caduceus'').]]
Mandinika ny fomba nidiran' ny fedrà tao amin' ny fomba firesaka sy fanehoan-kevitra môderina ireo manam-pahaizana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fandalinana ny kolontsaina. Amin' ny alalan' ny fitaovam-pampitam-baovao nomerika dia afaka mahatratra olona betsaka kokoa noho ny hatramin' izay ny firesahana momba ny fedrà. Misy singa ara-fedrà isan-karazany miseho ao amin' ny kolontsaina malaza, ary koa ao amin' ny [[Fahitalavitra|fahitalavitra]], ny [[Sinema|sarimihetsika]] ary ny lalao videô.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ostenson; first: Jonathan; Daty: 2013; Lohateny: ''Exploring the Boundaries of Narrative: Video Games in the English Classroom''; url: [http://www.ncte.org/library/nctefiles/resources/journals/ej/1026-jul2013/ej1026exploring.pdf]; website: www2.ncte.org/.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia nampitaina tamin' ny alalan' ny lovantsofina am-bava tamin' ny olona vitsy aza ny fedrà raha ny fomba nentim-paharazana no jerena, dia nahafahan' ny mpamokatra sarimihetsika nampita fedrà tamin' ny olona maro tamin' ny alalan' ny sarimihetsika ny indostrian' ny sarimihetsika.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Cinematic Mythmaking: Philosophy in Film''; last: Singer; first: Irving; Mpamoaka: MIT Press; Taona: 2008; Pejy: 3–6.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fomba fijery ara-tsikôlôjian' i [[Carl Gustav Jung|Carl Jung]], ny fedrà dia fanehoana ny tanjona, ny tahotra, ny faniriana ambony ary ny nofinofin' ny kolontsaina na fiarahamonina iray.&lt;ref&gt;last: Indick; first: William; Daty: 2004; Lohateny: ''Classical Heroes in Modern Movies: Mythological Patterns of the Superhero''; Gazety akademika: ''Journal of Media Psychology''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifototra amin' ny lovantsofina momba ny fedrà ny fitantarana môderina amin' ny alalan' ny sary. Maro ny sarimihetsika ankehitriny miantehitra amin' ny fedrà fahiny mba hanorenana ny fitantarany. Fantatr' ireo manam-pahaizana mandalina ny kolontsaina ny ''The Walt Disney Company'' (orinasa Walt Disney) noho ny fomba anomezany endrika vaovao ny fedrà nentim-paharazana ho an' ny ankizy.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Folklore Studies and Popular Film and Television: A Necessary Critical Survey''; last: Koven; first: Michael; Mpamoaka: University of Illinois Press; Taona: 2003; Pejy: 176–195.&lt;/ref&gt; Vitsy ny sarimihetsika izay miharihary toy ny anganon' i Disney ny fifandraisany amin' ny fedrà, nefa maro no manana fizotry ny tantara miorina amin' ny rafitra ankapoben' ny fedrà. Matetika no lohahevitry ny sarimihetsika lehibe ny endrika fototra miverimberina ao amin' ny fedrà, toy ny tantara fampitandremana momba ny fanararaotana ny teknolojia, ny adin' ny andriamanitra ary ny tantara momba ny famoronana. Matetika ireny sarimihetsika ireny no miseho amin' ny endrika sarimihetsika ahitana asa sy fifandonana misesy momba ny teknolojia sy ny fiarahamonina mikorontana ao amin' ny siansa foronina, tantara foronina ahitana majika sy zava-mahagaga, tantara an-tsehatra na sarimihetsika mampiseho fifanoherana eo amin' ny fiainan' ny olona, na tantara momba ny fiafaran' izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCorner1999|Corner (1999)]], pp. 47–59&lt;/ref&gt;

Manohy ny fironana mampiasa ny fedrà nentim-paharazana ho rafitra iorenan' ny fizotry ny tantara môderina ireo sarimihetsika tamin' ny taonjato faha-21, toy ny ''Clash of the Titans'', ''Immortals'' ary ''Thor''. Mampiasa ny fitambaran' ny fedrà ho fototry ny bokiny koa ny mpanoratra, toa an' i Rick Riordan, izay nametraka ny andiam-bokiny ''Percy Jackson and the Olympians'' ao amin' ny tontolo ankehitriny izay isehoan' ireo andriamanitra grika.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/percy-jackson-problem]; Lohateny: ''The Percy Jackson Problem''; last: Mead; first: Rebecca; Daty: 2014-10-22; magazine: ''The New Yorker''; Daty nijerena: 2017-11-06; issn: 0028-792X.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahatsikaritra fifandraisana eo amin' ny fitantarana noforonin' ny mpankafy sy ny fedrà koa ny manam-pahaizana, indrindra ireo eo amin' ny sehatry ny fandalinana ny mpankafy sy ny fanaony, ary ireo mpankafy ny kolontsaina malaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;last: Willis; first: Ika; Daty: 2016-03-15; Lohateny: ''Amateur mythographies: Fan fiction and the myth of myth''; url: [https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/692]; Gazety akademika: ''Transformative Works and Cultures''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 21; doi: 10.3983/twc.2016.0692; issn: 1941-2258; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Namaritra fomba fijery telo momba izany i Ika Willis: ny fitantarana noforonin' ny mpankafy ho fomba hamerenana amin' ny vahoaka ny tantara malaza izay eo am-pelatanan' ny orinasa; ny fedrà ho fomba hitsikerana na handravana ny fahefana manjaka; ary ny fedrà ho « fitambaran-tantara iombonana sy tontolon-tantara iray iombonan' ny rehetra » (dikan-teny malagasy amin' ny teniny).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
Manohana ilay fomba fijery fahatelo, dia ny tontolon-tantara iray iombonan' ny rehetra, i Willis. Araka ny heviny, azo heverina ho manana toetra ara-fedrà ny fitantarana noforonin' ny mpankafy noho ny fifamatorana lalina eo amin' ny mpandray anjara sy ny tantara ao amin' ny tontolo iray (''hyperseriality''). Teny noforonin' i Sarah Iles Johnston io mba hilazana tontolo iray ahitana fifandraisana tena maro sy lalina eo amin' ny mpandray anjara sy ny tantara mifampiditra ao aminy. Tao amin' ny tafatafa iray ho an' ny gazety ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', dia nilaza i Henry Jenkins, araka izao dikan-teny malagasy izao, fa ny fitantarana noforonin' ny mpankafy dia « fomba iray entin' ny kolontsaina manarina ny fahavoazana ateraky ny rafitra iray izay mahatonga ny fedrà ankehitriny ho fananan' ny orinasa fa tsy ho fananan' ny vahoaka ».&lt;ref&gt;last: Harmon; first: Amy; Daty: 1997-08-18; Lohateny: ''In TV's Dull Summer Days, Plots Take Wing on the Net''; Fiteny: en-US; work: ''The New York Times''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/18/business/in-tv-s-dull-summer-days-plots-take-wing-on-the-net.html]; Daty nijerena: 2023-07-12; issn: 0362-4331.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Famakafakana ara-kolontsaina ny fedrà, rafitra ara-teôria naroson' i José Manuel Losada tamin' ny taona 2022
* Lisitry ny fitambaran' ny fedrà
* Lisitry ny zavatra ao amin' ny fedrà
* Lisitry ny boky sy loharano momba ny fedrà
* Fanao heverina fa mampiasa hery miafina sy fitambaran' ny fedrà
* Singa fototra ao amin' ny fedrà
* Famoronana fedrà an-tsitrapo, izany hoe famoronana fitambaran' ny fedrà indrindra ho enti-mitantara tantara
* ''Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures'', nosoratan' i G. S. Kirk
* ''Myth=Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology''
* [[Angano]]
* [[Tantara]]
* [[Kolontsaina malagasy]]
* [[Mozika malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazan-kira sy gadona ary dihy malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazana literatiora malagasy nentim-paharazana]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mythfolk3&quot;&gt;Simpson, Jacqueline, and Steve Roud, eds. 2003. &quot;Myths.&quot; In ''A Dictionary of English Folklore''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0191726644&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Loharano ==
* url: [https://www.liburubila.euskadi.eus/Record/000001222429]; Lohateny: ''Basque Mythology''; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200531185643/https://www.liburubila.euskadi.eus/Record/000001222429]; Daty nitahirizana: 31 May 2020; url-status: dead; work: ''Public Reading Network of the Basque Country''; Taona: 2018.
* ''[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9108748 Myth]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907213108/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9108748 Tahiry] (7 September 2008). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2009. 21 March 2009.
* editor1-last: Anderson; editor1-first: Albert A.; editor2-last: Hicks; editor2-first: Steven V.; editor3-last: Witkowski; editor3-first: Lech; last1: Anderson; first1: Albert A.; Lohateny: ''Mythos and Logos: How to Regain the Love of Wisdom''; Toko: ''Mythos, Logos, and Telos: How to Regain the Love of Wisdom''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Rodopi; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-420-1020-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=UXxovhF7LMQC&amp;q=mythos&amp;pg=PA61].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFApollodorus1976&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Apollodorus; Lohateny: ''Gods and Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus''; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=3cmSa4H_C0oC]; Taona: 1976; Mpamoaka: University of Massachusetts Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87023-206-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; translator-last: Simpson; translator-first: Michael; Toko: ''Introduction''; Toerana: Amherst.
* first: Karen; last: Armstrong; author-link: Karen Armstrong; Lohateny: ''A Short History of Myth (Myths series)''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=QHbE9hRA10gC]; Taona: 2010; Mpamoaka: Knopf Canada; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-307-36729-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBarthes1972&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Roland; last: Barthes; author-link: Roland Barthes; Lohateny: ''Mythologies''; translator: Annette Lavers; Taona: 1972; Mpamoaka: Hill and Wang; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-37-452150-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLYyrScm1YC].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBascom1965&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: William Russell; last: Bascom; author-link: William Bascom; Lohateny: ''The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=AU0hNAAACAAJ]; Taona: 1965; Mpamoaka: University of California.
* first: John; last: Bowker; Lohateny: ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=mhF1QgAACAAJ]; Taona: 2005; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-861053-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toko: ''Euhemerism''; Rohin' ny toko: [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&amp;entry=t101.e2315].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBulfinch2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Thomas; last: Bulfinch; author-link: Thomas Bulfinch; Lohateny: ''Bulfinch's Mythology''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Kessinger Publishing; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4191-1109-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=OskAy9XOnIsC].
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCorner1999&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: John; last: Corner; Lohateny: ''Critical Ideas in Television Studies''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta9kAAAAMAAJ]; Taona: 1999; Mpamoaka: Clarendon Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-874221-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* first: Wendy; last: Doniger; Lohateny: ''Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzlCthJ4SLkC]; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Penguin Books Limited; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-190375-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDoty2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: William G.; last: Doty; Lohateny: ''Myth: A Handbook''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qeI5UC1rmwwC]; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Greenwood Publishing Group; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-313-32696-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* first: Christine; last: Downing; Lohateny: ''The Goddess: Mythological Images of the Feminine''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=U7yNnQEACAAJ]; Taona: 1996; Mpamoaka: Continuum.
* editor1-last: L. L. Patton and W. Doniger; Lohateny: ''Myth and Method''; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=OgsTmeRHpeUC&amp;pg=PA147]; Taona: 1996; Mpamoaka: University of Virginia Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8139-1657-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 147–; last: Dundes; first: Alan; Toko: ''Madness in Method Plus a Plea for Projective Inversion in Myth''; author-link: Alan Dundes.
* — (1997). ''Binary Opposition in Myth: The Propp/Levi-Strauss Debate in Retrospect.'' ''Western Folklore'' 56(Winter): 39–50.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFDundes1984&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;editor-first: Alan; editor-mask: 1; editor-last: Dundes; editor-link: Alan Dundes; Lohateny: ''Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=l5Om2ALAFbEC]; Taona: 1984; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-05192-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
** &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHonko1984&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Honko; first: Lauri; Toko: ''The Problem of Defining Myth''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=l5Om2ALAFbEC&amp;pg=PA41]; Taona: 1984; in: [[#CITEREFDundes1984|Dundes]].
** &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKirk1984&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Kirk; first: G. S.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=l5Om2ALAFbEC&amp;pg=PA53]; Toko: ''On Defining Myths''; Pejy: 53–61; Taona: 1984; in: [[#CITEREFDundes1984|Dundes]].
** &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFPettazzoni1984&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Pettazzoni; first: Raffaele; Toko: ''The Truth of Myth''; Taona: 1984; in: [[#CITEREFDundes1984|Dundes]].
* last1: Lincoln; first1: Bruce; Lohateny: ''Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship''; Toko: ''The Prehistory of Mythos and Logos''; Taona: 1999; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-226-48202-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=QL9MFJqMrB0C&amp;q=mythos+Greece&amp;pg=PA223].
* first: Mircea; last: Eliade; Lohateny: ''Myths, dreams, and mysteries: the encounter between contemporary faiths and archaic realities''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XWZSvgAACAAJ]; Taona: 1960; Mpamoaka: Harvill Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-131320-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; translator-first: Philip; translator-last: Mairet; author-link: Mircea Eliade.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFEliade1998&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Mircea; last: Eliade; author-link: Mircea Eliade; Lohateny: ''Myth and Reality''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CaIUAAAAQBAJ]; Taona: 1998; Mpamoaka: Waveland Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4786-0861-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; author-mask: 1.
* [http://www.fupress.com/Archivio/pdf/3622.pdf Fabiani, Paolo ''The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche''. F.U.P. (Florence UP), fanontana amin' ny teny anglisy 2009.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110512160701/http://www.fupress.com/Archivio/pdf/3622.pdf Tahiry] (12 May 2011) PDF
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first1: Henri; last1: Frankfort; author-link1: Henri Frankfort; first2: H.A.; last2: Frankfort; first3: John A.; last3: Wilson; first4: Thorkild; last4: Jacobsen; first5: William A.; last5: Irwin; Lohateny: ''The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay of Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=tSECAAAAQBAJ]; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-226-11256-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFrazer1913&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Sir James George; last: Frazer; author-link: James George Frazer; Lohateny: ''The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=z3sIAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PR10]; Taona: 1913; Mpamoaka: Macmillan and Company, limited; Pejy: 10–.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFGraf1996&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Fritz; last: Graf; Lohateny: ''Greek Mythology: An Introduction''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=L2yMRI5xML8C]; Taona: 1996; Mpamoaka: Johns Hopkins University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-5395-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; translator-first: Thomas; translator-last: Marier.
* last: Humphrey; first: Sheryl; Lohateny: ''The Haunted Garden: Death and Transfiguration in the Folklore of Plants''; Toerana: New York; Mpamoaka: DCA Art Fund Grant from the Council on the Arts and Humanities for Staten Island and public funding from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-300-55364-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Taona: 2012.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFHyers1984&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Hyers; first: Conradl; Lohateny: ''The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science''; Mpamoaka: Westminster John Knox Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8042-0125-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Taona: 1984; url-access: registration; url: [https://archive.org/details/meaningofcreatio0000hyer].
* last: Indick; first: William; Lohateny: ''Classical Heroes in Modern Movies: Mythological Patterns of the Superhero''; Gazety akademika: ''Journal of Media Psychology''; Boky: 9; Laharana: 3; Taona: 2004; Pejy: 93–95.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKirk1973&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Geoffrey Stephen; last: Kirk; Lohateny: ''Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=MXtfRwFwGzMC]; Taona: 1973; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02389-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last: Koven; first: Mikel J.; Daty: 2003-05-22; Lohateny: ''Folklore Studies and Popular Film and Television: A Necessary Critical Survey''; url: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/42709]; Gazety akademika: ''Journal of American Folklore''; Boky: 116; Laharana: 460; Pejy: 176–195; doi: 10.1353/jaf.2003.0027; s2cid: 163091590; issn: 1535-1882; url-access: subscription.
* last: Leonard; first: Scott; Lohateny: ''The History of Mythology: Part I''; Daty: August 2007; Mpamoaka: Youngstown State University; url: [http://www.as.ysu.edu/~saleonard/History%20of%20Mythology%201.html]; Daty nijerena: 17 November 2009; Daty nitahirizana: 27 December 2012; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121227094045/http://www.as.ysu.edu/~saleonard/History%20of%20Mythology%201.html]; url-status: dead.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLittleton1973&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: C. Scott; last: Littleton; Lohateny: ''The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumézil''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KuSy6xW99agC&amp;pg=PA1]; Taona: 1973; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02404-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Losada; first1: José Manuel; Lohateny: ''Mitocrítica cultural. Una definición del mito''; Fanontana: 1st; Daty: 2022; Mpamoaka: Ediciones Akal; Toerana: Madrid; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8446052678&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 8.
* last1: Losada; first1: José Manuel; Lohateny: ''&quot;Part IV: Afterthought&quot; Antiquity in Progress: Intermedial Presences of Ancient Mediterranean Cultures in the Modern World &quot;Part IV: Afterthought&quot;''; Daty: 2025; Mpamoaka: Propylaeum; Toerana: Heidelberg; Pejy: 217–228.
* last: Matira; first: Lopamundra; Lohateny: ''Children's Oral Literature and Modern Mass Media''; Gazety akademika: ''Indian Folklore Research Journal''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 8; Taona: 2008; Pejy: 55–57.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMeletinsky2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Eleazar M.; last: Meletinsky; Lohateny: ''The Poetics of Myth''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=kzmlAgAAQBAJ]; Taona: 2014; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-59913-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Northup, Lesley (2006). ''Myth-Placed Priorities: Religion and the Study of Myth.'' ''Religious Studies Review'' 32(1):5–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0922.2006.00018.x. issn: 1748-0922.
* last: Olson; first: Eric L.; Lohateny: ''Great Expectations: the Role of Myth in 1980s Films with Child Heroes''; work: ''Virginia Polytechnic Scholarly Library''; Mpamoaka: Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University; Daty: 3 May 2011; hdl: 10919/32929; Daty nijerena: 26 September 2020; url: [http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32929]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119012708/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172011-113805/unrestricted/OLSON_EL_T_2011.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 19 January 2012; type: Thesis; url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFSegal2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Robert; last: Segal; Lohateny: ''Myth: A Very Short Introduction''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=wJu9CQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19]; Taona: 2015; Mpamoaka: OUP Oxford; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-103769-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Simpson, Jacqueline, sy Steve Roud, mpamoaka lahatsoratra. 2003. ''Myths.'' Ao amin' ny ''A Dictionary of English Folklore''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0191726644&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* first: Irving; last: Singer; Lohateny: ''Cinematic Mythmaking: Philosophy in Film''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=DhrTiQW16-gC&amp;pg=PA1]; Taona: 2010; Mpamoaka: MIT Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-26484-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last: Slattery; first: Dennis Patrick; Lohateny: ''Bridge Work: Essays on Mythology, Literature and Psychology''; Toerana: Carpinteria; Mpamoaka: Mandorla Books; Taona: 2015.
* last1: Wiles; first1: David; Lohateny: ''Greek Theatre Performance: An Introduction''; Toko: ''Myth''; Taona: 2000; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-64857-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=BYWkzOawLyIC&amp;q=mythos+Greece&amp;pg=PA5].

== Rohy ivelany ==
* url: [https://mythology.net/]; Lohateny: ''Mythology.net''.
* [https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/AMAL ''Amaltea, Journal of Myth Criticism''] (gazety momba ny famakafakana ny fedrà)
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myth Ny teny anglisy hoe ''myth'' ao amin' ny Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mythology Ny teny anglisy hoe ''mythology'' ao amin' ny Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Comparative_Mythology Loharanom-pianarana momba ny fandalinana mampitaha ny fedrà ao amin' ny Wikiversity]
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Myth Fikarohana teny notsongaina momba ny fedrà ao amin' ny Wikiquote]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myths Rakitra momba ny fedrà ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]

[[:Sokajy:Kolontsaina]]
[[:Sokajy:Fivavahana]]</text>
      <sha1>ja28ipso071jf89xrwaqqqsd42koaql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabokala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153492</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T05:38:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1290" sha1="bf8vr2ut5o24svsfpyqdmqbceq38hoo" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''kabokala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Montiniaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Grevea madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''Montiniaceae'') 
* ''[[Pandaca boiteaui]]'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') 
* ''[[Pandaca crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Pandaca longituba]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Pandaca retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Pandaca retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Pandaca stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') 
* ''[[Pandacastrum saccharatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') 
* ''[[Rauvolfia media]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Rauvolfia obtusiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Roupellina boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'')
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boj. ex A. DC&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Grevea]]''
* ''[[Pandacastrum]]''
* ''[[Rauvolfia]]''
* ''[[Roupellina]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' (← ''[[Pandaca]],'' ''Hazunta'')</text>
      <sha1>bf8vr2ut5o24svsfpyqdmqbceq38hoo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153495</id>
      <parentid>1153492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:21:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2396" sha1="m499m6phvyx1efw5bz8vha432h22y83" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''kabokala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Montiniaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Grevea madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Montiniaceae'') -- kabokala, kipatrozona, mamalifolahy, pepana, tapatrozona
* ''[[Rauvolfia media]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- antalihazo, fihany, kabokala, mafaikopaka, mampoly, ndrambafoaky, tsipatikala
* ''[[Rauvolfia obtusiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- hamotandrano, kaboka, kabokala, tambahay, tangenala
* ''[[Strophanthus boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''Roupellina boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- befe, hiba, kabokala, lalondo, lalondona, lalonta, manida, pepolahy, saritangena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca boiteaui'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika 
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boj. ex A. DC&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') --andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca longituba'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Pandacastrum saccharatum'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala, kabokalalahy, tambonono
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Grevea]]''
* ''[[Pandacastrum]]''
* ''[[Rauvolfia]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' (← ''[[Pandaca]],'' ''Hazunta'')</text>
      <sha1>m499m6phvyx1efw5bz8vha432h22y83</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153496</id>
      <parentid>1153495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:21:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2373" sha1="rrk0prs7icdg5wgsu9hfschb6g2g69t" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''kabokala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Montiniaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Grevea madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Montiniaceae'') -- kabokala, kipatrozona, mamalifolahy, pepana, tapatrozona
* ''[[Rauvolfia media]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- antalihazo, fihany, kabokala, mafaikopaka, mampoly, ndrambafoaky, tsipatikala
* ''[[Rauvolfia obtusiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- hamotandrano, kaboka, kabokala, tambahay, tangenala
* ''[[Strophanthus boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''Roupellina boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- befe, hiba, kabokala, lalondo, lalondona, lalonta, manida, pepolahy, saritangena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca boiteaui'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika 
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boj. ex A. DC&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') --andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca longituba'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Pandacastrum saccharatum'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala, kabokalalahy, tambonono
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Grevea]]''
* ''[[Rauvolfia]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' (← ''[[Pandaca]],'' ''Hazunta'')</text>
      <sha1>rrk0prs7icdg5wgsu9hfschb6g2g69t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153497</id>
      <parentid>1153496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:21:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2377" sha1="flboxog51t72cpkf6p6kuo0smk3ltmt" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''kabokala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Montiniaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Grevea madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Montiniaceae'') -- kabokala, kipatrozona, mamalifolahy, pepana, tapatrozona
* ''[[Rauvolfia media]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- antalihazo, fihany, kabokala, mafaikopaka, mampoly, ndrambafoaky, tsipatikala
* ''[[Rauvolfia obtusiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- hamotandrano, kaboka, kabokala, tambahay, tangenala
* ''[[Strophanthus boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Roupellina boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- befe, hiba, kabokala, lalondo, lalondona, lalonta, manida, pepolahy, saritangena
* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca boiteaui'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala, kabokalamadinidravina, kabokalamadinika 
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boj. ex A. DC&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;(A. DC.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') --andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.
* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- antafara, kabokala, livoro, lovory
* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca longituba'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;, ''Pandacastrum saccharatum'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala, kabokalalahy, tambonono
* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca retusa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- antafara, kabokaberavina, kabokala, kabokalavavy, koboka, livoro, lovory, montafara, montafaralahy, morogasy, ravintafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Apocynaceae'') -- kabokala

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Grevea]]''
* ''[[Rauvolfia]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' (← ''[[Pandaca]],'' ''Hazunta'')</text>
      <sha1>flboxog51t72cpkf6p6kuo0smk3ltmt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Reinkarnasiôna</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153494</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T06:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384623591</comment>
      <origin>1153494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="210523" sha1="4asioofmwc97kqnok7gptmwemhxnwx6" xml:space="preserve">Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny [[Fitsanganan-ko velona|fitsanganana amin' ny maty]].

[[Image:Reincarnation AS.jpg|thumb|Sary maneho ny reinkarnasiôna ao amin' ny zavakanton' ny ''Saiva Siddhanta Church'' (Fiangonana Saiva Siddhanta), any Hawaii]]
[[File:Gati or existences.jpg|right|thumb|Ao amin' ny [[Jainisma|jainisma]], dia mifindra ho amin' ny iray amin' ireo endri-pisiana efatra ny [[Fanahin' ny vatana|fanahy]] rehefa maty, arakaraka ny vokatry ny asany, na ''karma''.]]

Ny '''reinkarnasiôna''', izay antsoina koa hoe '''fahaterahana indray''' na '''fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa''', dia hevitra ara-[[Filôzôfia|filôzôfia]] na ara-[[Fivavahana|pivavahana]] milaza fa ny fototra tsy ara-nofo iorenan' ny fisian' ny zavamananaina iray dia manomboka fiainana vaovao amin' ny endrika ara-nofo na vatana hafa aorian' ny [[Fahafatesana|fahafatesany]] ara-biôlôjia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMcClelland2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: McClelland; first: Norman C.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC]; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma''; Mpamoaka: McFarland; Taona: 2010; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 24–29, 171, 259; Daty nijerena: 2016-09-25; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161126104519/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC]; Daty nitahirizana: 2016-11-26; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last1: Juergensmeyer; first1: Mark; last2: Roof; first2: Wade Clark; Taona: 2011; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of Global Religion''; Mpamoaka: SAGE Publications; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ]; Daty nijerena: 2016-09-25; Daty nitahirizana: 2019-03-31; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190331224443/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ]; url-status: live; Pejy: 271–272.&lt;/ref&gt;
Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny finoana momba ny reinkarnasiôna, dia [[Tsy feteza-maty|tsy mety maty]] ny [[Fanahin' ny vatana|fanahin' ny olombelona]] ary tsy miparitaka ka levona rehefa maty ny vatana ara-nofo. Araka ireo finoana ireo, rehefa maty ny olona dia mifindra fotsiny ao amin' ny zazakely vao teraka na ao amin' ny biby ny fanahy, ka manohy ny [[Tsy feteza-maty|fisiany tsy manam-pahataperana]]. (Ny teny hoe ''transmigration'' dia midika hoe fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana.)

Anisan' ny fampianarana fototra ao amin' ny [[Fivavahana darmika|fivavahana avy any India]], toy ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]], ny [[Bodisma|bodisma]], ny [[Jainisma|jainisma]] ary ny [[Sikisma|sikhisma]], ny reinkarnasiôna (''punarjanman'').&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011|Juergensmeyer, Roof (2011)]], pp. 271–272&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFLaumakis2008&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Stephen J.; last: Laumakis; Lohateny: ''An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC]; Taona: 2008; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-139-46966-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 2016-09-25; Daty nitahirizana: 2017-01-21; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170121233453/https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC]; url-status: live; Pejy: 90–99.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gross1993p148&quot;&gt;author: Rita M. Gross; Lohateny: ''Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism''; url: [https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros]; url-access: registration; Taona: 1993; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4384-0513-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148 148].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Flood, Gavin D. (1996), ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny endriny samihafa, dia finoana miafina natokana ho an' ny olona nampidirina tao amin' ny fampianarana izy io eo amin' ny fironana sasany ao amin' ny [[Jodaisma|jodaisma]], ny [[Paganisma|fivavahana antsoina hoe ''paganisma'']] (anisan' izany ny Wicca), ary eo amin' ny [[Teratanin' i Amerika|vazimba teratany any Amerika]]&lt;ref&gt;Gananath Obeyesekere, ''Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth''. University of California Press, 2002, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny vazimba teratany any Aostralia (na dia fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana na tontolon' ny fanahy aza no inoan' ny ankamaroany).&lt;ref&gt;Crawley&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy olo-manan-tantara grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha, toa an' i [[Pitagôra|Pythagoras]], [[Sôkraty|Socrates]] ary [[Platôna|Plato]], naneho ny finoany ny fahaterahan' ny fanahy indray na ny fifindrany amin' ny vatana hafa (''metempsychosis'').&lt;ref&gt;Jereo Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, Philip L. Quinn, ''A Companion to Philosophy of Religion''. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 640, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&amp;dq=reincarnation+and+rebirth&amp;pg=PA640 Google Books] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&amp;pg=PA640&amp;dq=reincarnation+and+rebirth&amp;cd=8#v=onepage&amp;q=reincarnation%20and%20rebirth&amp;f=false Tahiry] (2022-12-12)&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia tsy mino aza ny ankamaroan' ny antokom-pivavahana ao amin' ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana abrahamika]] fa ateraka indray ao amin' ny vatana hafa ny olona tsirairay, dia misy vondrona manokana ao amin' ireo fivavahana ireo miresaka ny reinkarnasiôna.
Anisan' ireo vondrona ireo ny mpanaraka ny fironana lehibe, na fahiny na ankehitriny, ao amin' ny [[Katarisma|katarisma]], ny alaoita, ny [[Hasidisma|jodaisma hasidika]], ny [[Droza|droza]],&lt;ref&gt;Hitti, Philip K (2007) [1924]. ''Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings (New Edition)''. Columbia University Oriental Studies. '''28'''. London: Saqi. pp. 13–14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86356-690-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ny [[Kabala|mpanaraka ny kabala]], ny [[Rastafarisma|rastafariana]],&lt;ref&gt;last1: Fernández Olmos; first1: Margarite; url: [https://www.worldcat.org/title/702357503]; Lohateny: ''Creole religions of the Caribbean: an introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo''; last2: Paravisini-Gebert; first2: Lizabeth; Mpamoaka: New York University Press; Taona: 2011; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8147-6227-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fanontana: 2; series: Religion, race, and ethnicity; Toerana: New York; Pejy: 186; oclc: 702357503.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny rôzikrosiana.&lt;ref&gt;Heindel, Max (1985) [1939, 1908] ''The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures (Collected Works)'': [http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1 ''The Riddle of Life and Death''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100629063357/http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1 Tahiry] (2010-06-29). Oceanside, California. 4th edition. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-911274-84-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Nandinika ny fifandraisana ara-tantara teo amin' ny antokom-pivavahana samihafa sy ny finoany momba ny reinkarnasiôna ny fikarohana akademika vao haingana. Tafiditra amin' izany fikarohana izany ny fomba fijerin' ny [[Neôplatônisma|neôplatônisma]], ny [[Ôrfisma|ôrfisma]], ny [[Hermetisma|hermetisma]], ny [[Manikeisma|manikeisma]], ary ny [[Gnôstisisma|gnôstisisma]] tamin' ny [[Rôma Taloha|vanim-potoana rômanina]], ary koa ny an' ireo fivavahana avy any India.&lt;ref&gt;Momba ny fifampitaoman' ny pilôzôfia grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha sy ny pilôzôfia indiana amin' ireo raharaha ireo, jereo ny ''The Shape of Ancient Thought'' nosoratan' i Thomas McEvilley:
last1: McEvilley; first1: Thomas; author-link1: Thomas McEvilley; Daty: 7 February 2012; orig-date: 2002; Lohateny: ''The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KmqCDwAAQBAJ]; publication-place: New York; Mpamoaka: Simon and Schuster; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781581159332&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 8 January 2025. 
&lt;/ref&gt; Tao anatin' ireo folo taona farany dia maro ny [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeana]] sy ny Amerikanina Avaratra nanjary liana tamin' ny reinkarnasiôna,&lt;ref name=Haraldsson2006&gt;last1: Haraldsson; first1: Erlendur; Lohateny: ''Popular psychology, belief in life after death and reincarnation in the Nordic countries, Western and Eastern Europe''; Gazety akademika: ''Nordic Psychology''; Daty: January 2006; Boky: 58; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 171–180; doi: 10.1027/1901-2276.58.2.171; s2cid: 143453837.&lt;/ref&gt; ary miresaka io lohahevitra io indraindray ny sanganasa amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;
[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=reincarnation%2C+re-incarnation%2C+transmigration%2C+metempsychosis&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2022&amp;corpus=en&amp;smoothing=3 Kisary mampiseho ny fisehoan' ny sasany amin' ireo voambolana voarakitra amin' ny teny anglisy]
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ny foto-kevitra ==
Ny teny hoe ''reincarnation'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe « miditra ao amin' ny nofo indray ». Ny reinkarnasiôna dia manondro ny [[Finoana|finoana]] fa misy lafiny iray amin' ny olombelona tsirairay, na amin' ny zavamananaina rehetra araka ny kolontsaina sasany, izay mbola misy aorian' ny fahafatesana. Mety ho ny fanahy, ny saina, ny fahatsiarovan-tena, na zavatra mihoatra ny fisiana ara-nofo izany lafiny izany, ka ateraka indray ao anatin' ny tsingerim-pisiana mifampitohy. Miovaova arakaraka ny kolontsaina io finoana momba ny fifindrana avy amin' ny fiainana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa io: heverina fa mety ho olombelona vao teraka, biby, zavamaniry, fanahy, na zavaboary ao amin' ny tontolom-pisiana hafa tsy an' ny olombelona no endrika isehoany indray.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; url: [http://www.britannica.com/topic/reincarnation]; Daty nijerena: 25 June 2016; Mpamoaka: Concise.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKeown2013|Keown (2013)]], pp. 35–40&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Christopher Key Chapple; Lohateny: ''Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life''; Mpamoaka: Motilal Banarsidass; Taona: 2006; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-2045-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 39; author-link: Christopher Chapple.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anarana hafa ilazana azy ny hoe ''transmigration'', izay manambara fifindrana avy amin' ny fiainana iray, na vatana iray, ho amin' ny iray hafa.&lt;ref&gt;author: Oxford Dictionaries; Taona: 2016; Lohateny: ''Transmigration''; url: [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/transmigrate]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140105185254/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/transmigrate]; Daty nitahirizana: January 5, 2014; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa io teny io ny filôzôfa môderina toa an' i [[Kurt Gödel|Kurt Gödel]],&lt;ref&gt;author: Karl Sigmund; Lohateny: ''Gödel Exhibition: Gödel's Century''; url: [http://www.goedelexhibition.at/goedel/goedel.html]; Daty nijerena: 6 December 2011; Mpamoaka: Goedelexhibition.at; Daty nitahirizana: 21 October 2016; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161021185849/http://www.goedelexhibition.at/goedel/goedel.html].&lt;/ref&gt; ary tafiditra ao amin' ny teny anglisy izy io.

Ny teny grika mitovy hevitra amin' ny reinkarnasiôna dia ny hoe ''metempsychosis'' (''μετεμψύχωσις''), izay avy amin' ny hoe ''meta'' (« fiovana ») sy ''empsykhoun'' (« mampiditra fanahy ao anatiny »).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=metempsychosis metempsychosis] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075859/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=metempsychosis Tahiry] (2016-08-18), Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)&lt;/ref&gt; Ampifandraisina amin' i [[Pitagôra|Pythagoras]] ny fiavian' io teny io.&lt;ref&gt;Carl A. Huffman (2014), [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/ Pythagoras, 4.1 The Fate of the Soul–Metempsychosis] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007201148/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras Tahiry] (2008-10-07) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University&lt;/ref&gt; Teny grika hafa ampiasaina indraindray ho teny mitovy hevitra aminy ny hoe ''palingenesis'', na « fahaterahana indray ».&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Heart of Hinduism: Reincarnation and Samsara''; url: [http://hinduism.iskcon.com/concepts/102.htm]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110419232238/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/concepts/102.htm]; Daty nitahirizana: 19 April 2011; Daty nijerena: 6 December 2011; Mpamoaka: Hinduism.iskcon.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Foto-kevitra fototra ao amin' ireo fivavahana lehibe avy any India ny fahaterahana indray, ary teny maro samy hafa no ampiasaina hiresahana azy.
Resahina ao amin' ireo lahatsoratra sanskrita tranainin' ny hindoisma, ny bodisma ary ny jainisma ny ''Punarjanman'' (''पुनर्जन्मन्'', teny sanskrita midika hoe « fahaterahana indray, fifindrana avy amin' ny fiainana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa »).&lt;ref name=&quot;Monier-Williams582&quot;&gt;author: Monier Monier-Williams; Lohateny: ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Taona: 1872; Pejy: 582.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Ronald Wesley Neufeldt; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC&amp;pg=PA106]; Lohateny: ''Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments''; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; Taona: 1986; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87395-990-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 88–89.&lt;/ref&gt;
Maro ny teny hafa ilazana azy, toy ny ''punarāvṛtti'' (''पुनरावृत्ति''), ''punarājāti'' (''पुनराजाति''), ''punarjīvātu'' (''पुनर्जीवातु''), ''punarbhava'' (''पुनर्भव''), ''āgati-gati'' (''आगति-गति'', fahita ao amin' ny lahatsoratra bodista amin' ny teny paly), ''nibbattin'' (''निब्बत्तिन्''), ''upapatti'' (''उपपत्ति''), ary ''uppajjana'' (''उप्पज्जन'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Monier-Williams582&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author1: Thomas William Rhys Davids; Lohateny: ''Pali-English Dictionary''; author2: William Stede; Mpamoaka: Motilal Banarsidass; Taona: 1921; Pejy: 95, 144, 151, 361, 475. Reprint: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny finoan' ireo fivavahana ireo, dia miverimberina ho ''Saṃsāra'', na tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana tsy manam-pahataperana, ny reinkarnasiôna, raha tsy mahazo fahatakarana ara-panahy izay mampitsahatra io tsingerina io sy mitondra ho amin' ny fanafahana ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011|Juergensmeyer, Roof (2011)]], pp. 271–272&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLaumakis2008|Laumakis (2008)]], pp. 90–99&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ireo fivavahana avy any India, ny reinkarnasiôna dia heverina ho dingana manomboka ny tsingerina tsirairay, izay faritana hoe « tsingerin' ny fitsingevanana tsy misy tanjona, ny fivenjivenjena na ny fisiana eto amin' izao tontolo izao » (dikan-teny),&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011|Juergensmeyer, Roof (2011)]], pp. 271–272&lt;/ref&gt; nefa manome fahafahana hikatsaka ny fanafahana ara-panahy amin' ny alalan' ny fiainana manaraka ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena sy ny fanao isan-karazany momba ny fandinihana anaty, ny ''yoga'' (''marga''), na ny fanao ara-panahy hafa.&lt;ref&gt;([[#CITEREFJohnBowker2014|John Bowker (2014)]], pp. 84–85) Gavin Flood (2010), ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Volume II, Brill, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-17893-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;, pp. 881–884&lt;/ref&gt;
Heverin' ireo fivavahana ireo ho tanjona faratampony ara-panahy ny fahafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny reinkarnasiôna, ary anarana toy ny hoe ''moksha'', ''[[Nirvana|nirvana]]'', ''mukti'' ary ''kaivalya'' no ilazany izany fanafahana izany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Klostermaier; first1: Klaus; Lohateny: ''Mokṣa and Critical Theory''; Gazety akademika: ''Philosophy East and West''; Daty: 1985; Boky: 35; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 61–71; id: ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1301471616 1301471616]; doi: 10.2307/1398681; jstor: 1398681.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Thomas; first1: Norman E.; Lohateny: ''Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy''; Gazety akademika: ''Missiology: An International Review''; Daty: April 1988; Boky: 16; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 149–162; doi: 10.1177/009182968801600202; s2cid: 170870237.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerhard Oberhammer (1994), ''La Délivrance dès cette vie: Jivanmukti'', Collège de France, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne. Série in-8°, Fasc. 61, Édition-Diffusion de Boccard (Paris), &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-86803-061-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;, pp. 1–9&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Gilgul'', ''Gilgul neshamot'', na ''Gilgulei Ha Neshamot'' (''גלגול הנשמות'' amin' ny teny hebreo) dia ny foto-kevitry ny reinkarnasiôna ao amin' ny [[Jodaisma|jodaisma]] manaraka ny fampianarana ''[[Kabala|Kabbalah]]''. Hita ao amin' ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny haisoratra amin' ny teny yiddish eo amin' ny [[Askenazy|Jiosy Ashkenazi]] izany. Ny hoe ''Gilgul'' dia midika hoe « tsingerina », ary ny hoe ''neshamot'' dia « fanahy ». Araka ny fampianarana ''Kabbalah'' momba ny reinkarnasiôna, dia tsy ateraka indray afa-tsy ho olombelona ny olombelona, raha tsy hoe ny [[IHVH|YHWH]]/''Ein Sof''/[[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] no misafidy.

== Tantara ==

=== Fiaviana ===

Tsy mazava ny niavian' ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;Irving Steiger Cooper, ''Reincarnation: The Hope of the World'', Theosophical Society in America, 1920, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana fandinihana io lohahevitra io ao amin' ny lovam-pisainana filôzôfikan' i India fahiny. Nandinika ny reinkarnasiôna ireo [[Filôzôfia presôkratika|filôzôfa grika talohan' i Socrates]], ary voalaza koa fa nampianatra foto-pampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna ireo mpisorona selta antsoina hoe ''druids''.&lt;ref&gt;Nihevitra i Diodorus Siculus fa mety ho nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo ''druids'' ny fampianaran' i [[Pitagôra|Pythagoras]]. Diodorus Siculus v.28.6; Hippolytus ''Philosophumena'' i.25.&lt;/ref&gt; Mino ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna koa ireo [[Fivavahan-drazana afrikana|fivavahana nentim-paharazana afrikana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ndemanu_&quot;/&gt;

=== Ny hindoisma, bodisma ary jainisma tany am-piandohany ===

Ireo lovantsofina momba ny fampijalian-tena sy ny fifehezan-tena ara-pivavahana izay nipoitra tany India nanodidina ny antenatenan' ny taonarivo voalohany talohan' i Kristy no anisan' ny niavian' ny hevitra momba ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana, na ''saṁsāra'', sy ny fanafahana amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.'' Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274. &quot;The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history....Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara—the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana—the goal of human existence.....&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ny ''Rigveda'', ny ''Yajurveda'' ary ny ''Upanishads'' tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana vedika (tokony ho 1100–500 talohan' i Kristy) no ahitana ny firesahana an-tsoratra voalohany momba ny reinkarnasiôna, talohan' i [[Siddhartha Gautama|Buddha]] sy Mahavira.&lt;ref name=damienkeown32&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKeown2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Damien; last: Keown; Lohateny: ''Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction''; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 28, 32–38.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLaumakis2008|Laumakis (2008)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia tsy nahitana porofo mivantana aza izany, dia naroso koa ny fiheverana fa anisan' ny niandohan' ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna tany am-boalohany ireo foko tao amin' ny lohasahan' i [[Ganga|Ganges]] na ireo [[Dravidiana (vahoaka)|lovantsofina dravidiana]] tany amin' ny faritra atsimon' i India.&lt;ref&gt;Gavin D. Flood, ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press (1996), UK &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-43878-0&lt;/nowiki&gt; p. 86 – &quot;A third alternative is that the origin of transmigration theory lies outside of vedic or sramanian traditions in the tribal religions of the Ganges valley, or even in Dravidian traditions of south India.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Efa nisy tao amin' ireo [[Vedisma|fivavahana vedika tany am-piandohany]] ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna, na ''saṁsāra''.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc839140.html]; Lohateny: ''Rig Veda 10.58.1 [English translation]''; Daty: 27 August 2021; website: www.wisdomlib.org; Daty nijerena: 8 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A.M. Boyer: &quot;''Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara.''&quot; ''Journal Asiatique'', (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451–453, 459–468&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Krishan; first1: Y.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC]; Lohateny: ''The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions''; last2: Krishan; first2: Yuvraj; Daty: 1997; Mpamoaka: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1233-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 3–37; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;
Miresaka ny fampianarana momba ny ''karma'' (ny asa sy ny vokany izay inoana fa mamaritra ny fahaterahana indray) sy ny fahaterahana indray ireo ''Veda'' voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLaumakis2008|Laumakis (2008)]], pp. 90–99&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy''; author: R.D.Ranade; Mpamoaka: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan; Pejy: 147–148; Taona: 1926; url: [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n181/mode/2up]; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: There we definitely know that the whole hymn is address to a departed spirit, and the poet [of the Rigvedic hymn] says that he is going to recall the departed soul in order that it may return again and live.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Atsushi Hayakawa; Lohateny: ''Circulation of Fire in the Veda''; Taona: 2014; Mpamoaka: LIT Verlag Münster; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-643-90472-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 66–67, 101–103 with footnotes.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ireo ''Upanishads'' voalohany, izay talohan' i [[Siddhartha Gautama|Buddha]] sy Mahavira, no namelabelarana sy nanazavana ankapobeny ireo hevitra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLaumakis2008|Laumakis (2008)]], p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amboyer&quot;&gt;A.M. Boyer (1901), &quot;''Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara''&quot;, ''Journal Asiatique'', Volume 9, Issue 18, pp. 451–453, 459–468&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation''; author: Vallee Pussin; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 1917; Pejy: 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ireo sosona tranainy indrindra amin' ny lahatsoratra vedika no ahitana ny hevitra hoe aorian' ny fiainana dia misy [[Fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana|fiainana any an-danitra na any amin' ny helo]], arakaraka ny hatsaram-panahy na ny faharatsiana niangona, izany hoe ny vokatsoa na ny vokadratsy ara-pivavahana azo tamin' ny fitondran-tena.&lt;ref&gt;author1: James Hastings; author1-link: James Hastings; url: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500005]; Lohateny: ''Volume 12: Suffering-Zwingli''; author2: John Alexander Selbie; author3: Louis Herbert Gray; author3-link: Louis Herbert Gray; Mpamoaka: T. &amp; T. Clark; Taona: 1922; series: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics; Pejy: 616–618.&lt;/ref&gt;
Notsikerain' ireo olon-kendry vedika fahiny, na ''rishi'', ho tsotra loatra anefa io hevitra momba ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana io, satria tsy mitovy ny hatsaran-toetra na ny faharatsian' ny fiainan' ny olona.
Amin' ireo fiainana heverina ho tsara amin' ny ankapobeny dia misy tsara kokoa noho ny hafa; toy izany koa, misy ambaratonga ny faharatsiana.
Milaza ireo lahatsoratra fa tsy rariny raha olona samy hafa hatsaran-toetra na faharatsiana no miafara any an-danitra na any amin' ny helo, amin' ny fomba hoe « na ny iray na ny iray » (fandikana ny hoe &quot;either or&quot;), ka tsy mifandanja amin' ny hatsarana na ny faharatsian' ny fiainan' izy ireo ny anjara azony.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJessicaFrazierGavinFlood2011|Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood (2011)]], pp. 84–86&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Kusum P. Merh; Lohateny: ''Yama, the Glorious Lord of the Other World''; Mpamoaka: Penguin; Taona: 1996; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-246-0066-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 213–215.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Anita Raina Thapan; Lohateny: ''The Penguin Swami Chinmyananda Reader''; Mpamoaka: Penguin Books; Taona: 2006; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-400062-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 84–90.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampiditra ny hevitra momba ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana any an-danitra na any amin' ny helo mifandanja amin' ny vokatsoa ara-pivavahana azon' ny tsirairay izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJessicaFrazierGavinFlood2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;author1: Jessica Frazier; Lohateny: ''The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies''; author2: Gavin Flood; Mpamoaka: Bloomsbury Academic; Taona: 2011; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 84–86.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Krishan1997p17&quot;&gt;author: Yuvraj Krishan; Lohateny: ''The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions''; Mpamoaka: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan; Taona: 1997; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1233-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 17–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanodidina ny antenatenan' ny taonarivo voalohany talohan' i Kristy no niseho voalohany ny fanazavana amin' ny antsipiriany tao amin' ireo lovantsofina samihafa, anisan' izany ny bodisma, ny jainisma ary ireo sekoly samihafa amin' ny filôzôfia hindoa. Samy nanana ny fomba nanehoany manokana ilay foto-kevitra ankapobeny ireo lovantsofina ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFLaumakis2008|Laumakis (2008)]], pp. 90–99&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy firesahana maromaro momba ny fahaterahana indray sy ny fanafahana amin' izany, na ''moksha'', ao amin' ny ''Purananuru'', izay anisan' ny literatiora Sangam&lt;ref name=&quot;Kailas&quot;&gt;author: K Kailasapathy; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=kF9kAAAAMAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Tamil Heroic Poetry''; Mpamoaka: Clarendon Press; Taona: 1968; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-815434-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 1.&lt;/ref&gt; (literatiora Tamil tranainy).&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-134]; Lohateny: ''Poem: Purananuru – Part 134 by George L. III Hart''; website: www.poetrynook.com; Daty nijerena: 8 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
Manazava ireo fombafomba hindoa mifandray amin' ny fahafatesana io lahatsoratra io, toy ny fanamboarana vary voavolavola ho boribory antsoina hoe ''pinda'' sy ny fandoroana faty.
Milaza ilay lahatsoratra fa mahazo toerana any Indraloka ireo fanahy tsara ary mandray azy ireo any i Indra.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-241]; Lohateny: ''Poem: Purananuru – Part 241 by George L. III Hart''; website: www.poetrynook.com; Daty nijerena: 8 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nosoratana taorian' i Mahavira ireo lahatsoratry ny [[Jainisma|jainisma]] fahiny izay mbola voatahiry hatramin' ny vanim-potoana môderina, ary azo inoana fa tamin' ireo taonjato farany tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany talohan' i Kristy no nanoratana azy ireo.
Mamelabelatra betsaka ny fampianarana momba ny fahaterahana indray sy ny ''karma'' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJaini1980&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Padmanabh; last: Jaini; editor: Wendy Doniger; Lohateny: ''Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions''; url: [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C]; Taona: 1980; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 217–236.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dundasp14&gt;author: Paul Dundas; Lohateny: ''The Jains''; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 14–16, 102–105.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny filôzôfian' ny jainisma dia miainga amin' ny fiheverana fa misy ny fanahy (''jiva'' amin' ny jainisma; ''atman'' amin' ny hindoisma), ary maharitra mandrakizay izy io sady mandalo tsingerina ifindrany amin' ny vatana hafa sy ahaterahany indray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJaini1980|Jaini (1980)]], pp. 226–228&lt;/ref&gt;
Milaza ireo lahatsoratry ny jainisma voalohany fa avy hatrany aorian' ny fahafatesana no idirana amin' ny vatana vaovao.&lt;ref name=dundasp14/&gt;
Araka izany fampianarana izany, dia ny ''karma'' niangona no mamaritra raha endri-batana ambony kokoa na ambany kokoa no ahaterahana indray, na any an-danitra izany, na any amin' ny helo, na eto an-tany.&lt;ref&gt;author: Kristi L. Wiley; Lohateny: ''The A to Z of Jainism''; Taona: 2009; Mpamoaka: Scarecrow; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8108-6337-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 186.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJaini1980|Jaini (1980)]], pp. 227-228&lt;/ref&gt;
Tsy misy endri-batana maharitra, araka io fomba fijery io: maty ny rehetra ary mandalo reinkarnasiôna indray.
Azo atao anefa ny mahazo fanafahana amin' ny reinkarnasiôna (''kevalya''), amin' ny alalan' ny fanesorana ny ''karma'' niangona tao amin' ny fanahy sy ny fampitsaharana ny fiangonany.&lt;ref&gt;author: Paul Dundas; Lohateny: ''The Jains''; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 104–105.&lt;/ref&gt;
Hatrany amin' ny fiandohan' ny jainisma dia noheverina ho zavamananaina mety maty manana ny toerana ambony indrindra ny olombelona, ary afaka mahatratra izany fanafahana izany, indrindra amin' ny alalan' ny [[Asketisma|fampijalian-tena sy ny fifehezan-tena ara-pivavahana]].&lt;ref&gt;author: Jeffery D Long; Lohateny: ''Jainism: An Introduction''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT36]; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: I.B.Tauris; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-85773-656-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 36–37.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Paul Dundas; Lohateny: ''The Jains''; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 55–59.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: John E. Cort; Lohateny: ''Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India''; Taona: 2001; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-803037-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 118–119.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miresaka ny fahaterahana indray ho anisan' ny fampianarana momba ny ''saṃsāra'' ireo lahatsoratra bodista voalohany.
Araka izany fampianarana izany, ny fisiana dia &quot;suffering-laden cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without beginning or end&quot;, izany hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, « tsingerin' ny fiainana sy ny fahafatesana ary ny fahaterahana indray, feno fijaliana, tsy misy fiandohana na fiafarana ».&lt;ref name=jeffwilsonbudsam&gt;author: Jeff Wilson; Taona: 2010; Lohateny: ''Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-539352-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; doi: 10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trainor2004p63&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFTrainor2004&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Kevin; last: Trainor; Lohateny: ''Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 62–63.; ''Quote:'' &quot;Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Antsoina koa hoe kodiaran' ny fisiana (''Bhavacakra'') izy io, ary matetika ny lahatsoratra bodista no miresaka azy amin' ny teny hoe ''punarbhava'' (fahaterahana indray na fahatongavana ho misy indray).
Ny fanafahana amin' io tsingerin' ny fisiana io, na nirvana, no fototra sy tanjona lehibe indrindra amin' ny bodisma.&lt;ref name=jeffwilsonbudsam/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conze2013p71&quot;&gt;author: Edward Conze; Lohateny: ''Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy''; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-54231-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 71; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: &quot;Nirvana is the ''raison d'être'' of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Gethin; first: Rupert; Taona: 1998; Lohateny: ''Foundations of Buddhism''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-289223-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/119 119]; url: [https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/119].&lt;/ref&gt;
Milaza koa ireo lahatsoratra bodista fa mahalala ny fahaterahany taloha ny olona nahatratra ny fifohazana ara-panahy, ary amin' ny alalan' ny fifantohan-tsaina avo lenta amin' ny fandinihana anaty no ahazoany izany fahalalana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe, ''Buddhist thought: a complete introduction to the Indian tradition.'' Routledge, 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt;
Miresaka ny fahafatesana, ny ''bardo'' (toetra anelanelan' ny fahafatesana sy ny fahaterahana indray), ary ny fahaterahana indray ny bodisma tibetana, ao amin' ny lahatsoratra toy ny ''Tibetan Book of the Dead''.
Na dia ampianarina ho tanjona faratampony ao amin' ny bodisma Theravada aza ny nirvana ary manana anjara fototra ao amin' ny bodisma Mahayana, dia ny fanangonana ''karma'' tsara sy ny fahazoana vokatsoa ara-pivavahana mba hahazoana reinkarnasiôna tsara kokoa amin' ny fiainana manaraka no ifantohan' ny ampahany tena betsaka amin' ireo bodista tsy moanina amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merv Fowler 1999 65&quot;&gt;author: Merv Fowler; Lohateny: ''Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices''; Taona: 1999; Mpamoaka: Sussex Academic Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 65; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: &quot;For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Christopher Gowans; Lohateny: ''Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-46973-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 169.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tao amin' ireo lovantsofina bodista voalohany, dia tontolo dimy no nandrafitra ny fomba fijery momba ny firafitry ny ''saṃsāra'', ary ireo no nifandimbiasan' ny kodiaran' ny fisiana.&lt;ref name=jeffwilsonbudsam/&gt; Tafiditra tamin' izany ireo helo (''niraya''), ireo fanahy mosarena (''pretas''), ny biby (''tiryaka''), ny olombelona (''manushya''), ary ireo andriamanitra any an-danitra (''deva'').&lt;ref name=jeffwilsonbudsam/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trainor2004p63&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Robert DeCaroli; Lohateny: ''Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-803765-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 94–103.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ireo lovantsofina bodista tatỳ aoriana dia lasa enina ny tontolo ahaterahana indray, rehefa nampidirina tao amin' ny lisitra ireo zavaboary manana toetra maha-andriamanitra amin' ny ampahany (''asuras'').&lt;ref name=jeffwilsonbudsam/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Akira Sadakata; Lohateny: ''Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins''; Taona: 1997; Mpamoaka: Kōsei Publishing 佼成出版社, Tokyo; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-4-333-01682-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 68–70.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fampitahana ====
Iombonan' ny lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany amin' ny hindoisma, ny bodisma ary ny jainisma ny hevitra sy ny voambolana mifandray amin' ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Williams; first1: Paul; last2: Tribe; first2: Anthony; last3: Wynne; first3: Alexander; Taona: 2012; Lohateny: ''Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition''; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-52088-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ]; Daty nijerena: 2016-09-25; Daty nitahirizana: 2020-11-20; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201120065316/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ]; url-status: live; Pejy: 30–42.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy manasongadina fanao tsara mitovitovy izy ireo, ary koa ny ''karma'', na ny vokatry ny asa izay inoana fa mamaritra ny fiainana manaraka, ho zavatra ilaina amin' ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray sady misy fiantraikany amin' ny fahaterahana indray any aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;damienkeown32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Michael D. Coogan; Lohateny: ''The Illustrated Guide to World Religions''; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-521997-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 192.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, samy miresaka toetra tsara isan-karazany ireo fivavahana telo ireo, izay sokajina indraindray ho fitsipika momba ny fitondran-tena (''Yamas'') sy fitsipika momba ny fifehezana ny tena (''Niyama''). Anisan' izany ny tsy fanaovana herisetra, ny filazana ny marina, ny tsy fangalarana, ny tsy firaiketana amin' ny fananana, ny fangorahana ny zavamananaina rehetra, ny fanaovana fanomezana, ary ny maro hafa.&lt;ref&gt;author1: David Carpenter; author2: Ian Whicher; Lohateny: ''Yoga: The Indian Tradition''; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-79606-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 116.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Rita Langer; Lohateny: ''Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins''; Taona: 2007; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-15873-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 53–54.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mitovy ny foto-kevitra iaingan' ny hindoisma, ny bodisma ary ny jainisma, sy ny teôria aroson' izy ireo momba ny fahaterahana indray. Mifototra amin' ny finoana fa misy ny fanahy, na ny tena maharitra tsy miova (''atman'' na ''attā''), ny hindoisma; ny bodisma kosa manambara fa tsy misy fanahy na tena maharitra tsy miova (''anatta'' na ''anatman'').&lt;ref&gt;author: Christmas Humphreys; Lohateny: ''Exploring Buddhism''; Taona: 2012; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-22877-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Brian Morris; Lohateny: ''Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&amp;pg=PA51]; Taona: 2006; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-85241-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 51; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: &quot;(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps—the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Richard Gombrich; Lohateny: ''Theravada Buddhism''; Taona: 2006; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 47; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: &quot;(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Tahiry] (2015-12-10), Encyclopedia Britannica (2013), Quote: &quot;Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (&quot;the self&quot;).&quot;;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Steven Collins (1994), ''Religion and Practical Reason'' (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p. 64; &quot;Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Edward Roer (Translator), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA2 Shankara's Introduction]'', p. 2, at Google Books to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'', pp. 2–4;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Katie Javanaud (2013), ''[https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206211126/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Tahiry] (2015-02-06), Philosophy Now;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Loy1982/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;KN Jayatilleke (2010), ''Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge'', &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, pp. 246–249, from note 385 onwards;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=johnplott3&gt;John C. Plott et al (2000), ''Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-0158-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p. 63, Quote: &quot;The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fampianarana hindoa, ny fanahy no fototra mandrakizay sy tsy miova iorenan' ny fisian' ny zavamananaina iray, ary mifindra amin' ny alalan' ny reinkarnasiôna izy mandra-pahatongany amin' ny fahalalana ny tena.&lt;ref&gt;author: Bruce M. Sullivan; Lohateny: ''Historical Dictionary of Hinduism''; Taona: 1997; Mpamoaka: Scarecrow; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8108-3327-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 235–236 (See: Upanishads).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Klaus K. Klostermaier; Lohateny: ''A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition''; Taona: 2007; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 119–122, 162–180, 194–195.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Kalupahana; first: David J.; Daty: 1992; Lohateny: ''The Principles of Buddhist Psychology''; Toerana: Delhi; Mpamoaka: ri Satguru Publications; Pejy: 38–39.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny bodisma kosa manohana ny teôrian' ny fahaterahana indray tsy misy tena maharitra tsy miova, ary mihevitra ny fahatakarana izany tsy fisian' ny tena maharitra izany, na ny fahabangana amin' ny fototra maharitra tsy miova, ho nirvana (''[[Nirvana|nibbana]]'').

Tsy mitovy amin' ny fampianaran' ny bodisma ny fampianaran' ny jainisma momba ny reinkarnasiôna, na dia samy ao amin' ny lovam-pampianarana ''Sramana'', izay tsy mifototra amin' ny finoana andriamanitra, aza izy roa.&lt;ref name=naomiappleton76/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Kristi L. Wiley; Lohateny: ''Historical Dictionary of Jainism''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Scarecrow; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 91.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' ny bodisma, ny jainisma dia manaiky ho foto-kevitra iaingany fa misy ny fanahy (''Jiva''), ary manambara fa mandray anjara amin' ny fizotran' ny fahaterahana indray io fanahy io.&lt;ref&gt;author: Kristi L. Wiley; Lohateny: ''Historical Dictionary of Jainism''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Scarecrow; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 10–12, 111–112, 119.&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, ny jainisma dia mihevitra ny [[Asketisma|fampijalian-tena sy ny fifehezan-tena ara-pivavahana]] ho fomba lehibe hahazoana ny fanafahana ara-panahy izay mampitsahatra ny tsingerin' ny reinkarnasiôna, fa tsy mihevitra izany ho toy izany kosa ny bodisma.&lt;ref name=naomiappleton76&gt;author: Naomi Appleton; Lohateny: ''Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories''; Taona: 2014; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-139-91640-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 76–89.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Gananath Obeyesekere; Lohateny: ''Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study''; Taona: 2006; Mpamoaka: Motilal Banarsidass; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-2609-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 107–108.;&lt;br /&gt;author: Kristi L. Wiley; Lohateny: ''Historical Dictionary of Jainism''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Scarecrow; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 118–119.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: John E. Cort; Lohateny: ''Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India''; Taona: 2001; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-803037-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 118–123.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filôzôfia grika tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika ===
Jereo koa: fifindran' ny fanahy amin' ny vatana hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana.

[[Image:2161 - Taormina - Badia Vecchia - Sarcofago romano del sec. II d.C. - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 20-May-2008.jpg|thumb|Vata fandevenana rômanina vita amin' ny vato, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa, mampiseho ny angano sy ny tandindon' ireo sekolim-pampianarana ara-pivavahana misy fombafomba miafina mifandray amin' i Orpheus sy Dionysus. Eo ankavia i Orpheus mitendry ny lirany.]]
Tany amin' ny taonjato fahenina talohan' i Kristy no nanomboka ny fifanakalozan-kevitra grika voalohany momba io hevitra io. Anisan' ny mpandinika grika tany am-boalohany fantatra fa nandinika ny fahaterahana indray i Pherecydes of Syros, izay niasa teo amin' ny taona 540 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Schibli, S., Hermann, ''Pherekydes of Syros'', p. 104, Oxford Univ. Press 2001&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Pitagôra|Pythagoras]], izay niara-belona taminy nefa tanora kokoa noho izy, no mpanazava voalohany an' io hevitra io nanjary nalaza; nanorina fikambanana izy mba hanaparitaka izany. Niaina teo amin' ny taona 570 ka hatramin' ny taona 495 talohan' i Kristy teo ho eo i Pythagoras.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (ap. Porph. ''V.P.'' 9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BCE, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty.&quot; William Keith Chambers Guthrie, (1978), ''A history of Greek philosophy, Volume 1: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans'', p. 173. Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt; Mihevitra ny manam-pahaizana sasany fa mpianatr' i Pherecydes i Pythagoras; ny hafa kosa mihevitra fa avy tamin' ny fampianaran' ny [[Ôrfisma|fivavahana mifandray amin' i Orpheus]], izay fivavahana avy any [[Traky|Thrace]], no nandraisany ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna, na hoe nentiny avy tany India izany fampianarana izany.

Nanolotra fitantarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna tao amin' ny sanganasany i [[Platôna|Plato]] (428/427–348/347 talohan' i Kristy), indrindra tao amin' ny ''Myth of Er''. Ao amin' io fitantarana io dia asain' i Plato mitantara i Socrates ny fomba niverenan' i Er, zanak' i Armenius, tamin' ny fiainana tamin' ny fomba mahagaga, tamin' ny andro faharoa ambin' ny folo taorian' ny nahafatesany, sy ny fomba nitantarany ny tsiambaratelon' ny tontolo hafa. Misy angano sy teôria mitovitovy hevitra amin' izany ao amin' ny resadresaka hafa: ao amin' ny fanoharana momba ny kalesy ao amin' ny ''Phaedrus'',&lt;ref&gt;''The Dialogues of Plato'' (Benjamin Jowett trans., 1875 ed), vol. 2, p. 125&lt;/ref&gt; ao amin' ny ''Meno'',&lt;ref&gt;''The Dialogues of Plato'' (Benjamin Jowett trans., 1875 ed), vol. 1, p. 282&lt;/ref&gt; ary ao amin' ny ''Timaeus'' sy ny ''Laws''. Araka ireo fitantarana ireo, rehefa tafasaraka amin' ny vatana ny fanahy dia mandany fotoana tsy voafaritra ao amin' ny tontolo azon' ny saina takarina fa tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fandrenesan' ny vatana, ary avy eo miditra amin' ny vatana hafa indray; mifandray amin' izany ny fanoharana momba ny zohy ao amin' ny ''The Republic''. Ao amin' ny ''Timaeus'' dia mihevitra i Plato fa mifindra avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa ny fanahy nefa tsy misy dingana manokana handraisana valisoa na famaizana eo anelanelan' ny fiainana roa, satria ny reinkarnasiôna mihitsy no famaizana na valisoa noho ny fomba niainan' ny olona iray.&lt;ref&gt;See Kamtekar 2016 for a discussion of how Plato's view of reincarnation changes across texts, especially concerning the existence of a distinct reward-or-punishment phase between lives. Rachana Kamtekar. 2016. &quot;''The Soul’s (After-) Life,''&quot; ''Ancient Philosophy'' 36 (1):115–132.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Phaedo'' dia asain' i Plato milaza izao ny mpampianatra azy, i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]], talohan' ny hahafatesany, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: « Matoky aho fa tena misy tokoa ny fiainana indray, ary avy amin' ny maty no ipoiran' ny velona. » Tsy nilaza anefa i [[Ksenôfôna|Xenophon]] fa nino ny reinkarnasiôna i Socrates. Mety ho i Plato no nandamina ny hevitr' i Socrates ho rafitra mirindra, tamin' ny alalan' ny foto-kevitra noraisiny mivantana avy tamin' ny fampianaran' i Pythagoras na ny fivavahana mifandray amin' i Orpheus. Hitan' ny manam-pahaizana tato ho ato fa maro ny antony ninoan' i Plato ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;See Campbell 2022 for more on why Plato believes in reincarnation. Douglas R. Campbell. 2022.  &quot;''Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy,''&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 75 (4): 643–665. See also the discussion in Chad Jorgensen. 2018. ''The Embodied Soul in Plato's Later Thought''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' izany ny filazana fa mahasoa io teôria io amin' ny fanazavana ny antony isian' ny biby tsy olombelona: araka ny hevitr' i Plato, dia olombelona taloha izy ireny, izay sazina noho ny faharatsiany. Ao amin' ny faran' ny ''Timaeus'' no anolorany izany fanazavana izany.&lt;ref&gt;See ''Timaeus'' 90–92.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fivavahana misy fombafomba miafina ====
Namokatra asa soratra betsaka ny [[Ôrfisma|fivavahana mifandray amin' i Orpheus]], izay nampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna, tokony ho tamin' ny taonjato fahenina talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Linforth, Ivan M. (1941) ''The Arts of Orpheus'' Arno Press, New York, OCLC 514515&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Long, Herbert S. (1948) ''A Study of the doctrine of metempsychosis in Greece, from Pythagoras to Plato'' (Long's 1942 Ph.D. dissertation) Princeton, New Jersey, OCLC 1472399&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Long; first1: Herbert S.; Lohateny: ''Plato's Doctrine of Metempsychosis and Its Source''; Gazety akademika: ''The Classical Weekly''; Daty: 1948; Boky: 41; Laharana: 10; Pejy: 149–155; id: ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1296280468 1296280468]; doi: 10.2307/4342414; jstor: 4342414.&lt;/ref&gt; Voalaza fa nampianatra i Orpheus, mpanorina azy araka ny angano, fa maniry fahafahana ny fanahy tsy mety maty, nefa tazonin' ny vatana ho gadra. Araka io fampianarana io, mihodina ny kodiaran' ny fahaterahana, ary mifandimby ny fahafahana sy ny fahababoan' ny fanahy eo amin' ny faribolana lehiben' ny tsy maintsy mitranga. Nanambara i Orpheus fa ilaina ny fahasoavan' ireo andriamanitra, indrindra i [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]], sy ny fanadiovan-tena, mandra-pahavitan' ny fanahy ny fiakarana miolikolika manaraka ny lahatra mba hiainany mandrakizay.

