Adansonia

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    <title>Adansonia</title>
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      <text bytes="3878" sha1="fu88fshcuv5zlzqtn1n852g5mqz8lfv" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Baobob_tree.jpg|thumb|''[[Adansonia digitata]]''|433x433px]]
[[Sary:Allée des Baobabs.jpg|thumb|Lalana misy zaha (''[[Adansonia grandidieri]]'')|262x262px]]

Ny '''''Adansonia''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bombacaceae]]'', araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]] taloha, na ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' sy zana-pianakaviana ''[[Bombacoideae]]'', araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]]. Hazo trôpikaly izy ireo, izay tsy misy afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] sy any [[Aostralia]] ary ao [[Afrika]]. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] dia antsoina matetika hoe '''reniala''' na '''za''' izy ireo, nefa misy koa anarana malagasy samihafa arakaraka ny karazany na ny fiteny ao amin' ny faritra aniriany: ''rainiala'', ''reniala'', ''renala'', ''bontana'', ''bontona'', ''vontana'', ''vontona'', ''fony'', ''fone'', ''ringy'', ''za'', ''zaha'', ''vonoa''. Misy karazany sivy io vondron-karazana io maneran-tany, ka ny fito aminy dia maniry eto Madagasikara ary enina amin' izay no tsy misy afa-tsy eto ihany, ny roa kosa dia miparitaka amin' ny faritra hafa voalaza etsy ambony. Hazo makadiry ny zaha, izay mety hahatratra haavo hatramin' ny 40 m, misy koa anefa ireo izay somary fohifohy mirefy 4 m na 5 m. Mety ho velona mandritra ny 1&amp;nbsp;000 taona na maherin' izany aza izy ireo raha tsy misy manimba. Mbola eo koa ny voka-tsoa maro azo avy aminy, na [[fanafody]] izany na zavatra hafa. Azo atao sakafo sy ampiasaina amin' ny fanaingoana vatana ny voany. Na ny tahony, na ny raviny, na ny hodiny, na ny voany, dia tsy misy very fa azo ampiasaina avokoa. [[Sary:Adansonia_grandidieri04.jpg|vignette|240x240px|''[[Adansonia grandidieri]]'']]

== Lisitry ny karazana ==

* ''[[Adansonia digitata]]'' (= ''[[Adansonia digitata|Adansonia kilima]]'') -- baobaba, baobaza, baovola, bontona, boringy, &lt;u&gt;fontana&lt;/u&gt;, rainiala, ringy, sefo, vonoa, vontana, vontona ([[Africa|Afrika]] avaratra sy afovoany, atsimo ary atsinanana)
* ''[[Adansonia grandidieri]]'' --  &lt;u&gt;renala&lt;/u&gt;, reniala, &lt;u&gt;renibeala&lt;/u&gt;, vonoa ([[Madagasikara]])
* ''[[Adansonia gregorii]]'' (= [[Adansonia gregorii|''Adansonia'' ''gibbosa'']]) – zaha aostraliana (Aostralia avaratra-andrefana)
* ''[[Adansonia madagascariensis]]'' – bontana, bontona, &lt;u&gt;bozy&lt;/u&gt;, fony, &lt;u&gt;mboio&lt;/u&gt;, reniala (Madagasikara)
* ''[[Adansonia perrieri]]'' – za, bozy (Madagasikara avaratra)
* ''[[Adansonia rubrostipa]]'' (= ''[[Adansonia rubrostipa|Adansonia fony]]'') – boringy, fone, fony, &lt;u&gt;ringy&lt;/u&gt; (Madagasikara)
* ''[[Adansonia suarezensis]]'' – &lt;u&gt;vonoa&lt;/u&gt;, za ([[Antsiranana]], Madagasikara)
* ''[[Adansonia za]]'' –  bontana, bontona, boringy, bozo, bozy, fony, mboio, ringy, voajabo, za, zabe, &lt;u&gt;zabo&lt;/u&gt; (Madagasikara)

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny hazo fihinam-boa eto Madagasikara]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* The Baobab's official website, [http://www.baobab.com/ Baobab] {{Wayback|url=http://www.baobab.com/ |date=20201111230559 }} (en)
* [[Thomas Pakenham]] Remarkable Baobab (2004) ISBN 0-297-84373-7
* [http://www.baobabs.com/Baobabs_species.htm Jardin Botanique et Pepiniere – Baobab species details]
* [http://www.baobabs.com/Baobabs_photos.htm Jardin Botanique et Pepiniere – Baobab photo gallery]
* [http://www.madainfo.de/baobabs/ Madagascar info – Baobab photo gallery (Malagasy species only)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.madainfo.de/baobabs/ |date=20080922012048 }}
* [http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/adansonia.html Baobab: herbal information from ''King's American Dispensatory'']
* [http://www.baobabfruitco.com/Eng/Bibliography.htmL Baobab: Interactive Bibliography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.baobabfruitco.com/Eng/Bibliography.htmL |date=20060508101832 }}

[[Sokajy:Biolojia]]
[[Sokajy:Hazo]]
[[Sokajy:Adansonia]]
[[Sokajy:Baobab]]
[[Sokajy:Bombacaceae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hidayet Türkoğlu</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Zafer</username>
        <id>8535</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Photo changed</comment>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="tma0drdry7ufmz8ngr3z135w5fvbrzm" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= Hidayet Türkoğlu 20261109 (2) (cropped).jpg
|anarana=Hidayet Türkoğlu
|teraka=19 Martsa 1979
|maty= 
|firenena=Torkia
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

* [[mpilalao basikety]]
* [[mpanatanja-tena]]
|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Hidayet Türkoğlu''' dia mpilalao basikety, mpanatanja-tena mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Torkia]] teraka ny 19 Martsa 1979
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Biôgrafia]]

===Rohy ivelany===
* Ao amin'i Freebase: [https://www.freebase.com/m/06z7yf] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freebase.com/m/06z7yf |date=20130506080721 }}

[[sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
{{vangovango}}
[[sokajy:mpilalao basikety]]
[[sokajy:mpanatanja-tena]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1979]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/12 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>253684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153626</id>
      <parentid>1133989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:26:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
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      <text bytes="349" sha1="ooxx848yjz90hn09tbn57663kwibnax" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[12 Novambra|12 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1817]]'''- Nahateraha'i '''[[Baháʼu'lláh|Baha'u'llah]]''' tao [[Teheran]] renivohitr' [[Iràna|Iran]]. Nitondra ny anarana hoe Mirza Husayn-Ali. Nanangana ny antokom-pivavahana '''[[Baha'i]]'''.

* '''[[1927]]''' - Voaroaka tamin'ny Antoko Komonista [[Firaisana Sovietika]] i [[Léon Trotski]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roy (zavamaniry)</title>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153675</origin>
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      <text bytes="5735" sha1="8y4hvgm8th0imqww9sgkri3oo6re4oj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']]
Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe &quot;roy&quot; io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). 

== Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy ==

=== Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe &quot;roy&quot; ===
Atao hoe &quot;roy&quot; ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto:
* ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy

* ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') --  fanidy, hidina, roy
* ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy.
* ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight et Arn.&lt;/small&gt; (''← Acacia farnesiana'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') --  akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. 

=== Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe &quot;roi-&quot; ===
Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe &quot;roi-&quot; na &quot;ro-&quot;, izay mety hantsoina hoe &quot;roy&quot; fotsiny.

* [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibelahy]]: ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibevavy]]: ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). 
* [[Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.;

* [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.;  ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Fleming&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Roth) O. Deg. 1936&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Fleming&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roindambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' &lt;small&gt;Meisn&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Maslin&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' &lt;small&gt;Link&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]'')

* [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Robontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''[[Roibontsy|Acacia morondavensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). 

* ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] -  [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]''
* ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]''
* ''[[Rotra]]''
[[Sokajy:Hazo]]</text>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153676</origin>
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      <text bytes="5917" sha1="br9yfx6bnkkni36fn3f4i6lqxdp1ttd" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']]
Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe &quot;roy&quot; io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). 

== Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy ==

=== Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe &quot;roy&quot; ===
Atao hoe &quot;roy&quot; ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto:
* ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy

* ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') --  fanidy, hidina, roy
* ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy.
* ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight et Arn.&lt;/small&gt; (''← Acacia farnesiana'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') --  akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. 

=== Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe &quot;roi-&quot; ===
Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe &quot;roi-&quot; na &quot;ro-&quot;, izay mety hantsoina hoe &quot;roy&quot; fotsiny.

* [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibelahy]]: ''[[Hibiscus partitus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibevavy]]: ''[[Hibiscus partitus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). 
* [[Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.;

* [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.;  ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Fleming&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Roth) O. Deg. 1936&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Fleming&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roindambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' &lt;small&gt;Meisn&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Maslin&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' &lt;small&gt;Link&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]'')

* [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Robontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''[[Roibontsy|Acacia morondavensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). 

* ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] -  [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]''
* ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]''
* ''[[Rotra]]''
[[Sokajy:Hazo]]</text>
      <sha1>br9yfx6bnkkni36fn3f4i6lqxdp1ttd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153677</id>
      <parentid>1153676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:32:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana ara-tsiansa</comment>
      <origin>1153677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6061" sha1="mye1i0cyqtnoohzx6jmuak3d9tde26j" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']]
Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe &quot;roy&quot; io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). 

== Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy ==

=== Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe &quot;roy&quot; ===
Atao hoe &quot;roy&quot; ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto:
* ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Pichon) Markgr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy

* ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') --  fanidy, hidina, roy
* ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy.
* ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight et Arn.&lt;/small&gt; (''← Acacia farnesiana'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') --  akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. 

=== Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe &quot;roi-&quot; ===
Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe &quot;roi-&quot; na &quot;ro-&quot;, izay mety hantsoina hoe &quot;roy&quot; fotsiny.

* [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibelahy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibevavy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]'')
* [[Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). 
* [[Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' &lt;small&gt;Pichon&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'')

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.;

* [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.;  ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Fleming&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Roth) O. Deg. 1936&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Fleming&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roindambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' &lt;small&gt;Meisn&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Maslin&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' &lt;small&gt;Link&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]'')

* [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

* [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Robontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (''←'' ''[[Roibontsy|Acacia morondavensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). 

* ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] -  [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]''
* ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]''
* ''[[Rotra]]''
[[Sokajy:Hazo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sabdariffa diversifolia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153573</id>
      <parentid>1125408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:15:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3734" sha1="2mwu27961ds6uh5f9tmqhjkwa0op51w" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|440x440px]]
Ny '''''Hibiscus diversifolius''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony.

== Ny anarany ==
Araka ny Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny :

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* ''[[Pavonia]]''

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* ''[[Toddalia]]'' 

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Hazoampela]] na [[azoampela]] (''Hibiscus diversifolius'', ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]] (''[[Hibiscus vitifolius var. heterotrichus]], Hibiscus diversifolius'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]] (''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]], Hibiscus diversifolius'')
* [[Tsotsona]] (''[[Crinum firmifolium]],  Hibiscus diversifolius, [[Pavonia urens]]'')</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153581</id>
      <parentid>1153573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:34:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3821" sha1="5th7cme7ai9md2g4yjtcumqdi7x4f8n" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|440x440px]]
Ny '''''Hibiscus diversifolius''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony.

== Ny anarany ==
Araka ny Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny :

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* ''[[Pavonia]]''

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* ''[[Toddalia]]'' 

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Hazoampela]] na [[azoampela]] (''Hibiscus diversifolius'', ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]] (''[[Hibiscus vitifolius var. heterotrichus]], Hibiscus diversifolius'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]] (''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]], Hibiscus diversifolius'')
* [[Tsotsona]] (''[[Crinum firmifolium]],  Hibiscus diversifolius, [[Pavonia urens]]'')</text>
      <sha1>5th7cme7ai9md2g4yjtcumqdi7x4f8n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153582</id>
      <parentid>1153581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:35:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3817" sha1="alol4umqxm9xc4v4teoqtujth66ugu4" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|440x440px]]
Ny '''''Hibiscus diversifolius''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony.

== Ny anarany ==
Araka ny Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny :

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* ''[[Pavonia]]''

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* ''[[Toddalia]]'' 

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Hazoampela]] na [[azoampela]] (''Hibiscus diversifolius'', ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]] (''[[Hibiscus vitifolius var. heterotrichus]], Hibiscus diversifolius'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]] (''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]], Hibiscus diversifolius'')
* [[Tsotsona]] (''[[Crinum firmifolium]],  Hibiscus diversifolius, [[Pavonia urens]]'')</text>
      <sha1>alol4umqxm9xc4v4teoqtujth66ugu4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153628</id>
      <parentid>1153582</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:37:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4144" sha1="muonhxbc8phw3kjz73f1skjhoes26ov" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|440x440px]]
Ny '''''Hibiscus diversifolius''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony.

== Ny anarany ==
Araka ny Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny :

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Azoampela]]: ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]]: [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae''); ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]]: ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Malvaceae''); ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>muonhxbc8phw3kjz73f1skjhoes26ov</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153629</id>
      <parentid>1153628</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:51:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitatra votoatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5660" sha1="t90j24jms9bhsugivrq5lsjjwpwu6vf" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|416x416px]]
Ny '''''Sabdariffa diversifolia''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony. Anarana nahafantarana azy taloha koa ny hoe '''''Hibiscus diversifolius.'''''

== Ny anarany ==

=== Amin' ny teny malagasy ===
Araka ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]'' dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]

=== Ara-tsiansa ===
''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; no anarana ara-tsiasa fenon' ilay zavamaniry. Indreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafan,tarana azy taloha:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' subsp. ''genuinus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;

* ''Hibiscus ficulneus'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus paludosus'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus scaber'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus persicifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus biflorus'' &lt;small&gt;A.Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus macularis'' &lt;small&gt;E.Mey. ex Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus decaisneanus'' &lt;small&gt;Schimp. ex Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus berberidifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Cufod.&lt;/small&gt;

== Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ==
Indreto ny zana-karazana' ny ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'':

* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''diversifolia''
* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''rivularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Bremek. &amp; Oberm.) ined.&lt;/small&gt;

Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

== Fampiasana ==
Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Azoampela]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]]: [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]]: ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>t90j24jms9bhsugivrq5lsjjwpwu6vf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153630</id>
      <parentid>1153629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:51:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Hibiscus diversifolius]] ho [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5660" sha1="t90j24jms9bhsugivrq5lsjjwpwu6vf" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|416x416px]]
Ny '''''Sabdariffa diversifolia''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony. Anarana nahafantarana azy taloha koa ny hoe '''''Hibiscus diversifolius.'''''

== Ny anarany ==

=== Amin' ny teny malagasy ===
Araka ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]'' dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]

=== Ara-tsiansa ===
''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; no anarana ara-tsiasa fenon' ilay zavamaniry. Indreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafan,tarana azy taloha:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' subsp. ''genuinus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;

* ''Hibiscus ficulneus'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus paludosus'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus scaber'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus persicifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus biflorus'' &lt;small&gt;A.Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus macularis'' &lt;small&gt;E.Mey. ex Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus decaisneanus'' &lt;small&gt;Schimp. ex Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus berberidifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Cufod.&lt;/small&gt;

== Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ==
Indreto ny zana-karazana' ny ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'':

* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''diversifolia''
* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''rivularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Bremek. &amp; Oberm.) ined.&lt;/small&gt;

Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

== Fampiasana ==
Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Azoampela]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]]: [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]]: ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>t90j24jms9bhsugivrq5lsjjwpwu6vf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153632</id>
      <parentid>1153630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5661" sha1="58enuxcsswyz0s3v4kt2n61xjjdz6uj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|416x416px]]
Ny '''''Sabdariffa diversifolia''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony. Anarana nahafantarana azy taloha koa ny hoe '''''Hibiscus diversifolius.'''''

== Ny anarany ==

=== Amin' ny teny malagasy ===
Araka ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]'' dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]

=== Ara-tsiansa ===
''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; no anarana ara-tsiasa fenon' ilay zavamaniry. Indreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafan,tarana azy taloha:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' subsp. ''genuinus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;

* ''Hibiscus ficulneus'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus paludosus'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus scaber'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus persicifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus biflorus'' &lt;small&gt;A.Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus macularis'' &lt;small&gt;E.Mey. ex Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus decaisneanus'' &lt;small&gt;Schimp. ex Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus berberidifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Cufod.&lt;/small&gt;

== Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ==
Indreto ny zana-karazana' ny ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'':

* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''diversifolia''
* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''rivularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Bremek. &amp; Oberm.) ined.&lt;/small&gt;

Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

== Fampiasana ==
Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis'' (Bremekamp &amp; Oberm.) Exell
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Sabdariffa]]''

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Azoampela]]: ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]]: [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]]: ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Malvaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>58enuxcsswyz0s3v4kt2n61xjjdz6uj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153638</id>
      <parentid>1153632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:04:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5484" sha1="4qh6rb5op6a5b1mip6lebxll0wgo5wn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|416x416px]]
Ny '''''Sabdariffa diversifolia''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony. Anarana nahafantarana azy taloha koa ny hoe '''''Hibiscus diversifolius.'''''

== Ny anarany ==

=== Amin' ny teny malagasy ===
Araka ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]'' dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]]

=== Ara-tsiansa ===
''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; no anarana ara-tsiasa fenon' ilay zavamaniry. Indreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafan,tarana azy taloha:

* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' subsp. ''genuinus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;

* ''Hibiscus ficulneus'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus paludosus'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus scaber'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus persicifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus biflorus'' &lt;small&gt;A.Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus macularis'' &lt;small&gt;E.Mey. ex Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus decaisneanus'' &lt;small&gt;Schimp. ex Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus berberidifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Cufod.&lt;/small&gt;

== Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'':

* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''diversifolia''
* ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''rivularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Bremek. &amp; Oberm.) ined.&lt;/small&gt;

Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe  kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy.

== Fampiasana ==
Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe.

== Faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]]
Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia.

== Toerana tiany aniriana ==
Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Sabdariffa]]''

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Azoampela]]: ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Sarosoala]]: [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Sondraranjaza]]: ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Malvaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae'')
* [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>4qh6rb5op6a5b1mip6lebxll0wgo5wn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roibelahy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279979</id>
    <redirect title="Sabdariffa partita" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153633</id>
      <parentid>1125494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>802</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Hibiscus diversifolius]] vers [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</comment>
      <origin>1153633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</text>
      <sha1>115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roibevavy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279980</id>
    <redirect title="Sabdariffa partita" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153634</id>
      <parentid>1125495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:54:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>802</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Hibiscus diversifolius]] vers [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</comment>
      <origin>1153634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</text>
      <sha1>115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roimainty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153562</id>
      <parentid>1147567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T18:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153562</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1521" sha1="ak1yy4jjuhh0ulj6v98e2c3v601e0km" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:RubusFruticosus FlowerAndUnripenFruits 01.jpg|vignette|Vony sy voan' ny ''[[Rubus fruticosus|Rubus fructicosus]]''|369x369px]]Ny '''roimainty''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany misy tsilo, mitsinjara amin' ny fianakaviana efatra, dia ny ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ny ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]) sy ny ''[[Rosaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Rosales]]) ary ny ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]). Anisan' izany ny karazan-javamaniry atao amin' ny anarana ara-tsiansa hoe:

* ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') --  famaho, famahotramainty, famahotsa, hazonosy, roimainty, tsivoninjao

* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka
* ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty
* ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty
* ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty, voarointsilo
* ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rutaceae'') -- 

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''</text>
      <sha1>ak1yy4jjuhh0ulj6v98e2c3v601e0km</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153641</id>
      <parentid>1153562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1596" sha1="mcwsa21c363w2qffwfqt03syrpjdj2q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:RubusFruticosus FlowerAndUnripenFruits 01.jpg|vignette|Vony sy voan' ny ''[[Rubus fruticosus|Rubus fructicosus]]''|369x369px]]Ny '''roimainty''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany misy tsilo, mitsinjara amin' ny fianakaviana efatra, dia ny ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ny ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]) sy ny ''[[Rosaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Rosales]]) ary ny ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]). Anisan' izany ny karazan-javamaniry atao amin' ny anarana ara-tsiansa hoe:

* ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') --  famaho, famahotramainty, famahotsa, hazonosy, roimainty, tsivoninjao

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka
* ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty
* ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty
* ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty, voarointsilo
* ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe
* ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rutaceae'') --

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''</text>
      <sha1>mcwsa21c363w2qffwfqt03syrpjdj2q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roimena</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153664</id>
      <parentid>1099332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="750" sha1="o5rqjigmehpcn5dlznwrvawgulnr9n2" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''roimena''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]): 

* ''[[Senegalia pervillei]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'') -- roimena, tsiremby 
* ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'') -- roimena, roipitaka, roipitiky

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* [[Tsiremby]]: ''[[Senegalia menabeensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Villiers &amp; Du Puy) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia menabeensis'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers &amp; Du Puy&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Senegalia pervillei]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
[[Sokajy:Hazo]]</text>
      <sha1>o5rqjigmehpcn5dlznwrvawgulnr9n2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roipitaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280042</id>
    <redirect title="Senegalia sakalava" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153669</id>
      <parentid>1074223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:43:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1153669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="m7ldglm1bm0bo9ocel4p0mmbthzz64g" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA[[Senegalia sakalava]]</text>
      <sha1>m7ldglm1bm0bo9ocel4p0mmbthzz64g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voaroy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153659</id>
      <parentid>1136102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:30:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1407" sha1="h9x7d1m9fkefi2pyegk4d4qpbk8wblh" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus rosifolius1.JPG|vignette|347x347px|Voarohitsaka (''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'')]]
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius plant 1 NC.jpg|vignette|211x211px|Voaroibe (''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'')]]

Ny '''voaroy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] izay amin' ny ankapobeny misy tsilo, isan-karazany fa tsy tokana, izay samy misy voany kely menamena, ka ny ankamaroany dia ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]'') sy ''[[Hibiscus]]''  (fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'') ary indraindray ''[[Morus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Moraceae]]'').[[Sary:Morus-alba.jpg|vignette|220x220px|Voaroihazo (''[[Morus alba]]'')]]
Indreto ny anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy ahitana io teny hoe &quot;voaroi-&quot; io: 

* [[Hibiscus diversifolius|Voaroibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;) 
* [[Morus alba|Voaroihazo]]: ''[[Morus alba]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Voarohitsaka]] na [[voaroitanala]] : ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' 
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]], [[Rubus myrianthus]], [[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' 
* [[Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus idaeus]]''
* [[Voaroimena]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]''
* [[Rubus apetalus|Voarointsaka]]:  ''[[Rubus apetalus]]''
* [[Rubus pauciflorus|Varointsilo]]: ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]''

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]

* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Morus]]''</text>
      <sha1>h9x7d1m9fkefi2pyegk4d4qpbk8wblh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153660</id>
      <parentid>1153659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:32:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1370" sha1="rhgbbfcivykoh6ap3oh02y8w00exy5v" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus rosifolius1.JPG|vignette|347x347px|Voarohitsaka (''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'')]]
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius plant 1 NC.jpg|vignette|211x211px|Voaroibe (''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'')]]

Ny '''voaroy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany fa tsy tokana, izay samy misy voany kely menamena, ka ny ankamaroany dia ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]'') sy ''[[Hibiscus]]''  (fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'') ary indraindray ''[[Morus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Moraceae]]'').[[Sary:Morus-alba.jpg|vignette|220x220px|Voaroihazo (''[[Morus alba]]'')]]
Indreto ny anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy ahitana io teny hoe &quot;voaroi-&quot; io: 

* [[Hibiscus diversifolius|Voaroibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;) 
* [[Morus alba|Voaroihazo]]: ''[[Morus alba]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Voarohitsaka]] na [[voaroitanala]] : ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' 
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]], [[Rubus myrianthus]], [[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' 
* [[Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus idaeus]]''
* [[Voaroimena]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]''
* [[Rubus apetalus|Voarointsaka]]:  ''[[Rubus apetalus]]''
* [[Rubus pauciflorus|Varointsilo]]: ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]''

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]

* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Morus]]''</text>
      <sha1>rhgbbfcivykoh6ap3oh02y8w00exy5v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voaroibe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280053</id>
    <redirect title="Sabdariffa diversifolia" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153635</id>
      <parentid>1125496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>802</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Hibiscus diversifolius]] vers [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</comment>
      <origin>1153635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</text>
      <sha1>115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voaroimainty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153645</id>
      <parentid>1125276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:51:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanaisotra sary tsy mifanaraka</comment>
      <origin>1153645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1464" sha1="mr5qkybtoc8dqtqkjgpinpfb24cw3c7" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voaroimainty''' dia zavaamaniry samihafa misy tsilo, samy ao amin' ny karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Rosaceae]]'' ary ao amin' ny filaharana [[Rosales]]: 

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka
* ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty
* ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty, voarointsilo
'''Fanamarhana'''

Karazan-javananiry samy hafa ny ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; sy ny ''Rubus pauciflorus'' &lt;small&gt;Wall. ex Lindl.&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;) izay samy ao amin' ny vondrobn-karazana ''Rubus''.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]

* [[Roifotsy]]:
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Voarointsilo]]</text>
      <sha1>mr5qkybtoc8dqtqkjgpinpfb24cw3c7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153655</id>
      <parentid>1153645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:13:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1642" sha1="mc2t0pl6lvxftr7vzc83usvw5m3ks79" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voaroimainty''' dia zavaamaniry samihafa misy tsilo, samy ao amin' ny karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Rosaceae]]'' ary ao amin' ny filaharana [[Rosales]]: 

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka
* ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty
* ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty, voarointsilo
'''Fanamarhana'''

Karazan-javananiry samy hafa ny ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; sy ny ''Rubus pauciflorus'' &lt;small&gt;Wall. ex Lindl.&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;) izay samy ao amin' ny vondrobn-karazana ''Rubus''.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]

* [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>mc2t0pl6lvxftr7vzc83usvw5m3ks79</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voaroimbazaha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280055</id>
    <redirect title="Rubus idaeus" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153657</id>
      <parentid>1125432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:17:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1153657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="hjq41x273zbaamd6c09jf02h28z02sc" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA[[Rubus idaeus]]</text>
      <sha1>hjq41x273zbaamd6c09jf02h28z02sc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voarointsilo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>280056</id>
    <redirect title="Rubus pauciflorus" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153642</id>
      <parentid>1125299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:43:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nitondra fanitsiana</comment>
      <origin>1153642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1007" sha1="idt0w4kc3heox7hwg132tqmlo2emqtq" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 010423-0039 Rubus niveus f. a.jpg|vignette|Voarointsilo (''[[Rubus niveus]]'')|395x395px]]
Ny '''voarointsilo''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Rosaceae]]'', izay manana anarana ara-tsiansa hoe '''''Rubus pauciflorus'''''. Antsoina amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe '''roimainty''' na '''voaroimainty''' koa izy.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* ''[[Rubus]]''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153652</id>
      <parentid>1153642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1153652</origin>
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      <text bytes="32" sha1="6glilqbywbne9qm0gmd5nwvdzwo69br" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA[[Rubus pauciflorus]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zavatra manidina tsy fantatra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>282607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153539</id>
      <parentid>1052736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T13:34:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amherst99</username>
        <id>2667</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>1153539</origin>
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      <text bytes="443" sha1="05wihtgbd98i2bok9wa0u5fj48xp08n" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Supposed UFO, Passaic, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|Sarin'ny OVNI iray lazaina fa tany Passaic, New Jersey, nalaina tamin'ny 31 Jolay 1952]]

Ny '''zavatra manidina tsy fantatra''' ('''UFO'''; [[Anglisy]]: ''unidentified flying object''), izay vao haingana nosoloan'ny manampahefana amerikana anarana hoe ''UAP'' (''Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon''), dia izay trangan-javatra eny amin'ny rivotra izay tsy azo fantarina na hazavaina avy hatrany.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Famonoana Kômôriana tao Mahajanga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>283989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153563</id>
      <parentid>1071141</parentid>
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        <username>~2026-59550-78</username>
        <id>41628</id>
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      <comment>/* Loharano sy fanamarihana */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6363" sha1="peclgbsp88gqrtrjv0crx6vzto1xb3m" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''famonoana Kômôriana tamin' ny taona 1976''', izay atao hoe '''Rotaka''' na '''''Kafa la Mjangaya''''' (amin' ny [[Fiteny kômôriana|teny kômôriana]]) dia fandripahana kômôriana tao amin' ny tanànan' i [[Mahajanga]] tamin' ny volana Desambra 1976, izay voalaza fa nahafatesana olona maherin' ny 500 ary nahatonga ny teratany kômôriana miisa 15 000 mahery hisesitany.

== Zava-misy manodidina ==
Mizara ho [[Foko eto Madagasikara|foko]] maromaro ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] monina ao [[Mahajanga]]: ao ny [[Sakalava]], mponina tompon-tany ara-tantara ao amin' ilay faritra, ny [[Merina]] avy ao afovoan-tany izay mitana ny toerana maro amin' ny asam-panjakana amin' ny ankapobeny, ary ny [[Antemoro]] sy ny [[Antesaka|Antaisaka]] ary ny [[Antandroy]] izay nivondrona ao anatin' ny fikambanana atao hoe [[Betsirebaka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ny Betsirebaka dia ireo Malagasy avy any atsimo atsinanana ([[Antemoro]] sy [[Antesaka]] ary [[Antandroy|Antefasy)]] nifindra monina any [[Mahajanga]].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, avy any amin' ny tapany atsimo-atsinanan' ny Nosy. Vitsy ny isan' ireto farany (eo anelanelan' ny 500 sy 1 000) ary heverina ho anisan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa farany ambany.

Saika ny ampahatelon' ny mponina ao Mahajanga (eo anelanelan' ny 15 000 sy 17 000) no Kômôriana. Teraka teto [[Madagasikara]] ny ankamaroany ary mbola manana [[zom-pirenena frantsay]] ny ankamaroany, satria vao nahazo fahaleovantena ny telo amin' ireo nosy efatra ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] (i [[Ngazidja]] sy i [[Nzwani]] ary i [[Mwali]] -- i [[Mayotte]] ihany no mbola frantsay). Ny lehilahy, amin' ny ankapobeny, dia mitana asa mitaky mari-pahaizana manokana ka noho izany dia nanana sata ara-tsôsialy ambony kokoa noho ny Betsirebaka.

== Fanombohan' ilay raharaha ==
Antony iray no nahatonga ny famonoana ny Kômôriana. Tamin' ny 19 Desambra 1976 tao [[Mahajanga]], ao amin' ny vakin-tanànan' i Fiofio no nitrangan' ny disadisan' ny mpiray tanàna tao amin' ny vakin-tanànan' i Mahabibo. Nisy mantsy ankizy betsirebaka nangery teo an-tokotanin' ny fianakaviana kômôriana iray, ka nahatonga ny iray tamin' ny Kômôriana ho tezitra ka nanosotra ny tay tamin' io zaza io. Noheverin' ny [[Betsirebaka]] ho fanalam-baraka io fihetsika mandika fady maromaro io. Nanolotra [[omby]] sy vola ny fikambanana kômôriana, saingy nandà ny fifampiraharahana am-pihavanana ny Betsirebaka.

== Vono olona ==
Ny ampitson' io andro io (20 Desambra 1976) dia nanomboka tany amin' ny vakin-tananan' i Mahabibo ny vono olona. Nandritra ny telo andro no nanaovan' ny Betsirebaka ny famonoana amin' ny alalan' ny antsy, sy ny fanapahana rantsam-batana ary ny fanolanana tao amin' ny fianakaviana kômôrianina maro. Nodoran' izy ireo ny vakin-tanànan' i Manga ary norobain' izy ireo ny tranon' ny Abattoir.

== Vokatra ==
Manodidina ny 500 ka hatramin' ny 2 000 ny isan' ny maty arakaraka ny loharanom-baovao. I Mouzaoir Abdallah, minisitry ny Raharaham-Bahiny kômôriana tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia nanombantombana fa 1 374 ny maty tamin' io vonoan' olona io (izany hoe avo folo heny noho ny isa nomen' ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy).

Amin' ireo niharam-pahavoaza, ny sasany dia Mahôrey avy any [[Mayotte]] (nosy nijanona ho frantsay). Na dia tsy voasoratra ho [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|olom-pirenena frantsay]] ao amin' ny kônsolatan' i Frantsa aza izy ireo dia noheverin' ny manam-pahefana frantsay ho teratany frantsay hatrany ny Mahôrey, na dia efa nanakaiky ny dingana hanesorana ny zom-pirenena frantsay ka mety hahazo ny zom-pirenena kômôriana.

Manodidina ny 17 000 ny isan' ny mpitsoa-ponenana nankany [[Kômôro]] nafindran' ny orinasam-pitaterana ana habakabaka [[Belzika|belza]] atao hoe ''[[Sabena]]'', izay no nahatonga azy ireo hahazo ny anarana hoe &quot;[[Sabena (kômôriana)|Sabena]]&quot; tatỳ aoriana.

Io fifandonana izay nangotraka nandritra ny telo andro io dia vokatry ny lonilony tamin' ny vahiny, lonilony niangona tsikelikely tao amin' ireo Malagasy fadiranovana indrindra.

Hatramin' izao dia tsy mbola nahazo fanampiana avy amin' ny fanjakana malagasy na ny niharam-pahavoazana na ny taranany.

== Manjavozavo ny andraikitry ny fanjakana malagasy ==
Tsy nahazo baiko hiditra an-tsehatra ny tafika sy ny pôlisy malagasy, nefa tsy fantatra mazava na fanambaniana ny hamafin' ny zavatra nitranga izany na finiavana tsy hiditra an-tsehatra. Novonoina teo imason' ny miaramila, izay tsy nanao na inona na inona, ny Kômôriana, ary tsy nisy olona mba nahita ny tafika niaro ny niharam-pahavoazana. Ny mifanohitra amin' izany no nitranga satria nisy vavolombelona nilaza ho nahita miaramila malagasy nanampy ny [[Betsirebaka]]. Ny andro fahatelo taorian' ny nanombohan' ny vono olona vao niditra an-tsehatra ny pôlisy malagasy, izay tao [[Diego-Suarez|Diego Suarez]].

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Kômôriana eto Madagasikara]]

* [[Kômôro]]

== Rohy ivelany ==

* [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/13837425 ''Sabena : histoire des Comoriens de Madagascar, de l'émigration à la réémigration'']
* [https://www.google.com/search?q=famille+sabenas+%C3%A0+comores&amp;sca_esv=90cf434b2ef8d0af&amp;sxsrf=ACQVn08j-jgYEU8blZ2X6hPoQCBHIp_r6g%3A1707023107408&amp;ei=Axu_Zcq-GJGDhbIPqb2fsAE&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiKzMLP9JCEAxWRQUEAHaneBxYQ4dUDCBA&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=famille+sabenas+%C3%A0+comores&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiGmZhbWlsbGUgc2FiZW5hcyDDoCBjb21vcmVzMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogRI-klQvgJYlitwAXgBkAEBmAHMBKABqTCqAQU0LTYuNrgBA8gBAPgBAcICChAAGEcY1gQYsAPCAgUQIRigAcICBxAhGAoYoAHiAwQYACBBiAYBkAYI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp ''Le rapatriement des &quot;Sabena''&quot;]
* [https://www.persee.fr/doc/caoum_0373-5834_1995_num_48_191_3566 &quot;Migrants et clandestins de la Grande Comore&quot;]
* [https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=304514039 Les 'Sabena' de la Grande Comore: étude d'une migration]
* [https://lagazettedescomores.com/opinions/des-comoriens-massacr%C3%A9s-5627.html &quot;Des Comoriens massacrés à Majunga il y a 47 ans&quot;]
* &quot;[https://lexpress.mg/24/12/2016/le-pretexte-comorien/ Le prétexte comorien]&quot;

== Boky ==

* Amélie Barbey, « Les migrations comoriennes dans l’ouest de l’Océan indien. Histoire et dynamiques contemporaines », ''Hommes &amp; migrations''. Revue française de référence sur les dynamiques migratoires, no 1279,‎ 1er mai 2009
* Hadidja Mohamed, ''La Petite Fille à la robe unique'' (26 août 2016)

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Betsirebaka</title>
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      <id>1153561</id>
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        <username>~2026-59550-78</username>
        <id>41628</id>
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      <text bytes="445" sha1="e0jf04nlbctn0d2lz8lnf96cajgy9e8" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Betsirebaka''' dia mponina avy any amin' ny tapany atsimo atsinanan' i [[Madagasikara]] (indrindra ny [[Antemoro]] ny [[Antsakanalabe|Antesaka]] ny [[Antandroy|Antefasy ary ny Zafisoro]]) izay nifindra monina any [[Mahajanga]]. Izy ireo no fototry ny rotaka izay vonoana olona nitranga tany Mahajanga [[Famonoana Kômôriana tao Mahajanga|nihatra amin' ny Kômôriana]] tamin' ny Desambra 1976.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Sabena (kômôriana)]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia</title>
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    <id>289176</id>
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      <id>1153609</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-11T05:41:40Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
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      <comment>/* Ny harena voajanahary */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6082" sha1="4boioyr0033vketumyrsy92f1dq4wrs" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia''' dia valan-javaboarim-pirenena ao amin' ny tapany atsimo-andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]], 10 km atsinanan' i [[Sakaraha]], 147 km avaratra-atsinanan' i [[Toliara]] ao amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]. 

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Tamin' ny taona 1997 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nationalparksassociation.org/madagascar-national-parks/zombitse-vohibasia-national-park/ |title=Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park {{!}} National Parks Association |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601070355/https://nationalparksassociation.org/madagascar-national-parks/zombitse-vohibasia-national-park/ |archive-date=2026-06-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;no namoronana azy. Mirefy 36&amp;nbsp;308 ha izy io ary mizara telo: ny Alan' i Zombitse (16&amp;nbsp;845 ha) sy ny toerana misy an' Isoky Vohimena (3&amp;nbsp;293 ha) ary i Vohibasia (16&amp;nbsp;170 ha).

Tantanan’ ny [[Madagascar National Parks]] amin' izao fotoana izao ny Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia, ary ny ampahany amin' ny famatsiam-bola no omen' ny Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar (FAPBM).
[[Sary:Xanthomixis apperti 3686345.jpg|vignette|''Bernieria appperti'']]
Ahitana karazana gidro valo,Ary  47 % amin' ny vorona tsy fahita raha tsy eto Madagasikara, anisan' izany ny karazana iray (''Bernieria appperti''), ity valan-javaboary ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://parcs-madagascar.com/parc/zombitse-vohibasia/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ny mampiavaka azy ==
Ity valan-javaboary ity dia fantatra amin'ny maha &quot;tetezana&quot; azy eo amin'ny [[tontolo iainana]] maina any atsimo sy ny ala dity any andrefana. Mizara ho faritra telo lehibe ny [[Faritra arovana eto Madagasikara|faritra arovana]], izay mirefy 36 308 hektara:ny Alan'i Zombitse: Mirefy 16 845 hektara.,Isoky Vohimena: Mirefy 3 293 hektara.,Vohibasia: Mirefy 16 170 hektara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny fiandohana sy ny fananganana (1962–1997) ===
Tamin'ny 1962, nofaritana ho “Tahirin-javaboary manokana” (Réserve Naturelle Intégrale) ny faritra voalohany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://maison-de-madagascar.ch/madagascar/les-aires-protegees-de-madagascar/parc-national-zombitse-vohibasia/ Parc National Zombitse Vohibasia - La Maison de Madagascar]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny tanjona tamin'izany dia ny hiarovana ny ala maina izay sisa tavela tamin'ny fandripahana ala tany amin'ny faritra atsimo-andrefana.  
Tamin'ny 1997, natsangana ho Valan-javaboarim-pirenena amin'ny fomba ofisialy ny faritra. Io fiovan'ny sata io dia nahafahana nampiditra ny fizahan-tany ho fitaovana entina hampandroso ny faritra sy hiarovana ny zavaboary.

=== Ny tantaran'ny mponina sy ny fomba amam-panao ===
Ho an'ny foko [[Bara]], ny ala ao Zombitse-Vohibasia dia toerana masina., toerana fialofana.Tany am-boalohany, ny ala dia toerana nialofan'ny [[omby]] sy ny olona nandritra ny ady foko na ny asan-[[dahalo]].Ny anarana “Zombitse”: avy amin'ny teny hoe “zombitsy”, izay karazana hazo mafy hita ao an-toerana, ampiasaina amin'ny fanamboarana trano sy fombafomba. Betsaka ny “fady” ao anatin'ny ala, izay nanampy tamin'ny fiarovana azy ho hazo nandritra ny taonjato maro, talohan'ny nisian'ny lalàna ofisialy.''Ny fivoarana'' dia nanomboka ny taona (1990 ka hatramin'izao), nisy ny fiaraha-miasa akaiky tamin'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena toa ny WWF, mba hampianarana ny mponina ny vokatra aterakin' ny “tavy” (nohony fandoroana ny ala).  
Tamin'io vanim-potoana io ihany,no nahitana fa ity ala ity no fonenan'ny Appert's Tetraka, vorona miavaka tsy hita any an-kafa maneran-tany. Izany no nampiakatra ny lazan'ny valan-javaboary eo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena.''Ny olana atrehany ankehitriny, n''a eo aza ny ezaka fiarovana, mbola miatrika olana ara-tantara sy ara-tsosialy ny valan-javaboary:Fandripahana ala: Ny fanapahana ny aty ala avadika ho [[Arina|saribao]] sy ny fanitarana ny tany fambolena no loza mitatao lehibe indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.fapbm.org/aire_protegee/zombitse-voabasia/ Zombitse Voabasia - Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar]&lt;/ref&gt;Ny RN7: Ny fandalovan'ny lalam-pirenena eo afovoany dia sady tombony (ho an'ny [[Fizahàn-tany|fizahan-tany]]) no loza (fitomboan'ny tsindry ataon'ny olombelona).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ny harena voajanahary ==
Ao amin’ny Zombitse-Vohibasia dia toerana tena manan-danja amin’ny fiarovana ny fahasamihafan’ny zavaboary:

*Vorona: mihisa manodidina ny 47% eo karazam-borona hita ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
*Gidro: Misy karazana gidro valo eto, toy ny [[Sifaka]] (''Verreaux's sifaka'') izay malaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Zavamaniry: Ahitana karazana baobab (''[[Adansonia za]]'') sy orkide maro samihafa, izay manampy amin’ny hakanton’ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Toerana sy fomba fidirana ==
*Toerana: 147 km any avaratra-atsinanan’i [[Toliara]] ary 10 km any atsinanan’i Sakaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
*Lalana: Misy ny Lalam-pirenena faha-7 (RN7) izay mandalo eo afovoan’ny valan-javaboary, ka mora ho an’ireo mpizahatany mandalo any an-toerana ny manatona azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
== Loharano ==
 {{Reflist}}
# https://parcs-madagascar.com/parc/zombitse-vohibasia/
 

== Jereo koa ==
'''Valan-javaboary'''

* [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andasibe-Mantadia]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andohahela]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andringitra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ankarafantsika]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Helodranon' i Baly]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Isalo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Kirindy Mitea]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Mananara-Avaratra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Marojejy]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Masoala]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Midongy Atsimo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Tendrombohitra Ambre]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Namoroka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Nosy Ve-Androka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Tsimanampetsotsa]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zahamena]] 


[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="6098" sha1="qtfpw96bp2ca3en8fvwbid1uyqr8ytm" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia''' dia valan-javaboarim-pirenena ao amin' ny tapany atsimo-andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]], 10 km atsinanan' i [[Sakaraha]], 147 km avaratra-atsinanan' i [[Toliara]] ao amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]. 

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Tamin' ny taona 1997 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nationalparksassociation.org/madagascar-national-parks/zombitse-vohibasia-national-park/ |title=Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park {{!}} National Parks Association |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601070355/https://nationalparksassociation.org/madagascar-national-parks/zombitse-vohibasia-national-park/ |archive-date=2026-06-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;no namoronana azy. Mirefy 36&amp;nbsp;308 ha izy io ary mizara telo: ny Alan' i Zombitse (16&amp;nbsp;845 ha) sy ny toerana misy an' Isoky Vohimena (3&amp;nbsp;293 ha) ary i Vohibasia (16&amp;nbsp;170 ha).

Tantanan’ ny [[Madagascar National Parks]] amin' izao fotoana izao ny Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia, ary ny ampahany amin' ny famatsiam-bola no omen' ny Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar (FAPBM).
[[Sary:Xanthomixis apperti 3686345.jpg|vignette|''Bernieria appperti'']]
Ahitana karazana gidro valo,Ary  47 % amin' ny vorona tsy fahita raha tsy eto Madagasikara, anisan' izany ny karazana iray (''Bernieria appperti''), ity valan-javaboary ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://parcs-madagascar.com/parc/zombitse-vohibasia/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ny mampiavaka azy ==
Ity valan-javaboary ity dia fantatra amin'ny maha &quot;tetezana&quot; azy eo amin'ny [[tontolo iainana]] maina any atsimo sy ny ala dity any andrefana. Mizara ho faritra telo lehibe ny [[Faritra arovana eto Madagasikara|faritra arovana]], izay mirefy 36 308 hektara:ny Alan'i Zombitse: Mirefy 16 845 hektara.,Isoky Vohimena: Mirefy 3 293 hektara.,Vohibasia: Mirefy 16 170 hektara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny fiandohana sy ny fananganana (1962–1997) ===
Tamin'ny 1962, nofaritana ho “Tahirin-javaboary manokana” (Réserve Naturelle Intégrale) ny faritra voalohany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://maison-de-madagascar.ch/madagascar/les-aires-protegees-de-madagascar/parc-national-zombitse-vohibasia/ Parc National Zombitse Vohibasia - La Maison de Madagascar]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny tanjona tamin'izany dia ny hiarovana ny ala maina izay sisa tavela tamin'ny fandripahana ala tany amin'ny faritra atsimo-andrefana.  
Tamin'ny 1997, natsangana ho Valan-javaboarim-pirenena amin'ny fomba ofisialy ny faritra. Io fiovan'ny sata io dia nahafahana nampiditra ny fizahan-tany ho fitaovana entina hampandroso ny faritra sy hiarovana ny zavaboary.

=== Ny tantaran'ny mponina sy ny fomba amam-panao ===
Ho an'ny foko [[Bara]], ny ala ao Zombitse-Vohibasia dia toerana masina., toerana fialofana.Tany am-boalohany, ny ala dia toerana nialofan'ny [[omby]] sy ny olona nandritra ny ady foko na ny asan-[[dahalo]].Ny anarana “Zombitse”: avy amin'ny teny hoe “zombitsy”, izay karazana hazo mafy hita ao an-toerana, ampiasaina amin'ny fanamboarana trano sy fombafomba. Betsaka ny “fady” ao anatin'ny ala, izay nanampy tamin'ny fiarovana azy ho hazo nandritra ny taonjato maro, talohan'ny nisian'ny lalàna ofisialy.''Ny fivoarana'' dia nanomboka ny taona (1990 ka hatramin'izao), nisy ny fiaraha-miasa akaiky tamin'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena toa ny WWF, mba hampianarana ny mponina ny vokatra aterakin' ny “tavy” (nohony fandoroana ny ala).  
Tamin'io vanim-potoana io ihany,no nahitana fa ity ala ity no fonenan'ny Appert's Tetraka, vorona miavaka tsy hita any an-kafa maneran-tany. Izany no nampiakatra ny lazan'ny valan-javaboary eo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena.''Ny olana atrehany ankehitriny, n''a eo aza ny ezaka fiarovana, mbola miatrika olana ara-tantara sy ara-tsosialy ny valan-javaboary:Fandripahana ala: Ny fanapahana ny aty ala avadika ho [[Arina|saribao]] sy ny fanitarana ny tany fambolena no loza mitatao lehibe indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.fapbm.org/aire_protegee/zombitse-voabasia/ Zombitse Voabasia - Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar]&lt;/ref&gt;Ny RN7: Ny fandalovan'ny lalam-pirenena eo afovoany dia sady tombony (ho an'ny [[Fizahàn-tany|fizahan-tany]]) no loza (fitomboan'ny tsindry ataon'ny olombelona).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ny harena voajanahary ==
Ao amin’ny Zombitse-Vohibasia dia toerana tena manan-danja amin’ny fiarovana ny fahasamihafan’ny zavaboary:

*Vorona: mihisa manodidina ny 47% eo karazam-borona hita ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
*Gidro: Misy karazana gidro valo eto, toy ny [[Sifaka]] (''Verreaux's sifaka'') izay malaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Zavamaniry: Ahitana karazana baobab (''[[Adansonia za]]'') sy [[Orchidaceae|orkide]] maro samihafa, izay manampy amin’ny hakanton’ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Toerana sy fomba fidirana ==
*Toerana: 147 km any avaratra-atsinanan’i [[Toliara]] ary 10 km any atsinanan’i Sakaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
*Lalana: Misy ny Lalam-pirenena faha-7 (RN7) izay mandalo eo afovoan’ny valan-javaboary, ka mora ho an’ireo mpizahatany mandalo any an-toerana ny manatona azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
== Loharano ==
 {{Reflist}}
# https://parcs-madagascar.com/parc/zombitse-vohibasia/
 

== Jereo koa ==
'''Valan-javaboary'''

* [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andasibe-Mantadia]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andohahela]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andringitra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ankarafantsika]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Helodranon' i Baly]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Isalo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Kirindy Mitea]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Mananara-Avaratra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Marojejy]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Masoala]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Midongy Atsimo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Tendrombohitra Ambre]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Namoroka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Nosy Ve-Androka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Tsimanampetsotsa]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zahamena]] 


[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>qtfpw96bp2ca3en8fvwbid1uyqr8ytm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hibiscus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:59:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
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      <text bytes="16873" sha1="801kv2931yjjprx0mbw81zkh3glb3th" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus_flower_TZ.jpg|thumb|439x439px|''Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis'']]

Ny '''''Hibiscus''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]], maniry isan-taona na maharitra, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]''. Ity vondron-karazana ity dia tena lehibe, ahitana karazana an-jatony maro izay teratany any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony sy trôpikaly ary sobtrôpikaly manerana izao tontolo izao.

Zavamaniry efa fantatra hatry ny ela ireo: nambolena tany [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejipta]] sy [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]] izy ireo noho ny toetrany azo atao haingo, ary koa noho ny voany azo hanina. Misy karazany maromaro koa azo atao fanafody.

Nohafarin' ny [[Maora (vahoaka)|Maora]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' i [[Espaina]] tao [[Eorôpa]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 izy ireo, ny karazana sasany dia nampidirin' ny mpanjanaka tao [[Amerika]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-17. I [[Kôrea Atsimo]] sy i [[Malezia]] dia manao ny ''Hibiscus'' ho voninkazom-pirenena, dia ny ''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'', sy ny ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]''.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus syriacus colore esterno viola e interno fucsia.jpg|vignette|''Hibiscus syriacus'']]
[[Sary:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower 2.JPG|vignette|''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana araka ny ''[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]]'' &lt;small&gt;(11&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Septambra 2017)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''Hibiscus acetosella'' Welw. ex Hiern
* ''Hibiscus altissimus'' Hornby
* ''Hibiscus amoenus'' Link &amp; Otto
* ''Hibiscus aneuthe'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus aphelus'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus aponeurus'' Sprague &amp; Hutch.
* ''Hibiscus arnhemensis'' F. D. Wilson
* ''Hibiscus asper'' Hook. f.
* ''Hibiscus bacalusius'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus berberidifolius'' A. Rich.
* ''Hibiscus bifurcatus'' Cav.
* ''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' A. Gray
* ''Hibiscus byrnesii'' F. D. Wilson
* ''Hibiscus calyphyllus'' Cav.
* ''[[Hibiscus cameronii]]'' Knowles &amp; Westc. ([[tsotsovoa]])
* ''[[Hibiscus cannabinus]]'' L. ([[lenjolambo]])
* ''Hibiscus cardiophyllus'' A. Gray
* ''Hibiscus clayi'' O. Deg. &amp; I. Deg.
* ''Hibiscus clypeatus'' L.
* ''Hibiscus coccineus'' Walter
* ''Hibiscus costatus'' A. Rich.
* ''Hibiscus coulteri'' Harv. ex A. Gray
* ''Hibiscus dasycalyx'' S. F. Blake &amp; Shiller
* ''Hibiscus denudatus'' Benth.
* ''Hibiscus dongolensis'' Caill. ex Delile
* ''Hibiscus drummondii'' Turcz.
* ''Hibiscus elatus'' Sw.
* ''Hibiscus engleri'' K. Schum.
* ''Hibiscus fallax'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus flavifolius'' Ulbr.
* ''Hibiscus fryxellii'' Mabb.
* ''Hibiscus furcatus'' Willd.
* ''Hibiscus furcellatus'' Lam.
* ''Hibiscus gilletii'' De Wild.
* ''Hibiscus glaber'' Matsum. ex Nakai
* ''Hibiscus goldsworthii'' F. Muell.
* ''Hibiscus greenwayi'' Baker f.
* ''Hibiscus hamabo'' Siebold &amp; Zucc.
* ''Hibiscus hareyae'' Lex A.J. Thomson &amp; Martin Cheek
* ''Hibiscus hastatus'' L. f.
* ''Hibiscus heterophyllus'' Vent.
* ''Hibiscus hybr.''
* ''Hibiscus indicus'' (Burm. f.) Hochr.
* ''Hibiscus kitaibelifolius'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Hibiscus kokio'' Hillebr. ex Wawra
* ''Hibiscus krichauffianus'' F. Muell.
* ''Hibiscus laevis'' All.
* ''Hibiscus lasiocarpos'' Cav.
* ''Hibiscus lavateroides'' Moric.
* ''Hibiscus liliiflorus'' Cav.
* ''Hibiscus lobatus'' (Murray) Kuntze
* ''Hibiscus ludwigii'' Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.
* ''Hibiscus lunariifolius'' Willd.
* ''Hibiscus macranthus'' Hochst. ex A. Rich.
* ''Hibiscus macrophyllus'' Roxb. ex Hornem.
* ''Hibiscus marenitensis'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus mastersianus'' Hiern
* ''Hibiscus mechowii'' Garcke
* ''Hibiscus menzeliae'' F. D. Wilson &amp; Byrnes
* ''Hibiscus meraukensis'' Hochr.
* ''[[Hibiscus micranthus]]'' L. f. ([[lairiky]], [[mahavotsy]])
* ''Hibiscus minutibracteolus'' F. D. Wilson
* ''Hibiscus moscheutos'' L.
* ''Hibiscus mutabilis'' L.
* ''Hibiscus × muta-moscheutos'' Kuwada
* ''Hibiscus nigricaulis'' Baker f.
* ''Hibiscus orarius'' Craven &amp; F. D. Wilson, nom. inval.
* ''Hibiscus panduriformis'' Burm. f.
* ''Hibiscus paramutabilis'' L. H. Bailey
* ''Hibiscus pedunculatus'' L. f.
* ''Hibiscus physaloides'' Guill. &amp; Perr.
* ''Hibiscus platanifolius'' (Willd.) Sweet
* ''Hibiscus platycalyx'' Mast.
* ''Hibiscus ponticus'' Rupr.
* ''Hibiscus pusillus'' Thunb.
* ''Hibiscus radiatus'' Cav.
* ''Hibiscus reflexus'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' L.
* ''Hibiscus rostellatus'' Guill. &amp; Perr.
* ''[[Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' L. (divaina, divay, madisokarana, madisombazaha, voamahombazaha, voambombazaha)
* ''Hibiscus saponarius'' Craven
* ''Hibiscus schinzii'' Gürke
* ''Hibiscus schizopetalus'' (Dyer) Hook. f.
* ''Hibiscus scottii'' Balf. f.
* ''Hibiscus sinosyriacus'' L. H. Bailey
* ''Hibiscus sororius'' L.
* ''Hibiscus spathulatus'' Garcke
* ''Hibiscus splendens'' Fraser ex Graham
* ''Hibiscus squarrulosus'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus stewartii'' Craven &amp; al.
* ''Hibiscus striatus'' Cav.
* ''Hibiscus sturtii'' Hook.
* ''Hibiscus sudanensis'' Hochr.
* ''[[Hibiscus surattensis]]'' L. (kaoka, madiso, sirambalala, sirangabalala, sirasira, voambona)
* ''Hibiscus syriacus'' L.
* ''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'' L. (afopotry, baro, daro, farihazo, hafobaro, hafopotsy, hafotra, masaizana, masehizano, poara, somangana, varo, varolopy)
* ''[[Hibiscus trionum]]'' L. (kihasihasy)
* ''Hibiscus uncinellus'' DC.
* ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' L.
* ''Hibiscus waimeae'' A. Heller
* ''Hibiscus zonatus'' F. Muell.

=== Zavamaniry nesorina tsy ho ao ===

* ''[[Abelmoschus esculentus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Moench&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus esculentus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Abelmoschus ficulneus'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus ficulneus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Abelmoschus manihot]]'' subsp. ''manihot'' (← ''Hibiscus manihot'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Abelmoschus manihot'' var. ''pungens'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb.) Hochr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus pungens'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Abelmoschus manihot'' var. ''tetraphyllus'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borss. Waalk.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus tetraphyllus'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb. ex Hornem.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' subsp. ''moschatus'' (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Abelmoschus moschatus'' subsp. ''tuberosus'' &lt;small&gt;(Span.) Borss. Waalk.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus sagittifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Kurz&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Alyogyne cuneiformis'' &lt;small&gt;(DC.) Lewton&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus cuneiformis'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Alyogyne hakeifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Giord.) Alef.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus hakeifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Giord.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Alyogyne huegelii'' &lt;small&gt;(Endl.) Fryxell&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus wrayae'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Alyogyne pinoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Gaudich.) Fryxell&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus pinonianus'' &lt;small&gt;Gaudich.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Astrohibiscus caesius'' (Garcke) &lt;small&gt;McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus caesius'' &lt;small&gt;Garcke&lt;/small&gt;) —
* ''Blanchardia clypeata'' (L.) &lt;small&gt;M.M.Hanes &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus clypeatus'' L.) — 
* ''Firmiana simplex'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus simplex'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lagunaria patersonia'' subsp. ''patersonia'' (← ''Hibiscus patersonius'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Kosteletzkya adoensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Mast.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus adoensis'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A.Rich.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Kosteletzkya pentacarpos'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Ledeb.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus pentacarpos'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Kosteletzkya tubiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(DC.) Blanch. &amp; McVaugh&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus tubiflorus'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Kosteletzkya virginica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) C.Presl ex A.Gray&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus virginicus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Pavonia arabica'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. &amp; Steud. ex Boiss.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus flavus'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Pavonia spinifex'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus spinifex'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Radyera farragei'' &lt;small&gt;(F.Muell.) Fryxell &amp; S.H.Hashmi&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus farragei'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett.&lt;/small&gt; (''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Thespesia lampas'' &lt;small&gt;(Cav.) Dalzell&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus lampas'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Thespesia populnea'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sol. ex Corrêa&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus populneoides'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; na ''Hibiscus populneus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Hibiscus sabdariffa kz03.jpg|vignette|''Hibiscus sabdariffa'']]
[[Sary:Hibiscus schizopetalus Nice Phoenix.jpg|vignette|286x286px|''Hibiscus schizopetalus'']]
[[Sary:Starr 020803-0106 Hibiscus tiliaceus.jpg|vignette|''Talipariti tiliaceum'']]
Tamin' ny taona 2010 dia nanana karazana ''Hibiscus'' teo anelanelan' ny 46 sy 49 i [[Madagasikara]], anisan' izany ny karazana tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara miisa 31 ka hatramin' ny 33. Nitarika ny famindrana karazana maromaro -- izay nosokajina taloha tao amin' ny karazana ''[[Kosteletzkya]]'' ho ao amin' ny antoko ''Hibiscus'' -- ny fanadihadiana momba ny filôjenetika sy ny asa taksônômika vao haingana ka lasa mihoatra ny 90 ny isan' ny karazana ankehitriny.

* ''[[Hibiscus acetosella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Welw. ex Hiern&lt;/small&gt; (avy ao [[Afrika]])
* ''[[Hibiscus ambanitazensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.H.Hanes &amp; G.E.Schatz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus ambovombensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus ambreanus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus analalavensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.H.Hanes &amp; G.E.Schatz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus andringitrensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus ankaramyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus ankeranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.H.Hanes &amp; G.E.Schatz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus antanossarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus antongilensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus baillonii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus bemangidiensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.H.Hanes &amp; G.E.Schatz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus benedicti]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Macrostelia involucrata'')
* ''[[Hibiscus bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus bojerianus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. -- fanjete, hafobato, hafotra, halampona, halapo, mangorondefona, somoro, varo
* ''[[Hibiscus borealis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;. -- baronala
* ''[[Hibiscus caerulescens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. -- sarivanjo
* ''[[Hibiscus callianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus calodendron]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scott Elliot&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus calyculatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M. Hanes, G.E. Schatz &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Macrostelia calyculata'').
* ''[[Hibiscus calyphyllus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (hita ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus cameronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Knowles &amp; Westc.&lt;/small&gt; -- tsotsovoa
* ''[[Hibiscus cannabinus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (avy any ivelany) -- lenzolambo
* ''[[Hibiscus chloroclados]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus comorensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (hita ao [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Kômôro]] koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus congestiflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus decaryi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus demissifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus discolorifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;. (hita ao [[Afrika]] koa) -- masaizanolahy
* ''[[Hibiscus discophorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus ellisii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- hafotsala
* ''[[Hibiscus erodiifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr. &amp; Humbert&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus fanambanensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.H.Hanes &amp; G.E.Schatz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus ferrugineus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; -- dokadoka, hafotrakemba, malaikatsy, sarondro, sonisombonisy, sosombonisy, tandidisy, tsingafiavy
* ''[[Hibiscus flavoroseus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus furcellatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Desr&lt;/small&gt;. (hita ao amin' ny nosin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus genevieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt; (hita ao amin' ny nosy [[Maskarena]] koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus glabrescens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. -- tamenaka  (sy ny ''Hibiscus grandidieri'' var. ''phanerandrus'': tamenaka)
* ''[[Hibiscus grandistipulatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) Hochr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Hibiscus ankaramyensis'' var. ''grandistipulatus'')
* ''[[Hibiscus greveanus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus humbertii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus lamalama]]'' &lt;small&gt;Callm., Buerki &amp; Koopman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus lasiococcus]]'' -- alampo, alampona, alamponavavy, hafotra, mongy
* ''[[Hibiscus laurinus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (tafiditra ao ny ''[[Humbertianthus cardiostegius]]'').
* ''[[Hibiscus lecomtei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus liliastrum]]'' -- tsindahaso
* ''[[Hibiscus lobatus]]'' (hita any ivelany koa) -- isindailay, tsindailay
* ''[[Hibiscus lonchosepalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus longisepalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus macrogonus]]'' -- andrapary, halampo, halampona
* ''[[Hibiscus malacophyllus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus malvaviscus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Malvaviscus arboreus'', avy any ivelany)
* ''[[Hibiscus mandrarensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Humbert ex Hochr.&lt;/small&gt; -- alampona, hafotralampona, halampomadindravina, halampona
* ''[[Hibiscus mangindranensis]]'' -- atesana, fanjete
* ''[[Hibiscus megistanthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus micranthus]]'' (hita any ivelany koa) -- lairiky, mahavotsy
* ''[[Hibiscus multiformis]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. Camus&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus mutabilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (avy any [[Azia]])
* ''[[Hibiscus nesiotes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus nummularifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus orbicularis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus palmatifidus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- halampondahy
* ''[[Hibiscus panduriformis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus phanerandrus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus physaloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Guill. &amp; Perr.&lt;/small&gt; (hita ao [[Afrika]] trôpikaly koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus pisinna]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.H.Hanes &amp; G.E.Schatz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus platycalyx]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mast&lt;/small&gt;. (hita any ivelany koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus poissonii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus populneus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Thespesia populnea'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sol. ex Corrêa&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Hibiscus pseudocoronarius]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker f.) Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus psilopodus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus pterocarpoides]]'' (hita ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] koa) -- sarasoala
* ''[[Hibiscus pulchellus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus radiatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]])
* ''[[Hibiscus retrobracteatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus rhabdotospermus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (avy any ivelany)
* ''[[Hibiscus rutenbergii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Garcke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' L. (avy any ivelany) -- divaina, divay, madisokarana, madisombazaha, voamahombazaha, voambombazaha
* ''[[Hibiscus scandens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;. (tsy afangaro amin' ny ''Hibiscus scandens'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.)
* ''[[Hibiscus schizopetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Dyer) Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (avy ao [[Afrika]]).
* ''[[Hibiscus scotellii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus sororius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.f.&lt;/small&gt; (hita any ivelany koa)
* ''[[Hibiscus sterculiifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Hibiscus surattensis]]'' L. (hita any ivelany koa) -- kaoka, madiso, sirambalala, sirangabalala, sirasira, voambona
* ''[[Hibiscus thespesianus]]'' -- masaizanovavy
* ''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (hita any ivelany koa) -- afopotry, baro, daro, farihazo, hafobaro, hafopotsy, hafotra, masaizana, masehizano, poara, somangana, varo, varolopy
* ''[[Hibiscus trichosiphon]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hibiscus trionum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (avy any ivelany) -- kihasihasy
* ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Fioria vitifolia'', hita any ivelany koa) -- azoampela
* ''[[Hibiscus xiphocuspis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra antoko:'''
* ''Hibiscus esculentus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''[[Abelmoschus esculentus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Moench&lt;/small&gt;) (avy any ivelany ) -- gômbô, ôkra, tambazotse, tsirandranjaza
* ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (→ ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) McLay &amp; R.L.Barrett&lt;/small&gt;) (hita any ivelany koa) -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Hibiscus|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Hibiscus'']]

* ''[[Abelmoschus]]''

* ''[[Alyogyne]]''
* ''[[Astrohibiscus]]''
* ''[[Blanchardia]]''
* ''[[Firmiana]]''
* ''[[Lagunaria]]''
* ''[[Kosteletzkya]]''
* ''[[Macrostelia]]'' 
* ''[[Pavonia]]''
* ''[[Radyera]]''
* ''[[Sabdariffa]]''
* ''[[Thespesia]]''</text>
      <sha1>801kv2931yjjprx0mbw81zkh3glb3th</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153533</id>
      <parentid>1153532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T12:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jereo koa</comment>
      <origin>1153533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62310" sha1="07m38wo2xddimjs3gqqirpr1qhwsw3x" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']]
Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]]  [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny [[Vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny Angiospermae|vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony]] (''[[Angiospermae]]'').

Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]]. Boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka, ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny.
[[Sary:Solanum pseudocapsicum.jpg|vignette|''Solanum pseudocapsicum'']]
Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny karazana hafa. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]].

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana maneran-tany ===
Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&amp;nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(24 août 2019)&lt;/small&gt; (miisa mihoatra ny 900):

=== A ===
* ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra
* ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum abutiloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum acanthoideum'' &lt;small&gt;Drège ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter
* ''Solanum accrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acerifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum achacachense'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz.
* ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby
* ''Solanum actinocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;(H. Winkl.) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum aculeolatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum acutilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adelense'' Delile
* ''Solanum adhaerens'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adoense'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Braun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek
* ''Solanum aemulans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aenictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum affine'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum africanum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum aggerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas
* ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum albescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton) Hunz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albicans'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albidum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll
* ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum allophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum altissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amayanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amazonium'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amblophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ambosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amethystinum'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amnicola'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amotapense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anceps'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andreanum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum andrieuxi'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anematophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustialatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum angustiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum angustispinosum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anisophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum annuum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum anoacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum anomalum'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum antacochense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apaporanum'' &lt;small&gt;R.E. Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aparadense'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Solanum aphyodendron'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiahyense'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum apiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum apocynifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appendiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum appressum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aracc-papa'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. ex Rybin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arboreum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arenarium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum argenteum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum argentinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aridum'' &lt;small&gt;Morong&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ariduphilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum armentalis'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry &amp; D'Arcy&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei
* ''Solanum asperolanatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum asperum'' Rich.
* ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart.
* ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum atitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Gill ex Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum aturense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum aureum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst.
* ''Solanum axillifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa

=== B ===
* ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez
* ''Solanum bagamojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahamense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber
* ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees
* ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr.
* ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter
* ''Solanum batangense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellicosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bellum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum benadirense'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum beniense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum berthaultii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum biceps'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bilabiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum billhookeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum blodgettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chapm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum bolivianum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton ex Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boliviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bombycinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bonariense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bondjorum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum boselliae'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brachyantherum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum brachystachys'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum brieyi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum buesii'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bukasovii'' &lt;small&gt;Juz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum bullatum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum burchellii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===
* ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell.
* ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth
* ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum callianthum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum campaniforme'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campechiense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum campetrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum campylocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candelarianum'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum candidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum candolleanum'' &lt;small&gt;Berthault&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum canense'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cantense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capillipes'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capoerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum capsicoides'' &lt;small&gt;All.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll
* ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum carense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum caripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum carolinense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cassioides'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr.
* ''Solanum caudatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cerasiferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chancayense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chariense'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chaucha'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chavinense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' &lt;small&gt;(Riley) Fosberg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chenopodioides'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiapasense'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chilliasense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chillonanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chimborazense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiovendae'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br.
* ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun
* ''Solanum cladotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Vand. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum clarum'' Correll
* ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum clokeyi'' &lt;small&gt;Munz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cobanense'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coccineum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cochabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum collectaneum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum colombianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comarapanum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum commersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum complectens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee &amp; G.J. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum compressum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum comptum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum concarense'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum concinnum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confine'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum confusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conglobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum conicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum connatum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum consimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum contumazaense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordatum'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordioides'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cordovense'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cormanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cornifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corumbense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum coxii'' Phil.
* ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam.
* ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm.
* ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum crinitipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crinitum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum crispum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum crotonifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cruciferum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cucullatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cufodontii'' &lt;small&gt;Lanza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cultum'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum curtilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cutervanum'' &lt;small&gt;Zahlbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cymosum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===
* ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter
* ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee
* ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum davidsei'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum davisense'' &lt;small&gt;Whalen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz
* ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' &lt;small&gt;C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum delagoense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delicatulum'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delitescens'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum delpierrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm.
* ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum deterrimum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' &lt;small&gt;Robyns&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diamantinense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dichroanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum didymum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dimidiatum'' &lt;small&gt;Raf&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dinteri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diploconos'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dissimile'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum distichophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum distichum'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum diversifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum doddsii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dolosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donachui'' &lt;small&gt;(Ochoa) Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum douglasii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== E ===
* ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault
* ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f.
* ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum eickii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum eitenii'' &lt;small&gt;Agra&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum elskensi'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlicheri'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endlichii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endoadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum endopogon'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ensifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erianthum'' &lt;small&gt;D. Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum etuberosum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum euacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum evonymoides'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum exasperatum'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum exiguum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum extensum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===
* ''Solanum fabrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs
* ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent
* ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum filicaule'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum filiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth.
* ''Solanum floridanum'' &lt;small&gt;Shuttlew. ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum foetens'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum forskalii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs
* ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy
* ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd.
* ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav.
* ''Solanum fulgens'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum furcatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum fusiforme'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===
* ''Solanum gandarillasii'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum giftbergense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby
* ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc.
* ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf.
* ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum glutinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell.
* ''Solanum goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gomphodes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe
* ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum grandiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury
* ''Solanum grayi'' Rose
* ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza
* ''Solanum griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) C.Y. Wu &amp; S.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer
* ''Solanum guamuchilense'' &lt;small&gt;Cast.-Campos &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil.
* ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll
* ''Solanum guineense'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===
* ''Solanum habrocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haematocladum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum haleakalaense'' &lt;small&gt;H.St.John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hamatile'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hartwegii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hasslerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastatilobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hastiforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hayesii'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hazenii'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C. Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heleonastes'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum helleri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herba-bona'' &lt;small&gt;Reiche&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum herculeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hernandesii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum heteroclitum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum heterodoxum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hexandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hibernum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hidetaroi'' &lt;small&gt;Masam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hieronymi'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;BR &amp; Bouche, A. M.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hillebrandii'' &lt;small&gt;Yunck&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum himatacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hindsianum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hintonii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hirsutum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtellum'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtulum'' &lt;small&gt;Krause&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hirtum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hjertingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoehnei'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton
* ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum holtzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homalospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Chiarini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum homblei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hoopesii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hougasii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum houstonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum huancabambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huayavillense'' &lt;small&gt;Del Vitto &amp; Peten.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum huitlanum'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humectophilum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Bernh. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hutchisonii'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hybridum'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hylobium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypermegethes'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypomalacum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum hypopsilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===
* ''Solanum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imbaburense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum imberbe'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum immite'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incahuasinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incarceratum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incasicum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incisum'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum incompletum'' &lt;small&gt;Britton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incomptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvipilum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum incurvum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inelegans'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ingaefolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum inodorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum inornatum'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insidiosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum insolaesolis'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum interandinum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum interius'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum intermedium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iodotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ionidium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum iopetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ipomoea'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum iraniense'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irosinum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum irregulare'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum isodynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum itatiaiae'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz. ex Edmonds&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== J ===
* ''Solanum jabrense'' &lt;small&gt;Agra &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaegeri'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jaenense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill.
* ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr.
* ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai
* ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton
* ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen
* ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum juglandifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche
* ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum jussiaei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell.
* ''Solanum juzepczukii'' &lt;small&gt;Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;

=== K ===
* ''Solanum kagehense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr.
* ''Solanum keniense'' Standl.
* ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitagawae'' &lt;small&gt;Schonb.-Tem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kitivuense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum kurtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum kwebense'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===
* ''Solanum lacerdae'' &lt;small&gt;Dusén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton
* ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum laevigatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanceifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lantana'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lanzae'' &lt;small&gt;J.-P. Lebrun &amp; Stork&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasianthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiocladum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lasiopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lateritium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum latiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laurifolium'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum laxum'' &lt;small&gt;Spreng&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum leiophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lepidotum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptopodum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll
* ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal
* ''Solanum lesteri'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen
* ''Solanum leucanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucocarpon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum leucophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber
* ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd.
* ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald
* ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas
* ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby
* ''Solanum linnaeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Hepper &amp; P.-M.L.Jaeger&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç.
* ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum longipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum loxense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lucens'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett
* ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum luteoalbum'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luteum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum luzoniense'' &lt;small&gt;Merr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum lycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lykipiense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum lyratum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===
* ''Solanum macaonense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macbridei'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Lallana&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macowanii'' &lt;small&gt;Fourc&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum macracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum macrotonum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum madrense'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maglia'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum mahoriensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malacothrix'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum malletii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mammosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mangaschae'' &lt;small&gt;Pax&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiricum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mapiriense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maranguapense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marantifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marginatum'' &lt;small&gt;L. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marinasense'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum marojejy]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maroniense'' &lt;small&gt;Poit.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum marquesi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum martii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum martinsii'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum matadori'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maternum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum maturecalvans'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum medians'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum megalochiton'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megalonyx'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melastomoides'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum melissarum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum memphiticum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum merrillianum'' &lt;small&gt;Liou&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mesodolichum'' &lt;small&gt;Pic.Serm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metarsium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum metrobotryon'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum michoacanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Rydb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microdontum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum microleprodes'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mildbraedii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mite'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mitlense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum mochiquense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moestum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum molinarum'' &lt;small&gt;J.L. Gentry&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monachophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monactinanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monadelphum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monanthemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monarchostemon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum moniliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum monotanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montanum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum montigenum'' &lt;small&gt;(C.V. Morton) Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morellifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morelliforme'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Münch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz.
* ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum mucronatum'' &lt;small&gt;O.E. Schulz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muenscheri'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum multispinum'' &lt;small&gt;N.E. Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum muricatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum murinum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum murphyi'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum myriacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===
* ''Solanum nakurense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum namaquense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum neglectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nelsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum nemorense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neocardenasii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neorossii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm.
* ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter
* ''Solanum nguelense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nienkui'' &lt;small&gt;Merr. &amp; Chun&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nigricans'' &lt;small&gt;M. Martens &amp; Galeotti&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nocturnum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nubicola'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nudum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nuricum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nutans'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===
* ''Solanum oaxacanum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum obovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum occultum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochraceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum odoriferum'' &lt;small&gt;Vell&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum okadae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark.
* ''Solanum olivaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivaeforme'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum olivare'' &lt;small&gt;Paill. &amp; Bois&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ombrophilum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum opacum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Br. &amp; Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum oppositifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez
* ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll
* ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum otites'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede
* ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter
* ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== P ===
[[Sary:Solanum pyracanthum 05 ies.jpg|vignette|''[[Solanum pyracanthum]]'']]
* ''Solanum pabstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachimatium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum palinacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum palitans'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum palustre'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp. ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov.
* ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey.
* ''Solanum paniculatum'' L.
* ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra
* ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum paramoense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén
* ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller
* ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' &lt;small&gt;Lekhnovich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum paucispinum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum pavimenti'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pectinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera
* ''Solanum peikuoensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.S. Ying&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum penduliflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum pentlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum perattenuatum'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum perplexum'' Small
* ''Solanum pertenue'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum peruvianum'' L.
* ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol.
* ''Solanum phureja'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter
* ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas
* ''Solanum piluliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L.
* ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill.
* ''Solanum pinetorum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav.
* ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich.
* ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl.
* ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum placitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook.
* ''Solanum platense'' &lt;small&gt;Dieckman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum platycypellon'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plowmanii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald
* ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby
* ''Solanum polyacanthon'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polyadenium'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum polyanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst. ex A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum praematurum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum premnifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Miers) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum preussii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour.
* ''Solanum profusum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum proteanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pruinosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat &amp; Hassl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' &lt;small&gt;L.A. Mentz &amp; Stehmann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudogracile'' &lt;small&gt;Heiser&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' &lt;small&gt;Pojark&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pseudoquina'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum psychotrioides'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pterospermum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ptychanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pubigerum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' &lt;small&gt;K.E. Roe&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum purpusii'' &lt;small&gt;Brandegee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum pygmaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Q ===
* ''Solanum quaesitum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quebradense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quichense'' &lt;small&gt;J.M. Coult. &amp; Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum quitoense'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===
* ''Solanum radicans'' L. f.
* ''Solanum ramonense'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum raphanifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum ratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reductum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric.
* ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank
* ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum refractum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll
* ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq.
* ''Solanum reitzii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil.
* ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke
* ''Solanum reptans'' &lt;small&gt;Bunbury&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restingae'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum restrictum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum retroflexum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhodesianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riedlei'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rigescens'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum rigescentoides'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum riojense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum riparium'' &lt;small&gt;Pers&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum ripense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum robecchii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter
* ''Solanum robustum'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore
* ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum rojasianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs
* ''Solanum rostratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rovirosanum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter
* ''Solanum rubetorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl
* ''Solanum rudepannum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm.
* ''Solanum rugosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher
* ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum runsoriense'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum rupincola'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===
[[Sary:Starr 020323-0062 Solanum seaforthianum.jpg|vignette|''Solanum seaforthianum'']]
* ''Solanum sakarense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salamancae'' &lt;small&gt;Hunz. &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salasianum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salicifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum saltianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum salzmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sambucinum'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal &amp; A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandemanii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sandwicense'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil.
* ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas
* ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum saponaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum saturatum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum savanillense'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sawyeri'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum saxatilis'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scabrifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scandens'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schenckii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schimperianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schizandrum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schliebenii'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schomburgkii'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum schroederi'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schumannianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum schwackei'' &lt;small&gt;Glaz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sciadostylis'' &lt;small&gt;(Sendtn.) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum scuticum'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum secedens'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sellowianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sellowii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter
* ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee
* ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepiaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sepicula'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge
* ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sericeum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessile'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum setaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex L.A. Mentz &amp; M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum setosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Brandegee) Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sibundoyense'' &lt;small&gt;(Bohs) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sieberi'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum simplicissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun
* ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan
* ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sitiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll
* ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev.
* ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum soestii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum solum'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum somalense'' &lt;small&gt;Franch. in Revoil&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sooretamum'' &lt;small&gt;Carvalho&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum sparsipilum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spathotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb.
* ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Van Heurck &amp; Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric.
* ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter
* ''Solanum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stenotomum'' &lt;small&gt;Juz. &amp; Bukasov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho
* ''Solanum stipulaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum stolzii'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum storkii'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter
* ''Solanum suaveolens'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth &amp; C.D. Bouché&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Thell. &amp; H. Dur. xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq.
* ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron.
* ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subserratum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild.
* ''Solanum subsylvestre'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm. &amp; Downs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright
* ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb.
* ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes
* ''Solanum sudanense'' &lt;small&gt;Hammerstein xx&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum superbum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum supinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f.
* ''Solanum swartzianum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum sycocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. &amp; Sendtn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum sycophanta'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum symphyandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===
* ''Solanum tabanoense'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell
* ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taitense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum talarense'' &lt;small&gt;Svenson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tampicense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tanysepalum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tapojense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarapatanum'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarijense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tarnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjert.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum taulisense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tegore'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter ex S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' &lt;small&gt;Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuipes'' &lt;small&gt;Bartlett&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn.
* ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp
* ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray
* ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk.
* ''Solanum ternatum'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ternifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Werderm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum tetricum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tettense'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thelopodium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum thruppii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum toldense'' &lt;small&gt;Matesevach &amp; Barboza&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tomentosum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreanum'' &lt;small&gt;A.E. Gonç.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum torreyi'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tovarii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Sodiro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachycyphum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trachytrichium'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tribulosum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Schauer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trichoneuron'' &lt;small&gt;Lillo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tridynamum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Nutt&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trifurcum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum trinitense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tripartitum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triplinervium'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum triquetrum'' &lt;small&gt;Cav&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum triste'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum trizygum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' L.
* ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' &lt;small&gt;Greenm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum tunariense'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tuquerrense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turgidum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum turneroides'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum tweedianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;

=== U ===
* ''Solanum ueleense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ugentii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; K.A. Okada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter
* ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum ulei'' Morton
* ''Solanum ulugurense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill.
* ''Solanum umbelliferum'' &lt;small&gt;Eschsch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum umbratile'' &lt;small&gt;I.M. Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinatum'' &lt;small&gt;Schrank&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl.
* ''Solanum undatum'' Lam.
* ''Solanum unifoliatum'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum unilobum'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Bohs&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm.
* ''Solanum urosepalum'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum urticans'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz.
* ''Solanum usaramense'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum utile'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===
* ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl. &amp; L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vaillantii'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valdiviense'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum valerioanum'' &lt;small&gt;C.V. Morton &amp; Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum validinervium'' &lt;small&gt;Benitez &amp; S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz.
* ''Solanum vanheurckii'' &lt;small&gt;Müll. Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum variabile'' Mart.
* ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa
* ''Solanum velleum'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vellozianum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutinum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby
* ''Solanum venosum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum venturii'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes &amp; Hjerting&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vernei'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter &amp; Wittm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum vervoorstii'' &lt;small&gt;L.B. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vestissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viarum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum vidaurrei'' &lt;small&gt;Cárdenas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum villosum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum villuspetalum'' &lt;small&gt;Vargas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virginianum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum virgultorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bitter) Cárdenas &amp; Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Gilli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viridipes'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum viscosissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Sendtn&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum volubile'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;Rusby&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===
* ''Solanum wacketii'' &lt;small&gt;Witasek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wallacei'' &lt;small&gt;(A. Gray) Parish&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum warmingii'' &lt;small&gt;Hieron&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;Phil&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Solanum welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;C.H. Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wendlandii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum whalenii'' &lt;small&gt;M. Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wittmackii'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodburyi'' &lt;small&gt;R.A. Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum woodsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Correll&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum wrightii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;

=== X ===
* ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum xanti'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;

=== Y ===
* ''Solanum yamobambense'' &lt;small&gt;Ochoa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yanamonense'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yangambiense'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum youngii'' &lt;small&gt;S. Knapp&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum yungasense'' &lt;small&gt;Hawkes&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===
* ''Solanum zanzibarense'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zeylanicum'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum zuloagae'' &lt;small&gt;Cabrera&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana napetraka tao teo aloha ===
Nisy ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' nefa efa nafindra vondron-karazana hafa, anisan' izany ireto:

* ''Chamaesaracha coronopus'' &lt;small&gt;(Dun.) A. Gray&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum coronopus'')
* ''Cordia alliodora'' &lt;small&gt;(Ruiz &amp; Pav.) Oken&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum mucronatum'')
* [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes biflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Loureiro) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum multifidum'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes denticulata'' &lt;small&gt;(BI.) Bitt.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' sy ''Solanum gouakai''  var. ''latifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes fugax'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Bitter.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal in Poir.&lt;/small&gt; sy )
* ''Lycianthes lycioides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Hassler&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum lycioides'' var. ''angustifolium'')
* ''Lycianthes moziniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunal) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Lycianthes rantonnetii'' &lt;small&gt;(Carierre ex Lescuyer) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum rantonnetii'' sy ''Solanum urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' aey ''Solanum urbanum'' var. ''typicum'')
* ''Lycianthes stellata'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (''Solanum retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;)

Nisy karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Lycianthes]]'' tsy voafaritra izay nomena anarana toy ny hoe:

* ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dun.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Solanum ciliatum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume ex Miq&lt;/small&gt;., 
* ''Solanum corniculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Hiern&lt;/small&gt;, 
* ''Solanum lanuginosum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Dun.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Solanum violaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;, 
* ''Solanum violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', 
* ''Solanum virgatum'' notst β ''albiflorum'', 
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Lag&lt;/small&gt;. 
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Solanum aethiopicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum nodiflorum'' Jacq.)
* ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo
* ''[[Solanum batoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum bumeliifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum croatii]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; R.C.Keating&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- mafai-mamy
* ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum forsythii'' Dammer; ''Solanum nossibeense'' Vatke) -- angiviala, angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, mangidikely, tsilohery, voampokely
* ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;G.Mey.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, voampoa, voangivy
* ''[[Solanum heinianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum humblotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dammer&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum imamense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum insanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum ivohibe]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- voatabia, voabonga
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum macrocarpum'') -- angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe
* ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal (← ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker; ''Solanum nitens'' Baker; ''Solanum madagascariense'' var. ''nitens'') -- hendramena, kiranzy, lahirohy, sakaikely, vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, voamainty (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum mahoriense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;) -- ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Solanum heteracanthum'' Dunal) -- angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha
* ''[[Solanum myoxotrichum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum myrsinoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo)
* ''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -- roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy
* ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dunal&lt;/small&gt; -- voabana
* ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum scabrum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum seaforthianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum tarderemotum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum toliaraea]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Solanum torvum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Solanum trichopetiolatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; -- fatipatikanala
* ''[[Solanum truncicola]]'' &lt;small&gt;D'Arcy &amp; Rakot.&lt;/small&gt; (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ortega&lt;/small&gt;

'''Karazana nafindra vondrona'''

* ''Solanum aphananthum'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (→ [[Kaliphora madagascariensis|''Kaliphora madagascariensi''s]] &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;) -- ranenda, ranendo)

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angivy]]
* [[Baranjely]]
* [[Voampoana|Voampoa]]
* [[Solanum lycopersicum|Voatabia]]

* ''[[Chamaesaracha]]''
* ''[[Cordia]]'' (''[[Boraginaceae]]'')
* ''[[Kaliphora]]''
* ''[[Lycianthes]]''
* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Solanum|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Solanum'']]

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
      <sha1>07m38wo2xddimjs3gqqirpr1qhwsw3x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adansonia za</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153611</id>
      <parentid>1131434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T05:48:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1428" sha1="34mwzlzrle6gt45txlel8a18fcuw7lw" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Bombacaceae - Adansonia za-2.jpg|vignette|394x394px|''Adansonia za'']]
[[Sary:Adansonia za MHNT.BOT.2025.17.1.jpg|vignette|Voan' ny ''Adansonia za'']]
Ny '''''Adansonia za''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bombacaceae]]'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]], na ny ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]]. Ireto ny anarana iantsoana azy io amin' ny teny malagasy: '''''bontana''', '''bontona''', '''boringy''', '''bosy''', '''bozo''', '''bozy''', '''fony''', '''mboio''', '''ringy''', '''voajabo''', '''za''', '''zabo'''''. Anarana ara-tsiansa iantsoana azy koa ny hoe '''''Adansonia bozy'''''. Mirefy 130&amp;nbsp;000 km² eo ho eo ny velaran-tany anirian' ity karazan-kazo ity any amin' ny ilany andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]]. Tandindonin-doza ity karazana zaha ity, izay tsy misy afa-tsy eto Madagasikara. Mampanahy ny fahaverezan' ny toeram-paniriany voajanahary.

== Toetoetrany ==
[[Sary:Bombacaceae - Adansonia za.jpg|vignette|259x259px|''Adansonia za'']]
Hazo manintsan-dravina sy matevim-batana ny ''Adansonia za'', mirefy 10–40 m eo ho eo ny haavony ary 6 m eo ho eo ny savaivony. Manana loko volontany manopy mavo ny vatany sy ny sampany. Lehibe avy eo amin' ny fotony ary mihakely mankany an-tampony ny vatan' ity hazo ity.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Adansonia]]''
* [[Alan' i Ranobe]]

[[Sokajy:Adansonia]]
[[Sokajy:Baobab]]</text>
      <sha1>34mwzlzrle6gt45txlel8a18fcuw7lw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153614</id>
      <parentid>1153611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T05:50:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1451" sha1="b4emsyelsq46bclol0317wg9me0a89s" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Bombacaceae - Adansonia za-2.jpg|vignette|394x394px|''Adansonia za'']]
[[Sary:Adansonia za MHNT.BOT.2025.17.1.jpg|vignette|Voan' ny ''Adansonia za'']]
Ny '''''Adansonia za''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bombacaceae]]'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]], na ny ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]]. Ireto ny anarana iantsoana azy io amin' ny teny malagasy: '''''bontana''', '''bontona''', '''boringy''', '''bosy''', '''bozo''', '''bozy''', '''fony''', '''mboio''', '''ringy''', '''voajabo''', '''za''', '''zabo'''''. Anarana ara-tsiansa iantsoana azy koa ny hoe '''''Adansonia bozy'''''. Mirefy 130&amp;nbsp;000 km² eo ho eo ny velaran-tany anirian' ity karazan-kazo ity any amin' ny ilany andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]]. Tandindonin-doza ity karazana zaha ity, izay tsy misy afa-tsy eto Madagasikara. Mampanahy ny fahaverezan' ny toeram-paniriany voajanahary.

== Toetoetrany ==
[[Sary:Bombacaceae - Adansonia za.jpg|vignette|259x259px|''Adansonia za'']]
Hazo manintsan-dravina sy matevim-batana ny ''Adansonia za'', mirefy 10–40 m eo ho eo ny haavony ary 6 m eo ho eo ny savaivony. Manana loko volontany manopy mavo ny vatany sy ny sampany. Lehibe avy eo amin' ny fotony ary mihakely mankany an-tampony ny vatan' ity hazo ity.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Adansonia]]''
* [[Alan' i Ranobe]]

[[Sokajy:Adansonia]]
[[Sokajy:Baobab]]
[[Sokajy:Bombacaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>b4emsyelsq46bclol0317wg9me0a89s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Biancaea decapetala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153671</id>
      <parentid>1137005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Thelezifor dia namindra ny pejy [[Roimbazaha]] any amin'i [[Biancaea decapetala]] ary nanitsaka fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1137005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1513" sha1="j1x0py2ci9kxozn4t2urzb34itfzg13" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 011205-0119 Caesalpinia decapetala.jpg|vignette|374x374px|Roimbazaha]]
Ny '''roimbazaha''' dia karazana zavamaniry trôpikaky mamony, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Karazana hazomadinika maniry avy any [[India]] izy io. Ity karazana ity dia antsoina indraindray hoe '''kasia'''. '''''Biancaea decapetala''''' (na '''''Caesalpinia sepiaria''''' teo aloha) ny anarany ara-tsiansa. Karazana hazomadinika misy tsilo sy mamony voninkazo mavo izy io.

== Anarana ara-tsiansa ==
Ireto ny anarany ara-tsiansa hafa ahafantarana azy:

* ''Biancaea sepiaria'' (Roxb.) Tod.
* ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' Roxb.
* ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' (Roth) Alston, 1931
* ''Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica'' (Sieb. &amp; Zucc.)
* ''Reichardia decapetala'' Roth

== Karazana nampidirina ==
Ny ''Biancaea decapetala'' dia nampidirina tany [[Fijy]], [[Polynésie française|Pôlinezia Frantsay]], [[Hawaii]], [[Kaledônia-Vaovao|Kaledônia Vaovao]], nosy Norfolk, [[Aostralia]], [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], [[Japàna|Japôna]], [[Kôrea]], [[Indônezia]], [[Malezia]], [[Filipina]], [[Tailandy]], [[Vietnamy]], [[Maorisy]], [[La Réunion]], Rodrigues, [[Kenià]] ary [[Afrika Atsimo]]. Lasa karazan-javamaniry manafika tena miteraka olana amin' ny toerana maro izy io.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Biancaea]]''
* ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' 
* ''[[Reichardia]]'' 

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]] - [[Roimemy]] - [[Roibe]] - [[Roibontsy]] - [[Roifantaka]] - [[Roimainty]] - [[Roimena]] - [[Rointsokina]] - [[Roipitaka]]</text>
      <sha1>j1x0py2ci9kxozn4t2urzb34itfzg13</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caesalpinia sepiaria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291700</id>
    <redirect title="Biancaea decapetala" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153674</id>
      <parentid>1099316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:16:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>802</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Roimbazaha]] vers [[Biancaea decapetala]]</comment>
      <origin>1153674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="et4bp3yeiql1fthijw5pr4jq9sizwi7" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Biancaea decapetala]]</text>
      <sha1>et4bp3yeiql1fthijw5pr4jq9sizwi7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rutaceae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153572</id>
      <parentid>1138725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara</comment>
      <origin>1153572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9520" sha1="ry5uq5ecywg6zpmg6slivwxdai0wefg" xml:space="preserve">{{TaxoBox
| sary = Citrus sinensis0.jpg
| image_caption = [[Laoranjy]] (''Citrus sinensis'')
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_subregnum = [[Tracheophyta]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eodikôtiledôna]]
| unranked_subclassis = [[Rosidae]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Rutaceae]]
}}
Ny '''''Rutaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry ao amin' ny filaharana [[Sapindales]]. Misy karazana 900 mitsinjara amin' ny vondron-karazana 160. Izy ireo dia [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], [[hazobotry]] na [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] fahita any amin' ny faritra manana [[toetany antonony]] ka hatrany amin' ny faritra mafana, sady mpamokatra menaka tena ilaina. Anisan' ity fianakaviana ity ny [[voasary]]. Manana vony mizara felana efatra na dimy ny karazana ao amin' ilay fianakaviana amin' ny ankapobeny, matetika misy fofona mahery.

Ny ''[[Citrus]]'', izay ahitana ny [[laoranjy]] (''C. × sinensis''), ny [[voasarimakirana]] (''C. × limon''), ny [[voangibe]] (''C. × paradisi'') no vondron-karazana manan-danja indrindra ao amin' ilay fianakaviana. Vondron-karazana aostraliana lehibe ny ''[[Boronia]]'', zavamaniry misy voniny manitra be ary ampiasaina amin' ny famokarana menaka ara-barotra ny sasany aminy. Vondron-karazana lehibe hafa ny ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' sy ny ''[[Melicope]]'' ary ny ''[[Agathosma]]''.

== Lisitry ny vondron-karazana ==

=== A ===

* ''Acmadenia'' &lt;small&gt;Bartl. &amp; H.L.Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Acradenia'' &lt;small&gt;Kippist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Acronychia'' &lt;small&gt;J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Adenandra'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Adiscanthus'' &lt;small&gt;Ducke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aegle'' &lt;small&gt;Corrêa&lt;/small&gt; - bael
* ''Aeglopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Afraegle'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Afraurantium'' &lt;small&gt;A.Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Agathosma'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amyris'' &lt;small&gt;P.Browne&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Andreadoxa'' &lt;small&gt;Kallunki&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Angostura'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Apocaulon'' &lt;small&gt;R.S.Cowan&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Asterolasia'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Atalantia'' &lt;small&gt;Corrêa&lt;/small&gt;

=== B ===

* ''Balfourodendron'' &lt;small&gt;Mello ex Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Balsamocitrus'' &lt;small&gt;Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bergera'' J.Koenig ex L.
* ''Boenninghausenia'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb. ex Meisn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Boronia'' &lt;small&gt;Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bosistoa'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell. ex Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bottegoa'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bouchardatia'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bouzetia'' &lt;small&gt;Montrouz.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Suriana'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Surianaceae'')
* ''Brombya'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Burkillanthus'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt;

=== C ===

* ''Calodendrum'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casimiroa'' &lt;small&gt;La Llave&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cedrelopsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chloroxylon'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Choisya'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chorilaena'' &lt;small&gt;Endl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Citropsis'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) Swingle &amp; M.Kellerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Citrus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Clausena'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Clymenia'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny ''[[Citrus]]'')
* ''Cneoridium'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cneorum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (taloha tao amin' ny ''Cneoraceae'')
* ''Coleonema'' &lt;small&gt;Bartl. &amp; H.L.Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Comptonella'' &lt;small&gt;Baker f.&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amn' ny ''Melicope'')
* ''Conchocarpus'' &lt;small&gt;J.C.Mikan&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Correa'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Crossosperma'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Crowea'' &lt;small&gt;Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cyanothamnus'' &lt;small&gt;Lindl.&lt;/small&gt;

=== D ===

* ''Decagonocarpus'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Decatropis'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Decazyx'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier &amp; S.F.Blake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dendrosma'' &lt;small&gt;Pancher &amp; Sebert&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''Geijera'')
* ''Desmotes'' &lt;small&gt;Kallunki&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dictamnus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -
* ''Dictyoloma'' &lt;small&gt;A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Diphasia'' Pierre (→ ''Vepris'')
* ''Dinosperma'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Diosma'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Diplolaena'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Drummondita'' &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dryades'' Groppo &lt;small&gt;Kallunki &amp; Pirani&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dutailliopsis'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dutaillyea'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny ''Melicope'')

=== E ===

* ''Empleurum'' &lt;small&gt;Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Eriostemon'' &lt;small&gt;Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ertela'' Adans.
* ''Erythrochiton'' &lt;small&gt;Nees &amp; Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Esenbeckia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euchaetis'' &lt;small&gt;Bartl. &amp; H.L.Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euodia'' &lt;small&gt;J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euxylophora'' &lt;small&gt;Huber&lt;/small&gt;

=== F ===

* ''Fagaropsis'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Feroniella'' Swingle
* ''Flindersia'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== G ===

* ''Galipea'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Geijera'' &lt;small&gt;Schott&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Geleznowia'' &lt;small&gt;Turcz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Glycosmis'' &lt;small&gt;Corrêa&lt;/small&gt;

=== H ===

* ''Halfordia'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Haplophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Harrisonia'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br. ex A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Helietta'' &lt;small&gt;Tul.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hortia'' &lt;small&gt;Vand.&lt;/small&gt;

=== I ===

* ''Ivodea'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;

=== L ===

* ''Leionema'' &lt;small&gt;(F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Leptothyrsa'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Limnocitrus'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''Pleiospermium'')
* ''Limonia'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Lubaria'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Lunasia'' &lt;small&gt;Blanco&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Luvunga'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.-Ham. ex Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;

=== M ===

* ''Maclurodendron'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny ''Acronychia'')
* ''Macrostylis'' &lt;small&gt;Bartl. &amp; H.L.Wendl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Medicosma'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Megastigma'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Melicope'' &lt;small&gt;J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Merope'' &lt;small&gt;M.Roem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Merrillia'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''Murraya'')
* ''Metrodorea'' &lt;small&gt;A.St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Microcybe'' &lt;small&gt;Turcz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Micromelum'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monanthocitrus'' &lt;small&gt;Tanaka&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Muiriantha'' &lt;small&gt;C.A.Gardner&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Murraya'' &lt;small&gt;J.Koenig ex L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Myrtopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;

=== N ===

* ''Naringi'' &lt;small&gt;Adans.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Naudinia'' &lt;small&gt;Planch. &amp; Linden&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Nematolepis'' &lt;small&gt;Turcz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neobyrnesia'' &lt;small&gt;J.A.Armstr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neoraputia'' &lt;small&gt;Emmerich ex Kallunki&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neoschmidia'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt;

=== O ===

* ''Oricia'' &lt;small&gt;Pierre&lt;/small&gt; (→''Vepris'')
* ''Oriciopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt; (→''Vepris'')
* ''Orixa'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Oxanthera'' &lt;small&gt;Montrouz.&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''Citrus'')

=== P ===

* ''Pamburus'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Paramignya'' &lt;small&gt;Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Peltostigma'' &lt;small&gt;Walp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pentaceras'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perryodendron'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phebalium'' &lt;small&gt;Vent.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phellodendron'' &lt;small&gt;Rupr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Philotheca'' &lt;small&gt;Rudge&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllosma'' &lt;small&gt;Bolus ex Schltr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Picrella'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny ''Melicope'')
* ''Pilocarpus'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pitavia'' &lt;small&gt;Molina&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pitaviaster'' &lt;small&gt;T.G.Hartley&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny  ''Melicope'')
* ''Platydesma'' &lt;small&gt;H.Mann&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''Melicope'')
* ''Pleiospermium'' &lt;small&gt;Swingle&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Plethadenia'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Polyaster'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Psilopeganum'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ptaeroxylon'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ptelea'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== R ===

* ''Raputia'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Raputiarana'' &lt;small&gt;Emmerich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Rauia'' &lt;small&gt;Nees &amp; Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Raulinoa'' &lt;small&gt;R.S.Cowan&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ravenia'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Raveniopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Gleason&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Rhadinothamnus'' &lt;small&gt;Paul G.Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ruta'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Rutaneblina'' &lt;small&gt;Steyerm. &amp; Luteyn&lt;/small&gt;

=== S ===

* ''Sarcomelicope'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny  ''Melicope'')
* ''Severinia'' &lt;small&gt;Ten.&lt;/small&gt; (→''Atalantia'')
* ''Sheilanthera'' &lt;small&gt;I.Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sigmatanthus'' &lt;small&gt;Huber ex Emmerich&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Skimmia'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sohnreyia'' &lt;small&gt;K.Krause&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Spathelia'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Spiranthera'' &lt;small&gt;A.St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Stauranthus'' &lt;small&gt;Liebm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Swinglea'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;

=== T ===

* ''Teclea'' &lt;small&gt;Delile&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''Vepris'')
* ''Tetractomia'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetradium'' &lt;small&gt;Lour.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Thamnosma'' &lt;small&gt;Torr. &amp; Frém.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ticorea'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Toddalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (→ ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'')
* ''Toxosiphon'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Triphasia'' &lt;small&gt;Lour.&lt;/small&gt;

=== V ===

* ''Vepris'' &lt;small&gt;Comm. ex A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt;

=== W ===

* ''Wenzelia'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Z ===

* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zieria'' &lt;small&gt;Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny ''Boronia'')

=== Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Rutaceae'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Cedrelopsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Chloroxylon]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scop&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Citrus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Fagaropsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr. ex Siebenl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Ivodea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;. (saika tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Melicope]]'' &lt;small&gt;J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Vepris]]'' &lt;small&gt;Comm. ex A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Josefa Andrianaivoravelona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153540</id>
      <parentid>1153293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T14:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59580-54</username>
        <id>41625</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra */</comment>
      <origin>1153540</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16252" sha1="70ad0lzinptt0erbqfzbocy8ye37yr3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Josefa Andrianaivoravelona|teraka=1 janoary 1835|toerana=Ambohitrombihavana|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpanoratra|asa hafa=Mpitandrina|maty=1 aogositra 1897}}

== Fahazazana ==
Teraka ny 11 janoary 1835 tao [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] renivohitry ny Andrianamboninolona i Andriantseheno, izay niova anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona taty aoriana. Fotoana nampieritreritra tokoa tamin'izany satria sady zoma ny andro no mbola maizina atoandro ihany koa. Toa fambara mialoha ny fahamaizinana hitranga vetivety teo amin'ny fiainany ny fahitana taratra izany. Nanao [[kabary]] fandrarana ny fivavahana kristianina mantsy i [[Ranavalona I]] ny martsa 1835, izany hoe roa volana taorian'io fotoana io.

Mpiandry ny omby aman'ondrin-draibeny izy teo amin'ny fahazazany. Maro ny asa fanao teny ambanivohitra izay nirotsahany toy ny taozavatra fanefena [[vilany tany]] sy ny fandrariana harona ary ny famolesana landy. Namorona tsilalao nahafinaritra hatrany izy nandritra izany ary fanaony ihany koa ny nitsiko zavamaneno. Ireny anjara raharaha sy ireny [[zavamaneno]] ireny no nanefy azy teo amin'ny fiatrehana ny fiainana taty aoriana.

Tamin' ny taona 1845 dia nalain'ny zokiny hipetraka tany aminy izy ka nomeny anjara asa mpiandry raharaha sy mpitsena tao antsinanan-drova. Nianatra namaky teny sy nanoratra izy tamin'izany fa tsy nety nahay velively, hany ka nijanona tsy nianatra intsony. Nanonofy ny litera rehetra A hatramin'ny Z vita soratra fotsy teny amin'ny lanitra manga anefa izy tamin'ny taona 1846. Tadidiny tsara ny litera tsirairay ka nosoratany tamin'ny horona teo amin'ny feny sy ny ranjony ny abidy ary natanjozotrany hatrany amin'ny hato-tongony izany. Naka toky tamin'ny olona mihitsy ny lehilahy  ny amin'ny fomba famakiana teny, hany ka nahavaky soratra ihany rehefa nikiry aoka izany. Nomena teny lavalava  tamin'ny solaitra mikasika ny fivavahana izy hovakiny tamin'ny taona 1847. Nilentika tao am-pony mandra-maty anefa ny andian-teny voavakiny nanao hoe: &quot;Aza manao ratsy fa mahatezitra Azy izany&quot;.(Andrianaivoravelona. J., 1921).

Nivaro-tsavony teo Amboanonoka, toerana atsimo andrefan'ny [[Rova Manjakamiadana|rova]] izy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1848 sy 1851, na izany aza anefa dia nentin'Andriamanjato lehiben'ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] nanaraka azy izy ka nahazo vola tamin'ny fanoratana teny [[Andohalo]] sy [[Analakely]] ary [[Mahamasina]] satria tsara sady milamina ny sora-tanany.

Tamin'ny taona 1852-1853 dia nanaraka an-jokiny tany [[Fianarantsoa]] indray izy nefa tsy nahazo vola fa nahazo aretina aza. Nivarotra enta-madinika tao Amboanonoka indray izy tamin'ny taona 1853-1855 nony tafaverina. Tonga fatra-pitia namaky soratra printy loatra i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tao anatin'ireo taona ireo ka satriny hamaky azy mandrakariva. Fitsimpinana taratasy teny rehetra teny, famakiana sy fandinihana izany no nataony aton-draharaha. Koa na dia tsy azony aza ny hevitry ny teny voalaza dia nangorakoraka ny fony; ary tsy fantany velively izay antony nahatonga izany. Araka ny fiheverany dia mety manakaiky ny fotoana hanehon'Andriamanitra azy ny teny famonjena ka ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]] no mampiomana ny fony handraisany izany am-pitiavana. Samy mety ho marina ireo hevitra ireo satria ny fanoratana tononkalo hajary hira sy ny [[Fitoriana ny Filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] no fanompoam-panahy maminy sy nampahery azy indrindra taty aoriana. Lovasoa navelany ho an'ny Fiangonana sy ny fiarahamonina malagasy izany.

==  Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra ==
[[Zazamarolahy]] avy any Antanetibe ambodin'Angavokely ny lafin-drainy. [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] avy any [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] kosa ny lafin-dreniny. 

Andrianavalonatomponiloharano (1746-1810) no razambeny izay voalaza fa naterak’i Ramorabe reniben' [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Mazava ho azy fa niara-belona tamin'Andrianampoinimerina ny fototra nipoirany. 

Razakandriantsilavo sy Rabodonavalona kosa no raibe sy reniben'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona avy amin-drainy. Nonina tao Ambohitrombihavana izy ireo sady nitondra ny foko tao. Efatra mianadahy no naterany, dia: Andrianavalona, Andriankolo, Andriantsalama ary Ravao. 

Andrianavalona no ray niteraka an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona; Razafimalala na Razafy kosa no reniny. Maro mpiray tampo izy ireo no naterak'izy mivady toa an-dRasoa, Rainivelo, Razandrina, Andrianambahy, Rainimiandrisoa na Rasoamaka mpitandrina tao Ambohitrabiby, Rangory, Rainibozaka na Andriantseheno izay novana anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona, Raketaka na Ranosy, Rainijaona manamboninahitra tany [[Fianarantsoa]], Rainiketamanga na Rafaralahy, Rafarandriana na Rasoafara, Rainizanabahiny na Rafaralahivahiny ary Rapatsa. Na dia nilevina tao Ambohitrombihavana aza Razakandriantsilavo raibeny taty aoriana dia nanao fanekena tamin'ny mpiray lova tamin'ny Andrianavalona rainy hoe: &quot;Rasoamaka zanako no hitondra ny anaran'ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] any fa izaho tsy mahafoy an'Ambohitromby, ka dia mangataka andro kely vao nody tany izy&quot;. (Andrianaivoravelona, 1921). Nony vita anefa ny fanekena dia tsy nito-doha tany akory Rasoamaka satria tsy foiny indray ny fiainana tao Ambohitrombihavana. Tezitra anefa ny mpiray lova tamin'Andrianavalona ka nilaza hoe: &quot;Ny razana tsy tianao nefa ny fananan-drazana lasanao, ka dia alaiko avokoa ny [[Fanandevozana teto Madagasikara|andevo]] rehetra tamin'Andrianavalonatomponiloharano sady lova tsy voazara rahateo ireo; koa izaho mamelo-maso no tompony&quot;.

Lasan'ny mpiray lova aminy avokoa ny andevon-drazana. Na izany aza dia mbola tsaroan'ny menakely tao [[Antanetibe]] ny hoe: taranak' Andrianavalonatomponiloharano ihany koa izy ireo nony nitsidika tany i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona na ny sasany tamin'ny fianakaviana; ary itenen'izy ireo mandrakariva hoe:&quot;Zanaky ny Tomponay re!&quot; 

=== Ny Andrianambonolona ===
Tsara ihany ny manasongadina ny tantaran' ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] izay niavian'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona amin'izao fampahafantarana ny lalam-piainany izao. 

[[Andriamananitany]] zandrin' [[Andriamanelo]] no voalohany nalaza tamin'ny fanjakana (1567). Novonoin'ny vahoaka izy noho ny fialonan-jokiny azy.

Nandositra irery ny zanany lahy [[Andrianamboninolona]] ary nonina tao Ambohitralantenina ka tonga razan'ny foko tao. Mba tsy hanovana ny hafatry ny razana ny amin'ny fifandimbiasana eo anivon'ny fanjakana manao hoe &quot;Ny alakamisy an'Andriamanelo fa ny zoma an'Andriamananitany&quot; (Andrianaivoravelona J., 1921) anefa dia nalain'Andriamanelo Ratsitohinina izay novana ho Ratsitohininamanjaka, zanakavavin' Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka, ary nampanambadiany an-dRalambo zanany. Hoy indrindra izy tamin'izany: &quot;Aza manary havana ianao fa aoka ho kibo omby havana&quot;.

Taty aoriana dia [[Andrianjaka]] zana-dRatsitohininamanjaka tamin-d [[Ralambo]] no tonga mpanjaka nandimby an-drainy noho izy nahavonjy ny tafika niantsoana azy. Izy ilay mpanjaka nalaza nanorina an'[[Antananarivo]] sy nanao azy ho renivohitry ny fanjakana.

Noho izany rehetra izany dia azo heverina fa Andrianamboninolona no loharanon'ny andriamanjaka maro nifandimby teto Imerina ary ny anaran' Ambohitrombihavana izay Ambohitralantenina fahizay dia avy amin'ny hoe &quot;vohitry ny kibo omby havana&quot;. Tsikaritra fa anisan'ny foko fatra-piely indrindra amin'ny Nosy ny andrianamboninolona ankehitriny.

=== Ankohonana ===
Tamin'ny taona 1856 i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona no nampakatra an'i Nery Ravelonanahary, izay [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]], ho vady ary enina ambin'ny folo mianadahy no naterak'izy mivady: sivy lahy sy fito vavy: Raketamanga (1861-1862), Estera Ratavy Razanabelona (1863-1937), Josefa Raveloson (1865-1891), RazafinavalonaRainaivonambelona (1867-1868), Josefa Rakoto (1870-1882), Josefa Noa Rarinavalona (1871-1927), Josefa Rabetafika (1873-1955), Rakotovao (1875-1876), Jaona Rasolonaina (1876), Joseph Andrianaivoravelona (1877-1961), Rahantanavalona (1879-1953), Razafenatapea (1881-1949), Rasoarivelo (1883-1929), Ranerivelo (1885-1888), Ranarivelo (1887-1916), Julie Razananivo (1891-1917).

Maromaro tamin'ny zanany lahy no tonga Mpitandrina toa an-drainy: Josefa Raveloson Evanjelistra, Josefa R. Rarinavalona Joseph Andrianaivoravelona.

=== Ny anarany ===
Hevitry ny anarana hoe &quot;Josefa&quot;: anarana mamin'ny Jiosy sy ny Malagasy loatra ny hoe &quot;Josefa&quot;. Misy olona roa ambin'ny folo no mitondra ny anarana hoe Josefa ao amin'ny [[Baiboly]]: dimy no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] ary olona fito samihafa no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]. Ny Malagasy ihany koa dia nankamamy izany anarana izany satria betsaka ny fantatra amin'ny fiantso hoe Rajosefa sy Josefa. Maro ny fomba jiosy mitovy amin'ny fomba malagasy toy ny fiovana anarana. Abrama lasa hoe Abrahama; Saray lasa Saraha taty aoriana. Miova anarana toy izany koa ny Malagasy an-dRanovona ho Rainitiaray, Mpitandrina tao Amparibe; Ramafadrahona niova ho Rainitrimo, Mpitandrina tao Avaratr'Andohalo ary Andriantseheno niova ho Andrianaivoravelona.

'''Seheno'''

Ny teny hoe Saheno niova ho Seheno dia ilazana olona tsy manana aretina fa salama sy finaritra avokoa ny vatany manontolo. Mitovy hevitra aminy hoe &quot;salama&quot; ny &quot;seheno&quot; saingy tsy fampiasa firy afa-tsy amin'ny anaran'olona ihany. Toy izao no anavahana ny teny hoe &quot;salama&quot; sy &quot;seheno&quot;: ny &quot;salama&quot; dia ilazana toe-batana eo ho eo ihany na dia misy aretina mety mandalo aza; ny &quot;seheno&quot; kosa  dia ilazana fahasalamana tanteraka eo amin'ny toe-batana.

Fanakambanan-teny maro: Andriana + naivo + velona izany. Ilazana ny olona hajaina sy omen-kaja ny Andriana. Ny zanaka eo antenantenany na eo afovoany kosa fa nolazaina fa naivo. Ny Ra- indray dia marim-piantsoana ny lehilahy izay mitovy amin'ny hoe Andriamatoa. Ny velona indray dia firariantsoa atao amin'ny olona izay mievina. Tsy mifanalavitra ary mety ho tohin'ny anarana Andriantseheno ihany ny Andrianaivoravelona satria rehefa salama tanteraka ny olona dia azo antoka fa hateza ny fahavelomany.

== Iraka ==
Raha tomorina ny tantara dia anisan'ny Kristiana nirahina hankany [[Fianarantsoa]] i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona noho ny fanenjehana. Niery ombieny ombieny izy teny an-dalana ary alina vao tonga tany Fianarantsoa. Tsy nanam-po an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mbola ho velona intsony anefa ny Kristiana fa efa nandre azy ho nosamborina ka novonoina. Tsy nampoizin'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ho nisy fiangonana tao Fianarantsoa. Namantana tao an-tranon-dRafaralahindroso mivady izay kristiana tany izy ka gaga nahita olona marobe tao an-tokantranon'izy ireo. Nony nahita azy anefa izy rehetra dia nifandrombaka niteny hoe:&quot;velona ihany re velona ihany&quot;. Nifanitsy indrindra tamin'ny anarana hoe Andrianaivoravelona izany.

== Josefa Andrianaivoravelona niova ho kristiana ==
Tamin'ny taona 1856 dia niova lalana ary nanana toe-panahy tsy neken'ny fiarahamonina nisy azy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona satria nivily ho amin'ny fakana sy fampiasana [[ody]] mahery. Nasehony imason'olona mihitsy ny heriny sy ny fahaizany misorona. Nanjary [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] malaza sy [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]] ny lehilahy ary natahoran'ny olona noho ny hakingany tamin'io sehatra io. Voalaza fa mpampihorohoro ny kristiana mihitsy aza izy tamin'izany fotoana izany. Nampitady vady anefa i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tamin'ny taona 1856 rehefa avy nanaraka an-dRabodonandrianampoinimerina teny [[Tsinjoarivo]]. Raketaka na Nery zanak'Andriatsimangindy avy any Ambohimarina sy Rahasinina (Rafotsy Ratoa), vehivavy kristiana tsara toetra, efa voalaza tetsy aloha, no nanaiky azy. Noesoin'ny mpiara-monina anefa izy satria noheverina fa mpilalao ody sy mpanenjika fivavahana. Gaga anefa izy indray andro raha nahita ireo olona nipetraka tao amin'ny rafozany niondrika nivavaka mialoha ny hisakafoana. Teo anatrehan'izany dia tsy naharitra izy ka nanontany ny Testamenta hovakiny tamin'ireto rafozany. Tsy tananany intsony ny faniriany hany ka nosavainy ny tao ambanin'ny kidoron'ireto ray aman-dreny ireto. Nahita lahatsoratra fampianarana avy amin'ny voalaza tao amin'ny Soratra Masina (Rom.12, IKor 13; Efes 5:6) izy tamin'izany. Natahotra mafy iretsy rafozany sao hanaparitaka izany Andriantseheno. Novakiny soa aman-tsara anefa izany ary nampiova fo azy ka nahatonga ny fanoloran-tenany  ho amin'ny [[batisa]]. Nahita izany fiovana izany ny manodidina toa an-dRafotsy Ratoa sy Rafaravavy ka nilaza hoe: &quot;Isaorana anie Andriamanitra izay nifidy anao fa na dia tovolahy mahatahotra aza ianao dia nofidiny ho mpanompony&quot;.

== Josefa Andrianaivoravelona misahana ==
Nanam-pifandraisana tamin'ny mpitondra izy: anisan'izany ny fampianarany ny mpitsoka mozika tao an-dRova, ny fifandraisana tamin'ny Mpanjala kristiana nifandimby sy tamin'ny Praiministra nifandimby. Voaporofo ihany koa fa nifanakaiky sy nifankahazo i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona sy [[Rakotondradama]]. Nisy ny bokim-pivavahana tonga avy tany an-dafy nentin'ny kristianina taty [[Antananarivo]] ary tratran'ny mpitsikilon-d[[Ranavalona I]]. Nomen'ny mpitsikilo an-dRakotondradama anefa izany mba hodorany saingy tsy nodoran'ny zanak'Andriana ny boky fa nomeny an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona. Ity farany indray avy eo no nanaparitaka azy tamin'ny kristiana tany am-pierena.