Neken' ny olona tamin' ny ankapobeny nandritra ny Andro Taloha ny fifandraisana teo amin' ny [[Sekoly pitagôrisiana|filôzôfian' i Pythagoras]] sy ny reinkarnasiôna, satria nampianatra momba ny reinkarnasiôna koa i Pythagoras. Tsy nitovy tamin' ny mpanaraka ny fivavahana mifandray amin' i Orpheus anefa izy: ireo dia nihevitra ny fifindran' ny fanahy amin' ny vatana hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana ho tsingerim-pahoriana izay azo ialana amin' ny fahazoana fanafahana amin' izany. I Pythagoras kosa dia toa nihevitra fa misy reinkarnasiôna mandrakizay izay tsy tsara na ratsy amin' ny tenany, ka tsy hisy asa natao tamin' ny fiainana teo aloha hamaritra ny fiainana manaraka.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans''; author: Leonid Zhmud; Mpamoaka: OUP Oxford; Taona: 2012; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-928931-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 232–233.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana ====
Ao amin' ny literatiora grika tatỳ aoriana dia voatonona ao amin' ny sombin-tsanganasan' i [[Ménandre|Menander]] io fampianarana io,&lt;ref&gt;Menander, ''The Inspired Woman''&lt;/ref&gt; ary esoina ao amin' ny asa soratr' i Lucian.&lt;ref&gt;Lucian, ''Gallus'', 18 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny literatiora [[Rôma Taloha|rômanina]] dia efa hita hatramin' ny andron' i Ennius izany.&lt;ref&gt;Poesch, Jessie (1962) &quot;''Ennius and Basinio of Parma''&quot; ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'' 25(1/2):116–118 [117 n15].&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny ampahany very amin' ny ''Annals'' nosoratany, dia nitantara i Ennius fa nahita an' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]] tamin' ny nofy, ary nanome toky azy i Homer fa ny fanahy iray ihany izay nampisy aina azy roa poety dia efa an' ny vorombola iray taloha. Naneso izany i Persius tao amin' ny asa sorany manesoeso (vi. 9); niresaka izany koa i Lucretius&lt;ref&gt;Lucretius, (i. 124)&lt;/ref&gt; sy i [[Horace|Horace]].&lt;ref&gt;Horace, ''Epistles'', II. i. 52&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiditra io hevitra io tao amin' ny fitantarany momba ny tontolon' ny maty i [[Virgil|Virgil]], ao amin' ny boky fahenina amin' ny ''Aeneid''.&lt;ref&gt;Virgil, ''The Aeneid'', vv. 724 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola hita hatrany amin' ireo mpandinika tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana klasika izany, dia i [[Plôtinôsy|Plotinus]] sy ireo mpanaraka hafa ny [[Neôplatônisma|filôzôfia vaovao mifototra amin' ny fampianaran' i Plato]]. Ao amin' ny ''Hermetica'', izay fitambaran' ny asa soratra grika-ejipsianina momba ny firafitry ny tontolo rehetra sy ny fiainana ara-panahy, ary lazaina fa nosoratan' i [[Hermesy Trismegistôsy|Hermes Trismegistus]]/Thoth, dia manana toerana fototra ny fampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna.

=== Fivavahana nentim-paharazan' ny Kelta ===
Tamin' ny taonjato voalohany talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana, dia nanoratra toy izao i Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor (dika amin' ny teny malagasy):

&lt;blockquote&gt;Manjaka ao amin' ny fampianaran' ny [[Gaoloà (vahoaka)|Gaolo]] ny fampianaran' i Pythagoras izay milaza fa tsy mety maty ny fanahin' ny olombelona, ary hiditra ao amin' ny vatana hafa izy ireo rehefa afaka taona maromaro voafaritra.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nanoratra i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]] fa anisan' ny fampianarana fototry ny mpisorona nantsoina hoe ''druids'' tao Gaul sy Britain ary Ireland ny fifindran' ny fanahy amin' ny vatana hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana:&lt;ref&gt;Julius Caesar, &quot;''De Bello Gallico''&quot;, VI&lt;/ref&gt; Hoy izy (dika amin' ny teny malagasy):

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny hevi-dehibe indrindra amin' ny fampianarany dia ny hoe tsy maty ny fanahy ary mifindra avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana... Araka ny hevitr' izy ireo, ny tena tanjon' ny fanabeazana rehetra dia ny hampiorina ao amin' ny mpianany ny finoana mafy fa tsy mety levona ny fanahin' ny olombelona, izay, araka ny finoan' izy ireo, dia mifindra fotsiny avy amin' ny fonenana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa amin' ny fahafatesana; satria, hoy izy ireo, amin' ny alalan' izany fampianarana manala izay rehetra mampahatahotra amin' ny fahafatesana izany ihany no ahafahana mampivelatra ny herim-pon' ny olombelona amin' ny endriny ambony indrindra.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nanoratra koa i Diodorus fa nino ny Gaolo hoe tsy mety maty ny fanahin' ny olombelona, ary hanomboka fiainana vaovao ao amin' ny vatana hafa rehefa afaka taona maromaro voafaritra. Nampiany fa fanaon' ny Gaolo ny nanipy taratasy ho an' ireo maty teo amin' izy ireo teo amin' ny antontan-kitay fandoroana faty, izay hahafahan' ny maty mamaky ireo taratasy araka izany finoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;author: T. Rice Holmes; Lohateny: ''Caesar's Conquest of Gaul: An Historical Narrative''; Daty: 1903.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitantara i Valerius Maximus fa fanaon' izy ireo ny nifampindram-bola, ka any amin' ny tontolo aorian' ny fahafatesana no tokony hamerenana izany.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKendrick2003&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Kendrick; first: T.D.; Daty: 2003; orig-date: 1927; Lohateny: ''Druids and Druidism''; Mpamoaka: Dover; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-486-42719-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 106.&lt;/ref&gt; Niresaka momba izany i Pomponius Mela, ary nanampy fa nalevin' ny Gaolo na nodorany niaraka tamin' ny maty ireo zavatra hilainy amin' ny fiainana manaraka, hany ka nitsambikina tao amin' ny antontan-kitay fandoroana ny fatin' ny havany ireo nidonam-pahoriana, mba hiaraka amin' ireo havany ireo hatrany amin' ny fiainana vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKendrick2003|Kendrick (2003)]], p. 108&lt;/ref&gt;

Nino i [[Hipôlito (mpanoratra)|Hippolytus of Rome]] fa nampianarin' ny andevon' i [[Pitagôra|Pythagoras]] iray nantsoina hoe Zalmoxis ny Gaolo ny fampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna. Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, dia nino i [[Klemento avy any Aleksandria|Clement of Alexandria]] fa i Pythagoras mihitsy no nianatra izany tamin' ny Kelta, fa tsy ny Kelta no nianatra taminy; nilaza izy fa Gaolo [[Galatiana (vahoaka)|galatiana]] sy mpisorona [[Hindoisma|hindoa]] ary [[Zôrôastrisma|mpanaraka ny zôrôastrisma]] no nampianatra an' i Pythagoras.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKendrick2003|Kendrick (2003)]], p. 105&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lopez&gt;author: Robin Melrose; Lohateny: ''The Druids and King Arthur: A New View of Early Britain''; Daty: 2014; Mpamoaka: McFarland; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-07-864600-5-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nolavin' ny mpanoratra T. D. Kendrick anefa ny fisian' ny fifandraisana tena nisy teo amin' i Pythagoras sy ny hevitra keltika momba ny reinkarnasiôna. Nilaza izy fa nisy fahasamihafana lehibe teo amin' ny finoan' izy ireo, ary nihevitra fa tsy dia azo inoana ara-tantara ilay petra-kevitra momba ny fifandraisana tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKendrick2003|Kendrick (2003)]], p. 108&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, dia nanolotra ny mety ho fisian' ny loharano niombonana fahiny izy, izay nifandray koa tamin' ny [[Ôrfisma|fivavahana ôrfika]] sy ny rafi-pinoana trakiana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKendrick2003|Kendrick (2003)]], p. 109&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahana jermanika talohan' ny kristianisma ===
Lohahevitra lehibe: fahaterahana indray ao amin' ny fivavahana jermanika talohan' ny kristianisma.

Manondro ny fisian' ny finoana ny fahaterahana indray tao amin' ny fivavahana jermanika talohan' ny kristianisma ireo lahatsoratra mbola voatahiry. Anisan' ny ohatra ny olona resahina ao amin' ny tononkalo eddika sy ny fitantarana ''[[Saga|saga]]'', izay mety ho nateraka indray tamin' ny alalan' ny fanomezana anarana, na tao anatin' ny taranaky ny fianakaviana iray, na tamin' izy roa miaraka. Nandinika ny hevitra azo tsoahina avy amin' ireo filazana an-tsoratra ireo ny manam-pahaizana, ary nanolotra teôria momba ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna teo amin' ny [[Vahoaka jermanika|vahoaka jermanika]] talohan' ny niovany ho kristianina, sy ny mety ho mbola nisian' izany, tamin' ny ampahany, tao amin' ny finoana nentim-paharazan' ny vahoaka taorian' izany.

=== Jodaisma teo amin' ny tantara ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Teo ambonin' ny fahanginana dia nisy antso nanjary velona, namaky izany ka nampisava azy. «Tsy ho faty ianareo, ry sakaizako», hoy ilay antso tamin' ny tany. «Ry tanin' ny Tompo, hifoha ianao ka ho velona. Aza tezitra amin' ilay nantsoinao. Teraka ho olona hiverina izy. Eo ambonin' ny fakany ny tanan' ny Tompo mba hampody azy amin' ny fotoany, hampody azy amin' ny fotoanareo, ry sakaizako.»&lt;ref&gt;[[Martin Buber]]. ''The Legend of the Baal-Shem''. Routledge 2013 (p. 85)&lt;/ref&gt;

— [[Baal Shem Tov]] (dikan-teny)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nivoatra teo anivon' ny Jiosy sasany mpanaraka ny fampianarana momba ny zava-miafina ara-panahy ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Samy nanolotra fanazavana samy hafa momba ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana izy ireo, nefa samy nino ny fisian' ny fanahy tsy mety maty izy rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;''Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs &amp; Rituals'', By George Robinson, Simon and Schuster 2008, p. 193&lt;/ref&gt; Nolavin' i [[Saadia Gaon|Saadiah Gaon]] mazava kosa ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;''The Book of Beliefs and Opinions'', chap. VIII&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ny sampana maro amin' ny jodaisma môderina ankehitriny, ny reinkarnasiôna dia finoana anisan' ny fampianarana miafina natokana ho an' ny olona nampidirina aminy. Ny fampianarana miafina jiosy antsoina hoe ''[[Kabala|Kabbalah]]'' dia mampianatra ny finoana ny ''gilgul'', izany hoe ny fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa. Noho izany dia inoan' ny rehetra ao amin' ny [[Hasidisma|jodaisma hasidika]] ny reinkarnasiôna, satria io sampana io dia mihevitra ny ''Kabbalah'' ho masina sy ho manam-pahefana; indraindray koa izy io dia inoana ho anisan' ny fampianarana miafina ao amin' ny sampana hafa amin' ny [[Jodaisma ôrtôdôksa|jodaisma ôrtôdôksa]].
Ao amin' ny [[Jodaisma|jodaisma]], ny ''Zohar'', izay navoaka voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-13, dia miresaka lava momba ny reinkarnasiôna, indrindra ao amin' ny fizarana «Balak» amin' ny ''[[Torah]]''. Ny asa soratra mifandray amin' ny ''[[Kabala|Kabbalah]]'' feno indrindra momba ny reinkarnasiôna dia ny ''Shaar HaGilgulim'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Mind in the Balance: Meditation in Science, Buddhism, and Christianity''&quot;, p. 104, by B. Alan Wallace&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism''&quot;, p. 190, by J. H. Chajes&lt;/ref&gt; izay nosoratan' i Chaim Vital niorina tamin' ny fampianaran' ny mpampianatra azy, Isaac Luria, mpandalina ny ''Kabbalah'' tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Voalaza fa nahalala ireo fiainana taloha niainan' ny olona tsirairay i Luria noho ny [[Fanahy Masina ao amin' ny jodaisma|fahaiza-manaony izay noheverina ho manakaiky ny an' ny mpaminany]].
I Elijah of Vilna, manam-pahaizana ambony sady mpandalina ny ''Kabbalah'' avy any Litoania tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe [[Gaon de Vilna|Vilna Gaon]], dia nanoratra fanazavana ny ''[[Bokin' i Jônà|Bokin' i Jona]]'' ao amin' ny Baiboly, ka nandika azy io ho fitantarana an' ohatra momba ny reinkarnasiôna.

Indraindray dia hazavaina amin' ny alalan' ny reinkarnasiôna ny fiovam-pinoana ho amin' ny jodaisma ao amin' ny jodaisma ôrtôdôksa. Araka io fomba fisainana ao amin' ny jodaisma io, raha voasarika ho amin' ny jodaisma ny olona tsy Jiosy, dia satria Jiosy izy ireo tamin' ny fiainana taloha. Araka io finoana io, dia mety «hivezivezy eo anivon' ny firenena» mandritra ny fiainana maro ireny fanahy ireny mandra-pahitany ny lalana hiverenana amin' ny jodaisma. Tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny fahaterahany ao amin' ny fianakaviana tsy Jiosy manana razambe Jiosy «very».&lt;ref&gt;''Jewish Tales of Reincarnation'', By Yonasson Gershom, Yonasson Gershom, Jason Aronson, Incorporated, 31 January 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

Betsaka ny asa soratra mirakitra angano sy tantara nentim-paharazana jiosy izay miresaka momba ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;Yonasson Gershom (1999), ''Jewish Tales of Reincarnation''. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7657-6083-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kristianisma teo amin' ny tantara ===
Ny '''finoana ny reinkarnasiôna''' na '''reinkarnasiôna ara-Baiboly''' dia finoana fa ny olona sasany dia olona voalaza ao amin' ny Baiboly, toa an' i [[Jesoa|Jesoa Kristy]] sy i [[Maria (renin' i Jesoa)|Maria Virjiny]], izay teraka indray, na mety ho izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinemaseekers1&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.cinemaseekers.com/Christ/reincarnation.html]; Lohateny: ''Biblical Accounts that Suggest Reincarnation''; Daty nijerena: 2023-08-27; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-08; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210608232803/http://www.cinemaseekers.com/christ/reincarnation.html].&lt;/ref&gt; Mino ny kristianina sasany fa misy olona voalaza ao amin' ny Testamenta Vaovao izay olona voalaza ao amin' ny Testamenta Taloha teraka indray. Ohatra, mino ny sasany fa i [[Joany Batista|Jaona Batista]] dia i [[Elia|Elia]] mpaminany teraka indray, ary misy vitsivitsy mandroso lavidavitra kokoa ka milaza fa i Jesoa dia i [[Elisa|Elisa]], mpianatr' i Elia, teraka indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinemaseekers1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://yoganandafortheworld.com/who-was-jesus-before-the-last-incarnation-elias-and-elijah-the-second-coming-of-christ/]; Lohateny: ''Who Was Jesus Before the Last Incarnation?''; Daty: 9 January 2012; Daty nijerena: 2023-09-07; website: yoganandafortheworld.com; last: Yogananda; first: Swami; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20261014220527/https://yoganandafortheworld.com/who-was-jesus-before-the-last-incarnation-elias-and-elijah-the-second-coming-of-christ/]; Daty nitahirizana: 2026-10-14; orig-date: September 1934.&lt;/ref&gt; Mino kosa ny kristianina hafa fa amin' ny alalan' ny reinkarnasiôna no hahatanterahan' ny [[Fiavian' i Kristy fanindroany|fiavian' i Jesoa fanindroany]]. Nihevitra ny tenany ho fahatanterahan' ny fiverenan' i Jesoa i Sun Myung Moon, mpanorina ny ''Unification Church'' (Fiangonan' ny Fampiraisana).

Tsy mino ny reinkarnasiôna ny Fiangonana Katôlika, satria heveriny fa tsy mifanaraka amin' ny [[Fahafatesana|fahafatesana]] izany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''II. Dying In Christ Jesus''; url: [https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_one/section_two/chapter_three/article_11/ii_dying_in_christ_jesus.index.html]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20261014223612/https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_one/section_two/chapter_three/article_11/ii_dying_in_christ_jesus.index.html]; Daty nitahirizana: 2026-10-14; Daty nijerena: 2026-10-14; website: www.vatican.va; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, nisy mpitarika sampam-pivavahana sasany tao amin' ny fiangonana nampianatra fa misy fahaterahan' i Maria indray; anisan' izany i Marie-Paule Giguère tao amin' ny ''Army of Mary'' (Tafik' i Maria)&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.cccb.ca/site/Files/armyofmary.html]; Lohateny: ''Army of Mary Doctrinal Note''; Mpamoaka: Cccb.ca; Daty nijerena: 2012-05-23; Daty nitahirizana: 2012-05-04; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504170432/http://www.cccb.ca/site/Files/armyofmary.html].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vsu&quot;&gt;url: [https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/army-of-mary/]; Lohateny: ''Army of Mary / Community of the Lady of All Peoples – WRSP''; Daty nijerena: 8 October 2023; Daty: 2013-10-28; last: Margry; first: Peter Jan; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20261014224207/https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/army-of-mary/]; Daty nitahirizana: 2026-10-14; website: wrldrels.org.&lt;/ref&gt; sy i Maria Franciszka teo amin' ireo Mariavita taloha.&lt;ref&gt;author: Pius X; url: [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_05041906_tribus-circiter_en.html]; Lohateny: ''Pius X, Tribus Circiter (05/04/1906)''; Mpamoaka: Vatican.va; Daty: 1904-09-04; Daty nijerena: 2012-05-23; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20261014224950/https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_05041906_tribus-circiter.html]; Daty nitahirizana: 2026-10-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Noroahin' ny ''Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith'' (Kôngregasiôna momba ny Foto-pinoana) tsy ho isan' ny fiangonana ny ''Army of Mary'', noho ny nampianarany fampianarana noheverin' io kôngregasiôna io ho mifanohitra amin' ny foto-pinoan' ny fiangonana, anisan' izany ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.cccb.ca/site/images/stories/pdf/decl_excomm_english.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Archived copy''; Daty nijerena: 2012-05-23; Daty nitahirizana: 2012-05-04; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504170442/http://www.cccb.ca/site/images/stories/pdf/decl_excomm_english.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gnôstisisma ====
Nisy sampam-pivavahana [[Gnôstisisma|gnôstika]] maromaro nanaiky ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna. Nino izany ny [[Setianisma|Setiana]] sy ny mpanara-dia an' i [[Valentinôsy|Valentinus]].&lt;ref&gt;Voarakitra ao amin' ny bokin' i R.E. Slater hoe ''Paradise Reconsidered.'' ny ampahany betsaka amin' izany.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa ny [[Fanandroana|fanandroana]] [[Babilôna|kaldeana]] ny mpanara-dia an' i Bardaisan avy any [[Mesôpôtamia|Mesopotamia]], izay sampam-pivavahana tamin' ny taonjato faharoa noheverin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika ho nanana fampianarana mifanohitra amin' ny foto-pinoany. Nanampy hevitra grika tamin' izany i Harmonius, zanak' i Bardaisan, izay nianatra tany Atena; anisan' ireo hevitra ireo ny endrika iray amin' ny fifindran' ny fanahy amin' ny vatana hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana. Anisan' ny mpampianatra toy izany koa i Basilides (132–? taor. J.K.), izay fantatra amin' ny alalan' ny tsikeran' i [[Ireneo avy any Logdonoma|Irenaeus]] sy ny asan' i [[Klemento avy any Aleksandria|Clement of Alexandria]] (jereo koa ny neôplatônisma sy ny gnôstisisma, ary ny bodisma sy ny gnôstisisma).

Tamin' ny taonjato fahatelo taor. J.K. dia niely niantsinanana sy niankandrefana avy tany [[Babilônia|Babilônia]] ny [[Manikeisma|manikeisma]]. Tao anatin' ny [[Empira Sasanida|Empira Sasanida]] i Babilônia tamin' izany, ary tao no nonenan' i [[Manỳ (mpaminany)|Mani]], mpanorina io fivavahana io, izay niaina tokony ho tamin' ny taona 216–276. Nisy mônastera manikeana tany Rôma tamin' ny taona 312 taor. J.K. Raha nanamarika ireo dia voalohany nataon' i Mani tany amin' ny Empira Kushan sy ny fitaomana bodista hafa teo amin' ny manikeisma i Richard Foltz,&lt;ref&gt;Richard Foltz, ''Religions of the Silk Road'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; dia nilaza fa avy amin' ny fitaoman' ny bodisma ny fampianaran' i Mani momba ny reinkarnasiôna. Mbola tsy mazava anefa ny fifandraisan' ny manikeisma, ny ôrfisma, ny gnôstisisma ary ny neôplatônisma.

=== Taôisma ===
Ny soratra [[Taôisma|taôista]] efa tamin' ny andron' ny tarana-mpanjaka Han dia nilaza fa niseho teto an-tany tamin' ny endriky ny olona samy hafa i [[Laozi|Lao Tzu]], tamin' ny fotoana samy hafa, nanomboka tamin' ny vanim-potoana tantarain' ny angano momba ny Mpanapaka Telo sy ny Emperora Dimy. Milaza izao manaraka izao ny ''Chuang Tzu'' (manodidina ny taonjato faha-3 talohan' i Kristy), araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: « Tsy fiandohana ny fahaterahana; tsy fiafarana ny fahafatesana. Misy fisiana tsy manam-petra; misy fitohizana tsy manana fiandohana. Ny fisiana tsy manam-petra no Habaka. Ny fitohizana tsy manana fiandohana no Fotoana. Misy ny fahaterahana, misy ny fahafatesana, misy ny fivoahana, misy ny fidirana. »&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/chuangtzmysticm00chuagoog]; Lohateny: ''Chuang Tzŭ: Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer (translated by Herbert Allen Giles)''; Mpamoaka: Bernard Quaritch; Taona: 1889; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/chuangtzmysticm00chuagoog/page/n338 304]; author1: Zhuangzi.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ===
Tokony ho tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 sy faha-12 tany Eorôpa, dia nisy hetsika maromaro nino ny reinkarnasiôna nenjehina ho mpampiely fampianarana noheverin' ny fiangonana ho nifanohitra tamin' ny fampianarany, tamin' ny alalan' ny fananganana ny fitsarana ara-pivavahana tany Andrefana kristianina nampiasa ny teny latina. Anisan' izany ny fiangonana [[Katarisma|''Cathar'']], izay nantsoina koa hoe ''Paterene'' na ''Albigensian'', tany Eorôpa Andrefana; ny hetsika [[Paolisianisma|''Paulician'']], izay nipoitra tany Armenia;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11583b.htm]; Lohateny: ''Newadvent.org''; Mpamoaka: Newadvent.org; Daty: 1 February 1911; Daty nijerena: 6 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny [[Bôgômilisma|''Bogomils'']] tany [[Bolgaria]].&lt;ref&gt;Steven Runciman, ''The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy'', 1982, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-28926-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Cambridge University Press, ''The Bogomils''&lt;/ref&gt;

Nantsoina hoe « ''Manichaean'' » (mpanaraka ny fivavahan' i Mani) ny antokom-pivavahana kristianina toy ny ''Bogomils'' sy ny ''Cathar'', izay nanaiky ny reinkarnasiôna sy finoana gnôstika hafa; indraindray koa izy ireo dia faritan' ny manam-pahaizana ankehitriny ho « ''Neo-Manichaean'' » (mpanaraka vaovao ny fivavahan' i Mani).&lt;ref&gt;For example Dondaine, Antoine. O.P. ''Un traite neo-manicheen du XIIIe siecle: Le Liber de duobus principiis, suivi d'un fragment de rituel Cathare'' (Rome: Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum, 1939)&lt;/ref&gt; Koa satria tsy ahitana fitantarana ara-pivavahana na voambolana fantatra fa avy amin' ny fivavahan' i Mani ny asa soratr' ireo vondrona ireo, dia nisy tsy fitovian-kevitra teo amin' ny mpahay tantara momba ny hoe tena nipoitra avy tamin' ny fivavahan' i Mani tokoa ve ireo vondrona ireo.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01267e.htm]; Lohateny: ''Newadvent.org''; Mpamoaka: Newadvent.org; Daty: 1 March 1907; Daty nijerena: 6 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fifohazana ara-kolontsaina sy fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina ===
Nandritra ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina eorôpeana (''Renaissance''), ny fandikana ny sanganasan' i Plato sy ny ''Hermetica'' ary ny sanganasa hafa dia niteraka fahalianana vaovao tamin' ny reinkarnasiôna tany Eorôpa. Nilaza i Marsilio Ficino&lt;ref&gt;Marsilio Ficino, ''Platonic Theology'', 17.3–4&lt;/ref&gt; fa fanoharana no nokendren' i Plato tamin' ny firesahany ny reinkarnasiôna. Niresaka an-kolaka ny fampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna i Shakespeare,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Again, Rosalind in ''As You Like It'' (Act III., Scene 2), says: 'I was never so be-rhimed that I can remember since Pythagoras's time, when I was an Irish rat'—alluding to the doctrine of the transmigration of souls.&quot; William H. Grattan Flood, quoted at [http://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/XVII-2.php Libraryireland.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090421065024/http://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/XVII-2.php Tahiry] (2009-04-21)&lt;/ref&gt; kanefa nodoran' ny manam-pahefana teo amin' ny tsato-kazo i [[Giordano Bruno|Giordano Bruno]] rehefa notsarain' ny fitsarana ara-pivavahana romanina ho meloka noho ny fampianarany izay noheverin' io fitsarana io ho nifanohitra tamin' ny foto-pinoan' ny fiangonana.&lt;ref&gt;Boulting, 1914. pp. 163–164&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, dia mbola azo novakina ireo sanganasa filôzôfika grika ary nodinihin' ny vondrona toy ireo mpanaraka ny filôzôfian' i Plato tao Cambridge, indrindra tany amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Eorôpa. Nino i [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Emanuel Swedenborg]] fa indray mandeha monja ny olombelona no mandao ny tontolo ara-nofo, nefa miaina fiainana maromaro any amin' ny tontolon' ny fanahy avy eo; karazana fampifangaroana ny lovantsofina kristianina sy ny fiheveran' ny besinimaro momba ny reinkarnasiôna izany.&lt;ref&gt;Daty: 10 March 2017; Lohateny: ''Swedenborg and Life Recap: Do We Reincarnate? 3/6/2017''; url: [https://swedenborg.com/recap-do-we-reincarnate/]; Daty nijerena: 24 October 2019; Mpamoaka: Swedenborg Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20 ===
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia efa afaka namaky ireo soratra masina avy any India ny filôzôfa [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]]&lt;ref&gt;Schopenhauer, A: &quot;''Parerga und Paralipomena''&quot; (Eduard Grisebach edition), On Religion, Section 177&lt;/ref&gt; sy [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]&lt;ref&gt;''Nietzsche and the Doctrine of Metempsychosis'', in J. Urpeth &amp; J. Lippitt, ''Nietzsche and the Divine'',  Manchester: Clinamen, 2000&lt;/ref&gt; mba handinihana ny fampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna. Nahasarika ireo mpanaraka ny hetsika filôzôfika amerikanina ''[[Transendentalisma (amerikana)|Transcendentalism]]'', dia i [[Henry David Thoreau|Henry David Thoreau]], [[Walt Whitman|Walt Whitman]] ary [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Ralph Waldo Emerson]], izany fampianarana izany, ary nampifanarahan' i Francis Bowen tamin' ny kristianisma tao amin' ny ''Christian Metempsychosis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;shirleymaclaine.com&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.shirleymaclaine.com/articles/reincarnation/article-318]; Lohateny: ''Shirleymaclaine.com''; Mpamoaka: Shirleymaclaine.com; Daty nijerena: 6 December 2011; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106160539/http://www.shirleymaclaine.com/articles/reincarnation/article-318]; Daty nitahirizana: 6 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 dia tafiditra tao amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|psikôlôjia]], izay taranja vao niforona tamin' izany, ny fahalianana tamin' ny reinkarnasiôna. Ny fitaoman' i [[William James|William James]] no tena nampisy izany, satria izy dia niresaka lafin-javatra momba ny [[Filôzôfian' ny saina|filôzôfian' ny saina]], ny fandalinana mampitaha ny fivavahana, ny fandalinana ara-psikôlôjia ny traikefa ara-pivavahana, ary ny toetran' ny fomba fijery mampifototra ny fahalalana amin' ny traikefa sy ny fandinihana.&lt;ref&gt;David Hammerman, Lisa Lenard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Reincarnation'', Penguin, p. 34. For relevant works by James, see; William James, ''Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine (the Ingersoll Lecture, 1897)'', ''The Will to Believe, Human Immortality'' (1956) Dover Publications, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-486-20291-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ''The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature'' (1902), &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-14-039034-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ''Essays in Radical Empiricism'' (1912) Dover Publications 2003, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-486-43094-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nanan-kery teo amin' ny fananganana ny ''American Society for Psychical Research'', na ASPR (Fikambanana amerikanina momba ny fikarohana ny trangan-javatra lazaina fa mifandray amin' ny hery miafin' ny saina), tao amin' ny [[New York|tanànan' i New York]] tamin' ny 1885 i James. Telo taona taorian' ny nanokafana ny fikambanana britanika ''Society for Psychical Research'', na SPR (Fikambanana momba ny fikarohana ny trangan-javatra lazaina fa mifandray amin' ny hery miafin' ny saina), tao London izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger&quot;&gt;last: Berger; first: Arthur S.; url: [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpa00berg]; Lohateny: ''The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research''; author2: Berger, Joyce; Mpamoaka: Paragon House Publishers; Taona: 1991; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-55778-043-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarika ho amin' ny fikarohana voalamina sy mandinika amim-pitsikerana ireo trangan-javatra lazaina fa mihoatra ny fanazavana ara-tsiansa mahazatra izany. I George Patton, jeneraly amerikanina nalaza tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, dia nino mafy ny reinkarnasiôna; anisan' ny finoany ny hoe izy no jeneraly kartajiniana Hannibal teraka indray.

Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nitombo ny fahafantaran' ny besinimaro ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna noho ny fanaparitahan' ny ''Theosophical Society'' (Fikambanana teôzôfika) ireo foto-kevitra indiana izay nalamina ho rafitra iray sy nomena endrika natao hampiharina amin' ny rehetra, ary koa noho ny fitaoman' ireo fikambanana manao fanao majika, toy ny ''The Golden Dawn'' (Ny mangiran-dratsy volamena). Nahatonga io lohahevitra io ho saika nahazatra teo amin' ny kolontsaina be mpanaraka tany Andrefana tahaka ny tany Atsinanana ny olona nalaza toa an' i Annie Besant, [[W. B. Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ary Dion Fortune. Tamin' ny 1924 dia efa azo nanaovana esoeso tao amin' ny boky be mpamaky ho an' ny ankizy ilay lohahevitra.&lt;ref&gt;Richmal Crompton, ''More William'', George Newnes, London, 1924, XIII. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17125/17125-h/17125-h.htm William and the Ancient Souls] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120529165615/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17125/17125-h/17125-h.htm Tahiry] (2012-05-29); &quot;The memory usually came in a flash. For instance, you might remember in a flash when you were looking at a box of matches that you had been Guy Fawkes.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Namorona saka an-tsaina antsoina hoe Mehitabel ilay mpanoratra hatsikana Don Marquis; nilaza io saka io fa izy no Mpanjakavavy Cleopatra teraka indray.&lt;ref&gt;Marquis, &quot;''Archy and Mehitabel''&quot; (1927)&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny voalohany nandinika filazana fa nisy olona nahatsiaro fiainana taloha i Théodore Flournoy, tamin' ny fikarohana nataony momba an' i Hélène Smith, izay olona lazaina fa mampifandray ny velona sy ny fanahin' ny maty. Navoaka tamin' ny 1900 io fikarohana io, ary tao no namaritany ny mety hisian' ny kriptômnezia (na fiverenan' ny fahatsiarovana efa hadino nefa heverina ho traikefa vaovao) ao amin' ny fitantarana toy izany.&lt;ref&gt;Théodore Flournoy, [http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/-Des-Indes-a-la-planete-Mars-.html ''Des Indes à la planète Mars''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201172115/http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/-Des-Indes-a-la-planete-Mars-.html Tahiry] (2009-12-01), Étude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie, Éditions Alcan et Eggimann, Paris et Genève, 1900&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanaraka ny ohatr' i Flournoy koa i [[Carl Gustav Jung|Carl Gustav Jung]], izay niasa tany Soisa toa azy, tamin' ny lahatsoratra fikarohana nataony hahazoana diplaoma, izay nifototra tamin' ny fandalinana ny kriptômnezia teo amin' ireo trangan-javatra lazaina fa mifandray amin' ny hery miafin' ny saina. Tatỳ aoriana dia nanasongadina ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fitohizan' ny fahatsiarovana sy ny fahatsapana ny maha-izy ny tena i Jung, teo amin' ny fandalinana ara-psikôlôjia ny reinkarnasiôna. Hoy izy, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: « Izany hevitra momba ny fahaterahana indray izany dia tsy maintsy midika fa mitohy ny maha-izy ny olona... (fa) afaka mahatsiaro ny olona iray, fara fahakeliny raha ny fahafahana ananany no jerena, fa efa nandalo fisiana teo aloha izy, ary azy manokana ireo fisiana ireo.... »&lt;ref name=&quot;shirleymaclaine.com&quot;/&gt; Ny hipnôzy (na fomba fampidirana olona ao amin' ny toe-tsaina mifantoka manokana ka mety hahamora ny fandraisany hevitra avy amin' ny hafa), izay nampiasaina tamin' ny psikanalizy (na fomba fandinihana ny saina mifantoka amin' ny dingana tsy tsapan' ny olona) mba hampiverenana fahatsiarovana efa hadino, dia notsapaina tatỳ aoriana ho fomba handinihana ny fitadidiana lazaina fa momba ny fiainana taloha.

Tamin' ny vanim-potoana tatỳ aoriana dia maro ny olona tany Andrefana no nanjary liana tamin' ny reinkarnasiôna sy nanaiky izany.&lt;ref name=Haraldsson2006/&gt; Maro ny hetsika ara-pivavahana vaovao mampiditra ny reinkarnasiôna ao amin' ny zavatra inoany, toy ny mpanaraka ny [[Neôpaganisma|paganisma môderina]], ny spiritisma, ny Astara,&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Astara''; url: [https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/astara/]; website: www.encyclopedia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; ny dianetika ary ny [[Siantôlôjia|siantôlôjia]]. Maro koa ny filôzôfia misy fampianarana miafina natokana ho an' ny olona nampidirina aminy no mampiditra ny reinkarnasiôna, toy ny [[Teôzôfia|teôzôfia]], ny [[Antrôpôzôfia|antrôpôzôfia]], ny [[Kabala|kabala]] ary ny [[Gnôstisisma|kristianisma gnôstika]] sy ny kristianisma misy fampianarana miafina, anisan' izany ny asa soratr' i Martinus Thomsen.

Ny angona avy amin' ny fanadihadiana ny mponina natao teo anelanelan' ny 1999 sy 2002 dia mampiseho fa ampahany vitsy anisa nefa tsy kely amin' ny olona any Eorôpa (22%) sy Etazonia (20%) no mino fa misy fiainana alohan' ny fahaterahana sy aorian' ny fahafatesana, izay mitondra ho amin' ny fahaterahana indray ao amin' ny vatana.&lt;ref name=Haraldsson2006/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David W. Moore, [https://news.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx ''Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200113011455/https://news.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx Tahiry] (2020-01-13)&lt;/ref&gt;
Avo dia avo ny tahan' ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna any amin' ny firenena baltika: i [[Litoania]] no manana ny taha ambony indrindra manerana an' i Eorôpa, dia 44%, ary ny any Alemaina Atsinanana no ambany indrindra, dia 12%.&lt;ref name=Haraldsson2006/&gt;
Ny ampahefatry ny kristianina ao U.S. (Etazonia), ka anisan' izany ny 10% amin' ny kristianina rehetra milaza fa [[Fahateraham-baovao (kristianisma)|nateraka indray ara-panahy]], dia manaiky izany hevitra izany.

Nilaza i Ian Stevenson, mpitsabo aretin-tsaina (na dokotera misahana ny aretina mahakasika ny saina) sady mpikaroka eny amin' ny oniversite, fa mino ny reinkarnasiôna ny mpanaraka ny fivavahana lehibe any India, na dia misy fahasamihafana aza ny antsipirian' ny finoany.
Ankoatra izany, eo anelanelan' ny 20 sy 30 isan-jaton' ny olona any amin' ny firenena tandrefana, izay mety ho kristianina amin' ny anarana fotsiny, dia mino ny reinkarnasiôna koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;jh&quot;&gt;Jane Henry (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EaIhapm-4UgC&amp;dq=%22Parapsychology:+Research+on+Exceptional+Experiences%22+%22Jane+Henry%22&amp;pg=PP5 ''Parapsychology: research on exceptional experiences''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaIhapm-4UgC&amp;pg=PP5&amp;lpg=PP5&amp;dq=%22Parapsychology:+Research+on+Exceptional+Experiences%22+%22Jane+Henry%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=tReXJKfiIh&amp;sig=IIE8o603PaUPxN2RT21gedmeoP8&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=k_VKSpL6HIvkNduOrJsB&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1 Tahiry] (2022-12-12) Routledge, p. 224.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny fanadihadiana iray nataon' i Walter sy Waterhouse tamin' ny 1999 dia nodinihina indray ny angona teo aloha momba ny fielezan' ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna, ary natao ny dinidinika lalina 30 tany Britaina tamin' ny olona tsy mpikambana amin' ny fivavahana mampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Walter; first1: Tony; last2: Waterhouse; first2: Helen; Lohateny: ''A Very Private Belief: Reincarnation in Contemporary England''; Gazety akademika: ''Sociology of Religion''; Daty: 1999; Boky: 60; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 187–197; doi: 10.2307/3711748; jstor: 3711748.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny filazan' ireo mpanoratra, ny fanadihadiana dia nahitana fa eo amin' ny ampahadiminy ka hatramin' ny ampahefatry ny Eorôpeana no mino ny reinkarnasiôna amin' ny ambaratonga samihafa, ary nitovitovy tamin' izany ny vokatra tao USA (Etazonia).
Tao amin' ny vondrona nanaovana dinidinika, izay kristianina ny ankamaroany, dia toa tsy niankina tamin' ny taonany na ny karazam-pivavahana nisy azy ny finoana fa misy izany tranga izany.
Toa tsy nahitana hevitra avy amin' ny ''New Age'' (vanim-potoana vaovao), raha raisina amin' ny heviny malalaka izany teny izany, mihoatra noho ny fahita amin' ny ankapobeny koa ny finoan' io vondrona io.
Nohazavain' ireo mpanoratra ho fomba iray iatrehana ny olana momba ny fijaliana ny hevitr' ireo olona ireo momba ny reinkarnasiôna, nefa nomarihiny fa toa tsy nisy fiantraikany firy teo amin' ny fiainany manokana izany.

Namoaka famakafakana amin' ny antsipiriany momba ny finoana nambaran' ireo olona nandritra ny dinidinika koa i Waterhouse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waterhouse1999&quot;&gt;author: Waterhouse, H.; Taona: 1999; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation belief in Britain: New age orientation or mainstream option?''; Gazety akademika: ''Journal of Contemporary Religion''; Boky: 14; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 97–109; doi: 10.1080/13537909908580854.&lt;/ref&gt; Nomarihiny fa, na dia tsy nifikitra mafy tamin' ny finoany ny reinkarnasiôna aza ny ankamaroan' ireo olona ireo ary tsy mazava taminy ny antsipirian' ny heviny, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpino ny traikefa manokana, toy ny fahatsiarovana lazaina fa avy amin' ny fiainana taloha sy ny traikefa manakaiky ny fahafatesana (na traikefa lazaina fa niainana rehefa akaiky na noheverina ho akaiky ny fahafatesana), na dia vitsy ihany aza no niaina mivantana ireo tranga ireo. Namakafaka ny fiantraikan' ny fitantaran' olon-kafa momba ny reinkarnasiôna i Waterhouse. Nanoratra izy fa ny ankamaroan' ny olona nanaovana fanadihadiana dia efa nandre fitantaran' olon-kafa momba izay noheverin' izy ireo ho fiainany taloha, avy amin' ny nofy na ny hipnôzy (na fomba fampidirana olona ao amin' ny toe-tsaina mifantoka manokana ka mety hahamora ny fandraisany hevitra avy amin' ny hafa) nampiasaina mba hampahatsiahy azy ireo izany fiainana izany. Nahasarika azy ireo mafy ireny fitantarana ireny, ka nihevitra izy ireo fa tsy maintsy misy fotony izany raha misy olon-kafa miaina traikefa toy ireny.

Anisan' ireo olona hafa tamin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny izay nanana fiantraikany sy nanoratra momba ny reinkarnasiôna i Alice Ann Bailey, iray amin' ireo mpanoratra voalohany nampiasa ny teny hoe ''New Age'' sy ''age of Aquarius'' (vanim-potoanan' ny Aquarius); i Torkom Saraydarian, mpitendry mozika sy mpanoratra momba ny fivavahana amerikanina manana fiaviana armeniana; i Dolores Cannon; i Atul Gawande; i Michael Newton; i Bruce Greyson; i Raymond Moody; ary i Charles Fillmore, mpanorina ny ''Unity Church'' (Fiangonan' ny Firaisana).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Unity Magazine November 1938 – Reincarnation &amp;#124; Truth Unity''; url: [https://www.truthunity.net/monthly-magazine/1938-11-unity-reincarnation]; Daty nijerena: 2023-02-20; website: www.truthunity.net.&lt;/ref&gt; I Neale Donald Walsch, mpanoratra amerikanina ny andian-boky ''Conversations with God'', dia milaza fa efa nateraka indray in-600 mahery.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Being at One: Neale Donald Walsch Interview with Gil Dekel (Part 3 of 3, paragraphs 18–19)''; work: ''Poetic Mind - Gil and Natalie Dekel &amp;#124; Official website of Dr. Gil Dekel &amp; Natalie Dekel, MPhil''; Daty: 19 September 2010; url: [http://www.poeticmind.co.uk/creative-thoughts/being-at-one-neale-donald-walsch-interview-with-gil-dekel-phd-part-3-of-3/]; author1: Gil.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampianatra i Meher Baba, mpampianatra ara-panahy indiana nanana mpanaraka maro tany Andrefana, fa avy amin' ny fanirian' ny olombelona ny reinkarnasiôna ary mitsahatra rehefa afaka amin' ny faniriana ny olona iray.&lt;ref&gt;Baba, Meher (1967), [http://www.discoursesbymeherbaba.org ''Discourses''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180708200229/http://www.discoursesbymeherbaba.org/ Tahiry] (2018-07-08), Volume III, Sufism Reoriented, 1967, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-880619-09-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fivavahana sy filôzôfia ==

=== Bodisma ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: fahaterahana indray ao amin' ny bodisma sy tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana ao amin' ny bodisma.

[[Image:Buddhist Wheel of Life.jpg|upright|thumb|Amin' ity sary sokitra bodista misongadina avy amin' ny vatolampy ity, izay mirefy 8 m (25 ft) ny haavony, natao teo anelanelan' ny taona 1177 sy 1249 ary hita ao amin' ireo sary sokitra amin' ny vatolampy ao Dazu, any Chongqing, Sina, dia mihazona mafy ny Kodiaran' ny reinkarnasiôna i Mara, Tompon' ny Fahafatesana sy ny Faniriana. Maneho ny tsingerin' ny reinkarnasiôna araka ny bodisma io kodiarana io.]]

Araka ny soratra masina bodista maro, dia nino ny fisian' ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana any amin' ny tontolo hafa sy ny reinkarnasiôna i [[Siddhartha Gautama|Gautama Buddha]]:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Satria tena misy ny tontolo hafa (izay tontolo rehetra ankoatra ity tontolon' ny olombelona ankehitriny ity, izany hoe ireo sehatra samihafa ahaterahana indray), dia diso fomba fijery izay mitana ny hevitra hoe «tsy misy tontolo hafa»...

— Buddha, ''Majjhima Nikaya'' i.402, ''Apannaka Sutta'', nadikan' i Peter Harvey; dikan-teny malagasy avy amin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey2012p46&quot;&gt;author: Peter Harvey; Lohateny: ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices''; Taona: 2012; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 32–33, 38–39, 46–49.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nilaza koa i Buddha fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny fahaterahana indray ny ''karma'', izany hoe ny asa sy ny vokany, ary tsy manam-pahataperana ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey2012p46&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neufeldt1986p123&quot;&gt;author: Ronald Wesley Neufeldt; Lohateny: ''Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments''; Taona: 1986; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87395-990-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 123–131.&lt;/ref&gt; Talohan' ny nahaterahan' i Buddha, dia nisy ireo sekoly filôzôfika nihevitra fa ny zavatra ara-nofo ihany no tena misy, toy ny [[Charvaka]],&lt;ref&gt;author: Ray Billington; Lohateny: ''Understanding Eastern Philosophy''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-79348-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 60.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nilaza fa ny fahafatesana no fiafarana: tsy misy fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana, tsy misy fanahy, tsy misy fahaterahana indray ary tsy misy ''karma''. Nofaritan' izy ireo ho toe-javatra izay mahafoana sy mampiparitaka tanteraka ny zavamananaina ny fahafatesana.&lt;ref&gt;author: Ray Billington; Lohateny: ''Understanding Eastern Philosophy''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-79349-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 43–44, 58–60.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Damien Keown, dia nolavin' i Buddha io teôria io, noraisiny kosa ireo teôria hafa efa nisy momba ny fahaterahana indray, ary notsikerainy ireo sekoly nihevitra fa ny zavatra ara-nofo ihany no tena misy ka nandà ny fahaterahana indray sy ny ''karma''.&lt;ref name=danielkeownucchedavada/&gt; Araka ny fanombanan' i Buddha, dia tsy mety sady mampidi-doza ny finoana toy izany, satria mamporisika ny tsy fandraisana andraikitra ara-pitondran-tena sy ny fikatsahana ny fahafinaretana ara-nofo ho tanjona ny fiheverana fa foana tanteraka ny zavamananaina rehefa maty;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcClelland2010|McClelland (2010)]], p. 21&lt;/ref&gt; nampifandraisiny tamin' ny fahaterahana indray ny andraikitra ara-pitondran-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey2012p46&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=danielkeownucchedavada&gt;isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-860560-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Lohateny: ''A Dictionary of Buddhism (Articles titled ucchedavāda, śāśvata-vāda, rebirth)''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; first: Damien; last: Keown; Taona: 2004; Pejy: 80, 162, 225, 255, 315 &lt;!-- |access-date=4 December 2013 --&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiditra ny hevitra hoe ''anattā'' i Buddha, izany hoe ny fandavana ny fisian' ny tena na fanahy maharitra tsy miova.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalupahana1975p115&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFKalupahana1975&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: David J.; last: Kalupahana; Lohateny: ''Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism''; Taona: 1975; Mpamoaka: University Press of Hawaii; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8248-0298-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 115–119.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Peter Harvey; Lohateny: ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices''; Taona: 2012; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 57–62.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman2002p23&quot;&gt;author: Oliver Leaman; Lohateny: ''Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-68919-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 23–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Manaiky ny fampianaran' i Buddha ireo lovantsofina bodista lehibe ankehitriny, toy ny Theravada, Mahayana ary Vajrayana. Milaza ireo fampianarana ireo fa misy ny fahaterahana indray, nefa tsy misy tena maharitra tsy miova, ary tsy misy ''ātman'', izany hoe fanahy izay fototra tsy azo zarazaraina intsony, mifindra avy amin' ny fiainana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa ka mampifamatotra ireo fiainana ireo. Milaza koa izy ireo fa tsy maharitra ny zavatra: fitambaran' ny singa avokoa ny zavatra rehetra misy singa mitambatra, anisan' izany ny zavamananaina, ary miparitaka ireo fitambarana ireo rehefa maty, nefa mandalo reinkarnasiôna ny zavamananaina tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;author: Malcolm B. Hamilton; Lohateny: ''The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives''; Taona: 2012; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-134-97626-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 73–80.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Raju; first: P. T.; Taona: 1985; Lohateny: ''Structural Depths of Indian Thought''; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju]; url-access: registration; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/147 147]–151.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;([[#CITEREFMcClelland2010|McClelland (2010)]], p. 89);&lt;br /&gt;author: Hugh Nicholson; Lohateny: ''The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism''; Taona: 2016; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-045534-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 23–25.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny bodisma, dia mitohy tsy manam-pahataperana ireo tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray ary loharanon' ny fijaliana sy ny fanaintainana (''duhkha''), nefa azo atsahatra amin' ny alalan' ny nirvana, izany hoe ny fanafahana amin' io tsingerina io, ny tsingerin' ny reinkarnasiôna sy ny fijaliana. Mifanohitra amin' ny hindoisma ny fampianarana bodista momba ny tsy fisian' ny tena maharitra tsy miova (''anattā''). Ny hindoisma kosa dia milaza, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, hoe «misy ny fanahy, mandray anjara amin' ny fahaterahana indray izy, ary amin' ny alalan' io fanahy io no ifandraisan' ny zava-drehetra».&lt;ref&gt;first: Walpola; last: Rahula; Lohateny: ''What the Buddha Taught''; Toerana: London; Mpamoaka: Gordon Fraser; Taona: 1990; Pejy: 51.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTrainor2004|Trainor (2004)]], p. 58; quote: &quot;Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;buswelllopezp708&quot;&gt;author1: Robert E. Buswell Jr.; author2: Donald S. Lopez Jr.; Lohateny: ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism''; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 708–709.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samy nanolotra fanazavana momba izay teraka indray sy ny fomba isehoan' ny fahaterahana indray ny lovantsofina samihafa ao amin' ny bodisma. Araka ny fanazavana iray, rehefa maty ny zavamananaina dia amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena (amin' ny teny sanskrita: ''vijñāna''; amin' ny teny pali: ''samvattanika-viññana'')&lt;ref&gt;(M.1.256) &quot;''Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism.''&quot; by Bruce Matthews. in ''Karma and Rebirth: Post-Classical Developments'' State Univ of New York Press: 1986 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-87395-990-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; p. 125&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Collins, Steven. ''Selfless persons: imagery and thought in Theravāda Buddhism'' Cambridge University Press, 1990. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-39726-X&lt;/nowiki&gt; p. 215, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruJvjdNQVPIC&amp;dq=samvattanika&amp;pg=RA1-PA115 Google Books] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163107/https://books.google.com/books?id=ruJvjdNQVPIC&amp;pg=RA1-PA115&amp;lpg=RA1-PA115&amp;dq=samvattanika&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=d_WluqzeuL&amp;sig=SX1Ua5bfFDZJB16eOueopPtVntw&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=bfpFS5WzOs-UtgfU16z7AQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=14&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwDQ#v=onepage&amp;q=samvattanika&amp;f=false Tahiry] (2022-12-12)&lt;/ref&gt; na ny fitohizan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena (amin' ny teny sanskrita: ''citta-santāna'', ''vijñāna-srotām'', na ''vijñāna-santāna''; amin' ny teny pali: ''viññana-sotam'')&lt;ref&gt;(D.3.105) &quot;''Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism.'' by Bruce Matthews. in Karma and Rebirth: ''Post-Classical Developments'' State Univ of New York Press: 1986 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-87395-990-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; p. 125&lt;/ref&gt; no isehoan' izany, ka io fahatsiarovan-tena io no teraka indray ao amin' ny fitambaran-tsinga vaovao. Ampitovin' io fanazavana io amin' ny lelafon' ny labozia efa ho faty izay mampirehitra labozia iray hafa izany dingana izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKalupahana1975|Kalupahana (1975)]], p. 83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author1: William H. Swatos; author2: Peter Kivisto; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society''; Taona: 1998; Mpamoaka: Rowman Altamira; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io fanazavana bodista io, ny fahatsiarovan-tena ao amin' ilay zavamananaina vao teraka dia sady tsy mitovy tanteraka amin' ny an' ilay maty no tsy hafa tanteraka aminy; fitohizana iray ifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany kosa no ampifandraisana azy roa. Misy fiantraikany amin' io fifindrana mitarika fahaterahana indray io ny vokatry ny asa nataon' ilay zavamananaina taloha, na ''karma'' (amin' ny teny pali: ''kamma'').&lt;ref&gt;His Holiness the Dalai Lama, ''How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life'' (New York: Atria Books, 2002), p. 46&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bruce Matthews in Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, editor, ''Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments.'' SUNY Press, 1986, p. 125. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC&amp;dq=Bija+Niyama&amp;pg=PA126 Google.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC&amp;pg=PA126&amp;dq=Bija+Niyama&amp;lr=#PPA125,M1 Tahiry] (2022-12-12)&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny bodisma, ny fototry ny fahaterahana indray dia ny fijanonan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena ao anatin' ny tsy fahalalana ny tena toetry ny zava-misy (amin' ny teny sanskrita: ''avidya''; amin' ny teny pali: ''avijja''); rehefa foana hatramin' ny fakany izany tsy fahalalana izany dia mitsahatra ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Harvey, ''The Selfless Mind.'' Curzon Press 1995, p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Shamon jigoku zôshi.jpg|thumb|Sary hoso-doko avy any Japàna tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, mampiseho ny iray amin' ireo tontolo enina ahaterahana indray araka ny bodisma (''rokudō'', 六道).]]
Samy hafa koa ny antsipirian' ny fanazavan' ireo lovantsofina bodista ny fomba isehoan' ny fahaterahana indray. Milaza ny ankamaroan' ny bodista [[Bodisma teravada|Theravada]] fa avy hatrany dia miseho ny fahaterahana indray, fa ny [[Bodisma tibetana|bodisma tibetana]] sy ny ankamaroan' ny sekoly bodista sinoa sy japoney kosa dia manaiky ny fisian' ny ''bardo'', izany hoe toetra anelanelan' ny fahafatesana sy ny fahaterahana indray, izay mety haharitra hatramin' ny 49 andro.&lt;ref&gt;author1: Robert E. Buswell Jr.; author2: Donald S. Lopez Jr.; Lohateny: ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism''; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 49–50, 708–709.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya'', Bhikkhu Bodhi, Translator. Wisdom Publications. Sutta 44.9&lt;/ref&gt; Nipoitra tany India, ary niely tany Tibet sy tany amin' ny firenena bodista hafa, ny foto-kevitry ny fahaterahana indray amin' ny alalan' ny ''bardo'' ao amin' ny bodisma tibetana; tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny andriamanitra 42 milamina sy andriamanitra 58 misafoaka.&lt;ref&gt;author1: Karma-gliṅ-pa; author2: Chogyam Trungpa; author3: Francesca Fremantle; Lohateny: ''The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo''; Taona: 2000; Mpamoaka: Shambhala Publications; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57062-747-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: xi, xvii–xxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; Niteraka kisary manazava ny ''karma'' sy ny endriky ny fahaterahana indray aorian' ny fahafatesana ireo hevitra ireo, araka izay resahina ao amin' ny lahatsoratra toy ny ''The Tibetan Book of the Dead''.&lt;ref&gt;author1: Karma-gliṅ-pa; author2: Chogyam Trungpa; author3: Francesca Fremantle; Lohateny: ''The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo''; Taona: 2000; Mpamoaka: Shambhala Publications; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57062-747-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 4–23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTrainor2004|Trainor (2004)]], pp. 210–211&lt;/ref&gt; Eken' ireo lovantsofina bodista lehibe fa miankina amin' ny ''karma'' taloha sy ny vokatsoa na vokadratsy ara-pivavahana voaangona ny fahaterahan' ny zavamananaina iray indray, ary misy tontolo enina mety hahaterahany indray isaky ny maty izy.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFTrainor2004|Trainor (2004)]], pp. 62–63&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFKeown2013|Keown (2013)]], pp. 35–40&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Merv Fowler 1999 65&quot;/&gt;

Ao amin' ny Zen any Japàna dia misy manaiky ny reinkarnasiôna ary misy mandà izany. Azo avahana ny Zen araka ny fanao sy finoan' ny sarambabem-bahoaka, toy izay arahin' ny mpino tsy moanina mafana fo amin' ny fivavahany, sy ny Zen mifantoka amin' ny filôzôfia. Ny voalohany dia manaiky amin' ny ankapobeny ireo singa samihafa mihoatra ny voajanahary ao amin' ny bodisma, toy ny fahaterahana indray. Ny Zen mifantoka amin' ny filôzôfia kosa dia manome lanja bebe kokoa ny fotoana ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcClelland2010|McClelland (2010)]], p. 281&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=warner&gt;last: Warner; first: Brad; Lohateny: ''Hardcore Zen''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-86171-989-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Mpamoaka: Wisdom Publications; Taona: 2005; Pejy: 155.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy sekoly bodista mihevitra fa mitohy ny fisian' ny ''karma'' ary miraikitra amin' ny olona izany mandra-pisehon' ny vokany. Araka ny sekoly Sautrantika, ny asa tsirairay dia toy ny fanomezana hanitra an' ilay olona na fambolena voa izay mitsimoka any aoriana. Manasongadina ny toetry ny saina amin' ny fotoana ahafatesana ny bodisma tibetana. Araka io fampianarana io, ny fahafatesana amim-pilaminan-tsaina dia manetsika voan' ny asa tsara ka mitondra fahaterahana indray tsara vintana; ny saina mikorontana kosa dia manetsika voan' ny asa ratsy ka mitondra fahaterahana indray ratsy vintana.&lt;ref&gt;''Transform Your Life: A Blissful Journey'', p. 52), Tharpa Publications (2001, US ed. 2007) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9789067-4-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kristianisma ===
Tamin' ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny ''[[Pew Research Center|Pew Forum]]'' (sehatra Pew momba ny fivavahana) tamin' ny taona 2009, dia nilaza fa mino ny reinkarnasiôna ny 22% amin' ny Kristianina amerikanina;&lt;ref&gt;author: ANALYSIS; url: [http://pewforum.org/Other-Beliefs-and-Practices/Many-Americans-Mix-Multiple-Faiths.aspx]; Lohateny: ''Pewforum.org''; Mpamoaka: Pewforum.org; Daty: 9 December 2009; Daty nijerena: 15 April 2025; Daty nitahirizana: 10 December 2011; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111210074029/http://pewforum.org/Other-Beliefs-and-Practices/Many-Americans-Mix-Multiple-Faiths.aspx]; url-status: dead; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Many [...] blend Christianity with Eastern or New Age beliefs such as reincarnation, astrology and the presence of spiritual energy in physical objects. [...] Though the U.S. is an overwhelmingly Christian country, significant minorities profess belief in a variety of Eastern or New Age beliefs. For instance, 24% of the public overall and 22% of Christians say they believe in reincarnation -- that people will be reborn in this world again and again..&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny taona 1981 kosa, dia nilaza fa mino izany ny 31% amin' ny Katôlika eorôpeanina mpandeha miangona tsy tapaka.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.spirituale-wholeness.org/faqs/reinceur/reineuro.htm]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20010425113340/http://spiritual-wholeness.org/faqs/reinceur/reineuro.htm]; Daty nitahirizana: 25 April 2001; Lohateny: ''Spiritual-wholeness.org''; Mpamoaka: Spiritual-wholeness.org; Daty nijerena: 6 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy teôlôjiana kristiana mandika andalan-teny sasany ao amin' ny Baiboly ho miresaka momba ny reinkarnasiôna. Anisan' ireo andalan-teny ireo ny fanontaniana napetraka tamin' i Jesoa raha izy no [[Elia|Elia]], [[Joany Batista|Jaona Mpanao Batisa]], [[Jeremia (mpaminany)|Jeremia]] na mpaminany hafa (Matio 16:13–15 sy Jaona 1:21–22). Tafiditra amin' izany koa, na dia tsy dia mazava loatra aza ny fifandraisany amin' ny reinkarnasiôna, ny fanontaniana tamin' i Jaona Mpanao Batisa raha tsy izy no Elia (Jaona 1:25), kanefa voalaza fa tsy maty i Elia fa nakarina tany an-danitra.&lt;ref&gt;Rudolf Frieling, ''Christianity and Reincarnation'', Floris Books 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Albrecht, ''Reincarnation, a Christian Appraisal'', InterVarsity Press, 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lynn A. De Silva, ''Reincarnation in Buddhist and Christian Thought'', Christian Literature Society of Ceylon, 1968&lt;/ref&gt; I Geddes MacGregor (1909–1998), izay lasa pretra episkôpaliana sy prôfesora momba ny filôzôfia, dia nanolotra hevitra hiarovana ny fifanarahan' ny fampianarana kristiana sy ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;last: Cranston; first: Sylvia; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation in Christianity: A New Vision of the Role of Rebirth in Christian Thought (Quest Books) (9780835605014): Geddes MacGregor: Books''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8356-0501-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Taona: 1990; Mpamoaka: Quest Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Rômanina|Fiangonana Katôlika]] sy ny teôlôjiana toa an' i Norman Geisler (1932–2019) kosa dia milaza fa tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fampianarana kristiana ekeny ny reinkarnasiôna. Lavin' izy ireo ny fandikana ho manohana ny reinkarnasiôna ireo lahatsoratra momba an' i Jaona Mpanao Batisa sy ireo andalan-teny hafa ao amin' ny Baiboly ampiasaina hiarovana izany finoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Part One Section Two I. The Creeds Chapter Three I Believe In The Holy Spirit Article 11 I Believe In The Resurrection Of The Body II. Dying In Christ Jesus''; url: [https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_one/section_two/chapter_three/article_11/ii_dying_in_christ_jesus.html]; Daty nijerena: 2024-05-13; website: www.vatican.va.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;last1: Geisler; first1: Norman L.; Lohateny: ''The reincarnation sensation''; last2: Amano; first2: J. Yutaka; Daty: 1986; Mpamoaka: Tyndale House Publishers; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8423-5404-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Wheaton, Ill.&lt;/ref&gt;

I N. T. Wright (teraka tamin' ny 1948) dia manasongadina kokoa ny fitsanganan' ny vatana amin' ny maty noho ny fiverenan' ny fanahy ao amin' ny vatana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;
Toko: ''Insights from Chapter 1''; Lohateny: ''Summary of N. T. Wright's Surprised by Hope''; Daty: 23 May 2022; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=hr96EAAAQBAJ]; Mpamoaka: Everest Media LLC; Pejy: 5; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9798822520714&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 15 April 2025; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: The classic Christian position is that we believe in the resurrection of the body..
&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny kristianisma ====
Misy porofo sasany&lt;ref&gt;''The Big Book of Reincarnation'', by Roy Stemman, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; toa manondro fa nampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna fony fahavelony i [[Ôrigenesy avy any Aleksandria|Origen]] (manodidina ny taona 185 – manodidina ny taona 253), izay heverina indraindray ho anisan' ireo [[Rain' ny Fiangonana|Rain' ny Fiangonana]] tany am-boalohany, saingy nafenina ireo filazana momba izany rehefa nadika tamin' ny teny latina ny asa sorany. Ny iray amin' ny taratasy nosoratan' i [[Jerôma avy any Stridôna|Masindahy Jerome]], dia ny ''To Avitus'' (ho an' i Avitus; Taratasy 124; ''Ad Avitum. Epistula CXXIV''),&lt;ref name=&quot;mlat.uzh.ch&quot;&gt;url: [https://mlat.uzh.ch/browser?path=MLS/text.php]; Lohateny: ''Corpus Corporum''; website: mlat.uzh.ch.&lt;/ref&gt; dia milaza fa diso fandikana ny ''On the First Principles'' nosoratan' i Origen (amin' ny teny latina: ''De Principiis''; amin' ny teny grika taloha: ''Περὶ Ἀρχῶν'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Cross&quot;&gt;Cross, F. L., and Elizabeth A. Livingstone. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Second Edition). New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. p. 1009.&lt;/ref&gt; Izao no nosoratany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:


&lt;blockquote&gt;Tokony ho folo taona lasa izay dia nandefa tamiko ilay lehilahy masina atao hoe Pammachius ny dika iray tamin' ny fandikana nataon' ny olona iray [Rufinus&lt;ref name=&quot;mlat.uzh.ch&quot;/&gt;], na ny fandikana diso nataony raha ny marina, ny ''First Principles'' nosoratan' i Origen. Nangataka tamiko izy mba hanome ny tena hevitr' ilay teny grika ao amin' ny dikan-teny latina, ary handrakitra ny tenin' ilay mpanoratra, na tsara na ratsy, nefa tsy mitanila na amin' ny lafiny iray na amin' ny iray hafa. Rehefa nanao araka izay niriny aho ka nandefa ilay boky tany aminy, dia tohina mafy izy namaky azy ary nanidy azy tao amin' ny biraony, sao handratra ny fanahin' ny olona maro ilay boky raha miely.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;url: [https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001124.htm]; Lohateny: ''Church Fathers: Letter 124 (Jerome)''; website: www.newadvent.org.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Nihevitra i Masindahy Jerome fa nanaraka fampianarana mifanohitra amin' ny an' ny Fiangonana i Origen, toa an' i [[Ariosy|Arius]], ka nanakiana ireo hevitra voaresaka tao amin' ny ''On the First Principles''. Any amin' ny tapany manaraka amin' ny ''To Avitus'' (Taratasy 124), dia miresaka momba ny «porofo maharesy lahatra» izy fa mampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna i Origen ao amin' ny dikan' ilay boky tany am-boalohany. Izao no nosoratany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:


&lt;blockquote&gt;Ity andalan-teny manaraka ity dia porofo maharesy lahatra fa ekeny ny fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa sy ny fanafoanana tanteraka ny vatana. «Raha azo aseho fa manana aina ao aminy ny zavaboary tsy manana vatana sady manan-tsaina, tsy miankina amin' ny vatana, ary ratsy kokoa ny toe-pisiany ao anatin' ny vatana noho ny any ivelan' izany, dia tsy isalasalana fa manana lanja faharoa fotsiny ny vatana ary miseho tsindraindray mba hifanaraka amin' ny toe-piainana miovaovan' ireo zavaboary manan-tsaina. Ireo mila vatana dia ampitafiana izany; ary ny mifanohitra amin' izay, rehefa tafasondrotra ho amin' ny zavatra tsara kokoa ireo fanahy lavo, dia foanana tanteraka indray ny vatan' izy ireo. Noho izany dia manjavona sy miseho indray tsy an-kijanona ireo vatana ireo.»&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Saika very manontolo ny lahatsoratra tany am-boalohan' ny ''On First Principles''. Mbola misy amin' ny anarana hoe ''De Principiis'' izy, ao amin' ireo sombiny nadikan' i Masindahy Jerome tamim-pahatokiana tamin' ny teny latina, sy ao amin' izay voalaza fa «dikan-teny latina tsy dia azo itokisana nataon' i Rufinus» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref name=Cross /&gt;

Na izany aza, iadian-kevitra ny filazana fa nino ny reinkarnasiôna i Origen. Ilay mpandinika kristiana Dan R. Schlesinger dia nanoratra fandinihana lava momba izany, izay anohanany ny hevitra fa tsy nampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna mihitsy i Origen.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Did Origen teach reincarnation? a response to neo-Gnostic theories of Christian reincarnation with particular reference to Origen and to the Second Council of Constantinople (553)''; url: [https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b3269054]; Mpamoaka: University of Glasgow; Daty: 2016; place: Glasgow; first: Dan R.; last: Schlesinger.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gnôstisisma|Mpanaraka ny gnôstisisma]] maromaro no nampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna, toa an' i [[Markiôna avy any Sinôpesy|Marcion of Sinope]] (manodidina ny taona 85 – manodidina ny taona 160).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bjorling 2013 p. 96&quot;&gt;last: Bjorling; first: J.; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation: A Bibliography''; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis; series: Sects and Cults in America; Taona: 2013; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-51133-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=mdeAAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA96]; Fiteny: de; Daty nijerena: 2023-06-27; Pejy: 96.&lt;/ref&gt; Nolavin' ny Rain' ny Fiangonana maromaro kosa ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna, anisan' izany i [[Aogostino avy any Hipôna|Augustine of Hippo]] tao amin' ny ''The City of God''.&lt;ref&gt;author: Augustine of Hippo; translator: Marcus Dods; translator-link: Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834); url: [https://archive.org/details/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft]; Lohateny: ''The Works of Aurelius Augustine, Bishop of Hippo''; Boky: I: The city of God; via: Internet Archive; Toerana: Edinburgh; Mpamoaka: T. &amp; T. Clark; Taona: 1913; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft/page/508 508]–509; Tahiry: [https://archive.today/20181225012037/https://archive.org/stream/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft_djvu.txt]; Daty nitahirizana: 25 December 2018; url-status: live; Daty nijerena: 25 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Reincarnation – Did The Church Suppress It?''; url: [https://www.issuesetcarchive.org/issues_site/resource/archives/gudel.htm]; Daty nijerena: 2024-05-13; website: www.issuesetcarchive.org.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==== Fiangonana Katôlika Rômana ====
Mandà ny reinkarnasiôna ny ''[[Katesizin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika|Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' (katesizin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika), ka mitanisa ny [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+9:27&amp;version=nkjv Hebrews 9,27] sy ny [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Peter+3:18&amp;version=nkjv 1 Peter 3,18].&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/flipbooks/catechism/266/]; Lohateny: ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: There is no 'reincarnation' after death; Mpamoaka: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops; Pejy: 264. (n°. 1913).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Druze ===
Jereo koa: finoan' ny Druze.

Anisan' ny foto-pinoana lehibe indrindra amin' ny fivavahan' ny [[Droza|Druze]] ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;Seabrook, W. B., ''Adventures in Arabia'', Harrap and Sons 1928, (chapters on Druze religion)&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io finoana io, misy hatrany ary tsy mety foana ny maha-singa roa miavaka ny vatana sy ny fanahy, ary tsy afaka misy tsy misy vatana ny fanahy. Noho izany, mitranga avy hatrany amin' ny fahafatesan' ny olona ny reinkarnasiôna. Ao amin' ny finoana hindoa sy bodista, ny fanahy dia inoana fa afaka mifindra amin' ny zavamananaina na inona na inona; tsy azo atao kosa izany araka ny finoan' ny Druze, fa amin' ny vatan' olombelona ihany no ifindran' ny fanahin' olombelona. Ankoatra izany, araka ny finoan' ny Druze, tsy azo zaraina ho ampahany samy hafa na misaraka ny fanahy, ary voafetra ny isan' ny fanahy misy.&lt;ref name=Dwairy2006&gt;last1: Dwairy; first1: Marwan; Lohateny: ''The Psychosocial Function Of Reincarnation Among Druze In Israel''; Gazety akademika: ''Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry''; Daty: March 2006; Boky: 30; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 29–53; doi: 10.1007/s11013-006-9007-1; pmid: 16721673; s2cid: 9132055.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo Druze vitsy milaza fa mahatsiaro ny fiainany taloha dia antsoina hoe ''Nateq''. Araka io finoana io, ireo fanahin' ny olona maty tamin' ny fomba mahery vaika tamin' ny fiainany teo aloha no mazàna afaka mahatsiaro izany. Koa satria heverina ho toe-javatra mandalo vetivety ny fahafatesana, dia tsy ampirisihina ny fisaonana.&lt;ref name=Dwairy2006/&gt; Tsy toy ny amin' ny finoana abrahamika hafa, dia ara-panahy ny lanitra sy ny helo ao amin' ny finoan' ny Druze. Ny lanitra dia ny fahasambarana faratampony azon' ny fanahy rehefa afaka amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray izy ka tafaray indray amin' ny Mpahary; ny helo kosa dia heverina ho ny fangidian' ny tsy fahafahana mitambatra indray amin' ny Mpahary sy miala amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref&gt;last: Lewis; first: James; Lohateny: ''The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions''; Mpamoaka: Prometheus Books; Taona: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-61592-738-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hindoisma ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: fahaterahana indray (''Punarjanman''); tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana (''Saṃsāra''); ny asa sy ny vokany (''Karma''); fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray (''Moksha'').

[[Image:Reincarnation2.jpg|thumb|right|Mino ny Hindoa fa mandray vatana ara-nofo imbetsaka ny tena na ny fanahy (''atman''), mandra-pahatongany amin' ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray (''moksha''). Sary avy amin' ny ''Saiva Siddhanta Church'' (Fiangonana Saiva Siddhanta), any Hawaii.]]
Milaza ny lovantsofina hindoa fa maty ny vatana fa tsy ny fanahy, izay inoany fa mandrakizay, tsy mety levona ary feno hasambarana.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011|Juergensmeyer, Roof (2011)]], p. 272&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny sampana maro amin' ny hindoisma, inoana fa mifamatotra sy manaraka tsingerina ny zavatra rehetra sy ny fisiana rehetra, ary misy zavatra roa mandrafitra ny zavamananaina rehetra: ny fanahy sy ny vatana na ny zavatra ara-nofo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFowler1997&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Jeaneane D.; last: Fowler; Lohateny: ''Hinduism: Practices and Beliefs''; Daty: 1997; Mpamoaka: Sussex Academic Press; Pejy: 10.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny finoana hindoa, tsy miova ny ''Ātman'', izany hoe ny tena na ny fanahy, ary tsy afaka miova noho ny toetrany raiki-tampisaka.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFowler1997|Fowler (1997)]], p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; Araka izany finoana izany, ny ''karma'', na ny asa sy ny vokany, amin' izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany amin' ny toe-javatra ho avy mandritra izao fiainana izao, ary koa amin' ny endrika sy ny tontolon' ny fiainana ho avy.&lt;ref&gt;Christopher Chapple (1986), ''Karma and creativity'', State University of New York Press, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-88706-251-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;, pp. 60–64&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fikasana sy ny asa tsara dia mitondra ho amin' ny hoavy tsara, fa ny fikasana sy ny asa ratsy kosa mitondra ho amin' ny hoavy ratsy, ka misy fiantraikany amin' ny fomba ahaterahan' ny olona indray.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFowler1997|Fowler (1997)]], p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy misy lanitra na helo maharitra mandrakizay araka ny fampianaran' ny ankamaroan' ny sampana amin' ny hindoisma.&lt;ref name=&quot;JuliusLipner263&quot;&gt;author: Julius Lipner; author-link: Julius Lipner; Lohateny: ''Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices''; Taona: 2012; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-24061-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 263–265.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana, araka izany finoana izany, dia teraka indray ho zavaboary hafa any an-danitra na any amin' ny helo ny fanahy, na ho zavamananaina eto an-tany, izany hoe olona na biby, arakaraka ny ''karma''-ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;JuliusLipner263&quot;/&gt; Maty koa ireo andriamanitra rehefa lany ny vokatsoa avy amin' ny asa tsara nataony taloha, toy ireo any amin' ny helo ihany, ary miverina eto an-tany izy ireo ka mahazo fahafahana indray. Araka izany fampianarana izany, mitohy amin' ny tsingerina tsy misy farany ny reinkarnasiôna mandra-pirosoan' ny olona amin' ny fikatsahana ara-panahy sy hahalalany ny tenany, ka hahazoany ny ''mokṣa'', dia ny fanafahana farany amin' ny tsingerin' ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Jacobsen; first1: Knut; Lohateny: ''Three Functions of Hell in the Hindu Traditions''; Gazety akademika: ''Numen''; Daty: 2009; Boky: 56; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 385–400; doi: 10.1163/156852709X405071; jstor: 27793797.&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa toetry ny hasambarana tanteraka izany fanafahana izany. Ny lovantsofina hindoa dia mihevitra azy io ho mifandray amin' ny ''Brahman'' na ho iray ihany aminy; ny ''Brahman'' dia ilay fisiana fototra tsy miova izay inoana fa efa nisy talohan' ny namoronana izao rehetra izao, mbola misy ary mbola hisy aorian' ny fiafaran' izao rehetra izao. Ny toetran' ny ''Brahman'' dia faritana amin' ny teny hoe ''saccidananda'', izay midika hoe «fisiana–fahatsiarovan-tena–hasambarana».&lt;ref&gt;author: Julius Lipner; author-link: Julius Lipner; Lohateny: ''Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices''; Taona: 2012; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-24061-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 251–252, 283, 366–369.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Roy W. Perrett; Lohateny: ''Hindu Ethics: A Philosophical Study''; Taona: 1998; Mpamoaka: University of Hawaii Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8248-2085-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 53–54.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Bruce M. Sullivan; Lohateny: ''The A to Z of Hinduism''; Taona: 2001; Mpamoaka: Rowman &amp; Littlefield; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8108-4070-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 137.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Upanishads'', izay anisan' ny soratra masina ao amin' ny lovantsofina hindoa, dia mifantoka indrindra amin' ny fanafahana amin' ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFowler1997|Fowler (1997)]], pp. 111-112&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author1: Yong Choon Kim; author2: David H. Freeman; Lohateny: ''Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia''; Taona: 1981; Mpamoaka: Rowman &amp; Littlefield; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8226-0365-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 15–17.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''Bhagavad Gita'' kosa dia miresaka lalana samihafa mankany amin' izany fanafahana izany.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011|Juergensmeyer, Roof (2011)]], p. 272&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Harold Coward, manome «fomba fijery tena be fanantenana momba ny fahafahan' ny toetran' olombelona hahatratra ny fahalavorariana» ny ''Upanishads'' (dika amin' ny teny malagasy). Ao amin' ireo soratra ireo, ny tanjon' ny ezaka ataon' ny olombelona dia ny dia mitohy mankany amin' ny fahalavorarian' ny tena sy ny fahalalana ny tena, mba hampitsaharana ny ''Saṃsāra'', izany hoe ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray sy ny fahafatesana indray izay tsy misy farany.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCoward2008&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Harold; last: Coward; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought: The Central Story''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C]; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-7336-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 129.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tanjon' ny fikatsahana ara-panahy ao amin' ny lovantsofina mifototra amin' ny ''Upanishads'' dia ny hahitana ny tena marina ao anaty sy ny hahalalana ny fanahin' ny tena. Milaza ireo lovantsofina ireo fa izany no mitondra ho amin' ny fahafahana feno hasambarana, dia ny ''moksha''.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFCoward2008|Coward (2008)]], p. 129, also see pages 130–155&lt;/ref&gt;

Izao no voalazan' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Tahaka ny iainan' ny zavaboary mitafy vatana ny fahazazana, ny fahalehibeazana ary ny fahanterana ao amin' ny vatana, dia toy izany koa no ahazoany (ilay zavaboary mitafy vatana) vatana hafa. Tsy voafitaka ny olon-kendry momba izany. (2:13)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFChapple2010&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Christopher Key; last: Chapple; Daty: 2010; Lohateny: ''The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition''; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4384-2842-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 98.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tahaka ny anarian' ny olona ny akanjo tonta ka andraisany akanjo vaovao avy eo, dia toy izany koa no anarian' ny Tena mitafy vatana ny vatana tonta ka ahazoany vatana vaovao hafa. (2:22)&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChapple2010|Chapple (2010)]], p. 107&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa mihoatra ireo toetra telo izay loharanon' ny vatana ny zavaboary mitafy vatana, ka afaka amin' ny fahaterahana, ny fahafatesana, ny fahanterana ary ny fanaintainana, dia mahatratra ny tsy fahafatesana izy. (14:20)&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFChapple2010|Chapple (2010)]], p. 582&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Misy fahasamihafana eo anivon' ny lovantsofina hindoa momba ny reinkarnasiôna sy ny toetry ny ''moksha''. Ohatra, ireo lovantsofina mifototra amin' ny fitiavam-pivavahana sy ny fiheverana fa misy fototra roa samy hafa, toy ny ''Dvaita Vedanta'' an' i [[Madhva|Madhvacharya]] ao amin' ny hindoisma, dia miorina amin' ny finoana ny fisian' Andriamanitra. Milaza izy ireo fa samy hafa ny fanahin' olombelona sy ny ''Brahman'', ary ny firaiketam-pivavahana amim-pitiavana amin' ny ''Brahman'' no fomba ahafahana amin' ny ''Samsara''; i Vishnu no andriamanitra tondroin' izany ao amin' ny teôlôjian' i Madhvacharya. Araka ireo lovantsofina ireo, ny fahasoavan' Andriamanitra no mitondra ho amin' ny ''moksha'', ary aorian' ny fahafatesana ihany no azo tratrarina ny fanafahana ara-panahy (''videhamukti'').&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFFowler2002&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;first: Jeaneane D.; last: Fowler; Lohateny: ''Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Sussex Academic Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-898723-93-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 340–347, 373–375.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo lovantsofina mandà ny fisarahana ifotony ho roa kosa, toy ny ''Advaita Vedanta'' an' i [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankara]] ao amin' ny hindoisma, dia miorina amin' ny fiheverana fa tokana ny fototry ny fisiana. Milaza izy ireo fa iray ihany ny fanahin' ny olona tsirairay sy ny ''Brahman''; ny tsy fahalalana, ny fihetsika entin' ny tosika tampoka ary ny tsy fihetsehana ihany no mahatonga ny fijaliana ao anatin' ny ''Saṃsāra''; ary tsy misy fisarahana ho roa raha ny tena zava-misy. Araka ireo lovantsofina ireo, ny fandinihana anaty sy ny fahalalana ny tena no lalana mankany amin' ny fanafahana, ny fahatakarana fa iray ihany ny fanahin' ny tena sy ny ''Brahman'' no ''moksha'', ary azo tratrarina mandritra izao fiainana izao ny fanafahana ara-panahy (''jivanmukti'').&lt;ref name=Loy1982&gt;last1: Loy; first1: David; Lohateny: ''Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?''; Gazety akademika: ''International Philosophical Quarterly''; Daty: 1982; Boky: 22; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 65–74; doi: 10.5840/ipq19822217.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFFowler2002|Fowler (2002)]], pp. 238–240, 243–245, 249–250, 261–263, 279–284&lt;/ref&gt;

I [[Aurobindo Ghose|Sri Aurobindo]], filôzôfa Indiana tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia namaritra ny fahaterahana indray ho fomba fiasa ilaina amin' ny fivoarana ara-panahy. Araka ny fampianarany, izany no ivoaran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny dingan' ny zavamaniry ho amin' ny an' ny biby, ary avy eo ho amin' ny an' ny olombelona, sady mitombo ny fahatsiarovan-tenany isaky ny dingana.&lt;ref&gt;Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', pp. 789–794.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza izy fa amin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy azo averina mihemotra izany fivoarana izany, ary tsy mihemotra ho amin' ny dingan' ny biby ny fanahin' olombelona, na dia mety hiraikitra amin' ny endri-biby aza ny ampahany amin' ny toetra mifandray amin' ny herim-piainana.&lt;ref&gt;Sri Aurobindo, ''Letters on Yoga — I'', p. 550; ''The Life Divine'', pp. 791–792.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahana silamo ===
Mandà ny reinkarnasiôna ny ankamaroan' ny sekolim-pisainana silamo. Mampianatra izy ireo fa tsy miverimberina ny fiainan' ny olona: indray mandeha ihany izy no miaina, ary rehefa maty dia tsarain' [[Andriamanitra ao amin' ny silamo|Andriamanitra]], avy eo mahazo valisoa any an-danitra na sazina any amin' ny helo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmithHaddad2002p24&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author1: Norman L. Geisler; author2: Abdul Saleeb; Lohateny: ''Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Baker Academic; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8010-6430-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 109.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampianatra ny fitsanganan' ny maty amin' ny farany sy ny Andro Fitsarana ny fivavahana silamo,&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcClelland2010|McClelland (2010)]], pp. 122–123&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy misy kosa ny reinkarnasiôna araka ny fampianarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmithHaddad2002p24&quot;&gt;author1: Jane Idelman Smith; author2: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad; Lohateny: ''The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-028880-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 23–24.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany am-piandohan' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana silamo, dia nanenjika izay rehetra nino ny reinkarnasiôna ny [[Kalifata|kalifa]] sasany, anisan' izany ny mpanaraka ny ''[[Manikeisma|Manichaeism]]'', mandra-pahalany tamingana azy ireo tany Mesopotamia sy Persia (Iràka sy Iràna ankehitriny).&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcClelland2010|McClelland (2010)]], pp. 122–123&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, mbola mino ny reinkarnasiôna ny vondrom-pivavahana silamo vitsy anisa sasany, toy ireo hita eo amin' ny mpanaraka ny ''[[Sofisma (silamo)|Sufism]]'', ary koa ny Silamo sasany any [[Azia Atsimo|Azia Atsimo]] sy [[Indônezia]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFMcClelland2010|McClelland (2010)]], pp. 122–123&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, teo amin' ny tantara dia nanao fombafomba antsoina hoe ''chantas'' isan-taona ny mpino Isma'ili tany Azia Atsimo; anisan' ireo fombafomba ireo ny fangatahana famelan-keloka noho ny fahotana natao tamin' ny fiainana taloha.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217021533/http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/sufi_message_of_hazrat_inayat%20khan.htm Gnostic liberation front] ''The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan''&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ireo vondrona Ghulat ====
Eken' ny vondrom-pivavahana vitsivitsy heverina ao amin' ny lovam-pampianarana silamo ho mivaona amin' ny fampianarana mahazatra ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna, indrindra fa ireo ao amin' ny Ghulat.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Peter Lamborn, ''Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy'', Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. (1988). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-936756-13-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; hardcover 0-936756-12-2 paperback&lt;/ref&gt; Mino ny mpino Alawite fa kintana na hazavana avy amin' Andriamanitra izy ireo tany am-boalohany, saingy noroahina avy tany an-danitra noho ny tsy fankatoavana, ka tsy maintsy mandalo reinkarnasiôna miverimberina (na fifindran' ny fanahy amin' ny vatana hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana) alohan' ny hiverenany any an-danitra.&lt;ref name= Peters&gt;last1: Peters; first1: Francis E.; author-link: Francis E. Peters; last2: Esposito; first2: John L.; author2-link: John L. Esposito; Lohateny: ''The children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam''; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; Taona: 2006; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-12769-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka izany finoana izany, dia mety ho teraka indray ho Kristianina na olona hafa izy ireo noho ny fahotana, ary ho biby, zavamaniry na zavatra tsy mananaina raha manjary tsy mpino araka ny famaritan' izany fampianarana izany.&lt;ref name=cs&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/syria/32.htm Alawis] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203947/http://countrystudies.us/syria/32.htm Tahiry] (2016-03-04), Countrystudies.us, U.S. Library of Congress.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahana jaina ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana ao amin' ny fivavahana jaina; ny ''karma'' ao amin' ny fivavahana jaina.

[[File:Seven Jain Hells.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sary hosodoko tamin' ny lamba, natao tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, maneho ireo ambaratonga fito amin' ny helo araka ny fomba fijery jaina momba ny firafitry ny tontolo rehetra. Ny ampahany ankavia dia maneho ilay zavaboary manana toetra maha-andriamanitra amin' ny ampahany, miaraka amin' ny biby fitondrany, izay miandraikitra ny helo tsirairay.]]

Ao amin' ny [[Jainisma|fivavahana jaina]], ny reinkarnasiôna, miaraka amin' ny foto-pampianarana momba ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana miverimberina (''Saṃsāra'') sy ny ''karma'', izany hoe vokatry ny asa izay inoana fa mamaritra ny fahaterahana indray sy ny zavatra iainana, dia anisan' ny fototra iorenan' ny fampianarany ara-pivavahana. Maneho izany ireo asa soratra maro momba ireo lohahevitra ireo ao amin' ny sampana lehibe amin' io fivavahana io, sy ireo hevitra nialoha lalana novolavolain' ireo sampana ireo hatramin' ny fotoana voalohandohan' ny lovantsofina jaina.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJaini1980|Jaini (1980)]], pp. 217–236&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dundasp14/&gt; Ao amin' ireo lovantsofina jaina amin' izao andro izao, ny reinkarnasiôna dia finoana fa ny fiainana eto amin' izao tontolo izao dia ahitana fahaterahana indray tsy mitsahatra sy fijaliana ao amin' ny tontolom-pisiana samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#CITEREFJaini1980|Jaini (1980)]], pp. 226–228&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dundasp14&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sethia2004p31&quot;&gt;author: Tara Sethia; Lohateny: ''Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Motilal Banarsidass; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitana toerana lehibe sy fototra ao amin' ny finoana jaina ny ''karma'', ary mifamatotra akaiky amin' ireo foto-kevitra filôzôfika hafa ao aminy, toy ny fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa, ny reinkarnasiôna, ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray, ny tsy fanaovana herisetra (''ahiṃsā'') ary ny tsy firaiketana amin' ny zavatra, ankoatra ny hafa. Araka io finoana io, misy vokany ny asa: ny sasany miseho avy hatrany, ary ny sasany kosa aoriana, ka mety ho any amin' ny fiainana haterahana indray aza. Noho izany, tsy ny fiainana iray ihany no ifandraisan' ny foto-pampianarana momba ny ''karma'', fa ny fiainana haterahana indray sy ny fiainana taloha koa.&lt;ref&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 226–230&lt;/ref&gt; Milaza toy izao ny ''Uttarādhyayana Sūtra'' 3.3–4, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: «Ny ''jīva'', na ny fanahy, dia teraka indraindray ao amin' ny tontolon' ireo andriamanitra, ary indraindray ao amin' ny helo. Indraindray izy mandray vatan' ny demony; vokatry ny ''karma''-ny avokoa izany rehetra izany. Indraindray io ''jīva'' io dia teraka ho kankana, ho bibikely na ho vitsika.»&lt;ref name=krishan43&gt;Krishan, Yuvraj (1997): p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt; Milaza koa ilay lahatsoratra (32.7), araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny ''karma'' no fototry ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana. Ireo fanahy voafatotry ny ''karma'' dia mihodinkodina hatrany ao amin' ny tsingerin' ny fisiana.»&lt;ref name=krishan43 /&gt;

Araka ny fampianarana jaina, ny asa sy ny fihetseham-po mandritra ny fiainana ankehitriny dia misy fiantraikany amin' ny fiainana haterahana indray, arakaraka ny toetran' ilay ''karma'' manokana. Ohatra, ao amin' io fampianarana io, ny fiainana tsara sy mendrika dia manondro faniriana miafina hiaina ireo lafiny tsara sy mendrika amin' ny fiainana. Heverina àry fa misarika ''karma'' ny olona toy izany, izay miantoka fa ny fahaterahany amin' ny hoavy dia hamela azy hiaina sy haneho tsy misy sakana ny toetra tsarany sy ny fihetseham-pony tsara.&lt;ref&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 70–71&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' izany toe-javatra izany, araka io finoana io, dia mety ho teraka any an-danitra izy na ao amin' ny fianakavian' olombelona manan-karena sy tsara fitondran-tena. Etsy ankilany, ao amin' io fampianarana io ihany, ny olona izay nanao asa mifanohitra amin' ny fitondran-tena tsara na nanana toetra masiaka dia heverina fa maneho faniriana miafina hiaina ireo lafiny feno habibiana amin' ny fiainana.&lt;ref name=Kuhn64&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 64–66&lt;/ref&gt; Ho vokatra voajanahary araka io finoana io, dia heverina fa hisarika ''karma'' izay miantoka ny hahaterahany indray any amin' ny helo na amin' ny endri-piainana ambany kokoa izy, mba hahafahan' ny fanahiny miaina ireo lafiny feno habibiana amin' ny fiainana.&lt;ref name=Kuhn64/&gt;

Araka io foto-pampianarana jaina io, tsy misy valifaty, fitsarana na valisoa amin' izany, fa vokatra voajanaharin' ny safidy natao teo amin' ny fiainana, na tamim-pahalalana na tsy tamim-pahalalana, no mitranga. Noho izany, io fampianarana io dia milaza fa izay fijaliana na fahafinaretana iainan' ny fanahy amin' ny fiainany ankehitriny dia vokatry ny safidy nataony taloha.&lt;ref&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 15&lt;/ref&gt; Noho io foto-pampianarana io, dia omen' ny fivavahana jaina lanja ambony indrindra ny fisainana madio sy ny fitondran-tena tsara.&lt;ref&gt;Rankin, Aidan (2006) p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

Mametraka ny fisian' ny sokajy efatra antsoina hoe ''gatis'' ireo lahatsoratra jaina, izany hoe toetry ny fisiana na sokajim-pahaterahana ifindran' ny fanahy. Ireto ireo ''gatis'' efatra ireo: ny ''deva'' (zavaboary manana toetra maha-andriamanitra amin' ny ampahany), ny ''manuṣya'' (olombelona), ny ''nāraki'' (zavaboary any amin' ny helo), ary ny ''tiryañca'' (biby, zavamaniry ary zavamananaina bitika tsy hita maso).&lt;ref name=Jaini108&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) p. 108&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' io fomba fijery ara-pivavahana io, ireo ''gatis'' efatra ireo dia manana tontolo na ambaratongam-ponenana efatra mifanandrify aminy ao amin' ny tontolo jaina, izay mizara ho ambaratonga mifanarakaraka avy any ambany mankany ambony: ny ''deva'' dia monina any amin' ny ambaratonga ambony, izay misy ireo lanitra; ny ''manuṣya'' sy ny ''tiryañca'' dia monina amin' ny ambaratonga afovoany; ary ny ''nāraki'' dia monina any amin' ny ambaratonga ambany, izay misy ireo helo fito.&lt;ref name=Jaini108/&gt;

Araka io fomba fijery jaina momba ny tontolo io anefa, ireo fanahy manana fahatsapana iray monja, antsoina hoe ''nigoda'',&lt;ref&gt;Ny fandaharana jaina ny zavamananaina ho ambaratonga dia manasokajy azy ireo araka ny fahatsapana ananany: eo an-tampony no ametrahany ireo manana fahatsapana dimy, toy ny olombelona sy ny biby, ary eo amin' ny farany ambany kosa ireo manana fahatsapana iray, toy ny zavamananaina bitika tsy hita maso sy ny zavamaniry.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ireo fanahy manana vatana miforona amin' ny singa fototra dia mameno ny ambaratonga rehetra amin' io tontolo io. Ao amin' io fandaharana ara-pivavahana io, ny ''nigoda'' no fanahy eo amin' ny ambaratonga farany ambany amin' ny fisiana. Lazaina fa bitika dia bitika sady tsy miavaka ho tsirairay izy ireo, ka tsy manana vatana manokana akory fa miaina mivondrona. Araka ireo lahatsoratra jaina, ireo ''nigoda'' izay tsy manam-petra ny isany ireo dia hita koa ao amin' ny fitambaran' ny sela mandrafitra ny zavamaniry, ao amin' ny legioma fihinam-paka ary ao amin' ny vatan' ny biby.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) pp. 108–109&lt;/ref&gt; Arakaraka ny ''karma''-ny, araka io finoana io, dia mifindra vatana sy teraka indray ny fanahy ao anatin' io fomba fijery momba ireo anjara mety hiandry azy io. Mbola mizara ho zana-tsokajy sy zana-tsokajy madinika kokoa ireo anjara efatra lehibe ireo. Amin' ny fitambarany, dia miresaka tsingerina misy anjara 8,4 tapitrisa mety hahaterahana ireo lahatsoratra jaina, izay hiverimberenan' ny fanahy rehefa mihodina ao amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana miverimberina (''samsara'').&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh (2000) p. 130&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fivavahana jaina, tsy manana anjara amin' ny famaritana ny anjaran' ny tsirairay Andriamanitra. Tsy heverina ho vokatry ny rafitra fanomezana valisoa na famaizana ny anjaran' ny olona iray, fa ho vokatry ny ''karma''-ny manokana. Ny lahatsoratra iray ao amin' ny boky anisan' ireo soratra masina jaina fahiny nekena ho fototry ny fampianarana, dia ny ''Bhagvati sūtra'' 8.9.9, dia mampifandray toetry ny fisiana manokana amin' ny ''karma'' manokana. Araka io lahatsoratra io, ny herisetra, ny famonoana zavaboary manana taovam-pahatsapana dimy, ny fihinanana trondro sy ny toy izany dia mitarika ho amin' ny fahaterahana indray any amin' ny helo. Ny famitahana, ny hosoka ary ny lainga dia mitarika ho amin' ny fahaterahana indray ao amin' ny tontolon' ny biby sy ny zavamaniry. Ny hatsaram-panahy, ny fangorahana ary ny fanetren-tena dia mitarika ho amin' ny fahaterahana ho olombelona; ny fifehezan-tena henjana ara-pivavahana sy ny fanaovana ary fitandremana voady kosa dia mitarika ho amin' ny fahaterahana indray any an-danitra.&lt;ref&gt;Krishan, Yuvraj (1997) p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka izany fampianarana jaina izany, ny fanahy tsirairay no tompon' andraikitra amin' ny toe-javatra sarotra iainany sy amin' ny famonjena azy ihany koa. Ny ''karma'' voangona dia maneho ny fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tanteraka rehetra, ny firaiketana ary ny hetahetan' ny fanahy.&lt;ref name=Kuhn28&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 28&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 69&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io fampianarana io, izy io no ahafahan' ny fanahy miaina ireo lafiny samihafa amin' ny fiainana izay iriny hiainana.&lt;ref name=Kuhn28 /&gt; Noho izany, araka ny finoana jaina, ny fanahy dia mety hifindra avy amin' ny endri-piainana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa mandritra ny taona tsy tambo isaina, sady mitondra ny ''karma'' azony, mandra-pahitany toe-javatra ahafahan' izany mitondra ny vokatra tokony hiseho. Ao amin' ny filôzôfia sasany, ny lanitra sy ny helo dia matetika heverina ho toerana misy famonjena mandrakizay na fanamelohana mandrakizay noho ny asa tsara sy ratsy. Araka ny fivavahana jaina kosa, ireo toerana ireo, anisan' izany ny tany, dia toerana ahafahan' ny fanahy miaina ny vokatry ny ''karma''-ny izay tsy mbola tanteraka fotsiny.&lt;ref&gt;Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 65–66, 70–71&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jodaisma ===
Jereo koa: ny fifindran' ny fanahy, na ''gilgul''.

Nandalo fivoarana sarotra ny foto-pampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna tao amin' ny jodaisma. Tsy anisan' ny lovantsofina jiosy izy io tany am-boalohany, fa nanomboka nipoitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-8, angamba noho ny fitaoman' ireo mpanaraka ny fampianarana mistika silamo, ary neken' ny [[Jodaisma karaita|Karaita]] sy ny Jiosy tsy nitovy hevitra tamin' ny fampianarana nanjaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;last: Jacobs; first: Louis; Lohateny: ''The Jewish religion: a companion''; Daty: 1995; Mpamoaka: Oxford Univ. Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-826463-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Oxford Berlin; Pejy: 417–418.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;last: Fine; first: Lawrence; Lohateny: ''Physician of the soul, healer of the cosmos: Isaac Luria and his kabbalistic fellowship''; Daty: 2003; Mpamoaka: Stanford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8047-3825-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: Stanford studies in Jewish history &amp; culture; Toerana: Stanford, Calif; Pejy: 304.&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Saadia Gaon|Saadia Gaon]] no voalohany niresaka azy tao amin' ny asa soratra jiosy, ary nanakiana azy izy.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Transmigration of souls''; url: [https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14479-transmigration-of-souls]; Daty nijerena: 2024-01-27; website: JewishEncyclopedia.com; first1: Kaufmann; last1: Kohler; first2: Isaac; last2: Broydé.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, finoan' ny vitsy anisa ihany izy io, ary tsy dia nisy fanoherana firy mandra-pielezan' ny ''Kabbalah'', ilay fampianarana mistika jiosy, tamin' ny taonjato faha-12. Ny ''Book of Clarity'' (''Sefer ha-Bahir'', na «Bokin' ny fahazavana»), izay anisan' io vanim-potoana io, dia nampiditra hevitra toy ny fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa, ka nanamafy ny fototry ny ''Kabbalah'' tamin' ny alalan' ny tandindona mistika.&lt;ref&gt;Daty: 2024-01-02; Lohateny: ''Kabbala &amp;#124; Definition, Beliefs, &amp; Facts''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kabbala]; Daty nijerena: 2024-01-27; website: Britannica; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Ampianarin' ny ''Kabbalah'' koa izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Miverina teraka indray ny fanahin' i Moses isaky ny taranaka».&lt;ref&gt;''Tikunei Zohar'', Tikkun 69, 112a and 114a. Literally, &quot;There is an extension of Moses in every generation and to each and every righteous man.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazo toerana lehibe kokoa teo amin' ireo vondrona mpanaraka ny ''Kabbalah'' tany Provence sy Espaina io fampianarana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Na dia tsy neken' ny maro tao amin' ny [[Jodaisma ôrtôdôksa|jodaisma ôrtôdôksa]] aza ny foto-pampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna, dia nahasarika Jiosy sasany tamin' ny vanim-potoana môderina izay liana tamin' ny fampianarana mistika izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ny [[Hasidisma|jodaisma hasidika]] sy ireo mpanaraka ny ''[[Kabala|Kabbalah]]'' kosa dia nifikitra mafy tamin' ny finoany ny fifindran' ny fanahy. Tsy mampianatra izany ireo sampan' ny jodaisma hafa, toy ny [[Jodaisma nohavaozina|jodaisma nohavaozina]] sy ny [[Jodaisma mpitahiry|jodaisma mpandala ny nentin-drazana]].&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained: 001''; Daty: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7876-5383-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Detroit; Mpamoaka: Gale Research Company; Pejy: 48; last1: Steiger; first1: Brad; last2: Steiger; first2: Sherry Hansen.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fifohazan' ny fampianarana mistika teo anivon' ny fiarahamonina jiosy tao Safed tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 dia nanamarika fivoarana lehibe teo amin' ny fisainana momba ny ''Kabbalah'', ary nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ireo vondrona mistika sy ny fiainana ara-panahin' ny Jiosy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Horwitz; first: Daniel M.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=JPTNCwAAQBAJ]; Lohateny: ''A Kabbalah and Jewish Mysticism Reader''; Mpamoaka: U of Nebraska Press; Taona: 2016; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8276-1286-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 223; Fiteny: en; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: Throughout most of the sixteenth century, this community attracted a very impressive array of kabbalistic thinkers, whose scholarship abounded in virtually every aspect of Jewish life. Among them were Moses Cordovero, Elijah de Vidas, Eliezer Azikri, and above all Isaac Luria (1534–72), whose ideas formed the basis for a whole new kabbalistic school of thought (although, as we will see, some of his ideas have roots in earlier Jewish tradition).&lt;/ref&gt; Io koa no fotoana nielezan' ny ''Kabbalah'' indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Karp; first1: Jonathan; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=MXQ6DwAAQBAJ]; Lohateny: ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7, The Early Modern World, 1500–1815''; last2: Sutcliffe; first2: Adam; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 2017; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-13906-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 465; Fiteny: en; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: The most important influences upon mystical speculation and practice in eastern Europe, however, emanated from the two prominent &quot;schools&quot; that had flourished in sixteenth-century Safed, those of Moses Cordovero and Isaac Luria. It is hard to overstate the influence that these two original kabbalistic figures had upon the subsequent history of Kabbalah. By the end of the seventeenth century, various combinations and configurations of their teachings became firmly rooted in eastern Europe, and began to transform its spiritual landscape..&lt;/ref&gt; Narafitra ho fampianarana mirindra ireo firesahana ny ''gilgul'' tao amin' ny ''Kabbalah'' taloha, ka natao ho anisan' ny tanjona ankoatra ny ara-nofo ananan' ny famoronana. I Isaac Luria, antsoina koa hoe Ari, no voalohany nametraka io raharaha io ho ivon' ny famelabelarany vaovao momba ny fampianarana mistika. Nampirisika ny hamantarana ireo olona niverenan' ny fanahin' ny olo-malaza teo amin' ny tantaran' ny Jiosy izy, ary nangonin' i Haim Vital tao amin' ny ''Shaar HaGilgulim'' izany.&lt;ref&gt;''Sha'ar Ha'Gilgulim, The Gate of Reincarnations'', Chaim Vital&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Kabbalah'', ny ''gilgul'' dia avahana amin' ireo dingana hafa antsoina hoe ''Ibbur'' («fitondrana vohoka»), izay lazaina fa fikambanan' ny fanahy faharoa amin' ny olona iray ho amin' ny tanjona tsara na amin' ny fomba tsara, sy ''Dybuk'' («fidiran' ny fanahy ao amin' ny olona iray»), izay lazaina fa fikambanan' ny fanahy, demonia na zavaboary hafa amin' ny olona iray ho amin' ny tanjona ratsy na amin' ny fomba ratsy.

Ao amin' ny ''Kabbalah'' araka ny fampianaran' i Luria, ny reinkarnasiôna dia tsy raisina ho famaizana noho ny asa natao na ho lahatr' olona tsy azo ovana, fa ho fanehoana ny fangorahan' Andriamanitra. Heverina ho endrika kely maneho ilay foto-pampianarana momba ny fanarenana ny zavaboary manerana izao rehetra izao izy io. Araka io finoana io, ny ''gilgul'' dia fifanarahana avy any an-danitra amin' ny fanahin' ny olona tsirairay, izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra misy. Ny rafi-pampianarana nitondra fiovana ifotony naroson' i Luria dia nifantoka tamin' ny fanarenana ny fanahy avy amin' Andriamanitra, izay tanterahina amin' ny alalan' ny zavaboary. Ao amin' io fampianarana io, ny tena fototry ny zavatra rehetra dia ilay pitik' afon' Andriamanitra ao anatiny izay manome azy fisiana. Na ny vato na ny ravina aza dia heverina ho manana fanahy toy izany, izay, raha adika ilay teny nalaina, «tonga eto amin' izao tontolo izao mba harenina». Lazaina fa mety hatao sesitany indraindray ao amin' ireo zavaboary heverina ho ambany kokoa, dia ny zavatra tsy mananaina, ny zavamaniry na ny biby, ny fanahin' olombelona. Araka io finoana io ihany, ny singa fototra indrindra amin' ny fanahy, antsoina hoe ''nefesh'', dia tsy maintsy miala rehefa mitsahatra ny fiforonan' ny ra. Lazain' ilay foto-pampianarana fa misy singa efatra hafa amin' ny fanahy, ary samy manana endri-panahy sy tanjona samihafa ireo firenena samihafa maneran-tany. Araka io fampianarana io, ny fanahin' ny Jiosy tsirairay dia miverina teraka mba hahatanteraka tsirairay ireo didin' i Moses miisa 613, izay samy manandratra pitik' afo manokan' ny fahamasinana mifandray amin' ilay didy. Inoana fa manomboka ny [[Mesia araka ny jodaisma|vanim-potoanan' ny Mesia]] rehefa voavotra sy tafaverina any amin' ny loharanony ara-panahy ireo pitik' afo rehetra. Ao amin' io fomba fijery io, manampy ny vahoaka jiosy ny fanarahan' ny tsy Jiosy ireo [[Lalàna fiton' i Nôa|lalàn' i Noah fito]], nefa ireo fahavalon' i Israely resahin' ny Baiboly kosa dia lazaina fa miverina teraka mba hanohitra azy.

Anisan' ireo raby maro nanaiky ny reinkarnasiôna ny mpanaraka ny ''Kabbalah'' toa an' i Nahmanides, antsoina koa hoe Ramban, sy Rabbenu Bahya ben Asher, i Levi ibn Habib, antsoina koa hoe Ralbah, i Shelomoh Alkabez, i Moses Cordovero ary i Moses Chaim Luzzatto.
Anisan' izany koa ireo mpampianatra hasidika tany am-boalohany, toa an' i [[Baal Shem Tov|Baal Shem Tov]], i Schneur Zalman of Liadi ary i Nachman of Breslov, ary saika ireo mpampianatra hasidika rehetra tatỳ aoriana; ireo mpampianatra hasidika tamin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny, toa an' i DovBer Pinson, i Moshe Weinberger ary i Joel Landau; ireo mpitarika lehibe tao amin' ny firehana jiosy nanohitra ny hasidisma, na ''Mitnagdic'', toa an' i [[Gaon de Vilna|Vilna Gaon]] sy i Chaim Volozhin ary ny sekolin' izy ireo; ary ny raby Shalom Sharabi, antsoina koa hoe RaShaSH, i Ben Ish Chai avy any Baghdad ary i Baba Sali.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://limmudbayarea2016.sched.com/event/7YDY/judaism-and-reincarnation]; Lohateny: ''Limmud Bay Area 2016: Judaism and Reincarnation''; website: limmudbayarea2016.sched.com; Daty nijerena: 22 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ireo raby nandà io hevitra io kosa i [[Saadia Gaon|Saadia Gaon]], i David Kimhi, i [[Hasdaï Crescas|Hasdai Crescas]], i Joseph Albo, i Abraham ibn Daud, i Leon de Modena, i Solomon ben Aderet, i [[Mosesy Maimônida|Maimonides]] ary i Asher ben Jehiel.
Teo amin' ireo raby nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Geonim'', dia nanohana ny fifindran' ny fanahy, na ''gilgulim'', i Hai Gaon.

=== Inuit ===
Ao amin' ny ila-bolantany andrefana dia any amin' ny faritra manodidina ny tendrontany avaratra, izay efa tena anjakan' ny [[Kristianisma|kristianisma]] ankehitriny, no miely indrindra ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna (any amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Groenlanda|Groenlanda]] sy Nunavut indrindra no ahitana izany ankehitriny).&lt;ref name=&quot;Amerindian Rebirth&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Amerindian Rebirth: Reincarnation Belief Among North American Indians and Inuit''; Taona: 1994; Mpamoaka: University of Toronto Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8020-7703-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor: Antonia Mills and Richard Slobodin.&lt;/ref&gt; Raiki-tampisaka ao amin' ny fiteny inuit ny foto-kevitry ny reinkarnasiôna,&lt;ref&gt;last: Rink; first: Henry; Lohateny: ''Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo''; url: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/inu/tte/index.htm]; work: ''adapted by Weimer, Christopher, M.''; Daty nijerena: 1 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; ary amin' ny kolontsaina inuit maro dia fomban-drazana ny manome ny zaza vao teraka ny anaran' ny olona iray maty vao haingana, noho ny finoana fa io zaza io no ilay olona nitondra izany anarana izany nateraka indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amerindian Rebirth&quot;/&gt;

=== Ho-Chunk ===
Ampahany fototra amin' ny lovantsofina sasany an' ny vazimba teratany any avaratra-atsinanan' i Amerika Avaratra ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amerindian Rebirth&quot;/&gt; Ity manaraka ity dia fitantarana reinkarnasiôna izay ahaterahan' ny olona indray ho olona, araka ny fitantaran' i Thunder Cloud, [[Samanisma|mpanao fombafomba mifandray amin' ny fanahy]] avy amin' ny vahoaka Winnebago (Ho-Chunk). Miresaka momba ny fiainany roa teo aloha sy ny fomba nahafatesany sy niverenany indray ho amin' izao fiainany fahatelo izao i Thunder Cloud. Mitantara ny fotoana teo anelanelan' ireo fiainany izy, ka milaza ny finoany fa nahazo « fitahiana » avy amin' i Earth Maker sy ireo fanahy rehetra nitoetra tao izy ary nomena hery manokana, anisan' izany ny fahaizana manasitrana ny marary.

Izao no fitantaran' i Thunder Cloud momba ireo reinkarnasiôna roa niainany (teny nalaina nadika amin' ny teny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Izaho ''(ny fanahiko)'' dia nentina tany amin' ny toerana filentehan' ny masoandro ''(ny andrefana)''. ... Raha mbola tany amin' io toerana io aho, dia nieritreritra ny hiverina etỳ an-tany indray, ary hoy ilay lehilahy antitra niarahako nipetraka tamiko: « Ry zanako lahy, tsy efa nilaza ve ianao fa te hiverina any an-tany indray? » Raha ny marina dia vao tao an-tsaiko ihany izany, kanefa fantany izay niriako. Dia hoy izy tamiko: « Afaka mandeha ianao, fa tsy maintsy mangataka alalana amin' ny lehibe aloha. » Dia nandeha aho nilaza tamin' ny lehiben' ny tanàna ny faniriako, ary hoy izy tamiko: « Afaka mandeha ianao hamaly faty an' ireo olona namono ny havanao sy namono anao. » Dia nampidinina etỳ an-tany aho. ... Niaina teto aho mandra-pahafatiko noho ny fahanterana. ... Raha nandry [tao am-pasako] aho, dia nisy nilaza tamiko hoe: « Avia, andao isika hiala eto. » Dia nankany amin' ny filentehan' ny masoandro izahay. Tonga tany amin' ny tanàna iray izahay, ka nihaona tamin' ny maty rehetra tao. ... Avy tany amin' io toerana io aho no niverina teto an-tany indray, fanintelony, ary indro aho eto.

— Radin (1923)&lt;ref name=Jefferson2008 &gt;last: Jefferson; first: Warren; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation beliefs of North American Indians: soul journeys, metamorphoses, and near-death experiences''; Mpamoaka: Native Voices; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57067-212-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 272306114.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Fivavahana sikh ===
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, i [[Gurû Nanak|Guru Nanak]], mpanorina ny [[Sikisma|fivavahana sikh]], dia nanana fomba fijery nihevitra ny fotoana ho tsingerina miverimberina.&lt;ref name=colesambhi13&gt;author1: W.O. Cole; author2: Piara Singh Sambhi; Lohateny: ''Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study''; Taona: 2016; Mpamoaka: Springer; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-349-23049-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 13–14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair; Lohateny: ''Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed''; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: Bloomsbury Academic; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4411-5366-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 176.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampianatra foto-kevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna mitovitovy amin' ny ao amin' ny hindoisma ny fivavahana sikh, saingy misy lafiny tsy itovizany amin' ny fampianarana nentim-paharazan' ny hindoisma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandair2013p145&quot;/&gt; Ny foto-kevitra sikh momba ny fahaterahana indray sy ny toetry ny fisiana dia mitovitovy amin' ny hevitra nivoatra nandritra ny hetsika ara-pivavahana Bhakti, izay nanasongadina ny fanoloran-tena amim-pitiavana, indrindra tao amin' ny fomban-drazana ''[[Visnoisma|Vaishnava]]'' sasany. Ireo fomban-drazana ireo dia mamaritra ny fanafahana ho toetry ny firaisana amin' [[Andriamanitra ao amin' ny sikisma|Andriamanitra]], izay azo amin' ny alalan' ny fahasoavany.&lt;ref&gt;author1: John Gordon Melton; author2: Martin Baumann; Lohateny: ''Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices''; Boky: 2; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: ABC-CLIO; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57607-223-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 632.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Eric J. Lott; Lohateny: ''Vision, Tradition, Interpretation: Theology, Religion, and the Study of Religion''; Taona: 1988; Mpamoaka: Walter de Gruyter; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-009761-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 49–53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Flood; first: Gavin; Taona: 1996; Lohateny: ''An introduction to Hinduism''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo]; url-access: registration; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/137 137].&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fampianaran' ny fivavahana sikh, ny fanahy dia mifindra avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa ao anatin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana sy ny fahafatesana miverimberina tsy misy farany (''Saṃsāra''), mandra-pahazoany fanafahana amin' izany tsingerina izany. Ny fahaterahana tsirairay dia manomboka amin' ny asa sy ny vokany (''karma'', na ''karam''), ary ireo asa ireo dia mamela soritra eo amin' ny fanahin' ny olona (''karni''), izay misy fiantraikany amin' ny fahaterahany indray amin' ny hoavy. Kanefa, araka izany fampianarana izany, ny fahasoavan' Andriamanitra no manafaka amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahafatesana sy ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandair2013p145&quot;/&gt; Milaza ny fivavahana sikh fa ny fomba hialana amin' ny tsingerin' ny reinkarnasiôna dia ny miaina araka ny fitsipi-pitondrantena tsara, manolo-tena ho an' Andriamanitra ary mahatsiaro mandrakariva ny anarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandair2013p145&quot;&gt;author: Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair; Lohateny: ''Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed''; Taona: 2013; Mpamoaka: A&amp;C Black; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 145–147.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsipika ampianarin' ny fivavahana sikh dia mampirisika ny fanoloran-tena amim-pitiavana (''bhakti'') amin' ny Tompo tokana mba hahazoana ny ''mukti'', izany hoe ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahafatesana sy ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandair2013p145&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: H. S. Singha; Lohateny: ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism''; Taona: 2000; Mpamoaka: Hemkunt Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 68, 80.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahana nentim-paharazana afrikanina ===

Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny [[Fivavahan-drazana afrikana|fivavahana nentim-paharazana afrikanina]] dia mino ny fisian' ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana (ao amin' ny tontolon' ny fanahy na faritra misy azy ireo). Ny sasany amin' ireo fivavahana ireo koa dia manana foto-kevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna: araka izany finoana izany, ny olona efa maty dia mety ho teraka indray ao amin' ny firazanan' ny fianakaviany (izany hoe ao amin' ireo iray ra aminy), raha tiany izany na raha misy zavatra mbola hotanterahiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ndemanu_&quot;&gt;last: Ndemanu; first: Michael T.; Daty: January 2018; Lohateny: ''Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon''; Gazety akademika: ''Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad''; Boky: 30; Pejy: 70–84; url: [https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405]; Mpamoaka: Ball State University; Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad; doi: 10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405; Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: There is an unwavering belief in life after death in traditional African religions with some even believing in reincarnation...; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yoruba ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: ny finoana ao amin' ny fivavahana Yoruba.

Mampianatra ny fivavahana Yoruba fa i Olodumare, ilay Andriamanitra fara tampony sady mpamorona izay manapaka ny zavatra noforoniny, no namorona ny ''eniyan'', izany hoe ny olombelona, mba hampisy fifandanjana eo amin' i Ọrun (ny lanitra) sy Ayé (ny tany), ary hanatrarana ny ''Ipo Rere'', na ny toe-piainana tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_obafemi_re&quot;&gt;last1: O; first1: Obafemi; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation''; url: [https://www.obafemio.com/reincarnation.html]; website: ObafemiO.com; Daty nijerena: 30 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io fampianarana io, mandalo reinkarnasiôna ny olombelona mba hahatrarana izany toe-piainana tsara izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_obafemi&quot;&gt;last1: O; first1: Obafemi; Lohateny: ''ObafemiO''; url: [https://www.obafemio.com/]; website: ObafemiO.com; Daty nijerena: 30 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa tratra ny ''Ipo Rere'', dia ahazoana ny endriky ny fisiana faratampony miaraka amin' i Olodumare; izany tanjona izany no mahatonga ny reinkarnasiôna hanana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny fivavahana Yoruba.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_learnreligions&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Yoruba Religion: History and Beliefs''; url: [https://www.learnreligions.com/yoruba-religion-4777660]; website: LearnReligions; Daty nijerena: 30 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Atunwaye''&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_pulse&quot;&gt;last1: Dunmade; first1: Oluwatumininu; Lohateny: ''The concept of reincarnation in Igbo and Yoruba culture''; url: [https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/the-concept-of-reincarnation-in-igbo-and-yoruba-culture/rdxdkw0]; newspaper: Pulse Nigeria; Daty nijerena: 30 August 2023; Fiteny: en; Daty: 20 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; (antsoina koa hoe ''atunwa''&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_obafemi_re&quot;/&gt;) no teny Yoruba ilazana ny reinkarnasiôna. Anisan' ny fototra iorenan' ny ''atunwaye'' ny lahatr' olona voafaritra mialoha. Araka io finoana io, mialoha kelin' ny hidirany ao amin' ny vatana, dia mifidy ny ''Ayanmọ'' (lahatra) aloha ny olona, ary avy eo mifidy ny ''Akunleyan'' (anjara), eo anatrehan' i Olodumare sy ilay andriamanitra Orunmila, sady mahazo ny fankatoavan' i Olodumare.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_dopamu&quot;&gt;last1: Dopamu; first1: Abiola; Lohateny: ''Predestination, destiny and faith in Yorubaland: Any meeting point?''; Gazety akademika: ''Global Journal of Humanities''; Daty: 2008; Boky: 7; Laharana: 1&amp;2; Pejy: 37–39; url: [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gjh/article/view/79372]; Daty nijerena: 30 August 2023; ref: yoruba_dopamu; Fiteny: en; issn: 1596-6232.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''atunwaye'', ny vatan' olombelona ihany no azon' ny olona idirana; afaka misafidy ny ho teraka indray ho lahy na ho vavy izy, na inona na inona safidiny tamin' ny fiainana teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_learnreligions&quot;/&gt;

===== ''Ipadawaye'' =====

Ny ''ipadawaye'', izay midika hoe « fahaterahan' ny razana indray », no finoana momba ny reinkarnasiôna fahita indrindra sy miely indrindra amin' ny Yoruba.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_pulse&quot;/&gt; Araka io finoana io, dia ao amin' ny taranaky ny fianakaviany no hahaterahan' ny olona indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_obafemi&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_learnreligions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_akinola&quot;&gt;last1: Akinola; first1: Temilorun; Lohateny: ''From Life to Death: Death and Dying Beliefs of the Yoruba''; url: [https://www.processjmus.org/temilorun-akinola-from-life-to-death]; website: Process; Daty nijerena: 30 August 2023; Daty nitahirizana: 30 August 2023; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230830082941/https://www.processjmus.org/temilorun-akinola-from-life-to-death]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_cambridge&quot;&gt;last1: Olaleye-Oruene; first1: Taiwo O.; Lohateny: ''The Yoruba's Cultural Perspective of Death with Special Reference to Twins''; Gazety akademika: ''Twin Research and Human Genetics''; Daty: June 2002; Boky: 5; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 154–155; doi: 10.1375/136905202320227790; pmid: 12184881; s2cid: 5982761; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa maty ny olona, araka io finoana io, dia mankany ''Ọrun'' ary miara-monina amin' ny razana ao amin' ny ''Ọrun rere'' (lanitry ny hatsarana) na ao amin' ny ''Ọrun Apaadi'' (lanitry ny vakim-bilany tanimanga). Heverina ho fanomezana atolotra ireo razana niaina tsara sady nandalo fahafatesana sokajina ho « tsara » ny reinkarnasiôna. Ny razana monina ao amin' ny ''Ọrun rere'' ihany no inoana fa afaka miverina ho zafikely, noho ny fitiavany ny fianakaviana na izao tontolo izao. Mety homena anarana manondro ilay razana inoana fa niverina ny zaza, toy ny hoe Babatunde (« tonga indray ny ray ») sy Yetunde (« tonga indray ny reny »).&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_pulse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_akinola&quot;/&gt;

Ao amin' io finoana io, ny fahafatesana sokajina ho « ratsy » dia ahitana ny fahafatesan' ny ankizy, ny fahafatesan' ny olona lozabe na tsy nanan-janaka, ary ny fahafatesana vokatry ny sazy avy amin' ireo andriamanitra, ny loza, ny famonoan-tena, ary ny famonoana olona mahatsiravina. Amin' ny ankapobeny, inoana fa manakana ny maty tsy hiaraka amin' ny razana sy tsy handalo reinkarnasiôna indray ny fahafatesana toy izany;&lt;ref name=&quot;prothero&quot;&gt;last1: Prothero; first1: Stephen R.; Lohateny: ''God is not one: the eight rival religions that run the world''; Daty: 2011; Mpamoaka: HarperOne; Toerana: New York, NY; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-157128-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; misy amin' ireo mpanaraka io fivavahana io anefa mino koa fa ny olona nandalo fahafatesana sokajina ho « ratsy » dia ho teraka indray ela be aty aoriana, ao anatin' ny fahantrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_obafemi_re&quot;/&gt;

===== ''Abiku'' =====

Finoana Yoruba hafa momba ny reinkarnasiôna ny ''abiku'', izay midika hoe « teraka mba ho faty ».&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_obafemi_re&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_pulse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mobolade_abiku&quot;&gt;jstor: 3334754; Lohateny: ''The Concept of Abiku''; last: Mobolade; first: Timothy; Gazety akademika: ''African Arts''; Daty: September 1, 1973; Boky: 7; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 62–64; Mpamoaka: UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center; doi: 10.2307/3334754.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fomba amam-panao Yoruba, ny ''abiku'' dia zaza inoana fa mandalo reinkarnasiôna, ka maty sy aterak' ilay reny iray ihany indray, ao anatin' ny tsingerina miverimberina mampahory. Satria heverina ho ozona ny tsy fananan-janaka ao amin' ny kolontsaina Yoruba,&lt;ref name=&quot;mobolade_abiku&quot;/&gt; dia voalaza fa miezaka mandrakariva manampy ilay zaza ny ray aman-dreny manana zanaka ''abiku'', amin' ny fisorohana ny fahafatesany. Inoana anefa fa manana hery ahafahany miantoka ny fahafatesany any aoriana ny ''abiku'', ka matetika no ezaka mahakivy sy mampijaly mafy ny ray aman-dreny ny fanampiana azy. Araka io finoana io, izany fijalian' ny ray aman-dreny izany no mampifaly ny ''abiku''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mobolade_abiku&quot;/&gt;

Inoana fa « karazam-panahy » ny ''abiku'', ary heverina fa monina mitokana amin' ny olona, ohatra any amin' ny faritra mitokana ao an-tanàna, any anaty ala mikitroka, ary eny amin' ny lalan-kely. Nihena be teo amin' ny mponina an-tanàn-dehibe ny finoana ny ''abiku'' tamin' ny andro maoderina. Ampifandraisina amin' ny fihatsaran' ny fahadiovana sy ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana izany fihenan' ny finoana izany, satria ireo no voalaza fa nampihena ny tahan' ny fahafatesan' ny zazakely (na ny fatran' ny fahafatesana eo amin' ny zaza mbola madinika).&lt;ref name=&quot;mobolade_abiku&quot;/&gt;

===== ''Akudaaya'' =====

Ny ''akudaaya'', izay midika hoe « teraka mba ho faty sy hiseho indray »&lt;ref name=&quot;yoruba_pulse&quot;/&gt; (antsoina koa hoe ''akuda''&lt;ref name=orisa_akudaaya&gt;author: AJE; Lohateny: ''AKUDAAYA (Meaning and Explanation)''; url: [https://www.orisa.com.ng/2023/06/akudaaya-meaning-and-explanation.html]; website: orisa.com.ng; Daty: 23 June 2023; Daty nijerena: 30 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;), dia finoana Yoruba momba ny reinkarnasiônan' ny olona iray efa maty nefa tsy mbola nankany Ọrun.&lt;ref name=orishada_akudaaya&gt;last1: Aworeni; first1: Babalawo; Lohateny: ''The Araba Agbaya: The Akudaaya''; url: [https://orishada.com/wordpress/?p=365]; website: orishada.com; Daty nijerena: 30 November 2023; Daty nitahirizana: 5 December 2023; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231205111159/http://orishada.com/wordpress/?p=365]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Miorina amin' ny finoana izy io fa raha mbola tsy tanteraka ny lahatry ny olona iray vao maty tamin' izany fiainany izany, dia tsy afaka miaraka amin' ny razana izy ka tsy maintsy mirenireny eto an-tany.&lt;ref name=orisa_akudaaya/&gt; Araka io finoana io, rehefa maty ny ''akudaaya'' iray dia miverina amin' ny fisiany teo aloha, ka miseho indray amin' ilay endrika ara-batana nananany ihany. Any amin' ny toerana hafa noho ilay niainany voalohany anefa no hiainany izany fisiana vaovao izany; ary raha sendra mifankahita amin' ny havany mbola velona izy, dia tsy ho fantatr' io havany io. Miaina izany fiainana vaovao izany ny ''akudaaya'' sady miezaka manatanteraka ny lahatra nananany tamin' ny fiainany teo aloha.

Ny hevitra momba ny ''akudaaya'' no lohahevitry ny ''Akudaaya (The Wraith)'', sarimihetsika dramatika avy any Nizerià nivoaka tamin' ny taona 2023, amin' ny teny Yoruba.&lt;ref name=akudaaya_movie_1&gt;last1: Irabor; first1: Joan; Lohateny: ''&quot;Akudaaya&quot; is Bringing Back the Chills''; url: [https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/akudaaya-is-bringing-back-the-chills/]; website: thenollywoodreporter.com; Daty: 31 July 2023; Daty nijerena: 30 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifantoka amin' ny zanakalahy iray efa maty ilay sarimihetsika, izay voalaza fa &quot;has begun living life as a spirit in another state and has fallen in love&quot;, izany hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, « nanomboka niaina tamin' ny maha-fanahy azy tany amin' ny fanjakana hafa ary raiki-pitia ».&lt;ref name=akudaaya_movie_2&gt;last1: Irabor; first1: Joan; Lohateny: ''&quot;Akudaaya&quot; Dramatizes The Dilemma Of A Man Caught Between Worlds''; url: [https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/akudaaya-dramatizes-the-dilemma-of-a-man-caught-between-worlds/]; website: thenollywoodreporter.com; Daty: 13 August 2023; Daty nijerena: 30 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fivavahan' ny Serer ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: ''Ciiɗ'' sy Pangool.

Jereo koa: fivavahan' ny Serer sy fitantaran' ny Serer momba ny famoronana izao tontolo izao.

Ao amin' ny fampianarana ara-panahin' ny [[Serera (vahoaka)|Serer]] (''A fat Roog''), ny ''Ciiɗ'' dia ny fizotran' ny reinkarnasiônan' ny fanahy (''o laaw''). Amin' ny [[Fiteny serera|teny Serer]], ny hevitra ara-bakitenin' ny hoe ''Ciiɗ'' dia ilay efa teraka indray, na ny maty mitady hateraka indray, na ny fanahy izay misy alohan' ny maha-zaza ao an-kibo azy, araka io finoana io. Araka izany finoana izany, afaka teraka indray ka tonga olombelona io ''Ciiɗ'' io. Ao amin' ny ''A fat Roog'' (fampianarana ara-panahin' ny Serer), ireo Pangool olombelona (fanahin' ny razana) efa tonga any ''Jaaniiw'' (toerana alehan' ny fanahy tsara) ihany no afaka teraka indray.&lt;ref&gt;Faye, Louis Diène, &quot;''Mort et Naissance Le Monde Sereer.''&quot; Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines (1983), pp 9-10, 71-2, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-7236-0868-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gravrand, Henry, &quot;''La civilisation sereer: Cosaan : les origines''&quot;, vol. 1, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), p. 33, 220 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-7236-0877-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thiaw, Issa Laye &quot;''La femme Seereer.''&quot; Sénégal,  Sociétés africaines et diaspora. Edition L'Harmattan (2005),  p. 64-68 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-7475-8907-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hetsika ara-pivavahana sy ara-panahy vaovao ===

==== Spiritisma ====
[[File:Tombe Allan Kardec.JPG|thumb|upright|Fasan' i Allan Kardec, mpanorina ny spiritisma. Izao no hevitry ny soratra amin' ny teny frantsay eo aminy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Teraka, maty, teraka indray, ary mandroso tsy an-kijanona toy izany: izany no lalàna».]]
Ny spiritisma dia filôzôfia mifandray amin' ny hetsika mino ny fifandraisana amin' ny fanahin' ny maty, izay narafitr' ilay mpanabe frantsay Allan Kardec ho fampianarana mirindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Mampianatra ny reinkarnasiôna izy io, izany hoe ny fahaterahana indray ho olombelona aorian' ny fahafatesana.