Notendrena ho Tandapa roa ambin'ny folo voninahitra izy ary anisan'ny olom-pantatra indrindra tao an-dRova. Marihina fa ny Tandapa dia manam-boninahitra mahazo miditra ny Rova ambony na faritra misy an'i Tsarahafatra Mahitsiekafanjaka, Manampisoa.

Rehefa tonga ny mpanjanan-tany dia nisy fanovana ny fomba fiasa tao an-dRova. Ireo olona akaiky ny mpitondra malagasy fahiny no niezahan'ny Frantsay nailika voalohany mba tsy hanelingelina azy. Ny famongorana ny fihetsiketsehan'ny [[Menalamba]] no tena tanjon'i Frantsa ka tsy nanavahana fa izay nahina dia naripaka avokoa. Voampanga ho nifampiraharaha sy nampitondra taratasy nahitana sonia JA tamin'ny Menalamba mantsy izy, saingy tsy izy velively no nanao izany. Teo anatrehan'izany dia nosamborina izy tamin'ny 24 febroary 1897. Noho ny fanelanelanan'i Pasitera Benjamin Escande tamin'ny mpitondra frantsay anefa dia tsy notsaraina hotifirina toa an'i Printsy Ramahatra sy [[Printsy Ratsimamanga|Ratsimamanga]]  ary ny Governora [[Rainandriamampandry]]  izy fa avy hatrany dia nalefa sesitany tany [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] any [[La Réunion]].

== Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mandala ny teny malagasy ==
Na dia efa voadika tamin'ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] aza ny [[Baiboly]] tamin'ny 21 jona 1835 dia mbola tsapan'ny misionera fa somary nikaviavia ny dikan-teny malagasy ary tokony ho nasiam-panitsiana. Baiboly tamin'ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] no nadika teny malagasy voalohany. Taty aoriana dia [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny latina|latina]] izay tany am-piandohana mihitsy no nalaina nandikana izany tamin'ny teny malagasy. Maro ny Malagasy sy ny vahiny nandray anjara tamin'ny fanitsiana ny Baiboly saingy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona irery no naharitra hatramin'ny farany (1873-1887). Nisy ny fanitsiana indroa nivoaka ka ny 28 oktobra 1885 ny voalohany ary 30 avrily 1887 kosa no vita ny fanitsiana faharoa. Nahefa be izy tamin'izany ary maro ny hevitra naposany tamin'ny fanitsiana ny teny malagasy tao amin'ny Baiboly.

== Josefa Andrianaivoravelona nandao ==
Tsy nazava loatra ny antony nahafatesan'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ny 1 aogositra 1897. Nambara mantsy ny fahalasanany  tampoka. Toy izao no teniny farany ny alahady tamin'ny efatra ora maraina: &quot;Ray ô! Raha tsy mbola vita ny asako, sitrano aho, rehefa ampy kosa izay, raiso aho ho any aminao&quot;.

== Loharanon-kevitra ==
'''Boky'''

* Andrianaivoravelona J.(1921). ''Tantaran'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona'' (sora-tanana)
* Andrianaivoravelona, j. ''Akon'ny fo,'' Antananarivo, Imprimerie Ny Antsiva-Ambanidia

== Loharano ==
1.https://dacb.org/stories/madagascar/andrianaivoravelona-j/

2.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-92-1.html

3.https://www.fjkm.mg/index.php/2019/08/12/andrianaivoravelona-j

4.https://gw.geneanet.org/aviavy?lang=fr&amp;n=andrianaivoravelona&amp;p=joseph

5.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-74-1-1.html</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dichrostachys tenuifolia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295593</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153574</id>
      <parentid>1145441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153574</origin>
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      <text bytes="1192" sha1="gz0qr8d5neyv6hjxa1inosy7dx2i95u" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dichrostachys tenuifolia''''' na '''''Desmanthus tenuifolius''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Atao hoe '''falahindambo''', '''falahondambo''', '''famahotramainty''', '''famaho''', '''famahotsa''', '''famoalambo''', '''hazonosy''', '''roimainty''' ary '''tsivoninjao''' izy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Nefa mety manondro zavamaniry hafa koa ireo anarana ireo. 

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Hazonosy]] (''Dichrostachys tenuifolia, [[Solanum hippophaeoides]]'')

* [[Roimainty]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'')

* [[Tsivoninjao]] (''[[Chadsia grevei]], Dichrostachys tenuifolia'')
* ''[[Chadsia]]''
* ''[[Desmanthus]]'' 
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473275-Dichrostachys-tenuifolia Dichrostachys tenuifolia]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>gz0qr8d5neyv6hjxa1inosy7dx2i95u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153576</id>
      <parentid>1153574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="62gxjxm2nhi5usy1gtd16tw3hrsitec" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dichrostachys tenuifolia''''' na '''''Desmanthus tenuifolius''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Atao hoe '''falahindambo''', '''falahondambo''', '''famahotramainty''', '''famaho''', '''famahotsa''', '''famoalambo''', '''hazonosy''', '''roimainty''' ary '''tsivoninjao''' izy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Nefa mety manondro zavamaniry hafa koa ireo anarana ireo. 

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Hazonosy]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia, [[Solanum hippophaeoides]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Tsivoninjao]]: ''[[Chadsia grevei]], Dichrostachys tenuifolia''
* ''[[Chadsia]]''
* ''[[Desmanthus]]'' 
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473275-Dichrostachys-tenuifolia Dichrostachys tenuifolia]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>62gxjxm2nhi5usy1gtd16tw3hrsitec</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153580</id>
      <parentid>1153576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153580</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1272" sha1="gbg9av8bfxr0z5ok0tbzm4oy3o6qvwj" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dichrostachys tenuifolia''''' na '''''Desmanthus tenuifolius''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Atao hoe '''falahindambo''', '''falahondambo''', '''famahotramainty''', '''famaho''', '''famahotsa''', '''famoalambo''', '''hazonosy''', '''roimainty''' ary '''tsivoninjao''' izy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Nefa mety manondro zavamaniry hafa koa ireo anarana ireo. 

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Hazonosy]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia, [[Solanum hippophaeoides]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Tsivoninjao]]: ''[[Chadsia grevei]], Dichrostachys tenuifolia''
* ''[[Chadsia]]''
* ''[[Desmanthus]]'' 
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473275-Dichrostachys-tenuifolia Dichrostachys tenuifolia]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>gbg9av8bfxr0z5ok0tbzm4oy3o6qvwj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153589</id>
      <parentid>1153580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:53:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153589</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1444" sha1="5qpu8u44bwis1ydkjcqsgokzzcekqb8" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dichrostachys tenuifolia''''' na '''''Desmanthus tenuifolius''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Atao hoe '''falahindambo''', '''falahondambo''', '''famahotramainty''', '''famaho''', '''famahotsa''', '''famoalambo''', '''hazonosy''', '''roimainty''' ary '''tsivoninjao''' izy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Nefa mety manondro zavamaniry hafa koa ireo anarana ireo. 

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Hazonosy]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum hippophaeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Tsivoninjao]]: ''[[Chadsia grevei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* ''[[Chadsia]]''
* ''[[Desmanthus]]'' 
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473275-Dichrostachys-tenuifolia Dichrostachys tenuifolia]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>5qpu8u44bwis1ydkjcqsgokzzcekqb8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153639</id>
      <parentid>1153589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:14:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitatra votoatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2096" sha1="s6zjrbi2vpqrpb3zoei0rukrfo0cf39" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dichrostachys tenuifolia''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Hazobotry tsy fahita raha tsy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly maina any andrefana-afovoany sy atsinanana-afovoany amin' i [[Madagasikara]] izy io. Atao hoe '''falahindambo''', '''falahondambo''', '''famaho''', '''famahotramainty''', '''famahotsa''', '''famoalambo''', '''hazonosy''', '''roimainty''' ary '''tsivoninjao''' izy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; no anarana ara-tsiasany feno. Azo fantarina amin' ny raviny mizara madinika sy ny voniny miloko mavokely izay ahitana toa kofehy marefo maro io zavamaniry io. Eto Madagasikara, ny raviny, rehefa maina sy totoina ho vovoka, dia amidy eny an-tsena mba hampiasaina ho fanafody fanadiovana nify, natao hanamafisana ny [[hihy]]; ny raviny kosa dia sakafo tian' ny osy hohanina. 

Indreto koa ny anarana nahafantarana azy io: 

* ''Desmanthus tenuifolius'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.)Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys tenuifolius'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.)Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys greveanus'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys campenonii'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Hazonosy]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum hippophaeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Tsivoninjao]]: ''[[Chadsia grevei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Dichrostachys tenuifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* ''[[Desmanthus]]''
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473275-Dichrostachys-tenuifolia Dichrostachys tenuifolia]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>s6zjrbi2vpqrpb3zoei0rukrfo0cf39</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zanthoxylum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153565</id>
      <parentid>1152682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T18:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazana misy eto Madagasikara</comment>
      <origin>1153565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12825" sha1="i2xmo4948zkjvybt34ehpnn0rdk47q3" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 060325-6755 Zanthoxylum kauaense.jpg|vignette|''Zanthoxylum kauaense''|465x465px]]
Ny '''''Zanthoxylum''''' dia antokon-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'', izay ahitana karazana 250 eo ho eo,miseho amin' ny endrika [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]]. Ny faritra manana toetany somary mafana sy antonony eran' izao tontolo izao no ahitna azy ireo. Izy no vondron-karazana filamatra ao amin' ny fokon-javamaniry ''[[Zanthoxyleae]]'' ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''Rutoideae''. Manana [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]] mavo ny karazana maro ao aminy, izany no nahazoana ny anaran' ilay vondrona ([[Fiteny grika|grika]]: ξανθός / ''xanthos'', &quot;mavo&quot;). Ampiasaina ho zava-manitra ny voa, ny ravina, ny vony ary indraindray ny hoditry ny karazana maro, fa ny hodiny dia matetika misy poizina. 

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Zanthoxylum clava-herculis2.jpg|vignette|''Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny antoko ''Zanthoxylum'', araka ny ''[[World Flora Online]]'' (WFO) &lt;small&gt;(16&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Desambra 2021)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum aculeatissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum acuminatum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum ailanthoides'' &lt;small&gt;Siebold &amp; Zucc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum albuquerquei'' &lt;small&gt;D.R. Simpson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum amapaense'' &lt;small&gt;(Albuq.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum americanum'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum anadenium'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb. &amp; Ekman) J. Jiménez Alm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum anison'' &lt;small&gt;L.O. Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum anodynum'' &lt;small&gt;Ant.Molina&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum apiculatum'' &lt;small&gt;(Sandwith) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum armatum'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum austrosinense'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum avicennae'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum beecheyanum'' &lt;small&gt;K.Koch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum'' &lt;small&gt;Leonard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum bissei'' &lt;small&gt;Beurton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum bluettianum'' &lt;small&gt;Rock&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum bouetense'' &lt;small&gt;(Pierre ex Letouzey) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum brisasanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Cuatrec.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum buesgenii'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' &lt;small&gt;Maxim.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum calcicola'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum capense'' &lt;small&gt;(Thunb.) Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum caribaeum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum chalybeum'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum ciliatum'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum claessensii'' &lt;small&gt;(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum coco'' &lt;small&gt;Gillies ex Hook. f. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum collinsiae'' &lt;small&gt;W. G. Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum comosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Herzog) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum compactum'' &lt;small&gt;(Huber ex Albuq.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum coriaceum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum culantrillo'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum davyi'' &lt;small&gt;Waterm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum decaryi]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum deremense'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) Kokwaro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum dinklagei'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum dipetalum'' &lt;small&gt;H. Mann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum dissitum'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae'' &lt;small&gt;(Albuq.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum dumosum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum echinocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum ekmanii'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) Alain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum elegantissimum'' &lt;small&gt;P. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum elephantiasis'' &lt;small&gt;Macfad.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum engleri'' &lt;small&gt;Waterm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum esquirolii'' &lt;small&gt;H. Lév.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum fagara'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sarg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum falcifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum flavum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum foliolosum'' &lt;small&gt;Donn.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum formiciferum'' &lt;small&gt;(Cuatrec.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum furcyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) J. Jiménez Alm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum gardneri'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum gentryi'' &lt;small&gt;Reynel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'' &lt;small&gt;(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum glomeratum'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum'' &lt;small&gt;Pirani&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum harrisii'' &lt;small&gt;P. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum hawaiiense'' &lt;small&gt;Hillebr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum heitzii'' &lt;small&gt;(Aubrév. &amp; Pellegr.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum hillebrandii'' &lt;small&gt;Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum holtzianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum huberi'' &lt;small&gt;P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Waterm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum insularis'' &lt;small&gt;Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum integrifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Merr.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum juniperinum'' &lt;small&gt;Poepp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum kauaense'' &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum khasianum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum kleinii'' &lt;small&gt;(R.S. Cowan) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum kwangsiense'' &lt;small&gt;(Hand.-Mazz.) Chun ex C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum laetum'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum lemairei'' &lt;small&gt;(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum lenticellosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb. &amp; Ekman) J. Jiménez Alm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum lenticulare'' &lt;small&gt;Reynel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum lepidopteriphilum'' &lt;small&gt;Reynel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum leprieurii'' &lt;small&gt;Guill. &amp; Perr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum liboense'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum liebmannianum'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum limoncello'' &lt;small&gt;Planch. &amp; Oerst. ex Triana &amp; Planch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum lindense'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) Kokwaro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum lomincola'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) A. H. Liogier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum macranthum'' &lt;small&gt;(Hand.-Mazz.) C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum mananarense]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum mantaro'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum martinicense'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum maviense'' &lt;small&gt;H. Mann&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum mayanum'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum megistophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Burtt) T.G. Hartley&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum melanostictum'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl. &amp; Cham.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Aké Assi) W.D.Hawth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum micranthum'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum microcarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum mildbraedii'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum molle'' &lt;small&gt;Rehder&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum mollissimum'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum monogynum'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum motuoense'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum multijugum'' &lt;small&gt;Franch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum myriacanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Wall. ex Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum nannophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) A. H. Liogier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum nebuletorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Herzog) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum nemorale'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum nigrum'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum nitidum'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum oahuense'' &lt;small&gt;Hillebr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum ovalifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Tutcher&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) Finkelstein&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Edgew.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum panamense'' &lt;small&gt;P.Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum paracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Kokwaro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum paulae'' &lt;small&gt;(Albuq.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum pentandrum'' &lt;small&gt;(Aubl.) R.A.Howard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum petenense'' &lt;small&gt;Lundell&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum petiolare'' &lt;small&gt;A.St.-Hil. &amp; Tul.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum phyllopterum'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Wright&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' &lt;small&gt;Maxim.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' &lt;small&gt;Rehder &amp; E.H. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum poggei'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum pteracanthum'' &lt;small&gt;Rehder &amp; E.H. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum pucro'' &lt;small&gt;D.M Porter&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum punctatum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum quassiifolium'' &lt;small&gt;(Donn. Sm.) Standl. &amp; Steyerm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum quinduense'' &lt;small&gt;Tul.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum retusum'' &lt;small&gt;(Albuq.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum rhodoxylum'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) P. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum rhoifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum rhombifoliolatum'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum riedelianum'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum rigidum'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum robiginosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Reeder &amp; S.Y. Cheo) C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum rubescens'' &lt;small&gt;Planch. ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum scandens'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Siebold &amp; Zucc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum schreberi'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Gmel.) Reynel ex C.Nelson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum semiarticulatum'' &lt;small&gt;H. St. John &amp; Hosaka&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum setulosum'' &lt;small&gt;P.Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum sicyoides'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum simulans'' &lt;small&gt;Hance&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum skottsbergii'' &lt;small&gt;H. St. John&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum spinosum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum stelligerum'' &lt;small&gt;Turcz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum stenophyllum'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum stipitatum'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum subspicatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum syncarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Tul.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum taediosum'' &lt;small&gt;A. Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum tambopatense'' &lt;small&gt;Reynel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum tetraphyllum'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb. &amp; Ekman) J. Jiménez Alm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum thomasianum'' &lt;small&gt;Krug &amp; Urban Ex P. Wilson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum thomense'' &lt;small&gt;A. Chev. ex Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum thorncroftii'' &lt;small&gt;Waterm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum thouvenotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba'' &lt;small&gt;A. St.-Hil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum tomentellum'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum tragodes'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum trichilioides'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum trijugum'' &lt;small&gt;(Dunkley) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum undulatifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum usambarense'' &lt;small&gt;(Engl.) Kokwaro&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum verrucosum'' &lt;small&gt;(Cuatrec.) P.G. Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum viride'' &lt;small&gt;(A.Chev.) P.G.Waterman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum weberbaueri'' &lt;small&gt;(K. Krause) J.F. Macbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum williamsii'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum wutaiense'' &lt;small&gt;I.S.Chen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum xichouense'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum yuanjiangense'' &lt;small&gt;C.C. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Zepern. &amp; Timler&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Vitsy ihany ny karazana ''Zanthoxylum'' maniry eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen&lt;/small&gt; (←→ ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt;, ''[[Toddalia aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt;) -- anakasina, anakatsimba, fanidy, kasimba, roikisimba, roimainty, roindambo, romainty, roy, voanalakely, voanginamboa, voasarikelinala, voasarikelinikalavola, voasarinalika, volotsaka.

* ''[[Zanthoxylum decaryi]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt; -- manago, manongo, manongovola
* ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, manongo, tsihanimpoza
* ''[[Zanthoxylum mananarense]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; -- vohantsilana
* ''[[Zanthoxylum subspicatum]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt; --
* ''[[Zanthoxylum thouvenotii]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt; -- tsihanimpotsy, tsihanimpoza, tsilompoza
* ''[[Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa]]'' &lt;small&gt;H. Perrier&lt;/small&gt; -- manongo, tsihanimpoza

'''Fanamarihana'''

Ny ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen&lt;/small&gt; dia efa nafindra vondrona ka antsoina hoe ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; na ''[[Toddalia aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt; 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Toddalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>i2xmo4948zkjvybt34ehpnn0rdk47q3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zanthoxylum asiaticum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153570</id>
      <parentid>1147568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T19:49:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2360" sha1="pai9m09ok5y7gsm8izsh889amndti5i" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Toddalia asiatica.jpg|vignette|364x364px|''Toddalia asiatica'']]
Ny '''''Zanthoxylum asiaticum''''' na '''''Toddalia asiatica''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[vahy]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (karazana [[voasary]]). Raha amin' ny anarana hoe ''Toddalia asiatica'' dia io no hany karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana '''''Toddalia''''', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' ankehitriny.

Ireto ny anarana mety hanondroana azy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]: '''anakasina''', '''anakatsimba''', '''fanidy''', '''kasimba''', '''roikisimba''', '''roimainty''', '''roindambo''', '''romainty''', '''roy''', '''voanalakely''', '''voanginamboa''', '''voasarikelinala''', '''voasarikelinikalavola''', '''voasarinalika''', '''volotsaka'''. 

== Famariparitana ny endrika ivelany ==
Izy ity dia [[vahy]] minofon-kazo maivana, misy tsilo, mianika amin' ny hazo, mahatratra hatramin' ny 10 m ny halavany. Manana ravina maitso manjelatra, mamerovero toy ny voasary makirana, ny voniny maitso mavo, ary voany dia mivolom-boasary mirefy 0,5 sm ny savaivony, manana tsirony toy ny hodi-daoranjy. Aparitaky ny [[vorona]] sy ny [[rajako]] izay mihinana ny voany ny vihim-boany. Teratany any amin' ny firenena maro aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io. Ohatra amin' izany i [[Afrika Atsimo]], i [[Kenià]], ary i [[Maorisy]].

== Fampiasana azy ==
Ampiasain' ny [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrikana]] maro ho fanafody io zavamaniry io, anisan' izany ny [[Masay (vahoaka)|Masay]], izay mampiasa azy io hiasiana amin' ny [[tazomoka]] sy ny [[kohaka]] ary ny gripa. Ny fakany dia iadiana amin' ny [[plasmôdiôma]] miteraka [[tazomoka]]. Mety hampihena ny isan' ny fotony fiotazana an' io zavamaniry miadam-paniry io avy any an' ala mba hampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voasarinalika]]: ''[[Crotalaria aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;de Wild.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'').

* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>pai9m09ok5y7gsm8izsh889amndti5i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153586</id>
      <parentid>1153570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:37:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2442" sha1="jvsypbuae2isupwhw2mmbf85n0p4bw9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Toddalia asiatica.jpg|vignette|364x364px|''Toddalia asiatica'']]
Ny '''''Zanthoxylum asiaticum''''' na '''''Toddalia asiatica''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[vahy]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (karazana [[voasary]]). Raha amin' ny anarana hoe ''Toddalia asiatica'' dia io no hany karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana '''''Toddalia''''', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' ankehitriny.

Ireto ny anarana mety hanondroana azy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]: '''anakasina''', '''anakatsimba''', '''fanidy''', '''kasimba''', '''roikisimba''', '''roimainty''', '''roindambo''', '''romainty''', '''roy''', '''voanalakely''', '''voanginamboa''', '''voasarikelinala''', '''voasarikelinikalavola''', '''voasarinalika''', '''volotsaka'''. 

== Famariparitana ny endrika ivelany ==
Izy ity dia [[vahy]] minofon-kazo maivana, misy tsilo, mianika amin' ny hazo, mahatratra hatramin' ny 10 m ny halavany. Manana ravina maitso manjelatra, mamerovero toy ny voasary makirana, ny voniny maitso mavo, ary voany dia mivolom-boasary mirefy 0,5 sm ny savaivony, manana tsirony toy ny hodi-daoranjy. Aparitaky ny [[vorona]] sy ny [[rajako]] izay mihinana ny voany ny vihim-boany. Teratany any amin' ny firenena maro aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io. Ohatra amin' izany i [[Afrika Atsimo]], i [[Kenià]], ary i [[Maorisy]].

== Fampiasana azy ==
Ampiasain' ny [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrikana]] maro ho fanafody io zavamaniry io, anisan' izany ny [[Masay (vahoaka)|Masay]], izay mampiasa azy io hiasiana amin' ny [[tazomoka]] sy ny [[kohaka]] ary ny gripa. Ny fakany dia iadiana amin' ny [[plasmôdiôma]] miteraka [[tazomoka]]. Mety hampihena ny isan' ny fotony fiotazana an' io zavamaniry miadam-paniry io avy any an' ala mba hampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voasarinalika]]: ''[[Crotalaria aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;de Wild.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')

* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>jvsypbuae2isupwhw2mmbf85n0p4bw9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153679</id>
      <parentid>1153586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Toddalia asiatica]] ho [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2442" sha1="jvsypbuae2isupwhw2mmbf85n0p4bw9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Toddalia asiatica.jpg|vignette|364x364px|''Toddalia asiatica'']]
Ny '''''Zanthoxylum asiaticum''''' na '''''Toddalia asiatica''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[vahy]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (karazana [[voasary]]). Raha amin' ny anarana hoe ''Toddalia asiatica'' dia io no hany karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana '''''Toddalia''''', izay nampidirina ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' ankehitriny.

Ireto ny anarana mety hanondroana azy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]: '''anakasina''', '''anakatsimba''', '''fanidy''', '''kasimba''', '''roikisimba''', '''roimainty''', '''roindambo''', '''romainty''', '''roy''', '''voanalakely''', '''voanginamboa''', '''voasarikelinala''', '''voasarikelinikalavola''', '''voasarinalika''', '''volotsaka'''. 

== Famariparitana ny endrika ivelany ==
Izy ity dia [[vahy]] minofon-kazo maivana, misy tsilo, mianika amin' ny hazo, mahatratra hatramin' ny 10 m ny halavany. Manana ravina maitso manjelatra, mamerovero toy ny voasary makirana, ny voniny maitso mavo, ary voany dia mivolom-boasary mirefy 0,5 sm ny savaivony, manana tsirony toy ny hodi-daoranjy. Aparitaky ny [[vorona]] sy ny [[rajako]] izay mihinana ny voany ny vihim-boany. Teratany any amin' ny firenena maro aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io. Ohatra amin' izany i [[Afrika Atsimo]], i [[Kenià]], ary i [[Maorisy]].

== Fampiasana azy ==
Ampiasain' ny [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrikana]] maro ho fanafody io zavamaniry io, anisan' izany ny [[Masay (vahoaka)|Masay]], izay mampiasa azy io hiasiana amin' ny [[tazomoka]] sy ny [[kohaka]] ary ny gripa. Ny fakany dia iadiana amin' ny [[plasmôdiôma]] miteraka [[tazomoka]]. Mety hampihena ny isan' ny fotony fiotazana an' io zavamaniry miadam-paniry io avy any an' ala mba hampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voasarinalika]]: ''[[Crotalaria aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;de Wild.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')

* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>jvsypbuae2isupwhw2mmbf85n0p4bw9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153681</id>
      <parentid>1153679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:50:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana ara-tsiansa</comment>
      <origin>1153681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2847" sha1="ngn3vtouyg89fxc4627ll18vhaw6eh4" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Toddalia asiatica.jpg|vignette|364x364px|''Zanthoxylum asiaticum'']]
Ny '''''Zanthoxylum asiaticum''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[vahy]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (karazana [[voasary]]).  Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ity zavamaniry ity dia atao hoe '''anakasina''', '''anakatsimba''', '''fanidy''', '''kasimba''', '''roikisimba''', '''roimainty''', '''roindambo''', '''romainty''', '''roy''', '''voanalakely''', '''voanginamboa''', '''voasarikelinala''', '''voasarikelinikalavola''', '''voasarinalika''', '''volotsaka'''. ''Zanthoxylum asiaticum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Nahafantarana azy teo aloha ny anarana hoe na ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; izay hany karazana tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Toddalia'' izay nampidirina ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' ankehitriny.

== Famariparitana ==
Izy ity dia [[vahy]] minofon-kazo maivana, misy tsilo, mianika amin' ny hazo, mahatratra hatramin' ny 10 m ny halavany. Manana ravina maitso manjelatra, mamerovero toy ny voasary makirana, ny voniny maitso mavo, ary voany dia mivolom-boasary mirefy 0,5 sm ny savaivony, manana tsirony toy ny hodi-daoranjy. Aparitaky ny [[vorona]] sy ny [[rajako]] izay mihinana ny voany ny vihim-boany. Teratany any amin' ny firenena maro aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io. Ohatra amin' izany i [[Afrika Atsimo]], i [[Kenià]], ary i [[Maorisy]].

== Fampiasana azy ==
Ampiasain' ny [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrikana]] maro ho fanafody io zavamaniry io, anisan' izany ny [[Masay (vahoaka)|Masay]], izay mampiasa azy io hiasiana amin' ny [[tazomoka]] sy ny [[kohaka]] ary ny gripa. Ampiasaina amin' ny fiadiana amin' ny [[plasmôdiôma]] miteraka [[tazomoka]] ny fakany. Mety hampihena ny isan' ny fotony fiotazana an' io zavamaniry miadam-paniry io avy any an' ala mba hampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voasarinalika]]: ''[[Crotalaria aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;de Wild.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Fanidy (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cannabaceae]]''); ''Zanthoxylum asiaticum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen.&lt;/small&gt; (←  ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')

* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>ngn3vtouyg89fxc4627ll18vhaw6eh4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rubus apetalus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153575</id>
      <parentid>1125275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:16:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1238" sha1="bp5a2dgidf35g5z4k4s0cllxk48cht8" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1395.jpg|vignette|435x435px|''Rubus apetalus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus apetalus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I Jean Louis Marie Poiret no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roifotsy''', '''roimainty''', '''roina''', '''voaroimainty''', '''voarointsaka''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].
[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1394.jpg|vignette|357x357px|''Rubus apetalus'']]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roifotsy]] (''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'', ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'', ''Rubus apetalus'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* Roina (''Rubus apetalus'')
* [[Voaroimainty]] (''Rubus apetalus'', ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'', ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'')
* [[Voarointsaka]] (''Rubus apetalus, [[Rubus rosifolius]]'')

* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''

* ''[[Gymnosporia]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>bp5a2dgidf35g5z4k4s0cllxk48cht8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153583</id>
      <parentid>1153575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1317" sha1="cqt48j48sy1008d4e5b8r7lg97vdq2t" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1395.jpg|vignette|435x435px|''Rubus apetalus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus apetalus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I Jean Louis Marie Poiret no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roifotsy''', '''roimainty''', '''roina''', '''voaroimainty''', '''voarointsaka''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].
[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1394.jpg|vignette|357x357px|''Rubus apetalus'']]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roifotsy]] (''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'', ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'', ''Rubus apetalus'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* Roina (''Rubus apetalus'')
* [[Voaroimainty]] (''Rubus apetalus'', ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'', ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'')
* [[Voarointsaka]] (''Rubus apetalus, [[Rubus rosifolius]]'')

* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''

* ''[[Gymnosporia]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>cqt48j48sy1008d4e5b8r7lg97vdq2t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153640</id>
      <parentid>1153583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mpanoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1470" sha1="e5vywi7bdkgn714z57h5mvtajhcvtg8" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1395.jpg|vignette|435x435px|''Rubus apetalus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus apetalus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I Jean Louis Marie Poiret no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roifotsy''', '''roimainty''', '''roina''', '''voaroimainty''', '''voarointsaka''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].
[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1394.jpg|vignette|357x357px|''Rubus apetalus'']]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* Roina : ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]''&lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Voarointsaka]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;''; [[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>e5vywi7bdkgn714z57h5mvtajhcvtg8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153648</id>
      <parentid>1153640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:02:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1516" sha1="jy3a9vbcmlxobw5m6ka8e3mi8eb7lgs" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1395.jpg|vignette|435x435px|''Rubus apetalus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus apetalus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I Jean Louis Marie Poiret no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roifotsy''', '''roimainty''', '''roina''', '''voaroimainty''', '''voarointsaka''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].
[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1394.jpg|vignette|357x357px|''Rubus apetalus'']]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* Roina : ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]''&lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Voarointsaka]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;''; [[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>jy3a9vbcmlxobw5m6ka8e3mi8eb7lgs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153649</id>
      <parentid>1153648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1512" sha1="j4624lt1i0x7uluwrs0ldmqligbd43u" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1395.jpg|vignette|406x406px|''Rubus apetalus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus apetalus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I Jean Louis Marie Poiret no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roifotsy''', '''roimainty''', '''roina''', '''voaroimainty''', '''voarointsaka''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].
[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1394.jpg|vignette|357x357px|''Rubus apetalus'']]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* Roina : ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]''&lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Voarointsaka]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;''; [[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>j4624lt1i0x7uluwrs0ldmqligbd43u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153650</id>
      <parentid>1153649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1462" sha1="c23p3640jnmdmgawdej8nbogqav0z3f" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1395.jpg|vignette|406x406px|''Rubus apetalus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus apetalus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I Jean Louis Marie Poiret no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roifotsy''', '''roimainty''', '''roina''', '''voaroimainty''', '''voarointsaka''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].
[[Sary:Rubus apetalus 1DS-II 4-1394.jpg|vignette|357x357px|''Rubus apetalus'']]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]''&lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* [[Voarointsaka]]: ''Rubus apetalus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;''; [[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>c23p3640jnmdmgawdej8nbogqav0z3f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rubus myrianthus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153585</id>
      <parentid>1125283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1266" sha1="3ovgyfau31o92ltwskwlqrix3cit8n2" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Rubus myrianthus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I John Gilbert Baker no nanao ny famaritana azy io voalohany. Tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Ireto ny anarana ahafantarana azy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]:  '''roimainty''' sy '''voaroimainty''', nefa tsy io ihany no zavamaniry atsoina amin'  ireo anarana ireo.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus myrianthus'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]] (''[[Rubus apetalus]], Rubus myrianthus, [[Rubus pauciflorus]]'')
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473134-Rubus-myrianthus Rubus myrianthus]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''
* &quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/337758 ''Rubus myrianthus'' Baker]&quot;, ''www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>3ovgyfau31o92ltwskwlqrix3cit8n2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153643</id>
      <parentid>1153585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:49:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="c62itz57v17zhsa7f3swkh6a90z156r" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Rubus myrianthus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I John Gilbert Baker no nanao ny famaritana azy io voalohany. Tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Ireto ny anarana ahafantarana azy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]:  '''roimainty''' sy '''voaroimainty''', nefa tsy io ihany no zavamaniry atsoina amin'  ireo anarana ireo.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus myrianthus'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]] (''[[Rubus apetalus]], Rubus myrianthus, [[Rubus pauciflorus]]'')
* ''[[Rubus]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473134-Rubus-myrianthus Rubus myrianthus]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''
* &quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/337758 ''Rubus myrianthus'' Baker]&quot;, ''www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>c62itz57v17zhsa7f3swkh6a90z156r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153644</id>
      <parentid>1153643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:50:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1297" sha1="bn99kldv2aw4xje5e3x0m3aib4s2ou7" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Rubus myrianthus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. I John Gilbert Baker no nanao ny famaritana azy io voalohany. Tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Ireto ny anarana ahafantarana azy amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]:  '''roimainty''' sy '''voaroimainty''', nefa tsy io ihany no zavamaniry atsoina amin'  ireo anarana ireo.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus myrianthus'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'')
* ''[[Rubus]]''

== Rohy ivelany ==

* ''&quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/473134-Rubus-myrianthus Rubus myrianthus]&quot;, www.inaturalist.org''
* &quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/337758 ''Rubus myrianthus'' Baker]&quot;, ''www.inaturalist.org''</text>
      <sha1>bn99kldv2aw4xje5e3x0m3aib4s2ou7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rubus pauciflorus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153579</id>
      <parentid>1125297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:33:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="jm58bxipxan76pbawzi9s5etdfdueka" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Rubus pauciflorus''''' dia karazana zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]],'' izay tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. I John Gilbert Baker no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roimainty''' sy '''voaroimainty''' ary '''voarointsilo''' ny anarany amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]

* ''[[Rubus]]''
* [[Voaroy]]
* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus pauciflorus'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'') -- 
* [[Voarointsilo]] (''Rubus pauciflorus'' na ''[[Rubus niveus]]'')</text>
      <sha1>jm58bxipxan76pbawzi9s5etdfdueka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153653</id>
      <parentid>1153579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:12:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1115" sha1="9n97p66iqx6i3qo4zy1yrl5u1syttms" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Rubus pauciflorus''''' dia karazana zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]],'' izay tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. I John Gilbert Baker no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roimainty''' sy '''voaroimainty''' ary '''voarointsilo''' ny anarany amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus pauciflorus'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'') --
* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* [[Voaroy]]</text>
      <sha1>9n97p66iqx6i3qo4zy1yrl5u1syttms</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153654</id>
      <parentid>1153653</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mpanoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1132" sha1="kpscsvtfybtlplr8e49jaetc852jcq5" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Rubus pauciflorus''''' dia karazana zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]],'' izay tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. I John Gilbert Baker no namariparitra azy io voalohany. Atao hoe '''roimainty''' sy '''voaroimainty''' ary '''voarointsilo''' ny anarany amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus pauciflorus'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus pauciflorus'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'') --
* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* [[Voaroy]]</text>
      <sha1>kpscsvtfybtlplr8e49jaetc852jcq5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roibe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153636</id>
      <parentid>1125404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>802</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Hibiscus diversifolius]] vers [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</comment>
      <origin>1153636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</text>
      <sha1>115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azoampela</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153591</id>
      <parentid>1125410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T21:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="733" sha1="fs0yliilrpcltt2rox5p7mfmnvo97dz" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus vitifolius 01.JPG|vignette|335x335px|''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'']]
Ny '''hazoampela''' na '''azoampela''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]):

* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe.
* ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') --  azoampela

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower 1 NC.jpg|ankavia|vignette|248x248px|''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' ]]</text>
      <sha1>fs0yliilrpcltt2rox5p7mfmnvo97dz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153592</id>
      <parentid>1153591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T21:03:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Hazoampela]] ho [[Azoampela]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="733" sha1="fs0yliilrpcltt2rox5p7mfmnvo97dz" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus vitifolius 01.JPG|vignette|335x335px|''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'']]
Ny '''hazoampela''' na '''azoampela''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]):

* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe.
* ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') --  azoampela

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower 1 NC.jpg|ankavia|vignette|248x248px|''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' ]]</text>
      <sha1>fs0yliilrpcltt2rox5p7mfmnvo97dz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153594</id>
      <parentid>1153592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T21:04:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="734" sha1="hssxclrmlsb38qrr1vhm9gxk7gt7oy9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus vitifolius 01.JPG|vignette|335x335px|''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'']]
Ny '''azoampela''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]):

* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe.
* ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') --  azoampela

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower 1 NC.jpg|ankavia|vignette|248x248px|''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' ]]</text>
      <sha1>hssxclrmlsb38qrr1vhm9gxk7gt7oy9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hibiscus vitifolius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153590</id>
      <parentid>1125412</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2605" sha1="3dbeb3wdv70z62yy5ggpb10pc6klak5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. vulgaris 1DS-II 3-1915.jpg|vignette|494x494px|''Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. vulgaris'']]
Ny '''''Hibiscus vitifolius''''' dia karazan-[[Angiospermae|javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]''. Izy io dia teratany any amin' ny tany trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly izay manana fizaran-taona maina, ary nampidirina tany [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Zavamaniry ahitra maharitra iray ka hatramin' ny roa taona izy io, mety mahatratra haavo 2 m ary lasa misy tsiraka hazo rehefa lehibe, hita any amin' ny toeram-paniriana isan-karazany, ary [[ahidratsy]] ho an' ny fambolena. Ampiasaina izy io hahazoana tsiraka, matetika afangaro amin' ny tsiraka avy amin' ny ''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'' na ny an' ny ''[[Corchorus capsularis]]''. Atao hoe '''hazoampela''' na '''azoampela''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] nefa ny ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' koa dia antsoina amin' io anarana io.

== Famariparitana ==
Henjana sy mitsangana, mitombo hatramin' ny roa metatra, miaraka amin' ny [[Taho|tahony]] manopy mena indraindray ity zavamaniry ity. Midadasika sy mibikan' atody ny [[Ravina (zavamaniry)|raviny]], miedrika fo na mirimbana am-potony ary misy kinifinifiny ny sisiny. Mitombo ka mamorona tampona sy mipoitra avy eo amin' ny foto-dravina ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboniny]]. Somary malefaka ny [[vondron-dravimbony]]. Misy [[felambony]] dimy mifanindry, miloko mavo na hatsatra, misy pentina mena antitra eo am-potony ny [[vondrom-pelambony]]. Arahin' ny fonony maina miloko manja hatsatra misy voa mainty miendrika [[matsa]] ny [[Voninkazo|voniny]].

== Faritra aniriany sy toerana tiany aniriana ==
[[Sary:Hibiscus vitifolius.jpg|vignette|''Hibiscus vitifolius'']]
Teratany any amin' ny faritra mafana aty [[Afrika]], any [[Atsinanana Afovoany]], any [[India]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]] ny ''Hibiscus vitifolius''. Nampidirina tany amin' ny ankamaroan' ny nosy any [[Karaîba|Karaiba]] izy io. Ity zavamaniry ity dia manana karazan-toeram-paniriana maro be, any anaty ala, any amin' ny toerana mazava anaty ala, eny amin' ny [[sahalava]], eny amin' ny kirihitr' ala anjakan' ny ''[[Acacia]]'' sy ny ''[[Commiphora]]'', eny amin' ny tany foana ary eny amoron-dalana, amin' ny haavo hatramin' ny 3&amp;nbsp;000 metatra.

== Zana-karazana ==
Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Hibiscus vitifolius'':

* ''Hibiscus vitifolius'' subsp. ''lukei'' &lt;small&gt;Mwachala &amp; Cheek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Hibiscus vitifolius'' subsp. ''vitifolius''
* ''Hibiscus vitifolius'' subsp''. vulgaris''

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''

* ''[[Corchorus]]''</text>
      <sha1>3dbeb3wdv70z62yy5ggpb10pc6klak5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rubus fruticosus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153577</id>
      <parentid>1125425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1153577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1037" sha1="7j6nslmjk3c7v47pg0lf0unszp85a1x" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Blackberries at Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, England 01.jpg|vignette|329x329px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus fruticosus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. Ity kirihitra misy tsilo ity dia fahita matetika any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony. Mamokatra voa azo hanina izy io.
[[Sary:Nationaal Park De Alde Feanen. Locatie, It Wikelslân. Bloem van braam.JPG|ankavia|vignette|256x256px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
[[Sary:RubusFruticosus FlowerAndUnripenFruits 01.jpg|vignette|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
[[Sary:Rubus fruticosus 18 ies.jpg|vignette|152x152px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]

* [[Voaroy]]

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''Rubus fruticosus'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>7j6nslmjk3c7v47pg0lf0unszp85a1x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153578</id>
      <parentid>1153577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1094" sha1="olnc467wdg7npty00avx3ekf8ywuzs3" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Blackberries at Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, England 01.jpg|vignette|329x329px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus fruticosus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. Ity kirihitra misy tsilo ity dia fahita matetika any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony. Mamokatra voa azo hanina izy io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roimainty'''.
[[Sary:Nationaal Park De Alde Feanen. Locatie, It Wikelslân. Bloem van braam.JPG|ankavia|vignette|256x256px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
[[Sary:RubusFruticosus FlowerAndUnripenFruits 01.jpg|vignette|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
[[Sary:Rubus fruticosus 18 ies.jpg|vignette|152x152px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]

* [[Voaroy]]

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''Rubus fruticosus'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>olnc467wdg7npty00avx3ekf8ywuzs3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153584</id>
      <parentid>1153578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:36:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1177" sha1="oqqqus4werl8negk805s4q267k3vs49" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Blackberries at Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, England 01.jpg|vignette|329x329px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
Ny '''''Rubus fruticosus''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]''. Ity kirihitra misy tsilo ity dia fahita matetika any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony. Mamokatra voa azo hanina izy io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roimainty'''.
[[Sary:Nationaal Park De Alde Feanen. Locatie, It Wikelslân. Bloem van braam.JPG|ankavia|vignette|256x256px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
[[Sary:RubusFruticosus FlowerAndUnripenFruits 01.jpg|vignette|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
[[Sary:Rubus fruticosus 18 ies.jpg|vignette|152x152px|''Rubus fruticosus'']]
== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]]

* [[Voaroy]]

* ''[[Rubus]]''

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Rubus fruticosus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>oqqqus4werl8negk805s4q267k3vs49</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jardins du monde</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153606</id>
      <parentid>1151995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T03:28:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1153606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7696" sha1="1xly1s87l2fucwcma930q6pbghfd5rx" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Jardins du monde''', izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''JDM''' na '''JdM''', dia fikambanam-piraisankina iraisam-pirenena fehezin' ny lalàna frantsain' ny taona 1901, izay mikendry ny hanatsarana ny fahasalaman' ny mponina izay mahazo kely na tena tsy mahazo fanafody môderina, amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana zavamaniry fanao fanafody. Ny JDM koa dia manao fanadihadiana momba ny [[etnôbôtanika]] sy manangana zaridaina fanabeazana sy tantanin' ny fokonolona, mampiofana amin' ny fampiasana zavamaniry ho an' ny fitsaboana ary mamoaka tahirin-kevitra fampianarana. Efa hatramin' ny taona 1992 no niasa tany amin' ny firenena maro ny JDM, anisan' izany i  [[Borkina Fasô]], i [[Silia]], i [[Goatemala]], i [[Hôndorasy]] ary i [[Madagasikara]]. I Madagasikara manokana dia anaovany fndalinana sy anangonany hevitra ary ampitany ny fahalalana nentin-drazana momba ny zavamaniry fanao fanafody any amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana sy avaratra amin' ny Nosy.

== Tantara ==
Tamin' ny taona 1992, satria niaina vanim-potoanan' ny herisetra i [[Goatemala]], dia niforona tao [[Finistère]] any [[Frantsa]] ny fikambanam-piraisankina iraisam-pirenena antsoina hoe &quot;''Arrée K'iché''&quot;, noho ny hetsika nataon' i Jean-Pierre Nicolas. Mba hiatrehana ny hamehana ara-pahasalamana, indrindra ny tsy fahampian' ny fanafody tena ilaina, dia nanomboka niara-niasa tamin' ny mponina ao [[Quiché]] ity fikambanana ity mba hamorona zaridainan-javamaniry fanao fanafody, mba hanamboatra fanafody, mba hampiofana ny mpiasan' ny fahasalamana sy ny mpampivelona nentim-paharazana, ary mba hanangana fivarotam-panafody tantanan' ny fokonolona. Taorian' ny fanitarana ny asany any an-dafin' i Goatemala, indrindra fa hatrany [[Hôndorasy]], dia noravana ny &quot;''Arrée K'iché''&quot; mba hahafahan' ny fananganana ny fikambanana &quot;Jardins du Monde&quot; tamin' ny taona 1997.

== Faritra iasana ==
Miasa na efa niasa, tany [[Borkina Fasô]], [[Silia]], [[Goatemala]], [[Hôndorasy]], [[Madagasikara]], ary [[Tibet|Tibeta]] ny JDM. Ny ankamaroan' ny asa ataony dia any Borkina Fasô sy eto Madagasikara amin' izao fotoana izao, izay misy ny ekipa eny an-toerana mandrindra sy manara-maso ny famokarana zavamaniry fanao fanafody avo lenta, manome fiofanana momba ny fahasalamana, sns. Manana sampana any [[Espaina]] sy any ain' ny faritra Alpes koa ny JDM. Manao fikarohana momba ny [[etnôbôtanika]] any amin' ny tangoron-tendrombohitra Bauges sy Chartreuse, ary koa ao amin' ny tangoron-tendrombohitra Écrins ity sampana ity. An-dalana ihany koa ny tetikasa hitahirizana ny zavamaniry fanao fanafody any [[Môngôlia]].

== Foto-kevitra ==
Noho ny ankamaroan' ny olombelona tsy manana fahafahana ara-bola hividianana fanafody mahazatra, dia mamporisika ny fampiasana [[zavamaniry fanao fanafody]] izay efa voaporofo ara-tsiansa ny fahombiazany ny fikambanana Jardins du Monde (JDM). Marihina fa na dia azo antoka amin' ny ankapobeny aza ny fampiasana ireo zavamaniry ireo, dia misy amin' izy ireo ny ahitana singa misy poizina. Tena ilaina ny fanarahana ny fatra tokony hampiasaina mba hahafahana mampiasa ireo zavamaniry ireo tsy misy ahina. Amin' ny ankapobeny, tsy miditra an-tsehatra ny JDM raha tsy misy mangataka (ohatra: ny mponina eny an-tanàna, ny Sampam-pianarana momba ny Siansa ao amin' ny oniversite iray any avaratra amin' i [[Madagasikara]]).

Voalohany, misy fanadihadiana [[etnôbôtanika]] atao mba handraketana an-tsoratra ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny [[farmakôpea]] nentim-paharazana. Aorian' ny famantarana ho tena izy ny zavamaniry voarakitra dia mijery literatiora siantifika ny JDM mba hahazoana fampahalalana momba ny poizina sy ny fahombiazan' ny fitsaboana mba hisafidianana ny karazana homena lanja. Ny fananganana zaridainan-javamaniry fanao fanafody, izay ampiasaina amin' ny fiofanana, no dingana manaraka. Amin' ny tranga rehetra, dia tanterahina miaraka amin' ny fifampidinihana sy fiaraha-miasa amin' ny mponina eo an-toerana ny asan' ny JDM, izay fehezin' ny sata etika. Ny Jardins du Monde mantsy dia mampifanaraka ny paikadin' ny fanatsarana ny fahasalamana mba hifanaraka amin' ny toe-javatra ara-kolontsaina.

Fanampin' izany, manohana ny mpamokatra zavamaniry izay maniry hanondrana karazana zavamaniry ilain' ny indostrian' ny [[kôsmetika]] sy ny zavamaniry fanao sakafo sady fanafody ny JDM, ao anatin' ny rafitry ny varotra ara-drariny. Farany, miara-miasa amin' ny labôratoara eny anivon' ny oniversite ny JDM eo amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana momba ny [[aretina any amin' ny faritra mafana]], toy ny [[tazomoka]] na ny [[leismaniôzy]] na leismaniazy .

Mifanaraka tanteraka amin' ny tolo-kevitry ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Fikambanana]] [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]] (OMS) mikasika ny fampiroboroboana ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana eo anivon' ny sehatry ny fahasalamana ny hetsika rehetra ataon' ny Jardins du Monde.

== Asasoratra nataon' ny ekipa ==
Indreto ny asasoratra nataon' ny Jardins du Monde:
* Jean-Baptiste Gallé, Allison Ledoux, Sophie Groeber, Jean-Pierre Nicolas 2014. ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Livret_PMSOM_Version_site.pdf Quelques plantes employées dans le Sud Ouest de Madagascar. Éditions Jardins du Monde]'' (PDF), Brasparts, 165 p.
* Jean Pierre Nicolas, ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Plante-m%C3%A9dicinale-du-nord-de-madagascar.pdf Plantes médicinales du Nord de Madagascar]'' (PDF),
* ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1306-Kobaby-Histoires-illustrees-usage-des-plantes-medicinales-Madagascar.pdf Kobaby : histoires illustrées sur l’usage des plantes médicinales de Madagascar]'' (PDF),
* ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Manuel-JdM-Antakarana-version-WEB.pdf Manuel d’utilisation des plantes médicinales du nord de Madagascar version Antakaraña]'' (PDF),
* ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Manuel-Sante-Jardins-du-Monde-Version-web.pdf Manuel d’utilisation des plantes médicinales du nord de Madagascar version française]'' (PDF),
* ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Formation-recolte-sechage-et-conditionnement-des-plantes-medicinales-version-web.pdf Livret  récolte séchage et conditionnement des plantes médicinales – version malgache]'' (PDF),
* ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-HT-diabete-MST.pdf Livret  Hypertension, Diabète et MST – version malgache]'' (PDF),
* ''[https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Fiche-dinformation-sur-les-dangers-du-Khat.pdf Fiche d’information sur les dangers du Khat]'' (PDF),
* Medicos del mundo España, 2002. ''Plantas medicinales y comadronas : manual para el personal de salud.'' Guatemala, Ixiim Uleew, 52 p.
* Veterinarios sin fronteras España, 2003. ''Manual de capaticitación para promotores/as pecuarios/as en producción animal sostenible – Tercer curso : enfermedades y plantas medicinales.'' 48 p.
* Veterinarios sin fronteras – España, 2004. ''Etnoveterinaria en Guatemala y sus orígenes – Recuperación y promoción de alternativas tradicionales indígenas de producción pecuaria para un desarrollo sostenible.'' 220 p.
* Sophie Groeber, Nina Joé Maka, Jean-Pierre Nicolas et al., 2013. ''Kobaby - Histoires illustrées sur l’usage des plantes médicinales à Madagascar.'' Éditions Jardins du Monde, Brasparts, 48 p.

== Rohy ivelany ==

* Tranonkala ôfisily: https://www.jardinsdumonde.org/

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[WikiPhyto]]''
* ''[[Wikispecies]]''
* [[Etnôbôtanika]]
* [[Etnôbiôlôjia]]
* [[Etnôfarmakôlôjia]]
* [[Bôtanika]]</text>
      <sha1>1xly1s87l2fucwcma930q6pbghfd5rx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phyllanthus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153605</id>
      <parentid>1147933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T03:22:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1153605</origin>
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      <text bytes="8986" sha1="2v0lsqjmc4xydj1n95ulh6dn4nx6d2v" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Keezhaarnelli Phyllanthus niruri 1.jpg|vignette|605x605px|''[[Phyllanthus niruri]]'']]
Ny '''''Phyllanthus''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Phyllanthaceae]]'', ao amn' ny filaharana [[Malpighiales]]. Izy no lehibe indrindra amin' ny vondron-karazana ao amin' io fianakaviana io. Miovaova be ny fanombanana ny isan' ny karazana ao amin' ity vondron-karazana ity, manomboka amin' ny 750 ka hatramin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;200. Manana endrika isan-karazany izay samy manana ny fomba faniriany ny ''Phyllanthus'': isan-taona na mihoatra ny roa taona, ahitra na hazobotry na zavamaniry mianika na mitsingevana anaty rano, ary misy ny matevim-pototra mitahiry rano.Manana taho miendrika ravina (sahala amin' ny an' ny [[raketa]]) ny sasany. 

Saika ny zavamaniry rehetra ao amin' ny ''Phyllanthus'' dia maneho fomba fitomboana manokana arakaraka ny karazana, antsoina hoe &quot;fomba fisampanana filantôida&quot; izay misy rantsana mitsangana mitondra rantsana marindrano na somary mihilana, mora mihintsana sy mitondra ny voniny. Fohy dia fohy ka lasa kirany ny ravina amin' ny teza lehibe afovoany (mitsangana), fa mivoatra ara-dalàna kosa ny ravina amin' ny teza hafa.

I Carl Linnaeus no nanao ny famariparitana voalohany ny ''Phyllanthus'' tamin' ny taona 1753; ny karazana filamatra dia ny ''[[Phyllanthus niruri]]''. Ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Phyllanthus'' dia miparitaka any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly rehetra.

== Karazana ==
Niteraka fampifangaroan-javatra sy tsy fitovian-kevitra be dia be ny famaritana an' io vondron-karazana io. Ny fanadihadiana filôjenetika môlekiolary dia naneho fa ny ''Phyllanthus'' dia parafiletika raha mitaha amin' ny ''[[Reverchonia]]'', ny ''[[Glochidion]]'', ny ''[[Sauropus]]'', ary ny ''[[Breynia]]''. Ny fanavaozana ny fianakaviana ''[[Phyllanthaceae]]'' tamin' ny taona 2006 dia nampiditra ireo vondron-karazana efatra ireo ho ao amin' ny ''Phyllanthus''. Ity famaritana ny ''Phyllanthus'' mivelatra be ity dia mety ho zaraina amin' ny vondron-karazana kely kokoa, anisan' izany ny karazana any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] miisa 32 (sy any [[Indôsina]] avaratra). Misy ankehitriny ny fanavaozana tanteraka an' ilay antoko, anisan' izany ny fanasokajiana vaovao, an-dalam-panatanterahana amin' izao fotoana izao, taorian' ny fandinihana môlekiolary lalina natao vao haingana momba ny vondrona lehibe tafiditra ao.

=== Karazana notsongaina ===

* ''Phyllanthus abnormis'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus acidus'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Skeels&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus acuminatus'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Phyllanthus amarus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schumacher&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus anamalayanus'' &lt;small&gt;(Gamble) G.L.Webster&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus angustifolius'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus arbuscula'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) J.F.Gmel.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus axillaris'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Aubl.) Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus caesiifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Petra Hoffm. &amp; Cheek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus caroliniensis'' &lt;small&gt;Walt.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus cauliflorus'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Griseb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus cladanthus'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus cochinchinensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.) Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus coluteoides'' &lt;small&gt;Baill. ex Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus cuneifolius'' &lt;small&gt;(Britt.) Croizat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus debilis'' &lt;small&gt;Klein ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus distichus'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus emblica'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus engleri'' &lt;small&gt;Pax&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus ericoides'' &lt;small&gt;Torr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus eximius'' &lt;small&gt;G.L.Webster &amp; Proctor&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus fadyenii'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus fluitans'' &lt;small&gt;Benth. ex Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' &lt;small&gt;G.L.Webster&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus gentryi'' &lt;small&gt;Webster&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus grandifolius'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus gunnii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus hakgalensis''
* ''Phyllanthus hirtellus'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell. ex Mull.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus juglandifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus lacunarius'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus latifolius'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus liebmannianus'' &lt;small&gt;Muell.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus maderaspatensis'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus microcladus'' &lt;small&gt;Muell.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus millei'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus mirabilis'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus montanus'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus myrtifolius'' &lt;small&gt;(Wight.) Muell.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus muellerianus'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Exell&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Phyllanthus niruri]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (anisany ny ''[[Phyllanthus amarus]]'' sy ny ''[[Phyllanthus debilis]]'')
* ''Phyllanthus nyale'' &lt;small&gt;Petra Hoffm. &amp; Cheek&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus parvifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus pavonianus'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus pentaphyllus'' &lt;small&gt;C.Wright ex Griseb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus phialanthoides'' &lt;small&gt;Falcón &amp; J.L.Gómez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus polygonoides'' &lt;small&gt;Nutt. ex Spreng.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus polyspermus'' &lt;small&gt;Shumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus profusus'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus pulcher'' &lt;small&gt;Wallich ex Muell.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus reticulatus'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Phyllanthus revaughanii'' &lt;small&gt;Coode&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi'' &lt;small&gt;Welzen, R.W.Bouman &amp; Ent&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus saffordii'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus salviifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus sepialis'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus societatis'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus sponiifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus stipulatus'' &lt;small&gt;(Raf.) G.L. Webster&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus taxodiifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Beille&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus tenellus'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus urinaria'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; – chamberbitter
* ''Phyllanthus virgatus'' &lt;small&gt;G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus warnockii'' &lt;small&gt;G.L.Webster&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus watsonii'' &lt;small&gt;Airy Shaw&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllanthus welwitschianus'' &lt;small&gt;Müll.Arg.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Manana karazana ''Phyllanthus'' maherin' ny 170 i [[Madagasikara]], ka ny ankamaroany (90 %) dia tsy hita na aiza na aiza eto ambonin' ny tany. Indreto ny karazana sasany eto  Madagasikara:
* ''[[Phyllanthus betsileanus]]'' -- hazotana
* ''[[Phyllanthus bojerianus]]'' -- ambalazo, ambolaza, hazontaha, karepa, marefolena, marofolena, piky, raipika, repika
* ''[[Phyllanthus casticum]]'' (na ''Phyllanthus decipiens'' na ''Phyllanthus mocquerysianus'') -- antentona, antsolibe, faintina, fanavitiana, hazontana, hazontanty, hazotana, hazotanty, mantsikara, masikariva, tainto, taintona, tentina. 
** ''Phyllanthus casticum'' subsp. ''angavensis'' Leandri (na ''[[Phyllanthus angavensis]]'') -- [[sañira]]
* ''[[Phyllanthus fuscoluridus]]'' -- antentona, mantsikara, taintona, tentina, tsikarivana
* ''[[Phyllanthus isalensis]]'' -- hazotana
* ''[[Phyllanthus madagascariensis]]'' -- hazotana, taintona
* ''[[Phyllanthus maderaspatensis]]'' -- karepa, mikintsa
* ''[[Phyllanthus mantsakariva]]'' -- mantsakariva
* ''[[Phyllanthus melleri]]'' -- antentona
* ''[[Phyllanthus multiflorus]]'' -- leza
* ''[[Phyllanthus niruri]]'' -- anakatsotsy
* ''[[Phyllanthus nummulariifolius]]'' -- fangy, rimorimo, tamborotanosy
* ''[[Phyllanthus philippioides]]'' -- ramangina
* ''[[Phyllanthus seyrigii]]'' -- hazotana, maintsikariva, mantsakariva, masikariva, sañira, sanirabe, saniratandroy, taitomaintsikariva
* ''[[Phyllanthus urinaria]]'' -- lanoro, lanory (efa nafindra any amin' ny ''Emblica'' (?))
* ''[[Phyllanthus vakinankaratrae]]'' -- anakatsotry
* ''[[Phyllanthus vergens]]'' -- karepa

Izao ny anarana miverimberina anondroana ireo zavamaniry ireo amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]:

* antentona, tainto, taintona, tentina, tento, tentona sns.