Araka ny fampianaran' ny spiritisma, misy «fototra manan-tsaina», antsoina koa hoe «fototra ara-panahy», izay mivoatra avy amin' ny zavamananaina tsotra kokoa, toy ny bakteria sy ny zavamaniry, ka mandalo amin' ny biby tsy olombelona, avy eo amin' ny olombelona, ary amin' ny dingana hafa aorian' izany, anisan' izany ny dingana maha-anjely izay ambony kokoa ny fahendrena sy ny fitondran-tena.
Antsoina hoe ''erraticity'', na fotoana tsy itoeran' ny fanahy ao amin' ny vatana, ny elanelam-potoana eo anelanelan' ny fiainana roa ao anaty vatana.
Mandritra izany, araka io fampianarana io, dia afaka mirenireny eto an-tany na any amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy tsara na ratsy ny fanahy.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''O Livro dos Espíritos » Parte Segunda - Do mundo espírita ou mundo dos Espíritos » Capítulo XI - Dos três reinos » Os animais e o homem''; url: [https://www.ipeak.net/site/estudo/6671/1/os-animais-e-o-homem]; Daty nijerena: 2025-02-08; website: www.ipeak.net.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Prada; first: Irvênia L. S.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=lYHxDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=info:qqVTAAWtnioJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;pg=PT10]; Lohateny: ''A Questão Espiritual dos Animais''; Daty: 2020-07-16; Mpamoaka: FE Editora; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-65-990939-6-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Spiritism &amp;#124; Beliefs, Practices, &amp; History &amp;#124; Britannica''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Spiritism]; Daty nijerena: 2025-02-08; website: www.britannica.com; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka io fampianarana io ihany, dia hevitra manaraka avy amin' ny reinkarnasiôna ny fahafahana misafidy sy ny fifandraisan' ny antony sy ny vokany; ny reinkarnasiôna kosa no fomba ahafahan' ny olona mivoatra ara-panahy mandritra ny fiainany mifandimby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hess2010&quot;&gt;author: David J. Hess; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGxsfV-lTtEC&amp;pg=PA16]; Lohateny: ''Spirits and Scientists: Ideology, Spiritism and Brazilian Culture''; Mpamoaka: Pennsylvania State University Press; Taona: 2010; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-271-04080-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 16–.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampidirina tao amin' ny fampianaran' ny spiritisma ny reinkarnasiôna tamin' ny alalan' ny olona maromaro lazaina fa mampifandray ny velona sy ny fanahin' ny maty, ary ireo mpampihatra fomba lazaina fa mampiasa hery miafina avy amin' ny zavamananaina.
Anisan' ireo farany i M. Roustan, izay nampihatra io fomba io (''animal magnetism'', antsoina koa hoe ''mesmerism'') sady nino ny reinkarnasiôna.
Nanana anjara toerana lehibe i Roustan tamin' ny fampivelarana ny fahaizana nolazaina fa nananan' i Celina Japhet hifandray amin' ny fanahin' ny maty.
Olona lazaina fa mampifandray ny velona sy ny fanahin' ny maty i Japhet, ary nanampy an' i Allan Kardec tamin' ny fandrafetana ny fampianarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Tany Frantsa no niorina sy nirindra ireo hevitra ireo.
Nanamora ny fielezany ny hetsika iray nikendry ny hanome hevitra vaovao ny finoana sy ny fanao mifandray amin' ny fanahin' ny maty, izay voataona mafy tamin' ny fironana mikatsaka fifandraisana mivantana amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy, ary koa ny fironana hindoa, bodista ary sôsialista.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;last: Sharp; first: Lynn L.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CsFbaq9ysOIC]; Lohateny: ''Secular Spirituality: Reincarnation and Spiritism in Nineteenth-century France''; Daty: 2006; Mpamoaka: Lexington Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7391-1339-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: xii, 3, 33; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ny vondrona voalohany nandray ny reinkarnasiôna tany Frantsa ny hetsika mpanaraka an' i Saint-Simon tamin' ny taompolo 1820.
Vondron' ny mpandinika nanohana ny fandrosoana sy nieritreritra fiarahamonina lavorary izy io, ka anisan' izany i Jean Reynaud sy Pierre Leroux, izay nikatsaka ny hanavao ny fiarahamonina sy hampifandray ny idealy sôsialista amin' ny fomba fijery ara-panahy vaovao.
Voataonan' ny filôzôfia tatsinanana izay nolazaina fa «vao hita» tany Andrefana, toy ny an' ny mpandinika hindoa sy bodista, ireo mpandinika ireo, ka nandray ny finoana fa mivoatra mandritra ny fiainana maro mifandimby ny fanahy.
I Reynaud sy Leroux indrindra no nampiely ny hevitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna, sady nilaza fa fanazavana mifototra kokoa amin' ny saina sy mifanaraka kokoa amin' ny fandrosoana momba ny hoavin' ny fanahy izany.
Naka hevitra tamin' ilay mpandinika katôlika Pierre-Simon Ballanche izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
Nampiroborobo izany finoana izany koa ny mpandinika sôsialista sy ireo nikatsaka fifandraisana mivantana amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy, toa an' i Henri de St. Simon, Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin ary Charles Fourier.
Tsy ny fivoaran' ny fanahy ihany no nodinihin' izy ireo, fa noheveriny ho fanalahidy hahatakarana ny fandrosoan' ny olombelona koa ny reinkarnasiôna, na eo amin' ny lafiny ara-panahy na eo amin' ny lafiny ara-piarahamonina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
Mba hampisehoana kokoa ny maha-frantsay an' ilay teôria, dia nilaza i Reynaud fa nino ny reinkarnasiôna koa ireo droïda fahiny, izay nisolo tena ny kolontsaina selta tany Frantsa.
Tamin' izany filazany izany dia nomeny fiaviana avy amin' ny razana heverina ho mendrika ekena sy fifandraisana amin' ny maha-izy azy ny firenena ilay fampianarana.
Noraisin' ny [[Teôlôjia liberaly|vondrona prôtestanta malalaka amin' ny fandikana ny finoana]], sy ireo mpandinika tsy manaiky ny fahefam-pivavahana ho fetran' ny fisainana, ary ireo mpampihatra ny ''mesmerism'' izany finoana ny reinkarnasiôna izany; tamin' ny alalan' ireo farany no nahatongavany tany amin' i Kardec.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Notsikerain' ireo mpanaraka ny finoana sy ny fanao mifandray amin' ny fanahin' ny maty tany ivelan' i Frantsa ny fampianarana momba ny reinkarnasiôna. Tany Etazonia, dia noheverin' i Andrew Jackson Davis ho «trano lehibe sady mihaja naorina teo ambonin' ny fasika» izy io, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny, na dia nino ny fisian' ny fanahy talohan' ny fahaterahana aza izy. Tany Angletera, dia anisan' ny mpitsikera lehibe i William Howitt, izay nilaza fa mampahonena sy maharikoriko ilay fampianarana. Nilaza izy fa raha marina izany, dia fanahy maro no ho nitady foana, nefa tsy nahita, ireo olon-tiany tany amin' ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;last: Shepard; first: Leslie; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYQAQAAIAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of Occultism &amp; Parapsychology''; Daty: 1984; Mpamoaka: Gale Research Company; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8103-0196-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 1301; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Teôzôfia ====
Jereo koa: ny reinkarnasiôna sy ny vokatry ny asa (''karma'') ao amin' ny teôzôfia.

Mandray ampahany betsaka amin' ny hevitra manentana azy avy any India ny ''Theosophical Society'' (Fikambanana Teôzôfika).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Theosophical Society''; url: [https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/miscellaneous-religion/theosophical-society]; Daty nijerena: 2023-12-09; website: Encyclopedia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fomba fijerin' ny teôzôfia, ny reinkarnasiôna dia dingana midadasika misy gadona miverimberina, izay ampivelaran' ny fanahy ny heriny ara-panahy eto amin' izao tontolo izao sy ahafantarany ny tenany. Io fanahy io no ampahany amin' ny olona izay anisan' ny tontolo tsy manam-bika, tsy ara-nofo ary tsy voafehin' ny fotoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;last: Chajes; first: Julie; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation in H.P. Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine''; Taona: 2017; Pejy: 66–90.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io fomba fijery io, dia midina avy amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy ambony sy malalaka ny fanahy, ary manangona traikefa amin' ny alalan' ny ezaka ataony hanehoany ny tenany eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Avy eo, amin' ny fahafatesana, dia miala amin' ny tontolo ara-nofo izy ka mandalo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny fisiana izay mihamitombo haavo hatrany, sady mandalo fanadiovana sy fandraisana ary fampidirana ao aminy ny traikefa tamin' ny fiainana teo aloha. Rehefa nanaisotra ny fitaovana rehetra nentiny niaina ny traikefany manokana izy, dia miverina amin' ny toetrany ara-panahy sy tsy manam-bika, vonona ny hanomboka ny fisehoany manaraka araka ilay gadona miverimberina. Ny fiainana tsirairay dia mampanakaiky azy kokoa ny fahafantarana sy ny fanehoana tanteraka ny tenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, araka io finoana io, dia mety hisarika lamina taloha momba ny saina, ny fihetseham-po ary ny hery izay mifandray amin' ny vokatry ny asa (''karma'') izy, mba hamolavolana ny toetrany vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;last: Campbell; first: Bruce F.; Taona: 1980; Lohateny: ''Ancient Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical Movement''; Toerana: Berkeley, Calif.; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0520039681&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Antrôpôzôfia ====
Ny [[Antrôpôzôfia|antrôpôzôfia]] dia manazava ny reinkarnasiôna amin' ny alalan' ny fomba fijerin' ny filôzôfia sy ny kolontsaina tandrefana. Araka io fampianarana io, ny « izaho » (''ego'') dia inoana fa manova ny traikefa mihelina iainan' ny fanahy ho votoaty ankapobeny tsy voafetra amin' ny traikefa manokan' ny olona iray (''universals''). Ireo no fototra iorenan' ny maha-olona manokana izay afaka maharitra aorian' ny fahafatesana. Anisan' ireo votoaty ankapobeny ireo ny hevitra, izay iombonan' ny saina maromaro ka mihoatra noho izay an' ny tena manokana fotsiny (fahatsiarovan-tena ara-panahy), ny toetra maha-olona volavolaina an-tsitrapo (fiainana ara-panahy), ary ny fahatongavana ho olombelona manana fahatsiarovan-tena feno (maha-olombelona ara-panahy). I [[Rudolf Steiner (antrôpôzôfia)|Rudolf Steiner]] dia nilazalaza ny fitsipika ankapobeny izay ninoany fa miasa eo amin' ny reinkarnasiôna, toy ny hoe ny asa ataon' ny sitrapon' ny olona mandritra ny fiainana iray no mamorona ny fototra iorenan' ny fisainany amin' ny fiainana manaraka,&lt;ref&gt;See e.g. ''Reincarnation and Karma'' by Steiner&lt;/ref&gt; ary koa ny fiainana nifandimby izay nambarany fa niainan' ny maha-olona manokana samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Steiner, ''Karmic Relationships'', volumes 1–6&lt;/ref&gt;

Nitantara ny filazan' i Steiner i Olav Hammer ao amin' ny ''Coda. On Belief and Evidence'', ao amin' ny bokiny ''Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age''. Ity manaraka ity no fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ny teny nalaina tamin' ny teny anglisy:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Toy izany koa, ny tantaram-piainan' ny olona malaza hafa dia tsy vokatry ny fototarazo, na ny fomba nitaizana azy, na ny fiovaovan' ny zava-nitranga teo amin' ny fiainany indrindra indrindra. Mitantara i Steiner fa tany am-piandohan' ny Andro Antenatenany dia nisy fananan-tany lehibe tany avaratra-atsinanan' i Frantsa izay nofehezin' ny tompo mpiady iray tao amin' ny rafitra nifototra tamin' ny fifehezana tany sy ny fifamatoran' ny tompo sy ny ambany fahefany. Nandritra ny fanaovana ady iray dia nobaboin' ny mpifanandrina taminy io fananan-tany io. Tsy nanana fomba hamaliana faty ilay tompony teo aloha, ka voatery nijery ny fananany lasan' ny fahavalony. Feno lolompo nirehitra mangina tamin' ireo sarangan' ny tompom-pananana izy, tsy nandritra ny andro sisa niainany tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ihany, fa nandritra ny fiainana tao amin' ny vatana hafa tatỳ aoriana lavitra koa, fony izy Karl Marx. Teraka indray ho Friedrich Engels ilay mpifanandrina taminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hammer2003&quot;&gt;first: Olav; last: Hammer; Lohateny: ''Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=EZYsPQgBNioC&amp;pg=PA495]; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: Brill; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-04-13638-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 495.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Fanandroana môderina ====

Naka aingam-panahy tamin' ny asa soratra lehibe nataon' i Helena Blavatsky, anisan' izany ny ''Isis Unveiled'' sy ny ''The Secret Doctrine'', ireo [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]] tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ka nampiditra ny hevitra momba ny vokatry ny asa izay inoana fa mamaritra ny fiainana manaraka (''karma'') sy ny reinkarnasiôna tao amin' ny fomba fanaovana fanandroana tandrefana.
Anisan' ny mpanandro nisongadina tamin' ny fampandrosoana izany i Alan Leo, Charles E. O. Carter, Marc Edmund Jones ary Dane Rudhyar.
Niteraka fampiraisana vaovao ny hevitra avy any Atsinanana sy Andrefana izany: natambatra tamin' ny fototra lalina iorenan' ny fanandroana tandrefana ao amin' ny fampianarana ara-filôzôfia sy ara-pivavahana mifandray amin' i Hermes Trismegistus (''[[Hermetisma|Hermeticism]]'') sy ny filôzôfia nanavao ny fampianaran' i Plato (''[[Neôplatônisma|Neoplatonism]]'') ireo hevitra hindoa sy bodista momba ny reinkarnasiôna.
Ho an' i Rudhyar, dia nampivelarina io fampiraisana io tamin' ny fampidirana ny fandalinana ny saina mifantoka amin' ny dingana tsy tsapan' ny olona, araka ny fomba fijerin' i [[Carl Gustav Jung|Carl Jung]].&lt;ref&gt;first1: Jutta; last1: Woods; Lohateny: ''The Theosophical Heritage in Modern Astrology''; Gazety akademika: ''The Mountain Astrologer''; Daty: 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mbola mitohy amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina io fampifandraisana mivoatra eo amin' ny fanandroana sy ny reinkarnasiôna ary ny fandalinana ny dingana tsy tsapan' ny olona ao an-tsaina io, amin' ny alalan' ny asan' ny mpanandro Steven Forrest sy Jeffrey Wolf Green.
Mifototra amin' ny finoana ambaran' izy roa toy izao ny sekolin-kevitr' izy ireo tsirairay avy momba ny fanandroana mifantoka amin' ny fivoaran' ny fanahy (''Evolutionary Astrology''): «fanekena fa zava-misy ny fandraisan' ny olombelona vatana amin' ny fiainana maromaro mifandimby» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;author: Steven Forrest and Jeffrey Wolf Green; Lohateny: ''About Evolutionary Astrology''; url: [http://www.forrestastrology.com/about-us/about-evolutionary-astrology]; Daty nijerena: 22 November 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Siantôlôjia ====
Jereo koa: Ny fiainana taloha araka ny siantôlôjia.

Anisan' ny fototry ny fitsipika sy ny fomba fanao ao amin' ny ''Church of Scientology'' (Fiangonan' ny Siantôlôjia) ny reinkarnasiôna efa nolalovana, izay antsoina matetika hoe '''fiainana taloha'''. Mino ny mpanaraka ny siantôlôjia fa ny olombelona tsirairay dia ''thetan'', izany hoe fanahy tsy mety maty, izay latsaka tao amin' ny toe-pisiana niharatsy noho ny traikefa tamin' ny fiainana taloha. Araka ny siantôlôjia, ny fomba fanao antsoina hoe ''auditing'' dia mikendry ny hanafaka ny olona amin' ny ratra ara-tsaina (na fahavoazana ara-pihetseham-po manimba ny saina) lazaina fa avy amin' ireny fiainana taloha ireny, sy hampiverina ny fahatsiarovana an' ireny fiainana ireny, mba hahatongavany amin' ny ambaratonga ambony kokoa amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena ara-panahy.

Hita koa io hevitra io ao amin' ny ''Sea Org'' (fikambanana ara-pivavahana ifampirahalahiana), izay ambony indrindra amin' ny fikambanana toy izany ao amin' ny siantôlôjia. Ny teny filamatra ao aminy dia ny teny latina hoe « ''Revenimus'' » (« Miverina izahay »), ary manao sonia « fifanarahana haharitra iray miliara taona » ny mpikambana ao aminy ho mariky ny fanoloran-tenany amin' io foto-kevitra io. Tsy mampiasa ny teny hoe ''reincarnation'' (« reinkarnasiôna ») i L. Ron Hubbard, mpanorina ny siantôlôjia, mba hilazana ny finoan' io fivavahana io, ka nilaza izao manaraka izao izy (nadika avy amin' ny teny anglisy): « Novana hiala amin' ny heviny tany am-boalohany ny famaritana mahazatra ny reinkarnasiôna. Nanjary midika hoe “teraka indray amin' ny endri-piainana samihafa” ilay teny, kanefa ny tena famaritana azy dia hoe “teraka indray ao amin' ny nofon' ny vatana hafa”. Io famaritana farany io, izay famaritana tany am-boalohany ny reinkarnasiôna, no eken' ny siantôlôjia. »&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Scientology Church &amp; Religion – What is Scientology?''; url: [http://www.scientology.org/html/opencms/cos/scientology/en_US/news-media/faq/pg016.html]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613231607/http://www.scientology.org/html/opencms/cos/scientology/en_US/news-media/faq/pg016.html]; Daty nitahirizana: 13 June 2006; work: ''Scientology''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny manodidina ny taona 1951 sy taloha kelin' izany no nisian' ny asa soratra voalohany momba ny fiainana taloha tao amin' ny siantôlôjia. Tamin' ny taona 1960 dia namoaka boky momba ny fiainana taloha i Hubbard, mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Have You Lived Before This Life''. Tamin' ny taona 1968 dia nanoratra ny ''Mission Into Time'' izy, izay tatitra momba ny dia fikarohana an-dranomasina naharitra dimy herinandro nankany Sardinia, Sicily ary Carthage. Natao izany dia izany mba hahitana raha azo atao ny mahita porofo voafaritra hanohanana ny fahatsiarovan' i L. Ron Hubbard, araka ny filazany, zava-nitranga tamin' ny fiainany taloha, taonjato maro lasa.

==== Wicca ====
Ny Wicca dia hetsika ara-pivavahana vaovao mampifangaro hevitra sy fomba avy amin' ny loharano samihafa ary mifantoka amin' ny natiora. Mitarika azy ny filôzôfian' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena antsoina hoe ''Wiccan Rede'', izay mampirisika ny fanarahana ny fitsipika hoe « Aza manisy ratsy na iza na iza; ataovy izay sitrakao » (fandikana ny hoe &quot;Harm None, Do As Ye Will&quot;). Ny mpanaraka ny Wicca dia mino ny fiverenan' ny vokatry ny asa amin' ny olona nanao azy, araka ny endrika iray amin' ny finoana ny ''karma'': miverina aminy avo telo heny na imbetsaka izany, na mandritra ny fiainany ankehitriny na amin' ny fiainana hafa, mba hampianatra azy lesona. Izany no antsoina hoe lalàn' ny fiverenana avo telo heny (''Threefold Law''). Noho izany, dia ekena ho anisan' ny finoana Wicca ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;''Encyclopedia of Wicca and Witchcraft'', Raven Grimassi&lt;/ref&gt; Mino koa ny mpanaraka ny Wicca fa zava-dehibe ho an' ny fiovan' ny fanahy sy ny fiomanany amin' ireo fiainana ho avy ny fahafatesana sy ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana.

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Reincarnation research&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== Reinkarnasiôna sy siansa ==
Jereo koa: Fifandraisan' ny fivavahana sy ny siansa.

[[File:Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg|thumb|upright|Nilaza ny [[Tenzin Gyatso|Dalai Lama]] faha-14 fa mino izy fa ho sarotra ho an' ny siansa ny hanaporofo fa tsy misy ny reinkarnasiôna.]]

Tsy mbola nisy fanamafisana ara-tsiansa fa tena misy ara-batana ny reinkarnasiôna. Any amin' izay iresahana io lohahevitra io anefa, dia mipetraka ny fanontaniana hoe azo hamarinina ve izany finoana izany ao anatin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra eo amin' ny [[Siansa|siansa]] sy ny fivavahana, ary amin' ny fomba ahoana. Misy mpiaro ny parapsikôlôjia (na fandalinana ireo tranga ara-tsaina lazaina fa mihoatra ny fanazavana ara-tsiansa mahazatra) eo amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana akademika milaza fa manana porofo ara-tsiansa izy ireo, fa ny mpitsikera azy ireo kosa miampanga azy ireo ho manao karazana fikarohana miseho ho siansa nefa tsy manaraka ny fepetra ara-tsiansa.&lt;ref&gt;last: Grant; first: John; Lohateny: ''Spooky Science: Debunking the Pseudoscience of the Afterlife''; Daty: 2015; Mpamoaka: Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4549-1654-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Edwards; first: Paul; Lohateny: ''Reincarnation: a critical examination''; Daty: 1996; Mpamoaka: Prometheus Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57392-005-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Amherst, N.Y.; Fiteny: English; oclc: 33439860.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanontany ny [[Tenzin Gyatso|Dalai Lama]] i [[Carl Sagan|Carl Sagan]], izay nitaky porofo ara-tsiansa vao nanaiky filazana iray, hoe inona no hataony raha voaporofon' ny siansa tamin' ny fomba hentitra fa diso ny foto-pampianarana fototra iray ao amin' ny fivavahany, dia ny reinkarnasiôna. Namaly toy izao ny Dalai Lama, araka ny dikan-teny malagasy: « Raha vitan' ny siansa ny manaporofo fa tsy misy ny reinkarnasiôna, dia hafoin' ny bodisma tibetana ny reinkarnasiôna ... nefa ho sarotra dia sarotra ny hanaporofo fa tsy misy ny reinkarnasiôna. »&lt;ref&gt;''The Boundaries of Knowledge in Buddhism, Christianity, and Science'', by Paul David Numrich, p. 13, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-525-56987-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nihevitra i Sagan fa mendrika hanaovana fikarohana ireo filazana momba ny fahatsiarovana fiainana taloha, na dia noheveriny ho tsy dia azo inoana aza izany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/after-the-afterlife-debate/ ''After the afterlife debate''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20191228225637/https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/after-the-afterlife-debate/ Tahiry] (2019-12-28), referencing Sagan's book ''The Demon Haunted World''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filazana fa mahatsiaro fiainana taloha ===

Nandritra ny 40 taona, i Ian Stevenson, mpitsabo aretin-tsaina (na dokotera misahana ny aretina mahakasika ny saina) tao amin' ny ''University of Virginia'' (Oniversiten' i Virginia), dia nandrakitra fandalinana tranga manokana momba ny ankizy madinika izay nilaza fa nahatsiaro fiainana taloha, ary namoaka boky roa ambin' ny folo. Tao amin' ireo tranga nodinihiny, dia notateriny ny tenin' ilay zaza sy ny fijoroana vavolombelona nataon' ny fianakaviany sy ny olona hafa. Matetika izany no narahiny tamin' izay noheveriny ho fifandraisana tamin' ny [[Fahafatesana|olona iray efa maty]], izay toa nisy lafiny nifanaraka tamin' ny zavatra notadidin' ilay zaza. Nandinika tranga hafa koa i Stevenson izay niheverany fa toa nifanaraka tamin' ny ratra sy ny holatra teo amin' ny vatan' ilay maty ny marika hatrany am-bohoka (na marika eo amin' ny hoditra efa niforona talohan' ny nahaterahana) sy ny fiovana ara-batana hatrany am-bohoka (na tsy fetezana amin' ny firafitry ny vatana efa misy amin' ny fahaterahana). Indraindray dia nampidiriny tao amin' ny antontan-keviny ny firaketana ara-pitsaboana (na tahirin-kevitra mirakitra ny toe-pahasalamana sy ny fizahana na fitsaboana natao tamin' ny olona iray), toy ny sary nalaina tamin' ny fizahana faty (na fandidiana sy fandinihana ny faty mba hitadiavana ny anton' ny fahafatesana).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Cadoret; first1: Remi J.; Lohateny: ''European Cases of the Reincarnation Type''; Gazety akademika: ''American Journal of Psychiatry''; Daty: April 2005; Boky: 162; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 823–824; doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.823.&lt;/ref&gt; Koa satria izay filazana rehetra momba ny fahatsiarovana fiainana taloha dia mety hotsikeraina ho fahatsiarovana diso (na fahatsiarovana zavatra tsy nitranga na tsy araka ny tena nitrangany), ary mora amboarina ho fitaka ny filazana toy izany, dia efa nampoizin' i Stevenson ny adihevitra sy ny [[Skeptisisma (filôzôfia)|fisalasalana]] momba ny zavatra ninoany izay niseho tatỳ aoriana. Nilaza izy fa nitady porofo manohitra ny fanazavany sy fanazavana hafa ho an' ireo fitantarana, nefa, araka ny notaterin' ny ''Washington Post'', dia matetika izy no nanatsoaka hevitra fa tsy nisy fanazavana mahazatra nahafa-po.&lt;ref name=Shroder2007&gt;last1: Shroder; first1: Tom; Lohateny: ''Ian Stevenson; Sought To Document Memories Of Past Lives in Children''; url: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001393.html]; newspaper: The Washington Post; Daty: 11 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiaiky an' i [[Carl Sagan|Carl Sagan]] ny asa nataon' i Stevenson tamin' io sehatra io, ka tao amin' ny bokiny ''The Demon-Haunted World'' dia niresaka fikarohana izay toa ny nataon' i Stevenson izy, ho ohatra amin' ny angon-kevitra azo avy amin' ny fandinihana izay nangonina tamim-pitandremana. Na dia nolaviny aza ny reinkarnasiôna ho fanazavana tsy mitaky fiheverana fanampiny maro ho an' ireo fitantarana ireo, dia nanoratra izy fa tokony hotohizana ny fikarohana momba ny fahatsiarovana fiainana taloha lazain' ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Tucker; first1: Jim B.; editor1-last: Presti; editor1-first: David E.; Lohateny: ''Mind Beyond Brain: Buddhism, Science, and the Paranormal''; Daty: 2018; Mpamoaka: Columbia University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-231-54839-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Rohin' ny toko: [https://books.google.com/books?id=h2NbDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT84]; Toko: ''Reports of Past-life Memories''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author: Sagan, Carl; Lohateny: ''Demon Haunted World''; Mpamoaka: Random House; Taona: 1996; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-394-53512-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ulqPDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA300 300]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=ulqPDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA302 302]; author-link: [[Carl Sagan]]; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ulqPDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA300].&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny bokiny ''The End of Faith'', i Sam Harris dia nanonona ny sanganasan' i Stevenson ho ampahan' ny angon-kevitra izay toa manamarina ny fisian' ny tranga lazaina fa ateraky ny fahaizana ara-tsaina mihoatra ny mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Harris; first1: Sam; url: [https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr]; Lohateny: ''The End of Faith''; Daty: 17 September 2005; Mpamoaka: W. W. Norton; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-393-32765-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fanontana: Reprint; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/n41 41] endnote 18 on [https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/n243 page 242]; url-access: limited.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Kelly; first1: Emily Williams; Lohateny: ''Science, the Self, and Survival after Death: Selected Writings of Ian Stevenson''; Daty: 2012; Mpamoaka: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4422-2115-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 386; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=mvzTCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA386].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nambaran' i Paul Edwards fa fitantarana tranga manokana fotsiny ny fitantaran' i Ian Stevenson momba ny reinkarnasiôna, ary voafantina mba hifanaraka amin' ny hevitra tiana harovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;skepticreport.com&quot;&gt;Rockley, Richard. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090807184113/http://skepticreport.com/sr/?p=482 &quot;''Book Review: Children who Remember Previous Lives''&quot;]. SkepticReport. Retrieved 11 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nohazavain' i Edwards ho vokatry ny fieritreretana izay mifantina ny zavatra manamafy ny finoana efa ananana, ny fampidirana hevitra ao an-tsain' ny olona, ary ny fahatsiarovana diso ateraky ny rafitra finoan' ny fianakaviana na ny mpikaroka ireo fitantarana ireo.
Noho izany, araka ny heviny, dia tsy nahafeno ny fepetra takina amin' ny porofo azo avy amin' ny fandinihana izay mifototra amin' ny santionany voafantina tsy mitanila izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Edwards 1996&quot;&gt;Edwards, Paul. (1996, reprinted in 2001). ''Reincarnation: A Critical Examination''. Prometheus Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-57392-921-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra izao fanakianana manaraka izao ny filôzôfa Keith Augustine (dikanteny malagasy): « Ny fisian' ny ankamaroan' ny tranga nodinihin' i Stevenson any amin' ny firenena izay mafy orina ny finoana ara-pivavahana ny reinkarnasiôna, nefa zara raha misy azy any an-kafa, dia toa manondro fa ny fitaoman' ny kolontsaina, fa tsy ny reinkarnasiôna, no miteraka ny filazana fa tonga ho azy ny fahatsiarovana fiainana taloha. »&lt;ref&gt;Daty: 31 March 1997; Lohateny: ''The Case Against Immortality''; url: [http://infidels.org/library/modern/keith_augustine/immortality.html]; Daty nijerena: 11 April 2014; Mpamoaka: Infidels.org.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanohitra koa i Edwards fa mitaky fiheverana tsy mifanaraka amin' ny siansa môderina ny reinkarnasiôna.&lt;ref&gt;Cogan, Robert. (1998). ''Critical Thinking: Step by Step''. University Press of America. pp. 202–203. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7618-1067-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Edwards catalogs common sense objections which have been made against reincarnation. 1) How does a soul exist between bodies? 2) Tertullian's objection: If there is reincarnation, why are not babies born with the mental abilities of adults? 3) Reincarnation claims an infinite series of prior incarnations. Evolution teaches that there was a time when humans did not yet exist. So reincarnation is inconsistent with modern science. 4) If there is reincarnation, then what is happening when the population increases? 5) If there is reincarnation, then why do so few, if any people, remember past lives?... To answer these objections believers in reincarnation must accept additional assumptions... Acceptance of these silly assumptions, Edwards says, amounts to a crucifixion of one's intellect.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Edwards 1996&quot;/&gt;
Koa satria tsy mahatsiaro fiainana teo aloha ny ankamaroan' ny olona, ary tsy misy fomba fiasa fantatra sy voarakitra tamin' ny fandinihana izay ahafahan' ny toetra mampiavaka ny olona maharitra aorian' ny fahafatesana sy mifindra amin' ny vatana hafa, dia iharan' ilay fitsipika milaza, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, fa « mitaky porofo miavaka ny filazana miavaka » ny fiheverana fa misy ny reinkarnasiôna.
Nanoratra koa i Ian Wilson fa maro tamin' ny tranga nodinihin' i Stevenson no nahitana ankizy mahantra nahatsiaro fiainana nanan-karena na maha-mpikambana tao amin' ny saranga ara-tsosialy ambony kokoa izay andovana ny maha-mpikambana ao aminy.
Araka ny nosoratany, dia nampiasaina ho tetika hakana vola tamin' ny fianakaviana manankarena kokoa, izay voalaza fa an' ilay olona niainana taloha, ny filazana reinkarnasiôna tao amin' ireo fiarahamonina ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Ian. (1981). ''Mind Out of Time: Reincarnation Investigated''. Gollancz. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-575-02968-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza koa i Stevenson fa nisy tranga vitsivitsy toa nanome porofo momba ny fahaizana lazaina fa miteny fiteny tsy nianarana (''xenoglossy''). Anisan' izany ny tranga roa izay nilazana fa olona natao hipnôzy (na fomba fampidirana olona ao amin' ny toe-tsaina mifantoka manokana ka mety hahamora ny fandraisany hevitra avy amin' ny hafa) no niresaka tamin' ny olona niteny ilay fiteny vahiny, fa tsy hoe nahay nitanisa teny vahiny fotsiny. Nandinika indray ireo tranga ireo i Sarah Thomason, mpahay teny sady mpikaroka misalasala izay tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Michigan. Izao no fehin-keviny (dikanteny malagasy): « Malemy loatra ny porofo ara-pitenenana ka tsy afaka manohana ny filazana momba ny fahaizana miteny fiteny tsy nianarana. »&lt;ref&gt;Thomason, Sarah G. [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~thomason/papers/xenogl.pdf &quot;''Xenoglossy''&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080911112406/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~thomason/papers/xenogl.pdf Tahiry] (2008-09-11). In Gordon Stein. (1996). ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-57392-021-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny mpikaroka hafa izay nanao fikarohana ara-pahaizana mitovitovy amin' izany i Jim B. Tucker, i Antonia Mills,&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Mills''; url: [http://jamesgmatlock.net/resources/researchers/mills/]; work: ''Signs of Reincarnation''.&lt;/ref&gt; i Satwant Pasricha, i Godwin Samararatne ary i Erlendur Haraldsson. Ny sanganasa navoakan' i Stevenson anefa no mbola fantatry ny olona indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Moraes; first1: Lucam J.; last2: Barbosa; first2: Gabrielle S.; last3: Castro; first3: João Pedro G.B.; last4: Tucker; first4: Jim B.; last5: Moreira-Almeida; first5: Alexander; Lohateny: ''Academic studies on claimed past-life memories: A scoping review''; Gazety akademika: ''Explore''; Daty: May 2022; Boky: 18; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 371–378; doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.05.006; pmid: 34147343; s2cid: 235491940; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampiverenana lazaina fa amin' ny fiainana taloha ===

Misy amin' ireo mino ny reinkarnasiôna (fa tsy i Stevenson) no manome lanja lehibe ireo lazaina fa fahatsiarovana fiainana taloha izay averina amin' ny alalan' ny hipnôzy (na fomba fampidirana olona ao amin' ny toe-tsaina mifantoka manokana ka mety hahamora ny fandraisany hevitra avy amin' ny hafa), mandritra ny fampiverenana lazaina fa amin' ny fiainana taloha (na fomba itadiavana amin' ny alalan' ny hipnôzy izay heverina ho fahatsiarovana fiainana taloha).
Nampiely io fomba io ilay mpitsabo aretin-tsaina Brian Weiss, izay milaza fa nampiasa azy io tamin' ny marary maherin' ny 4 000 hatramin' ny taona 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;rl1xxx&quot;&gt;[http://www.post-gazette.com/seen/breakfast/20020805break0805p1.asp ''Breakfast with Brian Weiss''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20041212040150/http://www.post-gazette.com/seen/breakfast/20020805break0805p1.asp Tahiry] (2004-12-12), ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', 5 August 2002, Accessed 25 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weinstein-Moser, Edie. [http://wisdom-magazine.com/Article.aspx/478/ &quot;''Interview with Brian Weiss''&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190719172533/http://wisdom-magazine.com/Article.aspx/478/ Tahiry] (2019-07-19). ''Wisdom'' magazine. ''Wisdom-Magazine.com''. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika anefa io fomba io no sokajina ho fanao miseho ho siansa nefa tsy manaraka ny fepetra ara-tsiansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spanos&quot;&gt;author: Spanos NP; Lohateny: ''Multiple Identities &amp; False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective''; Mpamoaka: American Psychological Association (APA); Taona: 1996; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55798-340-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 135–40; author-link: Nicholas Spanos.&lt;/ref&gt;
Voarakitra fa misy tsy fahamarinan-javatra ara-tantara ao amin' ireny lazaina fa fahatsiarovana ireny, izay avy amin' ny kolontsaina ankehitriny miparitaka amin' ny besinimaro, ny fiheverana mahazatra momba ny tantara, na ny boky miresaka zava-nitranga ara-tantara.
Ny fanandramana natao tamin' ny olona nampandalovina tamin' ny fampiverenana lazaina fa amin' ny fiainana taloha dia manondro fa ny finoana ny reinkarnasiôna sy ny hevitra ampidirin' ny mpanao hipnôzy ao an-tsain' ilay olona no anton-javatra roa manan-danja indrindra amin' ny votoatin' ny fahatsiarovana tantarainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skepdic&quot;&gt;author: Carroll RT; Lohateny: ''The Skeptic's Dictionary: a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions''; title-link: The Skeptic's Dictionary; Mpamoaka: Wiley; Taona: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-471-27242-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York; Pejy: [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&amp;pg=PA276 276–277]; author-link: Robert Todd Carroll.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spanos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumner&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=3vOLM-qpXdoC&amp;pg=PA50]; Lohateny: ''Just Smoke and Mirrors: Religion, Fear and Superstition in Our Modern World''; vauthors: Sumner D; Mpamoaka: Writers Club Press; Taona: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-595-26523-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: San Jose, [Calif.]; Pejy: 50.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fampiasana hipnôzy sy fanontaniana mitarika ny valiny dia mety hahatonga ilay olona ho mora kokoa amin' ny fananana fahatsiarovana voaova na fahatsiarovana diso (na fahatsiarovana zavatra tsy nitranga na tsy araka ny tena nitrangany).&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&amp;pg=PA206]; Lohateny: ''The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience''; vauthors: Linse P, Shermer M; Mpamoaka: ABC-CLIO; Taona: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57607-653-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Santa Barbara, Calif; Pejy: 206–207.&lt;/ref&gt;
Azo inoana kokoa fa avy amin' ny kriptômnezia (na fiverenan' ny fahatsiarovana efa hadino nefa heverina ho traikefa vaovao) sy ny konfabôlasiôna (na fahatsiarovana zavatra tsy nitranga nefa inoan' ilay olona ho tena nitranga) ireny fahatsiarovana ireny, fa tsy fitadidiana fisiana teo aloha; mifangaro ao aminy ny traikefa, ny fahalalana, ny sary an-tsaina ary ny hevitra ampidirin' ny mpanao hipnôzy ao an-tsain' ilay olona na ny fitarihany azy.
Rehefa voaforona ireny fahatsiarovana ireny, dia tsy azo avahana amin' ny fahatsiarovana mifototra amin' ny zava-nitranga nandritra ny fiainan' ilay olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skepdic&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cordon&quot;&gt;author: Cordón LA; url: [https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/183]; Lohateny: ''Popular psychology: an encyclopedia''; Mpamoaka: Greenwood Press; Taona: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-313-32457-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Westport, Conn; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/183 183–185].&lt;/ref&gt;

Notsikeraina ho mifanohitra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena ny fampiverenana lazaina fa amin' ny fiainana taloha, satria tsy misy porofo manohana ny filazany ary mampitombo ny fahamoran' ny olona hanana fahatsiarovana diso izy io.
Milaza i Luis Cordón fa mety hiteraka olana izany, satria mamorona hevi-diso mafy orina (na hevitra tsy marina izay inoan' ny olona hatrany na dia misy porofo mifanohitra aminy aza) sady miseho ho fitsaboana (na fikarakarana natao hanamaivanana na hanasitranana aretina).
Tsapan' ilay olona ho mazava ao an-tsainy tahaka ny fahatsiarovana mifototra amin' ny zava-nitranga niainany ireny fahatsiarovana ireny, ary tsy azo avahana amin' ny tena fahatsiarovana zava-nitranga marina; noho izany dia mety ho sarotra ny manarina izay fahavoazana aterany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cordon&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrade_2017&quot;&gt;vauthors: Andrade G; Daty: December 2017; Lohateny: ''Is past life regression therapy ethical?''; Gazety akademika: ''Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine''; Boky: 10; Pejy: 11; pmc: 5797677; pmid: 29416831.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo fikambanana nahazo fankatoavana avy amin' ny ''American Psychological Association'' (APA, na Fikambanana Amerikanina momba ny Psikôlôjia) dia nanohitra ny fampiasana ny fampiverenana lazaina fa amin' ny fiainana taloha ho fomba fitsaboana, ka nilaza fa mifanohitra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena izany.
Notsikeraina koa ny fomba fampiasana hipnôzy iorenan' io fampiverenana io, satria mametraka ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny toe-javatra maha-mora voataona azy, ka mety hampidirana fahatsiarovana diso ao an-tsainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrade_2017&quot; /&gt;
Noho ny mety hampisy fahavoazana ny fampidirana fahatsiarovana diso ao an-tsaina, dia milaza i Gabriel Andrade fa mandika ilay fitsipika izay azo adika hoe «voalohany indrindra, aza manisy ratsy» ny fampiverenana lazaina fa amin' ny fiainana taloha. Io fitsipika tsy tokony hanimbana olona io dia anisan' ny fianianana hipôkratika (''Hippocratic Oath'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrade_2017&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Ian Stevenson
* Ada F. Kay
* Arthur Flowerdew
* Arthur Guirdham
* Barbro Karlén
* Joan Grant
* Shanti Devi
* [[Fahatongavana ho nofo|Fandraisana vatana nofo]]
* Lisitry ny olona lazaina fa Jesoa
* Sehatra samihafan' ny fisiana araka ny fampianarana miafina
* Fisiana talohan' ny fahaterahana
* Fahaterahana indray ao amin' ny bodisma
* Reinkarnasiôna ao amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro
* Olona heverina fa mifanentana lalina amin' ny iray hafa (''soulmate'')

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Loharano ==
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJohnBowker2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;author: John Bowker; Daty: 2014; Lohateny: ''God: A Very Short Introduction''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ]; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-870895-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reincarnation Sary sy rakitra momba ny reinkarnasiôna ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reincarnation Teny nalaina momba ny reinkarnasiôna ao amin' ny Wikiquote]
* ''Columbia Encyclopedia'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821030150/http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/transmig.html Fifindran' ny fanahy avy amin' ny vatana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana, na ''metempsychosis'']
* ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10234d.htm Fifindran' ny fanahy amin' ny vatana hafa aorian' ny fahafatesana]
* [http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?scope=6198&amp;kid=6569 Fomba fijery jiosy momba ny reinkarnasiôna] ao amin' ny Chabad.org

[[:Sokajy:Fivavahana]]
[[:Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]</text>
      <sha1>4asioofmwc97kqnok7gptmwemhxnwx6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazompika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153499</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1080" sha1="0b9b31eqim6hhy58ziuhs9lu80ibhz1" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hazompika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]):

* ''[[Mascarenhasia lisianthiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (''Apocynaceae'') -- angalora, barabanja, befaroraotra, gidroa, gidroala, gidroanala, gidroandrano, gidronosy, godroa, godroala, godroanala, hazompika, kidroala, kidroalahy, kokomba, tandrokosy, vonifotsy
* ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Markgr.) Leeuwenb.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pandaca debrayi'' &lt;small&gt;Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) -- babondrano, hazompika, mantafara
* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex. A.DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hazunta sp.'') (''Apocynaceae'') -- andembavifotsy, andrambafohy, andriambavifohy, bekapangaka, faika, fananjake, feka, fekabe, fekandronono, feky, fotsiavadika, hazompika, hazompiky, hazonta, hazontaha, indriambavifotsy, katso, laka, mamalifolahina, mamalifolahy, maniola, repolahy, sodihazo, somorombohitse, tapolahy, tekabe, tsimanotra, tsingevika, ary tsipepolahy.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Mascarenhasia]]''
* ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' (← [[Pandaca]], ''Hazunta'')</text>
      <sha1>0b9b31eqim6hhy58ziuhs9lu80ibhz1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fitondran-tena</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153500</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384576339</comment>
      <origin>1153500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21959" sha1="aaigt1r3xu2oq6x0s05cgugihs0bgn1" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''fitondran-tena''' (''behavior'' amin' ny teny anglisy amerikanina, na ''behaviour'' amin' ny teny anglisy britanika) dia ny fitambaran' ny asa ataon' ny [[Zavamananaina|zavamananaina]], ny olona tsirairay, ny rafitra na ny zavatra noforonin' olombelona ao anatin' ny tontolo iray.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''behavior''; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behavior#dictionary-entry-1]; website: Merriam-Webster; Mpamoaka: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated; Daty nijerena: 17 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hahitana rafitra na zavamananaina hafa, ary koa ny tontolo ara-batana tsy manan' aina, ireo rafitra ireo. Ny fitondran-tena dia valin-kafatra vokatry ny fikajiana ataon' ny rafitra na ny zavamananaina manoloana ny fanentanana na ny zavatra ampidirina isan-karazany, na avy ao anatiny na avy any ivelany izany, na tsapan' ny saina na tsy tsapan' ny saina, na miseho ivelany na miafina, ary na an-tsitrapo na tsy an-tsitrapo.&lt;ref&gt;author: Elizabeth A. Minton, Lynn R. Khale; Lohateny: ''Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics''; Taona: 2014; Toerana: New York; Mpamoaka: Business Expert Press LLC; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-60649-704-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fitondran-tena ateraky ny famalian' ny zavamananaina ny tontolo iainany, noho ny fanosika avy any ivelany. Mety ho vokatry ny fanosika avy ao anaty koa anefa ny fitondran-tena; io fanosika io dia antsoina koa hoe fahafahana miasa araka ny finiavan' ny tena (''agency'') na safidy malalaka (''free will'').

Raha araka ny fomba fijerin' ny fandalinana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny informatika, dia ahitana ny mpanao, ny asa atao, ny fifandraisana ary ny toetran' ireo singa ireo ny fitondran-tena iray. Azo aseho amin' ny endrika vektera izany, ka atambatra ao ireo singa maneho ilay fitondran-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;last: Cao; first: Longbing; Taona: 2010; Lohateny: ''In-depth Behavior Understanding and Use: the Behavior Informatics Approach''; Gazety: ''Information Science''; Boky: 180; Laharana: 17; Pejy: 3067–3085; doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2010.03.025; arxiv: 2007.15516; s2cid: 7400761.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maodely ==
=== Biôlôjia ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fandalinana ny fitondran-tena eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany.

==== Famaritana ====
Misy famaritana mivelatra kokoa ny fitondran-tena, izay azo ampiharina amin' ny zavamaniry sy ny zavamananaina hafa. Mitovitovy amin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny fahafahan' ny toetra miseho miova arakaraka ny tontolo iainana izany. Araka io famaritana io, ny fitondran-tena dia valin' ny zavamananaina iray amin' ny zava-mitranga na amin' ny fiovan' ny tontolo iainana mandritra ny fiainany. Avahana amin' ny fiovana hafa eo amin' ny fiasan' ny vatana na eo amin' ny fizotry ny fiovana simika ao amin' ny zavamananaina izany, satria mitranga haingana kokoa ireo fiovana ireo. Tsy tafiditra ao koa ny fiovana vokatry ny fivoarana (fivoaran' ny zavamananaina iray mandritra ny fiainany).&lt;ref&gt;Karban, R. (2008). ''Plant behaviour and communication''. ''Ecology Letters'' 11 (7): 727–739, [http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074635/http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf Tahiry] (4 October 2015).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karban, R. (2015). ''Plant Behavior and Communication''. In: ''Plant Sensing and Communication''. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-8, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo heverina ho fitondran-tena izay rehetra ataon' ny zavamananaina ka manova ny fifandraisany amin' ny tontolo iainany. Amin' ny alalan' ny fitondran-tena no ahatongavan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny zavamananaina any amin' ny tontolo iainany.&lt;ref&gt;Dusenbery, David B. (2009). ''Living at Micro Scale'', p. 124. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Famaritan' ny fototarazo na ny tontolo iainana ny fitondran-tena ====
Arakaraka ny zavamananaina, ny fitondran-tena dia mety ho efa ao aminy hatrany am-bohoka, na ianarany avy amin' ny tontolo iainany, na sady efa ao aminy no ianarany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Result List: Behavior innate learned environment: EBSCOhost''; url: [https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?vid=3&amp;sid=b38e88a7-1bf0-407a-83ac-ed2dad8c1a15@redis&amp;bquery=Behavior+innate+learned+environment&amp;bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHNzbyZkYj1wYmgmY2xpMD1GVCZjbHYwPVkmdHlwZT0wJnNlYXJjaE1vZGU9U3RhbmRhcmQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl]; Daty nijerena: 2024-10-03; website: web.p.ebscohost.com; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Arakaraka ny maha-be pitsiny ny rafi-pitatitra (na rafitra mpitatitra hafatra ao amin' ny vatana), na ny atidoha, no itomboan' ny fiantraikan' ny fianarana amin' ny fitondran-tena. Na izany aza, na amin' ny biby mampinono aza, dia ampahany lehibe amin' ny fitondran-tena no voafaritry ny fototarazo. Ohatra, ireo biby mpikiky antsoina hoe ''prairie vole'' dia mirona hanana mpiara-mivady iray monja, fa ireo biby mpikiky antsoina hoe ''meadow vole'' kosa dia miara-mivady amin' ny biby maro kokoa. Miankina betsaka amin' ny fototarazo tokana io fahasamihafana io, dia ny Avpr1a. Ity fototarazo ity dia mamaritra ny fanamboarana reseptôra (na mpandray famantarana ao amin' ny sela) ho an' ny vasôpresina (na hôrmônina peptidika, izany hoe hôrmônina mpitondra hafatra simika voaforon' ny asidra amine mifamatotra).&lt;ref&gt;last: Underwood; first: Emily; Daty: 2020-10-22; Lohateny: ''Solo stars among the genes''; Gazety: ''Knowable Magazine''; url: [https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/living-world/2020/solo-stars-among-genes]; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.1146/knowable-102120-1; doi-access: free; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fitondran-tenan' ny olombelona ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondran-tenan' ny olombelona.

Azo inoana fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny fitondran-tenan' ny olombelona ny rafitry ny fihary mamoaka hôrmônina ao amin' ny ra (na fitambaran' ny taova mamoaka akora simika mampita hafatra amin' ny alalan' ny ra) sy ny rafitra mpitatitra hafatra ao amin' ny vatana (na rafitra mandray sy mampita famantarana mba hampifandray ny faritra samihafa amin' ny vatana). Mety hisy fifandraisana eo amin' ny fahasarotan' ny fitondran-tenan' ny zavamananaina iray sy ny fahasarotan' ny rafitra mpitatitra hafatra ao amin' ny vatany. Amin' ny ankapobeny, manana fahafahana lehibe kokoa hianatra fomba famaliana vaovao ny zavamananaina manana rafitra mpitatitra hafatra ao amin' ny vatana be pitsiny kokoa, ka afaka mampifanaraka ny fitondran-tenany amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Book of Alan: A Universal Order''; last: Gregory; first: Alan; Taona: 2015; Mpamoaka: Xlibris Corporation; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5144-2053-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitondran-tenan' ny mpanjifa dia ny fitondran-tenan' ny olombelona rehefa manao zavatra amin' ny maha mpanjifa azy izy ireo na raisina ho mpanjifa.

=== Fitondran-tenan' ny biby ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondran-tenan' ny biby.

Ny etôlôjia dia fandalinana [[Fomba fiasa siantifika|ara-tsiansa]] ny fitondran-tenan' ny biby, izay mifototra amin' ny zava-misy fa tsy amin' ny fiheverana manokana. Matetika izy io no mifantoka amin' ny fitondran-tena ao anatin' ny toe-javatra voajanahary, ary mihevitra ny fitondran-tena ho toetra manampy ny biby hifanaraka amin' ny tontolo iainany mandritra ny fivoaran' ny karazana.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of ethology''; url: [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethology]; dictionary: Merriam-Webster; Daty nijerena: 9 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny behaviôrisma koa dia teny ilazana ny fandalinana ara-tsiansa ny fitondran-tenan' ny biby, izay mifototra amin' ny zava-misy fa tsy amin' ny fiheverana manokana. Matetika io teny io no manondro ny fandinihana, ao amin' ny laboratoara, ny valin-tena refesina ateraky ny fanentanana, na ny valin-tena ara-pitondran-tena azo avy amin' ny fanazarana, nefa tsy manasongadina manokana ny fifanarahana amin' ny tontolo iainana eo amin' ny fivoaran' ny karazana.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of behaviorism''; url: [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behaviorism]; dictionary: Merriam-Webster; Daty nijerena: 9 September 2016.&lt;br /&gt;url: [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712173004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism]; url-status: dead; Daty nitahirizana: 12 July 2012; Lohateny: ''Behaviourism''; Mpamoaka: Oxford Dictionaries; Daty nijerena: 9 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eo amin' ny fitantanana ==
=== Ao amin' ny fikambanana ===
Jereo koa ny fitantanana ny zava-bitan' ny orinasa.

Eo amin' ny fitantanana, dia mifandray amin' ny fifantohana irina na tsy irina ny fitondran-tena. Mazàna ny mpitantana no mamaritra ny vokatra irina, saingy mety hanjaka kosa ny lamina miverimberina amin' ny fitondran-tena. Ireo lamina ireo no anondroana ny hoe impiry no tena miseho ny fitondran-tena irina. Alohan' ny hisehoan' ny fitondran-tena, dia ny fanentanana izay misy fiantraikany amin' ny fitondran-tena mbola hiseho no ifantohana rehefa mandinika ireo zavatra mialoha azy. Amin' ny farany dia manaraka izany ny vokany, dia ny valisoa na sazy.

=== Fitondran-tena ara-tsosialy ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondran-tena ara-tsosialy.

Ny fitondran-tena ara-tsosialy dia fitondran-tena eo amin' ny [[Zavamananaina|zavamananaina]] roa na mihoatra izay samy ao amin' ny karazana iray ihany, ary mahafaoka izay fitondran-tena rehetra misy zavamananaina iray miantraika amin' ny iray hafa. Izany dia vokatry ny fifandraisana eo amin' ireo zavamananaina ireo. Azo ampitahaina amin' ny fifanakalozana entana ny fitondran-tena ara-tsosialy, ka izay manome dia manantena fa hahazo zavatra mitovy amin' izany ho setriny. Mety hisy fiantraikany amin' io fitondran-tena io na ny toetran' ny zavamananaina tsirairay na ny anton-javatra eo amin' ny tontolo iainana, izany hoe ny toe-javatra iainany. Noho izany, ny fitondran-tena ara-tsosialy dia vokatry ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany. Ho an' ny olombelona, izany dia midika fa mety ho samy mamaritra ny fitondran-tena ara-tsosialy na ny toetra mampiavaka ilay olona na ny toe-javatra misy azy.

== Fandalinana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny informatika ==
Ny fandalinana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny informatika&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;, izay antsoina koa hoe fandalinana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny kajy ataon' ny solosaina&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Behavior Computing: Modeling, Analysis, Mining and Decision''; editor-last1: Cao; editor-first1: L.; editor-last2: Yu; editor-first2: P.; Mpamoaka: Springer; Taona: 2012; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4471-2969-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;, dia mandinika ny fahalalana sy ny fahatakarana azo avy amin' ny fitondran-tena, amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny informatika sy ny kajy ataon' ny solosaina.

Tsy mitovy amin' ny famakafakana ampiharina ny fitondran-tena amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny psikôlôjia izany. Ny fandalinana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny informatika dia mamolavola teôria sy rafitra ary fitaovana mifototra amin' ny kajy ataon' ny solosaina, mba hamolavolana modely, hanehoana, hamakafakana ary hitantanana ny fitondran-tenan' ny olona tsirairay, ny vondrona, ny fikambanana, na ny maromaro amin' ireo miaraka. Samy mifototra amin' ny toetra sy amin' ny habetsahana ireo asa ireo.

== Fahasalamana ==
Jereo koa: Modelin' ny finoana momba ny fahasalamana, Teôrian' ny fitondran-tena kasaina hatao, Modelin' ny dingam-piovan' ny fitondran-tena ary fahatokisana ny fahaizan' ny tena manatanteraka asa.

Ny fitondran-tena momba ny fahasalamana dia ny finoana sy ny zavatra ataon' ny olona iray mifandraika amin' ny fahasalamany sy ny fiadanany. Anisan' ny anton-javatra mivantana amin' ny fitazonana fomba fiaina mahasalama izany. Misy fiantraikany amin' izany fitondran-tena izany ny tontolo ara-tsosialy sy ara-kolontsaina ary ara-batana izay iainan' ny olona. Ny safidin' ny tsirairay sy ny fepetra mametra avy any ivelany no mamolavola azy. Ny fitondran-tena mahasoa dia manampy amin' ny fampiroboroboana ny fahasalamana sy ny fisorohana ny aretina, fa ny fitondran-tena mampidi-doza kosa dia mitondra vokatra mifanohitra amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-229-x/2009001/deter/int3-eng.htm]; Lohateny: ''Health behaviours''; Daty: 11 January 2010; work: ''statcan.gc.ca''; Daty nijerena: 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitondran-tena momba ny fahasalamana dia famantarana mialoha ny fahasalaman' ny mponina. Noho ny elanelam-potoana izay matetika misy eo amin' ny fitondran-tena sasany sy ny fiforonan' ny aretina, ireo famantarana ireo dia mety hilaza mialoha ny vesatra sy ny tombontsoa ho avy ateraky ny fitondran-tena mampidi-doza ho an' ny fahasalamana sy ny fitondran-tena mampiroborobo azy.

=== Fifandraisana hita amin' ny fahasalamana ===
Araka ny famintinan' i Mark Conner (2015), dia nisy fanadihadiana samihafa nandinika ny fifandraisan' ny fitondran-tena mifandraika amin' ny fahasalamana sy ny vokatra eo amin' ny fahasalamana, ka nampiseho ny anjara asan' izany fitondran-tena izany amin' ny fahavoazan' ny olona vokatry ny aretina (na fahararian' ny olona sy ny fiantraikan' ny aretina eo aminy) sy ny fahafatesana (na fahaverezan' ny aina). Ireo fanadihadiana ireo dia nahita lafiny fito amin' ny fomba fiaina izay nisy fifandraisana tamin' ny fahavoazana kely kokoa vokatry ny aretina sy ny fahavelomana ambony kokoa nandritra ny fotoana maharitra taorian' izay:
* Tsy fihinanana tsakitsaky eny anelanelan' ny sakafo
* Fihinanana sakafo maraina tsy tapaka
* Fanaovana fanatanjahan-tena tsy tapaka
* Fihazonana lanjan' ny vatana heverina ho mety
* Fisotroana alikaola amin' ny antonony
* Tsy fifohana sigara
* Fatoriana adiny 7–8 isan' alina

Voalaza ao amin' io famintinana io koa fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny kalitaon' ny fiainan' ny olona ny fitondran-tena mifandraika amin' ny fahasalamana, amin' ny fanemorana ny fiandohan' ny aretina maharitra (na aretina mitohy mandritra ny fotoana ela) sy ny fanalavana ny fotoana ahafahana miaina amim-pahavitrihana. Ny fifohana sigara, ny fisotroana alikaola, ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina, ny sakafo, ny banga eo amin' ny tolotra fitsaboana fototra (na fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana voalohany azon' ny olona rehefa manatona ny tolotra ara-pahasalamana), ary ny fahavitsian' ny olona manao fitiliana mialoha (na fizahana hitadiavana aretina alohan' ny hisehoan' ny soritr' aretina) dia samy antony lehibe mamaritra ny tsy fahasalamana. Araka io famintinana io, dia heverina fa hitarika amin' ny fihatsaran' ny fahasalamana ny fanovana izany fitondran-tena izany.

Ohatra, tany US (Etazonia), ny fandaharanasa ''Healthy People 2000'' an' ny ''United States Department of Health and Human Services'' (departemantan' i Etazonia misahana ny fahasalamana sy ny tolotra ho an' ny olona) dia nitanisa ny fampitomboana ny asa ara-batana, ny fanovana ny fomba fisakafoana, ary ny fampihenana ny fampiasana paraky, alikaola ary zava-mahadomelina ho zava-dehibe amin' ny fampiroboroboana ny fahasalamana sy ny fisorohana ny aretina.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Conner; first1: Mark; Lohateny: ''Health Behaviors''; Gazety: ''International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences''; Daty: 2015; Pejy: 582–587; doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.14154-6; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304193514].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fomba fiasa amin' ny fitsaboana ===
Ampifanarahana amin' ny filan' ny tsirairay ny fandraisana andraikitra rehetra hanovana ny fitondran-tena, sady hajaina ny fitsipika ara-etika sy ny olona. Ny modely momba ny finoana mifandraika amin' ny fahasalamana (''health belief model'') dia mampirisika ny hampitomboana ny fahatsapan' ny tsirairay fa mety hiharan' ny voka-dratsy ara-pahasalamana izy, ary ny hampahafantarana azy ny hamafin' ny voka-dratsin' ny fitondran-tena amin' ny fahasalamana. Anisan' ny fomba lazain' io modely io hanaovana izany ny hafatra fampiroboroboana ny fahasalamana. Araka io modely io koa, ilaina ny mifantoka amin' ny tombontsoa entin' ny fitondran-tena mahasoa ny fahasalamana sy ny manasongadina fa mora resena ny sakana amin' ny fandraisana andraikitra.

Ny teôrian' ny fitondran-tena kasaina (''theory of planned behavior'') dia manolotra ny fampiasana hafatra fandresen-dahatra mba handinihana sy hanovana ny finoana momba ny vokatry ny fitondran-tena iray. Ny tanjona amin' izany, araka io teôria io, dia ny hampitomboana ny fahavononana hanatanteraka izany fitondran-tena izany, izay antsoina hoe fikasana. Milaza koa io teôria io fa ilaina ny mandinika sy manova ny finoana mifandray amin' ny zavatra antenain' ny hafa sy ny finoana momba ny zavatra manamora na manakana ny fanatanterahana fitondran-tena iray, isaky ny ezahina ovana ny fitondran-tena. Araka io fanazavana io, tsy ampy ny manova ny finoana mifandray amin' ny zavatra antenain' ny hafa. Mba hisian' ny fiovana mahasoa dia zava-dehibe koa ny manatanteraka ny fikasana, miaraka amin' ny fahatokisana ny fahaizan' ny tena manatanteraka asa (''self-efficacy''). Izany fahatokisana izany dia avy amin' ny fahaizan' ilay olona mamaha olana sy mamita asa.&lt;ref&gt;Boky: 4; Daty: 1993; Laharana: 1; Lohateny: ''Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions''; Gazety: ''European Review of Social Psychology''; first: Peter M.; last: Gollwitzer; Pejy: 141–185; doi: 10.1080/14792779343000059; url: [http://www.socmot.uni-konstanz.de/sites/default/files/93_Gollwitzer_Goal_Achievement_neu.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fomba fandresen-dahatra mahazatra no ampiasaina hanamafisana izany fahatokisana ny fahaizan' ny tena izany.

== Jereo koa ==
* Fampiharana ny famakafakana ny fitondran-tena
* Fiovan' ny fitondran-tena manokatra fahafahana vaovao hianarana sy hifandraisana amin' ny tontolo iainana
* Toekarena mandinika ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tenan' ny olona
* Fandalinana ny anjara toeran' ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fitondran-tena
* Siansa mandalina ny fitondran-tena
* Fitongilanan' ny fisainana
* Fandalinana ny fiasan' ny vatana eo amin' ny fivoaran' ny karazana
* Famakafakana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny fanandramana
* Fitondran-tena ara-pananahan' ny olombelona
* Fitondran-tena manaraka ny maro
* Fironana voajanahary hanao fihetsika tsy nianarana
* Fiantraikan' ny fanontaniana momba ny fikasana amin' ny fitondran-tena manaraka
* Antony manosika hanao zavatra
* Fitondran-tena heverina ho mahazatra
* Fandalinana ny fikambanana sy ny fomba fiasany
* Behaviôrisma mandinika koa ny eritreritra sy ny fihetseham-po
* Fanjohian-kevitra
* Fikomiana
* Fifandraisana ara-piarahamonina
* Teôria momba ny fitondran-tena ara-pôlitika
* Fitondran-tena eo amin' ny asa

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Loharano ankapobeny ===
* Cao, L. (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170301101920/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~lbcao/publication/IS-29-04-Trends-1.pdf ''Behavior Informatics: A New Perspective'']. IEEE Intelligent Systems (Trends and Controversies), 29(4): 62–80.
* last1: Clemons; first1: E. K.; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''How Information Changes Consumer Behavior and How Consumer Behavior Determines Corporate Strategy''; Gazety: ''Journal of Management Information Systems''; Boky: 25; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 13–40; doi: 10.2753/mis0742-1222250202; s2cid: 16370526.
* last1: Dowhan; first1: D; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Hitting Your Target''; Gazety: ''Marketing Insights''; Boky: 35; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 32–38.
* Perner, L. (2008), ''Consumer behavior''. ''University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business.'' Nalaina tao amin' ny http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer_Behavior.html
* last1: Szwacka-Mokrzycka; first1: J; Taona: 2015; Lohateny: ''TRENDS IN CONSUMER behavior CHANGES. OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTS''; Gazety: ''Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia''; Boky: 14; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 149–156.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Bateson, P. (2017) ''[https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0097 behavior, Development and Evolution]''. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-78374-250-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (24 September 2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OytMMAEACAAJ Behavioral Genetics]''. Shaun Purcell (Appendix: ''Statistical Methods in Behavioral Genetics''). Worth Publishers. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4292-4215-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Notsidihina tamin' ny 4 September 2013. &lt;!-- |lay-url=http://www.worthpublishers.com/catalog/Product/behavioralgenetics-sixthedition-plomin |lay-date=4 September 2013 --&gt;
* Flint, Jonathan; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (28 January 2010). ''[https://archive.org/details/howgenesinfl_flin_2010_000_10540804 How Genes Influence Behavior]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-955990-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy. &lt;!-- |lay-url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=115960 |lay-date=20 November 2013  --&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Behavior Sary sy rakitra momba ny fitondran-tena ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/behavior Ny teny anglisy behavior ao amin' ny Wiktionary]
* [https://earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2016/09/26/what-is-behavior-baby-dont-ask-me-dont-ask-me-no-more/ ''What is behavior? Baby don't ask me, don't ask me, no more''] (lahatsoratra momba ny famaritana ny fitondran-tena), ao amin' ny ''Earthling Nature''.
* [http://www.behaviorinformatics.org behaviorinformatics.org]
* [http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/vita1_turkheimer.htm Rohy mankany amin' ny lahatsoratra famintinana fikarohana momba ny fitondran-tena nosoratan' i Eric Turkheimer sy ireo mpiara-manoratra aminy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705130700/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/%7Elbcao/publication/behavior-informatics-tutorial-slidesx.pdf Rohy mankany amin' ny fampianarana IJCAI2013 momba ny fandalinana ny fitondran-tena amin' ny alalan' ny informatika sy ny fikirakirana azy amin' ny solosaina]

[[:Sokajy:Biolojia]]
[[:Sokajy:Psikolojia]]</text>
      <sha1>aaigt1r3xu2oq6x0s05cgugihs0bgn1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioscoreales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153504</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>filaharan-javamaniry tokan-dravin-tsimoka</comment>
      <origin>1153504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1592" sha1="5gx0p4a3zh4kqf67ydtgu6bb160utfz" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Wild yam in woods - young plants.jpg|vignette|284x284px|''Dioscorea villosa'']]
Ny '''Dioscoreales''' dia filaharan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]]. Araka ny famaritana vaovao mifototra amin' ny [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|filôjenetika]] dia tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny zavamaniry sasany izay napetraka taloha tao anatin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]]. Amin' ny fitambarany, ny filaharana Dioscoreales dia ahitana fianakaviana telo sy vonron-karazana 22 ary karazana 850 eo ho eo. Ny karazana ao amin' ny Dioscoreales dia zavamaniry mianika na ahitra hita eny ambanin' ny hazo avo mamorona ala. Ny filaharana [[Pandanales]] no akaiky azy indrindra ara-pirazanana. 

== Fanasokajiana anatiny ==
[[Sary:Tamus communis02.jpg|vignette|261x261px|''Dioscorea communis'']]
Ao amin' ny [[Fanasokajiana APG II|fanasokajiana filôjenetika APG II]] (2003) sy [[Fanasokajiana APG III|fanasokajiana filôjenetika APG III]] (2009) dia tafiditra ao anatin' ny filaharana Dioscoreales ireto fianakaviana ireto:

* ''[[Burmanniaceae]]'' (tafiditra ao ny ''[[Thismiaceae]]'')
* ''[[Dioscoreaceae]]'' (tafiditra ao ny ''[[Taccaceae]]'' sy ny ''[[Trichopodaceae]]'')
* ''[[Nartheciaceae]]''

Ao amin' ny [[Fanasokajiana APG|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana APG|filôjenetika APG]] (1998) dia tafiditra ao anatin' ny filaharana Dioscoreales ireto fianakaviana manaraka ireto:

* ''[[Burmanniaceae]]''
* ''[[Dioscoreaceae]]''
* ''[[Taccaceae]]''
* ''[[Thismiaceae]]''
* ''[[Trichopodaceae]]''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Smilacaceae]]''</text>
      <sha1>5gx0p4a3zh4kqf67ydtgu6bb160utfz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ranenda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153505</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:11:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153505</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="608" sha1="1niq1pcmj2n8jkz4ogjmyclj1enk2wb" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ranenda''' na '''ranendo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cornaceae]]'' (filaharana  [[Cornales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Kaliphora madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt; (''Cornaceae'') -- katsomanta, katsomata, kililo, kipantragona, kipantrizona, kipantsingona, kipantsizona, kipantsongona, marafonitsapana, maranitsapana, maranitsapasina, marefora, moranitsapasina, ranaindo, ranenda, ranendo
* ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- ranenda, ranendo

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Kaliphora]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>1niq1pcmj2n8jkz4ogjmyclj1enk2wb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roingivy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153507</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:26:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153507</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1131" sha1="89ehrbmtn0nczzbs7alhejzvsofk62t" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 01 ies.jpg|vignette|301x301px|''Solanum pyracanthum'']]
Ny '''roingivy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') --  roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>89ehrbmtn0nczzbs7alhejzvsofk62t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153508</id>
      <parentid>1153507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1153508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1224" sha1="e5re0f78lrzdorhbi0nrcs3nx1o2mk2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 01 ies.jpg|vignette|301x301px|''Solanum pyracanthum'']]
Ny '''roingivy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery
* [[Sary:Hierba mora (Solanum americanum) I.jpg|vignette|260x260px|''[[Solanum americanum]]'']]''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') --  roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>e5re0f78lrzdorhbi0nrcs3nx1o2mk2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153509</id>
      <parentid>1153508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1153509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1224" sha1="kdee4lw7f9uuz1ziiaoxu42lpgphxv7" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 01 ies.jpg|vignette|301x301px|''Solanum pyracanthos'']]
Ny '''roingivy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery
* [[Sary:Hierba mora (Solanum americanum) I.jpg|vignette|260x260px|''[[Solanum americanum]]'']]''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') --  roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>kdee4lw7f9uuz1ziiaoxu42lpgphxv7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153510</id>
      <parentid>1153509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:28:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1228" sha1="l8xypi5vvmrta723t37sc7kyx6ntjp5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 01 ies.jpg|vignette|301x301px|''Solanum pyracanthos'']]
Ny '''roingivy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery
* [[Sary:Hierba mora (Solanum americanum) I.jpg|vignette|260x260px|''[[Solanum americanum]]'']]''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') --  roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>l8xypi5vvmrta723t37sc7kyx6ntjp5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toreraka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153513</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy ampahan-dahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1308" sha1="i7vpgg18snrl9a6651o5o6f8vnfosyg" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum melongena 24 08 2012 (1).JPG|vignette|''[[Solanum melongena]]'']]
[[Sary:Solanum anguivi (5214321282).jpg|vignette|''[[Solanum anguivi]]'']]
Ny '''toreraka''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' L&lt;small&gt;am.&lt;/small&gt; ( ← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'') 
* [[Voampoa]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Solanaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>i7vpgg18snrl9a6651o5o6f8vnfosyg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153514</id>
      <parentid>1153513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1307" sha1="4ymwabjnr9sqyflh53bjbo38ho9tqhv" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum melongena 24 08 2012 (1).JPG|vignette|''[[Solanum melongena]]'']]
[[Sary:Solanum anguivi (5214321282).jpg|vignette|''[[Solanum anguivi]]'']]
Ny '''toreraka''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' L&lt;small&gt;am.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]'') 
* [[Voampoa]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Solanaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>4ymwabjnr9sqyflh53bjbo38ho9tqhv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voabana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153515</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:56:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="485" sha1="mcbim2b2slvrimf9icalnka70xik71a" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum melongena 26 08 2012 (1).JPG|vignette|''Solanum melongena'']]
Ny '''voabana''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]])

* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- voabana

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>mcbim2b2slvrimf9icalnka70xik71a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fanjanahantany</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153516</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384619654; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1117188</comment>
      <origin>1153516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="198236" sha1="6zavpnyn1ts922r6flmvnrg683xvze4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:De handelsloge van de VOC in Hougly in Bengalen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|Sary natao tamin' ny taona 1665 mampiseho tobim-barotra an' ny Orinasa Neerlandey momba an' i India Atsinanana tao Hugli-Chuchura, ahitana lafiny samihafa amin' ny fanjanahantany, anisan' izany ny ambaratongam-pahefana sy ny fiantraikany amin' ny vahoaka voazanaka sy ny taniny.]]

Ny '''fanjanahantany''' dia fomba anitaran' ny vahoaka iray sy itazonany ny fanjakazakany ara-pôlitika, ara-piarahamonina, ara-toekarena ary ara-kolontsaina amin' ny faritra iray sy ny vahoaka ao aminy, mba hanatratrarana tombontsoa voafaritra any amin' ny foibe mpanjanaka, izay matetika lavitra an' ilay faritra. Milaza koa ilay vahoaka mpanjanaka fa ambony noho ny vahoaka anjakany izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;c602&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhammel16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers&quot;/&gt; Na dia matetika tafiditra ao anatin' ny tetikasa [[Imperialisma|imperialista]] aza ny fanjanahantany, dia miasa amin' ny alalan' ny fanavahana ny tany sy ny vahoaka kendrena hanjakazakana amin' ny tany sy ny vahoakan' ny mpanjanaka izy; singa manan-danja amin' ny [[Fanjanahantany|fanjanahana]] izany fanavahana izany. Tsy fampidirana ilay faritra ho isan' ny tanin' ny firenena mpanjanaka no mitranga amin' izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaefer&quot;/&gt; fa mazàna dia fandaminana ny tany sy ny vahoaka voazanaka ho [[Zanatany|zanatany]] misaraka amin' ny foibe mpanjanaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhammel16&quot;/&gt; Indraindray dia mihamafy ny fanjanahantany rehefa mivoatra ho fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo: mibodo faritra iray ny voanjo avy amin' ny foibe mpanjanaka iray na maromaro, mba hisolo toerana ny vahoaka teratany efa monina ao, na amin' ny ampahany izany na manontolo, ary mety hiafara amin' ny fandripahana vahoaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs 2009 p.&quot;/&gt;

Ny fibodoana sy ny fitrandrahana ny tany sy ny mponina ao amin' ny firenena iray ataon' ny firenena vahiny dia mampiankin-doha an' ilay firenena voazanaka amin' ny mpanjanaka eo amin' ny lafiny ara-[[Pôlitika|pôlitika]] sy ara-[[Toekarena|toekarena]], sady manaisotra ny [[Fahaleovantena|fahaleovantenany]]. Anisan' ny zava-niseho ara-tantara mamaritra ny vanimpotoana ankehitriny ny fanjanahantany; tafiditra amin' izany ny fanjanahantany nataon' ny [[Eorôpa Andrefana|firenena eorôpeana tandrefana]].

[[Sary:Colonisation 1550.png|thumb|379x379px|Ireo [[Empira|empira]] sy zanatany tamin' ny taona 1550]]
Na dia efa nisy eran' izao tontolo izao aza ny endrika samihafa amin' ny fanjanahantany, dia novolavolaina io foto-kevitra io mba hilazana ny empira mpanjanaka eorôpeana tamin' ny vanimpotoana maoderina.
Niely maneran-tany ireo empira ireo nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ka hatramin' ny antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-20. Nahatratra ny 35 %n' ny velaran-tany maina eto an-tany izy ireo tamin' ny taona 1800, ary nahatratra ny fara tampony, dia ny 84 %, tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Why Did Europe Conquer the World?''; last: Philip T. Hoffman; Daty: 2015; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-6584-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 2–3.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampiasa ny merkantilisma sy ny orinasa nahazo sata manokana avy amin' ny fanjakana ny fanjanahantany eorôpeana, ary nametraka rafitra sy fifandraisana be pitsiny niorina tamin' ny fanjakazakan' ny mpanjanaka.
Tamin' ny toe-javatra sasany, dia nohamarinina ny fanjanahantany tamin' ny finoana fa manana iraka hitondra sivilizasiôna ny mpanjanaka, mba hampandroso ny tany sy ny fiainan' ny mponina ao aminy. Matetika teo amin' ny tantara dia nifototra tamin' ny finoana fa manana iraka hampiely ny fivavahana kristiana izy ireo izany.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 ny [[Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany|fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany]], ka nitarika tsikelikely ny zanatany hahazo fahaleovantena tamin' ny onja nifanesy.
Nisy onja lehibe manokana taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1945 sy 1975.&lt;ref&gt;last: Strang; first: David; Daty: 1991; Lohateny: ''Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987''; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600949]; Gazety: ''International Studies Quarterly''; Boky: 35; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 429–454; doi: 10.2307/2600949; jstor: 2600949; issn: 0020-8833; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Strang; first: David; Daty: 1990; Lohateny: ''From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870-1987''; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750]; Gazety: ''American Sociological Review''; Boky: 55; Laharana: 6; Pejy: 846–860; doi: 10.2307/2095750; jstor: 2095750; issn: 0003-1224; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;
Misy fiantraikany maharitra amin' ny lafiny maro amin' ny fiainana ankehitriny ny fanjanahantany: nasehon' ny mpikaroka fa ny fahasamihafan' ny rafitra sy ny andrim-panjakana napetraka tamin' ny fanjanahantany dia afaka manazava ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny [[Fampandrosoana ara-toekarena sy ara-piarahamonina|fandrosoana ara-toekarena]],&lt;ref&gt;last1: Acemoglu; first1: Daron; last2: Johnson; first2: Simon; last3: Robinson; first3: James A.; Daty: 2001; Lohateny: ''The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation''; url: [https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.91.5.1369]; Gazety: ''American Economic Review''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 91; Laharana: 5; Pejy: 1369–1401; doi: 10.1257/aer.91.5.1369; issn: 0002-8282; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Nunn; first: Nathan; Daty: 2009; Lohateny: ''The Importance of History for Economic Development''; url: [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336]; Gazety: ''Annual Review of Economics''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 1; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 65–92; doi: 10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336; issn: 1941-1383.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Nunn; first: Nathan; Daty: 2020; Lohateny: ''The historical roots of economic development''; url: [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9986]; Gazety: ''Science''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 367; Laharana: 6485; article-number: eaaz9986; doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9986; issn: 0036-8075; pmid: 32217703; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;
ny [[Governemanta|karazan' ny fitondrana]],&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lee; first1: Alexander; url: [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/colonial-origins-of-democracy-and-dictatorship/809A38273620DB49903539950F4D0191]; Lohateny: ''Colonial Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship''; last2: Paine; first2: Jack; Daty: 2024; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-009-42353-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Cambridge; doi: 10.1017/9781009423526.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gerring; first1: John; url: [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deep-roots-of-modern-democracy/6AA764716C8F6BC7FF8A64F6CA2DA565]; Lohateny: ''The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy: Geography and the Diffusion of Political Institutions''; last2: Apfeld; first2: Brendan; last3: Wig; first3: Tore; last4: Tollefsen; first4: Andreas Forø; Daty: 2022; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-009-10037-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Cambridge; doi: 10.1017/9781009115223.&lt;/ref&gt;
ary ny fahafahan' ny fanjakana mampihatra ny fahefany sy manatanteraka ny asany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Herbst; first: Jeffrey; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh05m]; Lohateny: ''States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control - Second Edition''; Daty: 2000; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-16414-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: REV - Revised, 2; Boky: 149; jstor: j.ctt9qh05m.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Ali; first1: Merima; last2: Fjeldstad; first2: Odd-Helge; last3: Jiang; first3: Boqian; last4: Shifa; first4: Abdulaziz B; Daty: 2018; Lohateny: ''Colonial Legacy, State-building and the Salience of Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa''; url: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12595]; Gazety: ''The Economic Journal''; Boky: 129; Laharana: 619; Pejy: 1048–1081; doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12595; issn: 0013-0133; hdl: 2263/71163; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny mpikaroka sasany dia mampiasa ny teny hoe [[Fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao|fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao]] mba hilazana ny fitohizan' ny singa sasany amin' ny fitondrana mpanjanaka, na ny fametrahana azy ireo, amin' ny fomba ankolaka amin' ny vanimpotoana ankehitriny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;last: Stanard; first: Matthew G.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlNDwAAQBAJ]; Lohateny: ''European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History''; Daty: 2018; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 5; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Neocolonialism''; encyclopedia: ''Britannica''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism]; last: Halperin; first: Sandra; Daty: 2 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbola tsapa eo amin' ny fiainana ara-pôlitikan' ny firenena maro nozanahina taloha ny vokatry ny fanjanahantany. Mbola resahina koa ny fisian' ny toe-tsaina mpanjanaka eo amin' ny firenen-dehibe sasany sy ny toe-tsain' ny voazanaka eo amin' ny firenena madinika maro.

== Fiavian' ny teny ==
Jereo koa: Fiavian' ny teny hoe fanjanahana.

Raha ny [[Etimôlôjia|fiavian' ny teny]] no jerena, dia avy amin' ny teny latina hoe ''colonia'' ny teny anglisy hoe ''colonialism'' (fanjanahantany). Tany am-boalohany, ny ''colonia'' dia nanondro karazana tanàna na toby naorina sy nonenan' ny olom-pirenena romanina vao nanorim-ponenana, araka ny toromariky ny governemanta [[Empira Rômana|romanina]]. Ilay teny hoe ''colonia'' kosa dia avy amin' ny teny latina hoe ''colonus'' (mpamboly), ary ny teny fototra niaviany dia ''colere'' (mamboly, miasa tany).&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford&quot;&gt;url: [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/]; Lohateny: ''Colonialism''; last: Margaret Kohn; Daty: 29 August 2017; website: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Mpamoaka: Stanford University; Daty nijerena: 5 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis79&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''A Latin Dictionary''; url: [https://archive.org/details/latindictionaryf00lewi]; author1: Charlton T. Lewis; author2: Charles Scott; Taona: 1879; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-864201-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany amin' ny taonjato faha-14, ny teny frantsay hoe ''colon'', adika amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe « voanjo », dia nanondro ny olona mamboly amin' ny tany iray izay tsy fananany ka mandoa hofan-tany amin' ny tompony. Niova hevitra io teny io tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 ka nanondro ny olona manorina zanatany na mamaritra tany hametrahana voanjo. Izany no nitranga teo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny firenena ao [[Eorôpa Andrefana|Eorôpa Andrefana]] andaniny sy ny firenena any [[Amerika|Amerika]] sy [[Azia|Azia]] ary [[Afrika|Afrika]] ankilany.

== Famaritana ==
[[File:The East offering its riches to Britannia - Roma Spiridone, 1778 - BL Foster 245.jpg|thumb|''The East Offering its Riches to Britannia'', sary nataon' i Spiridione Roma ho an' ny efitra fivorian' ny filankevi-pitantanan' ny [[British East India Company|Orinasa Britanika momba an' i India Atsinanana]].]]
Jereo koa: ny fomba fijery momba ny fanjanahantany.

Tamin' ny fampiasana azy voalohany, ny teny anglisy hoe ''colonialism'' dia nanondro ny toeram-pambolena nifindran' ny olona sy nanorenany fonenana. Niitatra ny heviny tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ka nanondro ny fanitaran' ny Eorôpeana ny empirany sy ny fampanompoany ny vahoaka aziatika sy afrikanina teo amin' ny tantara; sady nampiasaina ho rafitra fandinihana izany endri-pitondrana izany koa ilay teny. Nanjary nilaina ho an' ny hetsika iraisam-pirenena nanohitra ny fanjanahantany ny famaritana ny fanjanahantany. Noresahina tamin' ny Fihaonambe tao Bandung tamin' ny 1955 izany, ary niadian-kevitra ny toe-javatra azo nampiharana azy. Nanjary lohahevitra nisongadina teo amin' ny tontolon' ny fikarohana sy ny fampianarana ambony ilay foto-kevitra tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20; nanaraka izany ny fivoaran' ny fandinihana ny fanjanahantany sy ny lova navelany, na ''postcolonialism''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;last: Sultan; first: Nazmul; Daty: 2024; Lohateny: ''What Is Colonialism? The Dual Claims of a Twentieth-Century Political Category''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 119; Pejy: 435–448; doi: 10.1017/S0003055424000388; issn: 0003-0554; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Collins English Dictionary'' dia mamaritra ny fanjanahantany toy izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fomba fanao izay ifehezan' ny firenena matanjaka iray mivantana ireo firenena tsy dia matanjaka, sy ampiasany ny loharanon-karenan' izy ireo hampitomboana ny heriny sy ny harenany».&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/colonialism]; Lohateny: ''Colonialism''; Taona: 2011; website: Collins English Dictionary; Mpamoaka: HarperCollins; Daty nijerena: 8 January 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary'' kosa dia namaritra azy toy izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «pôlitikan' ny firenena iray mikatsaka ny hanitatra na hihazona ny fahefany amin' ny vahoaka na faritany hafa».&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster&quot;&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/webstersunabridg00newy/page/291]; Lohateny: ''Webster's unabridged dictionary of the English language''; Daty: 1989; Mpamoaka: New York : Portland House : Distributed by Crown Publishers; via: Internet Archive; Pejy: 291; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-517-68781-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Manome famaritana maromaro ny ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' an-tserasera. Toy izao ireo, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fanjakazakan' ny fanjakana na firenena vahiny iray amin' ny vahoaka na faritra iray»; «fomba fanao izay anitarana sy ihazonana ny fifehezana ara-pôlitika sy ara-toekarenan' ny firenena iray amin' ny vahoaka na faritra hafa»; ary «pôlitika mikendry ny hahazo sy hihazona zanatany, na finoana ny tokony hanaovana izany».&lt;ref name=&quot;Merriam&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of COLONIALISM''; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colonialism]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250704103344/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colonialism]; Daty nitahirizana: 2025-07-04; Daty nijerena: 2025-07-12; website: www.merriam-webster.com; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' dia mamaritra azy toy izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fomba fanjakazakana izay ahitana ny fampanompoana ny vahoaka iray eo ambany fahefan' ny vahoaka iray hafa». Ampiasainy koa ilay teny «hilazana ny dingana nanorenam-ponenan' ny Eorôpeana sy nametrahany fifehezana ara-pôlitika tamin' ny faritra hafa maneran-tany, anisan' izany i Amerika, i Aostralia, ary ny faritra sasany aty Afrika sy any Azia», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy. Resahiny ny fanavahana ny fanjanahantany, ny imperialisma ary ny fandresena sy fakana tany an-keriny. Izao no voalazany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fahasarotan' ny famaritana ny fanjanahantany dia avy amin' ny fampiasana matetika ilay teny ho mitovy hevitra amin' ny imperialisma. Samy endrika fakana tany tamin' ny alalan' ny fandresena ny fanjanahantany sy ny imperialisma, ary nantenaina hitondra tombontsoa ara-toekarena sy ara-tetika ho an' i Eorôpa izy ireo».&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford&quot;/&gt;

Ao amin' ny teny fampidirany ny bokin' i Jürgen Osterhammel hoe ''Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview'', dia milaza toy izao i Roger Tignor, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ho an' i Osterhammel, ny fototry ny fanjanahantany dia ny fisian' ny zanatany, izay, araka ny famaritana azy, dia tantanana amin' ny fomba hafa noho ireo faritany hafa toy ny prôtektôrata na ireo faritra iharan' ny fitaoman' ny firenena iray nefa tsy misy sata ôfisialy».&lt;ref name=&quot;Oster&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&amp;pg=PR10]; Lohateny: ''Preface to Colonialism: a theoretical overview''; last: Tignor; first: Roger; Mpamoaka: Markus Weiner Publishers; Taona: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55876-340-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: x; Daty nijerena: 5 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ilay boky, dia mametraka izao fanontaniana izao i Osterhammel, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ahoana no ahafahana mamaritra ny “fanjanahantany” tsy iankinana amin' ny “zanatany”?»&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&amp;pg=PA15]; Lohateny: ''Colonialism: a theoretical overview''; last: Osterhammel; first: Jürgen; Mpamoaka: Markus Weiner Publishers; others: trans. Shelley Frisch; Taona: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55876-340-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 15; author-link: Jürgen Osterhammel; Daty nijerena: 5 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Famaritana misy fehezanteny telo no narosony, izay toy izao raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny fanjanahantany dia fifandraisana eo amin' ny mponina maro anisa izay teratany na nentina an-keriny, sy ny mpanafika vahiny vitsy anisa. Ny mpitondra mpanjanaka no mandray sy mampihatra ireo fanapahan-kevitra fototra mahakasika ny fiainan' ny vahoaka voazanaka, mba hanatratrarana tombontsoa izay matetika faritana any amin' ny foibe mpanjanaka lavitra. Sady mandà ny fifandeferana ara-kolontsaina amin' ny mponina voazanaka ny mpanjanaka no resy lahatra fa ambony noho izy ireo ny tenany, ary fa voatendry hitondra izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhammel16&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&amp;pg=PA16]; Lohateny: ''Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview''; last: Osterhammel; first: Jürgen; Mpamoaka: Markus Weiner Publishers; others: trans. Shelley Frisch; Taona: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55876-340-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 16; author-link: Jürgen Osterhammel; Daty nijerena: 5 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Araka ny voalazan' i Julian Go, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fanjanahantany dia manondro ny fifehezana ara-pôlitika mivantana ny fiarahamonina iray sy ny mponina ao aminy ataon' ny fanjakana vahiny iray mitondra azy... Ampihimambain' ilay fanjakana mpitondra ny fahefana ara-pôlitika, ary tazoniny ao amin' ny sata ambany kokoa eo anatrehan' ny lalàna ilay fiarahamonina eo ambany fahefany sy ny mponina ao aminy».&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;last: Go; first: Julian; url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405165518]; Lohateny: ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology''; Daty: 2007; Mpamoaka: Wiley; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Ritzer; editor-first: George; edition: 1; Fiteny: en; Fizarana: ''Colonialism (Neocolonialism)''; doi: 10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc071.&lt;/ref&gt; Manoratra toy izao koa izy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fanjanahantany dia miankina voalohany indrindra amin' ny fanambaran' ny fanjakana foiben' ny fanjakazakana iray fa manana fiandrianana amin' ny faritany hafa sy ny mponina ao aminy izy, na amin' ny fakany izany faritany izany, na amin' izy roa miaraka; sokajiny ho olom-pehezina ambany kokoa ireo mponina ireo fa tsy ho olom-pirenena mitovy zo».&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;last: Go; first: Julian; Daty: 2024; Lohateny: ''Reverberations of Empire: How the Colonial Past Shapes the Present''; Gazety: ''Social Science History''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 48; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 1–18; doi: 10.1017/ssh.2023.37; issn: 0145-5532; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny mpahay tantara aostralianina Lorenzo Veracini dia mamaritra ny fanjanahantany ho fametrahana sy fitazonana, amin' ny alalan' ny herisetra, fifandraisana tsy mitovy lenta eo amin' ny foibe mpanjanaka sy ny faritany voazanaka. Milaza izy fa ny famindrana ny mponina hiala amin' ny fonenany sy ny herisetra no hery fototra mihazona izany fifandraisana tsy mitovy lenta izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 1–4&lt;/sup&gt; Ny tsy fifandanjan-kery ateraky ny fifandraisana ara-panjanahantany dia ahafahan' ny foibe mpanjanaka manararaotra ireo fepetra ara-barotra tsy mitovy lenta eo aminy sy ny zanataniny.

Ao amin' ny ''The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sociology'', i Wendell Bell dia mamaritra ny fanjanahantany, anisan' izany ny fanjanahantany anatiny, ho toy izao raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «dingana izay ahazoan' ny hery vahiny iray [...] fanjakazakana amin' ny vahoaka sy ny tany hafa ary ihazonany izany».&lt;ref name=&quot;c602&quot;&gt;last: Lachmann; first: Richard; Lohateny: ''The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sociology''; Mpamoaka: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin; publication-place: Guilford, Conn; Daty: 1991; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87967-886-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 51; url: [https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicdict0003unse_u7w4/page/n10/mode/1up?q=colonialism]; quote: '''COLONIALISM AND INTERNAL COLONIALISM''', the process by which political, social, economic, and cultural dominance is acquired and held by a foreign power over another people and land. Sometimes, settlers from the ruling power migrate to the colony, but usually their numbers have been small when compared to the size of the indigenous population that is subjugated. '''Colonialism''' was a mechanism through which Western institutions and culture spread, especially from the fifteenth century until World War I. Characteristically, however, colonial systems of stratification were marked by great inequalities, with European conquerors and Western ways dominant. Invidious distinctions generally degraded the indigenous peoples, cultures, languages, religions, occupations, and social systems — or, as in the case of the West Indies, the people specifically imported to the colony as slaves and indentured servants to provide laborers for the colonial masters. '''Internal colonialism''' refers to the position of subordinate groups and groups that are discriminated against within a given nation-state. By analogy, some writers argue that the status, degree of exploitation, and lack of self-determination of such domestic groups in their home countries are similar to those of colonial subjects in overseas dependencies ruled by an alien people. Furthermore, such groups are often differentiated by race and culture from the majority group and ruling classes. —Wendell Bell.&lt;/ref&gt; Raisin' ny ''International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences'' io famaritana io ary ampiany fa tsy mitovy amin' ny fampidirana faritany ho ao anatin' ny firenena iray ny fitondrana ara-panjanahantany, satria tsy mampiditra marina ny vahoaka voazanaka ho ao amin' ny firenen' ny vahoaka manjaka izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaefer&quot;&gt;last1: Schaefer; first1: Richard T.; Lohateny: ''International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences''; Fizarana: ''Minorities''; Daty: 2015; Pejy: 569–574; doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.32091-8; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; quote: Colonialism has been the most frequent way for one group of people to dominate another. Colonialism is the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over people by a foreign power for an extended period (W. Bell, 1991). Colonialism is rule by outsiders but, unlike annexation, does not involve actual incorporation into the dominant people’s nation..&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''A Dictionary of Human Geography'', ny fanjanahantany dia faritana ho fifehezana vahoaka hafa miaraka amin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny fahamboniana sy ny fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers&quot;&gt;last1: Rogers; first1: Alisdair; Fizarana: ''colonialism''; Daty: 2013-09-19; Lohateny: ''A Dictionary of Human Geography''; chapter-url: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001/acref-9780199599868-e-236]; Daty nijerena: 2025-07-19; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-959986-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; quote: The control over one territory and its peoples by another, and the ideologies of superiority and *racism often associated with such domination.; last2: Castree; first2: Noel; last3: Kitchin; first3: Rob; chapter-url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Notsikeraina ny fikarohana momba ny fanjanahantany noho ny fametrahany an' i Eorôpa ho ivon' ny fandinihana rehefa mamaritra izay mampiavaka ny fanjanahantany amin' ny fakana tany amin' ny alalan' ny fandresena.&lt;ref name=&quot;k989&quot;&gt;last: Schayegh; first: Cyrus; Lohateny: ''Settler colonial studies: a historical analysis''; Gazety: ''Settler Colonial Studies''; Boky: 14; Laharana: 4; Daty: 2024; issn: 2201-473X; doi: 10.1080/2201473X.2024.2371490; doi-access: free; Pejy: 470–497.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miseho amin' ny tantara foronina koa ny fanjanahana toerana hafa, ka anisan' izany ny fanjanahan' ny olombelona [[Planeta|planeta]] hafa ankoatra ny [[Tany|Tany]]. Ao amin' ny tantara foronina ''The Matrix'', ohatra, dia misy milina noforonin' ny olombelona maka ny fahefana sy manjanaka ny Tany; fisehoan-javatra ao amin' ilay tantara izany.

== Endriky ny fanjanahantany ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Rijsttafel TMnr 60053682.jpg|thumb|right|Fianakaviana neerlandey tany [[Java|Java]], tamin' ny taona 1927.]]

Ny fandinihana ny fanjanahantany amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny dia manavaka sokajy maromaro izay mety hifanindry. Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia zaraina ho endrika efatra izy ireo: ny fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo, ny fanjanahantany mifantoka amin' ny fitrandrahana, ny fanjanahantany tohanan' ny mpanjanaka ho an' ny voanjo hafa fiaviana, ary ny fanjanahantany anatiny. Nisy mpahay tantara koa nanavaka endrika hafa, anisan' izany ny fanjanahantany mifamatotra amin' ny fanorenam-pirenena sy ny fanjanahantany ho fanohanana ny varotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Healy-2014&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe's Modern Past''; last1: Healy; first1: Roisin; last2: Dal Lago; first2: Enrico; Mpamoaka: Palgrave Macmillan; Taona: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-137-45075-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York; Pejy: 126.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo dia ahitana fifindra-monina betsaka ataon' ny [[Voanjo (olona)|voanjo]] mankany amin' ny zanatany, matetika noho ny antony ara-pivavahana, ara-pôlitika na ara-toekarena. Ny hanolo ny mponina efa tao amin' ny mponina voanjo no tena kendren' io endriky ny fanjanahantany io, ka voanjo maro no mifindra any amin' ny zanatany mba hanorim-ponenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Healy-2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny firenena niforona na nivelatra ho amin' ny endriny ankehitriny tamin' ny alalan' io fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo io i Arzantina, i Aostralia, i Brezila, i Kanada, i Silia, ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, i Israely, i [[Zelandy Vaovao|Zelandy Vaovao]], i [[Irlandy Avaratra|Irlandy Avaratra]], i [[Rosia|Rosia]], i Afrika Atsimo, i Etazonia ary i Orogoay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;jstor: 40388468; last1: Barker; first1: Adam J.; Lohateny: ''The Contemporary Reality of Canadian Imperialism: Settler Colonialism and the Hybrid Colonial State''; Gazety: ''American Indian Quarterly''; Boky: 33; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 325–351; Taona: 2009; doi: 10.1353/aiq.0.0054; s2cid: 162692337.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Glenn; first: Evelyn Nakano; Daty: 2015; Lohateny: ''Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation''; url: [http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_9708.pdf]; Gazety: ''Sociology of Race and Ethnicity''; Boky: 1; Pejy: 52–72; doi: 10.1177/2332649214560440; number: 1; s2cid: 147875813; Daty nijerena: 16 April 2019; Daty nitahirizana: 23 February 2019; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190223191440/http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_9708.pdf]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Veracini; first: Lorenzo; Daty: 2007; Lohateny: ''Historylessness: Australia as a settler colonial collective''; Gazety: ''Postcolonial Studies''; Boky: 10; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 271–285; doi: 10.1080/13688790701488155; s2cid: 144872634; hdl: 1885/27945; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;jstor: 41575861; last1: Gold; first1: Dore.; Lohateny: ''The Myth of Israel as a Colonialist Entity: An Instrument of Political Warfare to Delegitimize the Jewish State''; Gazety: ''Jewish Political Studies Review''; Boky: 23; Laharana: 3/4; Pejy: 84–90; Taona: 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Sabbagh-Khoury; first: Areej; Daty: 15 March 2022; Lohateny: ''Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel''; url: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0032329221999906]; Gazety: ''Politics &amp; Society''; Boky: 50; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 44–83; doi: 10.1177/0032329221999906; s2cid: 233635930; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 83–84&lt;/sup&gt; Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny fikasana taloha na tsy nahomby hanangana zanatany ametrahana voanjo kosa i Aljeria teo ambany fifehezan' i Frantsa, i Rhodesia (i [[Zimbaboe|Zimbaboe]] ankehitriny), i Libia teo ambany fifehezan' i Italia, ny Zanatanin' i Kenià, i Kôrea sy i Manchuria teo ambany fifehezan' i Japàna, ary indrindra, noho ny laza ratsiny, i Eorôpa Atsinanana nobodoin' ny Nazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 462–463&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 83–84&lt;/sup&gt;
* Ny fanjanahantany mifantoka amin' ny fitrandrahana dia ahitana mpanjanaka vitsy kokoa, ary mifantoka amin' ny fitrandrahana ny harena voajanahary na ny fampiasana ny herin' ny mpiasa mba hahazoan' ny firenena mpanjanaka tombontsoa. Tafiditra amin' io endrika io ny tobim-barotra sy ny zanatany lehibe kokoa, izay ny mpanjanaka no nisahana ny ankamaroan' ny fitantanana ara-pôlitika sy ara-toekarena. Io endrika mifantoka amin' ny fitrandrahana io no tena nanamarika ny fanjanahana an' i Afrika sy Azia nataon' ny Eorôpeana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Murray; first: Martin J.; Lohateny: ''The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940)''; Taona: 1980; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; Toerana: Berkeley; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-520-04000-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fanjanahantany tohanan' ny mpanjanaka ho an' ny voanjo hafa fiaviana (''surrogate colonialism'') dia tetikasa fametrahana voanjo tohanan' ny fahefana mpanjanaka iray, nefa tsy avy amin' ny vondrom-poko niavian' ilay fahefana mitondra ny ankamaroan' ny voanjo. Nisy nilaza fa toy izany no nitranga tany [[Palestina teo ambany fitantanan' ny Britanika|Palestina teo ambany fitantanana nankinina]] sy tao amin' ny Zanatanin' i Liberià, saingy iadian-kevitra izany fanasokajiana izany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Atran; first: Scott; Lohateny: ''The Surrogate Colonization of Palestine 1917–1939''; Gazety: ''American Ethnologist''; Daty: November 1989; Boky: 16; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 719–744; doi: 10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00070; s2cid: 130148053; url: [https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00000568/file/ijn_00000568_00.pdf]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180518081307/https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00000568/file/ijn_00000568_00.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 18 May 2018; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://cers.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2016/04/On-Racialized-Citizenship-The-History-of-Black-colonialism-in-Liberia-Naomi-Whittaker.pdf ''On Racialized Citizenship: The History of Black colonialism in Liberia'' by Naomi Anderson Whittaker]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fanjanahantany anatiny dia hevitra enti-milaza ny tsy fitovian' ny fahefana ateraky ny rafitra misy eo amin' ny faritra samihafa ao anatin' ny [[Fanjakana|fanjakana]] iray. Avy ao anatin' ilay fanjakana ihany ny fitrandrahana sy ny fanararaotana. Hita izany rehefa mety hifindra avy amin' ny olona avy any amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka ho amin' ny vondron' olona mpifindra monina ao amin' ny firenena vao nahaleo tena ny fifehezana sy ny fanararaotana.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice: An International Dilemma''; last: Gabbidon; first: Shaun; Mpamoaka: SAGE; Taona: 2010; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4129-4988-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Los Angeles, CA; Pejy: 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Casanova; first: Pablo Gonzalez; Daty: 1 April 1965; Lohateny: ''Internal colonialism and national development''; url: [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02800542]; Gazety: ''Studies in Comparative International Development''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 1; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 27–37; doi: 10.1007/BF02800542; s2cid: 153821137; issn: 1936-6167; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Hakewill, A Picturesque Tour of the Island of Jamaica, Plate 04.jpg|thumb|Harbour Street, ao Kingston, Jamaîka, tokony ho tamin' ny taona 1820.]]
* Ny fanjanahantany mifamatotra amin' ny fanorenam-pirenena dia ahitana singa avy amin' ny fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo sy ny fanjanahantany anatiny. Mifampiankina sady mifameno ao anatin' izany ny fanorenam-pirenena sy ny fanjanahana, ka mikendry ny hanova ny vahoaka voazanaka hitovy endrika ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pôlitika aminy ny fitondrana mpanjanaka. Ny hampiditra ireo vahoaka ireo ao anatin' ny fanjakana no tanjona, saingy amin' ny maha-taratra ny kolontsaina tian' ilay fanjakana hampanjakaina azy ireo ihany. I Taioàna teo ambany jadona miaramilan' ny Kuomintang no ohatra mahazatra amin' ny fiarahamonina anjakan' io endriky ny fanjanahantany io.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Wong; first1: Ting-Hong; Lohateny: ''Education and National Colonialism in Postwar Taiwan: The Paradoxical Use of Private Schools to Extend State Power, 1944–1966''; Gazety: ''History of Education Quarterly''; Daty: May 2020; Boky: 60; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 156–184; doi: 10.1017/heq.2020.25; s2cid: 225917190.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fanjanahantany ho fanohanana ny varotra dia fandraisana andraikitra amin' ny fanjanahantany mba hanohanana ny fahafahan' ny mpivarotra manao raharaham-barotra. Nisongadina indrindra io endrika io tany Azia tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, izay nanerena ireo fanjakana nisafidy ny hitoka-monina teo aloha hanokatra ny seranan-tsambony ho an' ny firenena matanjaka tandrefana. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' izany ny Adin' ny Ôpiôma sy ny fanokafana an' i Japàna.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''A Typology of Colonialism | Perspectives on History | AHA''; url: [https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism]; Daty nijerena: 11 May 2021; website: www.historians.org.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Auslin, Michael R., [https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3w6tGiraEC ''Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.''] Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-01521-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; &lt;nowiki&gt;OCLC 56493769&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sary:League of Nations Anachronous Map FR.png|thumb|279x279px|Ny firenena teto amin' izao tontolo izao tamin' ny andron' ny [[Fikambanan' ny Firenena|Fikambanan' ny Firenena]], sy ny toerana nisy ny firenena voazanaka.]]
Matetika koa dia avahana ny [[Zanatany|zanatany]] ampidirana mponina vaovao sy ny zanatany natao ho trandrahina sy hanjakazakana. Ny voalohany dia natao hanorenam-ponenan' ny olona maro avy any amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka, dia ny voanjo, izay afaka namorona vondron' olona voalamina. Niara-nonina tamin' ny vahoaka voazanaka tao anatin' ny fiarahamonina nanjakan' ny fanavakavahana ny voanjo eorôpeana. Ny zanatany natao hohararaotina amin' ny alalan' ny fitrandrahana no endrika niely indrindra.

Ny fanomezana ny firenena tandrefana ny loharanon-karenan' ny firenena voazanaka no tanjona voalohan' ny fanjanahantany. Noho ny tsy fahampian' ny mpiasa eorôpeana sy ny fanamelohana ny [[Fanandevozana|fanandevozana]] ny [[Teratanin' i Amerika|Amerindiana]], dia nitady olona hafa hampiasaina ny mpanjanaka. Izany no nahatonga ireo firenena nandray anjara tamin' ny Raharaham-barotra Telolafy handamina ny fanandevozana mba hahazoany tombontsoa.

Niteraka fiankinan-doha tanteraka tamin' ny firenena na tanàna niaviany ho an' ny voanjo ny fiheverana ara-toekarena notohanan' ny merkantilista.

&lt;!-- Loharanon' ny dikan-teny amin' ity fizarana ity: Wikipedia amin' ny teny anglisy, Imperialism, fizarana Colonialism, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1382084809 ; fehintsoratra nalaina tao amin' ny Colonialism, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384619654 . --&gt;
=== Fanavahana azy amin' ny imperialisma ===
Navahan' ny manam-pahaizana sasany, toa an' i Young, ny imperialisma sy ny fanjanahantany. Nanoratra izy fa ny imperialisma dia mampihatra ny pôlitikam-panjakana, fa ny fanjanahantany kosa dia mety ho taratry ny tanjona ara-barotra, na dia tohanan' ny hery aza.&lt;ref&gt;last: Young; first: Robert; Lohateny: ''Empire, colony, postcolony''; Taona: 2015; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4051-9355-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 54; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; oclc: 907133189.&lt;/ref&gt; Nambaran' i Said fa ny fanjanahantany dia midika fisarahana ara-jeôgrafia eo amin' ny zanatany sy ny fanjakana manjaka aminy. Nanavaka azy roa izy ka nilaza hoe, araka izao dika amin' ny teny malagasy izao: « Ny imperialisma dia ahitana ny “fomba fanao, ny teôria ary ny toe-tsain' ny foibe mpanjanaka iray manjakazaka sy mitondra faritany lavitra”, fa ny fanjanahantany kosa dia manondro ny “fanorenam-ponenana any amin' ny faritany lavitra”. »&lt;ref name=&quot;Imperialism Gilmartin2009&quot;/&gt; Araka ny fanasokajiana mahazatra, ny empira manana faritany mifampitohy an-tanety, toy ny [[Empira Rosiana|Empira Rosiana]], ny Empira Sinoa na ny [[Empira Ôtômàna|Empira Ôtômana]], dia antsoina hoe empira mampihatra ny imperialisma, na dia nandefa mponina tany amin' ny faritaniny lavitra koa aza izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Imperialism Gilmartin2009&quot;&gt;last: Gilmartin; first: Mary; Lohateny: ''Key Concepts in Political Geography''; Taona: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4129-4672-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Gallaher; editor-first: Carolyn; Pejy: 115–123; Fizarana: ''Colonialism/Imperialism''; doi: 10.4135/9781446279496.n13; editor-last2: Dahlman; editor-first2: Carl; editor-last3: Gilmartin; editor-first3: Mary; editor-last4: Mountz; editor-first4: Alison; editor-last5: Shirlow; editor-first5: Peter; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&amp;pg=PA115].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pejy / toerana: 116&quot;&gt;&amp;#58;&amp;hairsp;116&amp;hairsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

[[File:American Progress (John Gast painting).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ny ''American Progress'' (Fandrosoana amerikanina), nataon' i John Gast tamin' ny taona 1872, dia sary maneho an' ohatra ny fiheverana fa voatendry hanitatra ny taniny i Etazonia. I Columbia, izay fanehoana an' i Etazonia amin' ny endrik' olona, dia mitarika ny sivilizasiônan' ny voanjo miankandrefana, mitondra hazavana, mamelatra tariby telegrafy, mitana boky,&lt;ref&gt;last: Mountjoy; first: Shane; Lohateny: ''Manifest Destiny: Westward Expansion''; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: Infobase Publishing; Pejy: 19; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781438119830&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mampisongadina ireo dingana samihafa amin' ny asa ara-toekarena sy ireo endriky ny fitaterana izay miova tsikelikely,&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''John Gast, American Progress, 1872''; url: [https://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/john-gast-american-progress-1872/]; Mpamoaka: Picturing U.S. History.&lt;/ref&gt; sady mampiala ny vahoaka teratany ao Etazonia amin' ny tanindrazany, eo amin' ny ilany havia amin' ilay sary.]]

== Tantara ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: tantaran' ny fanjanahantany; lisitry ny zanatany; filaharan' ny zava-nitranga teo amin' ny fanjanahantany tandrefana.

=== Fanjanahan-tany tamin' ny Andro Taloha ===
Tamin' ny fanitaran-tany nataon' ny [[Eorôpa|Eorôpeana]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20 dia nahatratra ny fara tampon' ny fandrosoany ny pôlitikan' ny fanjanahantany. Efa nisy talohan' ireo taonjato ireo anefa ny fakana tany hozanahina.

Efa ela ny fisian' ny asa azo antsoina hoe fanjanahantany, izay efa natao farafahakeliny tamin' ny andron' ny [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|mponin' i Ejipta fahiny]]. Nanorina zanatany tamin' ny Andro Taloha ny [[Fenisia|Fenisiana]], ny [[Grisia Taloha|Grika]] ary ny [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]]. Nampiavaka an' i [[Fenisia|Fenisia]] ny kolontsaina nifototra tamin' ny fahavitrihana teo amin' ny varotra an-dranomasina, izay niely nanerana an' i Mediteranea nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1550 ka hatramin' ny taona 300 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy. Nanohy izany fanorenana zanatany izany tatỳ aoriana ny [[Akemenida|Empira persiana]] sy ireo tanàna grika samihafa izay samy fanjakana mahaleo tena. Tsy ela taorian' izany dia nanaraka azy ireo ny Rômana, ka nanorina ny atao amin' ny teny latina hoe ''coloniae'' (zanatany rômana) nanerana an' i Mediteranea sy tany Afrika Avaratra ary tany Azia Andrefana.

==== Fanjanahan-tany fenisiana ====
Efa nanitatra ny fanjakany tamin' ny tany maro sy nanjakazaka tamin' ny vahoaka maro hafa ny firenena manodidina ny [[Ranomasina Mediteranea|Ranomasina Mediteranea]] sy ireo tany amin' ny nosy sasany ao aminy. Nanorina tobim-barotra nanerana ny lemaka manodidina an' i Mediteranea ny [[Fenisia|Fenisiana]] (na Foinikiana). Na dia natokana ho an' ny raharaham-barotra aza ireo tobim-barotra ireo, dia nahasarika mpifindra monina avy amin' ny firenena tompon' ny tobim-barotra. Nahita tombontsoa tao, izay tsy hitany tany an-tanindrazany, ireo mpifindra monina atao hoe [[Voanjo (olona)|voanjo]] ireo.

==== Fanjanahantany grika ====
Lasan-davitra kokoa tamin' ny fanitarana ny tany nanjakazakany ny Grika. Efa nanana tany nozanahina sy nametrahany voanjo ny tanàna grika maro, na dia tsy tena nitovy tamin' izany aza ny fanjanahantany tatỳ aoriana. Tamin' ny nampiroboroboany ny fifindra-monina sy ny fanjanahantany dia nanorim-ponenana teny amin' ny faritra an-tsisin' i [[Azia Minora|Azia Minora]] ny Grika sady nanorina tanàna lehibe teny amin' ny morontsirak' i [[Ranomasina Mediteranea|Mediteranea]].

Na dia atao hoe efa nisy fanjanahantany aza tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha|Andro Taloha]], dia tsy mitovy tanteraka amin' ny fanjanahantany tatỳ aoriana ny endrika nisehoany sy ny tanjona notratrariny.

=== Tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ===
Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-7, dia nanao fanitaram-panjakana tamin' ny faritra midadasika sy fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo ireo [[Kalifata|kalifata silamo]], ka nandresy sy naka an' i [[Ampiposahana (faritra)|Ampiposahana]], [[Mesôpôtamia|Mesôpôtamia]], [[Iràna|Persia]], [[Afrika Avaratra|Afrika Avaratra]] ary ny [[Saikanosy Iberika|Saikanosy Iberika]]. Araka ny fandinihana ara-tantara nataon' i Izzud-Din Amar Musa, Efraim Karsh ary Hugh Kennedy, dia nahitana fampileferana ara-tafika ny vahoaka teratany, anisan' izany ny [[Amaziga (vahoaka)|Amaziga]], ny [[Kôpta (vahoaka)|Kôpta]], ny [[Persàna (vahoaka)|Persàna]] sy ny hafa, ny fanjanahana arabo sy silamo. Nahitana fakana tany midadasika, fitrandrahana loharanon-karena, fampandoavana hetra nanavakavaka ny olom-pehezina tsy silamo (''jizya''), ary fampanarahana ny teny sy ny kolontsaina arabo koa izany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Musa; first: Izzud-Din Amar; Lohateny: ''The Arabs and Africa''; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis; Taona: 2012; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-136-25192-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Haseeb; editor-first: Khair El-Din; series: Routledge Library Editions: The Arab Nation; Pejy: 58–90; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Karsh; first: Efraim; Lohateny: ''Islamic Imperialism: A History''; Mpamoaka: Yale University Press; Taona: 2006; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0300122633&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Kennedy; first: Hugh; Lohateny: ''The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In''; Mpamoaka: Da Capo Press; Taona: 2007; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0306815850&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 34–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Narahin' ny fifindra-monina arabo betsaka sy ny fametrahana voanjo hipetraka maharitra tany amin' ireo faritra resy ireo fandresena ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Tao amin' ireo tanàna nisy toby miaramila, izay vao naorina na nitarina, toa an' i Kufa, [[Bassora|Bassora]], Fustat ary Kairouan, no nampivondronana ireo tafika mpandresy; natao ho toby niaingan' ny fifehezana ireo tany nozanahina ireo tanàna ireo.&lt;ref&gt;last: Donner; first: Fred M.; Lohateny: ''The Early Islamic Conquests''; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; Taona: 1981; doi: 10.1515/9781400847877; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-4787-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Marsham; first: Andrew; Lohateny: ''Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire''; Mpamoaka: Edinburgh University Press; Taona: 2009; doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625123.001.0001; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7486-2512-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fandinihan' i Milka Levy-Rubin, dia nampidirina tao amin' ireo fanjakana ireo ny vahoaka teratany nefa tsy nitovy zo tamin' ny mpandresy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny boky ''The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims'', natontan' i Robert Spencer, dia voalaza fa tamin' ny ankapobeny, ireo fifanarahana natao tamin' ny fitolo-batana tany am-piandohana dia namela fizakan-tena voafetra ho an' ny vondrom-piarahamonina, ho takalon' ny fileferana ara-pôlitika sy ny fandoavan-ketra. Voalaza ao koa fa ny rafitra ''dhimma'', izay namaritra ny satan' ny olom-pehezina tsy silamo, dia nahatonga azy ireo ho olom-pirenena nanana zo ambany kokoa noho ny hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims''; Mpamoaka: Prometheus Books; Taona: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-59102-249-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Spencer; editor-first: Robert; Toerana: Amherst, New York.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fandinihan' i Elizabeth Urban, dia vondrona ambony arabo sy silamo no nanjakazaka tao amin' ireo kalifata voalohany, ary niharan' ny fanavakavahana teo amin' ny hetra sy ny fiainana ara-tsosialy ary ara-pôlitika ny tsy Arabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ny fandinihan' i Milka Levy-Rubin sy i Elizabeth Urban koa dia mitantara fa niteraka [[Fanandevozana|fanandevozana]] sy fanesorana vahoaka maro avy amin' ny foko samihafa tamin' ny toeram-ponenany ny fanjanahana. Nentina tany amin' ireo foiben' ny kalifata ny babo, ary ampahany lehibe tamin' ny mponina tao amin' ireo fiarahamonina silamo ireo ny tsy silamo nandevozina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;last: Levy-Rubin; first: Milka; Lohateny: ''Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire: From Surrender to Coexistence''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 2011; doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511977435; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-00433-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;last: Urban; first: Elizabeth; Lohateny: ''Conquered Populations in Early Islam: Non-Arabs, Slaves and the Sons of Slave Mothers''; Mpamoaka: Edinburgh University Press; Taona: 2020; doi: 10.1515/9781474423229; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4744-2322-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, dia nanangana zanatany ny Vikingy (ireo vahoaka avy any Skandinavia nantsoina hoe ''Norsemen''), anisan' izany i [[Leif Ericson|Leif Erikson]]. Nisy ireo zanatany ireo tany Britaina, tao amin' ny nosin' i Irlandy, tany Islandy, Greenland, Amerika Avaratra, tany amin' ny faritra misy an' i Rosia sy Okraina ankehitriny, tany Frantsa (Normandy) ary tany Sicily.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page Sonnenburg 2003 p. 421&quot;&gt;last1: Page; first1: M.E.; last2: Sonnenburg; first2: P.M.; Lohateny: ''Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia''; Mpamoaka: ABC-CLIO; Taona: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&amp;pg=PA421]; Daty nijerena: 1 April 2023; Pejy: 421.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taonjato faha-9 koa no nanomboka ny onjam-panjanahana vaovao nanodidina ny [[Ranomasina Mediteranea|Mediteranea]]. Nifaninana tamin' izany ny avy any Venice, Genoa ary Amalfi, izay niditra tsikelikely tao amin' ireo nosy sy tany nanan-karena, izay an' ny [[Empira Bizantina|Empira Bizantina]] na [[Empira Bizantina|Empira Rômana Atsinanana]] taloha. Nanangana fitondrana mpanjanaka tao amin' ny [[Fanjakana Latina Atsinanana|Outremer]] (tany [[Ampiposahana (faritra)|Ampiposahana]], tamin' ny 1097–1291) sy teo amin' ny [[Ranomasina Baltika|morontsirak' i Baltika]] (nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-12) ireo Eorôpeana nandray anjara tamin' ny [[Kroazada|Kroazada]]. Nanomboka nanjakazaka tao [[Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] ny Repoblikan' i Venice, ary nahatratra ny fara tampon' ny velaran' ny zanataniny ara-panarana tamin' ny fiafaran' ny [[Kroazada fahefatra|Kroazada fahefatra]] tamin' ny taona 1204, rehefa nambarany fa azony ny ampahany telo amin' ny ampahany valo mitovy amin' ny tanin' ny Empira Bizantina.&lt;ref&gt;Peter N. Stearns, ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (2001) pp 21–238&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny fantatra ankehitriny ===
[[File:Philip II's realms in 1598.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Ny Firaisana Iberiana nampiray an' i Espaina sy i Pôrtogaly teo anelanelan' ny taona 1580 sy 1640.]]

Amin' ny ankapobeny dia heverina fa nanomboka tamin' ny fakàn' ny Espaniôla ny Nosy Kanaria ny fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny maoderina. Araka ny fanazavan' i Lorenzo Veracini, tamin' izany no nanjary azo fantarina ho fifandraisana ara-panjanahantany ny fifandraisana niorina tamin' ny fanjakazakana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 10&lt;/sup&gt; Tamin' ny [[Andro Vaovao|Andro Vaovao]] dia niely maneran-tany izany fanjakazakana izany. Nivoatra ny endriny ara-[[Pôlitika|pôlitika]] sy ara-[[Toekarena|toekarena]], ary napetraka ny paikady hampanompoana ny vahoaka voazanaka.

Tamin' ny fiafaran' ny [[Andro Antenatenany|Andro Antenatenany]] dia niteraka filana vaovao tany Eorôpa ny fiovan' ny hery famokarana sy ny fitaovam-pifandraisana. Nihalany ny [[Harena an-kibon' ny tany|harena an-kibon' ny tany]] azo notrandrahina tao Eorôpa nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany, ary nisondro-bidy ny zava-manitra nampiasaina tamin' ny sakafo. Izany no nanosika ny Eorôpeana hitady akora fanodina sy olona hampiasaina tany [[Afrika|Afrika]], [[Azia|Azia]] ary [[Amerika|Amerika]]. Nandeha lavitra tany Afrika hitady izany harena sy olona izany ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]] sy ny [[Espaina|Espaniôla]]. Niditra an-tsehatra tamin' ny fametrahana fitsipika hifehezana ny fifaninanana teo amin' ireo firenena roa ireo ny [[Papa|papa]].

Taorian' ny nahalasanan' i [[Kônstantinôpôlisy|Konstantinôpla]] tamin' ny [[Empira Ôtômàna|Empira Ôtômàna]] tamin' ny taona 1453, dia nanjary nanana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny [[Raharaham-barotra|varotra]] ireo lalan-dranomasina hitan' ilay andriana pôrtogey [[Henry the Navigator|Henry the Navigator]] (1394–1460). Nampiroborobo ny vanim-potoan' ny fikarohana tany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Charles R. Boxer, ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825'' (1969)&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 1492 dia tonga an-dranomasina tany [[Amerika|Amerika]] ny Fanjakan' i Castile, ka nanorina tobim-barotra na naka tany midadasika.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; I [[Christophe Colomb|Christophe Colomb]] no nanao ilay dia nahafantaran' ny Eorôpeana ny fisian' i [[Amerika Avaratra|Amerika Avaratra]] sy i [[Amerika Atsimo|Amerika Atsimo]]. Nanjanaka an' i Amerika ny Eorôpeana taorian' izany. Noho izany sy ny famonoana [[Teratanin' i Amerika|teratanin' i Amerika]] maro dia maro, dia nanjary nanana razana eorôpeana ny ankamaroan' ny mponina any Amerika Avaratra.

Ny Dinan' i Tordesillas tamin' ny taona 1494 dia nizara ny faritra tamin' ireo tany nantsoina hoe vaovao ireo teo amin' ny Empira Mpanjanaka Espaniôla sy ny Empira Mpanjanaka Pôrtogey.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;

==== Fanamarinana ara-pivavahana sy adihevitra ====
Vao nanomboka ny pôlitikan' ny fanitaran-tany hozanahina dia efa nahazo ny fanohanan' ny mpamolavola [[Rijan-kevitra|rijan-kevitra]] izany. Anisan' ny fanamarinana naroson' ireo mpomba azy tamin' ny voalohany ny filazana fa tokony hobeazina ireo vahoaka izay nampisalasalan' izy ireo ny maha olombelona azy. Nampiasainy ho tohan-kevitra hanamarinana ny fanjanahantany sy ny [[Fanandevozana|fampanandevozana]] ny [[Teratanin' i Amerika|Amerindiana]] ny fampielezana ny [[Kristianisma|fivavahana kristiana]]. Nisy teôlôjiana koa anefa nanomboka nitsikera ny pôlitika nampiharina tany [[Amerika|Amerika]].

Tamin' ny taona 1550 dia nifanohitra teo anatrehan' ny ''Conseil des Indes'' (Filan-kevitry ny India) tao [[Valladolid|Valladolid]] i Las Casas sy i Juan Ginés de Sepulveda. Araka ny hevitr' i Sepulveda, ny fiheverana ny Amerindiana ho ambany toetra no nanamarina ny fanjanahantany; noheveriny ho ara-drariny koa ny fanandevozana raha natao ho an' ny tombontsoan' ny firenena noheveriny ho ambony, toa an' i [[Espaina|Espaina]].

==== Orinasa nahazo sata manokana avy amin' ny fanjakana ====
Ny fanitaran-tany nataon' i [[Espaina|Espaina]], indrindra tany [[Azia|Azia]] sy tany [[Amerika|Amerika]], izay nahazoany [[Empira|empira]] midadasika, dia nandrisika firenena eorôpeana hafa handray anjara tamin' ny hazakazaka ho amin' ny fanjanahantany. Anisan' izany i [[Britaina Lehibe|Britaina Lehibe]], i [[Frantsa|Frantsa]] ary i [[Nederlandy|Hôlandy]], na [[Nederlandy|Nederlandy]]. Niditra an-tsehatra mivantana i Espaina sy i [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogaly]], fa ireo firenena vao nandray anjara kosa dia nampiasa mpanelanelana tamin' ny voalohany: orinasa nahazo sata manokana avy amin' ny fanjakana, nantsoina tamin' ny teny frantsay hoe ''compagnies à charte'', izay niforona tamin' ny taonjato faha-17.

Tamin' io taonjato io no niforonan' ny [[Empira Mpanjanaka Neerlandey|Empira Mpanjanaka Neerlandey]] sy ny [[Empira Mpanjanaka Frantsay|Empira Mpanjanaka Frantsay]], ary ireo tany nofehezin' i Angletera tany ampitan-dranomasina, izay nanjary Empira Mpanjanaka Britanika tatỳ aoriana. Niorina koa ny zanatany danoà sy ny zanatany soedoà tany ampitan-dranomasina.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Benjamin, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (3 vol 2006)&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fahaleovantena sy fanitarana indray ny empira ====
Ny Ady ho an' ny Fahaleovantenan' i Etazonia (1775–1783) no nanomboka ny onja voalohan' ny hetsika fitakiana fisarahana, ary nitarika ny fiforonan' ny Empira Britanika faharoa (1783–1815).&lt;ref&gt;[https://victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html David Cody, &quot;''The British Empire''&quot; ''The Victorians Web'' (1988)]&lt;/ref&gt; Nirodana ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla|Empira Mpanjanaka Espaniôla]] tany Amerika nandritra ny ady ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i Amerika espaniôla (1808–1833). Nanorina zanatany vaovao maro ireo fanjakana nanitatra empira taorian' izany, anisan' izany ireo tao amin' ny Empira Mpanjanaka Alemàna sy ny [[Empira Mpanjanaka Belza|Empira Mpanjanaka Belza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Melvin E. Page 2003&quot;&gt;Melvin E. Page, ed., ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (2003)&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny fiafaran' ny Revôlisiôna Frantsay, dia namoaka asa soratra maro ireo mpanoratra eorôpeana toa an' i Johann Gottfried Herder, August von Kotzebue ary Heinrich von Kleist, mba hanentanana ny fangorahana ny vahoaka teratany nampahorina sy ny andevo tany Amerika. Nitarika ny fanehoana ny olona teratany ho olona lavorary izany.&lt;ref&gt;author1: Dina Gusejnova; Lohateny: ''European Elites and Ideas of Empire 1917–1957''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 2016; Pejy: 14; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781107120624&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sary:Colonial empires in 1800.svg|thumb|297x297px|Ireo [[Empira|empira]] sy zanatany tamin' ny taona 1800]]
Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia niova ny fomba fiasan' ny firenena mpanjanaka sy ny [[Empira|empira]]. Nisahana mivantana ny fanjanahantany ny fanjakana, fa tsy nampiasa mpanelanelana intsony. Anisan' ny naningana tamin' izany i [[Leopold II, mpanjakan' i Belzika|Leopold II]], mpanjakan' i Belzika, izay naka tany tamin' ny anarany manokana. I [[Frantsa|Frantsa]] sy i [[Britaina Lehibe|Britaina Lehibe]] no nanana toerana voalohany teo amin' ireo fanjakana mpanjanaka ireo, narahin' i [[Alemaina|Alemaina]] sy i [[Italia|Italia]].

Ny fahaleovantenan' i Saint-Dominique sy ny lalàmpanorenan' i [[Etazonia|Etazonia]] dia nampitodika ny fanitaran-tany ho any [[Afrika|Afrika]], izay voazanaka saika manontolo. Na dia vitsy anisa aza ny zanatany tany Amerika, indrindra ireo nosy [[Antilia|Antilia]], dia mbola nanana toerana lehibe. Nitohy hatramin' ny taona 1848 ny fanandevozana tany amin' ny zanatany frantsay. I [[Azia|Azia]] kosa no [[Kôntinenta|kôntinenta]] fahatelo nizaka ny fanjanahantany.

Nisolo tsikelikely ny fotokevitra merkantilista ny [[Rijan-kevitra|rijankevitra]] liberaly. Ny foto-kevitra hoe « avelao hanao, avelao handalo », izay novoizin' i [[Adam Smith|Adam Smith]], dia tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny famerana ny fivezivezen' ny entam-barotra izay nanohanana ny fanjakazakana ara-panjanahantany.

==== Empira mifototra amin' ny tanibe sy fanitarana tany ampitan-dranomasina ====
Niara-nisy tamin' ireo empira ireo ny Fanjakan' ny Habsburg, ny [[Empira Rosiana|Empira Rosiana]] ary ny [[Empira Ôtômàna|Empira Ôtômàna]]. Tsy nanitatra ny fanjakany namakivaky ranomasimbe ireo, fa naka ny tany nifanila taminy. Na izany aza, dia nisy koa ny fanjanahana rosiana tany Amerika Avaratra, niampita ny Andilan-dranomasin' i Bering. Niady mba hanjakazaka tany Amerika Atsimo ny Empiran' i Brezila. Nahazo tany tany ampitan-dranomasina i [[Etazonia|Etazonia]] taorian' ny ady nifanaovany tamin' i Espaina tamin' ny taona 1898, ka tamin' izany no nipoiran' ny voambolana hoe imperialisma amerikanina.&lt;ref&gt;Benjamin, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (3 vol 2006)&lt;/ref&gt;

Empira lehibe nifototra tamin' ny tanibe ny [[Empira Ôtômàna|Empira Ôtômàna]], izay naka sy nitondra tany midadasika tany amin' ny [[Balkana|Balkàna]], [[Azia Andrefana|Azia Andrefana]] ary [[Afrika Avaratra|Afrika Avaratra]]. Nodinihin' ny manam-pahaizana ho fanjanahantany ny fanitarany sy ny fitondrany, indrindra ny fikasany hanitatra ny tany nofeheziny tany Afrika tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;last: Minawi; first: Mostafa; Lohateny: ''The Ottoman Scramble for Africa: Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz''; Mpamoaka: Stanford University Press; Taona: 2016; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8047-9927-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra tao amin' ny fitondrana ôtômana ny fanangonana hetra sy ny fakana loharanon-karena, ary ny fomba fanerena toy ny ''devshirme''. Tamin' io fomba io dia nalaina tamin' ny fianakaviany ny ankizy kristiana, noterena hanaraka ny finoana silamo, ary nampidirina tao amin' ny tafika sy ny fitantanan-draharaha ôtômana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ménage; first: V. L.; Lohateny: ''Some Notes on the Devshirme''; Gazety: ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies''; Boky: 29; Laharana: 1; Taona: 1966; Pejy: 64–78; doi: 10.1017/S0041977X0006081X.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Todorova; first: Maria; Fizarana: ''The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans''; editor-last: Brown; editor-first: L. Carl; Lohateny: ''Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East''; Mpamoaka: Columbia University Press; Taona: 1996; Pejy: 45–77; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-231-10305-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia nanangana tambajotram-panjakazakana sy fanjanahantany an-dranomasina nanerana ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indiana]] ny [[Empira Ômaney|Empiran' i Ômàna]]. Naka ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny [[Zanguebar|morontsiraka soahily]] i Ômàna. Natao foiben' ny rafitra ara-panjanahantany nifototra indrindra tamin' ny fambolena tamin' ny toeram-pambolena lehibe, ny fampiasana andevo ary ny varotra andevo sy vangin' elefanta ny zanatany ômaney tao Zanzibar.&lt;ref&gt;last: Bishara; first: Fahad Ahmad; Lohateny: ''A Sea of Debt: Law and Economic Life in the Western Indian Ocean, 1780–1950''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 2017; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-15565-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; doi: 10.1017/9781316659083.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Sheriff; first: Abdul; Lohateny: ''Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873''; Mpamoaka: Ohio University Press; Taona: 1987; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8214-0872-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19 ny Empira Mpanjanaka Japôney, tamin' ny fametrahana voanjo tao Hokkaido sy ny fandravana ny vahoaka [[Aino (vahoaka)|Aino]] teratany tao amin' ilay nosy. Nitohy tany amin' ny Nosy Ryukyu izany avy eo, saingy tsy dia potika tahaka izany ny vahoaka Ryukyu teratany nandritra ny fanjanahana. Taorian' ny Famerenana amin' ny Laoniny an' i Meiji dia namolavola tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy kokoa ny pôlitikany momba ny fanjanahantany i Japàna, nampian' ny mpanolotsaina eorôpeana. Ny tanjona nambara hatrany am-boalohany dia ny hanonerana ny tsy fahampian' ny loharanon-karena tao amin' ireo nosy fototr' i Japàna, tamin' ny alalan' ny fifehezana ny harena voajanahary tany Azia mba hampandrosoana ny toekareny sy ny indostriany, tahaka ny nataon' ireo firenena eorôpeana. Nandresy an' i Sina tamin' ny Ady Sinoa-Japôney Voalohany i Japàna mba hifehezana an' i Kôrea sy ny nosin' i Formosa, izay atao hoe Taioàna ankehitriny. Avy eo dia [[Ady Rosiana-Japoney|nandresy ny Empira Rosiana tamin' ny ady]] izy mba hifehezana an' i Port Arthur sy Sakhalin Atsimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 147–152&lt;/sup&gt;

==== Fifandrafiana sy fitsikerana ny fanjanahantany ====
Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1870 dia nitombo ny fanohanana tsy misy fepetra nomen' ny mpomba ny fanjanahantany ny fandraharahana ara-panjanahantany, izay nohamarinin' izy ireo tamin' ny tohan-kevitra maro. Ny lanjan' ny empira mpanjanaka dia nanjary mason-tsivana nandrefesana ny tanjaky ny firenena tandrefana. Nitarika ny firenena eorôpeana hibodo na dia faritra kely aza ny fifaninanana sy ny fifandrafiana teo amin' izy ireo, mba tsy hahalasanan' izany tamin' ny mpifaninana aminy.

Ho fandraisana anjara tamin' ny varotra maneran-tany dia notadiavina ny hananana toby ara-tafika an-dranomasina sy ara-barotra tamin' ny toerana samihafa. Noheverina ho tahirin-karena azo notrandrahina raha vao nisy ny filana ny tany voazanaka. Ho an' i [[Frantsa|Frantsa]], dia noheverina koa ho tahirin' olona ny empira mpanjanaka: nampanahy azy ny tsy fahampian' ny olona raha oharina amin' i Alemaina sy ny mety ho vokatr' izany raha nisy ady. Nihevitra ny tenany ho mpitondra ny [[Sivilizasiôna|sivilizasiôna]] koa ireo firenena mpanjanaka, ary noheverin' izy ireo ho barbariana ny vahoaka voazanaka.

[[Sary:World 1936 empires colonies territory.png|thumb|307x307px|Ireo [[Empira|empira]] sy zanatany tamin' ny taona 1936]]
Notsikerain' ny [[Kômonisma|kômonista]] izany fanitaran' ny fanjanahantany izany. Nihevitra i [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenine]] fa vokatry ny fandrosoan' ny [[Kapitalisma|kapitalisma]] ny fanjanahantany, ary tsy maintsy hiafara amin' ny rafitra fanararaotana ny olona maneran-tany izany fandrosoana izany. Naminany koa izy fa tsy maintsy hitroatra ireo firenena voazanaka, manoloana ny fifampiankinana izay nampaharitra ny fanjanahantany.

Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia maro ny firenena eorôpeana nandray anjara tamin' ny fifaninanana hizarana sy hibodoana an' i Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Melvin E. Page 2003&quot; /&gt;

=== Taonjato faha-20 ===
[[File:The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter 1908 Colonization Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Sarintanin' ny fanjanahana eorôpeana tamin' ny taona 1908, tao amin' ny ''The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter'']]
Tamin' ny nipoahan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany|Ady Lehibe Voalohany]], izay fotoana iray nahatratra ny fara tampony ny fanjanahantany, dia nahatratra 560 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny mponina tany amin' ny zanatany maneran-tany. Ny 70% tamin' izy ireo dia nipetraka tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' ny Britanika, 10% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Frantsa, 9% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Nederlandy, 4% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Japàna, 2% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Alemaina, 2% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Etazonia, 3% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Pôrtogaly, 1% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Belzika ary 0.5% tany amin' ny tany nofehezin' i Italia. Tao amin' ireo firenena mpanjanaka mihitsy kosa, dia nahatratra 370&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa teo ho eo ny fitambaran' ny mponina.&lt;ref&gt;Tsy tafiditra amin' ireo antontanisa ireo ny Empira rosiana, i Austria-Hungary, ny Empira ôtômana, i Espaina ary i Danemarka. U.S. Tariff Commission. ''Colonial tariff policies'' (1922), p. 5 [https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit hita an-tserasera]&lt;/ref&gt; Tany ivelan' i Eorôpa, dia vitsy ny faritra mbola tsy tafiditra teo ambany fiahiana ara-panjanahantany ôfisialy. Na i Siam, i Sina, i Japàna, i Nepaly, i Afganistàna, i Persia ary i Abyssinia aza dia efa niharan' ny fitaomana tandrefana nanahaka ny fanjanahantany, na dia samy hafa aza ny hamafin' izany: fanomezana zo manokana amin' ny faritany iray, fifanarahana tsy nampitovy zo ny andaniny sy ny ankilany, fanafahana amin' ny fahefan' ny lalàna eo an-toerana, sy ny toy izany.