* antsoly, sns.
* hazontaha, hazontana, hazotana
* karepa, karepy, karepoka
* maintsikariva, mantsakariva, mantsikara, masikariva,
* piky, raipika, repika
* sañira, sanira, sanirana, sns
Indreto ny karazana efa nafindra vondrona:

* ''[[Margaritaria anomala]]'' (Baill.) Fosberg (←''Phyllanthus erythroxyloides'') -- fangora, karepa, karepadahy, karepedahy, karepidahiantitra, karepoka, koropoka,  malaintay, sofindambo, taolakena

* ''[[Margaritaria decaryana]]'' (Leandri) G.L.Webster (←''Phyllanthus'' decaryanus) -- fatsikakalahy, hazomena, tsifolaboay
* ''[[Margaritaria rhomboidalis]]'' (Baill.) G.L.Webster (←na ''Phyllanthus rhomboidalis'') -- berafitse, karepoka

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Phyllanthus|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Phyllanthus'']]
* ''[[Margaritaria decaryana|Margaritaria]]''</text>
      <sha1>2v0lsqjmc4xydj1n95ulh6dn4nx6d2v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adansonia suarezensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153615</id>
      <parentid>1131439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T05:51:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
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      <text bytes="3931" sha1="7t9x8h9uyvqz3l2h6liclkosxzawien" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Adansonia suarezensis MS6304.jpg|vignette|420x420px|''Adansonia suarezensis'']]
Ny '''''Adansonia suarezensis''''' dia karazana hazo [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bombacaceae]]'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]], na ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' araka ny [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|filôjenetika]]. Anisan' ny karazana [[Adansonia|reniala]] valo izy io. Atahorana ho lany tamingana ity karazana teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] ity. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia iatao hoe '''bozy''', '''vonoa''' na '''za'''.

== Fanoritsoritana ==

=== Vatana ===
[[Sary:Adansonia suarezensis.jpg|vignette|''Adansonia suarezensis''|331x331px]]
Hazo lehibe mahatratra haavo 25 m ny ''Adansonia suarezensis''. Varingarina manana savaivo hatramin' ny 2 m ny vatany. Malama sy mivolondavenona manopy volontany ny hodiny izay maneho sosona ambany maitso manao fôtôsentety. Maniry marindrano eny ambonin' ny vatany ny rantsany fohy sy matevina izay mamorona tampona mivelatra marindrano.

=== Ravina ===
Miendrika felan-tanana manana [[zana-pelana]] 6 ka hatramin' ny 9 ny raviny maitso manopy mavo, malama sady manintsana. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Adansonia suarezensis Darwin flower.jpg|vignette|228x228px|Vonin' ny ''Adansonia suarezensis'']]
Miseho aorian' ny fihintsanan' ny ravina ny voniny fotsy lehibe, izay lasa volontany manopy mena rehefa antitra. Misokatra izy ireo amin' ny takariva ary tapitra amin' ny mangiran-dratsy ny fotoana fandonahana azy. Ataon' ny [[ramanavy]] mpihinana voankazo ny famindrana vovobony. Miseho amin' ny faran' ny volana Mey ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny volana Jolay ny vony.

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Adansonia suarezensis MHNT.BOT.2025.17.5.jpg|vignette|230x230px|Voan' ny ''Adansonia suarezensis'']]
Masaka amin' ny Novambra ny voany mikirozaroza sy lavalava izay mety milanja hatramin' ny 1 kilao.

== Faritra aniriany sy ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Adansonia suarezensis MADAGASCAR 03.jpg|vignette|489x489px|''Adansonia suarezensis'']]
Maniry ao amin' ny tendro avaratr' i [[Madagasikara]] akaikin' ny [[Helodranon' Antsiranana|helodranon']] [[Helodranon' Antsiranana|Antsiranana]] ny ''Adansonia suarezensis''. Ahitana azy io koa ny eo anelanelan' ny [[Tahirin-javaboarin' Ankarana]] sy ny [[Tahirin-javaboarin' Analamerana]] ao amin' ny [[Alan' i Mahory]]. Ny alan-kazo manintsan-dravina any amin' ny faritra misy vatosokay no toeram-paniriany mahazatra, saingy maniry ao anaty kirihitrala voakorontana koa izy.

Mahery fofona ny vonin' ny ''Adansonia suarezensis'', mamokatra mamim-bony be dia be ary tsidihin' ny [[tantely]] sy ny [[Lolo (bibikely)|lolo]] mpivoaka alina ary ny vorona soimanga (''Cinnyris''), nefa tsy misy amin' izy ireo ny lehibe mba hiantoka ny famindrana vovobony. Amin' ny vanim-potoana tsy mampisy ny voany dia mihinana mamim-bony ny ramanavy ''Eidolon dupreanum'' ary voamarika fa mitsidika ny vonin' ny ''Adansonia'' ''suarezensis'' sy ny an' ny ''Ceiba pentandra'' (kapoaka). Ity karazana ramanavy ity dia heverina fa mpamindra vovobony lehibe ho an' ireo zavamaniry ireo.

== Sata ==
Mitanisa ny ''Adansonia'' ''suarezensis'' ho tandindomin-doza (&quot;Endangered&quot;) ao amin' ny Lisitra Mena momba ny karazana atahorana ho lany tamingana ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]]. Kely mantsy ny fihavaozana voajanahary hita afa-tsy ny ao amin' ny Alan' i Mahory, ary vitsy ny fototra ''Adansonia'' ''suarezensis'' sady mizarazara ny toerana misy azy ireo. Mihena ny isany, satria misy ny mikapa ny hazo hanaovana fanorenana an-tanàn-dehibe, hanaovana toeram-pambolena sy hatao toerana firaohan' ny biby fiompy na tapahina hatao kitay sy arina. Tsy mbola fantatra ny biby malagasy manaparitaka ny vihim-boan' ity hazo ity.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Adansonia]]''

[[Sokajy:Adansonia]]
[[Sokajy:Baobab]]
[[Sokajy:Bombacaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>7t9x8h9uyvqz3l2h6liclkosxzawien</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny Fabaceae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153537</id>
      <parentid>1152507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T13:08:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153537</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20301" sha1="6nnv1eugo9xsvcvf3rzuek6xucrjrr3" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vicia grandiflora W.jpg|vignette|382x382px|''Vicia grandiflora'']]
Inty ny '''lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Fabaceae'''''. Ahitana vondron-karazana 765 eo ho eo ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Fabaceae]]''.

== Lisitra manaraka abidy ==
Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Fabaceae]]'' nampanarahina abidy. Misy vondron-karazana 765 eo ho eo ity fianakaviana ity.

=== A ===

* ''Abarema'' Pittier
* ''[[Abrus]]'' Adans.
* ''[[Acacia]]'' Mill.
* ''[[Acosmium]]'' Schott
* ''[[Acrocarpus]]'' Wight ex Arn.
* ''[[Adenanthera]]'' L.
* ''[[Adenocarpus]]'' DC.
* ''[[Adenodolichos]]'' Harms
* ''[[Adenolobus]]'' (Harv. ex Benth.) Torre &amp; Hillc.
* ''[[Adenopodia]]'' C.Presl
* ''[[Adesmia]]'' DC.
* ''[[Aenictophyton]]'' A.T.Lee
* ''[[Aeschynomene]]'' L.
* ''[[Affonsea]]'' A.St.-Hil.
* ''[[Afgekia]]'' Craib
* ''[[Afzelia]]'' Sm.
* ''Aganope'' Miq.
* ''Airyantha'' Brummitt
* ''[[Albizia]]'' Durazz.
* ''Aldina'' Endl.
* ''Alexa'' Moq.
* ''Alhagi'' Gagnebin
* ''Alistilus'' N.E.Br.
* ''Almaleea'' Crisp &amp; P.H.Weston
* ''Alysicarpus'' Desv.
* ''Amblygonocarpus'' Harms
* ''Amburana'' Schwacke &amp; Taub.
* ''[[Amherstia]]'' Wall.
* ''Amicia'' Kunth
* ''Ammodendron'' Fisch. ex DC.
* ''Ammopiptanthus'' S.H.Cheng
* ''[[Amorpha]]'' L.
* ''Amphicarpaea'' Elliott ex Nutt.
* ''Amphimas'' Pierre ex Harms
* ''Amphithalea'' Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.
* ''[[Anadenanthera]]'' Speg.
* ''Anagyris'' L.
* ''Anarthrophyllum'' Benth.
* ''Andira'' Juss.
* ''Androcalymma'' Dwyer
* ''Angylocalyx'' Taub.
* ''Antheroporum'' Gagnep.
* ''Anthonotha'' P.Beauv.
* ''[[Anthyllis]]'' L.
* ''Antopetitia'' A.Rich.
* ''[[Aotus]]'' Sm.
* ''Aphanocalyx'' Oliv.
* ''Aphyllodium'' (DC.) Gagnep.
* ''Apios'' Fabr.
* ''Apoplanesia'' C.Presl
* ''Apuleia'' Mart.
* ''Apurimacia'' Harms
* ''[[Arachis]]'' L.
* ''Arapatiella'' Rizzini &amp; A.Mattos
* ''[[Archidendron]]'' F.Muell.
* ''Archidendropsis'' I.C.Nielsen
* ''Arcoa'' Urb.
* ''Argyrocytisus'' (Maire) Raynaud
* ''Argyrolobium'' Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.
* ''[[Arthrocarpum]]'' Balf.f.
* ''Arthroclianthus'' Baill.
* ''[[Aspalathus]]'' L.
* ''[[Astracantha]]'' Podlech
* ''[[Astragalus]]'' L.
* ''[[Ateleia]]'' (DC.) Benth.
* ''Aubrevillea'' Pellegr.
* ''Augouardia'' Pellegr.
* ''Austrodolichos'' Verdc.
* ''Austrosteenisia'' R.Geesink

=== B ===

* ''Baikiaea'' Benth.
* ''Balsamocarpon'' Clos
* ''Baphia'' Afzel. ex Lodd.
* ''Baphiastrum'' Harms
* ''Baphiopsis'' Benth. ex Baker
* ''Baptisia'' Vent.
* ''Barnebydendron'' J.H.Kirkbr.
* ''Batesia'' Spruce ex Benth.
* ''Bathiaea'' Drake
* ''Baudouinia'' Baill.
* ''[[Bauhinia]]'' L.
* ''Baukea'' Vatke
* ''Behaimia'' Griseb.
* ''Belairia'' A.Rich.
* ''Bembicidium'' Rydb.
* ''Bergeronia'' Micheli
* ''Berlinia'' Sol. ex Hook.f.
* ''Biserrula'' L.
* ''Bituminaria'' Heist. ex Fabr.
* ''Bocoa'' Aubl.
* ''Bolusafra'' Kuntze
* ''Bolusanthus'' Harms
* ''Bolusia'' Benth.
* ''Bossiaea'' Vent.
* ''[[Bowdichia]]'' Kunth
* ''Bowringia'' Champ. ex Benth.
* ''Brachycylix'' (Harms) R.S.Cowan
* ''Brachysema'' R.Br.
* ''[[Brachystegia]]'' Benth.
* ''Brandzeia'' Baill.
* ''Brenierea'' Humbert
* ''Brodriguesia'' R.S.Cowan
* ''[[Brongniartia]]'' Kunth
* ''Brownea'' Jacq.
* ''Browneopsis'' Huber
* ''Brya'' P.Browne
* ''Bryaspis'' P.A.Duvign.
* ''Burgesia'' F.Muell.
* ''Burkea'' Hook.
* ''Burkilliodendron'' Sastry
* ''Burtonia'' R.Br.
* ''Bussea'' Harms
* ''Butea'' Roxb. ex Willd.

=== C ===

* ''Cadia'' Forssk.
* ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' L.
* ''[[Cajanus]]'' DC.
* ''Calicotome'' Link
* ''Calispepla'' Vved.
* ''Calliandra'' Benth.
* ''Calliandropsis'' H.M.Hern. &amp; Guinet
* ''Callistachys'' Vent.
* ''Calophaca'' Fisch. ex DC.
* ''Calopogonium'' Desv.
* ''Calpocalyx'' Harms
* ''Calpurnia'' E.Mey.
* ''Camoensia'' Welw. ex Benth.
* ''Campsiandra'' Benth.
* ''Camptosema'' Hook. &amp; Arn.
* ''Campylotropis'' Bunge
* ''[[Canavalia]]'' DC.
* ''Candolleodendron'' R.S.Cowan
* ''Caragana'' Fabr.
* ''Carmichaelia'' R.Br.
* ''Carrissoa'' Baker f.
* ''Cascaronia'' Griseb.
* ''[[Cassia]]'' L.
* ''Castanospermum'' A.Cunn. ex Hook.
* ''Cedrelinga'' Ducke
* ''Cenostigma'' Tul.
* ''Centrolobium'' Mart. ex Benth.
* ''Centrosema'' (DC.) Benth.
* ''[[Ceratonia]]'' L.
* ''[[Cercis]]'' L.
* ''Chadsia'' Bojer
* ''Chaetocalyx'' DC.
* ''[[Chamaecrista]]'' Moench
* ''Chamaecytisus'' Link
* ''Chapmannia'' Torr. &amp; A.Gray
* ''Chesneya'' Lindl. ex Endl.
* ''Chidlowia'' Hoyle
* ''Chloroleucon'' (Benth.) Record
* ''Chordospartium'' Cheeseman
* ''Chorizema'' Labill.
* ''Christia'' Moench
* ''Chrysoscias'' E.Mey.
* ''[[Cicer]]'' L.
* ''Cladrastis'' Raf.
* ''Clathrotropis'' (Benth.) Harms
* ''Cleobulia'' Mart. ex Benth.
* ''Clianthus'' Sol. ex Lindl.
* ''[[Clitoria]]'' L.
* ''[[Clitoriopsis]]'' R.Wilczek
* ''Cochlianthus'' Benth.
* ''Codariocalyx'' Hassk.
* ''Coelidium'' Vogel ex Walp.
* ''Cojoba'' Britton &amp; Rose
* ''Collaea'' DC.
* ''Cologania'' Kunth
* ''[[Colophospermum]]'' J.Leonard
* ''Colutea'' L.
* ''Colvillea'' Bojer ex Hook.
* ''Conzattia'' Rose
* ''[[Copaifera]]'' L.
* ''Corallospartium'' J.B.Armstr.
* ''Cordeauxia'' Hemsl.
* ''Cordyla'' Lour.
* ''[[Coronilla]]'' L.
* ''Coroya'' Pierre
* ''Corynella'' DC.
* ''Coursetia'' DC.
* ''Craibia'' Harms &amp; Dunn
* ''Cranocarpus'' Benth.
* ''Craspedolobium'' Harms
* ''Cratylia'' Mart. ex Benth.
* ''[[Crotalaria]]'' L.
* ''Cruddasia'' Prain
* ''Crudia'' Schreb.
* ''Cryptosepalum'' Benth.
* ''Cullen'' Medik.
* ''Cupulanthus'' Hutch.
* ''Cyamopsis'' DC.
* ''Cyathostegia'' (Benth.) Schery
* ''Cyclocarpa'' Afzel. ex Baker
* ''Cyclolobium'' Benth.
* ''[[Cyclopia]]'' Vent.
* ''Cylicodiscus'' Harms
* ''Cymbosema'' Benth.
* ''Cynometra'' L.
* ''Cytisophyllum'' O.Lang
* ''Cytisopsis'' Jaub. &amp; Spach
* ''[[Cytisus]]'' Desf.

=== D ===

* ''Dahlstedtia'' Malme
* ''[[Dalbergia]]'' L.f.
* ''[[Dalbergiella]]'' Baker f.
* ''Dalea'' L.
* ''Dalhousiea'' Wall. ex Benth.
* ''[[Daniellia]]'' Benn.
* ''Daviesia'' Sm.
* ''[[Decorsea]]'' R.Vig.
* ''[[Delonix]]'' Raf.
* ''Dendrolobium'' (Wight &amp; Arn.) Benth.
* ''[[Derris]]'' Lour.
* ''Desmanthus'' Willd.
* ''Desmodiastrum'' (Prain) A.Pramanik &amp; Thoth.
* ''[[Desmodium]]'' Desv.
* ''Detarium'' Juss.
* ''Dewevrea'' Micheli
* ''Dialium'' L.
* ''Dicerma'' DC.
* ''Dichilus'' DC.
* ''Dichrostachys'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dicorynia'' Benth.
* ''[[Dicraeopetalum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Harms&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dicymbe'' &lt;small&gt;Spruce ex Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Didelotia'' Baill.
* ''Dillwynia'' Sm.
* ''Dimorphandra'' Schott
* ''Dinizia'' Ducke
* ''Dioclea'' Kunth
* ''Diphyllarium'' Gagnep.
* ''Diphysa'' Jacq.
* ''Diplotropis'' Benth.
* ''Dipogon'' Liebm.
* ''Dipteryx'' Schreb.
* ''Diptychandra'' Tul.
* ''Discolobium'' Benth.
* ''Distemonanthus'' Benth.
* ''Disynstemon'' R.Vig.
* ''Dolichopsis'' Hassl.
* ''[[Dolichos]]'' L.
* ''[[Dorycnium]]'' Miller
* ''Droogmansia'' De Wild.
* ''Dumasia'' DC.
* ''Dunbaria'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Duparquetia'' Baill.
* ''Dussia'' Krug &amp; Urb. ex Taub.
* ''Dysolobium'' (Benth.) Prain

=== E ===

* ''[[Ebenus]]'' L.
* ''Echinospartum'' (Spach) Fourr.
* ''Eleiotis'' DC.
* ''Elephantorrhiza'' Benth.
* ''Eligmocarpus'' Capuron
* ''Elizabetha'' R.H.Schomb. ex Benth.
* ''Eminia'' Taub.
* ''Endertia'' Steenis &amp; de Wit
* ''Endosamara'' R.Geesink
* ''Englerodendron'' Harms
* ''[[Entada]]'' Adans.
* ''Enterolobium'' Mart.
* ''Eperua'' Aubl.
* ''Eremosparton'' Fisch. &amp; C.A.Mey.
* ''Erichsenia'' Hemsl.
* ''Erinacea'' Adans.
* ''Eriosema'' (DC.) Rchb.
* ''Errazurizia'' Phil.
* ''Erythrina'' L.
* ''Erythrophleum'' Afzel. ex G.Don
* ''Etaballia'' Benth.
* ''Euchilopsis'' F.Muell.
* ''Euchresta'' Benn.
* ''Eurypetalum'' Harms
* ''[[Eutaxia]]'' R.Br.
* ''Eversmannia'' Bunge
* ''Exostyles'' Schott
* ''Eysenhardtia'' Kunth

=== F ===

* ''Faidherbia'' A.Chev.
* ''Fiebrigiella'' Harms
* ''Fillaeopsis'' Harms
* ''Fissicalyx'' Benth.
* ''Flemingia'' Roxb. ex W.T.Aiton
* ''[[Fordia]]'' Hemsl.

=== G ===

* ''Gagnebina'' Neck. ex DC.
* ''Galactia'' P.Browne
* ''Galega'' L.
* ''Gastrolobium'' R.Br.
* ''Geissaspis'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''[[Genista]]'' L.
* ''Genistidium'' I.M.Johnst.
* ''Geoffroea'' Jacq.
* ''Gilbertiodendron'' J.Leonard
* ''Gilletiodendron'' Vermoesen
* ''[[Gleditsia]]'' L.
* ''Gliricidia'' Kunth
* ''Glottidium'' Desv.
* ''[[Glycine]]'' Willd.
* ''[[Glycyrrhiza]]'' L.
* ''Goldmania'' Rose ex Micheli
* ''Gompholobium'' Sm.
* ''Goniorrhachis'' Taub.
* ''Gonocytisus'' Spach
* ''[[Goodia]]'' Salisb.
* ''Gossweilerodendron'' Harms
* ''Grazielodendron'' H.C.Lima
* ''Griffonia'' Baill.
* ''Gueldenstaedtia'' Fisch.
* ''Guibourtia'' Benn.
* ''Gymnocladus'' Lam.

=== H ===

* ''[[Haematoxylum]]'' L.
* ''Halimodendron'' Fisch. ex DC.
* ''Hallia'' Thunb.
* ''Hammatolobium'' Fenzl
* ''Haplormosia'' Harms
* ''Hardenbergia'' Benth.
* ''Hardwickia'' Roxb.
* ''Harleyodendron'' R.S.Cowan
* ''Harpalyce'' Moc. &amp; Sesse ex DC.
* ''Havardia'' Small
* ''Hebestigma'' Urb.
* ''Hedysarum'' L.
* ''Herpyza'' Sauvalle
* ''Hesperolaburnum'' Maire
* ''Hesperothamnus'' Brandegee
* ''Heterostemon'' Desf.
* ''Hippocrepis'' L.
* ''Hoffmannseggia'' Cav.
* ''Hoita'' Rydb.
* ''Holocalyx'' Micheli
* ''Hovea'' R.Br. ex W.T.Aiton
* ''Humboldtia'' Vahl
* ''Humularia'' P.A.Duvign.
* ''Hybosema'' Harms
* ''Hylodendron'' Taub.
* ''Hymenaea'' L.
* ''Hymenocarpos'' Savi
* ''Hymenolobium'' Benth.
* ''Hymenostegia'' (Benth.) Harms
* ''Hypocalyptus'' Thunb.
* ''[[Hippocrepis]]'' L.

=== I ===

* ''Icuria'' Wieringa
* ''[[Indigofera]]'' L.
* ''Indopiptadenia'' Brenan
* ''[[Inga]]'' Mill.
* ''Inocarpus'' J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.
* ''Intsia'' Thouars
* ''Isoberlinia'' Craib &amp; Stapf ex Holland
* ''Isotropis'' Benth.

=== J ===

* ''Jacksonia'' R.Br. ex Sm.
* ''Jacqueshuberia'' Ducke
* ''Jansonia'' Kippist
* ''Julbernardia'' Pellegr.

=== K ===

* ''Kalappia'' Kosterm.
* ''Kanaloa'' Lorence &amp; K.R.Wood
* ''Kennedia'' Vent.
* ''Kingiodendron'' Harms
* ''Koompassia'' Maingay
* ''Kotschya'' Endl.
* ''Kummerowia'' Schindl.
* ''Kunstleria'' Prain

=== L ===

* ''Labichea'' Gaudich. ex DC.
* ''[[Lablab]]'' Adans.
* ''[[Laburnum]]'' Fabr.
* ''Lamprolobium'' Benth.
* ''[[Lathyrus]]'' L.
* ''Latrobea'' Meisn.
* ''[[Lebeckia]]'' Thunb.
* ''Lebruniodendron'' J.Leonard
* ''Lecointea'' Ducke
* ''[[Lemurodendron]]'' Villiers &amp; Guinet
* ''[[Lemuropisum]]'' H.Perrier
* ''Lennea'' Klotzsch
* ''[[Lens]]'' Mill.
* ''Leonardoxa'' Aubrev.
* ''Leptoderris'' Dunn
* ''Leptodesmia'' (Benth.) Benth.
* ''Leptosema'' Benth.
* ''Lespedeza'' Michx.
* ''Lessertia'' DC.
* ''Leucaena'' Benth.
* ''Leucomphalos'' Benth. ex Planch.
* ''Leucostegane'' Prain
* ''Librevillea'' Hoyle
* ''Liparia'' L.
* ''Loesenera'' Harms
* ''Lonchocarpus'' Kunth
* ''Lophocarpinia'' Burkart
* ''Lotononis'' (DC.) Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.
* ''[[Lotus]]'' L.
* ''Luetzelburgia'' Harms
* ''[[Lupinus]]'' L.
* ''[[Luzonia]]'' Elmer
* ''Lysidice'' Hance
* ''Lysiloma'' Benth.

=== M ===

* ''Maackia'' Rupr.
* ''Machaerium'' Pers.
* ''Macrolobium'' Schreb.
* ''Macropsychanthus'' Harms ex K.Schum. &amp; Lauterb.
* ''Macroptilium'' (Benth.) Urb.
* ''Macrosamanea'' Britton &amp; Rose
* ''Macrotyloma'' (Wight &amp; Arn.) Verdc.
* ''Maniltoa'' Scheff.
* ''Margaritolobium'' Harms
* ''Marina'' Liebm.
* ''Marmaroxylon'' Killip
* ''Martiodendron'' Gleason
* ''Mastersia'' Benth.
* ''Mecopus'' Benn.
* ''[[Medicago]]'' L.
* ''[[Melanoxylon]]'' Schott
* ''[[Melilotus]]'' Mill.
* ''Melliniella'' Harms
* ''Melolobium'' Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.
* ''Mendoravia'' Capuron
* ''Michelsonia'' Hauman
* ''Microberlinia'' A.Chev.
* ''Mildbraediodendron'' Harms
* ''Millettia'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''[[Mimosa]]'' L.
* ''Mimozyganthus'' Burkart
* ''Mirbelia'' Sm.
* ''Moldenhawera'' Schrad.
* ''Monopetalanthus'' Harms
* ''Monopteryx'' Spruce ex Benth.
* ''Mora'' Benth.
* ''Moullava'' Adans.
* ''[[Mucuna]]'' Adans.
* ''Muellera'' L.f.
* ''Muelleranthus'' Hutch.
* ''Mundulea'' (DC.) Benth.
* ''Myrocarpus'' Allemao
* ''Myrospermum'' Jacq.
* ''Myroxylon'' L.f.

=== N ===

* ''[[Neltuma]]'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Nemcia'' &lt;small&gt;Domin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neoapaloxylon'' &lt;small&gt;Rauschert&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neochevalierodendron'' J.Leonard
* ''Neocollettia'' Hemsl.
* ''Neodielsia'' Harms
* ''Neodunnia'' R.Vig.
* ''Neoharmsia'' R.Vig.
* ''Neonotonia'' Lackey
* ''Neorautanenia'' Schinz
* ''Neorudolphia'' Britton
* ''Nephrodesmus'' Schindl.
* ''Neptunia'' Lour.
* ''Nesphostylis'' Verdc.
* ''Newtonia'' Baill.
* ''Nissolia'' Jacq.
* ''Nogra'' Merr.
* ''Notodon'' Urb.
* ''Notospartium'' Hook.f.

=== O ===

* ''Obolinga'' Barneby
* ''Oddoniodendron'' De Wild.
* ''Olneya'' A.Gray
* ''[[Onobrychis]]'' Mill.
* ''[[Ononis]]'' L.
* ''Ophrestia'' H.M.L.Forbes
* ''Orbexilum'' Raf.
* ''Oreophysa'' (Bunge ex Boiss.) Bornm.
* ''Ormocarpopsis'' R.Vig.
* ''Ormocarpum'' P.Beauv.
* ''Ormosia'' Jacks.
* ''Ornithopus'' L.
* ''Orphanodendron'' Barneby &amp; J.W.Grimes
* ''Ostryocarpus'' Hook.f.
* ''Otholobium'' C.H.Stirt.
* ''Otoptera'' DC.
* ''Oxylobium'' Andrews
* ''Oxyrhynchus'' Brandegee
* ''Oxystigma'' Harms
* ''Oxytropis'' DC.

=== P ===

* ''Pachecoa'' Standl. &amp; Steyerm.
* ''Pachyelasma'' Harms
* ''Pachyrhizus'' Rich. ex DC.
* ''Padbruggea'' Miq.
* ''Paloue'' Aubl.
* ''Paloveopsis'' R.S.Cowan
* ''Panurea'' Spruce ex Benth.
* ''Paracalyx'' Ali
* ''Paramachaerium'' Ducke
* ''Paramacrolobium'' J.Leonard
* ''Parapiptadenia'' Brenan
* ''Pararchidendron'' I.C.Nielsen
* ''Paraserianthes'' I.C.Nielsen
* ''[[Parkia]]'' R.Br.
* ''[[Parkinsonia]]'' L.
* ''[[Paubrasilia]]'' (Lam.) Gagnon, H.C.Lima &amp; G.P.Lewis
* ''Parochetus'' Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
* ''Parryella'' Torr. &amp; A.Gray
* ''Pearsonia'' Dummer
* ''Pediomelum'' Rydb.
* ''Pellegriniodendron'' J.Leonard
* ''Peltogyne'' Vogel
* ''[[Peltophorum]]'' (Vogel) Benth.
* ''Pentaclethra'' Benth.
* ''Periandra'' Mart. ex Benth.
* ''Pericopsis'' Thwaites
* ''Petaladenium'' Ducke
* ''Petalostylis'' R.Br.
* ''Peteria'' A.Gray
* ''Petteria'' C.Presl
* ''[[Phaseolus]]'' L.
* ''Phylacium'' Benn.
* ''Phyllocarpus'' Riedel ex Tul.
* ''Phyllodium'' Desv.
* ''Phyllota'' (DC.) Benth.
* ''Phylloxylon'' Baill.
* ''[[Physostigma]]'' Balf.
* ''Pickeringia'' Nutt.
* ''Pictetia'' DC.
* ''Piptadenia'' Benth.
* ''Piptadeniastrum'' Brenan
* ''Piptadeniopsis'' Burkart
* ''Piptanthus'' Sweet
* ''Piscidia'' L.
* ''[[Pisum]]'' L.
* ''[[Pithecellobium]]'' Mart.
* ''Plagiocarpus'' Benth.
* ''Plagiosiphon'' Harms
* ''Plathymenia'' Benth.
* ''Platycelyphium'' Harms
* ''Platycyamus'' Benth.
* ''Platylobium'' Sm.
* ''Platymiscium'' Vogel
* ''Platypodium'' Vogel
* ''Platysepalum'' Welw. ex Baker
* ''Podalyria'' Willd.
* ''Podocytisus'' Boiss. &amp; Heldr.
* ''Poecilanthe'' Benth.
* ''Poeppigia'' C.Presl
* ''Poiretia'' Vent.
* ''Poitea'' Vent.
* ''Polhillia'' C.H.Stirt.
* ''Polystemonanthus'' Harms
* ''Pongamia'' Vent.
* ''Pongamiopsis'' R.Vig.
* ''Priestleya'' DC.
* ''Prioria'' Griseb.
* ''Prosopidastrum'' Burkart
* ''[[Prosopis]]'' L.
* ''Pseudarthria'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Pseudeminia'' Verdc.
* ''Pseudoeriosema'' Hauman
* ''Pseudomacrolobium'' Hauman
* ''Pseudopiptadenia'' Rauschert
* ''Pseudoprosopis'' Harms
* ''Pseudosindora'' Symington
* ''Pseudovigna'' (Harms) Verdc.
* ''Psophocarpus'' DC.
* ''Psoralea'' L.
* ''Psoralidium'' Rydb.
* ''Psorothamnus'' Rydb.
* ''Pterocarpus'' Jacq.
* ''Pterodon'' Vogel
* ''Pterogyne'' Tul.
* ''Pterolobium'' R.Br. ex Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Ptycholobium'' Harms
* ''Ptychosema'' Benth.
* ''Pueraria'' DC.
* ''Pultenaea'' Sm.
* ''Punjuba'' Britton &amp; Rose
* ''Pycnospora'' R.Br. ex Wight &amp; Arn.

=== R ===

* ''Rafnia'' Thunb.
* ''Ramirezella'' Rose
* ''Ramorinoa'' Speg.
* ''Recordoxylon'' Ducke
* ''Requienia'' DC.
* ''Retama'' Raf.
* ''Rhodopis'' Urb.
* ''Rhynchosia'' Lour.
* ''Rhynchotropis'' Harms
* ''Riedeliella'' Harms
* ''[[Robinia]]'' L.
* ''Robynsiophyton'' R.Wilczek
* ''Rothia'' Pers.
* ''Rupertia'' J.W.Grimes

=== S ===

* ''Sabinea'' DC.
* ''[[Sakoanala (antokon-javamaniry)|Sakoanala]]'' R.Vig.
* ''Salweenia'' Baker f.
* ''Saraca'' L.
* ''Sarcodum'' Lour.
* ''Sartoria'' Boiss. &amp; Heldr.
* ''Sauvallella'' Rydb.
* ''Schefflerodendron'' Harms
* ''[[Schizolobium]]'' Vogel
* ''Schleinitzia'' Warb.
* ''Schotia'' Jacq.
* ''Schrankia'' Willd.
* ''[[Sclerolobium]]'' Vogel
* ''Scorodophloeus'' Harms
* ''Scorpiurus'' L.
* ''Sellocharis'' Taub.
* ''[[Senegalia]]'' Raf.
* ''[[Senna]]'' Mill.
* ''Serianthes'' Benth.
* ''Sesbania'' Scop.
* ''Shuteria'' Wight &amp; Arn.
* ''Sindora'' Miq.
* ''Sindoropsis'' J.Leonard
* ''Sinodolichos'' Verdc.
* ''Smirnowia'' Bunge
* ''Smithia'' Aiton
* ''Soemmeringia'' Mart.
* ''[[Sophora]]'' L.
* ''Spartidium'' Pomel
* ''Spartium'' L.
* ''Spathionema'' Taub.
* ''Spatholobus'' Hassk.
* ''Sphaerolobium'' Sm.
* ''Sphaerophysa'' DC.
* ''Sphenostylis'' E.Mey.
* ''Sphinctospermum'' Rose
* ''Spirotropis'' Tul.
* ''Spongiocarpella'' Yakovlev &amp; N.Ulziykh.
* ''Stachyothyrsus'' Harms
* ''Stahlia'' Bello
* ''Stauracanthus'' Link
* ''Stemonocoleus'' Harms
* ''Stenodrepanum'' Harms
* ''Storckiella'' Seem.
* ''Stracheya'' Benth.
* ''Streblorrhiza'' Endl.
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Engelm. &amp; A.Gray&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Strongylodon'' Vogel
* ''Strophostyles'' Elliott
* ''Stryphnodendron'' Mart.
* ''Stuhlmannia'' Taub.
* ''Stylosanthes'' Sw.
* ''Styphnolobium'' &lt;small&gt;Schott ex Endl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sutherlandia'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br. ex W.T.Aiton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Swainsona'' Salisb.
* ''Swartzia'' Schreb.
* ''Sweetia'' Spreng.
* ''Sympetalandra'' Stapf

=== T ===

* ''Tachigali'' Aubl.
* ''Tadehagi'' H.Ohashi
* ''Talbotiella'' Baker f.
* ''[[Tamarindus]]'' L.
* ''Taralea'' Aubl.
* ''Taverniera'' DC.
* ''Templetonia'' R.Br. ex W.T.Aiton
* ''Tephrosia'' Pers.
* ''Teramnus'' P.Browne
* ''Tessmannia'' Harms
* ''Tetraberlinia'' (Harms) Hauman
* ''Tetrapleura'' Benth.
* ''Tetrapterocarpon'' Humbert
* ''Teyleria'' Backer
* ''Thermopsis'' R.Br.
* ''Thylacanthus'' Tul.
* ''Tipuana'' (Benth.) Benth.
* ''Trifidacanthus'' Merr.
* ''[[Trifolium]]'' L.
* ''[[Trigonella]]'' L.
* ''Tylosema'' (Schweinf.) Torre &amp; Hillc.

=== U ===

* ''[[Uleanthus]]'' Harms
* ''[[Ulex]]'' L.
* ''Umtiza'' Sim
* ''[[Uraria]]'' Desv.
* ''Uribea'' Dugand &amp; Romero
* ''Urodon'' Turcz.

=== V ===

* ''[[Vachellia]]'' Raf
* ''Vandasina'' Rauschert
* ''Vatairea'' Aubl.
* ''Vataireopsis'' Ducke
* ''Vatovaea'' Chiov.
* ''Vavilovia'' Fed.
* ''[[Vicia]]'' L.
* ''[[Vigna]]'' Savi
* ''Viminaria'' Sm.
* ''Virgilia'' Poir.
* ''Vouacapoua'' Aubl.

=== W ===

* ''Wajira'' Thulin
* ''Wallaceodendron'' Koord.
* ''Weberbauerella'' Ulbr.
* ''Westia'' Vahl
* ''Whitfordiodendron'' Elmer
* ''Wiborgia'' Thunb.
* ''Willardia'' Rose
* ''[[Wisteria]]'' Nutt.

=== X ===

* ''Xanthocercis'' Baill.
* ''Xerocladia'' Harv.
* ''Xeroderris'' Roberty
* ''Xiphotheca'' Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.
* ''Xylia'' Benth.

=== Y ===

* ''Yucaratonia'' Burkart

=== Z ===

* ''Zapoteca'' H.M.Hern.
* ''Zenia'' Chun
* ''Zenkerella'' Taub.
* ''Zollernia'' Wied-Neuw. &amp; Nees
* ''Zornia'' J.F.Gmel.
* ''Zuccagnia'' Cav.
* ''Zygia'' P.Browne

=== Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Eto [[Madagasikara]], ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (na ''[[Fabaceae|Leguminosae]]'') dia anisan' ny fianakaviana ahitana zavamaniry isan-karazany betsaka indrindra. Araka ny ''The Leguminosae of Madagascar'' (Du Puy et al., 2002), dia eo amin' ny 140 ka hatramin' ny 150 eo ho eo ny vondron-karazana misy ary 670 mahery ny karazany, ka ny 80&amp;nbsp;% amin' ireo dia tsy misy afa-tsy eto amin' ny Nosy.

Raha arahina ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]] izay mizara ho zana-pianakaviana telo io fianakavana io dia izao no zava-misy: Ahitana vondron-karazana eo anelanelan' ny 50 sy 100 ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Papilionoideae]]'' (''[[Faboideae]]''), ka anisan' izany ny ''[[Dalbergia]]'', ny ''[[Indigofera]]'', ny ''[[Crotalaria]]'', ny ''[[Mundulea]]'', ny ''[[Phylloxylon]]'', ny ''[[Xanthocercis]]'', ny ''[[Millettia]]'', ny ''[[Bauhinia]]'', ny ''[[Cassia]]'', ny ''[[Caesalpinia]]'', ny ''[[Leptodesmia]]'' ary ny ''[[Vigna]]''. Ny ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Caesalpinioideae]]'' kosa dia ahitana vondron-karazana eo anelanelan' ny 20 sy 30, ka anisan' izany ny ''[[Chamaecrista]]'', ny ''[[Senna]]'', ny ''[[Delonix]]'', ny ''[[Bauhinia]]'', ny ''[[Tamarindus]]'', ny ''[[Colvillea]]'', ny ''[[Alantsilodendron]]'', ny ''[[Gagnebina]]'', ny ''[[Baudouinia]]'', ny ''[[Tetrapterocarpon]]'' ary ny ''[[Adenanthera]]''. Ahitana vondron-karazana eo anelanelan' ny 15 sy 20 ny ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideaedia]]'', ka anisan' izany ny ''[[Acacia]]'', ny ''[[Senegalia]]'', ny ''[[Entada]]'', ny ''[[Vachellia]]'', ny ''[[Albizia]]'', ny ''[[Mimosa]]'', ny ''[[Dichrostachys]]'' ary ny ''[[Phylloxylon]]''.</text>
      <sha1>6nnv1eugo9xsvcvf3rzuek6xucrjrr3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/11 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153621</id>
      <parentid>1133988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T06:48:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="177" sha1="nekgbvlfno8j0ywo8wsw9pdertwg2ah" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[11 Novambra|11 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1918]]''' - tapitra tamin'ny alalan'ny fanaovan-tsonia ny ady lehibe voalohany nifanaovan'i [[Alemaina]] tamin'ny mpiara-dia.</text>
      <sha1>nekgbvlfno8j0ywo8wsw9pdertwg2ah</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153623</id>
      <parentid>1153621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="235" sha1="5wpl0ez6za113t3omsl69ek9djdk0yh" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[11 Novambra|11 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1918]]''' - tapitra tamin'ny alalan'ny fanaovan-tsonia ny ady lehibe voalohany nifanaovan'i [[Alemaina]] tamin'ny mpiara-dia.

* '''[[1975]]''' - fahaleovantenan'i [[Angôla|Angola]].</text>
      <sha1>5wpl0ez6za113t3omsl69ek9djdk0yh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dichrostachys</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153569</id>
      <parentid>1145439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T19:39:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazana misy eto Madagasikara</comment>
      <origin>1153569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3429" sha1="ciytmk8jymp8149l3ahaup3kegkyltq" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Dichrostachys cinerea (Sickle Bush, Chinese lantern tree) at Thotlakonda.JPG|vignette|393x393px|''Dichrostachys cinerea'']]
Ny '''''Dichrostachys''''' dia antokon-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''), teratany any amin' ny faritra mafana atỳ amin' ny [[Tontolo Taloha]] ([[Afrika]], [[Azia]], [[Aostralazia]]), ahitana karazana 17 ekena. [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] izy ireo izay misy tsilo indraindray. Ny voniny kely dia mivondrona, sady lahy no vavy miloko mavo eo amin' ny tendrony, ary vony mavokely na volomparasy tsy lahy tsy vavy eo am-potony.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny antoko ''Dichrostachys'' araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(7&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Novambra 2018)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''Dichrostachys akataensis'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys arborescens]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Villiers&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dichrostachys bernieriana'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys dehiscens'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys dumetaria'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys kirkii'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys paucifoliolata'' &lt;small&gt;(Scott-Elliot) Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys paucifoliolatus'' &lt;small&gt;(Scott-Elliot) Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys pervilleanus'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys richardiana'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys santapaui'' &lt;small&gt;Sebast. &amp; Ramam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys scottiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys spicata'' &lt;small&gt;(F.Muell.) Domin&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Dichrostachys unijuga'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichrostachys venosa'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Dichrostachys cinerea 0014.jpg|vignette|''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana ''Dichrostachys''  misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:
* ''[[Dichrostachys akataensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys arborescens]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Bojer ex Benth.) Villiers&lt;/small&gt; --  kipoapoaka
* ''[[Dichrostachys bernieriana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt; (karazana nampidirina)
* ''[[Dichrostachys dumetaria]]'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys myriophylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- fandrihosinala
* ''[[Dichrostachys paucifoliolata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Scott Elliot) Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys pervilleana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys richardiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys scottiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; --  famaho, famahotramainty, famahotsa, hazonosy, roimainty, tsivoninjao
* ''[[Dichrostachys unijuga]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (←''Dichrostachys grandidieri'') -- boriravy
* ''[[Dichrostachys venosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>ciytmk8jymp8149l3ahaup3kegkyltq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bana (zavamaniry)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153625</id>
      <parentid>1150348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Filaharana</comment>
      <origin>1153625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="487" sha1="cuirlkj3eaq10pykb6bnpbqmf0xxct3" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''bana''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'': (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Malvaceae]]''): bana, sondraranjaza, tambasotsa, tambazotse, na tsindraranjaza.
* ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]''): bana, baranjely

== Jereo koa ==

*''[[Abelmoschus]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>cuirlkj3eaq10pykb6bnpbqmf0xxct3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sondraranjaza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153624</id>
      <parentid>1150347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="653" sha1="lrdlizg42ktv9qdh6dq80orfswl2owt" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''sondraranjaza''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]):
* ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') -- bana, sondraranjaza, tambasotsa, tambazotse, tsindraranjaza
* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Malvaceae]]'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy ary voaroibe

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Abelmoschus]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''</text>
      <sha1>lrdlizg42ktv9qdh6dq80orfswl2owt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ala Tara Gedam(monasteran'i Tara Gedam)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153566</id>
      <parentid>1153450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T19:00:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia */</comment>
      <origin>1153566</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2779" sha1="5dlrmd19epk9yo399wpjqubckzwom0t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Forêt
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}} mi
Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Gedam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any [[Etiôpia|Etiopia.]]

== Tantara ==
Ny Ala Tara Gedam dia ala ao amin'ny tapany avartr'i Etiopia, amin'ny toerana misy ny fiangonana ortodoksa monasteran'i Tara Gedam.Izy io dia voatondro ho alam-panjakana nanomboka ny taona 1979.Ao anatin'io ala io koa dia ahitana ny tranon'ireo relijiozy mpitoka-monina, ahitana koa trano fiangonana ary sekoly.Ny ala Tara Gedam dia mamokatra hazo ho an'ny fanaovan-trano, hoan'ny angovo ary firaofan'ireo biby fiompy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02842-9 Diversité d’oiseaux unique dans une forêt d’église éthiopienne | Biodiversité et conservation | Lien Springer Nature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Ny ala Tara Gedam dia ala natoraly misy karazam-borona maro, hita amin'ny sisin'ny ala.Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ireo oazisy masina ireo dia mampiakatra ny rano ambanin'ny tany, mampihena ny maripana, manakana ny rivotra mahafaty ary miaro ireo mpamafy voninkazo izay manatsara ny vokatra, ilaina amin'ny fambolena manodidina. Noho izany, ny ala dia tahiry genetika tena ilaina amin'ny fahaveloman'ny olombelona amin'ny ho avy any Etiopia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/08/gardens-of-eden-the-church-forests-of-ethiopia-aoe?s=09 Jardins d’Éden : les forêts de l’église d’Éthiopie – un essai photo | Éthiopie | Le Gardien]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==
Toy ny amin'ny toerana maro any Etiopia, misy fandripahana ala goavana 

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==
[sokajy:Fikambanana iraisam-pirenena]]
[[Sokajy:Etiopia]]
[[sokajy:Ala masina ]]
[[Sokajy:tontolo iainana]]</text>
      <sha1>5dlrmd19epk9yo399wpjqubckzwom0t</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
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      <comment>Nanampy</comment>
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      <text bytes="1991" sha1="thnnbpmxl4z5ym0m9f9qpbr1gfbbhku" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala masina ao Etiopia izay  manodidina ny monastera ortodoksa Tara Gedam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar akaikin'ny tanàna Addis Zemen.

== Tantara ==
Ny Ala Tara Gedam dia ala ao amin'ny tapany avartr'i Etiopia, amin'ny toerana misy ny fiangonana ortodoksa monasteran'i Tara Gedam.Izy io dia voatondro ho alam-panjakana nanomboka ny taona 1979.Ao anatin'io ala io koa dia ahitana ny tranon'ireo relijiozy mpitoka-monina, ahitana koa trano fiangonana ary sekoly.Ny ala Tara Gedam dia mamokatra hazo ho an'ny fanaovan-trano, hoan'ny angovo ary firaofan'ireo biby fiompy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02842-9 Diversité d’oiseaux unique dans une forêt d’église éthiopienne | Biodiversité et conservation | Lien Springer Nature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Ny ala Tara Gedam dia ala natoraly misy karazam-borona maro, hita amin'ny sisin'ny ala.Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ireo oazisy masina ireo dia mampiakatra ny rano ambanin'ny tany, mampihena ny maripana, manakana ny rivotra mahafaty ary miaro ireo mpamafy voninkazo izay manatsara ny vokatra, ilaina amin'ny fambolena manodidina. Noho izany, ny ala dia tahiry genetika tena ilaina amin'ny fahaveloman'ny olombelona amin'ny ho avy any Etiopia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/08/gardens-of-eden-the-church-forests-of-ethiopia-aoe?s=09 Jardins d’Éden : les forêts de l’église d’Éthiopie – un essai photo | Éthiopie | Le Gardien]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==
Toy ny amin'ny toerana maro any Etiopia, misy fandripahana ala goavana 

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==
[sokajy:Fikambanana iraisam-pirenena]]
[[Sokajy:Etiopia]]
[[sokajy:Ala masina ]]
[[Sokajy:tontolo iainana]]</text>
      <sha1>thnnbpmxl4z5ym0m9f9qpbr1gfbbhku</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Max Fontaine</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Asa fandraharahana */</comment>
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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny janvier 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny crédit biodiversity, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena,&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazana vahiny zato mahery indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny Tendrombohitra Malagasy, izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}
'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny [[:fr:Hautes_Terres_de_Madagascar|Afovoan-tany]], izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}{{Infobox olona|anarana=Max Fontaine|teraka=25 desambra 1995|toerana=[[Antananarivo]] [[Madagasikara]]|firenena=[[Madagasikara]]|asa=Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra|asa hafa=Mpandraharaha|taona niasana=Minisitra: 14 janoary 2024 – 29 septambra 2025}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny [[:fr:Hautes_Terres_de_Madagascar|Afovoan-tany]], izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nifamaly tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}{{Infobox olona|anarana=Max Fontaine|teraka=25 desambra 1995|toerana=[[Antananarivo]] [[Madagasikara]]|firenena=[[Madagasikara]]|asa=Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra|asa hafa=Mpandraharaha|taona niasana=Minisitra: 14 janoary 2024 – 29 septambra 2025}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny [[:fr:Hautes_Terres_de_Madagascar|Afovoan-tany]], izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]] . Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nanome tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}{{Infobox olona|anarana=Max Fontaine|teraka=25 desambra 1995|toerana=[[Antananarivo]] [[Madagasikara]]|firenena=[[Madagasikara]]|asa=Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra|asa hafa=Mpandraharaha|taona niasana=Minisitra: 14 janoary 2024 – 29 septambra 2025}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny [[:fr:Hautes_Terres_de_Madagascar|Afovoan-tany]], izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]]. Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 eo ho eo). %) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nanome tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}{{Infobox olona|anarana=Max Fontaine|teraka=25 desambra 1995|toerana=[[Antananarivo]] [[Madagasikara]]|firenena=[[Madagasikara]]|asa=Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra|asa hafa=Mpandraharaha|taona niasana=Minisitra: 14 janoary 2024 – 29 septambra 2025}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny [[:fr:Hautes_Terres_de_Madagascar|Afovoan-tany]], izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]]. Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 isan-jato eo ho eo) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy amin'ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nanome tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho mampiasa dia ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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{{Infobox Personnalité politique|nom=Max Fontaine|image=|légende=|fonction1=Ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable|depuis le fonction1=|à partir du fonction 1=14 janvier 2024|jusqu'au fonction 1=29 septembre 2025|président 1=[[Andry Rajoelina]]|premier ministre 1=[[Christian Ntsay]]|gouvernement 1=[[Gouvernement Ntsay IV|Ntsay IV]] et [[Gouvernement Ntsay V|V]]|coalition 1=[[Nous tous, ensemble avec Andry Rajoelina|IRMAR]]|prédécesseur 1=Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina|successeur 1=Rafanomezantsoa Michaël Manesimanana|nom de naissance=Fontaine Max Andonirina Noëli|date de naissance=25 décembre 1995|lieu de naissance=[[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]]|nationalité=[[Madagascar|Malgache]]|université=[[HEC Montréal]]|profession=Entrepreneur, homme politique}}{{Infobox olona|anarana=Max Fontaine|teraka=25 desambra 1995|toerana=[[Antananarivo]] [[Madagasikara]]|firenena=[[Madagasikara]]|asa=Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra|asa hafa=Mpandraharaha|taona niasana=Minisitra: 14 janoary 2024 – 29 septambra 2025}}

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

'''Max Fontaine''', teraka ny 25 desambra 1995 tao [[Antananarivo]], dia mpandraharaha sady mpanao politika [[Madagasikara|Malagasy]] . Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra teto Madagasikara izy nanomboka 14 janoary 2024 ka hatramin'ny 29 septambra 2025 tao amin'ny governemanta faha-IV sy faha-V notarihin'i [[Christian Ntsay]] .

== Tantaram-piainany ==

=== Fahatanorana sy ny fiofanana ===
Teraka tamin'ny ray [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|frantsay]] sy reny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] i Max Fontaine, ary lehibe teto [[Madagasikara]] ary nahazo ny bakalorea tao amin'ny Lycée Frantsay tao Tananarive tamin'ny taona 2013. Nanohy ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana orinasa tao amin'ny HEC Montréal, [[Kanada]] izy, izay manampahaizana manokana momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena sy ny toekarena ampiharina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-01-30 |title=Déclaration de patrimoine : Les ministres viennent au compte-goutte à la HCC - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/declaration-de-patrimoine-les-ministres-viennent-au-compte-goutte-a-la-hcc/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fandraharahana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2018, nanangana ny orinasa vao misondrotra ''Bôndy'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bôndy, faire renaître l’agriculture à Madagascar, ensemble |url=https://www.bondy.earth/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.bondy.earth |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; izy, izay mavitrika amin'ny sehatry ny fambolen-kazo sy ny fambolena [[ala]]. Manao fanentanana momba ny fambolen-kazo, mamolavola modely momba ny fambolena ala ary tetikasa famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny ala honko ny fikambanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=La start-up Bôndy remporte la 3e édition du prix Sprint - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/la-start-bondy-remporte-la-3e-edition-du-prix-sprint/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misarika ny sain'ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maromaro ny hetsika ataon'i Bondy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena isan-karazany momba ny toetrandro i Fontaine, anisan'izany ''ny Youth4Climate'', ary koa ny fivorian'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany|Banky Iraisam-pirenena]]. Tamin'ny taona 2023, notendren'ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] ''ho Mpisolovava ny Tontolo Iainana ho an'ny Tanora'' izy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2023-12-15 |title=Journée Madagascar à la COP 28 : Des solutions concrètes émanant de la jeunesse malgache pour faire face aux défis environnementaux - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/journee-madagascar-a-la-cop-28-des-solutions-concretes-emanant-de-la-jeunesse-malgache-pour-faire-face-aux-defis-environnementaux/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Trophées Millenials : pas plus de 45 ans et une grosse envie d’entreprendre ! - Eco Austral |url=https://ecoaustral.com/trophees-millenials-45-ans-et-une-grosse-envie-dentreprendre/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Eco Austral - Actualités économiques et entreprises de l'Océan Indien |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa ara-politika ===
Voatendry ho Minisitry ny Tontolo Iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana Maharitra izy tamin'ny volana janoary 2024, teo amin'ny faha-28 taonany. Manohana fomba fiasa reformista izy, izay mampifangaro ny fanavaozana, ny fampidirana ary ny diplaomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Environnement : Madagascar renforce son engagement climatique au niveau mondial - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/environnement-madagascar-renforce-son-engagement-climatique-au-niveau-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany, nahazo alalana tamin'ny Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) an'ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena]] i Madagasikara, izay rafitra famatsiam-bola ho an'ireo firenena manao fanavaozana ara-drafitra mifandraika amin'ny toetr'andro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Madagascar: le FMI et la Banque mondiale débloquent leur premier prêt commun pour le climat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240623-madagascar-le-fmi-et-la-banque-mondiale-d%C3%A9bloquent-leur-premier-pr%C3%AAt-commun-pour-le-climat |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manatanteraka fanavaozana ny rafitra nasionaly momba ny famatsiam-bola karbônina ihany koa ny minisitra. Manolotra ny fampidirana fitaovana ara-bola vaovao izy io, toy ny &quot;lemur bonds&quot; sy ny ''crédit biodiversity'', miaraka amin'ny tanjona hanohanana ny ezaka fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-03-14 |title=Protection de l’environnement : Vers la mise en place d’une fiscalité environnementale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/protection-de-lenvironnement-vers-la-mise-en-place-dune-fiscalite-environnementale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandray fepetra ihany koa izy io manoloana ny fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Madagascar: démantèlement d’un réseau de trafic de tortues radiata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250127-madagascar-d%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement-d-un-r%C3%A9seau-de-trafic-de-tortues-radiata |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=RFI |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2024-06-10 |title=Lutte contre les trafics d’espèces sauvages : Mise en place d’une task force internationale - Midi Madagasikara |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/lutte-contre-les-trafics-despeces-sauvages-mise-en-place-dune-task-force-internationale/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=midi-madagasikara.mg |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nisolo tena an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny COP16 tany [[Cali]] izy tamin'ny maha-mpandrindra azy niaraka tamin'ny filohan'ny COP. Voatendry ho filohan'ny Filankevitra Manerantany ho an'ny Tanjona Fampandrosoana Maharitra (SDG) faha-15 izy nandritra ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Governemanta tamin'ny taona 2025 tao [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adnews |first=Ecrit par |date=2025-02-14 |title=Objectifs de développent durable : Madagascar nommée président du conseil mondial – Newsmada |url=https://newsmada.com/2025/02/14/objectifs-de-developpent-durable-madagascar-nommee-president-du-conseil-mondial/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin'ny fananganana ny fiaraha-miasa G-Zero izy, izay mampivondrona ireo firenena izay mitahiry karbônina betsaka kokoa noho izay avoakany.

Izy koa no ao ambadiky ny hetsika &quot;Andro tsy misy loto&quot; ao [[Antananarivo]], izay ahitana ny fanakatonana ny foiben-tanàna amin'ny fiara mampiasa motera fandoroana, miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fivezivezena madio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=MARCHE POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT - Les alternatives aux véhicules polluants se font une place |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/10/marche-pour-lenvironnement-les.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana tamin'ny taona 2025]] izay nanozongozona an'i Madagasikara, dia voaroaka tamin'ny asany izy nandritra ny fandravana ny governemanta tamin'ny 29 septembre 2025 .

== Fanakianana sy adihevitra ==
Noheverina ho nifikitra tamin'ny toetrandro i Max Fontaine tamin'ny voalohany, saingy taty aoriana dia notsikeraina noho ny fampifanarahana ny tenany tamin'ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena izay heverina fa mifanohitra amin'ny laharam-pahamehana ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt; Voatsikera mafy izy noho ny tsy fahaizany mandray andraikitra sy ny tsy fahavononana hiatrika ny krizy ara-tontolo iainana, indrindra mandritra ny hain-tany sy ny doro tanety ao amin'ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana|Valan-javaboarin'i Ranomafana]], any atsimo atsinanan'ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-01-10 |title=Max Fontaine : un mandat marqué par l'échec |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/01/10/politique/max-fontaine-un-mandat-marque-par-lechec/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2024-12-09 |title=Max Fontaine : de héros écologiste à ministre vendu |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2024/12/09/societe/max-fontaine-de-heros-ecologiste-a-ministre-vendu/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ankoatra izany, voampanga ho tsy nihetsika izy teo anatrehan'ny fitomboan'ny fihazana an-tsokosoko sy ny fanondranana biby tsy fahita firy, tranga iray izay voalaza fa nitombo be nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikan'ny ''Bondy'' amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany ===
Misy tsikera momba ny fambolen-kazo ataon'ny orinasany. Mamboly karazana zavamaniry tsy fahita firy ho an'ny fambolen-kazo indray ny orinasa, izay araka ny voalazan'i Christian Kull, mpampianatra ao amin'ny Institute of Jeography and Sustainability ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Lausanne sady manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny tontolo iainana eto « ,«tsy voatery handray anjara amin'ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina teratany ary tsy azo heverina ho famerenana amin'ny laoniny, satria tsy mamerina amin'ny laoniny izay efa nisy teo aloha izy ireo ».&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt; Ny karazana sasany, toy ny ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', ampiasain'i ''Bôndy,'' dia sokajian'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]] ho iray amin'ireo karazam-biby vahiny zato manimba indrindra eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot;&gt;https://fr.mongabay.com/2022/08/entreprise-de-reboisement-laspect-social-est-il-coherent-avec-lenvironnement/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hanakorontana ny tontolo iainana voajanahary tsy ao anaty ala ihany koa ny fambolen-kazo, toy ny any amin'ny [[:fr:Hautes_Terres_de_Madagascar|Afovoan-tany]], izay tsy rakotra ala ara-tantara. Ny fanovana azy ireo ho toeram-pambolena hazo, matetika misy hazo vahiny, dia mety hanimba ny zavamananaina sy ny loharanon-drano, ary indraindray tsy dia mahomby amin'ny fitahirizana karbônina.&lt;ref name=&quot;mongabay&quot; /&gt;

=== Tetikasa Lalambe AR1 ===
Nokianina ihany koa ny fanohanan'i Max Fontaine ny tetikasa lalambe AR1, izay natao hampitohy an'i [[Antananarivo]] amin'i [[Toamasina|Toamasiana]]. Manameloka ny tsy fahalavorarian'ny dingana fanaovana tolo-bidy sy ny fakana an-keriny izay heverina ho habibiana ary ny fanonerana tsy mendrika ho an'ireo mponina mipetraka eny amin'ny lalana ny mpanohitra, ireo vondrona fiarahamonim-pirenena ary ireo ONG maromaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagascar |first=LGDI |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trois ministres convoqués — mais l’autoroute de la honte échappe toujours au débat |url=https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2025/05/13/politique/trois-ministres-convoques-mais-lautoroute-de-la-honte-echappe-toujours-au-debat/ |website=lgdi-madagascar.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2024-11-21 |title=Madagascar : le FMI ferme les yeux sur des projets qui vont aggraver la crise climatique selon la société civile |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241121-madagascar-fmi-ferme-les-yeux-projets-qui-vont-aggraver-la-crise-climatique-selon-la-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga ho mandrahona valan-javaboary nasionaly maromaro sy faritra fambolena saro-pady ihany koa ity tetikasa ity. Araka ny tombana nampitain'ireo fikambanana mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny fanamboarana ity lalambe ity dia mety hitarika amin'ny fandringanana ny ampahany betsaka amin'ireo [[Alananahary|ala fototra]] sisa tavela ao amin'ny firenena (eo amin'ny 10 isan-jato eo ho eo) izay vao mainka mampitombo ny toe-javatra misy amin'ny zavamananaina eo an-toerana izay efa nihena be,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=Le Monde |date=2024-07-10 |title=À Madagascar, une autoroute au milieu d’une forêt protégée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/10/a-madagascar-une-autoroute-au-milieu-d-une-foret-protegee_6248368_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afrique |first=RFI |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madagascar : des ONG demandent l’arrêt des travaux de l’autoroute Antananarivo–Tamatave |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250306-madagascar-des-ong-demande-l-arr%C3%AAt-des-travaux-de-l-autoroute-antananarivo-tamatave |website=rfi.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Madagascar — À Antananarivo, le président Rajoelina déchu laisse derrière lui ses chantiers décriés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/madagascar-a-antananarivo-le-president-rajoelina-dechu-laisse-derriere-lui-ses-chantiers-decries-20251019_V7HYXTOI2BF4VNXP7ZDQNBWQAA/ |website=liberation.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiampangana momba ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fifandirana tombontsoa ===
Tamin'ny 30 mars 2026, ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny gazety tsy miankina Malagasy ''La Gazette de la Grande Île'' dia nanasongadina tsy fanarahan-dalàna maromaro ary niampanga azy ho nanome tombontsoa ho an'ny orinasany, ''Bôndy'', nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany ho minisitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanaraha-maso nataon'ny Minisiteran'ny Ekolojia, 342 tapitrisa [[ariary]] (eo amin'ny 70.500 [[Euro|euros]] eo ho eo) no natokana ho an'ny orinasa iray ho an'ny fananganana foibe fanodinana fako, tetikasa izay tsy tanteraka mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot;&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanaraha-maso io ihany no mitatitra ny fanjavonan'ny fiara ofisialy maromaro sy ny kojakoja fanolo tao amin'ny garazin'ny minisitera &lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/30/economie/medd-sous-max-fontaine-lecologie-au-service-du-profit-prive/&lt;/ref&gt;. Miampanga azy ho manao fivezivezena ofisialy hampiroboroboana ny orinasany ihany koa ny gazety.&lt;ref name=&quot;lgdi-1&quot; /&gt; Farany, tsikeraina noho ny fitantanana ny tahirim-bola ho an'ny karbônina izay heverina ho tsy mazava, izay mbola vitsy ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany ho an'ny mponina eo an-toerana.&lt;ref&gt;https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2026/03/24/economie/credits-carbone-la-cagnotte-des-copains-invisible-de-bondy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanamarihana sy referansa ==

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  <page>
    <title>Ideôlôjia</title>
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      <text bytes="63793" sha1="qgv94q8fth1l7i6q3j1jg9z4zumtdb5" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ideôlôjia''' dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, soatoavina na [[Finoana|finoana]] lazaina fa ananan' ny olona iray na vondron' olona, indrindra ireo ifikirana noho ny antony tsy mifototra fotsiny amin' ny finoana fa [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]] azo antoka no iorenany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Honderich; first: Ted; url: [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond]; Lohateny: ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Taona: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 392.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''ideology''; url: [https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122517/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; Daty nitahirizana: 2020-02-11; website: Lexico.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin' izany, araka ny famaritan' i Maurice Cranston izay adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, dia «misongadina tahaka ny lafiny ara-teôria ny lafiny fampiharana».&lt;ref&gt;Cranston, Maurice. [1999] 2014. &quot;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society Tahiry] (date: 2020-06-09)&quot; (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandray amin' ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao ny ideôlôjia, nefa samy hafa ireo.

I Antoine Destutt de Tracy, izay avy amin' ny saranga andriana sady [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfa]] tao amin' ny hetsiky ny Fahazavana tany Frantsa, no namorona ilay teny; tamin' ny 1796 izy no namolavola izany ho «siansa momba ny hevitra» (raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy), mba hananganana rafitra ahitana hevitra mifototra amin' ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot;&gt;Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of ideology.'' Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/ideology&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny siansa pôlitika, dia ampiasaina amin' ny heviny milazalaza ny zava-misy ilay teny mba hanondroana ireo rafitry ny finoana ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fiavian' ny teny ==
[[File:Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy.png|thumb|Namorona ny teny hoe ''ideology'' i Antoine Destutt de Tracy.]]
Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideology'' dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]] hoe ''idéologie''. Io teny frantsay io kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny fampiarahana ny teny grika hoe ''idéā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]'' », izay midika hoe hevitra na lamina; manakaiky ny hevitry ny hoe ''hevitra'' araka ny [[John Locke|fomba fisainan' i Locke]]) sy ny tovana hoe ''-logíā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:-λογῐ́ᾱ|-λογῐ́ᾱ]]'' », izay midika hoe fandalinana). Ilay mpandinika frantsay Destutt de Tracy no namorona azy tamin' ny 1796, ary tamin' ny voalohany dia ny siansa momba ny hevitra no notondroin' ny teny hoe ''ideology''. Tamin' ny 1907 anefa dia efa nahazo heviny vaovao ilay teny tamin' ny teny anglisy, ka nanondro rafitra ankapobeny ahitana finoana sy foto-pampianarana izay enti-mandika izao tontolo izao. Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana dia vao mainka nivelatra ny heviny, ka nanjary nanondro izay rafitra mirindra rehetra misy hevitra ara-pôlitika, ara-tsôsialy na ara-kolontsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot; /&gt;

Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideologue'' dia ilazana olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia iray. Misy heviny manambany io teny io, satria matetika izy io no ilazana olona miandany an-jambany, mafana fo fatratra, na mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny zavatra inoany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of IDEOLOGUE''; Daty: 7 June 2026; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideologue].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Tamin' ny taona 1796 no namolavolan' i [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] (1754–1836) ny teny hoe ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-kevitra mifandray aminy. Nanjary voafaritra mazava ny heviny fony izy tany am-ponja, nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra 1793 ka hatramin' ny Oktobra 1794, niandry ny fitsarana azy nandritra ny [[Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana]], izay naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny manodidina ny taona 1793 ka hatramin' ny Jolay 1794. Namaky ny sanganasan' i Locke sy Étienne Bonnot de Condillac izy fony nigadra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Vincent; first1: Andrew; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; Lohateny: ''Modern Political Ideologies''; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 1; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 7 May 2020; Daty nitahirizana: 3 August 2020; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanantena ny hanorina fototra azo antoka ho an' ny siansa momba ny olombelona sy ny fitondran-tenany sy ny siansa pôlitika i Tracy, ka namorona ilay teny hilazana ny «siansa momba ny hevitra». Zavatra roa no nanaovany izany fototra: (1) ny fahatsapana iainan' ny olona rehefa mifandray amin' ny tontolon' ny zavatra azo tsapain-tanana izy; ary (2) ny hevitra miforona ao an-tsainy vokatry ny fahatsapana toy izany. Ho an' i Tracy, ny ideôlôjia dia filôzôfia manandratra ny fahalalahana, izay hiaro ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, ny fananana, ny tsena malalaka, ary ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana amin' ny alalan' ny lalàm-panorenana. Nambarany fa, amin' ireo lafin-javatra ireo, ny ideôlôjia no teny ankapobeny indrindra, satria tafiditra ao amin' ny «siansa momba ny hevitra» koa ny fandinihana ny fomba anehoana ireo hevitra sy ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy&quot;&gt;last: Kennedy; first: Emmet; Daty: Jul–Sep 1979; Lohateny: ''&quot;Ideology&quot; from Destutt De Tracy to Marx''; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; Boky: 40; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 353–368; jstor: 2709242; doi: 10.2307/2709242.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanazavana ara-tantara nataon' i [[Karl Mannheim]] momba ny fiovan' ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia, dia nipoitra ny heviny maoderina rehefa nampiasa azy i Napoleon niantsoana ireo mpanohitra azy hoe «ireo olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia», araka ny dikanteny malagasy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Mannheim; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Utopia''; Daty: 1929; Pejy: 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ela dia nadika tamin' ireo fiteny lehibe tany Eorôpa ny boky lehibe nosoratan' i Tracy, ''The Elements of Ideology'' (''Élémens d'idéologie'' amin' ny teny frantsay, navoaka tamin' ny 1804–1815).

Tao anatin' ny taonjato taorian' ny namolavolan' i Tracy ny heviny, dia nifandimby nitondra hevitra tsara sy hevitra ratsy ny teny hoe ideôlôjia. Rehefa nanaraka fomba fijery nanohana ny famerenana ny lamina taloha ireo governemanta taorian' i Napoleon, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo mpandinika avy any Italia sy Espaina ary ireo mpandinika rosiana ilay foto-kevitra. Efa nanomboka niantso tena ho mpanohana ny fahalalahana ireo mpandinika ireo, ary niezaka namelona indray ny hetsika revôlisiônera tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1820. Anisan' izany ireo fikambanana Carbonari tany Frantsa sy Italia ary ireo mpikomy rosiana tamin' ny volana Desambra.
Noraisin' i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) ilay hevitra ratsy nampiasain' i Napoleon, ka nampiasainy tao amin' ny asa sorany. Indray mandeha izy dia nilaza an' i Tracy hoe, araka ny dikanteny malagasy, «mpifikitra mafy amin' ny foto-pampianaran' ny saranga tompon' ny fananana, mangatsiaka ra toy ny trondro» (''fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär'' amin' ny teny alemàna).&lt;ref&gt;de Tracy, Antoine Destutt. [1801] 1817. ''Les Éléments d'idéologie'', (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in Mannheim, Karl. 1929. ''The problem of 'false consciousness.'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' In ''Ideologie und Utopie''. 2nd footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nihena tatỳ aoriana ny hevitra manaratsy nentin' ilay teny (tsingerin' ny fanoloana teny manaratsy amin' ny teny malefaka izay manjary manaratsy indray), ka nanjary teny tsy miandany ampiasaina amin' ny famakafakana ireo hevitra pôlitika samihafa sy ny fomba fijerin' ireo vondrona ara-tsôsialy izy.&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry (1991) ''Ideology: An Introduction'', Verso, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
Raha nampifandray ilay teny tamin' ny tolona eo amin' ny saranga sy ny fanjakazakana i Marx,&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Robert C (1978). ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', W. W. Norton &amp; Company, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Marx, ''MER'', p. 154&lt;/ref&gt; dia nisy kosa nihevitra azy ho ampahany tsy maintsy ilaina amin' ny fiasan' ny andrim-piarahamonina sy ny fampiraisana ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Susan Silbey, ''Ideology''. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanindran-dalana amin' ireo hevitra rosiana taorian' ny vanim-potoana sôvietika momba ny ideôlôjia tokana tsy manaiky hafa, izay hita ao amin' ny [[Mônôteisma|finoana an' Andriamanitra tokana]], ohatra, dia nandinika ny «fanitarana ara-ideôlôjia» (dikanteny malagasy) teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana sy ny pôlitika i Walter Brueggemann (1933–2025).&lt;ref&gt;
last1: Brueggemann; first1: Walter; author-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last1: Brueggemann; editor-first1: Walter; editor-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last2: Stroup; editor-first2: George W.; editor-link2: George Stroup; Daty: 1 January 1998; Fizarana: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Exodus' in the Plural (Amos 9:7)''; Lohateny: ''Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World : in Honor of Shirley Guthrie''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0HRC46744C]; Toerana: Louisville, Kentucky; Mpamoaka: Westminster John Knox Press; Pejy: 16, 28; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780664257576&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 6 January 2025; quote: [...] ideological extension of the 'onlyness' of Yahweh to include the 'onlyness' of Israel, which I shall term ''mono-ideology''. [...] As Deuteronomy is a main force for mono-ideology in ancient Judaism, so it is possible to conclude that Calvinism has been a primary force for mono-ideology in modern Christian history because of its insistence upon God's sovereignty, which is very often allied with socioeconomic-political hegemony.. 
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana sy famakafakana ==
Maro ny karazana ideôlôjia, anisan' izany ny ideôlôjia [[Pôlitika|ara-pôlitika]], ara-tsôsialy, [[Epistemôlôjia|momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]], ary [[Etika|momba ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena]]. Mirona amin' ny fiheverana ny ideôlôjia ho rafitra misy hevitra mifandrindra ny famakafakana tato ho ato. Miorina amin' ny fiheverana fototra vitsivitsy momba ny zava-misy io rafitra io, ary mety hisy na tsy hisy zava-misy manamarina ireo fiheverana ireo. Amin' ny alalan' io rafitra io, ny safidy ataon' ny olona hatrany, izay miankina amin' ny fomba fijeriny manokana, dia mahatonga ny hevitra hirindra sy hanaraka lamina miverimberina. Ireo hevitra ireo no toy ny voa iaingan' ny [[Fieritreretana|fisainana]] hafa miforona manodidina azy. Ny finoana ideôlôjia iray dia mety ho fanekena fotsiny tsy arahina fandraisana andraikitra, na mety hahatratra hatramin' ny fiarovana azy amin-kafanam-po. Ny famaritana sasany, toy ny an' i Manfred Steger sy Paul James, dia samy manantitrantitra ny fisian' ny lamina sy ny filazana ho marina izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra fa tsy voatery ho marina amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra. Izao no nosoratan' izy ireo, araka ny fandikana azy amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny ideôlôjia dia vondron-kevitra sy foto-kevitra manaraka lamina ary voavolavolan' ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy; anisan' izany ny fomba manokana anehoana ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona na vondrona arakaraka ny fahefana ananany. Ireo fandaminana ny foto-kevitra, izay toy ny sarintany, dia manampy ny olona hahita izay lalan-kizorany ao anatin' ny tontolo pôlitika be pitsiny misy azy, ary mitondra filazana ny amin' izay marina momba ny fiarahamonina. »&lt;ref&gt;James, Paul, and Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/4510893/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._4_Ideologies_of_Globalism_2010_ Tahiry] (date: 2020-04-29). London: Sage.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny asa soratr' i George Walford sy Harold Walsby dia mandalina ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia mihitsy, fa tsy ideôlôjia manokana, amin' ny anarana hoe fandalinana mirindra ny ideôlôjia (''systematic ideology''). Miezaka mandinika ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy izy ireo. Fomba enina samy hafa nampiasana ny teny hoe ideôlôjia no faritan' i David W. Minar:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–31; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fitambaran' ny hevitra sasantsasany manana karazam-botoaty voafaritra, izay mazàna momba ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy.
# Ny endrika na ny fandaminana ireo hevitra ao anatin' ny fitambarany, araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra ao anatiny.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny firafitry ny fikambanana iray.
# Hevitra ampitaina izay mikendry ny handresy lahatra.
# Ny sehatra isehoan' ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy.

Ho an' i Willard A. Mullins, tokony havahana amin' ny hevitra mifandray aminy nefa samy hafa aminy ny ideôlôjia, dia ny sary an-tsaina momba ny fiarahamonina tonga lafatra sy ny angano ara-tantara, izany hoe fitantarana momba ny lasa manana heviny an' ohatra ho an' ny fiarahamonina. Araka ny famaritany, toetra fototra efatra no mandrafitra ny ideôlôjia:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Tsy maintsy manana hery mitaona ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana izy.
# Tsy maintsy afaka mitarika ny fanombanana sy fitsaran' ny olona izy.
# Tsy maintsy manome tari-dalana mankany amin' ny asa atao izy.
# Tsy maintsy mirindra araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra izy, ka tsy mifanohitra ny hevitra ao anatiny.

Mitanisa famaritana sasantsasany momba ny ideôlôjia i Terry Eagleton, ka tsy dia misy filaharana manokana arahina amin' ity lisitra ity:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC&amp;hl=en Tahiry] (date: 2021-06-01)''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ny fizotry ny famokarana hevitra ampitaina, famantarana ary soatoavina eo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy.
# Fitambaran-kevitra mampiavaka vondrona na saranga ara-tsôsialy iray manokana.
# Hevitra manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Hevitra diso manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana hafatra izay aolana amin' ny fomba voarafitra.
# Hevitra manome toerana ijoroan' ny olona amin' ny maha-mpahatsapa sy mpisaina azy, ka ahafahany mamantatra ny tenany sy mijery izao tontolo izao.
# Fomba fisainana atosiky ny tombontsoa ara-tsôsialy.
# Fisainana mampitovy ny zavatra amin' ny foto-kevitra na sokajy ankapobeny ampidirana azy, ka manilika izay mampiavaka azy (''identity thinking'').
# Fiheveran-diso ilaina amin' ny fiainana na ny fiasan' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny fihaonan' ny lahateny sy ny fomba fandrafetana hevitra amin' ny fahefana.
# Ny rafitra ahafahan' ireo olona mandray anjara eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, sady manana fahatsiarovan-tena, manome heviny ny tontolo misy azy.
# Fitambaram-pinoana mikendry ny hitarika asa atao.
# Ny fampifangaroana ny zava-misy araka ny teny ilazana azy sy ny zava-misy araka izay miseho amin' ny fahatsapana sy ny traikefa.
# Ny fanidiana ny rafitry ny famantarana sy ny heviny ao anatin' ny hevitra raikitra, ka tsy isokafana amin' ny fandikana hafa (''semiotic closure'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 197&lt;/sup&gt;
# Ny rafitra tsy azo ialana izay iainan' ny tsirairay ny fifandraisany amin' ny firafitra ara-tsôsialy.
# Ny dingana mamadika ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ho zava-misy raisina ho avy amin' ny natiora.

Niantso ny hanaovana « fandinihana mitsikera ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia » (fandikana) i [[Christian Duncker]], filôzôfa alemàna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110701015904/http://www.ideologieforschung.de/web/Christian_Duncker.html Christian Duncker]&quot; (in German). ''Ideologie Forschung''. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny asa sorany, niezaka nametraka ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia ho lohahevitra ivon' ny fandinihana izy, niaraka tamin' ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]] sy ny tantara, izay mifandray akaiky aminy. Nofaritany ho rafitra fanehoana ny ideôlôjia, ka ireo fanehoana ireo dia milaza mivantana na an-kolaka fa fahamarinana tanteraka tsy misy fepetra no asehony.

=== Fandikana araka ny marksisma ===
[[File:Karl Marx 001 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Milaza i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] fa ampahany tsy afa-misaraka amin' ny rafitra ambony ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.]]
Ao amin' ny famakafakan' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia rafitry ny fahatsiarovan-tena mipoitra avy amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena, izay maneho sy mampaharitra ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Marx; first1: Karl; last2: Engels; first2: Friedrich; Daty: 1974; Lohateny: ''The German Ideology. [Students Edition]''; Fizarana: ''I. Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks''; Pejy: 64-68; Mpamoaka: Lawrence &amp; Wishart; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780853152170&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny môdely marksista momba ny fiarahamonina, izay manavaka ny fototra ara-toekarena sy ny rafitra ambony, ny hoe fototra ara-toekarena dia manondro ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona amin' ny famokarana sy ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana, fa ny hoe rafitra ambony kosa dia manondro ny ideôlôjia manjaka, izany hoe ny rafitra ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitika.
Ny fototra ara-toekarenan' ny famokarana no mamaritra ny rafitra ambony ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray.
Ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka no mamaritra io rafitra ambony io sy ny toetran' ny ideôlôjia manamarina azy; vitany izany satria ny saranga manjaka no mifehy ny fitaovana enti-mamokatra.
Ohatra, ao amin' ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana feôdaly, ny ideôlôjia ara-pivavahana no lafiny misongadina indrindra amin' ny rafitra ambony, fa ao amin' ny fandaminana kapitalista kosa dia ny ideôlôjia toy ny [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] sy ny demôkrasia sôsialy no manjaka.
Noho izany dia lehibe ny anjara toeran' ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fanamarinana ny fiarahamonina iray sy amin' ny fampisafotofotoana ara-pôlitika ireo vondrona zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny, amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
Ho an' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia mandrisika ny olona iray trandrahin' ny kapitalisma na zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny noho io rafitra io, mba hanohy hanohana azy na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany.
Matetika io olona io no tsy mahatsapa fa misy soatoavina tanany izay nampisehoin' ny ideôlôjia ho zavatra voajanahary.
Ao amin' ny bokiny hoe ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'', i Slavoj Žižek dia mitanisa an' i Marx manao hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy fantatr' izy ireo izany, nefa ataony ihany.» Izany no fomba fohy anehoany ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso ateraky ny ideôlôjia.
Nisy fanazavana samihafa naroso.
Mampiasa ny fanjakazakana ara-kolontsaina i [[Antonio Gramsci|Antonio Gramsci]] mba hanazavana ny antony ananan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia diso momba izay tena mahasoa azy indrindra.
Nanambara i Marx hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny saranga izay manana ny fitaovana famokarana ara-materialy eo am-pelatanany dia mifehy koa, amin' izay fotoana izay ihany, ny fitaovana famokarana ara-tsaina.»&lt;ref&gt;last: Marx; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''&quot;The German Ideology: Part I&quot;, The Marx-Engels Reader 2nd ed.''; Taona: 1978a; Mpamoaka: W.W. Norton &amp; Company; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manan-danja amin' ny lafiny foto-kevitra eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny fahalalana sy ny fiarahamonina ilay famaritana marksista ny ideôlôjia ho fitaovana mampitohy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy amin' ny famokarana azy indray,&lt;ref&gt;Eo amin' io taranja io dia misy adihevitra momba ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia: fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, araka ny hevitra arovan' i Marx, sa kosa «toerana diso» misy ny fanambarana iray, izay marina raha raisina amin' izao fotsiny nefa tsy mifandraika amin' ny toe-javatra anaovana azy, araka ny hevitr' i [[Max Weber|Max Weber]]: last1: Buonomo; first1: Giampiero; Lohateny: ''Eleggibilità più ampia senza i paletti del peculato d'uso? Un'occasione (perduta) per affrontare il tema delle leggi ad personam''; Gazety: ''Diritto&amp;Giustizia Edizione Online''; Daty: 2005; url: [https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794]; Daty nitahirizana: 2016-03-24; via: Questia; url-access: subscription; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794].&lt;/ref&gt; indrindra eo amin' ny asan' i Karl Mannheim, i Daniel Bell, i [[Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] ary ny hafa.
Ankoatra izany, i Mannheim dia namolavola izany hevitra izany ka niala tamin' ny fiheverana marksista ny ideôlôjia izay «manontolo» nefa «manokana», nankany amin' ny fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia «ankapobeny» sy «manontolo».
Io fiheverana io dia manaiky fa avy amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ny ideôlôjia rehetra, anisan' izany ny [[Marksisma|marksisma]]; hevitra izay novolavolain' ilay mpandinika ny fiarahamonina [[Pierre Bourdieu|Pierre Bourdieu]] koa izany.
Nampian' i Slavoj Žižek sy ireo tao amin' ny sekolin-kevitra tao Frankfurt talohany hevitra iray avy amin' ny fandinihana ny fiasan' ny saina mifantoka amin' ny lafiny tsy tsapan' ny tena (''psychoanalysis'') ilay «teôria ankapobeny» momba ny ideôlôjia: tsy ny hevitra tsapan' ny tena ihany no ao anatin' ny ideôlôjia, fa misy koa ny hevitra tsy tsapan' ny tena.

Nilaza i Teun A. van Dijk hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fampiasana [io teny io] andavanandro dia maneho hevitra ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny, ary mazàna manondro ny hevitr' olon-kafa izay miraikitra tsy mety miova, diso lalana, na miandany: isika no manana ny marina, fa izy ireo kosa no manana ideôlôjia. Izany heviny ratsy izany dia miverina hatrany amin' i Marx sy Engels, izay nihevitra ny ideôlôjia ho endriky ny “fahatsiarovan-tena diso”.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Politics, Ideology, and Discourse''; last: van Dijk; first: T. A.; Daty: 2006; website: Discourse in Society; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194631/http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 2011-07-08; Daty nijerena: 2019-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy ny entam-barotra (Debord) ===
Nilaza ilay Frantsay mpandinika teôria marksista [[Guy Debord|Guy Debord]], iray tamin' ny mpanorina ny ''Situationist International'' (Vondrona iraisam-pirenena sitiasiônista), fa rehefa lasa sokajy fototra amin' ny fiarahamonina ny entam-barotra, izany hoe rehefa tanteraka hatramin' ny farany ny dingan' ny famadihana zavatra ho entam-barotra, dia ny sary momba ny fiarahamonina aparitak' ny entam-barotra no manjaka amin' ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana. Izany sary izany dia maneho ny fiainana manontolo ho fitambaran' ny hevitra sy zavatra izay tsy manana sanda afa-tsy amin' ny maha-entam-barotra azo ifanakalozana azy araka ny sanda amin' ny fifanakalozana. Araka ny hevitr' i Debord, ny fanjakazakan' izany sary izany amin' ny fiainana manontolo dia mampihena ny fiarahamonina ho fanehoana fotsiny azy; izany no hevitra velabelariny ao amin' ny boky ''The Society of the Spectacle'' (izany hoe Ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny seho).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The Society of the Spectacle''; Mpamoaka: Zone Books; author: Guy Debord; Taona: 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Antony mampiray (Hoffer) ===
Nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa amerikanina Eric Hoffer ireo antony maromaro mampiray ny mpanaraka ideôlôjia iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. Harper Perennial. p. 91, ''et seq.''&lt;/ref&gt;

# Fankahalana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Afaka mipoitra sy miely tsy misy [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] ny hetsiky ny vahoaka maro, nefa tsy afaka manao izany mihitsy raha tsy misy finoana [[Devoly|devoly]].»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazany, vahiny no «devoly tena sahaza», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 93&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fakana tahaka: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Arakaraka ny maha-kely ny fahafaham-pontsika amin' ny maha-isika antsika no maha-lehibe ny faniriantsika hitovy amin' ny hafa… arakaraka ny tsy itokisantsika ny fahaizantsika mitsara sy ny vintantsika no maha-vonona kokoa antsika hanaraka ny ohatry ny hafa.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 101–2&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fandresen-dahatra: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahazotoan' ny mpanao fampielezan-kevitra hitaona olona hanaraka ny finoany na ny heviny dia avy amin' izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny: «fitadiavana fatratra zavatra mbola tsy hita, mihoatra noho ny faniriana hanome zavatra efa ananantsika».&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 110&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fanerena: milaza i Hoffer fa mifampiankina ny herisetra sy ny fifikirana tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra. Araka ny filazany, ny olona noterena hanaraka ny finoana [[Silamo|silamo]] na [[Kômonisma|kôminista]] dia manjary mifikitra tafahoatra amin' izany tahaka ireo nanery azy. Hoy izy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ilaina ny finoana ifikirana tafahoatra mba hitadiavana antony hanamarinana ny hakanosantsika.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 107–8&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fitarihana: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, tsy misy hetsika raha tsy misy mpitarika. Matetika ilay mpitarika no tsy maintsy miandry ela, mbola tsy miseho ho mpitarika, mandra-pahatongan' ny fotoana mety. Mitaky fanaovana sorona amin' izao fotoana izao izy mba hanamarinana ny fahitany hoavy mahatalanjona. Anisan' ny toetra sy fahaizana ilaina, araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahasahiana, ny tsy fahamenarana, ny finiavana tsy azo hozongozonina, ary ny faharesen-dahatra ifikirana tafahoatra; ny fankahalana mivaivay, ny hafetsena, ary ny fankafizana tandindona; ny fahaizana mampisy finoana jamba eo amin' ny vahoaka maro; ary ny fananana vondron' ny mpanampy mpitarika mahay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 112–4&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny filazany ihany, tsy azo ialana ny famitahana amin' ny filazana fahaizana na toetra tsy ananana, ary matetika ny mpitarika no maka tahaka ny sakaiza sy ny fahavalo, ka manao izay nantsoiny hoe, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «fanefena ny tena araka ny ohatra iray, ka izany irery no ifantohana». Tsy hitarika ny mpanaraka azy ho any amin' ilay «[[Tany Nampanantenaina|hoavy sambatra nampanantenaina]]» izy, hoy i Hoffer, fa hampiala azy ireo fotsiny «amin' ny maha-izy azy izay tsy tiany», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 116–9&lt;/sup&gt;
# Asa atao: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, voasakana ny fisainana vaovao tsy manahaka ny hafa, ary ampirisihina ny firaisankina, raha atao variana hatrany amin' ny tetikasa lehibe, ny diabe, ny fikarohana ary ny asa indostrialy ny vahoaka maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 120–1&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fiahiahiana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Misy ny fitsabahana mikaroka ny raharahan' ny hafa sy ny fitsikilovana, ny fanaraha-maso amim-pihenjanana ary ny fahatsapana amim-pihenjanana fa arahi-maso ny tena.» Araka ny filazany, tsy misy manohitra izany tsy fifampitokisana tafahoatra izany, ary mampirisika ny fanarahana ny fenitra sy ny hevitry ny vondrona izany, fa tsy ny fanehoana hevitra manohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 124&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ronald Inglehart ===

I Ronald Inglehart, avy ao amin' ny ''University of Michigan'' (Oniversiten' i Michigan), no mpanoratra ny ''World Values Survey'' (fanadihadiana maneran-tany momba ny soatoavina). Araka ny fitantarana momba io fanadihadiana io, hatramin' ny 1980 dia nandrakitra ny toe-tsain' ny olona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina tany amin' ny firenena 100 izy io, ary ireo firenena ireo dia ahitana ny 90% amin' ny mponina maneran-tany. Maneho ny valiny fa azo inoana ny hisian' ny fifandraisana akaiky eo amin' ny toerana onenan' ny olona sy ny foto-pinoany ara-ideôlôjia. Araka ireo valiny ireo, any amin' ny faritra maro ao Afrika sy Azia Atsimo ary Afovoany Atsinanana, dia aleon' ny olona ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana ary tsy dia mandefitra amin' ny soatoavina liberaly, izay manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, izy ireo. Ny faritra prôtestanta ao Eorôpa kosa dia eo amin' ny tendrony mifanohitra amin' izany, ka mifikitra kokoa amin' ny foto-pinoana tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana sy amin' ny soatoavina liberaly. Araka io fitantarana io ihany, amin' ireo firenena manana fidiram-bola ambony, dia i Etazonia irery no miavaka amin' ny fifikirany amin' ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana, dia ny kristianisma amin' io tranga io.

== Ideôlôjia pôlitika ==
Jereo koa: Lisitry ny ideôlôjia pôlitika.

Ao amin' ny fandalinana ny pôlitika, ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, fitsipika, [[Foto-pampianarana|foto-pampianarana]], angano, na tandindona mifototra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena, izay ananan' ny hetsika ara-tsôsialy, andrim-piarahamonina, saranga, na vondron' olona lehibe iray. Manazava ny fomba tokony handaminana ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] izany, ary manolotra drafitra ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ho an' ny fandaminana ara-tsôsialy iray. Mahakasika lafin-javatra maro samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Anisan' izany, nefa tsy ireo ihany, ny [[Toekarena|toekarena]], ny [[Governemanta|fitondram-panjakana]], ny tontolo iainana, ny [[Fanabeazana|fanabeazana]], ny [[Fitsaboana|fitsaboana sy fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana]], ny lalàna mifehy ny asa, ny lalàna momba ny heloka, ny rafi-pitsarana, ny fiahiana ara-tsôsialy sy ny fanampiana ara-tsôsialy, ny pôlitikam-panjakana sy ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana, ny [[Pôlitika ivelany|pôlitika ivelany]], ny zo, ny fahalalahana sy ny adidy, ny maha-olom-pirenena, ny fifindra-monina mankany amin' ny firenena iray, ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] sy ny maha-izy ny firenena, ny fitantanana ny tafika, ary ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]].

Misy lafiny roa ny ideôlôjia pôlitika:
# Ny tanjona: ny fomba tokony handaminana ny fiarahamonina;
# Ny fomba fiasa: ny lalana heverina ho mety indrindra hahatratrarana ilay fandaminana filamatra.

Ny tena ifantohan' ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia ny fomba fizarana ny fahefana sy ny tanjona tokony hampiasana izany fahefana izany. Misy antoko manaraka akaiky dia akaiky ideôlôjia iray, fa misy kosa mety haka aingam-panahy amin' ny ankapobeny avy amin' ny vondron' ideôlôjia mifandray, nefa tsy mandray manokana ny iray amin' ireo. Samy manana hevitra momba izay heveriny ho endri-pitondram-panjakana tsara indrindra ny ideôlôjia pôlitika tsirairay. Ohatra amin' izany ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia, na fitondrana miorina amin' ny fahefan' ny vahoaka]], ny fitaomana vahoaka amin' ny fampiasana ny fihetseham-pony (''demagogy''), ny [[Teôkrasia|fitondrana mifototra amin' ny fahefana ara-pivavahana]] (''theocracy''), ary ny [[Kalifata|kalifata, na fanjakana silamo tarihin' ny kalifa]], sy ny hafa. Manana hevitra momba ny halehiben' ny fahefan' ny fitondram-panjakana koa izy ireny, toy ny fanamafisana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra sy famerana ny fahalalahana (''authoritarianism''), ny fanomezana lanja voalohany ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay sy ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana (''libertarianism''), ary ny [[Federalisma|fizaram-pahefana eo amin' ny fitondrana foibe sy ireo fanjakana na vondrom-paritra mandrafitra ny firenena]] (''federalism''), sy ny hafa. Toy izany koa ny heviny momba izay rafitra ara-toekarena tsara indrindra, toy ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananan' olon-tsotra ny fitaovam-pamokarana sy ny fitadiavana tombom-barotra]] (''capitalism''), na ny [[Sôsialisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana]] (''socialism''), sy ny hafa. Indraindray, teny iray ihany no enti-manondro ny ideôlôjia iray sy ny iray amin' ny hevi-dehibe ao aminy. Ohatra, ny teny hoe ''socialism'' dia mety hanondro ilay rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana, na koa ilay ideôlôjia manohana izany rafitra ara-toekarena izany. Taorian' ny taona 1991, maro ny mpandinika nilaza fa niaina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia ny olona,&lt;ref&gt;Bell, D. 2000. ''The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 393.&lt;/ref&gt; ka, araka izany fomba fijery izany, tsy nahomby ireo ideôlôjia nampanantena famonjena sy nikendry ny hahafaoka ny lafin-javatra rehetra. Matetika io fomba fijery io no ampifandraisina amin' ny asa soratr' i Francis Fukuyama momba ny fiafaran' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. ''The End of History and the Last Man''. New York: Free Press. p. xi.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, i Nienhueser (2011) dia mihevitra fa mbola «mamokatra ideôlôjia» hatrany ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitantanana ny mpiasa sy ny fahaizany (fandikan-teny).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Nienhueser; first1: Werner; Daty: October 2011; Lohateny: ''Empirical Research on Human Resource Management as a Production of Ideology''; Gazety: ''Management Revue''; Mpamoaka: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH &amp; Co. KG; Boky: 22; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 367–393; doi: 10.5771/0935-9915-2011-4-367; issn: 0935-9915; quote: [...] current empirical research in HRM is generating ideology.; doi-access: free; jstor: 41783697; s2cid: 17746690.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fomba naroso hanasokajiana ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Afaka mamaritra ny tenany araka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny filaharan' ny firehana ara-pôlitika ny ideôlôjia, ohatra hoe ankavia, afovoany, na ankavanana. Azo avahana koa izy ireny araka ny raharaha tokana mety hanorenana azy, ohatra ny fiarovana ny fahalalahana sivily, ny fanohanana na fanoherana ny fampiraisana an' i Eorôpa, ary ny fanaovana ny rongony ho ara-dalàna. Azo avahana araka ny paikady pôlitika koa izy ireny, ohatra ny fanehoana ny vahoaka ho toherin' ny sangany sy ny filazana fa misolo tena ny vahoaka (''populism''), na ny fampifantohana ny fahefana amin' ny mpitondra iray (''personalism''). Sarotra anefa ny manasokajy ny ideôlôjia pôlitika noho ny fiankinan' ny famaritana hevitra amin' ny kolontsaina. Ny anarana hoe kônservatisma dia ilazana ny fifikirana amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy; ny liberalisma kosa manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay; ary ny neoliberalisma mampiroborobo ny tsena malalaka sy ny famerana ny fandraisan' ny fanjakana anjara amin' ny toekarena. Ohatra amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fampiasana ireo anarana ireo ny fampitahana omen' i Leo P. Ribuffo (2011), izay milaza izao (fandikan-teny): «Izay antsoin' ny Amerikanina ankehitriny hoe kônservatisma dia antsoin' ny ampahany lehibe amin' izao tontolo izao hoe [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] na neoliberalisma»; mety homena ny anarana hoe sôsialista ao Etazonia ny kônservativa ao [[Finlandy]], izany hoe olona mifikitra amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy ao amin' io firenena io.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ribuffo; first: Leo P.; author-link: Leo P. Ribuffo; Daty: January 2011; Lohateny: ''Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy''; url: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734]; Gazety: ''Historically Speaking''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 2–6; doi: 10.1353/hsp.2011.0013; issn: 1944-6438; s2cid: 144367661; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny filôzôfa Michael Oakeshott dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia miorina amin' ny raharaha tokana ho «famintinana natao ho endrika voarafitra an' ilay heverina ho fototra iorenan' ny fahamarinana takatry ny saina ao anatin' ny lova nentim-paharazana» (fandikan-teny). Ankoatra izany, i Charles Blattberg dia manolotra fanazavana manavaka ny ideôlôjia pôlitika amin' ny [[Filôzôfia pôlitika|filôzôfia pôlitika, na fandinihana ny fototra sy ny anton' ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika]].&lt;ref&gt;last: Blattberg; first: Charles; Daty: 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies''; url: [https://philpapers.org/archive/BLAPPA-2.pdf]; url-status: live; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042926/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117]; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-01; Gazety: ''Public Affairs Quarterly''; Boky: 15; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 193–217; ssrn: 1755117; s2cid: 142824378; doi: 10.1515/9780773576636-002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7735-7663-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i Slavoj Žižek, ilay fiheverana mihitsy hoe efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia dia mety hahafahan' ny endrik' ideôlôjia lalim-paka indrindra sy arahana an-jambany indrindra miasa. Karazana fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina izany, na fihetsika mody tsy matoky ny fahatsoram-pon' ny hafa (''false cynicism''). Natao hampahazo haja ny fomba fijerin' ny tena ho toy ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny zava-misy sady tsy mitanila izy io, amin' ny fisehoana ho manana fijery tsy matoky nefa tsy miandany, kanefa tsy izany akory. Raha tokony hanampy hiala amin' ny ideôlôjia izany fahadisoana izany, dia vao mainka mampitombo ny fifikirana amin' ny ideôlôjia iray efa misy, araka ny heviny. Antsoin' i Žižek hoe «fandrika pôstmôdernista» izany (fandikan-teny), izany hoe fandrika mifandraika amin' ny fomba fisainana manakiana ireo fanazavana sy soatoavina nolovaina tamin' ny môdernisma.&lt;ref&gt;last: Žižek; first: Slavoj; author-link: Slavoj Žižek; Lohateny: ''The Sublime Object of Ideology''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Verso; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84467-300-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 2nd; Toerana: London; Pejy: xxxi, 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nanolotra izany hevitra izany koa i Peter Sloterdijk tamin' ny taona 1988.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sloterdijk; first: Peter; Daty: 1988; Lohateny: ''Critique of Cynical Reason''; url: [https://archive.org/details/critiqueofcynica00slot]; url-access: registration; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8166-1586-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nasehon' ny fikarohana fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny lova ara-pototarazo ny ampahany sasany amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny ideôlôjia pôlitikan' ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bouchard; first1: Thomas J.; authorlink: Thomas J. Bouchard-Jr; authorlink2: Matt McGue; last2: McGue; first2: Matt; Taona: 2003; Lohateny: ''Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences''; url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/neu.10160]; Gazety: ''Journal of Neurobiology''; Boky: 54; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 44–45; doi: 10.1002/neu.10160; pmid: 12486697; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cloninger, et al. (1993).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Eaves; first1: L. J.; authorlink2: Hans Eysenck; last2: Eysenck; first2: H. J.; Taona: 1974; Lohateny: ''Genetics and the development of social attitudes''; url: [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v249/n5454/abs/249288a0.html]; Gazety: ''Nature''; Boky: 249; Laharana: 5454; Pejy: 288–89; doi: 10.1038/249288a0; pmid: 4857324; bibcode: 1974Natur.249..288E; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Alford, John, Carolyn Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. ''[http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809045236/http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Tahiry] (date: 2017-08-09). ''American Political Science Review'' 99(2):153–167.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; authorlink2: Sarah Medland; authorlink4: Andrew C. Heath; last2: Medland; first2: Sarah E.; last3: Morley; first3: Katherine I.; last4: Heath; first4: Andrew C.; last5: Martin; first5: Nicholas G.; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study''; url: [https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/contents/p/staff/Hatemi501Published.pdf]; Gazety: ''Behavior Genetics''; Boky: 37; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 435–448; doi: 10.1007/s10519-006-9138-8; pmid: 17221311.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; last2: Hibbing; first2: J.; last3: Alford; first3: J.; last4: Martin; first4: N.; last5: Eaves; first5: L.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''Is there a 'party' in your genes?''; url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258180337]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 584–600; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327606; ssrn: 1276482.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Settle; first1: Jaime E.; authorlink2: Christopher Dawes (author); authorlink3: James H. Fowler; last2: Dawes; first2: Christopher T.; last3: Fowler; first3: James H.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The heritability of partisan attachment''; url: [http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/heritability_of_partisan_attachment.pdf]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 601–13; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327607.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy fanjakana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray.

Rehefa lasa singa miely manerana ny fitondram-panjakana iray sady manjaka ao anatiny ny ideôlôjia pôlitika iray, dia azo lazaina fa fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz, Alfred Wayne Penn. Politics of Ideocracy''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-2297-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Piekalkiewicz; first1: Jaroslaw; last2: Penn; first2: Alfred Wayne; Taona: 1995; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; Daty nijerena: 2020-08-27; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211428/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fomba samihafa ireo endri-pitondram-panjakana isan-karazany, ary tsy voafetra hatrany amin' ny pôlitika sy ny fiarahamonina izany fampiasana izany. Misy hevitra sy firehana ara-pisainana omena tombony na lavina raha oharina amin' ny hafa, arakaraka ny fifanarahan' izy ireo amin' ny lamina ara-tsôsialy manjaka na ny maha-mahasoa azy ireo an' io lamina io.

Ao amin' ny ''The Anatomy of Revolution'', dia nilaza i Crane Brinton fa miparitaka ny ideôlôjia vaovao rehefa misy tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny fitondrana taloha.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 2.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazalazany, mety hiverina mandritra ny revôlisiôna mihitsy izany fizotrany izany; noho izany, mety handresy ireo revôlisiônera manana firehana antonony kokoa ireo manana firehana mahery vaika toa an' i [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] sy i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]].&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 6.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io filazalazan' i Brinton io ihany, dia tsy ela aorian' io dingana io no manaraka ny Thermidor, izany hoe ny fampitoniana ny hafanam-po revôlisiônera eo ambany fitarihan' ireo mifantoka amin' ny vokatra azo ampiharina toa an' i Napoleon sy i [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], izay mitondra ny «toe-draharaha mahazatra sy ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 8.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Averin' i J. William Fulbright ny fifandimbiasan' ny dingana nofaritan' i Brinton, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe «olona mamolavola hevitra &gt; olona mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra &gt; olona miroso amin' ny asa azo ampiharina».&lt;ref&gt;Fulbright, J. William. 1967. ''The Arrogance of Power''. ch. 3–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy endrika mitovitovy amin' izany koa ao amin' ny ''The True Believer'' nosoratan' i Eric Hoffer.&lt;ref&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. ch. 15–17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideôlôjia momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy ==

Na dia ampirisihina aza ny fandinihana mitsikera ny finoana efa misy, toy ny amin' ny teôria ara-tsiansa, dia mety hanakana ny fanolorana fanakianana, teôria na fanandramana sasany ny rafitra fandinihana na ny fomba fisainana manjaka. Ohatra manokana amin' ny siansa nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ideôlôjia ny ekôlôjia, na fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina eto an-tany samy izy sy amin' ny tontolo iainany. Noheverin' i James J. Gibson izay mpandinika ny fiasan' ny saina eo amin' ny fahatsapana fa ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona ny fifandraisana ara-tontolo iainana no fototry ny fahafantarana ny tena sy ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gibson; first1: James J.; Lohateny: ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''; Daty: 1979; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra fandalinana ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana momba ny matematika (ny matematika dia fandalinana ny isa sy ny rafitra ary ny fifandraisany) i George Lakoff, mpahay teny. Ao anatin' izany fomba fandinihana izany dia hoheverina ho vokatra na zavatra ateraky ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona na dia ny hevitra fototra indrindra ao amin' ny aritmetika (fandalinana ny isa sy ny kajy atao aminy) aza; io fahatsapana io kosa dia tsy maintsy nivoatra tao anatin' ny tontolo iainana iray.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lakoff; first1: George; Lohateny: ''Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics Into Being''; Daty: 2000; Mpamoaka: Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Toa nandray ny siansa momba ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany ho ideôlôjia miabo ny ekôlôjia lalina sy ny hetsika ankehitriny momba ny tontolo iainana, ary koa ny antoko mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, saingy amin' ny ambaratonga ambany kokoa ho an' ireto farany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Madsen; first1: Peter; Lohateny: ''Deep Ecology''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; website: Britannica; Daty nijerena: 2021-04-10; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203553/https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanazavana avy amin' ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po ==
Maro ny fikarohana amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|haifisaina sy hetsi-po]] izay mandinika ny antony mahatonga ny ideôlôjia, ny vokany ary ny votoatiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jost2009&quot;&gt;last1: Jost; first1: John T.; author1-link: John Jost; last2: Federico; first2: Christopher M.; last3: Napier; first3: Jaime L.; Daty: January 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities''; Gazety: ''Annual Review of Psychology''; Boky: 60; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 307–337; doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600; pmid: 19035826.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlenker2012&quot;&gt;last1: Schlenker; first1: Barry R.; last2: Chambers; first2: John R.; last3: Le; first3: Bonnie M.; Daty: April 2012; Lohateny: ''Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction''; Gazety: ''Journal of Research in Personality''; Boky: 46; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 127–146; doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saucier2000&quot;&gt;last1: Saucier; first1: Gerard; author-link: Gerard Saucier; Daty: 2000; Lohateny: ''Isms and the structure of social attitudes.''; Gazety: ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''; Boky: 78; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 366–385; doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.366; pmid: 10707341.&lt;/ref&gt; Nantsoin' i Althusser hoe «biby manana ideôlôjia» ny olombelona, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;last1: Greenberg; first1: Jeff; Lohateny: ''Handbook of experimental existential psychology''; last2: Koole; first2: Sander Leon; last3: Pyszczynski; first3: Thomas A.; Daty: 2004; Mpamoaka: Guilford Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt; Teôria maro no niezaka nanazava ny fisian' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny hevitra natolotr' i Jost, Ledgerwood ary Hardin (2008), dia mety hiasa ho toy ny vondrom-panazavana efa voaomana mialoha ny ideôlôjia. Miparitaka izy ireny, araka io hevitra io, noho ireo antony fototra manosika ny olombelona hahatakatra izao tontolo izao, hisoroka ny fandrahonana ny fisian' ny olona, ary hitazona ireo fifandraisana amin' ny hafa izay sarobidy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot;&gt;Jost, John T., Alison Ledgerwood, and Curtis D. Hardin. 2008. ''Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs.'' pp. 171–186 in ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fehin-kevitr' ireo mpanoratra, mety hampirona ny olona handray fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao izay manamarina ny rafitra misy ireo antony manosika ireo, amin' ny taha ambony tsy mifandanja amin' ny fandraisana fomba fijery hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;author: Lee S. Dimin; Lohateny: ''Corporatocracy: A Revolution in Progress''; Taona: 2011; Pejy: 140.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mifanaraka hevitra ny mpikaroka momba ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po fa toa misy itoviana ny toetra mampiavaka ny olona, ny toetra na mari-pandrefesana izay tsy mitovy amin' ny olona tsirairay, ny filàna ary ny finoana ara-ideôlôjia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny finoana fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao (''just-world theory''), dia te hino ny olona fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao mba hahatsapany fa voafehiny ny zava-mitranga ary voaaro izy ireo. Mamorona ideôlôjia izy ireo mba hitazonana izany finoana izany, ohatra amin' ny fanamarinana ny tsy fitoviana na ny zava-mitranga mampahory. Ny fitsikerana iray atao amin' ny fampiasana io teôria io ho hany fanazavana ny ideôlôjia dia ny hoe tsy manazava ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia samihafa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 270–271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fiatrehana ny tahotra ny fahafatesana (''terror management theory''), dia ampiasaina ho fomba fiarovan' ny saina ny ideôlôjia rehefa misy mandrahona ny fomba fijerin' ny olona ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao. Izany indray no miaro ny fiheveran' ny olona ny hasarobidin' ny tenany sady mampihena ny fahatsiarovany ny maha-mety maty azy. Asehon' ny porofo fa ny fampahatsiahivana mialoha ny olona ny maha-mety maty azy dia tsy mitarika azy hamaly izany amin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny ideôlôjia manokana iray, fa amin' ny ideôlôjia izay ao an-tsainy amin' io fotoana io kosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy (''system justification theory''), dia mirona hiaro ny fiarahamonina misy ny olona, na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany indraindray. Izany indray no mahatonga azy ireo hamorona fanazavana ara-ideôlôjia hanamarinana ny toe-javatra misy. Araka ny tohan-kevitr' i Jost, Fitzimmons ary Kay, dia avy amin' ny faniriana hitazona firindrana eo amin' ny fisainana (fahafahana misaina amin' ny fomba mitovitovy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana), ny faniriana hampihena ny tsy fahazoana antoka sy ny ezaka atao, ny fiheverana diso fa voafehin' ny tena ny zava-mitranga, ary ny tahotra ny fitoviana ny antony manosika hiaro ny rafitra efa misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 272&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy,&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt; dia maneho ireo dingana manosika ny fitondran-tena (izay tsy tsapan' ny olona) ny ideôlôjia, mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana fa maneho fisainana mahaleo tena sy tsy mitanila mandrakariva ny faharesen-dahatra ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ny ideôlôjia sy ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina ==

=== Teôria momba ny famantarana sy ny heviny ===

Araka ny voalazan' i Bob Hodge, mpandalina ny famantarana sy ny heviny (''semiotics''), dia toy izao manaraka izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:&lt;ref&gt;Hodge, Bob. &quot;[http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html# ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215511/http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html Tahiry] (date: 2008-09-05).&quot; ''Semiotics Encyclopedia Online''. Retrieved 12 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny [ideôlôjia] dia manondro zavatra iray miray manontolo izay mampitambatra fitambarana hevitra saro-drafitra maro miaraka amin' ireo mpandray anjara ara-tsôsialy sy ireo dingana niteraka izany hevitra izany. Tsy misy teny hafa mahafaoka io zavatra io tsara tahaka ny hoe «ideôlôjia». Ny rafitra mamaritra izay azo raisina ho fahalalana (''episteme'') an' i [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] dia tery loatra sady miompana loatra amin' ny hevitra tsy mivaingana, ary tsy ampy ny lafiny ara-tsôsialy voarakony. Ny fandrafetana sy fampitana hevitra (''discourse'') lazainy, izay be mpampiasa satria mahafaoka ampahany amin' izay sahanin' ny ideôlôjia nefa vitsy kokoa ny hevitra fanampiny mifamatotra aminy, dia voafetra loatra amin' ny rafitra mampiasa teny. Ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao (''worldview'') dia mifantoka loatra amin' ny [[Metafizika|foto-kevitra momba ny fototry ny zava-misy]] (''metaphysical''), ary ny [[Fampielezan-kevitra|fampielezan-kevitra enti-mitaona olona]] (''propaganda'') kosa dia be loatra ny hevitra fanampiny mitondra fitsarana mifamatotra aminy. Na eo aza, na noho ny fifanoherana ao aminy aza, dia mbola manana anjara asa lehibe hatrany ny «ideôlôjia» eo amin' ny fandalinana ny famantarana sy ny heviny izay mitodika amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nampiditra koa, vao haingana, ny famakafakana mifototra amin' ny fandalinana ny hevitry ny teny sy ny famantarana (''semantic analysis'') ho ao amin' ny fandalinana ny ideôlôjia ny mpanoratra toa an' i Michael Freeden.

=== Fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ===
Araka ny filazan' i John J. Macionis, ny [[Sôsiôlôjia|mpandinika ny fiarahamonina]] dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia ho toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «finoana ara-kolontsaina enti-manamarina fandaminana sasany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, anisan' izany ireo endrika isehoan' ny tsy fitoviana».&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Sociology''; last: Macionis; first: John J.; Daty: 2010; Mpamoaka: Pearson Education; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-205-74989-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 13th; Toerana: Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pejy: 257; oclc: 468109511.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' io fomba fandinihana io, ny vondrona manjaka dia mampiasa ireo fitambaram-pinoana sy fomba fanao ara-kolontsaina ireo mba hanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana izay mitazona ny fahefany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina manoloana ireo vondrona tsy manjaka. Ampiasain' ny ideôlôjia ny rafitry ny tandindona ao amin' ny fiarahamonina iray mba handaminana ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy ho ambaratonga ambony sy ambany: omena toerana ambony ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy sasany, fa heverina ho ambany kosa ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy hafa. Ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy lehibe ao amin' ny fiarahamonina, toy ny fampahalalam-baovao, ny fianakaviana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fivavahana, ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.&lt;ref name=witt_2018&gt;Lohateny: ''SOC 2018''; last: Witt; first: Jon; Mpamoaka: McGraw Hill; Taona: 2017; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-259-70272-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 5th; Toerana: [S.l.]; Pejy: 65; oclc: 968304061.&lt;/ref&gt; Niova nanaraka ny fiovan' ny fiarahamonina nandritra ny tantara koa ireo ideôlôjia nanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra]], ny fanavakavahana mifototra amin' ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy, ny fanamboniana ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy manoloana ny hafa, ny fanavakavahana ny olona manana fahasembanana, ary ny fametrahana ny kolontsain' ny tena ho ivon' ny fandinihana.&lt;ref name=witt_2018 /&gt;

== Teny nalaina ==
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy mila…mino ideôlôjia isika. Ny hany ilaina dia ny hampivelaran' ny tsirairay amintsika ireo toetra tsara maha-olona ananany. Mahakasika ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana ankehitriny ny filàna fahatsapana andraikitra manoloana ny olombelona rehetra.» — [[Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]&lt;ref&gt;Bunson, Matthew, ed. 1997. ''The Dalai Lama's Book of Wisdom''. Ebury Press. p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny asan' ny ideôlôjia dia ny mampiorina sy mampaharitra ny fanjakazakana amin' ny alalan' ny fanafenana ny tena zava-misy na ny fiheveran-diso momba izany.» — Sally Haslanger&lt;ref&gt;last1: Haslanger; first1: Sally; author1-link: Sally Haslanger; Taona: 2017; Lohateny: ''I – Culture and Critique''; Gazety: ''Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume''; Boky: 91; Pejy: 149–73; doi: 10.1093/arisup/akx001; doi-access: free; hdl: 1721.1/116882; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «[N]y ideôlôjia iray dia tsy mitovy amin' ny hevitra tsotra, satria milaza ho manana na ny fanalahidy hahatakarana ny tantara, na ny vahaolana amin' ny “ankamantatr' izao rehetra izao” rehetra, na ny fahalalana lalina ireo lalàna miafina mihatra amin' izao rehetra izao, izay heverina fa mifehy ny natiora sy ny olombelona.» — Hannah Arendt&lt;ref&gt;Arendt, Hannah. 1968. ''The Origins of Totalitarianism.'' Harcourt. p. 159.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* ''-ism'' – Tovana amin' ny teny anglisy
* [[Finoana|Finoana]]: rafitry ny finoana
* [[Tenim-pinoana|Dôgma]] – Finoana eken' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny vondrona iray tsy misy fametraham-panontaniana
* [[Feminisma]] – Hetsika sy ideôlôjia isan-karazany ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika
* Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray – Fanjakana fehezin' ny ideôlôjia iray manokana
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia kôminista – Sekolim-pisainana momba ny fiarahamonina tsy misy saranga
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia mitondra anaran' olona
* Ideôlôjiam-panjakana tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika
* ''The Anatomy of Revolution'' – Bokin' i Crane Brinton tamin' ny 1938
* ''The True Believer'' – Bokin' i Eric Hoffer
* ''World Values Survey'' (Fanadihadiana momba ny soatoavina maneran-tany) – Tetikasa fikarohana maneran-tany
* Fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao – Fomba fijery fototra mitarika ny fahazoana sy ny fikirakirana fahalalana eo amin' ny olona iray na ny fiarahamonina

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra ===
* Althusser, Louis. [1970] 1971. ''Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses''. Ao amin' ny ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays''. Monthly Review Press &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58367-039-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Belloni, Claudio. 2013. ''Per la critica dell’ideologia:'' ''Filosofia e storia in Marx.'' Milan: Mimesis.
* [[Guy Debord|Debord, Guy]]. 1967 ''The Society of the Spectacle''. Bureau of Public Secrets 2014 (fanontana misy fanamarihana)
* Duncker, Christian 2006. ''Kritische Reflexionen Des Ideologiebegriffes''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-903343-88-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* —, mpandrindra ny famoahana. 2008. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213073427/http://ideologieforschung.de/web/Welcome.html Ideologiekritik Aktuell]''. ''Ideologies Today'' 1''.'' London. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84790-015-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction]''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ellul, Jacques. [1965] 1973. ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes'', nadikan' i K. Kellen sy J. Lerner. New York: Random House.
* Freeden, Michael. 1996. ''Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-829414-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Feuer, Lewis S. 2010. ''Ideology and Ideologists.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
* Gries, Peter Hays. 2014. ''The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Haas, Mark L. 2005. ''[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Clash-of-Ideologies-Middle-Eastern-Politics-and-American-Security-by-Mark-L-Haas.php The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989]''. Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8014-7407-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hawkes, David. 2003. ''Ideology'' (fanontana faha-2). Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-415-29012-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* James, Paul, sy Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism'']. London: Sage.
* Lukács, Georg. [1967] 1919–1923. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm History and Class Consciousness]'', nadikan' i R. Livingstone. Merlin Press.
* Malesevic, Sinisa, sy Iain Mackenzie, mpandrindra ny famoahana. ''Ideology after Poststructuralism''. London: Pluto Press.
* Mannheim, Karl. 1936. ''Ideology and Utopia.'' Routledge.
* [[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]]. [1845–46] 1932. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm The German Ideology].''
* Minogue, Kenneth. 1985. ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology''. Palgrave Macmillan. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-312-01860-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–331; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.
* last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.
* Ostrowski, Marius S. 2022. ''[https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 Ideology]''. Cambridge: Polity. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1509540730&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Owen, John. 2011. [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-clash-of-ideas-in-world-politics-john-owen.php ''The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010'']. Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-14239-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Pinker, Steven. 2002. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature''. New York: Penguin Group. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-670-03151-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Sorce Keller; first1: Marcello; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences''; Gazety: ''Journal of Musicological Research''; Boky: 26; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 91–122; doi: 10.1080/01411890701361086.
* last1: Steger; first1: Manfred B.; last2: James; first2: Paul; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/4311113]; Gazety: ''Perspectives on Global Development and Technology''; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1–2; Pejy: 17–40; doi: 10.1163/15691497-12341240.
* Verschueren, Jef. 2012. ''Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-69590-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Torolalana handalinana ny ideôlôjia]

[[:Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]
[[:Sokajy:Politika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="63791" sha1="b8ciy8uifqlyoc42dgjml0gh27e2hhw" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ideôlôjia''' dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, soatoavina na [[Finoana|finoana]] lazaina fa ananan' ny olona iray na vondron' olona, indrindra ireo ifikirana noho ny antony tsy mifototra fotsiny amin' ny finoana fa [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]] azo antoka no iorenany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Honderich; first: Ted; url: [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond]; Lohateny: ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Taona: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 392.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''ideology''; url: [https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122517/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; Daty nitahirizana: 2020-02-11; website: Lexico.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin' izany, araka ny famaritan' i Maurice Cranston izay adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, dia «misongadina tahaka ny lafiny ara-teôria ny lafiny fampiharana».&lt;ref&gt;Cranston, Maurice. [1999] 2014. &quot;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society Tahiry] (date: 2020-06-09)&quot; (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandray amin' ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao ny ideôlôjia, nefa samy hafa ireo.