Raha nandinika ny hoe nahazoana tombony ve ny zanatany i Grover Clark (1891–1938), mpahay tantara ara-toekarena, dia namaly tamin' ny fandavana hentitra hoe « Tsia! » (dika malagasy). Araka ny filazany, tamin' ny tranga rehetra dia nihoatra ny fitambaran' ny varotra naterak' ireo zanatany ny vola lany tamin' ny fihazonana azy, indrindra ny rafitra ara-tafika nilaina hanohanana sy hiarovana azy. Ankoatra ny Empira britanika, dia tsy toerana notadiavina indrindra hifindran' ny mponina ambiny avy any amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka ireo zanatany ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Raymond Leslie Buell, &quot;''Do Colonies Pay?''&quot; ''The Saturday Review'', 1 August 1936 p 6 ]&lt;/ref&gt; Sarotra anefa ny mamaly ny hoe nahazoana tombony ve ny zanatany, raha jerena ny hamaroan' ireo tombontsoa samihafa voakasika. Tamin' ny toe-javatra sasany, dia nandoa vola be tamin' ny fandaniana ara-tafika ny fanjakana mpanjanaka, fa ny mpampiasa vola tsy miankina kosa no nahazo ny tombony. Tamin' ny toe-javatra hafa, dia nahavita namindra ny vesatry ny fandaniana ara-pitantanana tamin' ireo zanatany mihitsy ny fanjakana mpanjanaka, tamin' ny alalan' ny fampandoavana hetra.&lt;ref&gt;Rönnbäck &amp; Broberg (2019) ''Capital and Colonialism. The Return on British Investments in Africa 1869–1969'' (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Sarintanin' ireo empira mpanjanaka sy ireo empira niitatra an-tanety nanerana izao tontolo izao tamin' ny taona 1914]]
[[File:Colonialism in 1945 updated legend.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ireo fanjakana nanana empira tamin' ny taona 1945]]

==== Ady Lehibe Voalohany ====
Nampifanandrina ireo empira mpanjanaka eorôpeana ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany|Ady Lehibe Voalohany]], ary ny faritany nozanahin' izy ireo no nanohana ny fitohizan' ny ady.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 130&lt;/sup&gt; Ny fanentanana sy ny fanangonana hery ho enti-miady dia nampitombo ny fanararaotana ny zanatany maneran-tany, ka niteraka fikomiana maromaro nanohitra ny fanjanahantany ho setrin' ny fanerena hiditra ho miaramila. Anisan' ny antony lehibe nahatonga an' i Alemaina hitolo-batana ny fanakanan' ireo firenena mpiara-dia ny fifamoivoizana an-dranomasina, izay nanapaka ny fifandraisany tamin' ny zanataniny tany ampitan-dranomasina; tsy vitan' ny sambo mpisitrika alemanina kosa ny nampihatra fahavoazana toy izany tamin' ireo [[Firenena Mpiara-Dia tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany|firenena mpiara-dia]]. Nifampizara ny empira mpanjanaka alemanina sy ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny Empira Ôtômana ireo firenena mpiara-dia nandresy, ka nataony faritany nankinin' ny Fikambanan' ny Firenena hotantanan' izy ireo izany. Nosokajina ho telo ireo faritany ireo, arakaraka ny fotoana noheverina fa hilainy hiomanana ho amin' ny fahaleovantena. Nirodana ny empiran' i Rosia sy i Aotrisy tamin' ny taona 1917–1918,&lt;ref&gt;G. M. Gathorne-Hardy, ''A Short History of International Affairs, 1920–1939'' (4th ed. 1950), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260425/page/n1 online]&lt;/ref&gt; ary nipoitra ny empira sôvietika.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kassymbekova; first: Botakoz; Lohateny: ''How Western scholars overlooked Russian imperialism''; url: [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/1/24/how-western-scholars-overlooked-russian-imperialism]; Daty: 24 January 2023; Daty nijerena: 13 April 2023; website: Al Jazeera; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Teo anelanelan' ny ady lehibe roa ====
Nihamafy ny fanoherana ny fanjanahantany teo anelanelan' ny ady lehibe roa. Ny Fikomiana tamin' ny Paska sy ny Ady ho an' ny Fahaleovantenan' i Irlanda dia nahatonga ny Fanjakana Mitambatra hanaiky ny fahaleovantenan' i Irlanda. Nipoitra avy tamin' ny faharavan' ny Empira Ôtômana i Torkia ka lasa firenena mahaleo tena, ary nahatohitra ny fitsabahan' i Britaina sy i Frantsa ary i Italia. Tany Paris no natao ny Kôngresy panafrikanina voalohany tamin' ny taona 1919.&lt;ref&gt;last: Roberts; first: Brian Russell; Lohateny: ''Artistic ambassadors: literary and international representation of the New Negro era''; Daty: 2013; Mpamoaka: University of Virginia Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8139-3368-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Charlottesville; London; Pejy: 121–122.&lt;/ref&gt; Naneho ny tenany ho «hery manohitra mazava ny imperialisma» (dikanteny malagasy) ny Firaisana Sôvietika, ary nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny fahombiazan' ny hetsika fanoherana ny fanjanahantany tany Azia sy Afrika. Nanapa-kevitra momba ny raharahan' ny fanjanahantany ny Internasiônaly Sôsialista Fahatelo: nomena toromarika ny sôsialista mba hiara-dia amin' ny hery nasiônalista manohitra ny fanjanahantany tany amin' ny tany voazanaka, na inona na inona hevitr' ireo hery ireo momba ny marxisma. Nitombo hery sy mpanaraka ny hetsika fanoherana ny fanjanahantany tamin' ny fampifangaroana fomba ara-dalàna sy tsy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 130–136&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny fitantaran' i Lorenzo Veracini ao amin' ny ''Colonialism: A Global History'' (2022, takila 130–136), na dia nihamafy aza ny fanoherana ny fanjanahantany, dia mbola nitazona sy nanitatra ny fifehezany ny tany voazanaka ireo fanjakana mpanjanaka.
Herisetra feno habibiana no nasetrin' izy ireo ny fanoherana rehetra nataon' ny olom-pehezina voazanaka, na tsy nampiasa herisetra izany na nampiasa izany.
Lazain' io fitantarana io fa nahazo fahaleovantena i Afrika Atsimo, izay nateraky ny fanjanahana nametrahana voanjo neerlandey aloha ary voanjo anglisy tatỳ aoriana, ary tafiditra tao aminy koa ny faritra misy an' i Angôla ankehitriny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
Roapolo taona latsaka kely taorian' izany, dia nampiditra ny fanavahana ara-poko tao amin' ny lalàna momba ny ''apartheid'' io fanjakana vaovao io.
Nalain' i Japàna tamin' i Sina i Manchuria, ary nananganany ny fanjakana saribakoly Manchukuo.
Notrandrahiny ny harena voajanahary tao mba hampandrosoana ny taozava-baventy tany amin' ny tanibe japôney, sady nampihariny tao ny fandaharan' asa fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo, izay nanana tanjona nambara fa hampiditra voanjo japôney dimy tapitrisa.
Na dia nilaza ny tenany ho mpanohitra ny imperialisma sy tena nanome fanampiana ara-pitaovana ho an' ny fanoherana ny fanjanahantany aza ny Firaisana Sôvietika, dia niverina tamin' ny pôlitika fanjanahantany taloha nampanarahana ny teny sy ny kolontsaina rosiana (''Russification'') izy taorian' ny taona 1930.
Nitohy ny fanitarana ny fanjanahana nataon' ny voanjo ziônista tany Palestina, ary nahazo ny fanohanan' ny Empira Britanika izany taorian' ny namoahany ny Fanambarana Balfour tamin' ny taona 1917 sy ny nametrahany ny fitantanana britanika an' i Palestina araka ny fahefana nomen' ny Fikambanan' ny Firenena.
Natsangana koa ny faritra maromaro napetraka teo ambany fitantanan' ny fanjakana iray araka ny fahefana nomen' ny Fikambanan' ny Firenena.
Raha ny nambara dia nampanantenaina fahaleovantena rehefa afaka fe-potoana iray ireo zanatany taloha ireo, nefa teo ambany fifehezana feno an' ny fanjakana mpanjanaka izy ireo.
Raha ny fampiharana, dia fe-potoana tetezamita nahafahan' ny fanjakana mpanjanaka nametraka fitondrana hiara-miasa aminy rehefa azo ny fahaleovantena izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 130-136&lt;/sup&gt;

Niharatsy tamin' ny lafiny maro koa ny fiainan' ny vahoaka voazanaka. Araka izany famakafakana izany, dia niitatra be tany amin' ny zanatany toa an' i Manchuria, i [[Kenià|Kenià]], i Môzambika, i Palestina, i Aljeria, i Libia, i Angôla ary ny maro hafa ny fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo sy ny fomba fisainana miaraka aminy izay mikendry ny fanafoanana ny fisian' ny vahoaka teratany eo amin' ny tany anjanahana.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 136&lt;/sup&gt; Rehefa avy nanatsara ny fomba fifehezany nandritra io vanim-potoana io ireo fanjakana mpanjanaka, dia nanomboka nampifangaro ny lafiny sasany amin' ny fanjanahantany mifantoka amin' ny fitrandrahana sy ny fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo, ka vao mainka nampitombo ny herisetra tamin' ny fanjanahantany.

==== Ady Lehibe Faharoa ====
Maro no mandika ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa|Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] ho fiezahan' i Alemaina nazia sy ireo mpiara-dia taminy hanjanaka ny kôntinenta eorôpeana manontolo, indrindra ny tapany atsinanana.
Nanoratra toy izao i Lorenzo Veracini, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Azo heverina fa misy fotoana roa nanapa-kevitra ny hoavy mamaritra ny fiandohana sy ny fiafaran' ny tantaran' ny fanjanahantany maneran-tany: tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 dia niampita ny [[Andilan-dranomasin' i Gibraltar|Andilan-dranomasin' i Gibraltar]] ny tafika eorôpeana mba hametraka fifandraisana tsy mitovy lenta mifototra amin' ny fanjakazakana tany Afrika; ary tamin' ny taona 1936 dia nisy tafika avy amin' ny zanatany niampita izany tamin' ny lalana mifanohitra, mba handresy ny foibe mpanjanaka sy hanohy ady an-trano izay nampanekena ny mponina tao amin' ilay firenena mpanjanaka tamin' ny herisetra natokana ho an' ny olom-pehezina voazanaka tsy nanaiky hofehezina ihany hatramin' izay. »&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 5&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i Adam Tooze, ny fanafihana Barbarossa dia, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, « azo takarina tsara lavitra kokoa ho fakana tany an-keriny lehibe farany tao anatin' ny tantara lava sy feno ra nalatsaka momba ny fanjanahantany eorôpeana ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;last: Tooze; first: J. Adam; Lohateny: ''The wages of destruction: the making and breaking of the Nazi economy''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Penguin USA; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-311320-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 462&lt;/sup&gt;
Nanoratra koa izy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Raha vao nanafika an' i Pôlônia i Alemaina tamin' ny Septambra 1939, dia nanjary niseho tamin' ny endrika azo tsapain-tanana ny fironan' ny firehan-kevitra nazia handripaka foko, na ny Jiosy na ny Slavy, tamin' ny alalan' ny fandaharan' asa tsy fahita mahazatra iray nampifindra mponina sy nametraka voanjo. »&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 463&lt;/sup&gt;
Ny ''Generalplan Ost'', drafitry ny fitondrana nazia hametrahana voanjo any Eorôpa Atsinanana, dia nikendry ny hamono faobe sy handroaka an-keriny Slavy 30 tapitrisa farafahakeliny avy any Pôlônia sy ny tapany andrefan' ny Firaisana Sôvietika, ho fanomanana ny fampidirana voanjo alemàna an-tapitrisany.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 462–467&lt;/sup&gt;
Noderaina ho « vahaolana » io drafitra io mba hahazoana antoka ny famatsiana sakafo an' i Alemaina mandritra ny ady, tsy tahaka ny tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, ary mba hampitsaharana ny fiankinan' i Alemaina amin' ny sakafo hafarana hamahanana ny mponina maro ao aminy.
Nampitahain' i Hitler imbetsaka tamin' ny ''Manifest Destiny'', ilay finoana nanohana ny fanitaran-tanin' i Etazonia, io drafitra fanjanahana io.
Ao amin' ny ''Discourse on Colonialism'', dia nilaza toy izao i Aimé Césaire, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Nandefitra tamin' izany nazisma izany [ny Eorôpeana] talohan' ny nampiharana azy taminy; nanafaka azy tamin' ny tsiny izy ireo, nanakimpy ny masony tsy hijery azy, ary nanome rariny azy, satria hatramin' izay dia tamin' ny vahoaka tsy eorôpeana ihany no nampiharana azy. »&lt;ref&gt;last: Heiskanen; first: Jaakko; Daty: 2021-12-01; Lohateny: ''In the Shadow of Genocide: Ethnocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and International Order''; url: [https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/1/4/ksab030/6380106]; Gazety: ''Global Studies Quarterly''; Boky: 1; Laharana: 4; article-number: ksab030; doi: 10.1093/isagsq/ksab030; issn: 2634-3797.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy tany Eorôpa ihany no niseho ny herisetran' ny fanjanahantany nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.
Talohan' ny ady dia nitarin' i Italia ny fandaharan' asany hametrahana voanjo tany Libia.
Nanao fandripahana foko tany Libia i Italia teo anelanelan' ny taona 1929 sy 1934, nandritra ny ady faharoa nifanaovan' ny Italiana sy ny Senussi ary taorian' izany.
Araka ny tombana, nahatratra hatramin' ny 100 000 ny Libiana novonoina, indrindra ny [[Bedoina (vahoaka)|Bedoina]] tany amin' ny faritr' i [[Kirenaika|Kirenaika]].
Lasan' ny Britanika ny fifehezana an' i Libia izay teo am-pelatanan' i Italia tamin' ny taona 1943, nandritra ny fanafihana sy ady tany Afrika Avaratra tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref&gt;last: Mack Smith; first: Denis; Lohateny: ''Mussolini's Roman Empire''; Mpamoaka: Longman; publication-place: London; New York; Daty: 1976; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-582-50266-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 41.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Pappé; first: Ilan; author-link: Ilan Pappé; Lohateny: ''The Modern Middle East''; Mpamoaka: Routledge; publication-place: London; New York; Daty: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-54371-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: ocm58647932; Pejy: 28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: St. John; first: Ronald Bruce; Lohateny: ''Libya: from colony to revolution''; Mpamoaka: Oneworld; publication-place: Oxford; Daty: 2012; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-85168-919-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 73.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanafika sy nibodo an' i Etiôpia koa i Italia tamin' ny taona 1935, ary nametraka rafitra fanavahana ara-poko teo amin' ny voanjo italiana sy ny Etiôpiana teratany tao.
Nalain' i Japàna hofehezina vonjimaika ireo zanatany teo ambany fifehezan' ny Eorôpeana tany Azia Atsimo Atsinanana, mba hialana amin' ny sakana nateraky ny sazy nampiharina taminy, izay nanelingelina ny fahazoany ny loharanon-karenan' ireo zanatany ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 140&lt;/sup&gt;

==== Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa ====
Efa nanomboka niseho ny fahalemen' ny fanjanahantany tamin' ny fotoana nahatratrarany ny fara tampon' ny tanjany, nandritra ny fe-potoana teo anelanelan' ny [[Ady Lehibe|ady lehibe]] roa. Nitombo ny fikambanana sy ny hetsika isam-pirenena izay efa nanomboka niseho tao amin' ireo firenena mpanjanaka. Taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa|Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], dia nihafaingana ny [[Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany|fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany]], ka nahazo [[Fahaleovantena|fahaleovantena]] ôfisialy ny firenena voazanaka. Nampihena be ny tanjaky ny firenena mpanjanaka lehibe ny korontana nateraky ny ady, ka vetivety dia tsy voafehin' izy ireo intsony ny zanatany toa an' i Singaporo sy i India ary i Libia.&lt;ref&gt;last1: White; first1: Nicholas; Fizarana: ''Economics and the end of Empire''; Lohateny: ''Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=InQKBAAAQBAJ]; series: Seminar Studies; Daty: 17 July 2014; edition: 2; Toerana: Abingdon; Mpamoaka: Routledge; publication-date: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781317701798&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 12 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Naneho ny fanohanany ny fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany koa ny [[Firenena Mikambana|Firenena Mikambana]] tao amin' ny sata niorenany tamin' ny taona 1945. Tamin' ny taona 1960 dia namoaka ny Fanambarana momba ny fanomezana fahaleovantena ny tany sy ny vahoaka voazanaka ny Firenena Mikambana, ka nanamafy izany fijoroany izany. Tsy nifidy na hanohana na hanohitra ilay fanambarana anefa ny empira mpanjanaka toa an' i Frantsa sy i Espaina sy ny Fanjakana Mitambatra ary i Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Betts; first1: Raymond F; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm]; Lohateny: ''Beyond Empire and Nation: The Decolonization of African and Asian societies, 1930s–1970s''; last2: Bogaerts; first2: Els; last3: Raben; first3: Raben; Mpamoaka: Brill; Taona: 2012; Pejy: 7–22; jstor: 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm.&lt;/ref&gt;

Avy amin' i [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]] tamin' ny taona 1956 ny teny anglisy hoe ''[[Fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao|neocolonialism]]'', izay ilazana ny fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sartre; first: Jean-Paul; Lohateny: ''Colonialism and Neocolonialism''; Mpamoaka: Psychology Press; Taona: 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina amin' ny toe-javatra isan-karazany nisy hatramin' ny fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa|Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] izy io. Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia tsy fanjanahana mivantana no tondroiny, fa fanjanahantany na fanararaotana mitovy amin' ny nataon' ny mpanjanaka, izay tanterahina amin' ny fomba hafa. Amin' ny heviny voafaritra kokoa, dia mety hanondro ny teôria milaza fa nampiasaina na ampiasaina hitazonana ny fifehezana ny zanatany taloha sy ny tany niankina tamin' ny firenena hafa ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena taloha na mbola misy, na ny asan' ny orinasa nampiroboroboin' ny firenena mpanjanaka taloha, taorian' ireo hetsika fitakiana fahaleovantena tamin' ny fe-potoana taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ireo fifandraisana ara-toekarena ireo ny Fifanarahana ankapobeny momba ny haba sy ny varotra sy ny Fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka ao Amerika Afovoany; anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny asan' ny orinasa kosa ny an' ny ''Royal Dutch Shell'' (orinasa) any [[Nizerià|Nizerià]] sy any [[Broney|Broney]].&lt;ref&gt;last1: Halperin; first1: Sandra; Lohateny: ''Neocolonialism | Definition, Examples, &amp; Facts | Britannica''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism]; website: www.britannica.com; Daty nijerena: 29 November 2022; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Niely ny fampiasana io teny io tany amin' ny zanatany taloha tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref&gt;last: Uzoigw; first: Godfrey N.; Taona: 2019; Lohateny: ''Neocolonialism Is Dead: Long Live Neocolonialism''; Gazety: ''Journal of Global South Studies''; Boky: 36; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 59–87; doi: 10.1353/gss.2019.0004; s2cid: 166252688.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia nahazo fahaleovantena ôfisialy aza ireo firenena voazanaka taloha, dia mbola mitohy ny fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao. Tsy tapaka tanteraka ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka taloha sy ny firenena nozanahiny. Anisan' ny olana momba ny fandrosoan' ireo firenena voazanaka taloha ny mbola fiankinan-dohany amin' ny firenena nanjanaka azy. Ao amin' ny vondron' ny [[Firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana|firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ny ankamaroan' ireo firenena voazanaka taloha ireo.

=== Vanim-potoana ankehitriny ===
[[File:Palestine-Israel Historic Borders Over Time.png|thumb|Fiovan' ny sisin-tanin' i Israely sy i Palestina rehefa nandeha ny fotoana, mampiseho ny halehiben' ny fifehezan' i Israely ny tany nantsoina hoe Palestina taloha.]]
Na dia tsy nampidirina ho isan' ny zanatany aza teo amin' ny tantara ny tany nozanahin' ny empira izay mifampitohy ny taniny,&lt;ref&gt;Forsyth, James. ''A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony 1581-1990.'' Cambridge University Press, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; dia azo raisina ho zanatany ihany izy ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilmartin2009&quot;&gt;last: Gilmartin; first: Mary; Lohateny: ''Key Concepts in Political Geography''; Taona: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781412946728&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Gallaher; editor-first: Carolyn; Pejy: 115–123; Fizarana: ''Colonialism/Imperialism''; doi: 10.4135/9781446279496.n13; editor-last2: Dahlman; editor-first2: Carl; editor-last3: Gilmartin; editor-first3: Mary; editor-last4: Mountz; editor-first4: Alison; editor-last5: Shirlow; editor-first5: Peter; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&amp;pg=PA115].&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy mahita ny fanitarana zanatany amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny eo amin' ny imperialisma rosiana&lt;ref&gt;Daty: 27 September 2022; Lohateny: ''So-called referenda in Russian-controlled Ukraine 'cannot be regarded as legal': UN political affairs chief''; work: ''UN News''; url: [https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1128161]; url-status: live; Daty nijerena: 29 September 2022; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220928072533/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1128161]; Daty nitahirizana: 28 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny imperialisma sinoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;last1: Alessio; first1: Dominic; last2: Renfro; first2: Wesley; Daty: 1 August 2022; Lohateny: ''Building empires litorally in the South China Sea: artificial islands and contesting definitions of imperialism''; Gazety: ''International Politics''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 59; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 687–706; doi: 10.1057/s41311-021-00328-x; issn: 1740-3898; s2cid: 240567127.&lt;/ref&gt; Heverina ho hetsika mpanjanaka amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina ny ziônisma, na dia tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 aza no nanombohany. Sokajin' ny manam-pahaizana sasany ho hetsika fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo izy io.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFAaronson1996|Aaronson 1996]], p. 223: &quot;On the other hand, our study has revealed that Jewish colonization resembled in many respects the model of pure &quot;settlement of population&quot; (&quot;colonization de peuplement&quot;), in the sense of involving colonization without colonialism.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFCohen2011|Cohen 2011]], p. 128:&quot;In February 1928, Weizmann submitted an official request to the government for a loan guarantee. He explained that the Zionist Loan was needed to promote further Jewish colonization in Palestine. [...] He advised that both the Zionists and the government should initiate a new period of Zionist colonizing activity as soon as possible.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFMurphy2005|Murphy 2005]]: &quot;The first forty years of the twentieth century witnessed the transformation of Zionism from a philosophical discourse to a practical programme for the colonisation of Palestine.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFYadgar2017|Yadgar 2017]], p. 207:&quot;At the foundation of the Zionist outlook stood the aspiration to establish a state. And absolute sovereignty is needed for Zionism more than for any other nation, because Zionism demanded the right of unrestricted immigration and unrestricted colonization, which can be brought about only by complete sovereignty.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;last1: Shapira; first1: Anita; Lohateny: ''Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948''; Gazety: ''The American Historical Review''; Daty: 1992a; Boky: 98; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 355; doi: 10.1086/ahr/98.4.1302; url: [https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/98/4/1302/129140]; Daty nijerena: 19 July 2025; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; issn: 0002-8762; quote: In many respects, Zionism was unique as a national movement. One of its (presumably singular) characteristic features stemmed from the fact that it was a national liberation movement that was destined to function as a movement promoting settlement in a country of colonization. [...] Zionist psychology was molded by the conflicting parameters of a national liberation movement and a movement of European colonization in a Middle Eastern country. [...] The Zionist movement (in particular, it socialist variant) viewed itself as belonging to the forces striving for a better world and could not accept the fact that the framework of its activity was determined by the contours of a country of colonization.; url-access: subscription.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;last1: Elazari-Volcani; first1: J.; Lohateny: ''Jewish Colonization in Palestine''; Gazety: ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science''; Daty: 1932; Boky: 164; Pejy: 84–94; doi: 10.1177/000271623216400112; jstor: 1018961; url: [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1018961]; Daty nijerena: 19 July 2025; issn: 0002-7162; url-access: subscription.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;last1: Gelvin; first1: James L.; Lohateny: ''The Israel-Palestine Conflict: A History''; Daty: 11 March 2021; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Pejy: 49–80; edition: 4th; url: [https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/the-israel-palestine-conflict/5D389E3231527643CCE3F861003EC172/zionism-and-the-colonization-of-palestine/4C076CF1B5A8289FAECC6FA36262EC4A]; Daty nijerena: 19 July 2025; Fizarana: ''Zionism and the Colonization of Palestine''; doi: 10.1017/9781108771634; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-77163-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFCollins2011|Collins 2011]], pp. 169–185: &quot;... and as subsequent work (Finkelstein 1995; Massad 2005; Pappe 2006; Said 1992; Shafir 1989) has definitively established, the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as colonizers.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFBloom2011|Bloom 2011]], pp. 2, 13, 49, 132: &quot;Dr. Arthur Ruppin was sent to Palestine for the first time in 1907 by the heads of the German [World] Zionist Organization in order to make a pilot study of the possibilities for colonization. ... Oppenheimer was a German sociologist and political economist. As a worldwide expert on colonization he became Herzl's advisor and formulated the first program for Zionist colonization, which he presented at the 6th Zionist Congress (Basel 1903) . ... Daniel Boyarin wrote that the group of Zionists who imagined themselves colonialists inclined to that persona &quot;because such a representation was pivotal to the entire project of becoming 'white men'.&quot; Colonization was seen as a sign of belonging to western and modern culture;&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFRobinson2013|Robinson 2013]], p. 18: ”Never before', wrote Berl Katznelson, founding editor of the Histadrut daily, ''Davar'', 'has the white man undertaken colonization with that sense of justice and social progress which fills the Jew who comes to Palestine.” Berl Katznelson&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFAlroey2011|Alroey 2011]], p. 5: &quot;[[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]] further sharpened the issue when he tried to make diplomacy precede settlement, precluding any possibility of preemptive and unplanned settlement in the Land of Israel: &quot;Should the powers show themselves willing to grant us sovereignty over a neutral land, then the Society will enter into negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two regions come to mind: Palestine and Argentina. Significant experiments in colonization have been made in both countries, though on the mistaken principle of gradual infiltration of Jews. Infiltration is bound to end badly.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[#CITEREFJabotinsky1923|Jabotinsky 1923]]: &quot;Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed .. . Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population.&quot; Ze'ev Jabotinsky quoted in Alan Balfour, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D7p9DwAAQBAJ ''The Walls of Jerusalem: Preserving the Past, Controlling the Future''], Wiley, 2019, p. 59, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-119-18229-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;last: Piterberg; first: Gabriel; Daty: April 1, 2010; Lohateny: ''Settlers and their States''; url: [https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii62/articles/gabriel-piterberg-settlers-and-their-states]; Gazety: ''New Left Review''; Boky: 2; Laharana: 62; Pejy: 115–124; article-number: 2835; doi: 10.64590/odz; quote: It is within the typology of settler colonialisms that I place the Zionist colonization of Palestine and the state of Israel—a move which surely should have put to rest the tedious contention that Zionism could not be termed a colonial venture because it lacked the features of metropole colonialism; as if anyone were suggesting otherwise. What its apologists fail to confront is the settler-colonial paradigm.; url-access: subscription.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Nodinihin' ny manam-pahaizana ho endriky ny fanjanahantany ametrahana voanjo Han ny fanapahan' i Sina an' i East Turkistan, izay tantanina amin' ny anarana hoe [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] (&quot;Faritany Vaovao&quot;, dikanteny malagasy) nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1884. Nisongadina tamin' izany fandinihana izany ny fifindran' ny Han monina any izay tohanan' ny fanjakana sy ny ''Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps'' (Vondrona Mpamokatra sy Mpanorina ao Xinjiang), izay manana rafitra mitovitovy amin' ny tafika.&lt;ref&gt;last: Roberts; first: Sean R.; Lohateny: ''Tabula rasa: Han settler colonialism and frontier genocide in &quot;re-educated&quot; Xinjiang''; Gazety: ''HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory''; Boky: 12; Laharana: 2; Taona: 2022; Pejy: 339–358; doi: 10.1086/720902.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo ny anjaran' ny Han amin' ny mponina, avy amin' ny latsaky ny 5 isan-jato tamin' ny taona 1949&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION BETWEEN STALIN AND CCP DELEGATION''; url: [https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113380]; website: Wilson Center Digital Archive; Mpamoaka: Pamiatniki Istoricheskoi Mysli; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021003828/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113380]; Daty nitahirizana: 2014-10-21.&lt;/ref&gt; ho manodidina ny 42 isan-jato tamin' ny taona 2020.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Press conference on the Census Results of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from the Seventh National Population Census''; url: [http://english.ts.cn/system/2021/06/14/036646163.shtml]; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; agency: TianShan Net; Daty: 14 June 2021; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614121821/http://english.ts.cn/system/2021/06/14/036646163.shtml]; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nanolotra ny &quot;fanjanahana an' i Môngôlia sy i Sinkiang&quot; (dikanteny malagasy) i [[Sun Yat-sen|Sun Yat-sen]] tao amin' ny sanganasany ''The International Development of China'' tamin' ny taona 1920.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sun; first: Yat-sen; Lohateny: ''The International Development of China''; Mpamoaka: G. P. Putnam's Sons; Taona: 1922; Pejy: 11–13.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanambara ny fahaleovantenany nandritra ny fotoana fohy koa ilay faritra, tamin' ny naha-Repoblika Voalohan' i East Turkestan azy (1933–1934) sy tamin' ny naha-Repoblika Faharoan' i East Turkestan azy (1944–1949), talohan' ny nidirany teo ambany fifehezan' ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|PRC]] (Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina) tamin' ny taona 1949. Tamin' ny volana Mey 2026, ny governemantan' i East Turkistan any an-tsesitany dia nandefa fangatahana tany amin' ny Komity Manokana momba ny Fanafoanana ny Fanjanahantany ao amin' ny UN (Firenena Mikambana), mba hampidirana ilay faritra ao amin' ny lisitry ny faritany tsy mizaka tena. Milaza io governemanta io fa avy amin' io fibodoana mpanjanaka io ny fanenjehana ny Uyghur, izay eken' ny governemanta maromaro ho fandripahana foko ary heverin' ny UN fa mety ho heloka bevava atao amin' ny olombelona.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''East Turkistan Files Petition to UN Decolonization Committee''; url: [https://east-turkistan.net/]; website: East Turkistan Government in Exile; Daty: 5 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''East Turkistan exiles petition UN to label China a colonial power''; url: [https://www.nationpress.com/international/east-turkistan-exiles-challenge-china-at-un]; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; agency: Nation Press; Daty: 6 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Sandor; first1: Steven; Lohateny: ''East Turkistan's prime minister in exile a north Edmonton school bus driver''; url: [https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-school-bus-driver-east-turkistan-prime-minister-exile]; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; agency: Edmonton Journal; Daty: 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Doğu Türkistanlılardan BM'ye Tarihi Başvuru: Çin İlk Kez 'Sömürgeci Güç' Olarak Şikayet Edildi''; url: [https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com/dogu-turkistanlilardan-bmye-tarihi-basvuru-cin-ilk-kez-somurgeci-guc-olarak-sikayet-edildi-1028962h.htm]; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; agency: Yeniçağ Gazetesi; Daty: 12 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Öner; first1: Fuat; Lohateny: ''Doğu Türkistanlılardan BM'ye tarihi başvuru''; url: [https://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/3627578-dogu-turkistanlilardan-bmye-tarihi-basvuru]; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; agency: Haber7; Daty: 13 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Doğu Türkistanlılardan BM'ye Tarihi Başvuru: Çin ilk kez 'Sömürgeci güç' olarak şikayet edildi''; url: [https://www.karar.com/guncel-haberler/dogu-turkistanlilardan-bmye-tarihi-basvuru-cin-ilk-kez-somurgeci-guc-2047643]; Daty nijerena: 9 June 2026; agency: Karar; Daty: 11 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vokany ==
Lohahevitra an-tsipiriany: fandinihana ny fanjanahantany sy ny fanjanahana nataon' ny Eorôpeana tandrefana, indrindra ny asa nataon' ny mpanjanaka sy ny vokatr' izany.

[[File:Satterfield cartoon about brutalities committed by Western nations.jpg|thumb|Sary maneso nataon' i Bob Satterfield tamin' ny taona 1904, manakiana ny habibiana nataon' ny firenena tandrefana: olona maneho an' i Angletera, i Etazonia ary i Alemaina no mitondra lefona misy loha notapahina teo amin' ny tendrony, izay maneho an' i Tibet, i Filipina ary i Afrika Atsimo Andrefana, araka izany filaharany izany. Mivaky hoe &quot;The advance guard of civilization&quot; ny soratra miaraka amin' ilay sary, izay azo adika hoe &quot;Ny miaramila mpialoha ny sivilizasiôna&quot;.]]
[[File:Nieuws uit Indonesië, het werk van de Nederlandse dienst voor Volksgezondheid Weeknummer 46-21 - Open Beelden - 16742.ogv|thumb|Ny sampan-draharaha neerlandey misahana ny fahasalamam-bahoaka manome fitsaboana ny teratany ao [[India Atsinanana Neerlandey|India Atsinanana Neerlandey]], tamin' ny Mey 1946.]]

Goavana sady mahakasika sehatra maro ny vokatry ny fanjanahana.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1713275,00.html]; Lohateny: ''Come Back, Colonialism, All Is Forgiven''; last: Perry; first: Alex; Daty: 14 February 2008; magazine: ''Time''; Daty nijerena: 29 September 2019; Fiteny: en-US; issn: 0040-781X; Daty nitahirizana: 14 November 2019; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191114132427/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1713275,00.html]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vokatra miseho avy hatrany ary misy maharitra ela. Anisan' izany ny fiparitahan' ny aretina mahery vaika izay niteraka pandemia (na valanaretina miparitaka amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany), ny fampahoriana, ny fifandraisana tsy mitovy lenta eo amin' ny fiarahamonina vokatry ny fanasokajiana ny hafa ho vondrona hafa ivelan' ny fenitra ekena, ary ny tsy fitoviana ara-toekarena vokatry ny fanilihana. Anisan' izany koa ny fampisarahana ny olona amin' ny rafitra ara-pokonolona misy azy, ny fakana zavatra ho fananana, ny [[Fitrandrahana ny harena voajanahary|fitrandrahana ny harena voajanahary]], ny [[Fanandevozana|fanandevozana]], ny fandrosoan' ny fitsaboana, ny famoronana andrim-piarahamonina vaovao, ny hetsika fanafoanana ny fanandevozana,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012&quot;&gt;Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). ''Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa''. London: Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ny fiovan' ny fotodrafitrasa,&lt;ref&gt;Ferguson, Niall (2003). ''Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World''. London: Allen Lane.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny fandrosoana ara-teknôlôjia.&lt;ref&gt;last: Thong; first: Tezenlo; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Civilised Colonisers and Barbaric Colonised: Reclaiming Naga Identity by Demythologising Colonial Portraits''; Gazety: ''History and Anthropology''; Boky: 23; Pejy: 375–97; doi: 10.1080/02757206.2012.697060; number: 3; s2cid: 162411962.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mampiely ny fiteny sy ny literatiora ary ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-kolontsain' ny mpandresy koa ny fomba fiasan' ny fanjanahantany, sady mandrahona na manafoana tanteraka ny an' ny vahoaka teratany, ka mety ho tafiditra amin' ny fandripahana foko izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;last: McNamee; first: Lachlan; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=s-x8EAAAQBAJ]; Lohateny: ''Settling for Less: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop''; Daty: 2023; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-23781-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;last: Veracini; first: Lorenzo; url: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003050599]; Lohateny: ''Colonialism: A Global History''; Daty: 2022-07-15; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-003-05059-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 1st; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.4324/9781003050599.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs 2009 p.&quot;&gt;last: Jacobs; first: Margaret D.; Lohateny: ''White Mother to a Dark Race''; Mpamoaka: U of Nebraska Press; publication-place: Lincoln; Daty: 1 July 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-1100-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 268789976; Pejy: 24, 81, 421, 430.&lt;/ref&gt; Na eo aza ny famoretana sy ny fitantarana napetraky ny mpanjanaka, dia mety ho afaka hanamafy ny fahafahany manao safidy sy mandray andraikitra ny vahoaka voazanaka, ka mety hisy fiantraikany amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka, na hanohitra azy mihitsy aza.&lt;ref&gt;last: Spurr; first: David; Lohateny: ''The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration''; Daty: 1993; Mpamoaka: Duke University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8223-9864-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: Post-Contemporary Interventions; Toerana: Durham.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Olumide; first: Yetunde Mercy; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=rdNSDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=The+native+cultures+of+the+colonised+peoples+can+also+have+a+powerful+influence+on+the+imperial+country&amp;pg=PA934]; Lohateny: ''The Vanishing Black African Woman: Volume Two: A Compendium of the Global Skin-Lightening Practice''; Daty: 6 October 2016; Mpamoaka: Langaa RPCIG; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9956-763-68-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika anefa dia ny fakan' ny vondrona iray ny singa ara-kolontsain' ny hafa sy ny fanerena hanaraka ny kolontsain' ny mpanjakazaka no setrin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Legault; first1: Gabrielle; last2: Bleau; first2: Denica; Daty: 2025-04-03; Lohateny: ''Indigenizing or Appropriating? Navigating the Boundaries of Institutional Decolonization''; Gazety: ''Capitalism Nature Socialism''; Boky: 36; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 71–91; doi: 10.1080/10455752.2024.2445586; issn: 1045-5752; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Hart; first: Jonathan; Fizarana: ''Cultural Appropriation: Colonialism and Postcolonialism''; Daty: 2003; Lohateny: ''Columbus, Shakespeare, and the Interpretation of the New World''; Pejy: 149–173; editor-last: Hart; editor-first: Jonathan; chapter-url: [https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403973573_7]; Daty nijerena: 2025-07-12; place: New York; Mpamoaka: Palgrave Macmillan US; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.1057/9781403973573_7; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4039-7357-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; chapter-url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha ny sisintany iraisam-pirenena no jerena, dia i Britaina Lehibe sy i Frantsa no namaritra ny lalana izoran' ny efa ho 40 % amin' ny fitambaran' ny halavan' ny sisintany iraisam-pirenena maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Miles; first1: William F. S.; Lohateny: ''Scars of Partition: Postcolonial Legacies in French and British Borderlands''; Daty: 2014; Mpamoaka: University of Nebraska Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-6771-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 3; quote: Anglo-French carving of colonial space is a significant geographical legacy: nearly 40 percent of the entire length of today's international boundaries were traced by Britain and France..&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vokany teo amin' ny mponina teo an-toerana ===
Vakio koa ny momba ny rafi-pahefana mifototra amin' ny fanjanahantany (''coloniality of power'').

Rehefa nanorim-ponenana tany amin' ny faritra efa nisy mponina ny voanjo, dia niova maharitra ny fiarahamonina sy ny kolontsain' ny olona tao amin' ireo faritra ireo. Nanery mivantana sy ankolaka ny vahoaka voazanaka handao ny kolontsaina nentim-paharazany ny fomba fanao tamin' ny fanjanahantany, ary nametraka rafi-pahefana saro-drafitra mifototra amin' ny fanjanahantany, antsoina hoe ''colonialities''.&lt;ref name=&quot;coloniality&quot;&gt;last: Mignolo; first: Walter D.; Daty: 2007-03-01; Lohateny: ''Introduction: Coloniality of power and de-colonial thinking''; url: [https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162498]; Gazety: ''Cultural Studies''; Boky: 21; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 155–167; doi: 10.1080/09502380601162498; issn: 0950-2386; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, nampihatra ny rafitry ny sekoly ipetrahan' ny mpianatra ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana tany Etazonia mba hanerena ny ankizy teratany hanaraka ny kolontsaina nanjakazaka.

Niteraka mponina mifangaro kolontsaina sy fiaviana ara-poko ny fanjanahantany ara-kolontsaina, toy ny ''mestizo'' any Amerika, izay mponina mifangaro fiaviana; niteraka fiarahamonina voazarazara araka ny sokajy ara-pirazanana koa izany, toy ireo tany Aljeria teo ambany fanjanahan' i Frantsa na tany Rhodesia Atsimo. Nisy vondrom-piarahamonina nifangaro kolontsaina sy fiaviana tany amin' ny toerana rehetra nametrahan' ny firenena mpanjanaka fanatrehana tsy tapaka sy maharitra.

Anisan' ny ohatra misongadina any Azia ny vondrom-piarahamonina mifangaro kolontsaina sy fiaviana antsoina hoe ''Anglo-Burmese'', ''Anglo-Indian'', ''Burgher'', ''Eurasian Singaporean'', ''Filipino mestizo'', ''Kristang'', ary ''Macanese''. Tao amin' ny [[India Atsinanana Neerlandey|India Atsinanana Neerlandey]] (izay lasa [[Indônezia|Indônezia]] tatỳ aoriana), dia olona nifangaro fiaviana eorôpeana sy aziatika ny ampahany lehibe dia lehibe tamin' ireo voanjo nantsoina hoe &quot;neerlandey&quot;. Nantsoina hoe ''Indo-Europeans'' izy ireo, ary tafiditra ôfisialy tao amin' ny sokajy eorôpeana araka ny lalàn' ilay zanatany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C&amp;pg=PA223]; Lohateny: ''Being &quot;Dutch&quot; in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920''; last1: Bosma; first1: U.; last2: Raben; first2: R.; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: NUS Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9971-69-373-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Singapore; Pejy: 223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=nN6G-lMk_DEC&amp;pg=PA163]; Lohateny: ''Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900–1942''; last: Gouda; first: Frances; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Equinox; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-979-3780-62-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 163; Fizarana: ''Gender, Race, and Sexuality''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vokatra ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena ===
Niely nanerana ny faritr' i Mediteranea ny tambajotram-barotra grika, fa ny varotra rômana kosa niitatra ka ny hampitodika ny hetra nalaina tany amin' ny faritra nozanahina ho any amin' ny foibe mpanjanaka rômana no tanjony voalohany. Araka ny filazan' i [[Estrabôna|Estrabôna]], tamin' ny andron' ny emperora [[Aogosto|Aogosto]] dia nisy sambo rômana hatramin' ny 120 niainga isan-taona avy tao Myos Hormos, tany [[Vanimpotoana rômana tany Ejipta|Ejipta teo ambany fahefan' ny Rômana]], ho any India.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html ''Strabo's Geography Book II Chapter 5'' ]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa nivoatra ny lalam-barotra teo ambany fanapahan' ny [[Empira Ôtômàna|Empira Ôtômàna]], dia toy izao no filazan' i Anthony Pagden izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny Hindò Gujari, ny Silamo siriana, ny Jiosy, ny Armeniana ary ny Kristiana avy any atsimo sy afovoan' i Eorôpa no nampandeha ireo lalam-barotra namatsiana soavaly persiana sy arabo ny tafiky ny empira telo rehetra, kafe avy any Mocha an' i Delhi sy [[Belgrade|Belgrade]], ary landy persiana an' i India sy [[Istanbul|Istanbul]].&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Peoples and Empires''; last: Pagden; first: Anthony; Mpamoaka: Modern Library; Taona: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8129-6761-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York; Pejy: 45.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Lalam-barotra pôrtogey (manga) sy lalam-barotra nifaninana taminy, nodiavin' ny sambo lay lehibe (''galleon'') nampifandray an' i Manila sy Acapulco (fotsy), izay natsangana tamin' ny taona 1568.]]

Nivoatra ho empira midadasika ny [[Azteka|sivilizasiôna azteka]], izay nikendry ny hitaky hetra tamin' ny faritra resiny sy nozanahiny. Anisan' ny hetra nanan-danja tamin' ny Azteka ny fahazoana olona hatao sorona amin' ny fombafomba ara-pivavahany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Peoples and Empires''; last: Pagden; Taona: 2003; Pejy: 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samy hafa be ny vokatra ara-toekarena azon' ny zanatany. Ao amin' ny lahatsoratra ''Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth'', izay mandinika ny andrim-piarahamonina ho antony fototry ny fitomboana ara-toekarena maharitra, dia mampitaha ny fiantraikan' ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana teo amin' ny toekaren' ny zanatany samihafa ireo mpahay toekarena Daron Acemoglu sy Simon Johnson ary James A. Robinson. Mandinika izay mety hanazava ny fahasamihafana goavana eo amin' ireo zanatany eorôpeana taloha izy ireo, ohatra ny eo amin' ny zanatany any Afrika Andrefana toa an' i [[Siera Leôna|Siera Leôna]], andaniny, sy i [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] ary i [[Singaporo|Singaporo]], ankilany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Institutions&quot;&gt;doi: 10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3; Fizarana: ''Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth''; Boky: 1A; Pejy: 385–472; Lohateny: ''Handbook of Economic Growth''; Taona: 2005; last1: Acemoglu; first1: Daron; last2: Johnson; first2: Simon; last3: Robinson; first3: James A.; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780444520418&lt;/nowiki&gt;; chapter-url: [http://economics.mit.edu/files/4469]; Daty nijerena: 15 February 2016; Daty nitahirizana: 5 February 2016; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205223556/http://economics.mit.edu/files/4469]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io lahatsoratra io, ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-toekarena, izany hoe ny rafitra sy fitsipika mandamina ny toekarena, no mamaritra ny fahombiazan' ny zanatany, satria ireo no mamaritra ny vokatra ara-bola azony sy ny fandaminana ny fitsinjarana ny loharanon-karena. Etsy ankilany, ireo andrim-piarahamonina ireo koa dia vokatry ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-pôlitika, indrindra ny fomba itsinjarana ny fahefana ara-pôlitika araka ny zava-misy sy araka ny lalàna. Mba hanazavana ny fahasamihafan' ny toe-javatra any amin' ireo zanatany àry, dia ilaina ny mandinika aloha ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-pôlitika izay namolavola ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-toekarena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Institutions&quot; /&gt;

Nasehon' ny fandinihana momba ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|salan' ny taona antenaina hiainana]] sy ny fanjarian-tsakafon' ny olombelona ary ny [[Fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra|fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra]] fa nifangaro ny vokatry ny fanjanahantany teo amin' ny fari-piainana: tamin' ny toe-javatra maro dia nisy fitotonganana tany am-boalohany, narahin' ny fihatsarana tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;m748&quot;&gt;last1: Acemoglu; first1: Daron; last2: Johnson; first2: Simon; last3: Robinson; first3: James A; Lohateny: ''The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation''; Gazety: ''American Economic Review''; Boky: 91; Laharana: 5; Daty: 2001-12-01; issn: 0002-8282; doi: 10.1257/aer.91.5.1369; Pejy: 1369–1401; url: [https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369]; Daty nijerena: 2026-06-28; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r984&quot;&gt;last1: Heldring; first1: Leander; last2: Robinson; first2: James; Lohateny: ''Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa''; Mpamoaka: National Bureau of Economic Research; publication-place: Cambridge, MA; Taona: 2012; doi: 10.3386/w18566.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:A Castro, Lorenzo - A Dutch East-Indiaman off Hoorn - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Ny ''Dutch East India Company'' (Orinasa neerlandey momba an' i India Atsinanana) no orinasa voalohany niasa tany amin' ny firenena maro. Novatsiana vola tamin' ny alalan' ny anjara renivola izy io, ka nanangana ny tsena maoderina voalohany fivarotana anjara renivola tao Amsterdam.]]

Araka ilay lahatsoratra, ohatra iray ny fivadihan' ny toerana ara-toekaren' ireo faritra, antsoina hoe ''Reversal of Fortune'': ireo sivilizasiôna tsy dia nandroso tamin' ny taona 1500, toy ny tany Amerika Avaratra sy Aostralia ary Zelandy Vaovao, dia manankarena lavitra ankehitriny noho ireo firenena izay tao anatin' ny sivilizasiôna niroborobo tamin' ny taona 1500, talohan' ny fahatongavan' ny mpanjanaka, toy ny an' ny Mughals tany India sy ny an' ny Incas tany Amerika. Mifantoka amin' ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-pôlitikan' ireo zanatany samihafa ny fanazavana iray atolotr' ilay lahatsoratra: tsy dia nirona hampiditra andrim-piarahamonina ara-toekarena vaovao ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana tany amin' ny toerana nahafahany nahazo tombontsoa haingana tamin' ny fitrandrahana ny loharanon-karena teo an-toerana. Noho izany, tany amin' ny toerana nisy sivilizasiôna nandroso kokoa sy hakitroky ny mponina ambony kokoa, dia naleon' ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana nitazona ny rafitra ara-toekarena efa nisy toy izay nampiditra rafitra vaovao tanteraka. Tany amin' ny toerana tsy dia nisy harena azo notrandrahina kosa, dia naleony nanangana andrim-piarahamonina ara-toekarena vaovao hiarovana ny tombontsoany. Niteraka rafitra ara-toekarena samihafa araka izany ny andrim-piarahamonina ara-pôlitika, ary ireny rafitra ara-toekarena ireny no namaritra ny vokatra ara-toekarena azon' ny zanatany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Institutions&quot; /&gt;

Nanova ireo rafitra efa nisy eran-tany nizarana fahefana teo amin' ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy koa ny fanjanahana sy ny fampandrosoana nataon' ny Eorôpeana. Tany amin' ny faritra maro talohan' ny fanjanahantany, dia nihazona fahefana na voninahitra na zo hifehy ny vehivavy tamin' ny alalan' ny fifehezana ny fiterahana na ny fambolena. Tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà|Afrika atsimon' i Saharà]], ohatra, dia nikarakara tany fambolena izay nananany zo hampiasaina ny vehivavy. Ny lehilahy no nandray ny fanapahan-kevitra ara-pôlitika sy momba ny fiainam-pokonolona, fa ny vehivavy kosa nifehy ny famatsiana sakafo ho an' ny tanàna na ny tanin' ny fianakaviany avy. Nahafahan' ny vehivavy nahazo fahefana sy fahaleovan-tena izany, na dia tao amin' ny fiarahamonina nampita ny firazanana tamin' ny alalan' ny ray sy nanjakan' ny lehilahy aza.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/25]; Lohateny: ''No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and The Future of Women''; last: Freedman; first: Estelle; Mpamoaka: Random House Publishing Group; Taona: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-345-45053-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/25 25–26].&lt;/ref&gt;

Niaraka tamin' ny firongatry ny fanjanahantany eorôpeana ny ezaka lehibe hampandrosoana sy hampidirana ny taozava-baventy tao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny rafitra ara-toekarena. Rehefa niezaka nanatsara ny vokatra azo tamin' ny asa ny Eorôpeana, dia ny mpiasa lehilahy indrindra no nifantohany. Tonga tamin' ny endrika fampisamboram-bola sy tany sy fanomezana fahafahana hisambo-bola ary fitaovana ny fanampiana avy any ivelany mba hanafainganana ny fampandrosoana, saingy ny lehilahy ihany no nahazo izany. Araka ny fomba eorôpeana kokoa, dia nantenaina hifantoka bebe kokoa amin' ny asa an-tokantrano ny vehivavy. Niteraka elanelana teo amin' ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy izany, teo amin' ny lafiny ara-teknôlôjia sy ara-toekarena ary ara-tsaranga, izay nihalehibe hatrany rehefa nandeha ny fotoana.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/113]; Lohateny: ''No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and The Future of Women''; last: Freedman; Mpamoaka: Ballantine Books; Taona: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-345-45053-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/113 113].&lt;/ref&gt;

Hita fa ao anatin' ny zanatany iray, ny fisian' ny andrim-panjanahana mifantoka amin' ny fakana sy fitrandrahana ny harena ao amin' ny faritra iray dia misy vokany amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena sy ny andrim-piarahamonina ary ny fotodrafitrasa ao amin' io faritra io amin' izao andro izao.&lt;ref&gt;doi: 10.1093/restud/rdz017; Lohateny: ''The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java''; Gazety: ''The Review of Economic Studies''; Boky: 87; Pejy: 164–203; Taona: 2020; last1: Dell; first1: Melissa; last2: Olken; first2: Benjamin A.; url: [https://scholar.harvard.edu/dell/publications/development-effects-extractive-colonial-economy-dutch-cultivation-system-java]; doi-access: free; hdl: 1721.1/136437; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;doi: 10.1177/0010414015600465; Lohateny: ''Colonial Legacies and State Institutions in China: Evidence From a Natural Experiment''; Gazety: ''Comparative Political Studies''; Boky: 50; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 434–463; Taona: 2017; last1: Mattingly; first1: Daniel C.; s2cid: 156822667; url: [http://daniel-mattingly.com/s/Mattingly_CPS_Preprint.pdf]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160714115343/http://daniel-mattingly.com/s/Mattingly_CPS_Preprint.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 14 July 2016; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ny zavamaniry famboly teratany ====
Ny bôtanika tamin' ny fanjanahantany, izany hoe ny fandalinana ny zavamaniry tao anatin' ny fanjanahantany, dia manondro ny fitambaran' ny asa momba ny fandalinana, fambolena, fivarotana ary fanomezana anarana ireo zavamaniry vaovao azo na nanaovana varotra nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny fanjanahantany eorôpeana.
Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ireo ny siramamy, ny [[Voamanitra|voamanitra]], ny [[Paraky|paraky]], ny [[Jirofo (zavamaniry)|jirofo]], ny [[Kanelina|kanelina]], ny hodi-kazo peroviana (''Peruvian bark''), ny dipoavatra, ny ''Sassafras albidum'', ary ny [[Dite (zava-pisotro)|dite]].
Nanana anjara lehibe tamin' ny fahazoana famatsiam-bola ho an' ny tetikasa fanjanahantany ireo asa ireo, sady nanohana ny fanitaran' ny Eorôpeana ny fanjakazakany sy niantoka ny fahazoana tombom-barotra tamin' izany.
Nitady hanokatra lalam-barotra an-dranomasina ho an' ny zava-manitra, ny akora fandokoana ary ny landy avy any amin' ny nosy Moluccas, India ary Sina i [[Vasco de Gama|Vasco de Gama]] sy i [[Christophe Colomb|Christopher Columbus]].
Nokendrena tsy hiankina amin' ireo lalana efa nisy, izay nofehezin' ny mpivarotra avy any Venise sy any Atsinanana Afovoany, ireo lalana ireo.
Nanangona angona momba ny zavamaniry tany Atsinanana ho an' ny Eorôpeana ireo mpandinika ny zavaboary toa an' i Hendrik van Rheede, Georg Eberhard Rumphius ary Jacobus Bontius.
Na dia tsy nanana tambajotran-janatany midadasika aza i [[Soeda|Soeda]], dia nahitana sy namolavolana teknika hambolena kanelina, dite ary vary tao an-toerana ny fikarohana momba ny zavamaniry nifototra tamin' ny asan' i [[Carl von Linné|Carl Linnaeus]], mba ho solon' ny fanafarana lafo vidy.&lt;ref&gt;editor1: Londa Schiebinger; editor2: Claudia Swan; Lohateny: ''Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World''; Mpamoaka: University of Pennsylvania Press; Daty: 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanandevozana sy asa voafatotry ny fifanekena handoavana trosa ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: fivarotana andevo namakivaky an' i Atlantika; mpiasa voafatotry ny fifanekena handoa trosa amin' ny asany; mpiasa aziatika nantsoina hoe ''coolie''; fakana olona an-keriny na amim-pitaka mba hampiasa azy.

Niditra tamin' ny tetikasa fanitaram-panjakana ny firenena eorôpeana mba hampanan-karena ny foibe mpanjanaka tany Eorôpa. Neken' ny mpanjanaka ny fanararaotana ny tsy Eorôpeana sy ny Eorôpeana hafa mba hanatratrarana ny tanjon' ny empira. Vokatry ny fandaharan' asa toy izany ny fanitarana ny fanandevozana sy ny fampiasana olona voafatotry ny fifanekena handoa trosa amin' ny asany. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, dia efa ho ny roa ampahatelon' ny voanjo anglisy tonga tany Amerika Avaratra no mpiasa voafatotry ny fifanekena toy izany.&lt;ref&gt;Hofstadter, Richard, [http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/hpolscrv/whiteser.html &quot;''White Servitude''&quot;], Montgomery College. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141009091039/http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/hpolscrv/whiteser.html Tahiry] (date: 2014-10-09).&lt;/ref&gt;

Nitondra Afrikana maro nandevozina nankany Amerika tamin' ny sambo lay ny mpivarotra andevo eorôpeana. Efa tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 i Espaina sy i Pôrtogaly no nitondra Afrikana nandevozina hiasa tany amin' ny zanatany afrikanina toa an' i [[Kapvera|Kapvera]] sy i [[Saô Tôme e Prinsipe|Saô Tôme e Prinsipe]], ary avy eo tany Amerika Latina. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fivarotana andevo koa ny Britanika sy ny Frantsay ary ny Neerlandey tamin' ireo taonjato nanaraka. Afrikana tokony ho 11&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa no nentin' ny rafitra fanjanahantany eorôpeana ho andevo tany Karaiba sy tany Amerika Avaratra ary Amerika Atsimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;King 2010 24&quot;&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/24]; Lohateny: ''People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration''; last: King; first: Russell; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; Taona: 2010; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-26124-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Berkeley, Los Angeles; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/24 24].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Marchands d'esclaves de Gorée-Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur mg 8526.jpg|thumb|upright|Mpivarotra andevo tao Gorée, any [[Senegaly|Senegaly]], tamin' ny taonjato faha-18.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Empira eorôpeana !! Zanatany nitondrana azy !! Isan' ny olona nampidirina ho andevo teo anelanelan' ny taona 1450 sy 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;King 2010 24&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Empira pôrtogey || Brezila || 3,646,800
|-
| Empira britanika || Karaiba britanika || 1,665,000
|-
| Empira frantsay || Karaiba frantsay || 1,600,200
|-
| Empira espaniôla || Amerika Latina || 1,552,100
|-
| Empira neerlandey || Karaiba neerlandey || 500,000
|-
| Empira britanika || Amerika Avaratra britanika || 399,000
|}

Nanohitra ny fitondrana tsy nisy fiantrana ny Afrikana nandevozina ireo mpikatroka ho amin' ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana tany Eorôpa sy Amerika. Nitarika ny fanafoanana ny fivarotana andevo izany, ary tatỳ aoriana ny ankamaroan' ny endriky ny fanandevozana, ka efa tanteraka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19. Misy fomba fijery iray iadian-kevitra, izay asehon' i Nikole Hannah-Jones, manasongadina ny anjara asan' ny hetsika fanafoanana ny fanandevozana teo amin' ny Revôlisiôna amerikanina: raha nanomboka nizotra ho amin' ny fandrarana ny fanandevozana ny foibe mpanjanaka britanika, dia nihevitra ireo sangany nanana andevo tao amin' ireo Zanatany Telo Ambin' ny Folo fa anisan' ny antony tokony hiadiana mba hahazoana fahaleovantena amin' ny mpanjanaka izany, sy mba hahazoana ny zo hampandroso sy hitazona ny toekarena izay niantehitra indrindra tamin' ny fanandevozana.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Our democracy's founding ideals were false when they were written. Black Americans have fought to make them true''; last: Hannah-Jones; first: Nikole; author-link: Nikole Hannah-Jones; Daty: 14 August 2019; magazine: ''The New York Times Magazine''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-american-democracy.html]; quote: The wealth and prominence that allowed Jefferson, at just 33, and the other founding fathers to believe they could successfully break off from one of the mightiest empires in the world came from the dizzying profits generated by chattel slavery. In other words, we may never have revolted against Britain if the founders had not understood that slavery empowered them to do so; nor if they had not believed that independence was required in order to ensure that slavery would continue. It is not incidental that 10 of this nation's first 12 presidents were enslavers, and some might argue that this nation was founded not as a democracy but as a slavocracy..&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandray anjara tamin' ny fampitsaharana ny fakana olona ho andevo sy ny fihazonana andevo teo amin' ny [[Vahoaka maory|Maory]] teratany ny asa fanjanahana nataon' ny Britanika tany [[Zelandy Vaovao|Zelandy Vaovao]] nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;last: Petrie; first: Hazel; Lohateny: ''Outcasts of the Gods? The Struggle over Slavery in Maori New Zealand''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=1xJzCgAAQBAJ]; Mpamoaka: Auckland University Press; Daty: 2015; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781775587859&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 17 June 2020; quote: Trade with the early explorers, whalers, sealers, and shore-based traders; interaction with missionaries; the availability of muskets; unprecedented warfare; new methods of dispute resolution; and English law all played their part in influencing the increase or decline of Maori captive-taking..&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Firth; first: Raymond; Taona: 1929; Lohateny: ''Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=JNGm14xd1JkC]; series: Routledge Revivals; edition: reprint; Toerana: Abingdon; Mpamoaka: Routledge; publication-date: 2011; Pejy: 203; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780415694728&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 17 June 2020; quote: The economic value of the slave to the community was considerable. [...] Slavery among the Maori is certainly not comparable to the system as it existed among the ancient civilized states of Europe, but relative to the culture of this native people, it played an important part [...]..&lt;/ref&gt; Etsy ankilany, rehefa nanafoana tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fanandevozana tamin' ny taompolo 1830 ny fitondrana mpanjanaka britanika tany amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Afrika, dia niteraka fisarahana teo amin' ny fiarahamonina izany. Azo heverina fa nanampy tamin' ny fitohizan' ny fanandevozana tany amin' ny Repoblika Boer izany fisarahana izany, ary namahana ny foto-kevitry ny ''[[Apartheid|apartheid]]'', rafitra fanavahana ara-poko.&lt;ref&gt;last: Lowe; first: Joshua; Lohateny: ''To what extent was the Great Trek undertaken to preserve Afrikaner Culture?''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=DrlABAAAQBAJ]; Mpamoaka: GRIN; Daty: 2014; Pejy: 2; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9783656715245&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 17 June 2020; quote: There were also threats to what the Afrikaner perceived as tradition, and slavery was included in this perception.&lt;br /&gt; The abolition of slavery had an effect on why the Great Trek was undertaken and has links to the Afrikaner cultural preservation theory. Slavery was an integral part of Afrikaner society, and there was a sense of discontent when it was called to an end..&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slaves working on a plantation - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate III - BL.jpg|thumb|Fambolena fary tao amin' ny toeram-pambolena Bodkin's Estate, tany Antigua, tamin' ny taona 1823.]]

Noho ny tsy fahampian' ny mpiasa vokatry ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana, dia nitady loharano vaovao hahazoana mpiasa ireo mpanjanaka eorôpeana tany Queensland sy British Guaiana ary Fijy, ohatra, ka nampihatra indray ny rafitra fampiasana olona voafatotry ny fifanekena handoa trosa amin' ny asany. Nanaiky fifanekena tamin' ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana ireo mpiasa voafatotry ny fifanekena ireo. Araka ilay fifanekena, dia hiasa ho an' ny mpampiasa iray mandritra ny herintaona fara fahakeliny ny mpiasa; ny mpampiasa kosa nanaiky handoa ny saran' ny diany hankany amin' ny zanatany, sy mety handoa ny saran' ny fiverenany any amin' ny firenena niaviany, ary hanome karama azy koa. Nanjary voafatotry ny fifanekena tamin' ny mpampiasa ireo mpiasa satria nanan-trosa tamin' ny mpampiasa noho ny saran' ny diany nankany amin' ny zanatany, ka nantenaina handoa izany tamin' ny karamany. Raha ny zava-nisy anefa, dia nohararaotina tamin' ny alalan' ny toe-piasana mahatsiravina sy ny trosa mavesatra nampitondrain' ny mpampiasa azy ireo mpiasa ireo. Rehefa tonga tany amin' ny zanatany izy ireo, dia tsy nanana fomba hifampiraharahana tamin' ny mpampiasa momba izany trosa izany.

I India sy i Sina no tena niavian' ny mpiasa voafatotry ny fifanekena handoa trosa amin' ny asany nandritra ny vanimpotoanan' ny fanjanahantany. Nankany amin' ny zanatany britanika tany Azia sy Afrika ary Karaiba, ary koa tany amin' ny zanatany frantsay sy pôrtogey, ny mpiasa avy any India; ny mpiasa sinoa kosa nankany amin' ny zanatany britanika sy neerlandey. Teo anelanelan' ny taona 1830 sy 1930, dia mpiasa voafatotry ny fifanekena tokony ho 30&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa no nifindra monina avy any India, ary 24&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa no niverina tany India. Betsaka kokoa noho izany ny mpiasa voafatotry ny fifanekena nalefan' i Sina tany amin' ny zanatany eorôpeana, ary tokony ho nitovy tamin' ny an' ireo avy any India ny ampahany niverina tany Sina.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/26]; Lohateny: ''People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration''; last: King; first: Russell; Taona: 2010; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/26 26–27].&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitantaran' i Paul E. Lovejoy, taorian' ny fifaninanana hizarazarana sy hanjanahana an' i Afrika, dia anisan' ny tanjona narahin' ny ankamaroan' ny fitondrana mpanjanaka hatrany am-piandohana ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana sy ny fivarotana andevo, na dia tsy laharam-pahamehana aza izany. Tamin' ny fiafaran' ny vanimpotoanan' ny fanjanahantany, dia efa nahitam-pahombiazana tamin' ny ankapobeny izany ezaka izany. Na izany aza, mbola misy ny fanandevozana any Afrika sy maneran-tany, miaraka amin' ny fomba fampanompoana saika mitovy ihany araka ny zava-misy, na dia voararan' ny lalàna aza izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Fanavaozana teo amin' ny tafika ===
[[File:Aschanti Gefecht 11 july 1824 300dpi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Ny ady voalohany nifanaovan' ny Britanika sy ny Ashanti, 1823–1831]]

Nandritra ny tantara, dia nampiasa fanavaozana ny tafika mpanafika mba hahazoany tombony teo anatrehan' ny tafik' ireo vahoaka nokasainy ho resena. Nampandroso ny rafitra fandaharana miaramila mifanesy sy mampifanatona ampinga (''phalanx'') ny Grika. Nahafahan' ny vondron-tafik' izy ireo niseho toy ny rindrina teo anatrehan' ny fahavalo izany, ka nifampiaro tamin' ny ampinga ireo miaramila an-tongotra rehefa nandroso teo amin' ny sahan' ady. Teo ambany fitarihan' i [[Filipo II (Makedônia)|Philip II avy any Macedon]], dia afaka nandamina miaramila an' arivony ho hery mpiady mahery vaika izy ireo, tamin' ny fampivondronana vondron-tafika an-tongotra sy an-tsoavaly izay samy voaofana tamim-pitandremana.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Peoples and Empires''; last: Pagden; Taona: 2003; Pejy: 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola nanararaotra bebe kokoa io fototra ara-tafika io i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander Lehibe]] nandritra ny fandresen-tany nataony.

Nanana tombony lehibe teo anatrehan' ireo mpiady [[Mesôamerika|avy any Mesoamerika]] ny Empira Espaniôla noho ny fampiasany fitaovam-piadiana vita tamin' ny metaly mafy kokoa, indrindra fa ny vy, izay afaka namotika ny lelan' ny famaky nampiasain' ny [[Azteka|sivilizasiôna azteka]] sy ny hafa. Ny fampiasana fitaovam-piadiana niasa tamin' ny [[Vanja|vanjan-tafondro]] dia nanamafy ny tombony ara-tafika nananan' ny Eorôpeana teo anatrehan' ireo vahoaka nokasainy hapetraka eo ambany fahefany tany Amerika sy tany an-toeran-kafa.

=== Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany sy fahaleovantena ===
[[File:Lord Pethic-Lawrence and Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] miaraka amin' i Lord Pethwick-Lawrence, sekreteram-panjakana britanika niandraikitra an' i India, taorian' ny fihaonana tamin' ny 18 Aprily 1946]]

Nisitraka fiadanana sy fanambinana somary tsara ny mponina tao amin' ny faritany voazanaka sasany, toa an' i Kanada, tamin' izy ireo mbola anisan' ny fanjakana eorôpeana iray, farafaharatsiny ny maro anisa tamin' izy ireo. Niharan' ny fanilihana kosa ny vondron' olona vitsy anisa, toy ny vahoaka teratany antsoina hoe ''First Nations'' sy ny Kanadianina frantsay, ary nahatsiaro lonilony noho ny fomba fanaon' ny mpanjanaka. Ohatra, naneho mafy ny fanoherany ny fanerena hiditra ho miaramila mba hiady ho an' i Britaina nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany ny mponina miteny frantsay tao [[Québec|Québec]], ka niteraka ny krizy momba ny fanerena hiditra ho miaramila tamin' ny taona 1917 izany. Tao amin' ny zanatany eorôpeana hafa dia mafimafy kokoa ny fifandonana teo amin' ny voanjo eorôpeana sy ny mponina teo an-toerana. Nipoaka ny fikomiana tamin' ireo taompolo faramparan' ny vanim-potoanan' ny empira mpanjanaka, toy ny fikomian' ny miaramila indiana antsoina hoe ''sepoy'' tany India tamin' ny taona 1857.

Tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny sisin-tany efa nisy teo amin' ny vahoaka teratany ny sisin-tany napetraky ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana, indrindra tany amin' ny faritra afovoan' i Afrika sy tany Azia Atsimo; tsy dia nifandray firy ireo vahoaka ireo talohan' izany. Tsy noraharahain' ny mpanjanaka eorôpeana ny fifankahalana ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina teo amin' ny teratany, ary nametraka fandriampahalemana an-tery teo amin' ny vahoaka nofehezin' ny tafiny izy ireo. Matetika ny vahoaka teratany no nafindra toerana araka izay sitrapon' ny mpitantana ny zanatany.

Ny fizarana an' i India Britanika tamin' ny volana Aogositra 1947 dia nitarika ho amin' ny fahaleovantenan' i India sy ny fananganana an' i Pakistàna. Niteraka fandatsahan-dra be koa ireo zava-nitranga ireo nandritra ny fifindran' ny mpifindra monina avy tamin' ireo firenena roa ireo. Nifindra tany amin' ny firenena izay nitakian' ny vondrona tsirairay fahaleovantena ny Silamo avy any India sy ny Hindoa ary ny Sikha avy any Pakistàna.

=== Fifindran' ny mponina taorian' ny fahaleovantena ===
[[File:Notting Hill Carnival 2002 large.jpg|thumb|Ny Karnavaly ao Notting Hill, izay atao isan-taona ao [[Lôndôna|Lôndôna]], dia fankalazana tarihin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina britanika manana fiaviana avy any Trinite-sy-Tôbagô.]]

Nifanohitra tamin' ny lalan' ny fifindra-monina nandritra ny vanim-potoanan' ny fanjanahantany môderina ny fifindra-monina taorian' ny fahaleovantena, satria nitodika nankany amin' ny firenena foiben' ny empira izany. Tamin' ny tranga sasany, dia voanjo manana fiaviana eorôpeana no niverina tany amin' ny tany nahaterahany na tany amin' ny tany nahaterahan' ny razambeny. Araka ny fitantarana ao amin' ny bokin' i King tamin' ny taona 2010, dia voanjo frantsay miisa 900 000, fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Pied-Noir'', no nanorim-ponenana indray tany Frantsa taorian' ny nahazoan' i Aljeria fahaleovantena tamin' ny taona 1962. Maro tamin' ireo mpifindra monina ireo koa no nanana fiaviana aljeriana. Olona miisa 800 000 manana fiaviana pôrtogey no nifindra tany Pôrtogaly taorian' ny nahazoan' ireo zanatany taloha tany Afrika fahaleovantena, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1974 sy 1979; voanjo miisa 300 000 manana fiaviana neerlandey kosa no nifindra avy tany India Andrefana Neerlandey nankany Nederlandy taorian' ny nifaranan' ny fifehezana ara-tafika neerlandey an' ilay zanatany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/35]; Lohateny: ''People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration''; last: King; Taona: 2010; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/35 35].&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitantarana tohanan' ny asa soratr' i Willems sy ny an' i Crul, Lindo ary Lin Pang, dia olona neerlandey miisa 300 000 avy tany [[India Atsinanana Neerlandey|India Atsinanana Neerlandey]] no niverina nanorim-ponenana tany Nederlandy taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Ny ankamaroan' izy ireo dia nanana fiaviana mifangaro eorôpeana sy aziatika, ary nantsoina hoe ''Indo Europeans''. Maro tamin' izy ireo no nifindra tany Etazonia, Kanada, Aostralia ary Zelandy Vaovao tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Willems, Wim ''De uittocht uit Indie (1945–1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-351-2361-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Crul, Lindo and Lin Pang. ''Culture, Structure and Beyond, Changing identities and social positions of immigrants and their children'' (Het Spinhuis Publishers, 1999). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-5589-173-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Nihanivoatra haingana hatrany ny fivezivezena sy ny fifindra-monina maneran-tany nandritra ny vanim-potoanan' ny fanitaran' ny Eorôpeana ny fanjanahantany. Mety hahazo tombontsoa manokana amin' ny lafiny sasany amin' ny zo hifindra monina ny olom-pirenen' ireo zanatany taloha an' ireo firenena eorôpeana, rehefa manorim-ponenana ao amin' ilay firenena eorôpeana foiben' ny empira taloha. Mety halalaka, ohatra, ny zo hanana zom-pirenena roa,&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61]; Lohateny: ''British Nationality Act 1981''; Mpamoaka: The National Archives, United Kingdom; Daty nijerena: 24 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; na mety hanomezana fetra ambony kokoa amin' ny isan' ny mpifindra monina ekena ireo zanatany taloha.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kubicek; first: Paul; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=x6MJEAAAQBAJ]; Lohateny: ''European Politics''; Daty: 2020-12-20; Mpamoaka: Routledge; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-000-28191-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny tranga sasany, dia mbola mampiroborobo fifandraisana akaiky ara-pôlitika sy ara-toekarena amin' ireo zanataniny taloha ny firenena eorôpeana foiben' ny empira taloha. Ny ''[[Commonwealth ny firenena mahaleotena|Commonwealth of Nations]]'' (Fiombonan' ny Firenena) dia fikambanana mampiroborobo ny fiaraha-miasa eo amin' i Britaina sy ireo zanataniny taloha izay mpikambana ao aminy, ary eo amin' ireo mpikambana ireo samy izy. Misy fikambanana mitovy amin' izany ho an' ireo zanatanin' i Frantsa taloha, dia ny ''Francophonie'' (fikambanan' ny firenena miteny frantsay); ny ''[[Fikambanan' ny Firenena Miteny Pôrtogey|Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]'' (Fikambanan' ny Firenena Miteny Pôrtogey) dia manana andraikitra mitovy amin' izany ho an' ireo zanatany pôrtogey taloha, ary ny ''Dutch Language Union'' (Firaisana momba ny Teny Neerlandey) kosa no mitovy aminy ho an' ireo zanatanin' i Nederlandy taloha.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The Francophonie in Brief''; url: [https://www.francophonie.org/francophonie-brief-1763]; website: Portail de l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF); Mpamoaka: Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie; Fiteny: fr.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries – CPLP | DGES''; url: [https://www.dges.gov.pt/en/pagina/community-portuguese-speaking-countries-cplp]; website: DGES- Direção-Geral de Ensino Superior; Daty nijerena: 9 November 2022; Fiteny: pt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Taalunie – Union for the Dutch Language – Taalunie''; url: [https://taalunie.org/informatie/112/taalunie-union-for-the-dutch-language]; website: taalunie.org; Fiteny: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niteraka olana ho an' ny firenena eorôpeana ny fifindra-monina avy any amin' ireo zanatany taloha, ka mety haneho fankahalana ireo vondrona ara-poko vitsy anisa nifindra avy any amin' ireo zanatany ireo ny mponina maro anisa ao amin' ny firenena andraisana azy. Araka ny lahatsoratr' i Affan Seljuq tamin' ny taona 1997, dia matetika nipoaka tany Frantsa, tao anatin' ireo am-polony taona nialoha izany, ny fifandonana ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pivavahana teo amin' ireo mpifindra monina avy any amin' ny firenen' i [[Magreba|Magreba]] any Afrika Avaratra sy ny mponina maro anisa tany Frantsa. Na izany aza, dia nanova ny firafitry ny mponina araka ny fiaviana ara-poko ny fifindra-monina tany Frantsa: tamin' ny taompolo 1980, dia nanana fiaviana avy any ivelany, indrindra fa aljeriana, ny 25 %n' ny mponina tao Parisy anaty faritra ara-pitantanan' ny tanàna sy ny 14 %n' ny mponina tao amin' ny faritra metropolitanan' i Parisy, izany hoe ny tanàna sy ny faritra manodidina azy.&lt;ref&gt;jstor: 45038321; Lohateny: ''Cultural Conflicts: North African Immigrants in France''; Gazety: ''International Journal of Peace Studies''; Boky: 2; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 67–75; last1: Seljuq; first1: Affan; Taona: 1997; url: [http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_2/seljuq.htm].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aretina nampidirina avy any ivelany ===
Jereo koa: fanatontoloana sy aretina; fifanakalozana taorian' ny dian' i Colomb; fiantraikan' ny fanjanahantany sy ny fanjanahana ary ny fanombanana azy.

[[Sary:Florentinoviruela.JPG|thumb|Azteka matin' ny nendra (na aretina vokatry ny viriosy izay mampisy tazo sy mony misy nana amin' ny hoditra), ao amin' ny ''Florentine Codex'', 1540–1585.]]

Matetika no nitondra aretina vaovao ny fihaonan' ny mpizaha tany sy ny mponina tany amin' ny faritra hafa maneran-tany, ka indraindray izany dia niteraka valanaretina nahery vaika tokoa teo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;editor-first: Kenneth F.; editor-last: Kiple; Lohateny: ''The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease''; Daty: 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, tsy fantatra tany Amerika talohan' ny dian' i Colomb ny [[Nendra|nendra]] (na aretina vokatry ny viriosy izay mampisy tazo sy mony misy nana amin' ny hoditra), ny kitrotro (na aretina vokatry ny viriosy izay mampisy tazo sy maimaika amin' ny hoditra), ny tazomoka (na aretina vokatry ny katsentsitra ampitain' ny moka), ny tazo mavo (na aretina vokatry ny viriosy ampitain' ny moka, izay mety hahatonga ny hoditra ho mavo), sy ny aretina hafa.&lt;ref&gt;first: Alfred W.; last: Crosby, Jr.; Lohateny: ''The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492''; Daty: 1974.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 1518 dia matin' ny nendra ny antsasaky ny mponina teratany tao [[Hispaniola (nosy)|Hispaniola]]. Namely mafy an' i [[Meksika|Meksika]] koa ny nendra tamin' ny taompolo 1520, ka nahafaty olona 150 000 tao [[Tenochtitlán|Tenochtitlan]] fotsiny, anisan' izany ny emperora; namely an' i [[Però|Però]] koa izy tamin' ny taompolo 1530, ka nanampy ireo Eorôpeana mpandresy tamin' ny fakana ireo tany ireo. Nahafaty teratany meksikana roa tapitrisa fanampiny ny kitrotro tamin' ny taonjato faha-17. Tamin' ny taona 1618–1619 dia nahafaty ny 90 %n' ny teratany amerikana tao amin' ny Hoalan' i Massachusetts ny nendra.&lt;ref&gt;Koplow, David, [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html &quot;''Chapter 1: The Rise and Fall of Smallpox''&quot;], ''Smallpox – The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge'', University of California Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907093641/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html Tahiry] (date: 7 September 2008).&lt;/ref&gt; Niteraka faharavana sy fihenana be dia be teo amin' ny isan' ny vahoaka teratany tao amin' ny Lemaka Lehiben' i Amerika Avaratra ny valanaretina nendra tamin' ny taona 1780–1782 sy 1837–1838.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Houston; first1: C.S.; last2: Houston; first2: S.; Taona: 2000; Lohateny: ''The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words''; Gazety: ''The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases''; Boky: 11; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 112–15; doi: 10.1155/2000/782978; pmc: 2094753; pmid: 18159275; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy mihevitra fa ny aretina avy tany amin' ny [[Tontolo Taloha|Tontolo Taloha]] no nahafaty ny ampahany mety nahatratra hatramin' ny 95 %n' ny mponina teratany amerikana tao amin' ny [[Tontolo Vaovao|Tontolo Vaovao]].&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html]; Lohateny: ''Guns Germs &amp; Steel: Variables. Smallpox''; website: www.pbs.org; Daty nijerena: 29 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny taonjato maro dia nitombo be ny hery fiarovan' ny vatan' ny Eorôpeana tamin' ireo aretina ireo, fa tsy nanam-potoana hampitomboana hery fiarovana toy izany kosa ny vahoaka teratany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510163413/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html]; url-status: dead; first: Stacy; last: Goodling; Lohateny: ''Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World''; Daty nitahirizana: 10 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampihena be ny isan' ny mponina teratany tao [[Aostralia|Aostralia]] ny nendra, ka nahafaty manodidina ny 50 %n' izy ireo tamin' ireo taona voalohany nanjanahan' ny Britanika ilay tany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Smallpox Through History''; url: [http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html]; work: ''Encarta''; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091029184350/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html]; Daty nitahirizana: 29 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nahafaty [[Vahoaka maory|Maory]] maro tany Zelandy Vaovao koa izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.canr.msu.edu/overseas/nzenvironsci/infopart2.htm]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612021507/http://www.canr.msu.edu/overseas/nzenvironsci/infopart2.htm]; url-status: dead; Lohateny: ''New Zealand Historical Perspective''; Daty nitahirizana: 12 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mbola tamin' ny taona 1848–1849 aza dia tombanana ho nahatratra hatramin' ny 40 000 tamin' ireo mponina 150 000 tao [[Hawaii|Hawaii]] no matin' ny kitrotro, ny kohadavareny (na aretina vokatry ny bakteria izay miteraka kohaka mahery miverimberina), ary ny [[Gripa|gripa]] (na aretina vokatry ny viriosy izay mamely ny taovam-pisefoana).
Saika nahalany tamingana ny mponina teratany tao amin' ny [[Nosin' ny Paska|Nosin' ny Paska]] ireo aretina nampidirina avy any ivelany, indrindra ny nendra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-did-easter-islands-ancient-statues-lead-to-the-destruction-of-an-entire-ecosystem-455877.html ''How did Easter Island's ancient statues lead to the destruction of an entire ecosystem?''], ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny taona 1875 dia nahafaty mponina maherin' ny 40 000 tao [[Fijy|Fijy]] ny kitrotro, izany hoe tokony ho ny ampahatelon' ny mponina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fsm.ac.fj/aboutfsm.html Fiji School of Medicine] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020165015/http://www.fsm.ac.fj/aboutfsm.html Tahiry] (date: 20 October 2014)&lt;/ref&gt;
Nihena be ny isan' ny [[Aino (vahoaka)|vahoaka aino]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, noho ny areti-mifindra nentin' ireo voanjo japôney marobe niditra tao Hokkaido indrindra indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Macintyre, Donald, [http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/ontheroad/japan.sapporo.ainu.html &quot;''Meeting the First Inhabitants''&quot;], TIMEasia.com, 21 August 2000. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622085958/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/ontheroad/japan.sapporo.ainu.html Tahiry] (date: 22 June 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, nametraka petra-kevitra ny mpikaroka fa mety ho nentina avy tany amin' ny Tontolo Vaovao nankany Eorôpa, taorian' ny dian' i [[Christophe Colomb|Colomb]], ny endrik' aretina iray nialoha ny [[Farasisa|tety]] (na aretina vokatry ny bakteria izay mifindra indrindra amin' ny firaisana ara-nofo).
Ny vokatry ny fikarohana dia nanondro fa mety ho nentin' ny Eorôpeana nody ireo bakteria tany amin' ny faritra mafana izay tsy nifindra tamin' ny firaisana ara-nofo, ary mety ho niova ho endrika nahafaty kokoa ireo zavamiaina ireo noho ny toe-javatra hafa tany Eorôpa.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15syph.html]; Lohateny: ''Genetic Study Bolsters Columbus Link to Syphilis''; first: John Noble; last: Wilford; newspaper: ''The New York Times''; Daty: 15 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika kokoa noho ny amin' izao fotoana izao no nahafaty io aretina io tamin' izany; anisan' ny aretina nahafaty olona maro tany Eorôpa nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny ''Renaissance'' ny tety.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Columbus May Have Brought Syphilis to Europe''; url: [http://www.livescience.com/history/080114-syphilis-columbus.html]; first: Charles Q.; last: Choi; Gazety: ''LiveScience''; Daty: 15 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanomboka tao [[Bengaly|Bengale]] ny valanaretina kôlerà (na aretina vokatry ny bakteria ao amin' ny tsinay izay miteraka fivalanana mafy) voalohany niparitaka tamin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany, ary efa niparitaka manerana an' i India izany tamin' ny taona 1820.
Miaramila britanika iray alina sy Indiana tsy hita isa no maty nandritra io valanaretina niely tamin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 ''Cholera's seven pandemics'']. CBC News. 2 December 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
Teo anelanelan' ny taona 1736 sy 1834 dia tokony ho ny 10 % monja tamin' ny manamboninahitry ny orinasa britanika nanao raharaham-barotra tany India, ny ''[[British East India Company|East India Company]]'', no mbola velona ka afaka nanao ny dia farany nody an-tanindrazana.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/new/?revID=610]; Lohateny: ''Review | Sahib: The British Soldier in India, 1750–1914 by Richard Holmes''; first: Nigel; last: Collett; Daty: 27 October 2005; website: Asian Review of Books; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://archive.today/20120530044859/http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/new/?revID=610]; Daty nitahirizana: 30 May 2012; Daty nijerena: 29 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ao amin' ny fitantarana momba izany, i Waldemar Haffkine, izay niasa indrindra tany India ary namolavola sy nampiasa [[Vaksiny|vaksiny]] (na akora ampiasaina hampiofanana ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana hiaro amin' ny aretina iray) hiadiana amin' ny [[Kôlerà|kôlerà]] sy ny [[Aretina bubonika|pesta miseho amin' ny fivontosan' ny atodintarina]] (na aretina vokatry ny bakteria izay mampivonto ireo taova madinika anisan' ny rafitra fiarovan' ny vatana) tamin' ny taompolo 1890, dia lazaina ho mpahay ny zavamiaina bitika voalohany.

Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' i Jörg Baten sy Laura Maravall tamin' ny taona 2021 momba ny fiantraikan' ny fanjanahantany tamin' ny Afrikana, izay nodinihina tamin' ny fandrefesana ny refin' ny vatan' olombelona, dia nihena 1,1 santimetatra ny salan' ny haavon' ny Afrikana tamin' ny nanjanahana azy ireo, avy eo niverina amin' ny teo aloha ary nitombo amin' ny ankapobeny nandritra ny fitondrana mpanjanaka. Nampifandray izany fihenana izany tamin' ny aretina ireo mpanoratra, anisan' izany ny [[Tazomoka|tazomoka]] sy ny [[Aretin' ny torimaso|aretin-tory afrikanina]] (na aretina vokatry ny katsentsitra tripanôzôma ampitain' ny lalitra tse-tse), ary koa tamin' ny asa an-terivozona nandritra ireo taompolo voalohan' ny fitondrana mpanjanaka, ny fifandonana, ny fakana tany an-keriny, ary ny fahafatesan' ny omby maro be vokatry ny pesta bovina (na aretina vokatry ny viriosy izay mamely ny omby sy biby hafa mitsako indray ny sakafo nateliny, antsoina hoe ''rinderpest'').&lt;ref&gt;last1: Baten; first1: Joerg; last2: Maravall; first2: Laura; Daty: 2021; Lohateny: ''The Influence of Colonialism on Africa's Welfare: An Anthropometric Study''; Gazety: ''Journal of Comparative Economics''; Boky: 49; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 751–775; doi: 10.1016/j.jce.2021.01.001; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ady amin' ny aretina ====

Efa tamin' ny taona 1803 ny fitondram-panjaka espaniôla no nandamina iraka, dia ny dian' i Balmis, mba hitondra vaksiny (na akora ara-pitsaboana ampiasaina hisorohana aretina) hiadiana amin' ny nendra (na ilay areti-mifindra antsoina hoe ''smallpox'' amin' ny teny anglisy) ho any amin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla|zanatany espaniôla]], ary hametraka fandaharan' asa fanaovam-baksiny faobe (na fanomezana vaksiny ho an' ny olona maro mba hisorohana aretina) tany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041223112019/http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm]; Lohateny: ''Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy, Society of Philippine Health History.''; Daty nitahirizana: 23 December 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 1832 dia efa nametraka fandaharan' asa fanaovam-baksiny hiadiana amin' ny nendra ho an' ny teratanin' i Amerika ny governemanta federalin' i Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/wicazo_sa_review/v018/18.2pearson01.html]; Lohateny: ''Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832.''; Daty nijerena: 12 February 2022; Daty nitahirizana: 5 February 2008; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080205230347/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fwicazo_sa_review%2Fv018%2F18.2pearson01.html]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo ambany fitarihan' i Mountstuart Elphinstone dia natomboka tany India ny fandaharan' asa iray hampielezana ny fanaovam-baksiny hiadiana amin' ny nendra.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk/Other%20Asia/ongoingwork.htm ''Smallpox History – Other histories of smallpox in South Asia.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120416015559/http://www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk/Other%20Asia/ongoingwork.htm Tahiry] (date: 16 April 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 dia lasa anisan' ny nanosika ny firenena mpanjanaka rehetra hanao zavatra ny fanafoanana na ny fifehezana ny aretina tany amin' ny firenena trôpikaly.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&amp;EventId=696 ''Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health?''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207015726/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&amp;EventId=696 Tahiry] (date: 7 December 2008), Gresham College | Lectures and Events.&lt;/ref&gt; Voasakana ny valanaretina (na fihanaky ny aretina amin' ny olona maro ao amin' ny faritra iray) nateraky ny [[Aretin' ny torimaso|aretin-tory]] (na aretina ateraky ny katsentsitra, antsoina hoe ''African trypanosomiasis'' amin' ny teny anglisy) tany Afrika noho ny fisian' ny ekipa nivezivezy nanao fizahana ara-pitsaboana tamin' ny fomba voarindra tamin' ny olona an-tapitrisany izay nety ho tratran' izany aretina izany.&lt;ref&gt;website: WHO Media centre; Taona: 2001; Lohateny: ''Fact sheet N°259: African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness''; url: [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/index.html].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 no nitombo indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny olombelona ny isan' ny mponina eran-tany, noho ny fihenan' ny taham-pahafatesana tany amin' ny firenena maro vokatry ny fandrosoan' ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Iliffe; first: John; Taona: 1989; Lohateny: ''The Origins of African Population Growth''; Gazety: ''The Journal of African History''; Boky: 30; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 165–69; doi: 10.1017/s0021853700030942; jstor: 182701; s2cid: 59931797.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' ny [[Firenena Mikambana|UN]] (Firenena Mikambana), dia nitombo avy amin' ny 1,6&amp;nbsp;lavitrisa tamin' ny taona 1900 ho maherin' ny valo lavitrisa ankehitriny ny [[Isan' ny mponina|isan' ny mponina eran-tany]].&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''World Population by Year''; url: [https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/]; Daty nijerena: 2026-02-03; website: Worldometer; Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jeôgrafia ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: lisitry ny zanatany.

[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-99-01.jpg|thumb|Togoland britanika tamin' ny taona 1953]]

Nampifandray ny vahoaka teratany sy ny fanjakazakan' ny empira ny voanjo, ka nampifanakaiky ny mpanjanaka sy ny voazanaka teo amin' ny lafiny ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-poto-kevitra ary ara-barotra. Mbola iadian-kevitra ny halehiben' ny anjara toeran' ny jeôgrafia amin' ny maha-taranja akademika azy teo amin' ny fanjanahantany. Na izany aza, nanampy tamin' ny fanitaran' ny Eorôpeana ny fanjanahantany ny fitaovana sy fahaiza-manao ara-jeôgrafia, toy ny fanaovana sarintany, ny fanamboarana sambo, ny famaritana sy fanarahana ny lalan-kaleha, ny fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany ary ny fahafaha-mamokatra ara-pambolena. Araka ny famakafakan' i Painter sy Jeffrey, ny fahafantaran' ny mpanjanaka ny velaran' ny Tany sy ny fahaizany manao asa maro dia nanome azy ireo fahalalana izay niteraka fahefana indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Painter&quot;&gt;&quot;Painter, J. &amp; Jeffrey, A., 2009. ''Political Geography'', 2nd ed., Sage. &quot;Imperialism&quot; p. 23 (GIC).&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Anne Godlewska sy Neil Smith fa, araka ity fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ity, « ny empira dia “tetikasa ara-jeôgrafia amin' ny maha-izy azy indrindra” ».&lt;ref name=&quot;Nayak&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Geographical thought : an introduction to ideas in human geography''; last1: Nayak; first1: Anoop; last2: Jeffrey; first2: Alex; Daty: 2011; Mpamoaka: Pearson Prentice Hall; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-13-222824-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: Harlow, England; Pejy: 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny famakafakan' i Painter sy Jeffrey, nanamarina ny fanjanahantany ny teôria ara-jeôgrafia sasany taloha, toy ny hevitra milaza fa ny tontolo iainana no mamaritra ny toetran' ny fiarahamonina. Nampandroso ny fiheverana izy ireny fa tara fampandrosoana ny faritra sasany eto amin' izao tontolo izao, ka niteraka hevitra momba ny fivoarana tsy mifandanja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Painter&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fandinihan' i David Arnold, ny jeôgrafa toa an' i Ellen Churchill Semple sy Ellsworth Huntington dia nampifangaro io hevitra momba ny anjara toeran' ny tontolo iainana io sy ny darwinisma ara-tsosialy tamin' ny fomba fandinihany. Ity farany dia fampiharana ny hevitra momba ny fifaninanana sy ny fifantenana ara-biôlôjia amin' ny fifandraisan' ny olona sy ny vondrona ara-tsosialy. Nilaza i Semple sy Huntington fa mampitombo ny tanjaka sy ny faharanitan-tsaina ny toetrandro any avaratra, ka nampifanohitra izany tamin' ny toetran' ny teratany amin' ny faritra manana toetrandro trôpikaly (jereo ny [[Zana-pehintany|faritra anelanelan' ny zana-pehintany]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;arnold&quot;&gt;last: Arnold; first: David; Daty: March 2000; Lohateny: ''&quot;Illusory Riches&quot;: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950''; Gazety: ''Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography''; Boky: 21; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 6–18; doi: 10.1111/1467-9493.00060; bibcode: 2000SJTG...21....6A.&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza koa ny jeôgrafa mandinika ny lafiny pôlitika fa nanamafy ny fomba fihetsika mpanjanaka ny fanaovana sarintany maneho izao tontolo izao, satria namorona fisarahana hita maso teo amin' ny « izy ireo » sy ny « isika ». Ny toerana ifandraisan' ny fanjanahantany sy ny imperialisma no tena ifantohan' ny jeôgrafa; indrindra indrindra, ny fandraisana toerana ho an' ny tena, na ara-materialy na ara-tandindona, izay nahafahana nampihatra ny fanjanahantany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gallaher&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&amp;pg=PA5]; Lohateny: ''Key Concepts in Political Geography''; last1: Gallaher; first1: Carolyn; last2: Dahlman; first2: Carl T.; last3: Gilmartin; first3: Mary; last4: Mountz; first4: Alison; last5: Shirlow; first5: Peter; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: Sage; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4129-4672-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: London; Pejy: 392; author-link: Carolyn Gallaher; Daty nijerena: 31 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 5&lt;/sup&gt;

[[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Fampitahana an' i Afrika tamin' ny taona 1880 sy 1913]]

Nanana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny fanjanahantany ny sarintany. Hoy i Thomas J. Bassett, araka ity fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ity: « tamin' ny fanomezana vaovao ara-jeôgrafia tamin' ny endrika mora ampiasaina sy manara-penitra, dia nanampy tamin' ny fanokafana an' i Afrika Andrefana ho an' ny fandresen-tafika sy ny varotra ary ny fanjanahana eorôpeana ny mpanao sarintany ».&lt;ref name=&quot;bassett_1994&quot;&gt;jstor: 215456; Lohateny: ''Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa''; Gazety: ''Geographical Review''; Boky: 84; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 316–335; last1: Bassett; first1: Thomas J.; s2cid: 161167051; Taona: 1994; doi: 10.2307/215456; bibcode: 1994GeoRv..84..316B.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny famakafakana ny sarintany tohanan' ny asa soratr' i J. B. Harley, ny tsy fitongilanana ara-tsiansa dia tsy nampiavaka ny fifandraisan' ny fanjanahantany sy ny jeôgrafia, ka matetika novolavolaina hanatratrarana tanjona manokana ny fanaovana sarintany nandritra ny vanim-potoanan' ny fanjanahantany. Nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny fanamboarana sarintany ny fenitra sy ny soatoavina ara-tsosialy. Nampiasa fomba fanehoana natao handresen-dahatra ny mpanao sarintany tamin' ny famaritana ny sisin-tany sy tamin' ny endrika ara-javakanton' ny sarintaniny. Nankasitraka ny fijerin' ny Eorôpeana mpandresy ireo fomba fanehoana ireo; araka io famakafakana io, hita izany tamin' ny fiheverana avy hatrany ho tsy marina izay sarintany rehetra nataon' ny tsy Eorôpeana. Ankoatra izany, notakina hanaraka fitsipika maromaro ny mpanao sarintany eorôpeana, ka nitarika azy ireo hifantoka amin' ny foko niaviany izany, tamin' ny fametrahana io foko io teo afovoan' ny sarintany. Hoy i J. B. Harley, araka ity fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ity: « Ny dingana amin' ny fanaovana sarintany — ny fifantenana, ny fanalana, ny fanatsorana, ny fanasokajiana, ny famoronana ambaratongam-pilaharana ary ny “fampiasana tandindona” — dia samy fomba fandresen-dahatra avokoa amin' ny maha-izy azy. »&lt;ref&gt;last: Harley; first: J. B.; Lohateny: ''Deconstructing the Map''; Gazety: ''Cartographica''; Boky: 26; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 1–20; Daty: 1989; doi: 10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53; s2cid: 145766679; url: [http://dlisv03.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/contents/osakacu/kiyo/13423282-23-123.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fandinihan' i Bassett, fomba nahazatra ny mpanao sarintany eorôpeana tamin' izany fotoana izany ny nampiseho ho « toerana banga » ireo faritra mbola tsy nozahan' ireo Eorôpeana ireo. Nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny fanjakana mpanjanaka izany satria nandrisika ny fifaninanany handinika sy hanjanaka ireo faritra ireo. Niandrandra mafy sy tamin-kafanam-po ny hameno ireo toerana ireo ny mpomba ny imperialisma, ho voninahitry ny fireneny avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;bassett_1994&quot; /&gt; Milaza ny ''Dictionary of Human Geography'' fa nampiasaina ny fanaovana sarintany hanesorana tamin' ireo tany « mbola tsy hita » ny heviny teo amin' ny teratany, ary hampisy azy ireo ho toerana voafaritra amin' ny alalan' ny fametrahana an-tery ireto, araka ity fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ity: « anaran-toerana sy sisin-tany tandrefana, [ka noho izany] manomana ny tany “virjiny” (tany heverina ho foana, “tany an' ala”) ho amin' ny fanjanahana (ka mampitaha ny endri-tanin' ny zanatany amin' ny sehatra idiran' ny lehilahy ara-nofo), sady mamolavola indray ny toerana vahiny ho toerana misy amin' ny tenany, azo refesina ary azo sarahina (ho fananana) ».&lt;ref name=&quot;human geo&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''The dictionary of human geography''; url: [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhumang00greg]; url-access: limited; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: Wiley-Blackwell; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4051-3288-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Gregory; editor-first: Derek; edition: 5th; Toerana: Chichester (UK); Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhumang00greg/page/n114 96]–97; editor-last2: Johnston; editor-first2: Ron; editor-last3: Pratt; editor-first3: Geraldine; editor-last4: Watts; editor-first4: Michael; editor-last5: Whatmore; editor-first5: Sarah.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arthur Mees Flags of A Free Empire 1910 Cornell CUL PJM 1167 01 (Reddit source).jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' ny Empira Britanika tamin' ny taona 1910. Tamin' ny fara tampon' ny fanitarany dia izy no empira nidadasika indrindra teo amin' ny tantara.]]

Manantitrantitra i David Livingstone fa, araka ity fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ity, « samy hafa ny hevitra nomena ny jeôgrafia tamin' ny fotoana samihafa sy tamin' ny toerana samihafa ». Araka ny heviny, tokony hisokatra amin' ny fomba fijery samihafa ny fandinihana ny fifandraisan' ny jeôgrafia sy ny fanjanahantany, fa tsy hamaritra fefy hentitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nayak&quot; /&gt; Milaza i Painter sy Jeffrey fa tsy siansa tsy mitongilana ny jeôgrafia amin' ny maha-taranja azy, na taloha na ankehitriny, fa mifototra amin' ny fiheverana raisina mialoha momba ny tontolo hita maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Painter&quot; /&gt; Manohana io vinavina io ny fampitahana nataon' i Christopher Benjamin Menadue ny fanehoana ny [[wikt:exogeography|jeôgrafian' ny tontolo ivelan' ny Tany]] ao amin' ny zavakanto mifandraika amin' ny tantara foronina ara-tsiansa, izay mampiseho tontolo toa trôpikaly. Araka io fandinihana io, ny fiheverana ny faritra trôpikaly dia fitambaran-kevitra sy finoana namboarin' olombelona, tsy miankina amin' ny jeôgrafia.&lt;ref&gt;last: Menadue; first: Christopher Benjamin; Daty: 4 September 2018; Lohateny: ''Cities in Flight: A Descriptive Examination of the Tropical City Imagined in Twentieth Century Science Fiction Cover Art''; Gazety: ''ETropic: Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 17; Laharana: 2; doi: 10.25120/etropic.17.2.2018.3658; issn: 1448-2940; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ranomasimbe sy habakabaka ===
Jereo koa: fametrahana fonenana eny amin' ny ranomasimbe sy fametrahana fonenana eny amin' ny habakabaka.

Mandroso amin' izao vanimpotoana izao ny teknolojia ampiasaina any amin' ny faritra lalina amin' ny ranomasina sy eny amin' ny [[Habakabaka|habakabaka ivelan' ny Tany]]. Ao anatin' izany fandrosoana izany, ny fanjanahana ny fanambanin' ny ranomasina dia resahina ho endriky ny fanjanahantany ivelan' ny velaran-tany maina ao amin' ny lahatsoratra fanakianana sy tatitra momba ny ranomasina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenpeace Aotearoa 2018 m713&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Deep sea mining and neocolonialism in the Pacific''; website: Greenpeace Aotearoa; Daty: 29 May 2018; url: [https://www.greenpeace.org/aotearoa/story/deep-sea-mining-and-neocolonialism-in-the-pacific/]; Daty nijerena: 12 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RNZ 2023 g366&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Our deep sea is being colonised''; website: RNZ; Daty: 4 April 2023; url: [https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/487299/our-deep-sea-is-being-colonised]; Daty nijerena: 12 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny habakabaka, ny fanjanahana ny Volana koa dia lohahevitra ifantohan' ny fandinihana momba izany fanjanahantany ivelan' ny velaran-tany maina izany, toy ny ao amin' ny nosoratan' i Deondre Smiles sy Margaret Greaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smiles 2024 f731&quot;&gt;last: Smiles; first: Deondre; Lohateny: ''The Settler Logics of (Outer) Space''; website: Society &amp; Space; Daty: 11 March 2024; url: [https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/the-settler-logics-of-outer-space]; Daty nijerena: 12 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Greaves 2023 pp. 101–C3P68&quot;&gt;last: Greaves; first: Margaret; Lohateny: ''Lyric Poetry and Space Exploration from Einstein to the Present''; Fizarana: ''&quot;The Moon's Corpse Rising&quot;: The Poetic Moon and Imperialist Nostalgia from the U.S. to Kashmir''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University PressOxford; Daty: 22 June 2023; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-286745-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; doi: 10.1093/oso/9780192867452.003.0004; Pejy: 101–C3P68.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fomba fijery ==
Jereo koa: [[#Famaritana|Famaritana]].

=== Marksisma ===
Ny marksisma dia mihevitra ny fanjanahantany ho endriky ny kapitalisma, izay mampihatra fanararaotana sy fiovana ara-piarahamonina. Nihevitra i [[Karl Marx|Marx]] fa, noho ny fanjanahantany miasa ao anatin' ny rafitra kapitalista maneran-tany, dia mifamatotra akaiky amin' ny tsy fitovian' ny fandrosoana izy io. Amin' izany fijery izany, ny fanjanahantany dia, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay filazana, «fitaovana fandravana faobe, fampiankinan-doha ary fanararaotana voarafitra, izay miteraka toekarena mivoatra amin' ny fomba mibirioka, fahaverezan' ny teboka iankinana ara-piarahamonina sy ara-tsaina, fahantrana miely patrana ary fiankinan-doha amin' ny fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao».&lt;ref&gt;entry-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jXl0DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT174]; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of International Development''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781136952913&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last1: Forsyth; editor-first1: Tim; Daty: 2005; Mpamoaka: Routledge; entry: colonialism, history of; last: Watts; first: Michael.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nihevitra i [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] fa ny fanjanahantany no fototry ny imperialisma, satria ny kapitalisma mifototra amin' ny ampihimamba, izay miseho amin' ny alalan' ny fanjanahantany, no mampiavaka ny imperialisma. Araka ny fanazavan' i Lyal S. Sunga, izay nadika eto amin' ny teny malagasy: «Nasehon' i Vladimir Lenin tamin-kery tao amin' ny ''Theses on the Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination'' ny fanohanany ny foto-kevitry ny fizakan' ny vahoaka ny safidiny ara-pôlitika, ho singa tsy azo sarahina amin' ny fandaharan' ny firaisankina sôsialista iraisam-pirenena». Notanisain' i Sunga koa izao filazan' i Lenin izao, izay nadika eto amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny zon' ny firenena hizaka ny safidiny dia midika fotsiny ihany hoe zo hahaleo tena amin' ny heviny ara-pôlitika, izany hoe zo hisaraka an-kalalahana ara-pôlitika amin' ny firenena mpampahory. Raha lazaina mazava kokoa, io fitakiana demôkrasia ara-pôlitika io dia mitaky fahalalahana feno hanao fanentanana ho amin' ny fisarahana sy ho amin' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka momba izany fisarahana izany, izay ataon' ilay firenena misaraka».&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbb8eQH-vbQC&amp;pg=PA90]; Lohateny: ''The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789041104724&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Sunga; first1: Lyal S.; Daty: 1997; Pejy: 90ff; Mpamoaka: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Mamerina ny niandohan' ny hetsika iraisam-pirenena manohitra ny fanjanahantany i Sunga, ary mampifandray izany amin' ny fivoaran' ny zo hizaka ny safidy ara-pôlitika ao amin' ny lalàna iraisam-pirenena.&lt;/ref&gt; Etsy an-danin' izany, ireo marksista tsy rosiana tao amin' ny [[Repoblika Sôsialista Federativa Sôvietikan' i Rosia|RSFSR]] (Repoblika Sôsialista Federativa Sôvietika Rosiana), ary tatỳ aoriana tao amin' ny [[Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika|USSR]] (Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika), toa an' i Sultan Galiev sy i Vasyl Shakhrai, dia nihevitra ny fitondrana sôvietika ho endrika nohavaozin' ny imperialisma sy fanjanahantany rosiana, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1918 sy 1923, ary avy eo taorian' ny taona 1929.

Tao amin' ny fitsikerany ny fanjanahantany tany Afrika dia nilaza toy izao i Walter Rodney, mpahay tantara sy mpikatroka ara-pôlitika avy any Goiana; nadika amin' ny teny malagasy eto ny teniny:&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CwSSkemSJLcC&amp;pg=PA224]; Lohateny: ''How Europe Underdeveloped Africa''; last: Walter Rodney; Mpamoaka: East African Publishers; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9966-25-113-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 149, 224; Taona: 1972.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=eyiZafDHpqoC&amp;pg=PA271]; Lohateny: ''A Companion To Postcolonial Studies''; last1: Henry Schwarz; last2: Sangeeta Ray; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; Taona: 2004; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-99833-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 271.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny antony lehibe indrindra nahatonga ilay fe-potoana fohy nisian' ny fanjanahantany hanana anjara toerana nanapa-kevitra sy vokatra ratsy ho an' i Afrika dia ny fahaverezan' ny fahefana teo aminy.
Ny fahefana no mamaritra farany ny zava-misy eo amin' ny fiarahamonina olombelona, satria izy no fototry ny fifandraisana ao anatin' ny vondrona tsirairay sy eo amin' ny samy vondrona.
Midika izany hoe fahafahana miaro ny tombontsoan' ny tena ary, raha ilaina, mampihatra ny sitrapon' ny tena amin' izay fomba rehetra azo ampiasaina&amp;nbsp;...
Rehefa voatery manolotra tanteraka ny fahefany amin' ny fiarahamonina hafa ny fiarahamonina iray, dia efa endriky ny tsy fandrosoana izany raha ny tenany ihany&amp;nbsp;...
Nandritra ireo taonjato nisian' ny varotra talohan' ny fanjanahantany dia mbola nitana fahefana sasantsasany tamin' ny fiainana ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pôlitika ary ara-toekarena i Afrika, na dia nitondra fatiantoka ho azy aza ny fifampivarotana tamin' ny Eorôpeana.
Nanjavona teo ambanin' ny fanjanahantany izany fahefana kely tamin' ny raharaha anatiny izany.
Nihoatra lavitra noho ny varotra ny fanjanahantany.
Nidika ho fironana haka mivantana ny andrim-piarahamonina tao Afrika ho an' ny Eorôpeana izy io.
Tsy ny Afrikana intsony no nametra ny tanjona sy ny fenitra ara-kolontsaina teratany, ary very ny fifehezany feno ny fanofanana ny tanora tao amin' ny fiarahamoniny.
Tsy isalasalana fa fihemorana lehibe ireo&amp;nbsp;...
Tsy rafitra fanararaotana fotsiny ny fanjanahantany, fa rafitra izay ny tanjony fototra dia ny hampody ny tombom-barotra any amin' ilay atao hoe 'reny tanindrazana'.
Raha amin' ny fijerin' ny Afrikana, izany dia famoahana tsy tapaka any ivelany ny ambim-bokatra novokarin' ny asa nataon' ny Afrikana tamin' ny loharanon-karena afrikanina.
Nidika izany fa nandroso i Eorôpa tao anatin' ilay dingana iray ihany, nifamatotra sy nisy fifanoherana, izay nampitazonana an' i Afrika tao anatin' ny tsy fandrosoana.
Tafiditra tao amin' ilay ampahan' ny toekarena kapitalista iraisam-pirenena nisintonana ambim-bokatra mba hamatsiana ny sehatry ny foibe mpanjanaka i Afrika voazanaka.
Araka ny hita teo aloha, tena ilaina amin' ny fandrosoan' ny fiarahamonina olombelona ny fitrandrahana ny tany sy ny herin' ny mpiasa, saingy raha toa ihany ka azo ampiasaina ao amin' ilay faritra nanaovana ny fitrandrahana ny vokatra azo.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i Lenin, ny imperialisma vaovao dia nanasongadina ny fiovan' ny [[Kapitalisma|kapitalisma]] avy amin' ny varotra malalaka ho dingan' ny kapitalisma mifototra amin' ny [[Ampihimamba|ampihimamba]], mba hamatsiana ny [[Mason-karena|renivola]]. Nilaza izy fa izany dia, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny, «mifamatotra amin' ny fihamafisan' ny ady ho amin' ny fizarazarana izao tontolo izao». Raha miroborobo amin' ny fanondranana entam-barotra ny varotra malalaka, dia niroborobo tamin' ny fanondranana ny renivola voaangona avy amin' ny tombom-barotry ny banky sy ny indostria kosa ny kapitalisma mifototra amin' ny ampihimamba. Ho an' i Lenin, izany no dingana faratampon' ny kapitalisma. Nanohy izy fa tsy maintsy hitarika ho amin' ny ady eo amin' ny kapitalista sy ny firenena trandrahina io endriky ny kapitalisma io, ary tsy maintsy ho resy ny voalohany. Voalaza fa vokatry ny imperialisma ny ady. Ho fanohizana izany hevitra izany, dia nilaza i G.N. Uzoigwe, araka ny teniny nadika amin' ny teny malagasy eto: «Kanefa mazava ankehitriny, avy amin' ny fikarohana lalindalina kokoa momba ny tantaran' i Afrika tamin' io vanim-potoana io, fa ara-toekarena indrindra ny antony fototra nanosika ny imperialisma».&lt;ref&gt;Boahen, A. Adu. ''Africa under Colonial Domination 1880–1935''. London: Heinemann, 1985. 11. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Liberalisma sy kapitalisma ===
Ireo mpomba ny liberalisma klasika dia nanohitra ny fanjanahantany sy ny imperialisma tamin' ny ankapobeny, teo amin' ny sehatry ny foto-kevitra. Anisan' izy ireo i [[Adam Smith|Adam Smith]], Frédéric Bastiat, Richard Cobden, John Bright, Henry Richard, [[Herbert Spencer|Herbert Spencer]], H.R. Fox Bourne, Edward Morel, Josephine Butler, W.J. Fox ary [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Ewart Gladstone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dk&quot;&gt;[http://www.setav.org/ups/dosya/24514.pdf ''Liberal Anti-Imperialism''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110922011211/http://www.setav.org/ups/dosya/24514.pdf Tahiry] (date: 22 September 2011), professor Daniel Klein, 1 July 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filôzôfian' izy ireo, dia nifanohitra tamin' ny foto-kevitry ny varotra malalaka sy ny pôlitika manohana ny fahalalahana ny [[Imperialisma|fandraharahana fanjanahantany]], indrindra fa ny merkantilisma.&lt;ref&gt;Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''Anticolonialism''; encyclopedia: ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450''; Mpamoaka: Macmillan Reference USA; Toerana: Detroit; url: [https://www.academia.edu/9048629]; Daty nijerena: 22 May 2015; editor-last: Benjamin, Thomas; edition: Gale Virtual Reference Library; Pejy: 57–65; last: Hidalgo; first: Dennis.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanoratra tao amin' ny ''The Wealth of Nations'' i [[Adam Smith|Adam Smith]] fa tokony homen' i Britaina Lehibe fahaleovantena ny zanataniny rehetra. Nilaza koa izy fa hitondra tombontsoa ara-toekarena ho an' ny vahoaka britanika amin' ny ankapobeny izany, na dia hahavery tombontsoa an' ireo mpivarotra nanana tombontsoa manokana teo ambanin' ny rafitra merkantilista aza.&lt;ref name=dk/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The nature and causes of the wealth of nations (&quot;Of Colonies&quot;)''; last: Smith, Adam; Mpamoaka: T. Cadell; Taona: 1811; Toerana: London; Pejy: 343–84.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Firazanana sy ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy ===
Tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny fanjanahantany, ny fanjanahana niely maneran-tany dia nampiely sy nampifangaro ny rafi-pinoana ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pôlitikan' ireo firenena niavian' ny mpanjanaka. Matetika no tafiditra tao anatin' izany ny finoana fa ambony ara-boajanahary noho ny hafa ny firazanana niavian' ny mpanjanaka. Nanamafy ireo finoana momba ny firazanana ireo tao amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka ihany koa ny fanjanahantany. Matetika koa no tafiditra tao anatin' ny rafi-pinoana mpanjanaka ny finoana fa ambony ara-boajanahary noho ny vehivavy ny lehilahy. Efa nisy matetika teo amin' ireo fiarahamonina talohan' ny nanjanahana azy anefa io finoana momba ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stoler 1989&quot;&gt;last: Stoler; first: Ann L.; Daty: Nov 1989; Lohateny: ''Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20th-Century Colonical Cultures''; url: [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136501/1/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030.pdf]; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430113223/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136501/1/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 30 April 2019; url-status: live; Gazety: ''American Ethnologist''; Boky: 16; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 634–60; doi: 10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030; hdl: 2027.42/136501; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fee&quot;&gt;pmid: 394780; Taona: 1979; last1: Fee; first1: E.; Lohateny: ''Nineteenth-century craniology: The study of the female skull''; Gazety: ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine''; Boky: 53; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 415–33.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fausto-Sterling 2001&quot;&gt;Fizarana: ''Gender, Race, and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of &quot;Hottentot&quot; women in Europe, 1815–1817''; last: Fausto-Sterling; first: Anne; Lohateny: ''The Gender and Science Reader''; Mpamoaka: Routledge; Taona: 2001; editor-last: Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch; Pejy: 19–48; chapter-url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234102374].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fanao ara-pôlitika niely tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nanamafy ny fitondrana mpanjanaka tamin' ny fanomezana endrika ara-drariny ny fahefan' ny lehilahy eorôpeana na japôney, na izy roa tonta, sy ny fiheverana fa ambany kokoa ny vehivavy sy ny olona avy amin' ny firazanana hafa noho ny an' ny firenena mpanjanaka. Nampiasaina ho amin' izany ny fandalinana ny karandoha, ny fampitahana ny firafitry ny vatana, ary ny hevitra mampifandray ny endriky ny karandoha sy ny toetran' ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fee&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fausto-Sterling 2001&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CmJWBaANlsEC]; Lohateny: ''The &quot;Racial&quot; Economy of Science''; last: Stepan; first: Nancy; Mpamoaka: Indiana University press; Taona: 1993; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-253-20810-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Sandra Harding; edition: 3; Pejy: 359–76.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifantoka tamin' ny fandinihana ireo vehivavy teratany voazanaka ny mpahay zavamananaina, ny mpandalina ny zavaboary, ny mpahay ny olombelona ary ny mpandinika ny vahoaka sy ny kolontsainy tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, toy ny tamin' ny fandinihana nataon' i Georges Cuvier momba an' i Sarah Baartman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fausto-Sterling 2001&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ireo tranga ireo dia neken' ireo mpandalina ny fiheverana fa misy firazanana ambony sy ambany ara-boajanahary, ka ny fandinihan' ireo mpandalina ny zavaboary avy any amin' ny firenena mpanjanaka no natao fototra ho amin' izany. Ny fandinihana eorôpeana nanaraka izany fomba fijery izany dia niteraka ny fiheverana fa nitovy tamin' ny an' ireo karazana gidro atao hoe ''mandrill'' sy ''baboon'', ary ny gidro hafa, ny firafitry ny vatan' ny vehivavy afrikanina, indrindra ny taovam-pananahany. Nampiasaina hanavahana ny Afrikanina voazanaka amin' ny vehivavy eorôpeana izany fampitahana izany, satria noheverina fa ambony kokoa teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny zavamananaina ny toetran' ireto farany ka nanan-jo hampihatra fahefana izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fausto-Sterling 2001&quot; /&gt;

Ankoatra ireo fandinihana ny firazanana izay heverina ankehitriny ho siansa sandoka, ary izay nirona hanamafy ny finoana fa ambony ara-boajanahary ny firazanana niavian' ny mpanjanaka, dia nipoitra koa ny ideolojia vaovao momba ny anjara toeran' ny lahy sy ny vavy izay nolazaina fa mifototra amin' ny siansa. Nanampy ny fitambaran' ireo finoana momba ny fahamboniana ara-boajanahary tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny fanjanahantany izany.&lt;ref name=Fee /&gt; Nipoitra ny fiheverana fa ambany kokoa ny vehivavy amin' ny kolontsaina rehetra, ary nolazaina fa tohanan' ny fandalinana ny karandoha izany. Izany no nitarika ireo mpahay siansa hilaza fa, amin' ny ankapobeny, somary kely kokoa noho ny an' ny lehilahy ny haben' ny atidohan' ny vehivavy. Nanatsoaka hevitra avy amin' izany izy ireo fa tsy maintsy latsaka kokoa ny fivoaran' ny vehivavy ary tsy nandroso toa ny lehilahy teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny zavamananaina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=Fee /&gt; Io fahasamihafana hita tamin' ny fampitahana ny haben' ny karandoha io dia nohazavaina tatỳ aoriana ho vokatry ny fahasamihafan' ny haben' ny vatan' ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy amin' ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2013/dec/04/male-female-brains-real-differences ''Male and female brains: the REAL differences''] 10 February 2016, by Dean Burnett, The Guardian&lt;/ref&gt;

Tao amin' ireo zanatany eorôpeana taloha, ny olona tsy eorôpeana sy ny vehivavy dia niharan' ny fandinihana nitsabaka tamin' ny vatany indraindray, nataon' ireo firenena mpanjanaka mba hanohanana ny ideolojia ara-tsiansa nanohana ny fanjanahantany izay nanjaka tamin' izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fausto-Sterling 2001&quot; /&gt;

==== Fanasokajiana ny hafa ho vondrona ivelan' ny fenitra ekena ====
Ny fanasokajiana ny hafa ho vondrona ivelan' ny fenitra ekena (''othering'' amin' ny teny anglisy) dia dingana anavahana olona na vondrona ho sokajy mitokana, amin' ny famerimberenana ireo toetra anasokajiana azy ho tsy mitovy amin' ny hafa na tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fenitra ekena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mountz&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''The Other, Key Concepts in Human Geography''; last: Mountz; first: Alison; Pejy: 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny mpanavakavaka no mamorona izany fanasokajiana izany mba hanavahana sy hanomezana marika ary hanasokajiana ireo izay tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fenitry ny fiarahamonina. Nandritra ny am-polony taona vitsivitsy farany dia mpikaroka maromaro no namolavola ny hevitra momba ny «hafa» ho foto-kevitra momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy, ao anatin' ny rijan-kevitra momba ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mountz&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fiheveran' ny mpikaroka momba ny lova navelan' ny fanjanahantany, ohatra, dia namaritra ny vahoaka nozanahiny ho «hafa» ireo hery mpanjanaka, mba hanjakazakany aminy sy hitondrany sivilizasiôna aminy ary hakany ny loharanon-karenany amin' ny alalan' ny fanjanahana ny taniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mountz&quot; /&gt;

Manazava ny mpahay jeôgrafia pôlitika fa nosokajin' ireo hery mpanjanaka na imperialista ho «hafa» ireo toerana tiany hanjakazakana, mba hahatonga ny fanararaotany ny tany ho ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mountz&quot; /&gt; Nandritra ny fisandratan' ny fanjanahantany sy taorian' izany dia noheverin' ireo hery tandrefana ho «hafa» ny Atsinanana, izany hoe tsy mitovy amin' ny fenitry ny fiarahamoniny sady misaraka aminy. Izany fomba fijery sy fanasarahana ny kolontsaina izany dia nampisaraka ny kolontsaina tatsinanana sy tandrefana, ka niteraka fifandraisan' ny mpanjakazaka sy ny eo ambany fahefany, sady samy nihevitra ny ankilany ho «hafa» izy roa tonta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mountz&quot; /&gt;

=== Fandalinana ny lova navelan' ny fanjanahantany ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: fandalinana ny lova navelan' ny fanjanahantany sy literatiora mandinika ny lovan' ny fanjanahantany.

Fanazavana fanampiny: literatiora avy any India Atsinanana Neerlandey.

[[File:HK Queen Victoria Street The Central Market.jpg|thumb|Ny lalana Queen Victoria Street any [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], zanatany britanika taloha.]]

Ny fandalinana ny lova navelan' ny fanjanahantany (''post-colonialism'', na teôria momba ny lovan' ny fanjanahantany) dia mety hanondro teôria maromaro eo amin' ny filôzôfia sy ny literatiora izay mandinika ny lova navelan' ny fitondrana mpanjanaka. Amin' izany heviny izany, ny literatiora mandinika ny lovan' ny fanjanahantany dia azo heverina ho sampan' ny literatiora manaraka ny fironana aorian' ny môdernisma (''postmodern literature''), izay miompana amin' ny fahaleovantena ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsain' ny vahoaka nampiharana fanjakazakana tao amin' ny empira mpanjanaka taloha.

Maro amin' ny mpanao izany fandalinana izany no mihevitra ny bokin' i Edward Saïd hoe ''Orientalism'' (1978) ho asa nanorina ilay teôria, na dia efa nilaza hevitra mitovitovy amin' izany am-polony taona maro talohan' i Saïd aza ireo mpanao teôria frantsay toa an' i Aimé Césaire (1913–2008) sy Frantz Fanon (1925–1961). Nandinika ny asa soratr' i [[Honoré de Balzac|Balzac]], [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] ary Lautréamont i Saïd, ka nilaza fa nandray anjara tamin' ny famolavolana fiheverana noforonin' ny fiarahamonina momba ny fahambonian' ny Eorôpeana ara-pirazanana izy ireny.

Mifampiresaka amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana nanehoana sy nandrafetana ny hevitra momba ny fanjanahantany ireo mpanoratra tantara foronina mandinika ny lovan' ny fanjanahantany, nefa manova na mamadika izany fomba izany. Anisan' ny fomba anaovany izany ny fitantarana indray tantara efa fantatra, saingy avy amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny olona iray ampahorina izay tsy mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ilay tantara. Ny asa soratr' i Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak hoe ''Can the Subaltern Speak?'' (1998) no nanome ny anarany ho an' ny ''Subaltern Studies'' (fandalinana ny olona na vondrona ampanaovina toerana ambany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina).

Tao amin' ny ''A Critique of Postcolonial Reason'' (1999), nilaza i Spivak fa tsy vitan' ny mirona hanilika ireo olona na vondrona ampanaovina toerana ambany amin' ny adiheviny ny asa lehibe momba ny [[Metafizika|metafizika]] eorôpeana, toy ny an' i [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] sy [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], fa manakana mihitsy ny tsy Eorôpeana tsy hahazo ny satan' ny olona afaka misaina sy manao asa amin' ny maha-olombelona feno azy (''subjects''). Ny ''Phenomenology of Spirit'' (1807) nosoratan' i Hegel, izay fantatra amin' ny fijeriny miharihary mametraka ny kolontsain' ny tena ho ivon' ny fandinihana, dia mihevitra ny sivilizasiôna tandrefana ho tonga lafatra indrindra amin' ny sivilizasiôna rehetra. Nahitana soritra sasany amin' ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fiheverana manavaka ny olona araka ny firazanana]] koa ny asa soratr' i Kant.

Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' i YouGov tamin' ny taona 2014, dia nirehareha tamin' ny fanjanahantany sy ny Empira Britanika ny ankamaroan' ny Britanika.&lt;ref&gt;Kehinde Andrews, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/24/colonial-nostalgia-horrors-of-empire-britain-olympic ''Colonial nostalgia is back in fashion, blinding us to the horrors of empire''], ''The Guardian'', 24 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Izao no voalazan' ny tatitra momba ilay fanadihadiana tamin' ny taona 2014, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Araka ny fanadihadiana vaovao nataon' i YouGov, ny ankamaroan' ny olona dia mihevitra ny Empira Britanika ho zavatra tokony hireharehana kokoa (59%) fa tsy ho zavatra tokony hahamenatra (19%). Tsy mahalala izay havaliny ny 23%. Eo amin' ny tanora no kely indrindra ny ampahan' ny olona mirona hirehareha fa tsy ho menatra momba ny Empira, na dia eo amin' ny antsasaky ny olona 18–24 taona aza (48%) no mirehareha amin' izany. Raha ampitahaina amin' izany, dia eo amin' ny roa ampahatelon' ny olona mihoatra ny 60 taona (65%) no mirehareha indrindra. ... Ny ampahatelon' ny Britanika (34%) koa no milaza fa ho tiany raha mbola nanana empira i Britaina. Latsaky ny antsasany (45%) no milaza fa tsy ho tiany raha mbola nisy ny Empira ankehitriny. Tsy mahalala izay havaliny ny 20%.&lt;ref&gt;Will Dahlgreen, [https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/07/26/britain-proud-its-empire/ ''The British Empire is 'something to be proud of&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''], YouGov, 26 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Hetsika nitaky fahaleovantena tany Afrika
* Vanim-potoan' ny dia fikarohana eorôpeana
* Fanoherana ny imperialisma
* Orinasa nahazo sata manokana avy amin' ny fanjakana
* Imperialisma sinoa
* Kristianisma sy fanjanahantany
* Iraka lazaina ho fitondrana sivilizasiôna
* Fanjakana miankina amin' ny fanjakana hafa
* Empira mpanjanaka
* Ny anjara toeran' i Soisa tamin' ny fanjanahantany
* Fanjanahantany sy Lalao Ôlimpika
* Rafitra fanjakazakana nolovaina tamin' ny fanjanahantany
* Ady fanjanahantany
* Fanjanahantany ara-kolontsaina
* Fanalana ny fomba fisainana sy ny rafitra nolovaina tamin' ny fanjanahantany
* Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany tany Amerika
* Foto-pisainana mampifantoka ny pôlitika amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena
* Fitondrana mivantana ataon' ny mpanjanaka
* Pôlitika ivelany antsoina hoe ''Empire of Liberty''
* Fanjanahana an' i Afrika nataon' ny Eorôpeana
* Fanjanahana an' i Amerika nataon' ny Eorôpeana
* Fanjanahana ny faritr' i Mikrônezia nataon' ny Eorôpeana
* Fanjanahana an' i Azia Atsimo Atsinanana nataon' ny Eorôpeana
* Lalàna frantsay momba ny fanjanahantany
* Fanitaram-ponenana alemà niantsinanana
* Empira maneran-tany
* Fandalinana ny fanoratana ny tantaran' ny Empira Britanika
* Vokatry ny fanjanahantany sy ny fanjanahana nataon' ny Eorôpeana tandrefana
* Fifandraisana iraisam-pirenen' ny firenen-dehibe (1814–1919)
* Fanehoana na fanahafana ny kolontsaina tatsinanana
* Hevitra pôrtogey momba ny firaisan' ny fanjakana amin' ny kôntinenta maro (''Pluricontinental'')
* [[Prôtektôrata|Prôtektôrata]]
* Zo hanjaka amin' ny tany azo amin' ny ady
* Fanjakana eo ambany fahefan' ny firenena matanjaka kokoa
* Teôria momba ny fanomezana fahefana ho an' ny mpitondra vahiny (''Stranger King'')
* Imperialisma tandrefana tany Azia
* [[Imperialisma|Imperialisma]]
* [[Empira|Empira]]
* [[Fanandevozana|Fanandevozana]]
* [[Fahaleovantena|Fahaleovan-tena]]
* [[Voanjo (olona)|Voanjo]]
* [[Zanatany|Zanatany]]
* Empira Mpanjanaka Britanika
* Empira Mpanjanaka Pôrtogey
* Empira Mpanjanaka Espaniôla
* [[Empira Mpanjanaka Belza|Empira Mpanjanaka Belza]]
* [[Empira Mpanjanaka Neerlandey|Empira Mpanjanaka Neerlandey]]
* [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|Zanatany frantsain' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao|Fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao]] na [[Fanjanahantany amin' ny endriny vaovao|neôkôlônialisma]]
* Frantsafrika

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;

== Loharano ==
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAaronson1996&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last1: Aaronson; first1: Ran; Taona: 1996; Lohateny: ''Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? &quot;Critical&quot; Scholarship and Historical Geography''; Gazety: ''Israel Studies''; Boky: 1; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 214–229; Mpamoaka: Indiana University Press; url: [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:8aPWE9P5iBoJ:130.102.44.246/journals/israel_studies/v001/1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&amp;hl=en&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&amp;sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og]; Daty nijerena: July 30, 2013; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131221012913/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache%3A8aPWE9P5iBoJ%3A130.102.44.246%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&amp;hl=en&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&amp;sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og]; Daty nitahirizana: December 21, 2013; url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFAlroey2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Alroey; first: Gur; Daty: Fall 2011; jstor: 10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1; Lohateny: ''&quot;Zionism without Zion&quot;? Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist Movement, 1882–1956''; Gazety: ''Jewish Social Studies''; Boky: 18; number: 1; Pejy: 1–32; doi: 10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFBloom2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Bloom; first: Etan; Daty: 2011; Lohateny: ''Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture''; Mpamoaka: Brill; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-20379-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCohen2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Cohen; first: Michael J.; Daty: 2011; Lohateny: ''Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine''; Gazety: ''Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture''; Boky: 30; number: 2; Pejy: 115–139; doi: 10.1080/13531042.2011.610119.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFCollins2011&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Collins; first: John; Fizarana: ''A Dream Deterred: Palestine from Total War to Total Peace''; Daty: 2011; Lohateny: ''Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture''; Pejy: 169–185; editor-last: Bateman; editor-first: Fiona; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FmKADAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=John+Collins%2BA+Dream+Deterred:+Palestine+from+Total+War+to+Total+Peace&amp;pg=PR6]; Daty nijerena: September 17, 2024; place: London; Mpamoaka: Palgrave Macmillan UK; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.1057/9780230306288_12; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-230-30628-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFJabotinsky1923&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Jabotinsky; first: Ze'ev; author-link: Ze'ev Jabotinsky; Daty: November 4, 1923; Lohateny: ''The Iron Wall''; url: [http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf]; Daty nijerena: April 17, 2024; Daty nitahirizana: May 9, 2024; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240509210923/https://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf]; url-status: live.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFMurphy2005&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Murphy; first: Emma C.; Daty: 2005; Fizarana: ''Zionism and the Palestine Question''; Lohateny: ''A Companion to the History of the Middle East''; Pejy: 269–290; chapter-url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470996423.ch15]; Daty nijerena: July 19, 2025; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; Fiteny: en; doi: 10.1002/9780470996423.ch15; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-99642-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFRobinson2013&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Robinson; first: Shira; Daty: 2013; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XcM6AAAAQBAJ]; Lohateny: ''Citizen Strangers: Palestinians and the Birth of Israel's Liberal Settler State''; Mpamoaka: Stanford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-804-78802-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* &lt;span id=&quot;CITEREFYadgar2017&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;last: Yadgar; first: Yaacov; Taona: 2017; Lohateny: ''Sovereign Jews''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOJcDgAAQBAJ]; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4384-6535-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; doi: 10.1515/9781438465357-008.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Albertini, Rudolf von. ''European Colonial Rule, 1880–1940: The Impact of the West on India, Southeast Asia, and Africa'' (Praeger: 1982), 581 pejy.
* Benjamin, Thomas, mpandrindra. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (Cengage Gale: 2006).
* Cooper, Frederick. ''Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History'' (University of California Press: 2005).
* Cotterell, Arthur. ''Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415–1999'' (Wiley: 2009), tantara nosoratana ho an' ny mpamaky ankapobeny; [https://www.amazon.com/Western-Power-Asia-Slow-Swift/dp/0470824891/ sombiny].
* Getz, Trevor R. sy Heather Streets-Salter, mpandrindra: ''Modern Imperialism and Colonialism: A Global Perspective'' (Pearson College Div: 2010).
* last1: Jensen; first1: Niklas Thode; last2: Simonsen; first2: Gunvor; Taona: 2016; Lohateny: ''Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016''; Gazety: ''Scandinavian Journal of History''; Boky: 41; Laharana: 4–5; Pejy: 475–494; doi: 10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880; doi-access: free; hdl: 109.1.5/469ed487-ad15-4504-a969-8eb9a0ea0d17; hdl-access: free.
* LeCour Grandmaison, Olivier: ''Coloniser, Exterminer – Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial'', Fayard, 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-213-62316-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Lindqvist, Sven: ''Exterminate All The Brutes'', 1992, New Press; fanontana naverina navoaka (Jona 1997), &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-56584-359-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Morris, Richard B. sy Graham W. Irwin, mpandrindra. ''Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present'' (1970), [https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr azo vakina an-tserasera].
* Ness, Immanuel sy Zak Cope, mpandrindra. ''The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism'' (boky 2, 2015), 1456 pejy.
* Nuzzo, Luigi: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012041215 ''Colonial Law''], ''European History Online'', Mainz: ''Institute of European History'' (Ivontoerana momba ny tantaran' i Eorôpa), 2010, nojerena tamin' ny 17 Desambra 2012.
* Osterhammel, Jürgen: ''Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview'', Princeton, NJ: M. Wiener, 1997.
* Page, Melvin E. sy ny hafa, mpandrindra. ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (boky 3, 2003).
* Petringa, Maria, ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006), &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Prashad, Vijay: ''The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World'', The New Press, 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-56584-785-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* first: Andres; last: Resendez; Lohateny: ''The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Rese%CC%81ndez%2C%20Andre%CC%81s.%202017.%20The%20other%20slavery%3A%20the%20uncovered%20story%20of%20indian%20enslavement%20in%20America.&amp;pg=PP1]; Taona: 2016; Mpamoaka: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; Pejy: 448; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0544602670&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Rönnbäck, K. &amp; Broberg, O. (2019) ''Capital and Colonialism. The Return on British Investments in Africa 1869–1969'' (''Palgrave Studies in Economic History'').
* Schill, Pierre: ''Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale. Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911–1912)'', Créaphis, 480 pejy, 2018 (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-35428-141-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;). ''Awaken the archive of a colonial war. Photographs and writings of a French war correspondent during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya (1911–1912)''. Nandray anjara tamin' ilay boky i Caroline Recher, mpahay tantaran' ny zavakanto, i Smaranda Olcèse, mpitsikera, i Mathieu Larnaudie, mpanoratra, ary i Quentin Deluermoz, mpahay tantara.
* Stuchtey, Benedikt: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025319 ''Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450–1950''], ''European History Online'', Mainz: ''Institute of European History'' (Ivontoerana momba ny tantaran' i Eorôpa), 2011, nojerena tamin' ny 13 Jolay 2011.
* Townsend, Mary Evelyn. ''European colonial expansion since 1871'' (1941).
* U.S. Tariff Commission. ''Colonial tariff policies'' (1922), mandrakotra izao tontolo izao; 922 pejy, [https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit fanadihadiana azo vakina an-tserasera].
* Wendt, Reinhard: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921437 ''European Overseas Rule''], ''European History Online'', Mainz: ''Institute of European History'' (Ivontoerana momba ny tantaran' i Eorôpa), 2011, nojerena tamin' ny 13 Jona 2012.