I Antoine Destutt de Tracy, izay avy amin' ny saranga andriana sady [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfa]] tao amin' ny hetsiky ny Fahazavana tany Frantsa, no namorona ilay teny; tamin' ny 1796 izy no namolavola izany ho «siansa momba ny hevitra» (raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy), mba hananganana rafitra ahitana hevitra mifototra amin' ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot;&gt;Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of ideology.'' Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/ideology&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny siansa pôlitika, dia ampiasaina amin' ny heviny milazalaza ny zava-misy ilay teny mba hanondroana ireo rafitry ny finoana ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fiavian' ny teny ==
[[File:Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy.png|thumb|Namorona ny teny hoe ''ideology'' i Antoine Destutt de Tracy.]]
Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideology'' dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]] hoe ''idéologie''. Io teny frantsay io kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny fampiarahana ny teny grika hoe ''idéā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]'' », izay midika hoe hevitra na lamina; manakaiky ny hevitry ny hoe ''hevitra'' araka ny [[John Locke|fomba fisainan' i Locke]]) sy ny tovana hoe ''-logíā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:-λογῐ́ᾱ|-λογῐ́ᾱ]]'' », izay midika hoe fandalinana). Ilay mpandinika frantsay Destutt de Tracy no namorona azy tamin' ny 1796, ary tamin' ny voalohany dia ny siansa momba ny hevitra no notondroin' ny teny hoe ''ideology''. Tamin' ny 1907 anefa dia efa nahazo heviny vaovao ilay teny tamin' ny teny anglisy, ka nanondro rafitra ankapobeny ahitana finoana sy foto-pampianarana izay enti-mandika izao tontolo izao. Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana dia vao mainka nivelatra ny heviny, ka nanjary nanondro izay rafitra mirindra rehetra misy hevitra ara-pôlitika, ara-tsôsialy na ara-kolontsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot; /&gt;

Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideologue'' dia ilazana olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia iray. Misy heviny manambany io teny io, satria matetika izy io no ilazana olona miandany an-jambany, mafana fo fatratra, na mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny zavatra inoany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of IDEOLOGUE''; Daty: 7 June 2026; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideologue].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Tamin' ny taona 1796 no namolavolan' i [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] (1754–1836) ny teny hoe ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-kevitra mifandray aminy. Nanjary voafaritra mazava ny heviny fony izy tany am-ponja, nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra 1793 ka hatramin' ny Oktobra 1794, niandry ny fitsarana azy nandritra ny [[Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana]], izay naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny manodidina ny taona 1793 ka hatramin' ny Jolay 1794. Namaky ny sanganasan' i Locke sy Étienne Bonnot de Condillac izy fony nigadra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Vincent; first1: Andrew; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; Lohateny: ''Modern Political Ideologies''; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 1; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 7 May 2020; Daty nitahirizana: 3 August 2020; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanantena ny hanorina fototra azo antoka ho an' ny siansa momba ny olombelona sy ny fitondran-tenany sy ny siansa pôlitika i Tracy, ka namorona ilay teny hilazana ny «siansa momba ny hevitra». Zavatra roa no nanaovany izany fototra: (1) ny fahatsapana iainan' ny olona rehefa mifandray amin' ny tontolon' ny zavatra azo tsapain-tanana izy; ary (2) ny hevitra miforona ao an-tsainy vokatry ny fahatsapana toy izany. Ho an' i Tracy, ny ideôlôjia dia filôzôfia manandratra ny fahalalahana, izay hiaro ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, ny fananana, ny tsena malalaka, ary ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana amin' ny alalan' ny lalàm-panorenana. Nambarany fa, amin' ireo lafin-javatra ireo, ny ideôlôjia no teny ankapobeny indrindra, satria tafiditra ao amin' ny «siansa momba ny hevitra» koa ny fandinihana ny fomba anehoana ireo hevitra sy ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy&quot;&gt;last: Kennedy; first: Emmet; Daty: Jul–Sep 1979; Lohateny: ''&quot;Ideology&quot; from Destutt De Tracy to Marx''; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; Boky: 40; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 353–368; jstor: 2709242; doi: 10.2307/2709242.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanazavana ara-tantara nataon' i [[Karl Mannheim]] momba ny fiovan' ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia, dia nipoitra ny heviny maoderina rehefa nampiasa azy i Napoleon niantsoana ireo mpanohitra azy hoe «ireo olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia», araka ny dikanteny malagasy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Mannheim; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Utopia''; Daty: 1929; Pejy: 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ela dia nadika tamin' ireo fiteny lehibe tany Eorôpa ny boky lehibe nosoratan' i Tracy, ''The Elements of Ideology'' (''Élémens d'idéologie'' amin' ny teny frantsay, navoaka tamin' ny 1804–1815).

Tao anatin' ny taonjato taorian' ny namolavolan' i Tracy ny heviny, dia nifandimby nitondra hevitra tsara sy hevitra ratsy ny teny hoe ideôlôjia. Rehefa nanaraka fomba fijery nanohana ny famerenana ny lamina taloha ireo governemanta taorian' i Napoleon, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo mpandinika avy any Italia sy Espaina ary ireo mpandinika rosiana ilay foto-kevitra. Efa nanomboka niantso tena ho mpanohana ny fahalalahana ireo mpandinika ireo, ary niezaka namelona indray ny hetsika revôlisiônera tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1820. Anisan' izany ireo fikambanana Carbonari tany Frantsa sy Italia ary ireo mpikomy rosiana tamin' ny volana Desambra.
Noraisin' i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) ilay hevitra ratsy nampiasain' i Napoleon, ka nampiasainy tao amin' ny asa sorany. Indray mandeha izy dia nilaza an' i Tracy hoe, araka ny dikanteny malagasy, «mpifikitra mafy amin' ny foto-pampianaran' ny saranga tompon' ny fananana, mangatsiaka ra toy ny trondro» (''fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär'' amin' ny teny alemàna).&lt;ref&gt;de Tracy, Antoine Destutt. [1801] 1817. ''Les Éléments d'idéologie'', (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in Mannheim, Karl. 1929. ''The problem of 'false consciousness.'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' In ''Ideologie und Utopie''. 2nd footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nihena tatỳ aoriana ny hevitra manaratsy nentin' ilay teny (tsingerin' ny fanoloana teny manaratsy amin' ny teny malefaka izay manjary manaratsy indray), ka nanjary teny tsy miandany ampiasaina amin' ny famakafakana ireo hevitra pôlitika samihafa sy ny fomba fijerin' ireo vondrona ara-tsôsialy izy.&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry (1991) ''Ideology: An Introduction'', Verso, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
Raha nampifandray ilay teny tamin' ny tolona eo amin' ny saranga sy ny fanjakazakana i Marx,&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Robert C (1978). ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', W. W. Norton &amp; Company, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Marx, ''MER'', p. 154&lt;/ref&gt; dia nisy kosa nihevitra azy ho ampahany tsy maintsy ilaina amin' ny fiasan' ny andrim-piarahamonina sy ny fampiraisana ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Susan Silbey, ''Ideology''. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanindran-dalana amin' ireo hevitra rosiana taorian' ny vanim-potoana sôvietika momba ny ideôlôjia tokana tsy manaiky hafa, izay hita ao amin' ny [[Mônôteisma|finoana an' Andriamanitra tokana]], ohatra, dia nandinika ny «fanitarana ara-ideôlôjia» (dikanteny malagasy) teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana sy ny pôlitika i Walter Brueggemann (1933–2025).&lt;ref&gt;
last1: Brueggemann; first1: Walter; author-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last1: Brueggemann; editor-first1: Walter; editor-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last2: Stroup; editor-first2: George W.; editor-link2: George Stroup; Daty: 1 January 1998; Fizarana: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Exodus' in the Plural (Amos 9:7)''; Lohateny: ''Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World : in Honor of Shirley Guthrie''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0HRC46744C]; Toerana: Louisville, Kentucky; Mpamoaka: Westminster John Knox Press; Pejy: 16, 28; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780664257576&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 6 January 2025; quote: [...] ideological extension of the 'onlyness' of Yahweh to include the 'onlyness' of Israel, which I shall term ''mono-ideology''. [...] As Deuteronomy is a main force for mono-ideology in ancient Judaism, so it is possible to conclude that Calvinism has been a primary force for mono-ideology in modern Christian history because of its insistence upon God's sovereignty, which is very often allied with socioeconomic-political hegemony.. 
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana sy famakafakana ==
Maro ny karazana ideôlôjia, anisan' izany ny ideôlôjia [[Pôlitika|ara-pôlitika]], ara-tsôsialy, [[Epistemôlôjia|momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]], ary [[Etika|momba ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena]]. Mirona amin' ny fiheverana ny ideôlôjia ho rafitra misy hevitra mifandrindra ny famakafakana tato ho ato. Miorina amin' ny fiheverana fototra vitsivitsy momba ny zava-misy io rafitra io, ary mety hisy na tsy hisy zava-misy manamarina ireo fiheverana ireo. Amin' ny alalan' io rafitra io, ny safidy ataon' ny olona hatrany, izay miankina amin' ny fomba fijeriny manokana, dia mahatonga ny hevitra hirindra sy hanaraka lamina miverimberina. Ireo hevitra ireo no toy ny voa iaingan' ny [[Fieritreretana|fisainana]] hafa miforona manodidina azy. Ny finoana ideôlôjia iray dia mety ho fanekena fotsiny tsy arahina fandraisana andraikitra, na mety hahatratra hatramin' ny fiarovana azy amin-kafanam-po. Ny famaritana sasany, toy ny an' i Manfred Steger sy Paul James, dia samy manantitrantitra ny fisian' ny lamina sy ny filazana ho marina izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra fa tsy voatery ho marina amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra. Izao no nosoratan' izy ireo, araka ny fandikana azy amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny ideôlôjia dia vondron-kevitra sy foto-kevitra manaraka lamina ary voavolavolan' ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy; anisan' izany ny fomba manokana anehoana ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona na vondrona arakaraka ny fahefana ananany. Ireo fandaminana ny foto-kevitra, izay toy ny sarintany, dia manampy ny olona hahita izay lalan-kizorany ao anatin' ny tontolo pôlitika be pitsiny misy azy, ary mitondra filazana ny amin' izay marina momba ny fiarahamonina. »&lt;ref&gt;James, Paul, and Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/4510893/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._4_Ideologies_of_Globalism_2010_ Tahiry] (date: 2020-04-29). London: Sage.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny asa soratr' i George Walford sy Harold Walsby dia mandalina ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia mihitsy, fa tsy ideôlôjia manokana, amin' ny anarana hoe fandalinana mirindra ny ideôlôjia (''systematic ideology''). Miezaka mandinika ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy izy ireo. Fomba enina samy hafa nampiasana ny teny hoe ideôlôjia no faritan' i David W. Minar:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–31; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fitambaran' ny hevitra sasantsasany manana karazam-botoaty voafaritra, izay mazàna momba ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy.
# Ny endrika na ny fandaminana ireo hevitra ao anatin' ny fitambarany, araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra ao anatiny.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny firafitry ny fikambanana iray.
# Hevitra ampitaina izay mikendry ny handresy lahatra.
# Ny sehatra isehoan' ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy.

Ho an' i Willard A. Mullins, tokony havahana amin' ny hevitra mifandray aminy nefa samy hafa aminy ny ideôlôjia, dia ny sary an-tsaina momba ny fiarahamonina tonga lafatra sy ny angano ara-tantara, izany hoe fitantarana momba ny lasa manana heviny an' ohatra ho an' ny fiarahamonina. Araka ny famaritany, toetra fototra efatra no mandrafitra ny ideôlôjia:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Tsy maintsy manana hery mitaona ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana izy.
# Tsy maintsy afaka mitarika ny fanombanana sy fitsaran' ny olona izy.
# Tsy maintsy manome tari-dalana mankany amin' ny asa atao izy.
# Tsy maintsy mirindra araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra izy, ka tsy mifanohitra ny hevitra ao anatiny.

Mitanisa famaritana sasantsasany momba ny ideôlôjia i Terry Eagleton, ka tsy dia misy filaharana manokana arahina amin' ity lisitra ity:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC&amp;hl=en Tahiry] (date: 2021-06-01)''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ny fizotry ny famokarana hevitra ampitaina, famantarana ary soatoavina eo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy.
# Fitambaran-kevitra mampiavaka vondrona na saranga ara-tsôsialy iray manokana.
# Hevitra manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Hevitra diso manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana hafatra izay aolana amin' ny fomba voarafitra.
# Hevitra manome toerana ijoroan' ny olona amin' ny maha-mpahatsapa sy mpisaina azy, ka ahafahany mamantatra ny tenany sy mijery izao tontolo izao.
# Fomba fisainana atosiky ny tombontsoa ara-tsôsialy.
# Fisainana mampitovy ny zavatra amin' ny foto-kevitra na sokajy ankapobeny ampidirana azy, ka manilika izay mampiavaka azy (''identity thinking'').
# Fiheveran-diso ilaina amin' ny fiainana na ny fiasan' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny fihaonan' ny lahateny sy ny fomba fandrafetana hevitra amin' ny fahefana.
# Ny rafitra ahafahan' ireo olona mandray anjara eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, sady manana fahatsiarovan-tena, manome heviny ny tontolo misy azy.
# Fitambaram-pinoana mikendry ny hitarika asa atao.
# Ny fampifangaroana ny zava-misy araka ny teny ilazana azy sy ny zava-misy araka izay miseho amin' ny fahatsapana sy ny traikefa.
# Ny fanidiana ny rafitry ny famantarana sy ny heviny ao anatin' ny hevitra raikitra, ka tsy isokafana amin' ny fandikana hafa (''semiotic closure'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 197&lt;/sup&gt;
# Ny rafitra tsy azo ialana izay iainan' ny tsirairay ny fifandraisany amin' ny firafitra ara-tsôsialy.
# Ny dingana mamadika ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ho zava-misy raisina ho avy amin' ny natiora.

Niantso ny hanaovana « fandinihana mitsikera ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia » (fandikana) i [[Christian Duncker]], filôzôfa alemàna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110701015904/http://www.ideologieforschung.de/web/Christian_Duncker.html Christian Duncker]&quot; (in German). ''Ideologie Forschung''. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny asa sorany, niezaka nametraka ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia ho lohahevitra ivon' ny fandinihana izy, niaraka tamin' ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]] sy ny tantara, izay mifandray akaiky aminy. Nofaritany ho rafitra fanehoana ny ideôlôjia, ka ireo fanehoana ireo dia milaza mivantana na an-kolaka fa fahamarinana tanteraka tsy misy fepetra no asehony.

=== Fandikana araka ny marksisma ===
[[File:Karl Marx 001 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Milaza i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] fa ampahany tsy afa-misaraka amin' ny rafitra ambony ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.]]
Ao amin' ny famakafakan' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia rafitry ny fahatsiarovan-tena mipoitra avy amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena, izay maneho sy mampaharitra ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Marx; first1: Karl; last2: Engels; first2: Friedrich; Daty: 1974; Lohateny: ''The German Ideology. [Students Edition]''; Fizarana: ''I. Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks''; Pejy: 64-68; Mpamoaka: Lawrence &amp; Wishart; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780853152170&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny môdely marksista momba ny fiarahamonina, izay manavaka ny fototra ara-toekarena sy ny rafitra ambony, ny hoe fototra ara-toekarena dia manondro ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona amin' ny famokarana sy ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana, fa ny hoe rafitra ambony kosa dia manondro ny ideôlôjia manjaka, izany hoe ny rafitra ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitika.
Ny fototra ara-toekarenan' ny famokarana no mamaritra ny rafitra ambony ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray.
Ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka no mamaritra io rafitra ambony io sy ny toetran' ny ideôlôjia manamarina azy; vitany izany satria ny saranga manjaka no mifehy ny fitaovana enti-mamokatra.
Ohatra, ao amin' ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana feôdaly, ny ideôlôjia ara-pivavahana no lafiny misongadina indrindra amin' ny rafitra ambony, fa ao amin' ny fandaminana kapitalista kosa dia ny ideôlôjia toy ny [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] sy ny demôkrasia sôsialy no manjaka.
Noho izany dia lehibe ny anjara toeran' ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fanamarinana ny fiarahamonina iray sy amin' ny fampisafotofotoana ara-pôlitika ireo vondrona zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny, amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
Ho an' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia mandrisika ny olona iray trandrahin' ny kapitalisma na zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny noho io rafitra io, mba hanohy hanohana azy na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany.
Matetika io olona io no tsy mahatsapa fa misy soatoavina tanany izay nampisehoin' ny ideôlôjia ho zavatra voajanahary.
Ao amin' ny bokiny hoe ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'', i Slavoj Žižek dia mitanisa an' i Marx manao hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy fantatr' izy ireo izany, nefa ataony ihany.» Izany no fomba fohy anehoany ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso ateraky ny ideôlôjia.
Nisy fanazavana samihafa naroso.
Mampiasa ny fanjakazakana ara-kolontsaina i [[Antonio Gramsci|Antonio Gramsci]] mba hanazavana ny antony ananan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia diso momba izay tena mahasoa azy indrindra.
Nanambara i Marx hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny saranga izay manana ny fitaovana famokarana ara-materialy eo am-pelatanany dia mifehy koa, amin' izay fotoana izay ihany, ny fitaovana famokarana ara-tsaina.»&lt;ref&gt;last: Marx; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''&quot;The German Ideology: Part I&quot;, The Marx-Engels Reader 2nd ed.''; Taona: 1978a; Mpamoaka: W.W. Norton &amp; Company; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manan-danja amin' ny lafiny foto-kevitra eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny fahalalana sy ny fiarahamonina ilay famaritana marksista ny ideôlôjia ho fitaovana mampitohy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy amin' ny famokarana azy indray,&lt;ref&gt;Eo amin' io taranja io dia misy adihevitra momba ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia: fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, araka ny hevitra arovan' i Marx, sa kosa «toerana diso» misy ny fanambarana iray, izay marina raha raisina amin' izao fotsiny nefa tsy mifandraika amin' ny toe-javatra anaovana azy, araka ny hevitr' i [[Max Weber|Max Weber]]: last1: Buonomo; first1: Giampiero; Lohateny: ''Eleggibilità più ampia senza i paletti del peculato d'uso? Un'occasione (perduta) per affrontare il tema delle leggi ad personam''; Gazety: ''Diritto&amp;Giustizia Edizione Online''; Daty: 2005; url: [https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794]; Daty nitahirizana: 2016-03-24; via: Questia; url-access: subscription; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794].&lt;/ref&gt; indrindra eo amin' ny asan' i Karl Mannheim, i Daniel Bell, i [[Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] ary ny hafa.
Ankoatra izany, i Mannheim dia namolavola izany hevitra izany ka niala tamin' ny fiheverana marksista ny ideôlôjia izay «manontolo» nefa «manokana», nankany amin' ny fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia «ankapobeny» sy «manontolo».
Io fiheverana io dia manaiky fa avy amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ny ideôlôjia rehetra, anisan' izany ny [[Marksisma|marksisma]]; hevitra izay novolavolain' ilay mpandinika ny fiarahamonina [[Pierre Bourdieu|Pierre Bourdieu]] koa izany.
Nampian' i Slavoj Žižek sy ireo tao amin' ny sekolin-kevitra tao Frankfurt talohany hevitra iray avy amin' ny fandinihana ny fiasan' ny saina mifantoka amin' ny lafiny tsy tsapan' ny tena (''psychoanalysis'') ilay «teôria ankapobeny» momba ny ideôlôjia: tsy ny hevitra tsapan' ny tena ihany no ao anatin' ny ideôlôjia, fa misy koa ny hevitra tsy tsapan' ny tena.

Nilaza i Teun A. van Dijk hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fampiasana [io teny io] andavanandro dia maneho hevitra ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny, ary mazàna manondro ny hevitr' olon-kafa izay miraikitra tsy mety miova, diso lalana, na miandany: isika no manana ny marina, fa izy ireo kosa no manana ideôlôjia. Izany heviny ratsy izany dia miverina hatrany amin' i Marx sy Engels, izay nihevitra ny ideôlôjia ho endriky ny “fahatsiarovan-tena diso”.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Politics, Ideology, and Discourse''; last: van Dijk; first: T. A.; Daty: 2006; website: Discourse in Society; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194631/http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 2011-07-08; Daty nijerena: 2019-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy ny entam-barotra (Debord) ===
Nilaza ilay Frantsay mpandinika teôria marksista [[Guy Debord|Guy Debord]], iray tamin' ny mpanorina ny ''Situationist International'' (Vondrona iraisam-pirenena sitiasiônista), fa rehefa lasa sokajy fototra amin' ny fiarahamonina ny entam-barotra, izany hoe rehefa tanteraka hatramin' ny farany ny dingan' ny famadihana zavatra ho entam-barotra, dia ny sary momba ny fiarahamonina aparitak' ny entam-barotra no manjaka amin' ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana. Izany sary izany dia maneho ny fiainana manontolo ho fitambaran' ny hevitra sy zavatra izay tsy manana sanda afa-tsy amin' ny maha-entam-barotra azo ifanakalozana azy araka ny sanda amin' ny fifanakalozana. Araka ny hevitr' i Debord, ny fanjakazakan' izany sary izany amin' ny fiainana manontolo dia mampihena ny fiarahamonina ho fanehoana fotsiny azy; izany no hevitra velabelariny ao amin' ny boky ''The Society of the Spectacle'' (izany hoe Ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny seho).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The Society of the Spectacle''; Mpamoaka: Zone Books; author: Guy Debord; Taona: 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Antony mampiray (Hoffer) ===
Nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa amerikanina Eric Hoffer ireo antony maromaro mampiray ny mpanaraka ideôlôjia iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. Harper Perennial. p. 91, ''et seq.''&lt;/ref&gt;

# Fankahalana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Afaka mipoitra sy miely tsy misy [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] ny hetsiky ny vahoaka maro, nefa tsy afaka manao izany mihitsy raha tsy misy finoana [[Devoly|devoly]].»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazany, vahiny no «devoly tena sahaza», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 93&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fakana tahaka: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Arakaraka ny maha-kely ny fahafaham-pontsika amin' ny maha-isika antsika no maha-lehibe ny faniriantsika hitovy amin' ny hafa… arakaraka ny tsy itokisantsika ny fahaizantsika mitsara sy ny vintantsika no maha-vonona kokoa antsika hanaraka ny ohatry ny hafa.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 101–2&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fandresen-dahatra: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahazotoan' ny mpanao fampielezan-kevitra hitaona olona hanaraka ny finoany na ny heviny dia avy amin' izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny: «fitadiavana fatratra zavatra mbola tsy hita, mihoatra noho ny faniriana hanome zavatra efa ananantsika».&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 110&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fanerena: milaza i Hoffer fa mifampiankina ny herisetra sy ny fifikirana tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra. Araka ny filazany, ny olona noterena hanaraka ny finoana [[Silamo|silamo]] na [[Kômonisma|kôminista]] dia manjary mifikitra tafahoatra amin' izany tahaka ireo nanery azy. Hoy izy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ilaina ny finoana ifikirana tafahoatra mba hitadiavana antony hanamarinana ny hakanosantsika.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 107–8&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fitarihana: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, tsy misy hetsika raha tsy misy mpitarika. Matetika ilay mpitarika no tsy maintsy miandry ela, mbola tsy miseho ho mpitarika, mandra-pahatongan' ny fotoana mety. Mitaky fanaovana sorona amin' izao fotoana izao izy mba hanamarinana ny fahitany hoavy mahatalanjona. Anisan' ny toetra sy fahaizana ilaina, araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahasahiana, ny tsy fahamenarana, ny finiavana tsy azo hozongozonina, ary ny faharesen-dahatra ifikirana tafahoatra; ny fankahalana mivaivay, ny hafetsena, ary ny fankafizana tandindona; ny fahaizana mampisy finoana jamba eo amin' ny vahoaka maro; ary ny fananana vondron' ny mpanampy mpitarika mahay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 112–4&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny filazany ihany, tsy azo ialana ny famitahana amin' ny filazana fahaizana na toetra tsy ananana, ary matetika ny mpitarika no maka tahaka ny sakaiza sy ny fahavalo, ka manao izay nantsoiny hoe, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «fanefena ny tena araka ny ohatra iray, ka izany irery no ifantohana». Tsy hitarika ny mpanaraka azy ho any amin' ilay «[[Tany Nampanantenaina|hoavy sambatra nampanantenaina]]» izy, hoy i Hoffer, fa hampiala azy ireo fotsiny «amin' ny maha-izy azy izay tsy tiany», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 116–9&lt;/sup&gt;
# Asa atao: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, voasakana ny fisainana vaovao tsy manahaka ny hafa, ary ampirisihina ny firaisankina, raha atao variana hatrany amin' ny tetikasa lehibe, ny diabe, ny fikarohana ary ny asa indostrialy ny vahoaka maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 120–1&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fiahiahiana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Misy ny fitsabahana mikaroka ny raharahan' ny hafa sy ny fitsikilovana, ny fanaraha-maso amim-pihenjanana ary ny fahatsapana amim-pihenjanana fa arahi-maso ny tena.» Araka ny filazany, tsy misy manohitra izany tsy fifampitokisana tafahoatra izany, ary mampirisika ny fanarahana ny fenitra sy ny hevitry ny vondrona izany, fa tsy ny fanehoana hevitra manohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 124&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ronald Inglehart ===

I Ronald Inglehart, avy ao amin' ny ''University of Michigan'' (Oniversiten' i Michigan), no mpanoratra ny ''World Values Survey'' (fanadihadiana maneran-tany momba ny soatoavina). Araka ny fitantarana momba io fanadihadiana io, hatramin' ny 1980 dia nandrakitra ny toe-tsain' ny olona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina tany amin' ny firenena 100 izy io, ary ireo firenena ireo dia ahitana ny 90% amin' ny mponina maneran-tany. Maneho ny valiny fa azo inoana ny hisian' ny fifandraisana akaiky eo amin' ny toerana onenan' ny olona sy ny foto-pinoany ara-ideôlôjia. Araka ireo valiny ireo, any amin' ny faritra maro ao Afrika sy Azia Atsimo ary Afovoany Atsinanana, dia aleon' ny olona ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana ary tsy dia mandefitra amin' ny soatoavina liberaly, izay manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, izy ireo. Ny faritra prôtestanta ao Eorôpa kosa dia eo amin' ny tendrony mifanohitra amin' izany, ka mifikitra kokoa amin' ny foto-pinoana tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana sy amin' ny soatoavina liberaly. Araka io fitantarana io ihany, amin' ireo firenena manana fidiram-bola ambony, dia i Etazonia irery no miavaka amin' ny fifikirany amin' ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana, dia ny kristianisma amin' io tranga io.

== Ideôlôjia pôlitika ==
Jereo koa: Lisitry ny ideôlôjia pôlitika.

Ao amin' ny fandalinana ny pôlitika, ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, fitsipika, [[Foto-pampianarana|foto-pampianarana]], angano, na tandindona mifototra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena, izay ananan' ny hetsika ara-tsôsialy, andrim-piarahamonina, saranga, na vondron' olona lehibe iray. Manazava ny fomba tokony handaminana ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] izany, ary manolotra drafitra ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ho an' ny fandaminana ara-tsôsialy iray. Mahakasika lafin-javatra maro samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Anisan' izany, nefa tsy ireo ihany, ny [[Toekarena|toekarena]], ny [[Governemanta|fitondram-panjakana]], ny tontolo iainana, ny [[Fanabeazana|fanabeazana]], ny [[Fitsaboana|fitsaboana sy fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana]], ny lalàna mifehy ny asa, ny lalàna momba ny heloka, ny rafi-pitsarana, ny fiahiana ara-tsôsialy sy ny fanampiana ara-tsôsialy, ny pôlitikam-panjakana sy ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana, ny [[Pôlitika ivelany|pôlitika ivelany]], ny zo, ny fahalalahana sy ny adidy, ny maha-olom-pirenena, ny fifindra-monina mankany amin' ny firenena iray, ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] sy ny maha-izy ny firenena, ny fitantanana ny tafika, ary ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]].

Misy lafiny roa ny ideôlôjia pôlitika:
# Ny tanjona: ny fomba tokony handaminana ny fiarahamonina;
# Ny fomba fiasa: ny lalana heverina ho mety indrindra hahatratrarana ilay fandaminana filamatra.

Ny tena ifantohan' ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia ny fomba fizarana ny fahefana sy ny tanjona tokony hampiasana izany fahefana izany. Misy antoko manaraka akaiky dia akaiky ideôlôjia iray, fa misy kosa mety haka aingam-panahy amin' ny ankapobeny avy amin' ny vondron' ideôlôjia mifandray, nefa tsy mandray manokana ny iray amin' ireo. Samy manana hevitra momba izay heveriny ho endri-pitondram-panjakana tsara indrindra ny ideôlôjia pôlitika tsirairay. Ohatra amin' izany ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia, na fitondrana miorina amin' ny fahefan' ny vahoaka]], ny fitaomana vahoaka amin' ny fampiasana ny fihetseham-pony (''demagogy''), ny [[Teôkrasia|fitondrana mifototra amin' ny fahefana ara-pivavahana]] (''theocracy''), ary ny [[Kalifata|kalifata, na fanjakana silamo tarihin' ny kalifa]], sy ny hafa. Manana hevitra momba ny halehiben' ny fahefan' ny fitondram-panjakana koa izy ireny, toy ny fanamafisana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra sy famerana ny fahalalahana (''authoritarianism''), ny fanomezana lanja voalohany ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay sy ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana (''libertarianism''), ary ny [[Federalisma|fizaram-pahefana eo amin' ny fitondrana foibe sy ireo fanjakana na vondrom-paritra mandrafitra ny firenena]] (''federalism''), sy ny hafa. Toy izany koa ny heviny momba izay rafitra ara-toekarena tsara indrindra, toy ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananan' olon-tsotra ny fitaovam-pamokarana sy ny fitadiavana tombom-barotra]] (''capitalism''), na ny [[Sôsialisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana]] (''socialism''), sy ny hafa. Indraindray, teny iray ihany no enti-manondro ny ideôlôjia iray sy ny iray amin' ny hevi-dehibe ao aminy. Ohatra, ny teny hoe ''socialism'' dia mety hanondro ilay rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana, na koa ilay ideôlôjia manohana izany rafitra ara-toekarena izany. Taorian' ny taona 1991, maro ny mpandinika nilaza fa niaina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia ny olona,&lt;ref&gt;Bell, D. 2000. ''The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 393.&lt;/ref&gt; ka, araka izany fomba fijery izany, tsy nahomby ireo ideôlôjia nampanantena famonjena sy nikendry ny hahafaoka ny lafin-javatra rehetra. Matetika io fomba fijery io no ampifandraisina amin' ny asa soratr' i Francis Fukuyama momba ny fiafaran' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. ''The End of History and the Last Man''. New York: Free Press. p. xi.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, i Nienhueser (2011) dia mihevitra fa mbola «mamokatra ideôlôjia» hatrany ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitantanana ny mpiasa sy ny fahaizany (fandikan-teny).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Nienhueser; first1: Werner; Daty: October 2011; Lohateny: ''Empirical Research on Human Resource Management as a Production of Ideology''; Gazety: ''Management Revue''; Mpamoaka: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH &amp; Co. KG; Boky: 22; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 367–393; doi: 10.5771/0935-9915-2011-4-367; issn: 0935-9915; quote: [...] current empirical research in HRM is generating ideology.; doi-access: free; jstor: 41783697; s2cid: 17746690.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fomba naroso hanasokajiana ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Afaka mamaritra ny tenany araka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny filaharan' ny firehana ara-pôlitika ny ideôlôjia, ohatra hoe ankavia, afovoany, na ankavanana. Azo avahana koa izy ireny araka ny raharaha tokana mety hanorenana azy, ohatra ny fiarovana ny fahalalahana sivily, ny fanohanana na fanoherana ny fampiraisana an' i Eorôpa, ary ny fanaovana ny rongony ho ara-dalàna. Azo avahana araka ny paikady pôlitika koa izy ireny, ohatra ny fanehoana ny vahoaka ho toherin' ny sangany sy ny filazana fa misolo tena ny vahoaka (''populism''), na ny fampifantohana ny fahefana amin' ny mpitondra iray (''personalism''). Sarotra anefa ny manasokajy ny ideôlôjia pôlitika noho ny fiankinan' ny famaritana hevitra amin' ny kolontsaina. Ny anarana hoe kônservatisma dia ilazana ny fifikirana amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy; ny liberalisma kosa manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay; ary ny neoliberalisma mampiroborobo ny tsena malalaka sy ny famerana ny fandraisan' ny fanjakana anjara amin' ny toekarena. Ohatra amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fampiasana ireo anarana ireo ny fampitahana omen' i Leo P. Ribuffo (2011), izay milaza izao (fandikan-teny): «Izay antsoin' ny Amerikanina ankehitriny hoe kônservatisma dia antsoin' ny ampahany lehibe amin' izao tontolo izao hoe [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] na neoliberalisma»; mety homena ny anarana hoe sôsialista ao Etazonia ny kônservativa ao [[Finlandy]], izany hoe olona mifikitra amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy ao amin' io firenena io.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ribuffo; first: Leo P.; author-link: Leo P. Ribuffo; Daty: January 2011; Lohateny: ''Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy''; url: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734]; Gazety: ''Historically Speaking''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 2–6; doi: 10.1353/hsp.2011.0013; issn: 1944-6438; s2cid: 144367661; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny filôzôfa Michael Oakeshott dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia miorina amin' ny raharaha tokana ho «famintinana natao ho endrika voarafitra an' ilay heverina ho fototra iorenan' ny fahamarinana takatry ny saina ao anatin' ny lova nentim-paharazana» (fandikan-teny). Ankoatra izany, i Charles Blattberg dia manolotra fanazavana manavaka ny ideôlôjia pôlitika amin' ny [[Filôzôfia pôlitika|filôzôfia pôlitika, na fandinihana ny fototra sy ny anton' ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika]].&lt;ref&gt;last: Blattberg; first: Charles; Daty: 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies''; url: [https://philpapers.org/archive/BLAPPA-2.pdf]; url-status: live; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042926/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117]; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-01; Gazety: ''Public Affairs Quarterly''; Boky: 15; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 193–217; ssrn: 1755117; s2cid: 142824378; doi: 10.1515/9780773576636-002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7735-7663-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i Slavoj Žižek, ilay fiheverana mihitsy hoe efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia dia mety hahafahan' ny endrik' ideôlôjia lalim-paka indrindra sy arahana an-jambany indrindra miasa. Karazana fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina izany, na fihetsika mody tsy matoky ny fahatsoram-pon' ny hafa (''false cynicism''). Natao hampahazo haja ny fomba fijerin' ny tena ho toy ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny zava-misy sady tsy mitanila izy io, amin' ny fisehoana ho manana fijery tsy matoky nefa tsy miandany, kanefa tsy izany akory. Raha tokony hanampy hiala amin' ny ideôlôjia izany fahadisoana izany, dia vao mainka mampitombo ny fifikirana amin' ny ideôlôjia iray efa misy, araka ny heviny. Antsoin' i Žižek hoe «fandrika pôstmôdernista» izany (fandikan-teny), izany hoe fandrika mifandraika amin' ny fomba fisainana manakiana ireo fanazavana sy soatoavina nolovaina tamin' ny môdernisma.&lt;ref&gt;last: Žižek; first: Slavoj; author-link: Slavoj Žižek; Lohateny: ''The Sublime Object of Ideology''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Verso; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84467-300-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 2nd; Toerana: London; Pejy: xxxi, 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nanolotra izany hevitra izany koa i Peter Sloterdijk tamin' ny taona 1988.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sloterdijk; first: Peter; Daty: 1988; Lohateny: ''Critique of Cynical Reason''; url: [https://archive.org/details/critiqueofcynica00slot]; url-access: registration; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8166-1586-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nasehon' ny fikarohana fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny lova ara-pototarazo ny ampahany sasany amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny ideôlôjia pôlitikan' ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bouchard; first1: Thomas J.; authorlink: Thomas J. Bouchard-Jr; authorlink2: Matt McGue; last2: McGue; first2: Matt; Taona: 2003; Lohateny: ''Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences''; url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/neu.10160]; Gazety: ''Journal of Neurobiology''; Boky: 54; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 44–45; doi: 10.1002/neu.10160; pmid: 12486697; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cloninger, et al. (1993).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Eaves; first1: L. J.; authorlink2: Hans Eysenck; last2: Eysenck; first2: H. J.; Taona: 1974; Lohateny: ''Genetics and the development of social attitudes''; url: [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v249/n5454/abs/249288a0.html]; Gazety: ''Nature''; Boky: 249; Laharana: 5454; Pejy: 288–89; doi: 10.1038/249288a0; pmid: 4857324; bibcode: 1974Natur.249..288E; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Alford, John, Carolyn Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. ''[http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809045236/http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Tahiry] (date: 2017-08-09). ''American Political Science Review'' 99(2):153–167.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; authorlink2: Sarah Medland; authorlink4: Andrew C. Heath; last2: Medland; first2: Sarah E.; last3: Morley; first3: Katherine I.; last4: Heath; first4: Andrew C.; last5: Martin; first5: Nicholas G.; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study''; url: [https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/contents/p/staff/Hatemi501Published.pdf]; Gazety: ''Behavior Genetics''; Boky: 37; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 435–448; doi: 10.1007/s10519-006-9138-8; pmid: 17221311.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; last2: Hibbing; first2: J.; last3: Alford; first3: J.; last4: Martin; first4: N.; last5: Eaves; first5: L.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''Is there a 'party' in your genes?''; url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258180337]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 584–600; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327606; ssrn: 1276482.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Settle; first1: Jaime E.; authorlink2: Christopher Dawes (author); authorlink3: James H. Fowler; last2: Dawes; first2: Christopher T.; last3: Fowler; first3: James H.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The heritability of partisan attachment''; url: [http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/heritability_of_partisan_attachment.pdf]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 601–13; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327607.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy fanjakana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray.

Rehefa lasa singa miely manerana ny fitondram-panjakana iray sady manjaka ao anatiny ny ideôlôjia pôlitika iray, dia azo lazaina fa fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz, Alfred Wayne Penn. Politics of Ideocracy''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-2297-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Piekalkiewicz; first1: Jaroslaw; last2: Penn; first2: Alfred Wayne; Taona: 1995; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; Daty nijerena: 2020-08-27; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211428/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fomba samihafa ireo endri-pitondram-panjakana isan-karazany, ary tsy voafetra hatrany amin' ny pôlitika sy ny fiarahamonina izany fampiasana izany. Misy hevitra sy firehana ara-pisainana omena tombony na lavina raha oharina amin' ny hafa, arakaraka ny fifanarahan' izy ireo amin' ny lamina ara-tsôsialy manjaka na ny maha-mahasoa azy ireo an' io lamina io.

Ao amin' ny ''The Anatomy of Revolution'', dia nilaza i Crane Brinton fa miparitaka ny ideôlôjia vaovao rehefa misy tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny fitondrana taloha.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 2.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazalazany, mety hiverina mandritra ny revôlisiôna mihitsy izany fizotrany izany; noho izany, mety handresy ireo revôlisiônera manana firehana antonony kokoa ireo manana firehana mahery vaika toa an' i [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] sy i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]].&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 6.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io filazalazan' i Brinton io ihany, dia tsy ela aorian' io dingana io no manaraka ny Thermidor, izany hoe ny fampitoniana ny hafanam-po revôlisiônera eo ambany fitarihan' ireo mifantoka amin' ny vokatra azo ampiharina toa an' i Napoleon sy i [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], izay mitondra ny «toe-draharaha mahazatra sy ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 8.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Averin' i J. William Fulbright ny fifandimbiasan' ny dingana nofaritan' i Brinton, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe «olona mamolavola hevitra &gt; olona mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra &gt; olona miroso amin' ny asa azo ampiharina».&lt;ref&gt;Fulbright, J. William. 1967. ''The Arrogance of Power''. ch. 3–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy endrika mitovitovy amin' izany koa ao amin' ny ''The True Believer'' nosoratan' i Eric Hoffer.&lt;ref&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. ch. 15–17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideôlôjia momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy ==

Na dia ampirisihina aza ny fandinihana mitsikera ny finoana efa misy, toy ny amin' ny teôria ara-tsiansa, dia mety hanakana ny fanolorana fanakianana, teôria na fanandramana sasany ny rafitra fandinihana na ny fomba fisainana manjaka. Ohatra manokana amin' ny siansa nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ideôlôjia ny ekôlôjia, na fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina eto an-tany samy izy sy amin' ny tontolo iainany. Noheverin' i James J. Gibson izay mpandinika ny fiasan' ny saina eo amin' ny fahatsapana fa ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona ny fifandraisana ara-tontolo iainana no fototry ny fahafantarana ny tena sy ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gibson; first1: James J.; Lohateny: ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''; Daty: 1979; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra fandalinana ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana momba ny matematika (ny matematika dia fandalinana ny isa sy ny rafitra ary ny fifandraisany) i George Lakoff, mpahay teny. Ao anatin' izany fomba fandinihana izany dia hoheverina ho vokatra na zavatra ateraky ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona na dia ny hevitra fototra indrindra ao amin' ny aritmetika (fandalinana ny isa sy ny kajy atao aminy) aza; io fahatsapana io kosa dia tsy maintsy nivoatra tao anatin' ny tontolo iainana iray.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lakoff; first1: George; Lohateny: ''Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics Into Being''; Daty: 2000; Mpamoaka: Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Toa nandray ny siansa momba ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany ho ideôlôjia miabo ny ekôlôjia lalina sy ny hetsika ankehitriny momba ny tontolo iainana, ary koa ny antoko mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, saingy amin' ny ambaratonga ambany kokoa ho an' ireto farany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Madsen; first1: Peter; Lohateny: ''Deep Ecology''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; website: Britannica; Daty nijerena: 2021-04-10; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203553/https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanazavana avy amin' ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po ==
Maro ny fikarohana amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|haifisaina sy hetsi-po]] izay mandinika ny antony mahatonga ny ideôlôjia, ny vokany ary ny votoatiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jost2009&quot;&gt;last1: Jost; first1: John T.; author1-link: John Jost; last2: Federico; first2: Christopher M.; last3: Napier; first3: Jaime L.; Daty: January 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities''; Gazety: ''Annual Review of Psychology''; Boky: 60; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 307–337; doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600; pmid: 19035826.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlenker2012&quot;&gt;last1: Schlenker; first1: Barry R.; last2: Chambers; first2: John R.; last3: Le; first3: Bonnie M.; Daty: April 2012; Lohateny: ''Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction''; Gazety: ''Journal of Research in Personality''; Boky: 46; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 127–146; doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saucier2000&quot;&gt;last1: Saucier; first1: Gerard; author-link: Gerard Saucier; Daty: 2000; Lohateny: ''Isms and the structure of social attitudes.''; Gazety: ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''; Boky: 78; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 366–385; doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.366; pmid: 10707341.&lt;/ref&gt; Nantsoin' i Althusser hoe «biby manana ideôlôjia» ny olombelona, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;last1: Greenberg; first1: Jeff; Lohateny: ''Handbook of experimental existential psychology''; last2: Koole; first2: Sander Leon; last3: Pyszczynski; first3: Thomas A.; Daty: 2004; Mpamoaka: Guilford Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt; Teôria maro no niezaka nanazava ny fisian' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny hevitra natolotr' i Jost, Ledgerwood ary Hardin (2008), dia mety hiasa ho toy ny vondrom-panazavana efa voaomana mialoha ny ideôlôjia. Miparitaka izy ireny, araka io hevitra io, noho ireo antony fototra manosika ny olombelona hahatakatra izao tontolo izao, hisoroka ny fandrahonana ny fisian' ny olona, ary hitazona ireo fifandraisana amin' ny hafa izay sarobidy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot;&gt;Jost, John T., Alison Ledgerwood, and Curtis D. Hardin. 2008. ''Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs.'' pp. 171–186 in ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fehin-kevitr' ireo mpanoratra, mety hampirona ny olona handray fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao izay manamarina ny rafitra misy ireo antony manosika ireo, amin' ny taha ambony tsy mifandanja amin' ny fandraisana fomba fijery hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;author: Lee S. Dimin; Lohateny: ''Corporatocracy: A Revolution in Progress''; Taona: 2011; Pejy: 140.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mifanaraka hevitra ny mpikaroka momba ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po fa toa misy itoviana ny toetra mampiavaka ny olona, ny toetra na mari-pandrefesana izay tsy mitovy amin' ny olona tsirairay, ny filàna ary ny finoana ara-ideôlôjia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny finoana fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao (''just-world theory''), dia te hino ny olona fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao mba hahatsapany fa voafehiny ny zava-mitranga ary voaaro izy ireo. Mamorona ideôlôjia izy ireo mba hitazonana izany finoana izany, ohatra amin' ny fanamarinana ny tsy fitoviana na ny zava-mitranga mampahory. Ny fitsikerana iray atao amin' ny fampiasana io teôria io ho hany fanazavana ny ideôlôjia dia ny hoe tsy manazava ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia samihafa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 270–271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fiatrehana ny tahotra ny fahafatesana (''terror management theory''), dia ampiasaina ho fomba fiarovan' ny saina ny ideôlôjia rehefa misy mandrahona ny fomba fijerin' ny olona ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao. Izany indray no miaro ny fiheveran' ny olona ny hasarobidin' ny tenany sady mampihena ny fahatsiarovany ny maha-mety maty azy. Asehon' ny porofo fa ny fampahatsiahivana mialoha ny olona ny maha-mety maty azy dia tsy mitarika azy hamaly izany amin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny ideôlôjia manokana iray, fa amin' ny ideôlôjia izay ao an-tsainy amin' io fotoana io kosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy (''system justification theory''), dia mirona hiaro ny fiarahamonina misy ny olona, na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany indraindray. Izany indray no mahatonga azy ireo hamorona fanazavana ara-ideôlôjia hanamarinana ny toe-javatra misy. Araka ny tohan-kevitr' i Jost, Fitzimmons ary Kay, dia avy amin' ny faniriana hitazona firindrana eo amin' ny fisainana (fahafahana misaina amin' ny fomba mitovitovy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana), ny faniriana hampihena ny tsy fahazoana antoka sy ny ezaka atao, ny fiheverana diso fa voafehin' ny tena ny zava-mitranga, ary ny tahotra ny fitoviana ny antony manosika hiaro ny rafitra efa misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 272&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy,&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt; dia maneho ireo dingana manosika ny fitondran-tena (izay tsy tsapan' ny olona) ny ideôlôjia, mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana fa maneho fisainana mahaleo tena sy tsy mitanila mandrakariva ny faharesen-dahatra ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ny ideôlôjia sy ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina ==

=== Teôria momba ny famantarana sy ny heviny ===

Araka ny voalazan' i Bob Hodge, mpandalina ny famantarana sy ny heviny (''semiotics''), dia toy izao manaraka izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:&lt;ref&gt;Hodge, Bob. &quot;[http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html# ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215511/http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html Tahiry] (date: 2008-09-05).&quot; ''Semiotics Encyclopedia Online''. Retrieved 12 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny [ideôlôjia] dia manondro zavatra iray miray manontolo izay mampitambatra fitambarana hevitra saro-drafitra maro miaraka amin' ireo mpandray anjara ara-tsôsialy sy ireo dingana niteraka izany hevitra izany. Tsy misy teny hafa mahafaoka io zavatra io tsara tahaka ny hoe «ideôlôjia». Ny rafitra mamaritra izay azo raisina ho fahalalana (''episteme'') an' i [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] dia tery loatra sady miompana loatra amin' ny hevitra tsy mivaingana, ary tsy ampy ny lafiny ara-tsôsialy voarakony. Ny fandrafetana sy fampitana hevitra (''discourse'') lazainy, izay be mpampiasa satria mahafaoka ampahany amin' izay sahanin' ny ideôlôjia nefa vitsy kokoa ny hevitra fanampiny mifamatotra aminy, dia voafetra loatra amin' ny rafitra mampiasa teny. Ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao (''worldview'') dia mifantoka loatra amin' ny [[Metafizika|foto-kevitra momba ny fototry ny zava-misy]] (''metaphysical''), ary ny [[Fampielezan-kevitra|fampielezan-kevitra enti-mitaona olona]] (''propaganda'') kosa dia be loatra ny hevitra fanampiny mitondra fitsarana mifamatotra aminy. Na eo aza, na noho ny fifanoherana ao aminy aza, dia mbola manana anjara asa lehibe hatrany ny «ideôlôjia» eo amin' ny fandalinana ny famantarana sy ny heviny izay mitodika amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nampiditra koa, vao haingana, ny famakafakana mifototra amin' ny fandalinana ny hevitry ny teny sy ny famantarana (''semantic analysis'') ho ao amin' ny fandalinana ny ideôlôjia ny mpanoratra toa an' i Michael Freeden.

=== Fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ===
Araka ny filazan' i John J. Macionis, ny [[Sôsiôlôjia|mpandinika ny fiarahamonina]] dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia ho toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «finoana ara-kolontsaina enti-manamarina fandaminana sasany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, anisan' izany ireo endrika isehoan' ny tsy fitoviana».&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Sociology''; last: Macionis; first: John J.; Daty: 2010; Mpamoaka: Pearson Education; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-205-74989-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 13th; Toerana: Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pejy: 257; oclc: 468109511.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' io fomba fandinihana io, ny vondrona manjaka dia mampiasa ireo fitambaram-pinoana sy fomba fanao ara-kolontsaina ireo mba hanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana izay mitazona ny fahefany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina manoloana ireo vondrona tsy manjaka. Ampiasain' ny ideôlôjia ny rafitry ny tandindona ao amin' ny fiarahamonina iray mba handaminana ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy ho ambaratonga ambony sy ambany: omena toerana ambony ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy sasany, fa heverina ho ambany kosa ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy hafa. Ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy lehibe ao amin' ny fiarahamonina, toy ny fampahalalam-baovao, ny fianakaviana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fivavahana, ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.&lt;ref name=witt_2018&gt;Lohateny: ''SOC 2018''; last: Witt; first: Jon; Mpamoaka: McGraw Hill; Taona: 2017; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-259-70272-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 5th; Toerana: [S.l.]; Pejy: 65; oclc: 968304061.&lt;/ref&gt; Niova nanaraka ny fiovan' ny fiarahamonina nandritra ny tantara koa ireo ideôlôjia nanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra]], ny fanavakavahana mifototra amin' ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy, ny fanamboniana ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy manoloana ny hafa, ny fanavakavahana ny olona manana fahasembanana, ary ny fametrahana ny kolontsain' ny tena ho ivon' ny fandinihana.&lt;ref name=witt_2018 /&gt;

== Teny nalaina ==
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy mila…mino ideôlôjia isika. Ny hany ilaina dia ny hampivelaran' ny tsirairay amintsika ireo toetra tsara maha-olona ananany. Mahakasika ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana ankehitriny ny filàna fahatsapana andraikitra manoloana ny olombelona rehetra.» — [[Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]&lt;ref&gt;Bunson, Matthew, ed. 1997. ''The Dalai Lama's Book of Wisdom''. Ebury Press. p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny asan' ny ideôlôjia dia ny mampiorina sy mampaharitra ny fanjakazakana amin' ny alalan' ny fanafenana ny tena zava-misy na ny fiheveran-diso momba izany.» — Sally Haslanger&lt;ref&gt;last1: Haslanger; first1: Sally; author1-link: Sally Haslanger; Taona: 2017; Lohateny: ''I – Culture and Critique''; Gazety: ''Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume''; Boky: 91; Pejy: 149–73; doi: 10.1093/arisup/akx001; doi-access: free; hdl: 1721.1/116882; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «[N]y ideôlôjia iray dia tsy mitovy amin' ny hevitra tsotra, satria milaza ho manana na ny fanalahidy hahatakarana ny tantara, na ny vahaolana amin' ny “ankamantatr' izao rehetra izao” rehetra, na ny fahalalana lalina ireo lalàna miafina mihatra amin' izao rehetra izao, izay heverina fa mifehy ny natiora sy ny olombelona.» — Hannah Arendt&lt;ref&gt;Arendt, Hannah. 1968. ''The Origins of Totalitarianism.'' Harcourt. p. 159.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* ''-ism'' – Tovana amin' ny teny anglisy
* [[Finoana|Finoana]]: rafitry ny finoana
* [[Tenim-pinoana|Dôgma]] – Finoana eken' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny vondrona iray tsy misy fametraham-panontaniana
* [[Feminisma]] – Hetsika sy ideôlôjia isan-karazany ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika
* Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray – Fanjakana fehezin' ny ideôlôjia iray manokana
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia kôminista – Sekolim-pisainana momba ny fiarahamonina tsy misy saranga
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia mitondra anaran' olona
* Ideôlôjiam-panjakana tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika
* ''The Anatomy of Revolution'' – Bokin' i Crane Brinton tamin' ny 1938
* ''The True Believer'' – Bokin' i Eric Hoffer
* ''World Values Survey'' (Fanadihadiana momba ny soatoavina maneran-tany) – Tetikasa fikarohana maneran-tany
* Fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao – Fomba fijery fototra mitarika ny fahazoana sy ny fikirakirana fahalalana eo amin' ny olona iray na ny fiarahamonina

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra ===
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* Minogue, Kenneth. 1985. ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology''. Palgrave Macmillan. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-312-01860-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–331; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.
* last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.
* Ostrowski, Marius S. 2022. ''[https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 Ideology]''. Cambridge: Polity. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1509540730&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Owen, John. 2011. [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-clash-of-ideas-in-world-politics-john-owen.php ''The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010'']. Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-14239-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Pinker, Steven. 2002. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature''. New York: Penguin Group. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-670-03151-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Sorce Keller; first1: Marcello; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences''; Gazety: ''Journal of Musicological Research''; Boky: 26; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 91–122; doi: 10.1080/01411890701361086.
* last1: Steger; first1: Manfred B.; last2: James; first2: Paul; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/4311113]; Gazety: ''Perspectives on Global Development and Technology''; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1–2; Pejy: 17–40; doi: 10.1163/15691497-12341240.
* Verschueren, Jef. 2012. ''Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-69590-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Torolalana handalinana ny ideôlôjia]

[[Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]
[[Sokajy:Politika]]</text>
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      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Ideôlôjia]] ho [[Ideôlôjia]] i Jagwar</comment>
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      <text bytes="63791" sha1="b8ciy8uifqlyoc42dgjml0gh27e2hhw" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ideôlôjia''' dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, soatoavina na [[Finoana|finoana]] lazaina fa ananan' ny olona iray na vondron' olona, indrindra ireo ifikirana noho ny antony tsy mifototra fotsiny amin' ny finoana fa [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]] azo antoka no iorenany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Honderich; first: Ted; url: [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond]; Lohateny: ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Taona: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 392.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''ideology''; url: [https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122517/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; Daty nitahirizana: 2020-02-11; website: Lexico.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin' izany, araka ny famaritan' i Maurice Cranston izay adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, dia «misongadina tahaka ny lafiny ara-teôria ny lafiny fampiharana».&lt;ref&gt;Cranston, Maurice. [1999] 2014. &quot;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society Tahiry] (date: 2020-06-09)&quot; (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandray amin' ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao ny ideôlôjia, nefa samy hafa ireo.

I Antoine Destutt de Tracy, izay avy amin' ny saranga andriana sady [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfa]] tao amin' ny hetsiky ny Fahazavana tany Frantsa, no namorona ilay teny; tamin' ny 1796 izy no namolavola izany ho «siansa momba ny hevitra» (raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy), mba hananganana rafitra ahitana hevitra mifototra amin' ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot;&gt;Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of ideology.'' Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/ideology&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny siansa pôlitika, dia ampiasaina amin' ny heviny milazalaza ny zava-misy ilay teny mba hanondroana ireo rafitry ny finoana ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fiavian' ny teny ==
[[File:Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy.png|thumb|Namorona ny teny hoe ''ideology'' i Antoine Destutt de Tracy.]]
Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideology'' dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]] hoe ''idéologie''. Io teny frantsay io kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny fampiarahana ny teny grika hoe ''idéā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]'' », izay midika hoe hevitra na lamina; manakaiky ny hevitry ny hoe ''hevitra'' araka ny [[John Locke|fomba fisainan' i Locke]]) sy ny tovana hoe ''-logíā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:-λογῐ́ᾱ|-λογῐ́ᾱ]]'' », izay midika hoe fandalinana). Ilay mpandinika frantsay Destutt de Tracy no namorona azy tamin' ny 1796, ary tamin' ny voalohany dia ny siansa momba ny hevitra no notondroin' ny teny hoe ''ideology''. Tamin' ny 1907 anefa dia efa nahazo heviny vaovao ilay teny tamin' ny teny anglisy, ka nanondro rafitra ankapobeny ahitana finoana sy foto-pampianarana izay enti-mandika izao tontolo izao. Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana dia vao mainka nivelatra ny heviny, ka nanjary nanondro izay rafitra mirindra rehetra misy hevitra ara-pôlitika, ara-tsôsialy na ara-kolontsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harper&quot; /&gt;

Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideologue'' dia ilazana olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia iray. Misy heviny manambany io teny io, satria matetika izy io no ilazana olona miandany an-jambany, mafana fo fatratra, na mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny zavatra inoany.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Definition of IDEOLOGUE''; Daty: 7 June 2026; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideologue].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Tamin' ny taona 1796 no namolavolan' i [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] (1754–1836) ny teny hoe ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-kevitra mifandray aminy. Nanjary voafaritra mazava ny heviny fony izy tany am-ponja, nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra 1793 ka hatramin' ny Oktobra 1794, niandry ny fitsarana azy nandritra ny [[Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana]], izay naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny manodidina ny taona 1793 ka hatramin' ny Jolay 1794. Namaky ny sanganasan' i Locke sy Étienne Bonnot de Condillac izy fony nigadra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Vincent; first1: Andrew; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; Lohateny: ''Modern Political Ideologies''; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: John Wiley &amp; Sons; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 1; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 7 May 2020; Daty nitahirizana: 3 August 2020; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&amp;pg=PA1]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanantena ny hanorina fototra azo antoka ho an' ny siansa momba ny olombelona sy ny fitondran-tenany sy ny siansa pôlitika i Tracy, ka namorona ilay teny hilazana ny «siansa momba ny hevitra». Zavatra roa no nanaovany izany fototra: (1) ny fahatsapana iainan' ny olona rehefa mifandray amin' ny tontolon' ny zavatra azo tsapain-tanana izy; ary (2) ny hevitra miforona ao an-tsainy vokatry ny fahatsapana toy izany. Ho an' i Tracy, ny ideôlôjia dia filôzôfia manandratra ny fahalalahana, izay hiaro ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, ny fananana, ny tsena malalaka, ary ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana amin' ny alalan' ny lalàm-panorenana. Nambarany fa, amin' ireo lafin-javatra ireo, ny ideôlôjia no teny ankapobeny indrindra, satria tafiditra ao amin' ny «siansa momba ny hevitra» koa ny fandinihana ny fomba anehoana ireo hevitra sy ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy&quot;&gt;last: Kennedy; first: Emmet; Daty: Jul–Sep 1979; Lohateny: ''&quot;Ideology&quot; from Destutt De Tracy to Marx''; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; Boky: 40; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 353–368; jstor: 2709242; doi: 10.2307/2709242.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanazavana ara-tantara nataon' i [[Karl Mannheim]] momba ny fiovan' ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia, dia nipoitra ny heviny maoderina rehefa nampiasa azy i Napoleon niantsoana ireo mpanohitra azy hoe «ireo olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia», araka ny dikanteny malagasy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Mannheim; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Utopia''; Daty: 1929; Pejy: 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ela dia nadika tamin' ireo fiteny lehibe tany Eorôpa ny boky lehibe nosoratan' i Tracy, ''The Elements of Ideology'' (''Élémens d'idéologie'' amin' ny teny frantsay, navoaka tamin' ny 1804–1815).

Tao anatin' ny taonjato taorian' ny namolavolan' i Tracy ny heviny, dia nifandimby nitondra hevitra tsara sy hevitra ratsy ny teny hoe ideôlôjia. Rehefa nanaraka fomba fijery nanohana ny famerenana ny lamina taloha ireo governemanta taorian' i Napoleon, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo mpandinika avy any Italia sy Espaina ary ireo mpandinika rosiana ilay foto-kevitra. Efa nanomboka niantso tena ho mpanohana ny fahalalahana ireo mpandinika ireo, ary niezaka namelona indray ny hetsika revôlisiônera tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1820. Anisan' izany ireo fikambanana Carbonari tany Frantsa sy Italia ary ireo mpikomy rosiana tamin' ny volana Desambra.
Noraisin' i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) ilay hevitra ratsy nampiasain' i Napoleon, ka nampiasainy tao amin' ny asa sorany. Indray mandeha izy dia nilaza an' i Tracy hoe, araka ny dikanteny malagasy, «mpifikitra mafy amin' ny foto-pampianaran' ny saranga tompon' ny fananana, mangatsiaka ra toy ny trondro» (''fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär'' amin' ny teny alemàna).&lt;ref&gt;de Tracy, Antoine Destutt. [1801] 1817. ''Les Éléments d'idéologie'', (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in Mannheim, Karl. 1929. ''The problem of 'false consciousness.'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' In ''Ideologie und Utopie''. 2nd footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nihena tatỳ aoriana ny hevitra manaratsy nentin' ilay teny (tsingerin' ny fanoloana teny manaratsy amin' ny teny malefaka izay manjary manaratsy indray), ka nanjary teny tsy miandany ampiasaina amin' ny famakafakana ireo hevitra pôlitika samihafa sy ny fomba fijerin' ireo vondrona ara-tsôsialy izy.&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry (1991) ''Ideology: An Introduction'', Verso, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
Raha nampifandray ilay teny tamin' ny tolona eo amin' ny saranga sy ny fanjakazakana i Marx,&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Robert C (1978). ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', W. W. Norton &amp; Company, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Marx, ''MER'', p. 154&lt;/ref&gt; dia nisy kosa nihevitra azy ho ampahany tsy maintsy ilaina amin' ny fiasan' ny andrim-piarahamonina sy ny fampiraisana ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Susan Silbey, ''Ideology''. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanindran-dalana amin' ireo hevitra rosiana taorian' ny vanim-potoana sôvietika momba ny ideôlôjia tokana tsy manaiky hafa, izay hita ao amin' ny [[Mônôteisma|finoana an' Andriamanitra tokana]], ohatra, dia nandinika ny «fanitarana ara-ideôlôjia» (dikanteny malagasy) teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana sy ny pôlitika i Walter Brueggemann (1933–2025).&lt;ref&gt;
last1: Brueggemann; first1: Walter; author-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last1: Brueggemann; editor-first1: Walter; editor-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last2: Stroup; editor-first2: George W.; editor-link2: George Stroup; Daty: 1 January 1998; Fizarana: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Exodus' in the Plural (Amos 9:7)''; Lohateny: ''Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World : in Honor of Shirley Guthrie''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0HRC46744C]; Toerana: Louisville, Kentucky; Mpamoaka: Westminster John Knox Press; Pejy: 16, 28; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780664257576&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty nijerena: 6 January 2025; quote: [...] ideological extension of the 'onlyness' of Yahweh to include the 'onlyness' of Israel, which I shall term ''mono-ideology''. [...] As Deuteronomy is a main force for mono-ideology in ancient Judaism, so it is possible to conclude that Calvinism has been a primary force for mono-ideology in modern Christian history because of its insistence upon God's sovereignty, which is very often allied with socioeconomic-political hegemony.. 
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana sy famakafakana ==
Maro ny karazana ideôlôjia, anisan' izany ny ideôlôjia [[Pôlitika|ara-pôlitika]], ara-tsôsialy, [[Epistemôlôjia|momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]], ary [[Etika|momba ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena]]. Mirona amin' ny fiheverana ny ideôlôjia ho rafitra misy hevitra mifandrindra ny famakafakana tato ho ato. Miorina amin' ny fiheverana fototra vitsivitsy momba ny zava-misy io rafitra io, ary mety hisy na tsy hisy zava-misy manamarina ireo fiheverana ireo. Amin' ny alalan' io rafitra io, ny safidy ataon' ny olona hatrany, izay miankina amin' ny fomba fijeriny manokana, dia mahatonga ny hevitra hirindra sy hanaraka lamina miverimberina. Ireo hevitra ireo no toy ny voa iaingan' ny [[Fieritreretana|fisainana]] hafa miforona manodidina azy. Ny finoana ideôlôjia iray dia mety ho fanekena fotsiny tsy arahina fandraisana andraikitra, na mety hahatratra hatramin' ny fiarovana azy amin-kafanam-po. Ny famaritana sasany, toy ny an' i Manfred Steger sy Paul James, dia samy manantitrantitra ny fisian' ny lamina sy ny filazana ho marina izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra fa tsy voatery ho marina amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra. Izao no nosoratan' izy ireo, araka ny fandikana azy amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny ideôlôjia dia vondron-kevitra sy foto-kevitra manaraka lamina ary voavolavolan' ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy; anisan' izany ny fomba manokana anehoana ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona na vondrona arakaraka ny fahefana ananany. Ireo fandaminana ny foto-kevitra, izay toy ny sarintany, dia manampy ny olona hahita izay lalan-kizorany ao anatin' ny tontolo pôlitika be pitsiny misy azy, ary mitondra filazana ny amin' izay marina momba ny fiarahamonina. »&lt;ref&gt;James, Paul, and Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/4510893/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._4_Ideologies_of_Globalism_2010_ Tahiry] (date: 2020-04-29). London: Sage.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny asa soratr' i George Walford sy Harold Walsby dia mandalina ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia mihitsy, fa tsy ideôlôjia manokana, amin' ny anarana hoe fandalinana mirindra ny ideôlôjia (''systematic ideology''). Miezaka mandinika ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy izy ireo. Fomba enina samy hafa nampiasana ny teny hoe ideôlôjia no faritan' i David W. Minar:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–31; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fitambaran' ny hevitra sasantsasany manana karazam-botoaty voafaritra, izay mazàna momba ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy.
# Ny endrika na ny fandaminana ireo hevitra ao anatin' ny fitambarany, araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra ao anatiny.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny firafitry ny fikambanana iray.
# Hevitra ampitaina izay mikendry ny handresy lahatra.
# Ny sehatra isehoan' ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy.

Ho an' i Willard A. Mullins, tokony havahana amin' ny hevitra mifandray aminy nefa samy hafa aminy ny ideôlôjia, dia ny sary an-tsaina momba ny fiarahamonina tonga lafatra sy ny angano ara-tantara, izany hoe fitantarana momba ny lasa manana heviny an' ohatra ho an' ny fiarahamonina. Araka ny famaritany, toetra fototra efatra no mandrafitra ny ideôlôjia:&lt;ref&gt;last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Tsy maintsy manana hery mitaona ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana izy.
# Tsy maintsy afaka mitarika ny fanombanana sy fitsaran' ny olona izy.
# Tsy maintsy manome tari-dalana mankany amin' ny asa atao izy.
# Tsy maintsy mirindra araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra izy, ka tsy mifanohitra ny hevitra ao anatiny.

Mitanisa famaritana sasantsasany momba ny ideôlôjia i Terry Eagleton, ka tsy dia misy filaharana manokana arahina amin' ity lisitra ity:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC&amp;hl=en Tahiry] (date: 2021-06-01)''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ny fizotry ny famokarana hevitra ampitaina, famantarana ary soatoavina eo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy.
# Fitambaran-kevitra mampiavaka vondrona na saranga ara-tsôsialy iray manokana.
# Hevitra manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Hevitra diso manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny.
# Fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana hafatra izay aolana amin' ny fomba voarafitra.
# Hevitra manome toerana ijoroan' ny olona amin' ny maha-mpahatsapa sy mpisaina azy, ka ahafahany mamantatra ny tenany sy mijery izao tontolo izao.
# Fomba fisainana atosiky ny tombontsoa ara-tsôsialy.
# Fisainana mampitovy ny zavatra amin' ny foto-kevitra na sokajy ankapobeny ampidirana azy, ka manilika izay mampiavaka azy (''identity thinking'').
# Fiheveran-diso ilaina amin' ny fiainana na ny fiasan' ny fiarahamonina.
# Ny fihaonan' ny lahateny sy ny fomba fandrafetana hevitra amin' ny fahefana.
# Ny rafitra ahafahan' ireo olona mandray anjara eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, sady manana fahatsiarovan-tena, manome heviny ny tontolo misy azy.
# Fitambaram-pinoana mikendry ny hitarika asa atao.
# Ny fampifangaroana ny zava-misy araka ny teny ilazana azy sy ny zava-misy araka izay miseho amin' ny fahatsapana sy ny traikefa.
# Ny fanidiana ny rafitry ny famantarana sy ny heviny ao anatin' ny hevitra raikitra, ka tsy isokafana amin' ny fandikana hafa (''semiotic closure'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 197&lt;/sup&gt;
# Ny rafitra tsy azo ialana izay iainan' ny tsirairay ny fifandraisany amin' ny firafitra ara-tsôsialy.
# Ny dingana mamadika ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ho zava-misy raisina ho avy amin' ny natiora.

Niantso ny hanaovana « fandinihana mitsikera ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia » (fandikana) i [[Christian Duncker]], filôzôfa alemàna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110701015904/http://www.ideologieforschung.de/web/Christian_Duncker.html Christian Duncker]&quot; (in German). ''Ideologie Forschung''. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny asa sorany, niezaka nametraka ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia ho lohahevitra ivon' ny fandinihana izy, niaraka tamin' ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]] sy ny tantara, izay mifandray akaiky aminy. Nofaritany ho rafitra fanehoana ny ideôlôjia, ka ireo fanehoana ireo dia milaza mivantana na an-kolaka fa fahamarinana tanteraka tsy misy fepetra no asehony.

=== Fandikana araka ny marksisma ===
[[File:Karl Marx 001 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Milaza i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] fa ampahany tsy afa-misaraka amin' ny rafitra ambony ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.]]
Ao amin' ny famakafakan' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia rafitry ny fahatsiarovan-tena mipoitra avy amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena, izay maneho sy mampaharitra ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Marx; first1: Karl; last2: Engels; first2: Friedrich; Daty: 1974; Lohateny: ''The German Ideology. [Students Edition]''; Fizarana: ''I. Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks''; Pejy: 64-68; Mpamoaka: Lawrence &amp; Wishart; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780853152170&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny môdely marksista momba ny fiarahamonina, izay manavaka ny fototra ara-toekarena sy ny rafitra ambony, ny hoe fototra ara-toekarena dia manondro ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona amin' ny famokarana sy ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana, fa ny hoe rafitra ambony kosa dia manondro ny ideôlôjia manjaka, izany hoe ny rafitra ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitika.
Ny fototra ara-toekarenan' ny famokarana no mamaritra ny rafitra ambony ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray.
Ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka no mamaritra io rafitra ambony io sy ny toetran' ny ideôlôjia manamarina azy; vitany izany satria ny saranga manjaka no mifehy ny fitaovana enti-mamokatra.
Ohatra, ao amin' ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana feôdaly, ny ideôlôjia ara-pivavahana no lafiny misongadina indrindra amin' ny rafitra ambony, fa ao amin' ny fandaminana kapitalista kosa dia ny ideôlôjia toy ny [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] sy ny demôkrasia sôsialy no manjaka.
Noho izany dia lehibe ny anjara toeran' ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fanamarinana ny fiarahamonina iray sy amin' ny fampisafotofotoana ara-pôlitika ireo vondrona zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny, amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.
Ho an' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia mandrisika ny olona iray trandrahin' ny kapitalisma na zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny noho io rafitra io, mba hanohy hanohana azy na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany.
Matetika io olona io no tsy mahatsapa fa misy soatoavina tanany izay nampisehoin' ny ideôlôjia ho zavatra voajanahary.
Ao amin' ny bokiny hoe ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'', i Slavoj Žižek dia mitanisa an' i Marx manao hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy fantatr' izy ireo izany, nefa ataony ihany.» Izany no fomba fohy anehoany ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso ateraky ny ideôlôjia.
Nisy fanazavana samihafa naroso.
Mampiasa ny fanjakazakana ara-kolontsaina i [[Antonio Gramsci|Antonio Gramsci]] mba hanazavana ny antony ananan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia diso momba izay tena mahasoa azy indrindra.
Nanambara i Marx hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny saranga izay manana ny fitaovana famokarana ara-materialy eo am-pelatanany dia mifehy koa, amin' izay fotoana izay ihany, ny fitaovana famokarana ara-tsaina.»&lt;ref&gt;last: Marx; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''&quot;The German Ideology: Part I&quot;, The Marx-Engels Reader 2nd ed.''; Taona: 1978a; Mpamoaka: W.W. Norton &amp; Company; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manan-danja amin' ny lafiny foto-kevitra eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny fahalalana sy ny fiarahamonina ilay famaritana marksista ny ideôlôjia ho fitaovana mampitohy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy amin' ny famokarana azy indray,&lt;ref&gt;Eo amin' io taranja io dia misy adihevitra momba ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia: fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, araka ny hevitra arovan' i Marx, sa kosa «toerana diso» misy ny fanambarana iray, izay marina raha raisina amin' izao fotsiny nefa tsy mifandraika amin' ny toe-javatra anaovana azy, araka ny hevitr' i [[Max Weber|Max Weber]]: last1: Buonomo; first1: Giampiero; Lohateny: ''Eleggibilità più ampia senza i paletti del peculato d'uso? Un'occasione (perduta) per affrontare il tema delle leggi ad personam''; Gazety: ''Diritto&amp;Giustizia Edizione Online''; Daty: 2005; url: [https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794]; Daty nitahirizana: 2016-03-24; via: Questia; url-access: subscription; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794].&lt;/ref&gt; indrindra eo amin' ny asan' i Karl Mannheim, i Daniel Bell, i [[Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] ary ny hafa.
Ankoatra izany, i Mannheim dia namolavola izany hevitra izany ka niala tamin' ny fiheverana marksista ny ideôlôjia izay «manontolo» nefa «manokana», nankany amin' ny fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia «ankapobeny» sy «manontolo».
Io fiheverana io dia manaiky fa avy amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ny ideôlôjia rehetra, anisan' izany ny [[Marksisma|marksisma]]; hevitra izay novolavolain' ilay mpandinika ny fiarahamonina [[Pierre Bourdieu|Pierre Bourdieu]] koa izany.
Nampian' i Slavoj Žižek sy ireo tao amin' ny sekolin-kevitra tao Frankfurt talohany hevitra iray avy amin' ny fandinihana ny fiasan' ny saina mifantoka amin' ny lafiny tsy tsapan' ny tena (''psychoanalysis'') ilay «teôria ankapobeny» momba ny ideôlôjia: tsy ny hevitra tsapan' ny tena ihany no ao anatin' ny ideôlôjia, fa misy koa ny hevitra tsy tsapan' ny tena.

Nilaza i Teun A. van Dijk hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fampiasana [io teny io] andavanandro dia maneho hevitra ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny, ary mazàna manondro ny hevitr' olon-kafa izay miraikitra tsy mety miova, diso lalana, na miandany: isika no manana ny marina, fa izy ireo kosa no manana ideôlôjia. Izany heviny ratsy izany dia miverina hatrany amin' i Marx sy Engels, izay nihevitra ny ideôlôjia ho endriky ny “fahatsiarovan-tena diso”.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Politics, Ideology, and Discourse''; last: van Dijk; first: T. A.; Daty: 2006; website: Discourse in Society; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194631/http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 2011-07-08; Daty nijerena: 2019-01-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy ny entam-barotra (Debord) ===
Nilaza ilay Frantsay mpandinika teôria marksista [[Guy Debord|Guy Debord]], iray tamin' ny mpanorina ny ''Situationist International'' (Vondrona iraisam-pirenena sitiasiônista), fa rehefa lasa sokajy fototra amin' ny fiarahamonina ny entam-barotra, izany hoe rehefa tanteraka hatramin' ny farany ny dingan' ny famadihana zavatra ho entam-barotra, dia ny sary momba ny fiarahamonina aparitak' ny entam-barotra no manjaka amin' ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana. Izany sary izany dia maneho ny fiainana manontolo ho fitambaran' ny hevitra sy zavatra izay tsy manana sanda afa-tsy amin' ny maha-entam-barotra azo ifanakalozana azy araka ny sanda amin' ny fifanakalozana. Araka ny hevitr' i Debord, ny fanjakazakan' izany sary izany amin' ny fiainana manontolo dia mampihena ny fiarahamonina ho fanehoana fotsiny azy; izany no hevitra velabelariny ao amin' ny boky ''The Society of the Spectacle'' (izany hoe Ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny seho).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''The Society of the Spectacle''; Mpamoaka: Zone Books; author: Guy Debord; Taona: 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Antony mampiray (Hoffer) ===
Nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa amerikanina Eric Hoffer ireo antony maromaro mampiray ny mpanaraka ideôlôjia iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. Harper Perennial. p. 91, ''et seq.''&lt;/ref&gt;

# Fankahalana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Afaka mipoitra sy miely tsy misy [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] ny hetsiky ny vahoaka maro, nefa tsy afaka manao izany mihitsy raha tsy misy finoana [[Devoly|devoly]].»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazany, vahiny no «devoly tena sahaza», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 93&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fakana tahaka: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Arakaraka ny maha-kely ny fahafaham-pontsika amin' ny maha-isika antsika no maha-lehibe ny faniriantsika hitovy amin' ny hafa… arakaraka ny tsy itokisantsika ny fahaizantsika mitsara sy ny vintantsika no maha-vonona kokoa antsika hanaraka ny ohatry ny hafa.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 101–2&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fandresen-dahatra: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahazotoan' ny mpanao fampielezan-kevitra hitaona olona hanaraka ny finoany na ny heviny dia avy amin' izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny: «fitadiavana fatratra zavatra mbola tsy hita, mihoatra noho ny faniriana hanome zavatra efa ananantsika».&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 110&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fanerena: milaza i Hoffer fa mifampiankina ny herisetra sy ny fifikirana tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra. Araka ny filazany, ny olona noterena hanaraka ny finoana [[Silamo|silamo]] na [[Kômonisma|kôminista]] dia manjary mifikitra tafahoatra amin' izany tahaka ireo nanery azy. Hoy izy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ilaina ny finoana ifikirana tafahoatra mba hitadiavana antony hanamarinana ny hakanosantsika.»&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 107–8&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fitarihana: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, tsy misy hetsika raha tsy misy mpitarika. Matetika ilay mpitarika no tsy maintsy miandry ela, mbola tsy miseho ho mpitarika, mandra-pahatongan' ny fotoana mety. Mitaky fanaovana sorona amin' izao fotoana izao izy mba hanamarinana ny fahitany hoavy mahatalanjona. Anisan' ny toetra sy fahaizana ilaina, araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahasahiana, ny tsy fahamenarana, ny finiavana tsy azo hozongozonina, ary ny faharesen-dahatra ifikirana tafahoatra; ny fankahalana mivaivay, ny hafetsena, ary ny fankafizana tandindona; ny fahaizana mampisy finoana jamba eo amin' ny vahoaka maro; ary ny fananana vondron' ny mpanampy mpitarika mahay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 112–4&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny filazany ihany, tsy azo ialana ny famitahana amin' ny filazana fahaizana na toetra tsy ananana, ary matetika ny mpitarika no maka tahaka ny sakaiza sy ny fahavalo, ka manao izay nantsoiny hoe, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «fanefena ny tena araka ny ohatra iray, ka izany irery no ifantohana». Tsy hitarika ny mpanaraka azy ho any amin' ilay «[[Tany Nampanantenaina|hoavy sambatra nampanantenaina]]» izy, hoy i Hoffer, fa hampiala azy ireo fotsiny «amin' ny maha-izy azy izay tsy tiany», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 116–9&lt;/sup&gt;
# Asa atao: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, voasakana ny fisainana vaovao tsy manahaka ny hafa, ary ampirisihina ny firaisankina, raha atao variana hatrany amin' ny tetikasa lehibe, ny diabe, ny fikarohana ary ny asa indostrialy ny vahoaka maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 120–1&lt;/sup&gt;
# Fiahiahiana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Misy ny fitsabahana mikaroka ny raharahan' ny hafa sy ny fitsikilovana, ny fanaraha-maso amim-pihenjanana ary ny fahatsapana amim-pihenjanana fa arahi-maso ny tena.» Araka ny filazany, tsy misy manohitra izany tsy fifampitokisana tafahoatra izany, ary mampirisika ny fanarahana ny fenitra sy ny hevitry ny vondrona izany, fa tsy ny fanehoana hevitra manohitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 124&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ronald Inglehart ===

I Ronald Inglehart, avy ao amin' ny ''University of Michigan'' (Oniversiten' i Michigan), no mpanoratra ny ''World Values Survey'' (fanadihadiana maneran-tany momba ny soatoavina). Araka ny fitantarana momba io fanadihadiana io, hatramin' ny 1980 dia nandrakitra ny toe-tsain' ny olona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina tany amin' ny firenena 100 izy io, ary ireo firenena ireo dia ahitana ny 90% amin' ny mponina maneran-tany. Maneho ny valiny fa azo inoana ny hisian' ny fifandraisana akaiky eo amin' ny toerana onenan' ny olona sy ny foto-pinoany ara-ideôlôjia. Araka ireo valiny ireo, any amin' ny faritra maro ao Afrika sy Azia Atsimo ary Afovoany Atsinanana, dia aleon' ny olona ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana ary tsy dia mandefitra amin' ny soatoavina liberaly, izay manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, izy ireo. Ny faritra prôtestanta ao Eorôpa kosa dia eo amin' ny tendrony mifanohitra amin' izany, ka mifikitra kokoa amin' ny foto-pinoana tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana sy amin' ny soatoavina liberaly. Araka io fitantarana io ihany, amin' ireo firenena manana fidiram-bola ambony, dia i Etazonia irery no miavaka amin' ny fifikirany amin' ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana, dia ny kristianisma amin' io tranga io.

== Ideôlôjia pôlitika ==
Jereo koa: Lisitry ny ideôlôjia pôlitika.

Ao amin' ny fandalinana ny pôlitika, ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, fitsipika, [[Foto-pampianarana|foto-pampianarana]], angano, na tandindona mifototra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena, izay ananan' ny hetsika ara-tsôsialy, andrim-piarahamonina, saranga, na vondron' olona lehibe iray. Manazava ny fomba tokony handaminana ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] izany, ary manolotra drafitra ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ho an' ny fandaminana ara-tsôsialy iray. Mahakasika lafin-javatra maro samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Anisan' izany, nefa tsy ireo ihany, ny [[Toekarena|toekarena]], ny [[Governemanta|fitondram-panjakana]], ny tontolo iainana, ny [[Fanabeazana|fanabeazana]], ny [[Fitsaboana|fitsaboana sy fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana]], ny lalàna mifehy ny asa, ny lalàna momba ny heloka, ny rafi-pitsarana, ny fiahiana ara-tsôsialy sy ny fanampiana ara-tsôsialy, ny pôlitikam-panjakana sy ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana, ny [[Pôlitika ivelany|pôlitika ivelany]], ny zo, ny fahalalahana sy ny adidy, ny maha-olom-pirenena, ny fifindra-monina mankany amin' ny firenena iray, ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] sy ny maha-izy ny firenena, ny fitantanana ny tafika, ary ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]].

Misy lafiny roa ny ideôlôjia pôlitika:
# Ny tanjona: ny fomba tokony handaminana ny fiarahamonina;
# Ny fomba fiasa: ny lalana heverina ho mety indrindra hahatratrarana ilay fandaminana filamatra.

Ny tena ifantohan' ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia ny fomba fizarana ny fahefana sy ny tanjona tokony hampiasana izany fahefana izany. Misy antoko manaraka akaiky dia akaiky ideôlôjia iray, fa misy kosa mety haka aingam-panahy amin' ny ankapobeny avy amin' ny vondron' ideôlôjia mifandray, nefa tsy mandray manokana ny iray amin' ireo. Samy manana hevitra momba izay heveriny ho endri-pitondram-panjakana tsara indrindra ny ideôlôjia pôlitika tsirairay. Ohatra amin' izany ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia, na fitondrana miorina amin' ny fahefan' ny vahoaka]], ny fitaomana vahoaka amin' ny fampiasana ny fihetseham-pony (''demagogy''), ny [[Teôkrasia|fitondrana mifototra amin' ny fahefana ara-pivavahana]] (''theocracy''), ary ny [[Kalifata|kalifata, na fanjakana silamo tarihin' ny kalifa]], sy ny hafa. Manana hevitra momba ny halehiben' ny fahefan' ny fitondram-panjakana koa izy ireny, toy ny fanamafisana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra sy famerana ny fahalalahana (''authoritarianism''), ny fanomezana lanja voalohany ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay sy ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana (''libertarianism''), ary ny [[Federalisma|fizaram-pahefana eo amin' ny fitondrana foibe sy ireo fanjakana na vondrom-paritra mandrafitra ny firenena]] (''federalism''), sy ny hafa. Toy izany koa ny heviny momba izay rafitra ara-toekarena tsara indrindra, toy ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananan' olon-tsotra ny fitaovam-pamokarana sy ny fitadiavana tombom-barotra]] (''capitalism''), na ny [[Sôsialisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana]] (''socialism''), sy ny hafa. Indraindray, teny iray ihany no enti-manondro ny ideôlôjia iray sy ny iray amin' ny hevi-dehibe ao aminy. Ohatra, ny teny hoe ''socialism'' dia mety hanondro ilay rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana, na koa ilay ideôlôjia manohana izany rafitra ara-toekarena izany. Taorian' ny taona 1991, maro ny mpandinika nilaza fa niaina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia ny olona,&lt;ref&gt;Bell, D. 2000. ''The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 393.&lt;/ref&gt; ka, araka izany fomba fijery izany, tsy nahomby ireo ideôlôjia nampanantena famonjena sy nikendry ny hahafaoka ny lafin-javatra rehetra. Matetika io fomba fijery io no ampifandraisina amin' ny asa soratr' i Francis Fukuyama momba ny fiafaran' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. ''The End of History and the Last Man''. New York: Free Press. p. xi.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, i Nienhueser (2011) dia mihevitra fa mbola «mamokatra ideôlôjia» hatrany ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitantanana ny mpiasa sy ny fahaizany (fandikan-teny).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Nienhueser; first1: Werner; Daty: October 2011; Lohateny: ''Empirical Research on Human Resource Management as a Production of Ideology''; Gazety: ''Management Revue''; Mpamoaka: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH &amp; Co. KG; Boky: 22; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 367–393; doi: 10.5771/0935-9915-2011-4-367; issn: 0935-9915; quote: [...] current empirical research in HRM is generating ideology.; doi-access: free; jstor: 41783697; s2cid: 17746690.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fomba naroso hanasokajiana ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Afaka mamaritra ny tenany araka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny filaharan' ny firehana ara-pôlitika ny ideôlôjia, ohatra hoe ankavia, afovoany, na ankavanana. Azo avahana koa izy ireny araka ny raharaha tokana mety hanorenana azy, ohatra ny fiarovana ny fahalalahana sivily, ny fanohanana na fanoherana ny fampiraisana an' i Eorôpa, ary ny fanaovana ny rongony ho ara-dalàna. Azo avahana araka ny paikady pôlitika koa izy ireny, ohatra ny fanehoana ny vahoaka ho toherin' ny sangany sy ny filazana fa misolo tena ny vahoaka (''populism''), na ny fampifantohana ny fahefana amin' ny mpitondra iray (''personalism''). Sarotra anefa ny manasokajy ny ideôlôjia pôlitika noho ny fiankinan' ny famaritana hevitra amin' ny kolontsaina. Ny anarana hoe kônservatisma dia ilazana ny fifikirana amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy; ny liberalisma kosa manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay; ary ny neoliberalisma mampiroborobo ny tsena malalaka sy ny famerana ny fandraisan' ny fanjakana anjara amin' ny toekarena. Ohatra amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fampiasana ireo anarana ireo ny fampitahana omen' i Leo P. Ribuffo (2011), izay milaza izao (fandikan-teny): «Izay antsoin' ny Amerikanina ankehitriny hoe kônservatisma dia antsoin' ny ampahany lehibe amin' izao tontolo izao hoe [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] na neoliberalisma»; mety homena ny anarana hoe sôsialista ao Etazonia ny kônservativa ao [[Finlandy]], izany hoe olona mifikitra amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy ao amin' io firenena io.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ribuffo; first: Leo P.; author-link: Leo P. Ribuffo; Daty: January 2011; Lohateny: ''Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy''; url: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734]; Gazety: ''Historically Speaking''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 2–6; doi: 10.1353/hsp.2011.0013; issn: 1944-6438; s2cid: 144367661; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny filôzôfa Michael Oakeshott dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia miorina amin' ny raharaha tokana ho «famintinana natao ho endrika voarafitra an' ilay heverina ho fototra iorenan' ny fahamarinana takatry ny saina ao anatin' ny lova nentim-paharazana» (fandikan-teny). Ankoatra izany, i Charles Blattberg dia manolotra fanazavana manavaka ny ideôlôjia pôlitika amin' ny [[Filôzôfia pôlitika|filôzôfia pôlitika, na fandinihana ny fototra sy ny anton' ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika]].&lt;ref&gt;last: Blattberg; first: Charles; Daty: 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies''; url: [https://philpapers.org/archive/BLAPPA-2.pdf]; url-status: live; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042926/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117]; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-01; Gazety: ''Public Affairs Quarterly''; Boky: 15; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 193–217; ssrn: 1755117; s2cid: 142824378; doi: 10.1515/9780773576636-002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7735-7663-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i Slavoj Žižek, ilay fiheverana mihitsy hoe efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia dia mety hahafahan' ny endrik' ideôlôjia lalim-paka indrindra sy arahana an-jambany indrindra miasa. Karazana fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina izany, na fihetsika mody tsy matoky ny fahatsoram-pon' ny hafa (''false cynicism''). Natao hampahazo haja ny fomba fijerin' ny tena ho toy ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny zava-misy sady tsy mitanila izy io, amin' ny fisehoana ho manana fijery tsy matoky nefa tsy miandany, kanefa tsy izany akory. Raha tokony hanampy hiala amin' ny ideôlôjia izany fahadisoana izany, dia vao mainka mampitombo ny fifikirana amin' ny ideôlôjia iray efa misy, araka ny heviny. Antsoin' i Žižek hoe «fandrika pôstmôdernista» izany (fandikan-teny), izany hoe fandrika mifandraika amin' ny fomba fisainana manakiana ireo fanazavana sy soatoavina nolovaina tamin' ny môdernisma.&lt;ref&gt;last: Žižek; first: Slavoj; author-link: Slavoj Žižek; Lohateny: ''The Sublime Object of Ideology''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Verso; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84467-300-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 2nd; Toerana: London; Pejy: xxxi, 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nanolotra izany hevitra izany koa i Peter Sloterdijk tamin' ny taona 1988.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sloterdijk; first: Peter; Daty: 1988; Lohateny: ''Critique of Cynical Reason''; url: [https://archive.org/details/critiqueofcynica00slot]; url-access: registration; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8166-1586-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nasehon' ny fikarohana fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny lova ara-pototarazo ny ampahany sasany amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny ideôlôjia pôlitikan' ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bouchard; first1: Thomas J.; authorlink: Thomas J. Bouchard-Jr; authorlink2: Matt McGue; last2: McGue; first2: Matt; Taona: 2003; Lohateny: ''Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences''; url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/neu.10160]; Gazety: ''Journal of Neurobiology''; Boky: 54; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 44–45; doi: 10.1002/neu.10160; pmid: 12486697; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cloninger, et al. (1993).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Eaves; first1: L. J.; authorlink2: Hans Eysenck; last2: Eysenck; first2: H. J.; Taona: 1974; Lohateny: ''Genetics and the development of social attitudes''; url: [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v249/n5454/abs/249288a0.html]; Gazety: ''Nature''; Boky: 249; Laharana: 5454; Pejy: 288–89; doi: 10.1038/249288a0; pmid: 4857324; bibcode: 1974Natur.249..288E; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Alford, John, Carolyn Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. ''[http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809045236/http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Tahiry] (date: 2017-08-09). ''American Political Science Review'' 99(2):153–167.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; authorlink2: Sarah Medland; authorlink4: Andrew C. Heath; last2: Medland; first2: Sarah E.; last3: Morley; first3: Katherine I.; last4: Heath; first4: Andrew C.; last5: Martin; first5: Nicholas G.; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study''; url: [https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/contents/p/staff/Hatemi501Published.pdf]; Gazety: ''Behavior Genetics''; Boky: 37; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 435–448; doi: 10.1007/s10519-006-9138-8; pmid: 17221311.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; last2: Hibbing; first2: J.; last3: Alford; first3: J.; last4: Martin; first4: N.; last5: Eaves; first5: L.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''Is there a 'party' in your genes?''; url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258180337]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 584–600; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327606; ssrn: 1276482.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Settle; first1: Jaime E.; authorlink2: Christopher Dawes (author); authorlink3: James H. Fowler; last2: Dawes; first2: Christopher T.; last3: Fowler; first3: James H.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The heritability of partisan attachment''; url: [http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/heritability_of_partisan_attachment.pdf]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 601–13; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327607.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ideôlôjia sy fanjakana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray.

Rehefa lasa singa miely manerana ny fitondram-panjakana iray sady manjaka ao anatiny ny ideôlôjia pôlitika iray, dia azo lazaina fa fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz, Alfred Wayne Penn. Politics of Ideocracy''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7914-2297-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Piekalkiewicz; first1: Jaroslaw; last2: Penn; first2: Alfred Wayne; Taona: 1995; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; Daty nijerena: 2020-08-27; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211428/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fomba samihafa ireo endri-pitondram-panjakana isan-karazany, ary tsy voafetra hatrany amin' ny pôlitika sy ny fiarahamonina izany fampiasana izany. Misy hevitra sy firehana ara-pisainana omena tombony na lavina raha oharina amin' ny hafa, arakaraka ny fifanarahan' izy ireo amin' ny lamina ara-tsôsialy manjaka na ny maha-mahasoa azy ireo an' io lamina io.

Ao amin' ny ''The Anatomy of Revolution'', dia nilaza i Crane Brinton fa miparitaka ny ideôlôjia vaovao rehefa misy tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny fitondrana taloha.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 2.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazalazany, mety hiverina mandritra ny revôlisiôna mihitsy izany fizotrany izany; noho izany, mety handresy ireo revôlisiônera manana firehana antonony kokoa ireo manana firehana mahery vaika toa an' i [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] sy i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]].&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 6.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io filazalazan' i Brinton io ihany, dia tsy ela aorian' io dingana io no manaraka ny Thermidor, izany hoe ny fampitoniana ny hafanam-po revôlisiônera eo ambany fitarihan' ireo mifantoka amin' ny vokatra azo ampiharina toa an' i Napoleon sy i [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], izay mitondra ny «toe-draharaha mahazatra sy ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref&gt;Brinton, Crane. 1938. &quot;Chapter 8.&quot; ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.&lt;/ref&gt; Averin' i J. William Fulbright ny fifandimbiasan' ny dingana nofaritan' i Brinton, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe «olona mamolavola hevitra &gt; olona mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra &gt; olona miroso amin' ny asa azo ampiharina».&lt;ref&gt;Fulbright, J. William. 1967. ''The Arrogance of Power''. ch. 3–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy endrika mitovitovy amin' izany koa ao amin' ny ''The True Believer'' nosoratan' i Eric Hoffer.&lt;ref&gt;Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. ch. 15–17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideôlôjia momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy ==

Na dia ampirisihina aza ny fandinihana mitsikera ny finoana efa misy, toy ny amin' ny teôria ara-tsiansa, dia mety hanakana ny fanolorana fanakianana, teôria na fanandramana sasany ny rafitra fandinihana na ny fomba fisainana manjaka. Ohatra manokana amin' ny siansa nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ideôlôjia ny ekôlôjia, na fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina eto an-tany samy izy sy amin' ny tontolo iainany. Noheverin' i James J. Gibson izay mpandinika ny fiasan' ny saina eo amin' ny fahatsapana fa ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona ny fifandraisana ara-tontolo iainana no fototry ny fahafantarana ny tena sy ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gibson; first1: James J.; Lohateny: ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''; Daty: 1979; Mpamoaka: Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra fandalinana ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana momba ny matematika (ny matematika dia fandalinana ny isa sy ny rafitra ary ny fifandraisany) i George Lakoff, mpahay teny. Ao anatin' izany fomba fandinihana izany dia hoheverina ho vokatra na zavatra ateraky ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona na dia ny hevitra fototra indrindra ao amin' ny aritmetika (fandalinana ny isa sy ny kajy atao aminy) aza; io fahatsapana io kosa dia tsy maintsy nivoatra tao anatin' ny tontolo iainana iray.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lakoff; first1: George; Lohateny: ''Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics Into Being''; Daty: 2000; Mpamoaka: Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Toa nandray ny siansa momba ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany ho ideôlôjia miabo ny ekôlôjia lalina sy ny hetsika ankehitriny momba ny tontolo iainana, ary koa ny antoko mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, saingy amin' ny ambaratonga ambany kokoa ho an' ireto farany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Madsen; first1: Peter; Lohateny: ''Deep Ecology''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; website: Britannica; Daty nijerena: 2021-04-10; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203553/https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanazavana avy amin' ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po ==
Maro ny fikarohana amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|haifisaina sy hetsi-po]] izay mandinika ny antony mahatonga ny ideôlôjia, ny vokany ary ny votoatiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jost2009&quot;&gt;last1: Jost; first1: John T.; author1-link: John Jost; last2: Federico; first2: Christopher M.; last3: Napier; first3: Jaime L.; Daty: January 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities''; Gazety: ''Annual Review of Psychology''; Boky: 60; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 307–337; doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600; pmid: 19035826.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlenker2012&quot;&gt;last1: Schlenker; first1: Barry R.; last2: Chambers; first2: John R.; last3: Le; first3: Bonnie M.; Daty: April 2012; Lohateny: ''Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction''; Gazety: ''Journal of Research in Personality''; Boky: 46; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 127–146; doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saucier2000&quot;&gt;last1: Saucier; first1: Gerard; author-link: Gerard Saucier; Daty: 2000; Lohateny: ''Isms and the structure of social attitudes.''; Gazety: ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''; Boky: 78; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 366–385; doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.366; pmid: 10707341.&lt;/ref&gt; Nantsoin' i Althusser hoe «biby manana ideôlôjia» ny olombelona, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;last1: Greenberg; first1: Jeff; Lohateny: ''Handbook of experimental existential psychology''; last2: Koole; first2: Sander Leon; last3: Pyszczynski; first3: Thomas A.; Daty: 2004; Mpamoaka: Guilford Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Toerana: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt; Teôria maro no niezaka nanazava ny fisian' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 269&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny hevitra natolotr' i Jost, Ledgerwood ary Hardin (2008), dia mety hiasa ho toy ny vondrom-panazavana efa voaomana mialoha ny ideôlôjia. Miparitaka izy ireny, araka io hevitra io, noho ireo antony fototra manosika ny olombelona hahatakatra izao tontolo izao, hisoroka ny fandrahonana ny fisian' ny olona, ary hitazona ireo fifandraisana amin' ny hafa izay sarobidy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot;&gt;Jost, John T., Alison Ledgerwood, and Curtis D. Hardin. 2008. ''Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs.'' pp. 171–186 in ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fehin-kevitr' ireo mpanoratra, mety hampirona ny olona handray fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao izay manamarina ny rafitra misy ireo antony manosika ireo, amin' ny taha ambony tsy mifandanja amin' ny fandraisana fomba fijery hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;author: Lee S. Dimin; Lohateny: ''Corporatocracy: A Revolution in Progress''; Taona: 2011; Pejy: 140.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mifanaraka hevitra ny mpikaroka momba ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po fa toa misy itoviana ny toetra mampiavaka ny olona, ny toetra na mari-pandrefesana izay tsy mitovy amin' ny olona tsirairay, ny filàna ary ny finoana ara-ideôlôjia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny finoana fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao (''just-world theory''), dia te hino ny olona fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao mba hahatsapany fa voafehiny ny zava-mitranga ary voaaro izy ireo. Mamorona ideôlôjia izy ireo mba hitazonana izany finoana izany, ohatra amin' ny fanamarinana ny tsy fitoviana na ny zava-mitranga mampahory. Ny fitsikerana iray atao amin' ny fampiasana io teôria io ho hany fanazavana ny ideôlôjia dia ny hoe tsy manazava ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia samihafa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 270–271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fiatrehana ny tahotra ny fahafatesana (''terror management theory''), dia ampiasaina ho fomba fiarovan' ny saina ny ideôlôjia rehefa misy mandrahona ny fomba fijerin' ny olona ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao. Izany indray no miaro ny fiheveran' ny olona ny hasarobidin' ny tenany sady mampihena ny fahatsiarovany ny maha-mety maty azy. Asehon' ny porofo fa ny fampahatsiahivana mialoha ny olona ny maha-mety maty azy dia tsy mitarika azy hamaly izany amin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny ideôlôjia manokana iray, fa amin' ny ideôlôjia izay ao an-tsainy amin' io fotoana io kosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 271&lt;/sup&gt;

Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy (''system justification theory''), dia mirona hiaro ny fiarahamonina misy ny olona, na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany indraindray. Izany indray no mahatonga azy ireo hamorona fanazavana ara-ideôlôjia hanamarinana ny toe-javatra misy. Araka ny tohan-kevitr' i Jost, Fitzimmons ary Kay, dia avy amin' ny faniriana hitazona firindrana eo amin' ny fisainana (fahafahana misaina amin' ny fomba mitovitovy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana), ny faniriana hampihena ny tsy fahazoana antoka sy ny ezaka atao, ny fiheverana diso fa voafehin' ny tena ny zava-mitranga, ary ny tahotra ny fitoviana ny antony manosika hiaro ny rafitra efa misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;: 272&lt;/sup&gt; Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy,&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt; dia maneho ireo dingana manosika ny fitondran-tena (izay tsy tsapan' ny olona) ny ideôlôjia, mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana fa maneho fisainana mahaleo tena sy tsy mitanila mandrakariva ny faharesen-dahatra ara-pôlitika.&lt;ref name=&quot;jost2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ny ideôlôjia sy ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina ==

=== Teôria momba ny famantarana sy ny heviny ===

Araka ny voalazan' i Bob Hodge, mpandalina ny famantarana sy ny heviny (''semiotics''), dia toy izao manaraka izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:&lt;ref&gt;Hodge, Bob. &quot;[http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html# ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215511/http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html Tahiry] (date: 2008-09-05).&quot; ''Semiotics Encyclopedia Online''. Retrieved 12 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny [ideôlôjia] dia manondro zavatra iray miray manontolo izay mampitambatra fitambarana hevitra saro-drafitra maro miaraka amin' ireo mpandray anjara ara-tsôsialy sy ireo dingana niteraka izany hevitra izany. Tsy misy teny hafa mahafaoka io zavatra io tsara tahaka ny hoe «ideôlôjia». Ny rafitra mamaritra izay azo raisina ho fahalalana (''episteme'') an' i [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] dia tery loatra sady miompana loatra amin' ny hevitra tsy mivaingana, ary tsy ampy ny lafiny ara-tsôsialy voarakony. Ny fandrafetana sy fampitana hevitra (''discourse'') lazainy, izay be mpampiasa satria mahafaoka ampahany amin' izay sahanin' ny ideôlôjia nefa vitsy kokoa ny hevitra fanampiny mifamatotra aminy, dia voafetra loatra amin' ny rafitra mampiasa teny. Ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao (''worldview'') dia mifantoka loatra amin' ny [[Metafizika|foto-kevitra momba ny fototry ny zava-misy]] (''metaphysical''), ary ny [[Fampielezan-kevitra|fampielezan-kevitra enti-mitaona olona]] (''propaganda'') kosa dia be loatra ny hevitra fanampiny mitondra fitsarana mifamatotra aminy. Na eo aza, na noho ny fifanoherana ao aminy aza, dia mbola manana anjara asa lehibe hatrany ny «ideôlôjia» eo amin' ny fandalinana ny famantarana sy ny heviny izay mitodika amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Nampiditra koa, vao haingana, ny famakafakana mifototra amin' ny fandalinana ny hevitry ny teny sy ny famantarana (''semantic analysis'') ho ao amin' ny fandalinana ny ideôlôjia ny mpanoratra toa an' i Michael Freeden.

=== Fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ===
Araka ny filazan' i John J. Macionis, ny [[Sôsiôlôjia|mpandinika ny fiarahamonina]] dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia ho toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «finoana ara-kolontsaina enti-manamarina fandaminana sasany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, anisan' izany ireo endrika isehoan' ny tsy fitoviana».&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lohateny: ''Sociology''; last: Macionis; first: John J.; Daty: 2010; Mpamoaka: Pearson Education; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-205-74989-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 13th; Toerana: Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pejy: 257; oclc: 468109511.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' io fomba fandinihana io, ny vondrona manjaka dia mampiasa ireo fitambaram-pinoana sy fomba fanao ara-kolontsaina ireo mba hanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana izay mitazona ny fahefany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina manoloana ireo vondrona tsy manjaka. Ampiasain' ny ideôlôjia ny rafitry ny tandindona ao amin' ny fiarahamonina iray mba handaminana ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy ho ambaratonga ambony sy ambany: omena toerana ambony ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy sasany, fa heverina ho ambany kosa ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy hafa. Ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy lehibe ao amin' ny fiarahamonina, toy ny fampahalalam-baovao, ny fianakaviana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fivavahana, ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.&lt;ref name=witt_2018&gt;Lohateny: ''SOC 2018''; last: Witt; first: Jon; Mpamoaka: McGraw Hill; Taona: 2017; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-259-70272-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 5th; Toerana: [S.l.]; Pejy: 65; oclc: 968304061.&lt;/ref&gt; Niova nanaraka ny fiovan' ny fiarahamonina nandritra ny tantara koa ireo ideôlôjia nanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra]], ny fanavakavahana mifototra amin' ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy, ny fanamboniana ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy manoloana ny hafa, ny fanavakavahana ny olona manana fahasembanana, ary ny fametrahana ny kolontsain' ny tena ho ivon' ny fandinihana.&lt;ref name=witt_2018 /&gt;

== Teny nalaina ==
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy mila…mino ideôlôjia isika. Ny hany ilaina dia ny hampivelaran' ny tsirairay amintsika ireo toetra tsara maha-olona ananany. Mahakasika ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana ankehitriny ny filàna fahatsapana andraikitra manoloana ny olombelona rehetra.» — [[Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]&lt;ref&gt;Bunson, Matthew, ed. 1997. ''The Dalai Lama's Book of Wisdom''. Ebury Press. p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny asan' ny ideôlôjia dia ny mampiorina sy mampaharitra ny fanjakazakana amin' ny alalan' ny fanafenana ny tena zava-misy na ny fiheveran-diso momba izany.» — Sally Haslanger&lt;ref&gt;last1: Haslanger; first1: Sally; author1-link: Sally Haslanger; Taona: 2017; Lohateny: ''I – Culture and Critique''; Gazety: ''Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume''; Boky: 91; Pejy: 149–73; doi: 10.1093/arisup/akx001; doi-access: free; hdl: 1721.1/116882; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «[N]y ideôlôjia iray dia tsy mitovy amin' ny hevitra tsotra, satria milaza ho manana na ny fanalahidy hahatakarana ny tantara, na ny vahaolana amin' ny “ankamantatr' izao rehetra izao” rehetra, na ny fahalalana lalina ireo lalàna miafina mihatra amin' izao rehetra izao, izay heverina fa mifehy ny natiora sy ny olombelona.» — Hannah Arendt&lt;ref&gt;Arendt, Hannah. 1968. ''The Origins of Totalitarianism.'' Harcourt. p. 159.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* ''-ism'' – Tovana amin' ny teny anglisy
* [[Finoana|Finoana]]: rafitry ny finoana
* [[Tenim-pinoana|Dôgma]] – Finoana eken' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny vondrona iray tsy misy fametraham-panontaniana
* [[Feminisma]] – Hetsika sy ideôlôjia isan-karazany ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika
* Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray – Fanjakana fehezin' ny ideôlôjia iray manokana
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia kôminista – Sekolim-pisainana momba ny fiarahamonina tsy misy saranga
* Lisitry ny ideôlôjia mitondra anaran' olona
* Ideôlôjiam-panjakana tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika
* ''The Anatomy of Revolution'' – Bokin' i Crane Brinton tamin' ny 1938
* ''The True Believer'' – Bokin' i Eric Hoffer
* ''World Values Survey'' (Fanadihadiana momba ny soatoavina maneran-tany) – Tetikasa fikarohana maneran-tany
* Fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao – Fomba fijery fototra mitarika ny fahazoana sy ny fikirakirana fahalalana eo amin' ny olona iray na ny fiarahamonina

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra ===
* Althusser, Louis. [1970] 1971. ''Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses''. Ao amin' ny ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays''. Monthly Review Press &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58367-039-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Belloni, Claudio. 2013. ''Per la critica dell’ideologia:'' ''Filosofia e storia in Marx.'' Milan: Mimesis.
* [[Guy Debord|Debord, Guy]]. 1967 ''The Society of the Spectacle''. Bureau of Public Secrets 2014 (fanontana misy fanamarihana)
* Duncker, Christian 2006. ''Kritische Reflexionen Des Ideologiebegriffes''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-903343-88-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* —, mpandrindra ny famoahana. 2008. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213073427/http://ideologieforschung.de/web/Welcome.html Ideologiekritik Aktuell]''. ''Ideologies Today'' 1''.'' London. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84790-015-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction]''. Verso. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-86091-319-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ellul, Jacques. [1965] 1973. ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes'', nadikan' i K. Kellen sy J. Lerner. New York: Random House.
* Freeden, Michael. 1996. ''Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-829414-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Feuer, Lewis S. 2010. ''Ideology and Ideologists.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
* Gries, Peter Hays. 2014. ''The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Haas, Mark L. 2005. ''[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Clash-of-Ideologies-Middle-Eastern-Politics-and-American-Security-by-Mark-L-Haas.php The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989]''. Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8014-7407-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hawkes, David. 2003. ''Ideology'' (fanontana faha-2). Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-415-29012-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* James, Paul, sy Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism'']. London: Sage.
* Lukács, Georg. [1967] 1919–1923. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm History and Class Consciousness]'', nadikan' i R. Livingstone. Merlin Press.
* Malesevic, Sinisa, sy Iain Mackenzie, mpandrindra ny famoahana. ''Ideology after Poststructuralism''. London: Pluto Press.
* Mannheim, Karl. 1936. ''Ideology and Utopia.'' Routledge.
* [[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]]. [1845–46] 1932. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm The German Ideology].''
* Minogue, Kenneth. 1985. ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology''. Palgrave Macmillan. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-312-01860-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–331; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.
* last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.
* Ostrowski, Marius S. 2022. ''[https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 Ideology]''. Cambridge: Polity. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1509540730&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Owen, John. 2011. [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-clash-of-ideas-in-world-politics-john-owen.php ''The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010'']. Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-14239-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Pinker, Steven. 2002. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature''. New York: Penguin Group. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-670-03151-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last1: Sorce Keller; first1: Marcello; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences''; Gazety: ''Journal of Musicological Research''; Boky: 26; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 91–122; doi: 10.1080/01411890701361086.
* last1: Steger; first1: Manfred B.; last2: James; first2: Paul; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/4311113]; Gazety: ''Perspectives on Global Development and Technology''; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1–2; Pejy: 17–40; doi: 10.1163/15691497-12341240.
* Verschueren, Jef. 2012. ''Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-69590-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Torolalana handalinana ny ideôlôjia]

[[Sokajy:Filôzôfia]]
[[Sokajy:Politika]]</text>
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    <title>Neltuma juliflora</title>
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      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Fabaceae</comment>
      <origin>1153534</origin>
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      <text bytes="4080" sha1="mis20ph5f4e18003vcrqhop9eoit94q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana hazo na hazobotry misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Afaka mahatratra hatramin 'ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona salohy miendrika varingarina sy miloko maitso mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny tendron-drantsana.

=== Voa ===
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm, ary misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepany. Ny zavamaniry iray fototra efa lehibe dia afaka mamokatra vihim-boa an-ketsiny. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''</text>
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      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Prosopis juliflora]] ho [[Neltuma juliflora]] i Thelezifor</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4080" sha1="mis20ph5f4e18003vcrqhop9eoit94q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana hazo na hazobotry misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Afaka mahatratra hatramin 'ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona salohy miendrika varingarina sy miloko maitso mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny tendron-drantsana.