=== Loharano voalohany ===
* [[Joseph Conrad|Conrad, Joseph]], ''Heart of Darkness'', 1899
* Fanon, Frantz, ''The Wretched of the Earth'', sasin-teny nosoratan' i [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]]. Nadikan' i Constance Farrington. London: Penguin Book, 2001
* [[Bartolomé de las Casas|Las Casas, Bartolomé de]], ''A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies'' (1542, navoaka tamin' ny 1552).

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/colonialism Teny nindramina momba ny fanjanahantany ao amin' ny Wikiquote].
* Kohn, Margaret. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ ''Colonialism'']. Ao amin' i Zalta, Edward N. (mpandrindra ny famoahana). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Rakipahalalana momba ny filôzôfia ao Stanford). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054 1095-5054]. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/429049174 429049174].

[[:sokajy:Politika]]
[[:sokajy:Fanjanahan-tany]]</text>
      <sha1>6zavpnyn1ts922r6flmvnrg683xvze4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Ala</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153517</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:10:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namorona endrika</comment>
      <origin>1153517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="765" sha1="f0w5fv6dodiwctvwa2shqc06wam7br1" xml:space="preserve">Infobox Ala
 | Anarana           = 
 | sary.             = 
 | légende           = 
 | alternative       = 
 | firenena.         = 
 | lien subdivision1 = 
 | subdivision2      = 
 | lien subdivision2 = 
 | subdivision3      = 
 | lien subdivision3 = 
 | superficie notes  = 
 | longueur          = 
 | longueur notes    = 
 | largeur           = 
 | largeur notes     = 
 | altitude          = 
 | altitude notes    = 
 | alt mini          = 
 | alt mini notes    = 
 | alt maxi          = 
 | alt maxi notes    = 
 | essences          = 
 | protection        = 
 | protection notes  = 
 | type              = 
 | type notes        = 
 | administration    = 
 | latitude          = 
 | longitude         = 
 | référence         = 
 | géolocalisation   = 
}} mi</text>
      <sha1>f0w5fv6dodiwctvwa2shqc06wam7br1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153519</id>
      <parentid>1153517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="762" sha1="9ik8kzgzkmuxyfplsq7bcc7o12yngsn" xml:space="preserve">Infobox Ala
 | Anarana           = 
 | sary.             = 
 | légende           = 
 | alternative       = 
 | firenena.         = 
 | lien subdivision1 = 
 | subdivision2      = 
 | lien subdivision2 = 
 | subdivision3      = 
 | lien subdivision3 = 
 | superficie notes  = 
 | longueur          = 
 | longueur notes    = 
 | largeur           = 
 | largeur notes     = 
 | altitude          = 
 | altitude notes    = 
 | alt mini          = 
 | alt mini notes    = 
 | alt maxi          = 
 | alt maxi notes    = 
 | essences          = 
 | protection        = 
 | protection notes  = 
 | type              = 
 | type notes        = 
 | administration    = 
 | latitude          = 
 | longitude         = 
 | référence         = 
 | géolocalisation   = 
}}</text>
      <sha1>9ik8kzgzkmuxyfplsq7bcc7o12yngsn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153521</id>
      <parentid>1153519</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mise en forme</comment>
      <origin>1153521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="764" sha1="d1kw65egu84fqwl73ucc8rn5crghbmb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Ala
 | Anarana           = 
 | sary.             = 
 | légende           = 
 | alternative       = 
 | firenena.         = 
 | lien subdivision1 = 
 | subdivision2      = 
 | lien subdivision2 = 
 | subdivision3      = 
 | lien subdivision3 = 
 | superficie notes  = 
 | longueur          = 
 | longueur notes    = 
 | largeur           = 
 | largeur notes     = 
 | altitude          = 
 | altitude notes    = 
 | alt mini          = 
 | alt mini notes    = 
 | alt maxi          = 
 | alt maxi notes    = 
 | essences          = 
 | protection        = 
 | protection notes  = 
 | type              = 
 | type notes        = 
 | administration    = 
 | latitude          = 
 | longitude         = 
 | référence         = 
 | géolocalisation   = 
}}</text>
      <sha1>d1kw65egu84fqwl73ucc8rn5crghbmb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voampoabe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153520</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:12:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="bb8mh7j6ipsbppprhzyd9bi6xocdr9q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanummauritianum.jpg|vignette|325x325px|''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'']]
[[Sary:Solanum dulcamara (5386574212).jpg|vignette|''Solanum dulcamara'']]
Ny '''voampoabe''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambakoratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe

* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') --  angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Voampoa]]: ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Voampoana]]: ''[[Crateva excelsa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt; (''Capparaceae''); ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum indicum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Solanaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>bb8mh7j6ipsbppprhzyd9bi6xocdr9q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Infobox Ala</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153522</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:20:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mise en forme</comment>
      <origin>1153522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="722" sha1="1c81kkyrf3zo2rqe9q816rd0cb99dpw" xml:space="preserve">{{
| Anarana           = 
| sary.             = 
| légende           = 
| alternative       = 
| firenena.         = 
| lien subdivision1 = 
| subdivision2      = 
| lien subdivision2 = 
| subdivision3      = 
| lien subdivision3 = 
| superficie notes  = 
| longueur          = 
| longueur notes    = 
| largeur           = 
| largeur notes     = 
| altitude          = 
| altitude notes    = 
| alt mini          = 
| alt mini notes    = 
| alt maxi          = 
| alt maxi notes    = 
| essences          = 
| fiarovana         = 
| protection notes  = 
| type              = 
| type notes        = 
| administration    = 
| latitude          = 
| longitude         = 
| référence         = 
| géolocalisation   = 
}}</text>
      <sha1>1c81kkyrf3zo2rqe9q816rd0cb99dpw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voangivibe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153523</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="422" sha1="e5anwowpisj8t1axzdw17i4fx3q7fmb" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voangivibe''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]) 

* ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' L. (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- 

== Jereo koa ==

* Solanum</text>
      <sha1>e5anwowpisj8t1axzdw17i4fx3q7fmb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153524</id>
      <parentid>1153523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:23:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nanisy sary</comment>
      <origin>1153524</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="554" sha1="9pp905cbk5hj2309kgt0z1d9z15eawe" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum dulcamara, Beechview, 2020-09-30, 01.jpg|vignette|295x295px|''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'']]
Ny '''voangivibe''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]) 

* ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' L. (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- voampoabe, voangivibe

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>9pp905cbk5hj2309kgt0z1d9z15eawe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153525</id>
      <parentid>1153524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="793" sha1="dbcj54e5ucjpho81dota36v7xkotqc5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum dulcamara, Beechview, 2020-09-30, 01.jpg|vignette|295x295px|''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'']]
Ny '''voangivibe''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]) 

* ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanaceae'') -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' L. (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') -- voampoabe, voangivibe

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''
* [[Voampoabe]]: ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Maxim.) Kudô&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>dbcj54e5ucjpho81dota36v7xkotqc5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voangivy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153526</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:33:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="498" sha1="5inqpjyir34gbyuhtkw1hunztsi4kar" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voangivy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales|Silanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') --  roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* [[Solanum melongena|''Solanum melongena'' subsp. ''melongena'']] (←''Solanum heteracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') --  angivy, voangivy (zana-karazana baranjey)

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>5inqpjyir34gbyuhtkw1hunztsi4kar</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153527</id>
      <parentid>1153526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T09:33:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1153527</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="488" sha1="aij3bvw91rw1vjj1oe0bfui3njrpcg7" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voangivy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') --  roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* [[Solanum melongena|''Solanum melongena'' subsp. ''melongena'']] (←''Solanum heteracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;) (''Solanaceae'') --  angivy, voangivy (zana-karazana baranjey)

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>aij3bvw91rw1vjj1oe0bfui3njrpcg7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ideôlôjia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153529</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T10:02:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379616004</comment>
      <origin>1153529</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="63769" sha1="c9edgzg1wci4j16xsdg48ej78jzv2ml" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ideôlôjia''' dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, soatoavina na [[Finoana|finoana]] lazaina fa ananan' ny olona iray na vondron' olona, indrindra ireo ifikirana noho ny antony tsy mifototra fotsiny amin' ny finoana fa [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]] azo antoka no iorenany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Honderich; first: Ted; url: [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond]; Lohateny: ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Taona: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 392.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''ideology''; url: [https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122517/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; Daty nitahirizana: 2020-02-11; website: Lexico.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin' izany, araka ny famaritan' i Maurice Cranston izay adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, dia «misongadina tahaka ny lafiny ara-teôria ny lafiny fampiharana».&lt;ref&gt;Cranston, Maurice. [1999] 2014. &quot;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society Tahiry] (date: 2020-06-09)&quot; (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandray amin' ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao ny ideôlôjia, nefa samy hafa ireo.

I Antoine Destutt de Tracy, izay avy amin' ny saranga andriana sady [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfa]] tao amin' ny hetsiky ny Fahazavana tany Frantsa, no namorona ilay teny; tamin' ny 1796 izy no namolavola izany ho «siansa momba ny hevitra» (raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy), mba hananganana rafitra ahitana hevitra mifototra amin' ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot;&gt;Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of ideology.'' Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/ideology&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny siansa pôlitika, dia ampiasaina amin' ny heviny milazalaza ny zava-misy ilay teny mba hanondroana ireo rafitry ny finoana ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fiavian' ny teny ==
[[File:Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy.png|thumb|Namorona ny teny hoe ''ideology'' i Antoine Destutt de Tracy.]]
Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideology'' dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]] hoe ''idéologie''. Io teny frantsay io kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny fampiarahana ny teny grika hoe ''idéā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]'' », izay midika hoe hevitra na lamina; manakaiky ny hevitry ny hoe ''hevitra'' araka ny [[John Locke|fomba fisainan' i Locke]]) sy ny tovana hoe ''-logíā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:-λογῐ́ᾱ|-λογῐ́ᾱ]]'' », izay midika hoe fandalinana). Ilay mpandinika frantsay Destutt de Tracy no namorona azy tamin' ny 1796, ary tamin' ny voalohany dia ny siansa momba ny hevitra no notondroin' ny teny hoe ''ideology''. Tamin' ny 1907 anefa dia efa nahazo heviny vaovao ilay teny tamin' ny teny anglisy, ka nanondro rafitra ankapobeny ahitana finoana sy foto-pampianarana izay enti-mandika izao tontolo izao. Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana dia vao mainka nivelatra ny heviny, ka nanjary nanondro izay rafitra mirindra rehetra misy hevitra ara-pôlitika, ara-tsôsialy na ara-kolontsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot; /&gt;

Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideologue'' dia ilazana olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia iray. Misy heviny manambany io teny io, satria matetika izy io no ilazana olona miandany an-jambany, mafana fo fatratra, na mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny zavatra inoany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of IDEOLOGUE''; Daty: 7 June 2026; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideologue].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Tamin' ny taona 1796 no namolavolan' i Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754–1836) ny teny hoe ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-kevitra mifandray aminy. Nanjary voafaritra mazava ny heviny fony izy tany am-ponja, nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra 1793 ka hatramin' ny Oktobra 1794, niandry ny fitsarana azy nandritra ny Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana, izay naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny manodidina ny taona 1793 ka hatramin' ny Jolay 1794. Namaky ny sanganasan' i Locke sy Étienne Bonnot de Condillac izy fony nigadra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Vincent; first1: Andrew; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; Lohateny: ''Modern Political Ideologies''; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 1; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 7 May 2020; Daty nitahirizana: 3 August 2020; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanantena ny hanorina fototra azo antoka ho an' ny siansa momba ny olombelona sy ny fitondran-tenany sy ny siansa pôlitika i Tracy, ka namorona ilay teny hilazana ny «siansa momba ny hevitra». Zavatra roa no nanaovany izany fototra: (1) ny fahatsapana iainan' ny olona rehefa mifandray amin' ny tontolon' ny zavatra azo tsapain-tanana izy; ary (2) ny hevitra miforona ao an-tsainy vokatry ny fahatsapana toy izany. Ho an' i Tracy, ny ideôlôjia dia filôzôfia manandratra ny fahalalahana, izay hiaro ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, ny fananana, ny tsena malalaka, ary ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana amin' ny alalan' ny lalàm-panorenana. Nambarany fa, amin' ireo lafin-javatra ireo, ny ideôlôjia no teny ankapobeny indrindra, satria tafiditra ao amin' ny «siansa momba ny hevitra» koa ny fandinihana ny fomba anehoana ireo hevitra sy ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy&quot;&gt;last: Kennedy; first: Emmet; Daty: Jul–Sep 1979; Lohateny: ''&quot;Ideology&quot; from Destutt De Tracy to Marx''; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; Boky: 40; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 353–368; jstor: 2709242; doi: 10.2307/2709242.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanazavana ara-tantara nataon' i Karl Mannheim momba ny fiovan' ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia, dia nipoitra ny heviny maoderina rehefa nampiasa azy i Napoleon niantsoana ireo mpanohitra azy hoe «ireo olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia», araka ny dikanteny malagasy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Mannheim; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Utopia''; Daty: 1929; Pejy: 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ela dia nadika tamin' ireo fiteny lehibe tany Eorôpa ny boky lehibe nosoratan' i Tracy, ''The Elements of Ideology'' (''Élémens d'idéologie'' amin' ny teny frantsay, navoaka tamin' ny 1804–1815).

Tao anatin' ny taonjato taorian' ny namolavolan' i Tracy ny heviny, dia nifandimby nitondra hevitra tsara sy hevitra ratsy ny teny hoe ideôlôjia. Rehefa nanaraka fomba fijery nanohana ny famerenana ny lamina taloha ireo governemanta taorian' i Napoleon, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo mpandinika avy any Italia sy Espaina ary ireo mpandinika rosiana ilay foto-kevitra. Efa nanomboka niantso tena ho mpanohana ny fahalalahana ireo mpandinika ireo, ary niezaka namelona indray ny hetsika revôlisiônera tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1820. Anisan' izany ireo fikambanana Carbonari tany Frantsa sy Italia ary ireo mpikomy rosiana tamin' ny volana Desambra.
Noraisin' i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) ilay hevitra ratsy nampiasain' i Napoleon, ka nampiasainy tao amin' ny asa sorany. Indray mandeha izy dia nilaza an' i Tracy hoe, araka ny dikanteny malagasy, «mpifikitra mafy amin' ny foto-pampianaran' ny saranga tompon' ny fananana, mangatsiaka ra toy ny trondro» (''fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär'' amin' ny teny alemàna).&lt;ref&gt;de Tracy, Antoine Destutt. [1801] 1817. ''Les Éléments d'idéologie'', (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in Mannheim, Karl. 1929. ''The problem of 'false consciousness.'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' In ''Ideologie und Utopie''. 2nd footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nihena tatỳ aoriana ny hevitra manaratsy nentin' ilay teny (tsingerin' ny fanoloana teny manaratsy amin' ny teny malefaka izay manjary manaratsy indray), ka nanjary teny tsy miandany ampiasaina amin' ny famakafakana ireo hevitra pôlitika samihafa sy ny fomba fijerin' ireo vondrona ara-tsôsialy izy.&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry (1991) ''Ideology: An Introduction'', Verso, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
Raha nampifandray ilay teny tamin' ny tolona eo amin' ny saranga sy ny fanjakazakana i Marx,&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Robert C (1978). ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', W. W. Norton &amp; Company, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Marx, ''MER'', p. 154&lt;/ref&gt; dia nisy kosa nihevitra azy ho ampahany tsy maintsy ilaina amin' ny fiasan' ny andrim-piarahamonina sy ny fampiraisana ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Susan Silbey, ''Ideology''. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanindran-dalana amin' ireo hevitra rosiana taorian' ny vanim-potoana sôvietika momba ny ideôlôjia tokana tsy manaiky hafa, izay hita ao amin' ny [[Mônôteisma|finoana an' Andriamanitra tokana]], ohatra, dia nandinika ny «fanitarana ara-ideôlôjia» (dikanteny malagasy) teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana sy ny pôlitika i Walter Brueggemann (1933–2025).&lt;ref&gt;
last1: Brueggemann; first1: Walter; author-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last1: Brueggemann; editor-first1: Walter; editor-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last2: Stroup; editor-first2: George W.; editor-link2: George Stroup; Daty: 1 January 1998; Fizarana: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Exodus' in the Plural (Amos 9:7)''; Lohateny: ''Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World : in Honor of Shirley Guthrie''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0HRC46744C]; Toerana: Louisville, Kentucky; Mpamoaka: Westminster John Knox Press; Pejy: 16, 28; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780664257576&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 6 January 2025; quote: [...] ideological extension of the 'onlyness' of Yahweh to include the 'onlyness' of Israel, which I shall term ''mono-ideology''. [...] As Deuteronomy is a main force for mono-ideology in ancient Judaism, so it is possible to conclude that Calvinism has been a primary force for mono-ideology in modern Christian history because of its insistence upon God's sovereignty, which is very often allied with socioeconomic-political hegemony.. 
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana sy famakafakana ==
Maro ny karazana ideôlôjia, anisan' izany ny ideôlôjia [[Pôlitika|ara-pôlitika]], ara-tsôsialy, [[Epistemôlôjia|momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]], ary [[Etika|momba ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena]]. Mirona amin' ny fiheverana ny ideôlôjia ho rafitra misy hevitra mifandrindra ny famakafakana tato ho ato. Miorina amin' ny fiheverana fototra vitsivitsy momba ny zava-misy io rafitra io, ary mety hisy na tsy hisy zava-misy manamarina ireo fiheverana ireo. Amin' ny alalan' io rafitra io, ny safidy ataon' ny olona hatrany, izay miankina amin' ny fomba fijeriny manokana, dia mahatonga ny hevitra hirindra sy hanaraka lamina miverimberina. Ireo hevitra ireo no toy ny voa iaingan' ny [[Fieritreretana|fisainana]] hafa miforona manodidina azy. Ny finoana ideôlôjia iray dia mety ho fanekena fotsiny tsy arahina fandraisana andraikitra, na mety hahatratra hatramin' ny fiarovana azy amin-kafanam-po. Ny famaritana sasany, toy ny an' i Manfred Steger sy Paul James, dia samy manantitrantitra ny fisian' ny lamina sy ny filazana ho marina izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra fa tsy voatery ho marina amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra. Izao no nosoratan' izy ireo, araka ny fandikana azy amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny ideôlôjia dia vondron-kevitra sy foto-kevitra manaraka lamina ary voavolavolan' ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy; anisan' izany ny fomba manokana anehoana ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona na vondrona arakaraka ny fahefana ananany. Ireo fandaminana ny foto-kevitra, izay toy ny sarintany, dia manampy ny olona hahita izay lalan-kizorany ao anatin' ny tontolo pôlitika be pitsiny misy azy, ary mitondra filazana ny amin' izay marina momba ny fiarahamonina. »&lt;ref&gt;James, Paul, and Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/4510893/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._4_Ideologies_of_Globalism_2010_ Tahiry] (date: 2020-04-29). London: Sage.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny asa soratr' i George Walford sy Harold Walsby dia mandalina ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia mihitsy, fa tsy ideôlôjia manokana, amin' ny anarana hoe fandalinana mirindra ny ideôlôjia (''systematic ideology''). Miezaka mandinika ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy izy ireo. Fomba enina samy hafa nampiasana ny teny hoe ideôlôjia no faritan' i David W. Minar:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–31; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fitambaran' ny hevitra sasantsasany manana karazam-botoaty voafaritra, izay mazàna momba ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy.
# Ny endrika na ny fandaminana ireo hevitra ao anatin' ny fitambarany, araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra ao anatiny.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny firafitry ny fikambanana iray.
# Hevitra ampitaina izay mikendry ny handresy lahatra.
# Ny sehatra isehoan' ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy.

Ho an' i Willard A. Mullins, tokony havahana amin' ny hevitra mifandray aminy nefa samy hafa aminy ny ideôlôjia, dia ny sary an-tsaina momba ny fiarahamonina tonga lafatra sy ny angano ara-tantara, izany hoe fitantarana momba ny lasa manana heviny an' ohatra ho an' ny fiarahamonina. Araka ny famaritany, toetra fototra efatra no mandrafitra ny ideôlôjia:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Tsy maintsy manana hery mitaona ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana izy.
# Tsy maintsy afaka mitarika ny fanombanana sy fitsaran' ny olona izy.
# Tsy maintsy manome tari-dalana mankany amin' ny asa atao izy.
# Tsy maintsy mirindra araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra izy, ka tsy mifanohitra ny hevitra ao anatiny.

Mitanisa famaritana sasantsasany momba ny ideôlôjia i Terry Eagleton, ka tsy dia misy filaharana manokana arahina amin' ity lisitra ity:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC&amp;hl=en Tahiry] (date: 2021-06-01)''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ny fizotry ny famokarana hevitra ampitaina, famantarana ary soatoavina eo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy.
# Fitambaran-kevitra mampiavaka vondrona na saranga ara-tsôsialy iray manokana.
# Hevitra manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Hevitra diso manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana hafatra izay aolana amin' ny fomba voarafitra.
# Hevitra manome toerana ijoroan' ny olona amin' ny maha-mpahatsapa sy mpisaina azy, ka ahafahany mamantatra ny tenany sy mijery izao tontolo izao.
# Fomba fisainana atosiky ny tombontsoa ara-tsôsialy.
# Fisainana mampitovy ny zavatra amin' ny foto-kevitra na sokajy ankapobeny ampidirana azy, ka manilika izay mampiavaka azy (''identity thinking'').
# Fiheveran-diso ilaina amin' ny fiainana na ny fiasan' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny fihaonan' ny lahateny sy ny fomba fandrafetana hevitra amin' ny fahefana.
# Ny rafitra ahafahan' ireo olona mandray anjara eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, sady manana fahatsiarovan-tena, manome heviny ny tontolo misy azy.
# Fitambaram-pinoana mikendry ny hitarika asa atao.
# Ny fampifangaroana ny zava-misy araka ny teny ilazana azy sy ny zava-misy araka izay miseho amin' ny fahatsapana sy ny traikefa.
# Ny fanidiana ny rafitry ny famantarana sy ny heviny ao anatin' ny hevitra raikitra, ka tsy isokafana amin' ny fandikana hafa (''semiotic closure'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 197&lt;/sup&gt;
# Ny rafitra tsy azo ialana izay iainan' ny tsirairay ny fifandraisany amin' ny firafitra ara-tsôsialy.
# Ny dingana mamadika ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ho zava-misy raisina ho avy amin' ny natiora.

Niantso ny hanaovana « fandinihana mitsikera ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia » (fandikana) i Christian Duncker, filôzôfa alemàna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110701015904/http://www.ideologieforschung.de/web/Christian_Duncker.html Christian Duncker]&quot; (in German). ''Ideologie Forschung''. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny asa sorany, niezaka nametraka ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia ho lohahevitra ivon' ny fandinihana izy, niaraka tamin' ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]] sy ny tantara, izay mifandray akaiky aminy. Nofaritany ho rafitra fanehoana ny ideôlôjia, ka ireo fanehoana ireo dia milaza mivantana na an-kolaka fa fahamarinana tanteraka tsy misy fepetra no asehony.

=== Fandikana araka ny marksisma ===
[[File:Karl Marx 001 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Milaza i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] fa ampahany tsy afa-misaraka amin' ny rafitra ambony ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.]]
Ao amin' ny famakafakan' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia rafitry ny fahatsiarovan-tena mipoitra avy amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena, izay maneho sy mampaharitra ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Marx; first1: Karl; last2: Engels; first2: Friedrich; Daty: 1974; Lohateny: ''The German Ideology. [Students Edition]''; Fizarana: ''I. Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks''; Pejy: 64-68; Mpamoaka: Lawrence &amp; Wishart; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780853152170&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny môdely marksista momba ny fiarahamonina, izay manavaka ny fototra ara-toekarena sy ny rafitra ambony, ny hoe fototra ara-toekarena dia manondro ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona amin' ny famokarana sy ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana, fa ny hoe rafitra ambony kosa dia manondro ny ideôlôjia manjaka, izany hoe ny rafitra ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitika.
Ny fototra ara-toekarenan' ny famokarana no mamaritra ny rafitra ambony ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray.
Ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka no mamaritra io rafitra ambony io sy ny toetran' ny ideôlôjia manamarina azy; vitany izany satria ny saranga manjaka no mifehy ny fitaovana enti-mamokatra.
Ohatra, ao amin' ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana feôdaly, ny ideôlôjia ara-pivavahana no lafiny misongadina indrindra amin' ny rafitra ambony, fa ao amin' ny fandaminana kapitalista kosa dia ny ideôlôjia toy ny [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] sy ny demôkrasia sôsialy no manjaka.
Noho izany dia lehibe ny anjara toeran' ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fanamarinana ny fiarahamonina iray sy amin' ny fampisafotofotoana ara-pôlitika ireo vondrona zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny, amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
Ho an' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia mandrisika ny olona iray trandrahin' ny kapitalisma na zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny noho io rafitra io, mba hanohy hanohana azy na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany.
Matetika io olona io no tsy mahatsapa fa misy soatoavina tanany izay nampisehoin' ny ideôlôjia ho zavatra voajanahary.
Ao amin' ny bokiny hoe ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'', i Slavoj Žižek dia mitanisa an' i Marx manao hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy fantatr' izy ireo izany, nefa ataony ihany.» Izany no fomba fohy anehoany ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso ateraky ny ideôlôjia.
Nisy fanazavana samihafa naroso.
Mampiasa ny fanjakazakana ara-kolontsaina i [[Antonio Gramsci|Antonio Gramsci]] mba hanazavana ny antony ananan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia diso momba izay tena mahasoa azy indrindra.
Nanambara i Marx hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny saranga izay manana ny fitaovana famokarana ara-materialy eo am-pelatanany dia mifehy koa, amin' izay fotoana izay ihany, ny fitaovana famokarana ara-tsaina.»&lt;ref&gt;last: Marx; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''&quot;The German Ideology: Part I&quot;, The Marx-Engels Reader 2nd ed.''; Taona: 1978a; Mpamoaka: W.W. Norton &amp; Company; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manan-danja amin' ny lafiny foto-kevitra eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny fahalalana sy ny fiarahamonina ilay famaritana marksista ny ideôlôjia ho fitaovana mampitohy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy amin' ny famokarana azy indray,&lt;ref&gt;Eo amin' io taranja io dia misy adihevitra momba ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia: fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, araka ny hevitra arovan' i Marx, sa kosa «toerana diso» misy ny fanambarana iray, izay marina raha raisina amin' izao fotsiny nefa tsy mifandraika amin' ny toe-javatra anaovana azy, araka ny hevitr' i [[Max Weber|Max Weber]]: last1: Buonomo; first1: Giampiero; Lohateny: ''Eleggibilità più ampia senza i paletti del peculato d'uso? Un'occasione (perduta) per affrontare il tema delle leggi ad personam''; Gazety: ''Diritto&amp;Giustizia Edizione Online''; Daty: 2005; url: [https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794]; Daty nitahirizana: 2016-03-24; via: Questia; url-access: subscription; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794].&lt;/ref&gt; indrindra eo amin' ny asan' i Karl Mannheim, i Daniel Bell, i [[Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] ary ny hafa.
Ankoatra izany, i Mannheim dia namolavola izany hevitra izany ka niala tamin' ny fiheverana marksista ny ideôlôjia izay «manontolo» nefa «manokana», nankany amin' ny fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia «ankapobeny» sy «manontolo».
Io fiheverana io dia manaiky fa avy amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ny ideôlôjia rehetra, anisan' izany ny [[Marksisma|marksisma]]; hevitra izay novolavolain' ilay mpandinika ny fiarahamonina [[Pierre Bourdieu|Pierre Bourdieu]] koa izany.
Nampian' i Slavoj Žižek sy ireo tao amin' ny sekolin-kevitra tao Frankfurt talohany hevitra iray avy amin' ny fandinihana ny fiasan' ny saina mifantoka amin' ny lafiny tsy tsapan' ny tena (''psychoanalysis'') ilay «teôria ankapobeny» momba ny ideôlôjia: tsy ny hevitra tsapan' ny tena ihany no ao anatin' ny ideôlôjia, fa misy koa ny hevitra tsy tsapan' ny tena.

Nilaza i Teun A. van Dijk hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fampiasana [io teny io] andavanandro dia maneho hevitra ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny, ary mazàna manondro ny hevitr' olon-kafa izay miraikitra tsy mety miova, diso lalana, na miandany: isika no manana ny marina, fa izy ireo kosa no manana ideôlôjia. Izany heviny ratsy izany dia miverina hatrany amin' i Marx sy Engels, izay nihevitra ny ideôlôjia ho endriky ny “fahatsiarovan-tena diso”.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Politics, Ideology, and Discourse''; last: van Dijk; first: T. A.; Daty: 2006; website: Discourse in Society; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194631/http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 2011-07-08; Daty nijerena: 2019-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy ny entam-barotra (Debord) ===
Nilaza ilay Frantsay mpandinika teôria marksista [[Guy Debord|Guy Debord]], iray tamin' ny mpanorina ny ''Situationist International'' (Vondrona iraisam-pirenena sitiasiônista), fa rehefa lasa sokajy fototra amin' ny fiarahamonina ny entam-barotra, izany hoe rehefa tanteraka hatramin' ny farany ny dingan' ny famadihana zavatra ho entam-barotra, dia ny sary momba ny fiarahamonina aparitak' ny entam-barotra no manjaka amin' ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana. Izany sary izany dia maneho ny fiainana manontolo ho fitambaran' ny hevitra sy zavatra izay tsy manana sanda afa-tsy amin' ny maha-entam-barotra azo ifanakalozana azy araka ny sanda amin' ny fifanakalozana. Araka ny hevitr' i Debord, ny fanjakazakan' izany sary izany amin' ny fiainana manontolo dia mampihena ny fiarahamonina ho fanehoana fotsiny azy; izany no hevitra velabelariny ao amin' ny boky ''The Society of the Spectacle'' (izany hoe Ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny seho).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The Society of the Spectacle''; Mpamoaka: Zone Books; author: Guy Debord; Taona: 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Antony mampiray (Hoffer) ===
Nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa amerikanina Eric Hoffer ireo antony maromaro mampiray ny mpanaraka ideôlôjia iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. Harper Perennial. p. 91, ''et seq.''&lt;/ref&gt;

# Fankahalana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Afaka mipoitra sy miely tsy misy [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] ny hetsiky ny vahoaka maro, nefa tsy afaka manao izany mihitsy raha tsy misy finoana [[Devoly|devoly]].»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazany, vahiny no «devoly tena sahaza», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 93&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fakana tahaka: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Arakaraka ny maha-kely ny fahafaham-pontsika amin' ny maha-isika antsika no maha-lehibe ny faniriantsika hitovy amin' ny hafa… arakaraka ny tsy itokisantsika ny fahaizantsika mitsara sy ny vintantsika no maha-vonona kokoa antsika hanaraka ny ohatry ny hafa.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 101–2&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fandresen-dahatra: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahazotoan' ny mpanao fampielezan-kevitra hitaona olona hanaraka ny finoany na ny heviny dia avy amin' izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny: «fitadiavana fatratra zavatra mbola tsy hita, mihoatra noho ny faniriana hanome zavatra efa ananantsika».&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 110&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fanerena: milaza i Hoffer fa mifampiankina ny herisetra sy ny fifikirana tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra. Araka ny filazany, ny olona noterena hanaraka ny finoana [[Silamo|silamo]] na [[Kômonisma|kôminista]] dia manjary mifikitra tafahoatra amin' izany tahaka ireo nanery azy. Hoy izy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ilaina ny finoana ifikirana tafahoatra mba hitadiavana antony hanamarinana ny hakanosantsika.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 107–8&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fitarihana: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, tsy misy hetsika raha tsy misy mpitarika. Matetika ilay mpitarika no tsy maintsy miandry ela, mbola tsy miseho ho mpitarika, mandra-pahatongan' ny fotoana mety. Mitaky fanaovana sorona amin' izao fotoana izao izy mba hanamarinana ny fahitany hoavy mahatalanjona. Anisan' ny toetra sy fahaizana ilaina, araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahasahiana, ny tsy fahamenarana, ny finiavana tsy azo hozongozonina, ary ny faharesen-dahatra ifikirana tafahoatra; ny fankahalana mivaivay, ny hafetsena, ary ny fankafizana tandindona; ny fahaizana mampisy finoana jamba eo amin' ny vahoaka maro; ary ny fananana vondron' ny mpanampy mpitarika mahay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 112–4&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny filazany ihany, tsy azo ialana ny famitahana amin' ny filazana fahaizana na toetra tsy ananana, ary matetika ny mpitarika no maka tahaka ny sakaiza sy ny fahavalo, ka manao izay nantsoiny hoe, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «fanefena ny tena araka ny ohatra iray, ka izany irery no ifantohana». Tsy hitarika ny mpanaraka azy ho any amin' ilay «[[Tany Nampanantenaina|hoavy sambatra nampanantenaina]]» izy, hoy i Hoffer, fa hampiala azy ireo fotsiny «amin' ny maha-izy azy izay tsy tiany», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 116–9&lt;/sup&gt;
# Asa atao: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, voasakana ny fisainana vaovao tsy manahaka ny hafa, ary ampirisihina ny firaisankina, raha atao variana hatrany amin' ny tetikasa lehibe, ny diabe, ny fikarohana ary ny asa indostrialy ny vahoaka maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 120–1&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fiahiahiana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Misy ny fitsabahana mikaroka ny raharahan' ny hafa sy ny fitsikilovana, ny fanaraha-maso amim-pihenjanana ary ny fahatsapana amim-pihenjanana fa arahi-maso ny tena.» Araka ny filazany, tsy misy manohitra izany tsy fifampitokisana tafahoatra izany, ary mampirisika ny fanarahana ny fenitra sy ny hevitry ny vondrona izany, fa tsy ny fanehoana hevitra manohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 124&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ronald Inglehart ===

I Ronald Inglehart, avy ao amin' ny ''University of Michigan'' (Oniversiten' i Michigan), no mpanoratra ny ''World Values Survey'' (fanadihadiana maneran-tany momba ny soatoavina). Araka ny fitantarana momba io fanadihadiana io, hatramin' ny 1980 dia nandrakitra ny toe-tsain' ny olona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina tany amin' ny firenena 100 izy io, ary ireo firenena ireo dia ahitana ny 90% amin' ny mponina maneran-tany. Maneho ny valiny fa azo inoana ny hisian' ny fifandraisana akaiky eo amin' ny toerana onenan' ny olona sy ny foto-pinoany ara-ideôlôjia. Araka ireo valiny ireo, any amin' ny faritra maro ao Afrika sy Azia Atsimo ary Afovoany Atsinanana, dia aleon' ny olona ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana ary tsy dia mandefitra amin' ny soatoavina liberaly, izay manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, izy ireo. Ny faritra prôtestanta ao Eorôpa kosa dia eo amin' ny tendrony mifanohitra amin' izany, ka mifikitra kokoa amin' ny foto-pinoana tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana sy amin' ny soatoavina liberaly. Araka io fitantarana io ihany, amin' ireo firenena manana fidiram-bola ambony, dia i Etazonia irery no miavaka amin' ny fifikirany amin' ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana, dia ny kristianisma amin' io tranga io.

== Ideôlôjia pôlitika ==
Jereo koa: Lisitry ny ideôlôjia pôlitika.

Ao amin' ny fandalinana ny pôlitika, ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, fitsipika, [[Foto-pampianarana|foto-pampianarana]], angano, na tandindona mifototra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena, izay ananan' ny hetsika ara-tsôsialy, andrim-piarahamonina, saranga, na vondron' olona lehibe iray. Manazava ny fomba tokony handaminana ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] izany, ary manolotra drafitra ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ho an' ny fandaminana ara-tsôsialy iray. Mahakasika lafin-javatra maro samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Anisan' izany, nefa tsy ireo ihany, ny [[Toekarena|toekarena]], ny [[Governemanta|fitondram-panjakana]], ny tontolo iainana, ny [[Fanabeazana|fanabeazana]], ny [[Fitsaboana|fitsaboana sy fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana]], ny lalàna mifehy ny asa, ny lalàna momba ny heloka, ny rafi-pitsarana, ny fiahiana ara-tsôsialy sy ny fanampiana ara-tsôsialy, ny pôlitikam-panjakana sy ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana, ny [[Pôlitika ivelany|pôlitika ivelany]], ny zo, ny fahalalahana sy ny adidy, ny maha-olom-pirenena, ny fifindra-monina mankany amin' ny firenena iray, ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] sy ny maha-izy ny firenena, ny fitantanana ny tafika, ary ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]].

Misy lafiny roa ny ideôlôjia pôlitika:
# Ny tanjona: ny fomba tokony handaminana ny fiarahamonina;
# Ny fomba fiasa: ny lalana heverina ho mety indrindra hahatratrarana ilay fandaminana filamatra.

Ny tena ifantohan' ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia ny fomba fizarana ny fahefana sy ny tanjona tokony hampiasana izany fahefana izany. Misy antoko manaraka akaiky dia akaiky ideôlôjia iray, fa misy kosa mety haka aingam-panahy amin' ny ankapobeny avy amin' ny vondron' ideôlôjia mifandray, nefa tsy mandray manokana ny iray amin' ireo. Samy manana hevitra momba izay heveriny ho endri-pitondram-panjakana tsara indrindra ny ideôlôjia pôlitika tsirairay. Ohatra amin' izany ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia, na fitondrana miorina amin' ny fahefan' ny vahoaka]], ny fitaomana vahoaka amin' ny fampiasana ny fihetseham-pony (''demagogy''), ny [[Teôkrasia|fitondrana mifototra amin' ny fahefana ara-pivavahana]] (''theocracy''), ary ny [[Kalifata|kalifata, na fanjakana silamo tarihin' ny kalifa]], sy ny hafa. Manana hevitra momba ny halehiben' ny fahefan' ny fitondram-panjakana koa izy ireny, toy ny fanamafisana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra sy famerana ny fahalalahana (''authoritarianism''), ny fanomezana lanja voalohany ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay sy ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana (''libertarianism''), ary ny [[Federalisma|fizaram-pahefana eo amin' ny fitondrana foibe sy ireo fanjakana na vondrom-paritra mandrafitra ny firenena]] (''federalism''), sy ny hafa. Toy izany koa ny heviny momba izay rafitra ara-toekarena tsara indrindra, toy ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananan' olon-tsotra ny fitaovam-pamokarana sy ny fitadiavana tombom-barotra]] (''capitalism''), na ny [[Sôsialisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana]] (''socialism''), sy ny hafa. Indraindray, teny iray ihany no enti-manondro ny ideôlôjia iray sy ny iray amin' ny hevi-dehibe ao aminy. Ohatra, ny teny hoe ''socialism'' dia mety hanondro ilay rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana, na koa ilay ideôlôjia manohana izany rafitra ara-toekarena izany. Taorian' ny taona 1991, maro ny mpandinika nilaza fa niaina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia ny olona,&lt;ref&gt;Bell, D. 2000. ''The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 393.&lt;/ref&gt; ka, araka izany fomba fijery izany, tsy nahomby ireo ideôlôjia nampanantena famonjena sy nikendry ny hahafaoka ny lafin-javatra rehetra. Matetika io fomba fijery io no ampifandraisina amin' ny asa soratr' i Francis Fukuyama momba ny fiafaran' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. ''The End of History and the Last Man''. New York: Free Press. p. xi.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, i Nienhueser (2011) dia mihevitra fa mbola «mamokatra ideôlôjia» hatrany ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitantanana ny mpiasa sy ny fahaizany (fandikan-teny).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Nienhueser; first1: Werner; Daty: October 2011; Lohateny: ''Empirical Research on Human Resource Management as a Production of Ideology''; Gazety: ''Management Revue''; Mpamoaka: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH &amp; Co. KG; Boky: 22; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 367–393; doi: 10.5771/0935-9915-2011-4-367; issn: 0935-9915; quote: [...] current empirical research in HRM is generating ideology.; doi-access: free; jstor: 41783697; s2cid: 17746690.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fomba naroso hanasokajiana ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Afaka mamaritra ny tenany araka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny filaharan' ny firehana ara-pôlitika ny ideôlôjia, ohatra hoe ankavia, afovoany, na ankavanana. Azo avahana koa izy ireny araka ny raharaha tokana mety hanorenana azy, ohatra ny fiarovana ny fahalalahana sivily, ny fanohanana na fanoherana ny fampiraisana an' i Eorôpa, ary ny fanaovana ny rongony ho ara-dalàna. Azo avahana araka ny paikady pôlitika koa izy ireny, ohatra ny fanehoana ny vahoaka ho toherin' ny sangany sy ny filazana fa misolo tena ny vahoaka (''populism''), na ny fampifantohana ny fahefana amin' ny mpitondra iray (''personalism''). Sarotra anefa ny manasokajy ny ideôlôjia pôlitika noho ny fiankinan' ny famaritana hevitra amin' ny kolontsaina. Ny anarana hoe kônservatisma dia ilazana ny fifikirana amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy; ny liberalisma kosa manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay; ary ny neoliberalisma mampiroborobo ny tsena malalaka sy ny famerana ny fandraisan' ny fanjakana anjara amin' ny toekarena. Ohatra amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fampiasana ireo anarana ireo ny fampitahana omen' i Leo P. Ribuffo (2011), izay milaza izao (fandikan-teny): «Izay antsoin' ny Amerikanina ankehitriny hoe kônservatisma dia antsoin' ny ampahany lehibe amin' izao tontolo izao hoe [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] na neoliberalisma»; mety homena ny anarana hoe sôsialista ao Etazonia ny kônservativa ao Finlandy, izany hoe olona mifikitra amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy ao amin' io firenena io.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ribuffo; first: Leo P.; author-link: Leo P. Ribuffo; Daty: January 2011; Lohateny: ''Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy''; url: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734]; Gazety: ''Historically Speaking''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 2–6; doi: 10.1353/hsp.2011.0013; issn: 1944-6438; s2cid: 144367661; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny filôzôfa Michael Oakeshott dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia miorina amin' ny raharaha tokana ho «famintinana natao ho endrika voarafitra an' ilay heverina ho fototra iorenan' ny fahamarinana takatry ny saina ao anatin' ny lova nentim-paharazana» (fandikan-teny). Ankoatra izany, i Charles Blattberg dia manolotra fanazavana manavaka ny ideôlôjia pôlitika amin' ny [[Filôzôfia pôlitika|filôzôfia pôlitika, na fandinihana ny fototra sy ny anton' ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika]].&lt;ref&gt;last: Blattberg; first: Charles; Daty: 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies''; url: [https://philpapers.org/archive/BLAPPA-2.pdf]; url-status: live; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042926/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117]; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-01; Gazety: ''Public Affairs Quarterly''; Boky: 15; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 193–217; ssrn: 1755117; s2cid: 142824378; doi: 10.1515/9780773576636-002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7735-7663-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i Slavoj Žižek, ilay fiheverana mihitsy hoe efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia dia mety hahafahan' ny endrik' ideôlôjia lalim-paka indrindra sy arahana an-jambany indrindra miasa. Karazana fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina izany, na fihetsika mody tsy matoky ny fahatsoram-pon' ny hafa (''false cynicism''). Natao hampahazo haja ny fomba fijerin' ny tena ho toy ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny zava-misy sady tsy mitanila izy io, amin' ny fisehoana ho manana fijery tsy matoky nefa tsy miandany, kanefa tsy izany akory. Raha tokony hanampy hiala amin' ny ideôlôjia izany fahadisoana izany, dia vao mainka mampitombo ny fifikirana amin' ny ideôlôjia iray efa misy, araka ny heviny. Antsoin' i Žižek hoe «fandrika pôstmôdernista» izany (fandikan-teny), izany hoe fandrika mifandraika amin' ny fomba fisainana manakiana ireo fanazavana sy soatoavina nolovaina tamin' ny môdernisma.&lt;ref&gt;last: Žižek; first: Slavoj; author-link: Slavoj Žižek; Lohateny: ''The Sublime Object of Ideology''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Verso; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84467-300-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 2nd; Toerana: London; Pejy: xxxi, 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nanolotra izany hevitra izany koa i Peter Sloterdijk tamin' ny taona 1988.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sloterdijk; first: Peter; Daty: 1988; Lohateny: ''Critique of Cynical Reason''; url: [https://archive.org/details/critiqueofcynica00slot]; url-access: registration; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8166-1586-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nasehon' ny fikarohana fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny lova ara-pototarazo ny ampahany sasany amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny ideôlôjia pôlitikan' ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bouchard; first1: Thomas J.; authorlink: Thomas J. Bouchard-Jr; authorlink2: Matt McGue; last2: McGue; first2: Matt; Taona: 2003; Lohateny: ''Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences''; url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/neu.10160]; Gazety: ''Journal of Neurobiology''; Boky: 54; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 44–45; doi: 10.1002/neu.10160; pmid: 12486697; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cloninger, et al. (1993).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Eaves; first1: L. J.; authorlink2: Hans Eysenck; last2: Eysenck; first2: H. J.; Taona: 1974; Lohateny: ''Genetics and the development of social attitudes''; url: [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v249/n5454/abs/249288a0.html]; Gazety: ''Nature''; Boky: 249; Laharana: 5454; Pejy: 288–89; doi: 10.1038/249288a0; pmid: 4857324; bibcode: 1974Natur.249..288E; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Alford, John, Carolyn Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. ''[http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809045236/http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Tahiry] (date: 2017-08-09). ''American Political Science Review'' 99(2):153–167.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; authorlink2: Sarah Medland; authorlink4: Andrew C. Heath; last2: Medland; first2: Sarah E.; last3: Morley; first3: Katherine I.; last4: Heath; first4: Andrew C.; last5: Martin; first5: Nicholas G.; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study''; url: [https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/contents/p/staff/Hatemi501Published.pdf]; Gazety: ''Behavior Genetics''; Boky: 37; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 435–448; doi: 10.1007/s10519-006-9138-8; pmid: 17221311.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; last2: Hibbing; first2: J.; last3: Alford; first3: J.; last4: Martin; first4: N.; last5: Eaves; first5: L.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''Is there a 'party' in your genes?''; url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258180337]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 584–600; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327606; ssrn: 1276482.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Settle; first1: Jaime E.; authorlink2: Christopher Dawes (author); authorlink3: James H. Fowler; last2: Dawes; first2: Christopher T.; last3: Fowler; first3: James H.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The heritability of partisan attachment''; url: [http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/heritability_of_partisan_attachment.pdf]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 601–13; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327607.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy fanjakana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray.

Rehefa lasa singa miely manerana ny fitondram-panjakana iray sady manjaka ao anatiny ny ideôlôjia pôlitika iray, dia azo lazaina fa fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz, Alfred Wayne Penn. Politics of Ideocracy''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-2297-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Piekalkiewicz; first1: Jaroslaw; last2: Penn; first2: Alfred Wayne; Taona: 1995; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; Daty nijerena: 2020-08-27; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211428/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fomba samihafa ireo endri-pitondram-panjakana isan-karazany, ary tsy voafetra hatrany amin' ny pôlitika sy ny fiarahamonina izany fampiasana izany. Misy hevitra sy firehana ara-pisainana omena tombony na lavina raha oharina amin' ny hafa, arakaraka ny fifanarahan' izy ireo amin' ny lamina ara-tsôsialy manjaka na ny maha-mahasoa azy ireo an' io lamina io.

Ao amin' ny ''The Anatomy of Revolution'', dia nilaza i Crane Brinton fa miparitaka ny ideôlôjia vaovao rehefa misy tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny fitondrana taloha.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 2.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazalazany, mety hiverina mandritra ny revôlisiôna mihitsy izany fizotrany izany; noho izany, mety handresy ireo revôlisiônera manana firehana antonony kokoa ireo manana firehana mahery vaika toa an' i [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] sy i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]].&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 6.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io filazalazan' i Brinton io ihany, dia tsy ela aorian' io dingana io no manaraka ny Thermidor, izany hoe ny fampitoniana ny hafanam-po revôlisiônera eo ambany fitarihan' ireo mifantoka amin' ny vokatra azo ampiharina toa an' i Napoleon sy i [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], izay mitondra ny «toe-draharaha mahazatra sy ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 8.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Averin' i J. William Fulbright ny fifandimbiasan' ny dingana nofaritan' i Brinton, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe «olona mamolavola hevitra &gt; olona mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra &gt; olona miroso amin' ny asa azo ampiharina».&lt;ref&gt;Fulbright, J. William. 1967. ''The Arrogance of Power''. ch. 3–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy endrika mitovitovy amin' izany koa ao amin' ny ''The True Believer'' nosoratan' i Eric Hoffer.&lt;ref&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. ch. 15–17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideôlôjia momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy ==

Na dia ampirisihina aza ny fandinihana mitsikera ny finoana efa misy, toy ny amin' ny teôria ara-tsiansa, dia mety hanakana ny fanolorana fanakianana, teôria na fanandramana sasany ny rafitra fandinihana na ny fomba fisainana manjaka. Ohatra manokana amin' ny siansa nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ideôlôjia ny ekôlôjia, na fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina eto an-tany samy izy sy amin' ny tontolo iainany. Noheverin' i James J. Gibson izay mpandinika ny fiasan' ny saina eo amin' ny fahatsapana fa ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona ny fifandraisana ara-tontolo iainana no fototry ny fahafantarana ny tena sy ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gibson; first1: James J.; Lohateny: ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''; Daty: 1979; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra fandalinana ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana momba ny matematika (ny matematika dia fandalinana ny isa sy ny rafitra ary ny fifandraisany) i George Lakoff, mpahay teny. Ao anatin' izany fomba fandinihana izany dia hoheverina ho vokatra na zavatra ateraky ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona na dia ny hevitra fototra indrindra ao amin' ny aritmetika (fandalinana ny isa sy ny kajy atao aminy) aza; io fahatsapana io kosa dia tsy maintsy nivoatra tao anatin' ny tontolo iainana iray.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lakoff; first1: George; Lohateny: ''Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics Into Being''; Daty: 2000; Mpamoaka: Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Toa nandray ny siansa momba ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany ho ideôlôjia miabo ny ekôlôjia lalina sy ny hetsika ankehitriny momba ny tontolo iainana, ary koa ny antoko mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, saingy amin' ny ambaratonga ambany kokoa ho an' ireto farany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Madsen; first1: Peter; Lohateny: ''Deep Ecology''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; website: Britannica; Daty nijerena: 2021-04-10; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203553/https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanazavana avy amin' ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po ==
Maro ny fikarohana amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|haifisaina sy hetsi-po]] izay mandinika ny antony mahatonga ny ideôlôjia, ny vokany ary ny votoatiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jost2009&quot;&gt;last1: Jost; first1: John T.; author1-link: John Jost; last2: Federico; first2: Christopher M.; last3: Napier; first3: Jaime L.; Daty: January 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities''; Gazety: ''Annual Review of Psychology''; Boky: 60; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 307–337; doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600; pmid: 19035826.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlenker2012&quot;&gt;last1: Schlenker; first1: Barry R.; last2: Chambers; first2: John R.; last3: Le; first3: Bonnie M.; Daty: April 2012; Lohateny: ''Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction''; Gazety: ''Journal of Research in Personality''; Boky: 46; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 127–146; doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saucier2000&quot;&gt;last1: Saucier; first1: Gerard; author-link: Gerard Saucier; Daty: 2000; Lohateny: ''Isms and the structure of social attitudes.''; Gazety: ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''; Boky: 78; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 366–385; doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.366; pmid: 10707341.&lt;/ref&gt; Nantsoin' i Althusser hoe «biby manana ideôlôjia» ny olombelona, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;last1: Greenberg; first1: Jeff; Lohateny: ''Handbook of experimental existential psychology''; last2: Koole; first2: Sander Leon; last3: Pyszczynski; first3: Thomas A.; Daty: 2004; Mpamoaka: Guilford Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt; Teôria maro no niezaka nanazava ny fisian' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny hevitra natolotr' i Jost, Ledgerwood ary Hardin (2008), dia mety hiasa ho toy ny vondrom-panazavana efa voaomana mialoha ny ideôlôjia. Miparitaka izy ireny, araka io hevitra io, noho ireo antony fototra manosika ny olombelona hahatakatra izao tontolo izao, hisoroka ny fandrahonana ny fisian' ny olona, ary hitazona ireo fifandraisana amin' ny hafa izay sarobidy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot;&gt;Jost, John T., Alison Ledgerwood, and Curtis D. Hardin. 2008. ''Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs.'' pp. 171–186 in ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fehin-kevitr' ireo mpanoratra, mety hampirona ny olona handray fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao izay manamarina ny rafitra misy ireo antony manosika ireo, amin' ny taha ambony tsy mifandanja amin' ny fandraisana fomba fijery hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;author: Lee S. Dimin; Lohateny: ''Corporatocracy: A Revolution in Progress''; Taona: 2011; Pejy: 140.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mifanaraka hevitra ny mpikaroka momba ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po fa toa misy itoviana ny toetra mampiavaka ny olona, ny toetra na mari-pandrefesana izay tsy mitovy amin' ny olona tsirairay, ny filàna ary ny finoana ara-ideôlôjia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny finoana fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao (''just-world theory''), dia te hino ny olona fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao mba hahatsapany fa voafehiny ny zava-mitranga ary voaaro izy ireo. Mamorona ideôlôjia izy ireo mba hitazonana izany finoana izany, ohatra amin' ny fanamarinana ny tsy fitoviana na ny zava-mitranga mampahory. Ny fitsikerana iray atao amin' ny fampiasana io teôria io ho hany fanazavana ny ideôlôjia dia ny hoe tsy manazava ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia samihafa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 270–271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fiatrehana ny tahotra ny fahafatesana (''terror management theory''), dia ampiasaina ho fomba fiarovan' ny saina ny ideôlôjia rehefa misy mandrahona ny fomba fijerin' ny olona ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao. Izany indray no miaro ny fiheveran' ny olona ny hasarobidin' ny tenany sady mampihena ny fahatsiarovany ny maha-mety maty azy. Asehon' ny porofo fa ny fampahatsiahivana mialoha ny olona ny maha-mety maty azy dia tsy mitarika azy hamaly izany amin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny ideôlôjia manokana iray, fa amin' ny ideôlôjia izay ao an-tsainy amin' io fotoana io kosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy (''system justification theory''), dia mirona hiaro ny fiarahamonina misy ny olona, na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany indraindray. Izany indray no mahatonga azy ireo hamorona fanazavana ara-ideôlôjia hanamarinana ny toe-javatra misy. Araka ny tohan-kevitr' i Jost, Fitzimmons ary Kay, dia avy amin' ny faniriana hitazona firindrana eo amin' ny fisainana (fahafahana misaina amin' ny fomba mitovitovy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana), ny faniriana hampihena ny tsy fahazoana antoka sy ny ezaka atao, ny fiheverana diso fa voafehin' ny tena ny zava-mitranga, ary ny tahotra ny fitoviana ny antony manosika hiaro ny rafitra efa misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 272&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy,&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt; dia maneho ireo dingana manosika ny fitondran-tena (izay tsy tsapan' ny olona) ny ideôlôjia, mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana fa maneho fisainana mahaleo tena sy tsy mitanila mandrakariva ny faharesen-dahatra ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ny ideôlôjia sy ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina ==

=== Teôria momba ny famantarana sy ny heviny ===

Araka ny voalazan' i Bob Hodge, mpandalina ny famantarana sy ny heviny (''semiotics''), dia toy izao manaraka izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:&lt;ref&gt;Hodge, Bob. &quot;[http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html# ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215511/http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html Tahiry] (date: 2008-09-05).&quot; ''Semiotics Encyclopedia Online''. Retrieved 12 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny [ideôlôjia] dia manondro zavatra iray miray manontolo izay mampitambatra fitambarana hevitra saro-drafitra maro miaraka amin' ireo mpandray anjara ara-tsôsialy sy ireo dingana niteraka izany hevitra izany. Tsy misy teny hafa mahafaoka io zavatra io tsara tahaka ny hoe «ideôlôjia». Ny rafitra mamaritra izay azo raisina ho fahalalana (''episteme'') an' i [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] dia tery loatra sady miompana loatra amin' ny hevitra tsy mivaingana, ary tsy ampy ny lafiny ara-tsôsialy voarakony. Ny fandrafetana sy fampitana hevitra (''discourse'') lazainy, izay be mpampiasa satria mahafaoka ampahany amin' izay sahanin' ny ideôlôjia nefa vitsy kokoa ny hevitra fanampiny mifamatotra aminy, dia voafetra loatra amin' ny rafitra mampiasa teny. Ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao (''worldview'') dia mifantoka loatra amin' ny [[Metafizika|foto-kevitra momba ny fototry ny zava-misy]] (''metaphysical''), ary ny [[Fampielezan-kevitra|fampielezan-kevitra enti-mitaona olona]] (''propaganda'') kosa dia be loatra ny hevitra fanampiny mitondra fitsarana mifamatotra aminy. Na eo aza, na noho ny fifanoherana ao aminy aza, dia mbola manana anjara asa lehibe hatrany ny «ideôlôjia» eo amin' ny fandalinana ny famantarana sy ny heviny izay mitodika amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nampiditra koa, vao haingana, ny famakafakana mifototra amin' ny fandalinana ny hevitry ny teny sy ny famantarana (''semantic analysis'') ho ao amin' ny fandalinana ny ideôlôjia ny mpanoratra toa an' i Michael Freeden.

=== Fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ===
Araka ny filazan' i John J. Macionis, ny [[Sôsiôlôjia|mpandinika ny fiarahamonina]] dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia ho toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «finoana ara-kolontsaina enti-manamarina fandaminana sasany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, anisan' izany ireo endrika isehoan' ny tsy fitoviana».&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Sociology''; last: Macionis; first: John J.; Daty: 2010; Mpamoaka: Pearson Education; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-205-74989-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 13th; Toerana: Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pejy: 257; oclc: 468109511.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' io fomba fandinihana io, ny vondrona manjaka dia mampiasa ireo fitambaram-pinoana sy fomba fanao ara-kolontsaina ireo mba hanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana izay mitazona ny fahefany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina manoloana ireo vondrona tsy manjaka. Ampiasain' ny ideôlôjia ny rafitry ny tandindona ao amin' ny fiarahamonina iray mba handaminana ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy ho ambaratonga ambony sy ambany: omena toerana ambony ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy sasany, fa heverina ho ambany kosa ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy hafa. Ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy lehibe ao amin' ny fiarahamonina, toy ny fampahalalam-baovao, ny fianakaviana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fivavahana, ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.&lt;ref name=witt_2018&gt;Lohateny: ''SOC 2018''; last: Witt; first: Jon; Mpamoaka: McGraw Hill; Taona: 2017; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-259-70272-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 5th; Toerana: [S.l.]; Pejy: 65; oclc: 968304061.&lt;/ref&gt; Niova nanaraka ny fiovan' ny fiarahamonina nandritra ny tantara koa ireo ideôlôjia nanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra]], ny fanavakavahana mifototra amin' ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy, ny fanamboniana ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy manoloana ny hafa, ny fanavakavahana ny olona manana fahasembanana, ary ny fametrahana ny kolontsain' ny tena ho ivon' ny fandinihana.&lt;ref name=witt_2018 /&gt;

== Teny nalaina ==
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy mila…mino ideôlôjia isika. Ny hany ilaina dia ny hampivelaran' ny tsirairay amintsika ireo toetra tsara maha-olona ananany. Mahakasika ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana ankehitriny ny filàna fahatsapana andraikitra manoloana ny olombelona rehetra.» — [[Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]&lt;ref&gt;Bunson, Matthew, ed. 1997. ''The Dalai Lama's Book of Wisdom''. Ebury Press. p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny asan' ny ideôlôjia dia ny mampiorina sy mampaharitra ny fanjakazakana amin' ny alalan' ny fanafenana ny tena zava-misy na ny fiheveran-diso momba izany.» — Sally Haslanger&lt;ref&gt;last1: Haslanger; first1: Sally; author1-link: Sally Haslanger; Taona: 2017; Lohateny: ''I – Culture and Critique''; Gazety: ''Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume''; Boky: 91; Pejy: 149–73; doi: 10.1093/arisup/akx001; doi-access: free; hdl: 1721.1/116882; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «[N]y ideôlôjia iray dia tsy mitovy amin' ny hevitra tsotra, satria milaza ho manana na ny fanalahidy hahatakarana ny tantara, na ny vahaolana amin' ny “ankamantatr' izao rehetra izao” rehetra, na ny fahalalana lalina ireo lalàna miafina mihatra amin' izao rehetra izao, izay heverina fa mifehy ny natiora sy ny olombelona.» — Hannah Arendt&lt;ref&gt;Arendt, Hannah. 1968. ''The Origins of Totalitarianism.'' Harcourt. p. 159.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* ''-ism'' – Tovana amin' ny teny anglisy
* [[Finoana|Finoana]]: rafitry ny finoana
* [[Tenim-pinoana|Dôgma]] – Finoana eken' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny vondrona iray tsy misy fametraham-panontaniana
* Feminisma – Hetsika sy ideôlôjia isan-karazany ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika
* Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray – Fanjakana fehezin' ny ideôlôjia iray manokana
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia kôminista – Sekolim-pisainana momba ny fiarahamonina tsy misy saranga
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia mitondra anaran' olona
* Ideôlôjiam-panjakana tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika
* ''The Anatomy of Revolution'' – Bokin' i Crane Brinton tamin' ny 1938
* ''The True Believer'' – Bokin' i Eric Hoffer
* ''World Values Survey'' (Fanadihadiana momba ny soatoavina maneran-tany) – Tetikasa fikarohana maneran-tany
* Fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao – Fomba fijery fototra mitarika ny fahazoana sy ny fikirakirana fahalalana eo amin' ny olona iray na ny fiarahamonina

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra ===
* Althusser, Louis. [1970] 1971. ''Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses''. Ao amin' ny ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays''. Monthly Review Press &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58367-039-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Belloni, Claudio. 2013. ''Per la critica dell’ideologia:'' ''Filosofia e storia in Marx.'' Milan: Mimesis.
* [[Guy Debord|Debord, Guy]]. 1967 ''The Society of the Spectacle''. Bureau of Public Secrets 2014 (fanontana misy fanamarihana)
* Duncker, Christian 2006. ''Kritische Reflexionen Des Ideologiebegriffes''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-903343-88-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* —, mpandrindra ny famoahana. 2008. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213073427/http://ideologieforschung.de/web/Welcome.html Ideologiekritik Aktuell]''. ''Ideologies Today'' 1''.'' London. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84790-015-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction]''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ellul, Jacques. [1965] 1973. ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes'', nadikan' i K. Kellen sy J. Lerner. New York: Random House.
* Freeden, Michael. 1996. ''Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-829414-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Feuer, Lewis S. 2010. ''Ideology and Ideologists.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
* Gries, Peter Hays. 2014. ''The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Haas, Mark L. 2005. ''[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Clash-of-Ideologies-Middle-Eastern-Politics-and-American-Security-by-Mark-L-Haas.php The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989]''. Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8014-7407-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hawkes, David. 2003. ''Ideology'' (fanontana faha-2). Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-415-29012-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* James, Paul, sy Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism'']. London: Sage.
* Lukács, Georg. [1967] 1919–1923. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm History and Class Consciousness]'', nadikan' i R. Livingstone. Merlin Press.
* Malesevic, Sinisa, sy Iain Mackenzie, mpandrindra ny famoahana. ''Ideology after Poststructuralism''. London: Pluto Press.
* Mannheim, Karl. 1936. ''Ideology and Utopia.'' Routledge.
* [[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]]. [1845–46] 1932. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm The German Ideology].''
* Minogue, Kenneth. 1985. ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology''. Palgrave Macmillan. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-312-01860-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–331; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.
* last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.
* Ostrowski, Marius S. 2022. ''[https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 Ideology]''. Cambridge: Polity. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1509540730&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Owen, John. 2011. [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-clash-of-ideas-in-world-politics-john-owen.php ''The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010'']. Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-14239-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Pinker, Steven. 2002. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature''. New York: Penguin Group. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-670-03151-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Sorce Keller; first1: Marcello; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences''; Gazety: ''Journal of Musicological Research''; Boky: 26; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 91–122; doi: 10.1080/01411890701361086.
* last1: Steger; first1: Manfred B.; last2: James; first2: Paul; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/4311113]; Gazety: ''Perspectives on Global Development and Technology''; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1–2; Pejy: 17–40; doi: 10.1163/15691497-12341240.
* Verschueren, Jef. 2012. ''Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-69590-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Torolalana handalinana ny ideôlôjia]

[[:Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]
[[:Sokajy:Politika]]</text>
      <sha1>c9edgzg1wci4j16xsdg48ej78jzv2ml</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>