=== Voa ===
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm, ary misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepany. Ny zavamaniry iray fototra efa lehibe dia afaka mamokatra vihim-boa an-ketsiny. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153538</id>
      <parentid>1153535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T13:25:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1153538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4853" sha1="9dpdgo2791igh128kkj60sz3fsbdt30" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana hazo na hazobotry misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin 'ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona salohy miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny tangozan-ravina na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny vondron-bonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''</text>
      <sha1>9dpdgo2791igh128kkj60sz3fsbdt30</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153541</id>
      <parentid>1153538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T14:52:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fampiasana</comment>
      <origin>1153541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15355" sha1="0v4h5kug61pcu8gmwswg1fonzqssfqn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy mifandraika ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
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      <comment>Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika</comment>
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      <text bytes="19059" sha1="entqku4ac1sxpj3i3fudx04ndpudb60" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika ===

==== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ====
Voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika]] sy [[Azia]] ny faritra samihafa amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', anisan' izany ny ravina, ny voany, ny vihim-boa, ary ny hoditry ny vatany. Ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fampiasana zavamaniry eo amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mirakitra fomba fanomanana ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina maro, toy ny olan' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]], ny aretina vokatry ny mikrôba, ny fivontosana ary ny aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ratra sy aretin-koditra ny raviny sy ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of ''Prosopis'' spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795 &quot;Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy mitovy ireo fomba fampiasana ireo: miovaova arakaraka ny mponina sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana izany. Tsy tokony haseho ho toy ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana eken' ny rehetra eran-tany ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Firafitra ara-tsimika ====
Nahitana sokajin' akora isan-karazany ny fanadihadiana momba ny akora simika voajanahary ao amin' ity karazana ity sy ny karazana maro hafa ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Prosopis]]'' (taloha): [[flavônôida]], [[taninina]], [[akora fenôlika]], [[alkalôida]], [[kinôna]], ary [[glikôsida]]. Efa nanaovana fikarohana manokana noho ny asany eo amin' ny zavamananaina sy ny mety ho fanapoizinana aterany ny alkalôida sasany, indrindra fa ny alkalôida piperidinika. Na izany aza, tsy tokony hoheverina hoazy fa avy amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' avokoa ny akora na fiantraikany ara-panafody voalaza fa hita tamin' ny karazana samihafa izay voasokajy tao anatin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiasa farmakôlôjika nodinihina ====
Nandinihana ny toetra miady amin' ny ôksida, amin' ny [[bakteria]], amin' ny [[Holatra|holatra bitika]], ary amin' ny [[fivontosana]] ananan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ity zavamaniry ity ny fanadihadiana andrana maro natao. Mampiseho fikarohana momba ny toetra biôfarmaseotikan' ny karazana maromaro ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' ny lahatsoratra navoaka tamin' ny taona 2017 tao amin' ny ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', anisan' izany ny asa biôlôjikan' ny akora ambaratonga faharoa ao aminy. Mandinika ny fampiasana nentim-paharazana amin' ny sakafo sy ny fikarohana momba ny toetra biôlôjikan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha ny lahatsoratra iray hafa navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, indrindra ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' (''Prosopis juliflora'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' (''Prosopis pallida'' teo aloha)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite (''Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida''), research advances and challenges: a review]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Manokatra lalana ho an' ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody ireo vokatra ireo fa tsy manohana fehin-kevitra momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanafody eo amin' ny olombelona. Fanampin' izany, tsy maintsy anaovana fanadihadiana ny mety hisian' ny poizina sy ny fatra azo antoka alohan' ny hampiasana azy ireo amin' ny fitsaboana.
== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
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      <text bytes="19093" sha1="so6eyl8e2jzpq78p5akem5ld2ti3k4h" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]], ary lasa [[zavamaniry manafika]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika ===

==== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ====
Voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika]] sy [[Azia]] ny faritra samihafa amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', anisan' izany ny ravina, ny voany, ny vihim-boa, ary ny hoditry ny vatany. Ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fampiasana zavamaniry eo amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mirakitra fomba fanomanana ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina maro, toy ny olan' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]], ny aretina vokatry ny mikrôba, ny fivontosana ary ny aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ratra sy aretin-koditra ny raviny sy ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of ''Prosopis'' spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795 &quot;Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy mitovy ireo fomba fampiasana ireo: miovaova arakaraka ny mponina sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana izany. Tsy tokony haseho ho toy ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana eken' ny rehetra eran-tany ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Firafitra ara-tsimika ====
Nahitana sokajin' akora isan-karazany ny fanadihadiana momba ny akora simika voajanahary ao amin' ity karazana ity sy ny karazana maro hafa ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Prosopis]]'' (taloha): [[flavônôida]], [[taninina]], [[akora fenôlika]], [[alkalôida]], [[kinôna]], ary [[glikôsida]]. Efa nanaovana fikarohana manokana noho ny asany eo amin' ny zavamananaina sy ny mety ho fanapoizinana aterany ny alkalôida sasany, indrindra fa ny alkalôida piperidinika. Na izany aza, tsy tokony hoheverina hoazy fa avy amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' avokoa ny akora na fiantraikany ara-panafody voalaza fa hita tamin' ny karazana samihafa izay voasokajy tao anatin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiasa farmakôlôjika nodinihina ====
Nandinihana ny toetra miady amin' ny ôksida, amin' ny [[bakteria]], amin' ny [[Holatra|holatra bitika]], ary amin' ny [[fivontosana]] ananan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ity zavamaniry ity ny fanadihadiana andrana maro natao. Mampiseho fikarohana momba ny toetra biôfarmaseotikan' ny karazana maromaro ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' ny lahatsoratra navoaka tamin' ny taona 2017 tao amin' ny ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', anisan' izany ny asa biôlôjikan' ny akora ambaratonga faharoa ao aminy. Mandinika ny fampiasana nentim-paharazana amin' ny sakafo sy ny fikarohana momba ny toetra biôlôjikan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha ny lahatsoratra iray hafa navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, indrindra ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' (''Prosopis juliflora'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' (''Prosopis pallida'' teo aloha)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite (''Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida''), research advances and challenges: a review]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Manokatra lalana ho an' ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody ireo vokatra ireo fa tsy manohana fehin-kevitra momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanafody eo amin' ny olombelona. Fanampin' izany, tsy maintsy anaovana fanadihadiana ny mety hisian' ny poizina sy ny fatra azo antoka alohan' ny hampiasana azy ireo amin' ny fitsaboana.
== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>so6eyl8e2jzpq78p5akem5ld2ti3k4h</sha1>
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      <comment>Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona</comment>
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      <text bytes="21447" sha1="ba2vtnfud88ko00qyk3japyci7meqfk" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]], ary lasa [[zavamaniry manafika]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Azo hanina sady mahavelona ny vihim-boany izay manana tsiro mamy; efa loharanom-tsakafo nentim-paharazana ho an' ny mponina teratany any [[Però|Peroa]] sy [[Silia]] ary [[California]] izy ireny&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). ''The Cultural History of Plants''. Routledge. p. 32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0415927463&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.[23] Taloha, notsakoina nandritra ny dia lavitra ireo voany ireo mba hanalana hetaheta&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. Azo hanina manta izy ireo, na andrahoina, na hamainina sy totoina ho lafarinina hanaovana mofo&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;, na tehirizina ao ambanin' ny tany, na koa aotrika mba hahazoana zava-pisotro misy alkaola kely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). ''A Natural History of Western Trees''. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 559, 562.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika ===

==== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ====
Voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika]] sy [[Azia]] ny faritra samihafa amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', anisan' izany ny ravina, ny voany, ny vihim-boa, ary ny hoditry ny vatany. Ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fampiasana zavamaniry eo amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mirakitra fomba fanomanana ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina maro, toy ny olan' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]], ny aretina vokatry ny mikrôba, ny fivontosana ary ny aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ratra sy aretin-koditra ny raviny sy ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of ''Prosopis'' spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795 &quot;Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy mitovy ireo fomba fampiasana ireo: miovaova arakaraka ny mponina sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana izany. Tsy tokony haseho ho toy ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana eken' ny rehetra eran-tany ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Firafitra ara-tsimika ====
Nahitana sokajin' akora isan-karazany ny fanadihadiana momba ny akora simika voajanahary ao amin' ity karazana ity sy ny karazana maro hafa ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Prosopis]]'' (taloha): [[flavônôida]], [[taninina]], [[akora fenôlika]], [[alkalôida]], [[kinôna]], ary [[glikôsida]]. Efa nanaovana fikarohana manokana noho ny asany eo amin' ny zavamananaina sy ny mety ho fanapoizinana aterany ny alkalôida sasany, indrindra fa ny alkalôida piperidinika. Na izany aza, tsy tokony hoheverina hoazy fa avy amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' avokoa ny akora na fiantraikany ara-panafody voalaza fa hita tamin' ny karazana samihafa izay voasokajy tao anatin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiasa farmakôlôjika nodinihina ====
Nandinihana ny toetra miady amin' ny ôksida, amin' ny [[bakteria]], amin' ny [[Holatra|holatra bitika]], ary amin' ny [[fivontosana]] ananan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ity zavamaniry ity ny fanadihadiana andrana maro natao&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Ny ravina sy ny hoditry ny vatany dia ahitana akora [[alkalôida]] miavaka, toy ny [[joliflôrinina]], izay nisy fiantraikany lehibe manoloana ny otrikaretina toy ny ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' sy holatra isan-karazany mahatonga aretina eo amin' ny hoditra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335852786_Review_on_Pharmacological_potentials_of_Prosopis_juliflora Review on Pharmacological potentials of Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/415511014_Medicinal_Use_of_Prosopis_juliflora_A_Sustainable_Approach_for_Controlling_Their_Sprea Medicinal Use of Prosopis juliflora: A Sustainable Approach for Controlling Their Sprea]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Rehefa ampiharina eo amin' ny faritra voakasika ny akora voasintona avy amin' ilay zavamaniry dia manampy amin' ny fanarenana ny selan' ny hoditra sady mampihena ny famaliana amin' ny alalan' ny fivontosana; izany dia hita tamin' ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny biby anaty labôratoira&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/a-review-on-prosopis-juliflora-sw-dc A Review on Prosopis Juliflora (SW.) Dc]&quot;, ''www.ijpsjournal.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny fahanteran' ny sela ny habetsahan' ny [[pôlifenôla]] sy ny [[taninina]] ary ny [[flavônôida]] (toy ny [[kersetinina]]) ao amin' ilay zavamaniry&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Mampiseho fikarohana momba ny toetra biôfarmaseotikan' ny karazana maromaro ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' ny lahatsoratra navoaka tamin' ny taona 2017 tao amin' ny ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', anisan' izany ny asa biôlôjikan' ny akora ambaratonga faharoa ao aminy. Mandinika ny fampiasana nentim-paharazana amin' ny sakafo sy ny fikarohana momba ny toetra biôlôjikan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha ny lahatsoratra iray hafa navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, indrindra ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' (''Prosopis juliflora'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' (''Prosopis pallida'' teo aloha)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite (''Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida''), research advances and challenges: a review]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Manokatra lalana ho an' ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody ireo vokatra ireo fa tsy manohana fehin-kevitra momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanafody eo amin' ny olombelona. Fanampin' izany, tsy maintsy anaovana fanadihadiana ny mety hisian' ny poizina sy ny fatra azo antoka alohan' ny hampiasana azy ireo amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
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      <text bytes="21446" sha1="hg1cqxnf9oxjldjzapbtksf72fu8kex" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]], ary lasa [[zavamaniry manafika]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Azo hanina sady mahavelona ny vihim-boany izay manana tsiro mamy; efa loharanom-tsakafo nentim-paharazana ho an' ny mponina teratany any [[Però|Peroa]] sy [[Silia]] ary [[California]] izy ireny&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). ''The Cultural History of Plants''. Routledge. p. 32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0415927463&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.[23] Taloha, notsakoina nandritra ny dia lavitra ireo voany ireo mba hanalana hetaheta&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. Azo hanina manta izy ireo, na andrahoina, na hamainina sy totoina ho lafarinina hanaovana mofo&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;, na tehirizina ao ambanin' ny tany, na koa aotrika mba hahazoana zava-pisotro misy alkaola kely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). ''A Natural History of Western Trees''. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 559, 562.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika ===

==== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ====
Voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika]] sy [[Azia]] ny faritra samihafa amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', anisan' izany ny ravina, ny voany, ny vihim-boa, ary ny hoditry ny vatany. Ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fampiasana zavamaniry eo amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mirakitra fomba fanomanana ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina maro, toy ny olan' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]], ny aretina vokatry ny mikrôba, ny fivontosana ary ny aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ratra sy aretin-koditra ny raviny sy ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of ''Prosopis'' spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795 &quot;Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy mitovy ireo fomba fampiasana ireo: miovaova arakaraka ny mponina sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana izany. Tsy tokony haseho ho toy ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana eken' ny rehetra eran-tany ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Firafitra ara-tsimia ====
Nahitana sokajin' akora isan-karazany ny fanadihadiana momba ny akora simika voajanahary ao amin' ity karazana ity sy ny karazana maro hafa ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Prosopis]]'' (taloha): [[flavônôida]], [[taninina]], [[akora fenôlika]], [[alkalôida]], [[kinôna]], ary [[glikôsida]]. Efa nanaovana fikarohana manokana noho ny asany eo amin' ny zavamananaina sy ny mety ho fanapoizinana aterany ny alkalôida sasany, indrindra fa ny alkalôida piperidinika. Na izany aza, tsy tokony hoheverina hoazy fa avy amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' avokoa ny akora na fiantraikany ara-panafody voalaza fa hita tamin' ny karazana samihafa izay voasokajy tao anatin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiasa farmakôlôjika nodinihina ====
Nandinihana ny toetra miady amin' ny ôksida, amin' ny [[bakteria]], amin' ny [[Holatra|holatra bitika]], ary amin' ny [[fivontosana]] ananan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ity zavamaniry ity ny fanadihadiana andrana maro natao&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Ny ravina sy ny hoditry ny vatany dia ahitana akora [[alkalôida]] miavaka, toy ny [[joliflôrinina]], izay nisy fiantraikany lehibe manoloana ny otrikaretina toy ny ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' sy holatra isan-karazany mahatonga aretina eo amin' ny hoditra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335852786_Review_on_Pharmacological_potentials_of_Prosopis_juliflora Review on Pharmacological potentials of Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/415511014_Medicinal_Use_of_Prosopis_juliflora_A_Sustainable_Approach_for_Controlling_Their_Sprea Medicinal Use of Prosopis juliflora: A Sustainable Approach for Controlling Their Sprea]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Rehefa ampiharina eo amin' ny faritra voakasika ny akora voasintona avy amin' ilay zavamaniry dia manampy amin' ny fanarenana ny selan' ny hoditra sady mampihena ny famaliana amin' ny alalan' ny fivontosana; izany dia hita tamin' ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny biby anaty labôratoira&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/a-review-on-prosopis-juliflora-sw-dc A Review on Prosopis Juliflora (SW.) Dc]&quot;, ''www.ijpsjournal.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny fahanteran' ny sela ny habetsahan' ny [[pôlifenôla]] sy ny [[taninina]] ary ny [[flavônôida]] (toy ny [[kersetinina]]) ao amin' ilay zavamaniry&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Mampiseho fikarohana momba ny toetra biôfarmaseotikan' ny karazana maromaro ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' ny lahatsoratra navoaka tamin' ny taona 2017 tao amin' ny ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', anisan' izany ny asa biôlôjikan' ny akora ambaratonga faharoa ao aminy. Mandinika ny fampiasana nentim-paharazana amin' ny sakafo sy ny fikarohana momba ny toetra biôlôjikan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha ny lahatsoratra iray hafa navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, indrindra ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' (''Prosopis juliflora'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' (''Prosopis pallida'' teo aloha)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite (''Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida''), research advances and challenges: a review]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Manokatra lalana ho an' ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody ireo vokatra ireo fa tsy manohana fehin-kevitra momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanafody eo amin' ny olombelona. Fanampin' izany, tsy maintsy anaovana fanadihadiana ny mety hisian' ny poizina sy ny fatra azo antoka alohan' ny hampiasana azy ireo amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
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      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
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      <text bytes="21442" sha1="4x2ehhfl9qz43u1qy0zqm1by2pske1i" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]], ary lasa [[zavamaniry manafika]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Azo hanina sady mahavelona ny vihim-boany izay manana tsiro mamy; efa loharanom-tsakafo nentim-paharazana ho an' ny mponina teratany any [[Però|Peroa]] sy [[Silia]] ary [[California]] izy ireny&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). ''The Cultural History of Plants''. Routledge. p. 32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0415927463&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Taloha, notsakoina nandritra ny dia lavitra ireo voany ireo mba hanalana hetaheta&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. Azo hanina manta izy ireo, na andrahoina, na hamainina sy totoina ho lafarinina hanaovana mofo&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;, na tehirizina ao ambanin' ny tany, na koa aotrika mba hahazoana zava-pisotro misy alkaola kely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). ''A Natural History of Western Trees''. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 559, 562.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika ===

==== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ====
Voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika]] sy [[Azia]] ny faritra samihafa amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', anisan' izany ny ravina, ny voany, ny vihim-boa, ary ny hoditry ny vatany. Ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fampiasana zavamaniry eo amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mirakitra fomba fanomanana ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina maro, toy ny olan' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]], ny aretina vokatry ny mikrôba, ny fivontosana ary ny aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ratra sy aretin-koditra ny raviny sy ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of ''Prosopis'' spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795 &quot;Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy mitovy ireo fomba fampiasana ireo: miovaova arakaraka ny mponina sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana izany. Tsy tokony haseho ho toy ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana eken' ny rehetra eran-tany ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Firafitra ara-tsimia ====
Nahitana sokajin' akora isan-karazany ny fanadihadiana momba ny akora simika voajanahary ao amin' ity karazana ity sy ny karazana maro hafa ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Prosopis]]'' (taloha): [[flavônôida]], [[taninina]], [[akora fenôlika]], [[alkalôida]], [[kinôna]], ary [[glikôsida]]. Efa nanaovana fikarohana manokana noho ny asany eo amin' ny zavamananaina sy ny mety ho fanapoizinana aterany ny alkalôida sasany, indrindra fa ny alkalôida piperidinika. Na izany aza, tsy tokony hoheverina hoazy fa avy amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' avokoa ny akora na fiantraikany ara-panafody voalaza fa hita tamin' ny karazana samihafa izay voasokajy tao anatin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiasa farmakôlôjika nodinihina ====
Nandinihana ny toetra miady amin' ny ôksida, amin' ny [[bakteria]], amin' ny [[Holatra|holatra bitika]], ary amin' ny [[fivontosana]] ananan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ity zavamaniry ity ny fanadihadiana andrana maro natao&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Ny ravina sy ny hoditry ny vatany dia ahitana akora [[alkalôida]] miavaka, toy ny [[joliflôrinina]], izay nisy fiantraikany lehibe manoloana ny otrikaretina toy ny ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' sy holatra isan-karazany mahatonga aretina eo amin' ny hoditra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335852786_Review_on_Pharmacological_potentials_of_Prosopis_juliflora Review on Pharmacological potentials of Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/415511014_Medicinal_Use_of_Prosopis_juliflora_A_Sustainable_Approach_for_Controlling_Their_Sprea Medicinal Use of Prosopis juliflora: A Sustainable Approach for Controlling Their Sprea]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Rehefa ampiharina eo amin' ny faritra voakasika ny akora voasintona avy amin' ilay zavamaniry dia manampy amin' ny fanarenana ny selan' ny hoditra sady mampihena ny famaliana amin' ny alalan' ny fivontosana; izany dia hita tamin' ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny biby anaty labôratoira&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/a-review-on-prosopis-juliflora-sw-dc A Review on Prosopis Juliflora (SW.) Dc]&quot;, ''www.ijpsjournal.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny fahanteran' ny sela ny habetsahan' ny [[pôlifenôla]] sy ny [[taninina]] ary ny [[flavônôida]] (toy ny [[kersetinina]]) ao amin' ilay zavamaniry&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Mampiseho fikarohana momba ny toetra biôfarmaseotikan' ny karazana maromaro ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' ny lahatsoratra navoaka tamin' ny taona 2017 tao amin' ny ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', anisan' izany ny asa biôlôjikan' ny akora ambaratonga faharoa ao aminy. Mandinika ny fampiasana nentim-paharazana amin' ny sakafo sy ny fikarohana momba ny toetra biôlôjikan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha ny lahatsoratra iray hafa navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, indrindra ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' (''Prosopis juliflora'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' (''Prosopis pallida'' teo aloha)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite (''Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida''), research advances and challenges: a review]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Manokatra lalana ho an' ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody ireo vokatra ireo fa tsy manohana fehin-kevitra momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanafody eo amin' ny olombelona. Fanampin' izany, tsy maintsy anaovana fanadihadiana ny mety hisian' ny poizina sy ny fatra azo antoka alohan' ny hampiasana azy ireo amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
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      <text bytes="23754" sha1="dehkcgpanodb1d8epuwy010avn9vz6r" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|vignette|364x364px|Ravina sy vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Ny '''''Neltuma juliflora''''' dia karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[hazobotry]] misy tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sôbtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]] izy ([[Meksika]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]] ary [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]), ary mahay mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro atỳ [[Afrika]] (anisany i [[Madagasikara]] - indrindra any atsimo) sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Ôseania]] izy io, indrindra fa ho an' ny famokarana hazo, ny fisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], ny famerenana ny ala any amin' ny faritra maina, ary ho sakafo ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]], ary lasa [[zavamaniry manafika]]. ''Neltuma juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Raf.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiana feno. Anarana tena nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Prosopis juliflora''''' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.,&lt;/small&gt; ary anarany nomena azy voalohany ny hoe ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;. Manana lanja ara-toekarena ity karazana zavamaniry ity noho ny maha loharanon-kazo fandrehitra azy sy ny voany mahavelona ​​ary ny fahafahany mitombo na dia ao anatin' ny tontolo sarotra aza. Na izany aza, ny fiparitahany haingana any amin' ny faritra maro maneran-tany dia nahatonga azy ho zavamaniry vahiny manafika mampanahy, indrindra any amin' ny [[kijana]] fiandrasam-biby sy any amin' ny tontolo iainana maina.

== Anarana ara-tsiansa ==
Inty ny lisitry ny anarana ara-tsiansa nahafantarana koa ny :

* ''Acacia cumanensis'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Acacia diptera'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Acacia falcata'' &lt;small&gt;Desf&lt;/small&gt;. 
* ''Acacia furcata'' &lt;small&gt;(Desf. ex F.Dietr.) Desv.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Acacia juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Acacia salinarum'' &lt;small&gt;(Vahl) DC.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Algarobia juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Heynh.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Desmanthus salinarum'' &lt;small&gt;(Vahl) Steud.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Entada juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) Roberty&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Mimosa algarrobo'' &lt;small&gt;Haenke&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Mimosa cumana'' &lt;small&gt;Poir&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Mimosa diptera'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa furcata'' &lt;small&gt;Desf. ex F.Dietr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa laevigata'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa levigata'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa pallida'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa piliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa pseudoschinus'' &lt;small&gt;Terán &amp; Berland.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mimosa salinarum'' &lt;small&gt;Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neltuma bakeri'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neltuma juliflora'' subsp. ''horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Kunth) García-Beltrán&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neltuma juliflora'' var. ''horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Kunth) C.E.Hughes &amp; G.P.Lewis&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neltuma juliflora'' var. ''juliflora'' 
* ''Neltuma occidentalis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Neltuma pallescens'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis bracteolata'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis cumanensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis domingensis'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis dulcis'' var. ''domingensis'' &lt;small&gt;(DC.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis horrida'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis inermis'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis juliflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sw.) DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis juliflora'' var. ''horrida'' &lt;small&gt;(Kunth) Burkart&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis juliflora'' var. ''inermis'' &lt;small&gt;(Kunth) Burkart&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Prosopis vidaliana'' &lt;small&gt;Náves&lt;/small&gt;

== Famariparitana ==
Afaka mahatratra hatramin' ny 12 m ny haavon' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', na dia miovaova be aza ny habeny arakaraka ny fepetran' ny tontolo iainana; mety hahatratra 1,2 m ny savaivon' ny vatany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora, known as the Velvet Mesquite (10078437503).jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Zavamaniry maninatsan-dravina ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Fitambarana zana-dravina ny raviny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay miendrika elatra sy miloko maitso mavana, ary matetika ahitanazana-dravina 12 ka hatramin' ny 20.

=== Tsilo ===
Ity karazana ity dia manana tsilo milahatra tsiroaroa eo amin' ny tonon-taho. Miovaova ny habetsahan' ny tsilo; indraindray dia misy santionan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' izay saika tsy misy tsilo mihitsy. 

=== Vony ===
Mipoitra tsy ela aorian' ny fivoaran' ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Mamorona [[salohy]] miendrika varingarina lava sy miloko maitso manopy mavo izy ireo, salohy izay manana halava mirefy 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 sm, ary mivondrona ho tokon-tsalohy 2 ka hatramin' ny 5 eo amin' ny fototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] na eny an-tendron-drantsana. Ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia loharanon' ny mamimbony sy vovobony ho an' ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony, indrindra fa ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]].

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Prosopis juliflora Blanco2.392-cropped.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Sary maneho ny ''Neltuma juliflora'']]
Matetika dia mirefy 8 ka hatramin' ny 29 sm ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', izay [[pepa]] (toy ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]]) indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 30 sm. Miova ho mavo toy ny mololo na volontany ny lokony rehefa mihamatoy. Ireo pepa ireo dia lava sady tsy misokatra ho azy rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamatoiny aza. Mety ho mahitsy izy io, na somary miolaka, na miendrika antsy fijinjana.

Misy vihim-boa eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 30 isaky ny pepa tsirairay. Miloko volontany, sady fisaka, ao anatin' ny nofom-boany mamy sy manana endrika toy ny lafarinina ireo vihim-boa ireo. Mbola afaka mitsimoka ny vihim-boa na dia afaka taona maro aza, ary mety haharitra am-polony taona maro mihitsy aza, arakaraka ny fomba sy ny tontolo iainana itahirizana azy.

=== Faka ===
Afaka miditra lalina dia lalina ao anaty tany ny fakany mba hitady rano, toy ny an' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Neltuma'' ''sy'' ''[[Prosopis]]'' ary ''[[Strombocarpa]]''.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany sy fitomboany taranaka ==

=== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ===
[[Sary:کهور پاکستانی در آبپخش.jpg|vignette|''Neltuma juliflora'']]Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any Amerika ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', manomboka any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Venezoela]] sy [[Bôlivia]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Hita matetika indrindra izy io any amin' ny faritra misy zavamaniry trôpikaly ahitana fizaran-taona maina, ary any amin' ny tontolo maina na somary maina.

Noho ny fahafahany miaritra ny hain-tany sy noho ny hafainganam-pitomboany ary noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny lafiny maro, dia nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ivelan' ny faritra niaviany voajanahary ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nambolena manokana any amin' ny faritra maro atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, mba hamokarana kitay, hatao sakafom-biby, hanamafisana ny tany, ary handraisana anjara amin' ny fandaharan' asa famerenana ny ala. Tao Afrika Atsinanana no nampidirana azy, indrindra fa tao amin' ny Tandrok' i Afrika, ary avy eo dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Kenià]], ao [[Etiôpia]], ao [[Jibotỳ|Jiboty]] ary ao [[Sômalia]]. Taorian' ny fampidirana azy tamin' ny toerana maro, dia nisy ny fielezana lehibe nanerana ny faritra fiompiana.

=== Fitomboany taranaka ===
Any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny fizaran-taniny, any [[Ekoadôra|Ekoadôro]] sy any [[Però|Peroa]], dia mora mifampiray amin' ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' any amin' ny toerana ifanindrian' ny faritra anirian' izy ireo. Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ireo karazana roa ireo, sy ny taranaka safiotr' izy ireo.

Mitombo taranaka amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa indrindra ity zavamaniry ity. Aparitaky ny biby fiompy sy biby hafa izay mihinana ny voany ireo vihi-boa ireo, ka mivoaka miaraka amin' ny tainy avy eo. Afaka maniry indray avy eo amin' ny fotony na ny fakany rehefa voakapa na simba koa ity zavamaniry ity, ka mahatonga azy ho sarotra foanana tanteraka.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsakafo ===

==== Famokarana hazo sy angovo ====
[[Sary:Prosopis velutina Anza-Borrego.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''Neltuma juliflora'' mamony]]Mafy sady makitroka ny [[Hazo (akora)|nofon-kazo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Manana sandan' angovo ambony izy io, ka any amin' ny firenena maro dia ampiasaina hanaovana [[kitay]] sy [[arina]]. Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io hanaovana andry, tsato-kazo, fefy, ary singa sasany ilaina amin' ny fanorenana na asa fandrafetana hazo. Ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ny famokarana arina avy amin' ny alan' ny ''Neltuma'' sy ny ''Prosopis'' dia loharanom-pivelomana ho an' ny mponina sasany any ambanivohitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Chapter 11 - Utilization of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ecocrop.apps.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8951&amp; Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''ecocrop.apps.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251? Management Strategies of ''Prosopis juliflora'' in Eastern Africa: ''What Works Where?'']&quot;, ''www.mdpi.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny biby ====
Ahitana [[gliosida]] sy [[Prôteinina|prôteina]] ary [[mineraly]], ankoatra ny singa hafa, ao anatin' ny pepan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Azo omena mivantana ny biby izany, na koa karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina ka afangaro amin' ny karazan-tsakafo samihafa ho an' ny biby. Ampiasaina indrindra ireo voa ireo hamahanana ny [[omby]] sy ny [[osy]] ary ny [[ondry]] any amin'ireo faritra maina na somary maina izay iasana amin' ny fiompiana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 ''Prosopis juliflora'': nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;, ''scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795/ Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, mitaky fitandremana ny fampiasana azy. Ny fihinanana tafahoatra sy maharitra ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' dia mety hiteraka fanapoizinana eo amin' ny omby sy ny osy. Ny biby voakasika dia mampiseho, indrindraindrindra, fikorontanan' ny fitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fitatitra avy ao amin' ny atidoha; izany dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitsakoana sy fitelemana, hiteraka fihenan' ny haben' ny hozatra ampiasaina amin' ny fitsakoana, ary hiteraka fihenan-danja miandalana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Fikarohana andrana iray, izay navoaka tamin' ny taona 2006 tao amin' ny ''Veterinary Pathology'', no nanamafy fa misy poizina ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' rehefa omena omby ao anatin' ny sakafo misy ampahany betsaka avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Sakafo ho an' ny olombelona ====
Misy nofony mamy ao anatin' ny voan' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' efa masaka, izay azo ovaina ho lafarinina. Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika Latina]], io lafarinina io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo isan-karazany. Ny fikarohana momba ny singa mahavelona hita ao amin' ny voa sy vihim-boa dia nampiseho fa mety ho azo ampiasaina ho akora fototra ho an' ny indostrian' ny sakafo izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Azo hanina sady mahavelona ny vihim-boany izay manana tsiro mamy; efa loharanom-tsakafo nentim-paharazana ho an' ny mponina teratany any [[Però|Peroa]] sy [[Silia]] ary [[California]] izy ireny&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). ''The Cultural History of Plants''. Routledge. p. 32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0415927463&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Taloha, notsakoina nandritra ny dia lavitra ireo voany ireo mba hanalana hetaheta&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. Azo hanina manta izy ireo, na andrahoina, na hamainina sy totoina ho lafarinina hanaovana mofo&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;, na tehirizina ao ambanin' ny tany, na koa aotrika mba hahazoana zava-pisotro misy alkaola kely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). ''A Natural History of Western Trees''. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 559, 562.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anisan' ny vokatra azo alaina ny lafarinina avy amin' ny pepany, ny tavolo, ny sirô, ny fitambarana prôteinina ambony taha; ary akora miraikitra avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Na izany aza, manantitrantitra ny mpanoratra fa ilaina ny fanaovana fikarohana fanampiny momba ny mety ho fanapoizinana sy ny taharo  ary ny fiarovana ara-pahasalaman' ny vokatra ara-tsakafo azo avy amin' io zavamaniry io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiompiana tantely ====
Mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamim-bony]] sy [[vovobony]] izay azon' ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] ampiasaina ny vonin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora''. Any amin' ny faritra sasany izay ahitana io karazana io betsaka, dia lasa loharanon-karena ahafahana mamokatra [[tantely]] izy io, ka mandray anjara amin' ny famokarana tantely sy amin' ny faharetan' ny asa [[fiompiana tantely]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Chapter 5 - Management and control of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'' tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fiarovana ny tany sy fambolen-kazo ====
Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra maina maro ity karazana zavamaniry ity mba hanamafisana ny [[dongom-pasika]], hampihenana ny [[fikao-tany]] vokatry ny rivotra, ary handray anjara amin' ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny nofon-tany simba. Ny rafitry ny fakany sy ny fandrakofana dia afaka manakana ny fihetsehan' ny poti-tany, sady manome fiarovana amin' ny rivotra sy ny taratra masoandro. Nampiasaina ho hazo manome alokaloka sy ho sakana amin'ny rivotra ihany koa izy io. Na izany aza, na dia nitondra tombontsoa tany amin' ny faritra sasany aza io zavamaniry io dia tsy tokony hohadinoina ny fahasahiranana sy ny loza mety hitranga vokatry ny fiparitahany any amin' ny tontolo voajanahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dr. Sebastião Silva, &quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC in Brazil]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128028308000034 Chapter 3 - ''Prosopis juliflora'' (Sw) DC: Potential for Bioremediation and Bioeconomy]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana sy toetra farmakôlôjika ===

==== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ====
Voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[Amerika]] sy [[Azia]] ny faritra samihafa amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'', anisan' izany ny ravina, ny voany, ny vihim-boa, ary ny hoditry ny vatany. Ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fampiasana zavamaniry eo amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia mirakitra fomba fanomanana ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina maro, toy ny olan' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]], ny aretina vokatry ny mikrôba, ny fivontosana ary ny aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ratra sy aretin-koditra ny raviny sy ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of ''Prosopis'' spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9898795 &quot;Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy mitovy ireo fomba fampiasana ireo: miovaova arakaraka ny mponina sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana izany. Tsy tokony haseho ho toy ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana eken' ny rehetra eran-tany ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Firafitra ara-tsimia ====
Nahitana sokajin' akora isan-karazany ny fanadihadiana momba ny akora simika voajanahary ao amin' ity karazana ity sy ny karazana maro hafa ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Prosopis]]'' (taloha): [[flavônôida]], [[taninina]], [[akora fenôlika]], [[alkalôida]], [[kinôna]], ary [[glikôsida]]. Efa nanaovana fikarohana manokana noho ny asany eo amin' ny zavamananaina sy ny mety ho fanapoizinana aterany ny alkalôida sasany, indrindra fa ny alkalôida piperidinika. Na izany aza, tsy tokony hoheverina hoazy fa avy amin' ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' avokoa ny akora na fiantraikany ara-panafody voalaza fa hita tamin' ny karazana samihafa izay voasokajy tao anatin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fiasa farmakôlôjika nodinihina ====
Nandinihana ny toetra miady amin' ny ôksida, amin' ny [[bakteria]], amin' ny [[Holatra|holatra bitika]], ary amin' ny [[fivontosana]] ananan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ity zavamaniry ity ny fanadihadiana andrana maro natao&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. Ny ravina sy ny hoditry ny vatany dia ahitana akora [[alkalôida]] miavaka, toy ny [[joliflôrinina]], izay nisy fiantraikany lehibe manoloana ny otrikaretina toy ny ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' sy holatra isan-karazany mahatonga aretina eo amin' ny hoditra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335852786_Review_on_Pharmacological_potentials_of_Prosopis_juliflora Review on Pharmacological potentials of Prosopis juliflora]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/415511014_Medicinal_Use_of_Prosopis_juliflora_A_Sustainable_Approach_for_Controlling_Their_Sprea Medicinal Use of Prosopis juliflora: A Sustainable Approach for Controlling Their Sprea]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Rehefa ampiharina eo amin' ny faritra voakasika ny akora voasintona avy amin' ilay zavamaniry dia manampy amin' ny fanarenana ny selan' ny hoditra sady mampihena ny famaliana amin' ny alalan' ny fivontosana; izany dia hita tamin' ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny biby anaty labôratoira&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/a-review-on-prosopis-juliflora-sw-dc A Review on Prosopis Juliflora (SW.) Dc]&quot;, ''www.ijpsjournal.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny fahanteran' ny sela ny habetsahan' ny [[pôlifenôla]] sy ny [[taninina]] ary ny [[flavônôida]] (toy ny [[kersetinina]]) ao amin' ilay zavamaniry&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Mampiseho fikarohana momba ny toetra biôfarmaseotikan' ny karazana maromaro ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' ny lahatsoratra navoaka tamin' ny taona 2017 tao amin' ny ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', anisan' izany ny asa biôlôjikan' ny akora ambaratonga faharoa ao aminy. Mandinika ny fampiasana nentim-paharazana amin' ny sakafo sy ny fikarohana momba ny toetra biôlôjikan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Prosopis'' teo aloha ny lahatsoratra iray hafa navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, indrindra ny ''Neltuma juliflora'' (''Prosopis juliflora'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Neltuma pallida]]'' (''Prosopis pallida'' teo aloha)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite (''Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida''), research advances and challenges: a review]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Manokatra lalana ho an' ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody ireo vokatra ireo fa tsy manohana fehin-kevitra momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanafody eo amin' ny olombelona. Fanampin' izany, tsy maintsy anaovana fanadihadiana ny mety hisian' ny poizina sy ny fatra azo antoka alohan' ny hampiasana azy ireo amin' ny fitsaboana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Acacia]]''
* ''[[Algarobia]]''
* ''[[Desmanthus]]''
* ''[[Entada]]''
* ''[[Mimosa]]''
* ''[[Neltuma]]''
* ''[[Prosopis]]''
* ''[[Strombocarpa]]''
* ''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Dichrostachys dumetaria]]'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Mimosa dupuyana]]'' &lt;small&gt;M. Morales &amp; Fortunato&lt;/small&gt;

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Choge, S. K., Mbaabu, P. R. et Muturi, G. M. (2021). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128233207000249 Management and control of the invasive Prosopis juliflora tree species in Africa with a focus on Kenya]&quot;.
* De Lemos, A. B. S. et al. (2023). &quot;[https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.12620 Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition]&quot;. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'', 103, 5659–5666.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/distribution/ Neltuma juliflora – Distribution in Madagascar]''.
* European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). ''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCJU/datasheet Neltuma juliflora – EPPO Global Database]''. 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ''[https://www.fao.org/4/ad317e/ad317e02.htm The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora]''.
* Hellen Wangechi Kamiri, Simon K. Choge, Mathias Becker, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/4/251 Management Strategies of Prosopis juliflora in Eastern Africa: What Works Where?]&quot; (2024). ''Diversity'', 16(4), 251.
* Hughes, C. E., Ringelberg, J. J., Lewis, G. P. et Catalano, S. A. (2022). &quot;[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75379/ Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (''Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae'', mimosoid clade)]&quot;. ''PhytoKeys'', 205, 147–189.
* Mungochea, J. et al. (2025). &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/27658511.2025.2521946 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC in the drylands: A review of invasion, impacts and management in Eastern Africa]&quot;. ''Sustainable Environment'', 11(1).
* Pasiecznik, N. et al. (2022). &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012823320700016X Utilization of Prosopis juliflora in the Horn of Africa: Recent developments]&quot;. ''Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume''.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509505-1/general-information ''Neltuma juliflora'' (Sw.) Raf].
* Santhaseelan Henciya, Prabha Seturaman, Arthur Rathinam James, Yi-Hong Tsai, Rahul Nikam, Yang-Chang Wu, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Fang Rong Chang. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949816301697 Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa)]&quot; (2017). J''ournal of Food and Drug Analysis'', 25(1), 187–196.
* Sofía L. Bohórquez-Medina, Andrea L. Bohórquez-Medina, Sandor G. de Lukacs Pereny &amp; Martín Cárdenas-Jarama. &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-025-00270-w Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian Mesquite]&quot; (2025).
* Tabosa, I. M. et al. (2006). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966447/ Neurohistologic and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora]&quot;. ''Veterinary Pathology'', 43(5), 695–701.
* World Agroforestry (ICRAF). ''[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1354 Agroforestree Database – Prosopis juliflora]''. 

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>dehkcgpanodb1d8epuwy010avn9vz6r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prosopis juliflora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302673</id>
    <redirect title="Neltuma juliflora" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153536</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T12:55:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Prosopis juliflora]] ho [[Neltuma juliflora]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="e8g5wkr146wmtznqfhddua3g5wga3x1" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Neltuma juliflora]]</text>
      <sha1>e8g5wkr146wmtznqfhddua3g5wga3x1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zato amin'ireo karazam-biby mpanafika mampidi-doza indrindra eran-tany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153558</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T18:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Noforonina tamin'ny alalan'ny fandikana an'i &quot;[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/238734428|Cent espèces envahissantes parmi les plus nuisibles du monde]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1153558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25853" sha1="6uf90bajr3clf4zarry4r439rcw3z63" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichier:Brown_tree_snake_-_Boiga_irregularis.jpg|vignette| Fantatra fa saika nandringana tanteraka ireo vorona teratany any an'ala tao [[Guam]] ny bibilava hazo volontany ( ''Boiga irregularis'' ).]]
Ireo '''karazana bibikely manimba indrindra 100 eran-tany''' dia voatanisa ao anatin'ny lisitra nangonin'ny Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) ao amin'ny Species Survival Commission (SSC) ao amin'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S. Lowe, M. Browne, S. Boudjelas, M De Poorter |year=2007 |title=''100 Espèces exotiques envahissantes parmi les plus néfastes au monde. Une sélection de la Global Invasive Species Database |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9060 |access-date=10 décembre 2014 |publisher=Groupe de spécialistes des espèces envahissantes (''Invasive Species Specialist Group'' – ISSG'') |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fahasarotana, ny maha-zava-dehibe ary ny fiantraikan'ireo karazana bibikely vahiny manimba . Voatonona ao amin'ny boky siantifika isan-karazany ity lisitra ity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species'' |url=https://scholar.google.fr/scholar?hl=fr&amp;q=%22100+of+the+world%27s+worst+invasive+alien+species%22&amp;btnG=&amp;lr= |access-date=10 décembre 2014 |publisher=citations dans [[Google Scholar]] |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo fepetra noraisina tamin'ny fisafidianana ireo karazana ato amin'ity lisitra ity dia :

* ny hamafin'ny fiantraikany eo amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany na ny asa ataon'ny olombelona.
* ny zava-misy fa ohatra manazava ny lohahevitra manan-danja mifandraika amin'ny fanafihana ara-biôlôjika izy ireo.

Mba hahazoana antoka fa isan-karazany araka izay azo atao ireo ohatra dia karazana iray isaky ny karazana ihany no nofantenana. Noho izany, ny tsy fampidirana karazana iray ao anaty lisitra dia tsy voatery midika fa tsy dia manimba ny [[tontolo iainana]] loatra izy.

Ity ambany ity ny lisitra feno an'ireo karazana tafiditra ao amin'ny bokin'ny IUCN. Ny tsanganana &quot; NOMEKO » manome rohy mankany amin'ny fidirana ao amin'ny ''Global Invasive Species Database'' izay manome antsipiriany momba ny ekolojia sy ny fizarazarana ny karazana, ary koa ny antony nampidirana azy tao amin'ny lisitra.

Ho an'ny mpanoratra sasany, mendrika ny hampidirina ao anatin'ity lisitra ity ''[[Homo sapiens|ny Homo sapiens]]'', satria karazana bibikely manimba ny tontolo iainana sy ny karazam-biby ary zavamaniry hafa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 janvier 2017 |title=Homo sapiens, la plus invasive des espèces |url=https://www.pourlascience.fr/sd/prehistoire/homo-sapiens-la-plus-invasive-des-especes-9455.php |website=Pourlascience}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=09-07-2021 |title=Homo sapiens, une espèce invasive&lt;!-- Vérifiez ce titre --&gt; |url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/agenda/lecon-inaugurale/homo-sapiens-une-espece-invasive/homo-sapiens-une-espece-invasive |access-date=19-11-2023 |website=college-de-france.fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lisitra ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!Espèce
!Type
! width=&quot;300px&quot; |Nom commun
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Motif
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Images
|-
|''Acacia mearnsii''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Acacia noir
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=51&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Acacia_mearnsii_blossoms.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Achatina fulica''
|Mollusque
|Escargot géant africain, achatine ou achatine foulque
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=64&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Giant_African_Land_Snail_(Achatina_fulica)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_0596.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Tserikamena|Acridotheres tristis]]''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Martin triste
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=108&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Myna_(Acridotheres_tristis)_on_Kapok_(Ceiba_pentandra)_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4297.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Aedes albopictus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Moustique-tigre
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=109&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Aedes_Albopictus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anopheles quadrimaculatus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Anophèle de la malaria
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=140&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anoplolepis gracilipes''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi folle jaune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=110&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_050610_2340_anoplolepis_gracilipes.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anoplophora glabripennis''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Longicorne asiatique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=111&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Anoplophora_glabripennis1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Aphanomyces astaci''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la peste de l'écrevisse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=107&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Aphanomyces_astaci_colonization_and_immune_reaction_in_North_American_crayfish_-_Pone.0195353.g002.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ardisia elliptica''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Ati popa'a
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_050107-2860_Ardisia_elliptica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Arundo donax''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Canne de Provence
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=112&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Arundo_donax_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Asterias amurensis''
|Étoile de mer
|Étoile de mer japonaise
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=82&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:海星（正面）.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Virus du sommet touffu du bananier]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(BBTV, ''Banana bunchy top virus'')
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent de la maladie du sommet touffu du bananier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=141&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Banana_bunchy_top_virus_symptoms.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la chytridiomycose
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=123&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Chytridiomycosis_in_Rana_muscosa.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Bemisia tabaci''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Aleurode du tabac, Mouche blanche
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=106&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bemisia_tabaci_from_USDA_1.jpg|102x102px]]
|-
|''Boiga irregularis''
|[[Reptilia|Reptile]]
|Serpent brun arboricole
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=54&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Brown_tree_snake_-_Boiga_irregularis.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Bufo marinus'' = ''Rhinella marina''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Crapaud géant, crapaud buffle
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=113&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bufo_marinus_from_Australia.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Osy|Capra hircus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Chèvre domestique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=40&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Domestic_goat_feeding_on_capeweed.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Carcinus maenas''
|Crustacé
|Crabe enragé, crabe vert
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=114&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Carcinus_maenas.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Caulerpa taxifolia''
|[[Ahidrano|Algue]]
|Caulerpe à feuille d’if
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=115&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cecropia peltata''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Cecropia pelté, bois trompette ou coulequin
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=116&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cecropia_peltata-cluster.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cercopagis pengoi''
|Crustacé
|Puce d'eau
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=118&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cercopagidae_GLERL_1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Serfa mena|Cervus elaphus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Cerf commun, cerf élaphe
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=119&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Red_deer_stag.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Chromolaena odorata''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Herbe du Laos, eupatoire odorante
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=47&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Chromolaena_odorata_by_Ashasathees.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cinara cupressi''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Puceron du cyprès, puceron bronzé
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=121&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cinara_cupressi_aptera_on_Xanthocyparis_at_bedgebury_c2013-07-14_10-55-46ew.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cinchona pubescens''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Quinquina rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=63&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_020501-0057_Cinchona_pubescens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Clarias batrachus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Silure grenouille
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=62&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Clarias_batrachus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Miconia crenata|Clidemia hirta]]''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Clidemia, herbe-côtelette, herbe cré-cré
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=53&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_030729-0107_Clidemia_hirta.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Coptotermes formosanus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Coptoterme de Formose, termite du Japon du sud
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=61&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Termite-Formosan_subterranean-soldiers-Tamil_word17.2.jpg|110x110px]]
|-
|''Potamocorbula amurensis''
|Mollusque
|Palourde de l'Amour
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=136&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Potamocorbula_amurensis_(California,_USA)_1.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
|''Cryphonectria parasitica''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Chancre du châtaignier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=124&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Castanea_dentata_-_blight_1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cyprinus carpio''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Carpe commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=60&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Dreissena polymorpha''
|Mollusque
|Moule zébrée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=50&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Pontederia crassipes|Eichhornia crassipes]]''
|Plante aquatique
|Jacinthe d'eau ou camalote
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Water_hyacinth.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Eleutherodactylus coqui''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Hylode, coqui
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=105&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Coquí.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Eriocheir sinensis''
|Crustacé
|Crabe chinois, crabe poilu de Shanghai
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=38&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:EriocheirSinensis1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Euglandina rosea''
|Mollusque
|Euglandine, glandine, escargot carnivore
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=92&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Euglandina_rosea.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Euphorbia esula''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Euphorbe ésule ou euphorbe âcre
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=83&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Euphorbia_esula.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Fallopia japonica'' = ''Polygonum cuspidatum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Renouée du Japon ou renouée à feuilles pointues
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=91&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Reynoutria_japonica_MdE_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Saka|Felis catus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Chat, chat domestique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Felis_silvestris_-_July_2007-1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Gambusia affinis''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Gambusie
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=126&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Gambusia_affinis_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Hedychium gardnerianum''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Lis gingembre, longose
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=57&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Hedychium_gardnerianum_0.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
|''Herpestes javanicus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Mangouste de Java ou petite mangouste indienne
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=86&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Herpestes_javanicus01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Hiptage benghalensis''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Liane de cerf
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Hiptage_benghalensis_猿尾藤_2_(天問).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Imperata cylindrica]]''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Imperata cylindrique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=16&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Imperata_cylindrica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Lantana camara]]''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Lantanier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:LantanaFlowerLeaves-3.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lates niloticus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Perche du Nil
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=89&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lates_niloticus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Leucène, faux mimosa
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=23&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Subabool_(Leucaena_leucocephala)_dried_pods_&amp;_leaves_at_canopy_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4307.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ligustrum robustum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Troène robuste
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=90&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Schurenbachhalde_11_ies.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Linepithema humile''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi d'Argentine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=127&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Linepithema_Argentine_ant.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lymantria dispar''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Bombyx disparate
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=96&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lymantria_dispar_8-8-2006_19-20-14.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lythrum salicaria''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Salicaire commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=93&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lythrum_salicaria_-_Blutweiderich_0507241.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Macaca fascicularis''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Macaque, macaque crabier ou macaque à longue queue
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=139&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Macaca_fascicularis_on_a_fence.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Niaouli
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=45&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031108-0008_Melaleuca_quinquenervia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Miconia calvescens''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Miconia
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=2&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031118-0114_Miconia_calvescens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Micropterus salmoides''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Achigan à grande bouche, black-bass, perche truitée, perche noire
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=94&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Largemouth_bass_01.jpg|75x75px]]
|-
|''Mikania micrantha''
|[[Zavamaniry mianika|Plante grimpante]]
|Liane américaine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=42&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031108-0005_Mikania_scandens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mimosa pigra''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Acacia mimosa noir, acacia paresseuse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=41&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Mimosa_pigra.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mnemiopsis leidyi''
|Cténophore
|Cténophore américain
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=95&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Warty_comb_jelly_(mnemiopsis)_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mus musculus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Souris grise, souris domestique, souris commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=97&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:House_mouse.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kionkiona fohy rambony|Mustela erminea]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Hermine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=98&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Veasel.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Myocastor coypus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Ragondin
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=99&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Ratao_do_banhado_1_REFON.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Myrica faya''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Faya
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=100&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Myrica_faya_fruit.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mytilus galloprovincialis''
|Mollusque
|Moule méditerranéenne
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=102&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Mytilus_galloprovincialis_shell.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Oncorhynchus mykiss''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Truite arc-en-ciel
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=103&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Trout.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ophiostoma ulmi''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la graphiose de l'orme
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=130&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Iepziekte_op_goudiep_(Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_'Wredei'_4_May_2009).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Opuntia stricta''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Opuntia dressée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=104&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Opuntia_stricta,_Sète,_Hérault_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Oreochromis mossambicus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Tilapia du Mozambique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=131&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Oreochromis_mossambicus.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Bitro eorôpeana|Oryctolagus cuniculus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Lapin de garenne, Lapin commun
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=18&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Conejo_astronomo1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pheidole megacephala''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi à grosse tête
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=132&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pheidole_purporea_minor_body.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Phytophthora cinnamomi''
|Oomycète
|Pourriture des racines, pourriture du cœur de l'ananas, pourriture du collet
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=143&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pineapple_root_rot_Phytophthora_cinnamomi2_(5829323303).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pinus pinaster''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Pin maritime, pin des Landes, pin de Corte ou pin mésogéen
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=43&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pinus_pinaster02.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Plasmodium relictum''
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent du paludisme aviaire
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=39&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lesions_in_an_‘i‘iwi_with_acute_malaria.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Platydemus manokwari''
|Ver plat
|Plathelminthe de Nouvelle-Guinée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=133&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Platydemus_manokwari.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pomacea canaliculata''
|Mollusque
|Ampullaire brune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=135&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pomacea_canaliculata1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Prosopis glandulosa''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Mesquite
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=137&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Prosopis-glandulosa-foliage.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''Psidium cattleianum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Goyavier de Chine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=59&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031002-0033_Psidium_cattleianum.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Pueraria montana]]'' var. ''lobata''
|[[Zavamaniry mianika|Plante grimpante]]
|Puéraire, vigne kudzu
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=81&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Kudzu_Monoculture_(11555704074).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pycnonotus cafer''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Bulbul à ventre rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=138&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Red_vented_Bulbul_I_IMG_6771.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lithobates catesbeianus'' = ''Rana catesbeiana''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Ouaouaron ou grenouille-taureau
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=80&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Rattus rattus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Rat noir, rat des greniers ou rat des champs
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=19&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Roofrat_hagenbeck_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Virus de la peste bovine'' ;
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent de la peste bovine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=129&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Rinderpest_Eye.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Rubus ellipticus''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Ronce elliptique, piquant lou-lou
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=79&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_011205-0067_Rubus_ellipticus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Salmo trutta''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Truite commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=78&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bachforelle_Zeichnung.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Schinus terebinthifolia|Schinus terebinthifolius]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Faux poivrier du Brésil, poivrier bourbon, poivrier du Brésil
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=22&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_041018-0009_Schinus_terebinthifolius.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Eskiora volondavenona|Sciurus carolinensis]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Écureuil gris, écureuil gris de la Caroline
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=65&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Eastern_Grey_Squirrel_in_St_James's_Park,_London_-_Nov_2006_edit.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Solenopsis invicta''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi de feu
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=77&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Fire_ants02.jpg|102x102px]]
|-
|''Spartina anglica''
|[[Plantae|Zavamaniry]]
|Spartine anglaise
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=76&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Spartina_anglica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Spathodea campanulata''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Tulipier du Gabon
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=75&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Spathodea_campanulata_at_Secunderabad_W_IMG_6625.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Sphagneticola trilobata]]''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Herbe à femme, herbe soleil, Wedelia
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=44&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Wedelia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kintana (vorona)|Sturnus vulgaris]]''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Étourneau sansonnet
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=74&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Sturnus_vulgaris_-California-8.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kisoadia|Sus scrofa]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Sanglier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=73&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:WildZwijn_cropped.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Tamarix pentandra]]'' = ''Tamarix ramosissima''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Tamarix de Russie, tamaris chinois
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=72&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Tamarix_ramosissima_a2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trachemys scripta elegans''
|[[Reptilia|Reptile]]
|Tortue de Floride
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=71&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Trachemys_scripta_elegans23.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trichosurus vulpecula''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Phalanger-renard, phalanger commun, opossum d'Australie, opossum à queue en brosse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=48&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Brushtail_possum.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trogoderma granarium''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Dermeste des grains, trogoderme des grains
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=142&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Khapra_beetle.jpg|95x95px]]
|-
|''Ulex europaeus''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Ajonc d'Europe ou grand ajonc
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=69&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_030405-0004_Ulex_europaeus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Undaria pinnatifida''
|[[Ahidrano|Algue]]
|Wakame
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=68&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Boiled_wakame.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Vespula vulgaris''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Guêpe commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=67&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Vespula_vulgaris5.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Amboahaolo mena|Vulpes vulpes]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Renard roux, renard commun, renard rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=66&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Vulpes_vulpes_sitting.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Wasmannia auropunctata''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Petite fourmi de feu ou fourmi électrique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=58&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Wasmannia.jpg|100x100px]]
|}

== Lahatsoratra mifandraika ==

* Karazana biby manafika
* Fanaraha-maso ny karazana bibikely manafika
* Lisitry ny karazam-biby mpanafika voasokajy ho anisan'ny mampidi-doza indrindra amin'ny taonjato faha-21
* Lisitry ny karazam-biby vahiny mpanafika izay mampanahy ny Vondrona Eoropeana

== Naoty sy Referansa ==</text>
      <sha1>6uf90bajr3clf4zarry4r439rcw3z63</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153559</id>
      <parentid>1153558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T18:13:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lahatsoratra nadika ho amin'ny teny Malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153559</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25651" sha1="ggstdsa08k9fsplljw0dlng8xbzt323" xml:space="preserve">Ireo '''karazana bibikely manimba indrindra 100 eran-tany''' dia voatanisa ao anatin'ny lisitra nangonin'ny Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) ao amin'ny Species Survival Commission (SSC) ao amin'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S. Lowe, M. Browne, S. Boudjelas, M De Poorter |year=2007 |title=''100 Espèces exotiques envahissantes parmi les plus néfastes au monde. Une sélection de la Global Invasive Species Database |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9060 |access-date=10 décembre 2014 |publisher=Groupe de spécialistes des espèces envahissantes (''Invasive Species Specialist Group'' – ISSG'') |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fahasarotana, ny maha-zava-dehibe ary ny fiantraikan'ireo karazana bibikely vahiny manimba . Voatonona ao amin'ny boky siantifika isan-karazany ity lisitra ity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species'' |url=https://scholar.google.fr/scholar?hl=fr&amp;q=%22100+of+the+world%27s+worst+invasive+alien+species%22&amp;btnG=&amp;lr= |access-date=10 décembre 2014 |publisher=citations dans [[Google Scholar]] |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo fepetra noraisina tamin'ny fisafidianana ireo karazana ato amin'ity lisitra ity dia :

* ny hamafin'ny fiantraikany eo amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany na ny asa ataon'ny olombelona.
* ny zava-misy fa ohatra manazava ny lohahevitra manan-danja mifandraika amin'ny fanafihana ara-biôlôjika izy ireo.

Mba hahazoana antoka fa isan-karazany araka izay azo atao ireo ohatra dia karazana iray isaky ny karazana ihany no nofantenana. Noho izany, ny tsy fampidirana karazana iray ao anaty lisitra dia tsy voatery midika fa tsy dia manimba ny [[tontolo iainana]] loatra izy.

Ity ambany ity ny lisitra feno an'ireo karazana tafiditra ao amin'ny bokin'ny IUCN. Ny tsanganana &quot; NOMEKO » manome rohy mankany amin'ny fidirana ao amin'ny ''Global Invasive Species Database'' izay manome antsipiriany momba ny ekolojia sy ny fizarazarana ny karazana, ary koa ny antony nampidirana azy tao amin'ny lisitra.

Ho an'ny mpanoratra sasany, mendrika ny hampidirina ao anatin'ity lisitra ity ''[[Homo sapiens|ny Homo sapiens]]'', satria karazana bibikely manimba ny tontolo iainana sy ny karazam-biby ary zavamaniry hafa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 janvier 2017 |title=Homo sapiens, la plus invasive des espèces |url=https://www.pourlascience.fr/sd/prehistoire/homo-sapiens-la-plus-invasive-des-especes-9455.php |website=Pourlascience}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=09-07-2021 |title=Homo sapiens, une espèce invasive&lt;!-- Vérifiez ce titre --&gt; |url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/agenda/lecon-inaugurale/homo-sapiens-une-espece-invasive/homo-sapiens-une-espece-invasive |access-date=19-11-2023 |website=college-de-france.fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lisitra ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!Espèce
!Type
! width=&quot;300px&quot; |Nom commun
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Motif
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Images
|-
|''Acacia mearnsii''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Acacia noir
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=51&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Acacia_mearnsii_blossoms.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Achatina fulica''
|Mollusque
|Escargot géant africain, achatine ou achatine foulque
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=64&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Giant_African_Land_Snail_(Achatina_fulica)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_0596.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Tserikamena|Acridotheres tristis]]''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Martin triste
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=108&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Myna_(Acridotheres_tristis)_on_Kapok_(Ceiba_pentandra)_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4297.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Aedes albopictus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Moustique-tigre
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=109&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Aedes_Albopictus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anopheles quadrimaculatus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Anophèle de la malaria
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=140&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anoplolepis gracilipes''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi folle jaune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=110&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_050610_2340_anoplolepis_gracilipes.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anoplophora glabripennis''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Longicorne asiatique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=111&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Anoplophora_glabripennis1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Aphanomyces astaci''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la peste de l'écrevisse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=107&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Aphanomyces_astaci_colonization_and_immune_reaction_in_North_American_crayfish_-_Pone.0195353.g002.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ardisia elliptica''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Ati popa'a
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_050107-2860_Ardisia_elliptica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Arundo donax''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Canne de Provence
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=112&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Arundo_donax_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Asterias amurensis''
|Étoile de mer
|Étoile de mer japonaise
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=82&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:海星（正面）.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Virus du sommet touffu du bananier]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(BBTV, ''Banana bunchy top virus'')
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent de la maladie du sommet touffu du bananier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=141&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Banana_bunchy_top_virus_symptoms.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la chytridiomycose
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=123&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Chytridiomycosis_in_Rana_muscosa.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Bemisia tabaci''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Aleurode du tabac, Mouche blanche
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=106&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bemisia_tabaci_from_USDA_1.jpg|102x102px]]
|-
|''Boiga irregularis''
|[[Reptilia|Reptile]]
|Serpent brun arboricole
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=54&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Brown_tree_snake_-_Boiga_irregularis.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Bufo marinus'' = ''Rhinella marina''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Crapaud géant, crapaud buffle
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=113&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bufo_marinus_from_Australia.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Osy|Capra hircus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Chèvre domestique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=40&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Domestic_goat_feeding_on_capeweed.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Carcinus maenas''
|Crustacé
|Crabe enragé, crabe vert
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=114&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Carcinus_maenas.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Caulerpa taxifolia''
|[[Ahidrano|Algue]]
|Caulerpe à feuille d’if
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=115&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cecropia peltata''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Cecropia pelté, bois trompette ou coulequin
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=116&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cecropia_peltata-cluster.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cercopagis pengoi''
|Crustacé
|Puce d'eau
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=118&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cercopagidae_GLERL_1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Serfa mena|Cervus elaphus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Cerf commun, cerf élaphe
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=119&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Red_deer_stag.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Chromolaena odorata''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Herbe du Laos, eupatoire odorante
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=47&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Chromolaena_odorata_by_Ashasathees.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cinara cupressi''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Puceron du cyprès, puceron bronzé
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=121&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cinara_cupressi_aptera_on_Xanthocyparis_at_bedgebury_c2013-07-14_10-55-46ew.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cinchona pubescens''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Quinquina rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=63&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_020501-0057_Cinchona_pubescens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Clarias batrachus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Silure grenouille
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=62&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Clarias_batrachus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Miconia crenata|Clidemia hirta]]''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Clidemia, herbe-côtelette, herbe cré-cré
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=53&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_030729-0107_Clidemia_hirta.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Coptotermes formosanus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Coptoterme de Formose, termite du Japon du sud
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=61&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Termite-Formosan_subterranean-soldiers-Tamil_word17.2.jpg|110x110px]]
|-
|''Potamocorbula amurensis''
|Mollusque
|Palourde de l'Amour
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=136&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Potamocorbula_amurensis_(California,_USA)_1.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
|''Cryphonectria parasitica''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Chancre du châtaignier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=124&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Castanea_dentata_-_blight_1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cyprinus carpio''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Carpe commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=60&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Dreissena polymorpha''
|Mollusque
|Moule zébrée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=50&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Pontederia crassipes|Eichhornia crassipes]]''
|Plante aquatique
|Jacinthe d'eau ou camalote
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Water_hyacinth.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Eleutherodactylus coqui''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Hylode, coqui
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=105&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Coquí.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Eriocheir sinensis''
|Crustacé
|Crabe chinois, crabe poilu de Shanghai
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=38&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:EriocheirSinensis1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Euglandina rosea''
|Mollusque
|Euglandine, glandine, escargot carnivore
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=92&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Euglandina_rosea.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Euphorbia esula''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Euphorbe ésule ou euphorbe âcre
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=83&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Euphorbia_esula.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Fallopia japonica'' = ''Polygonum cuspidatum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Renouée du Japon ou renouée à feuilles pointues
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=91&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Reynoutria_japonica_MdE_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Saka|Felis catus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Chat, chat domestique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Felis_silvestris_-_July_2007-1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Gambusia affinis''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Gambusie
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=126&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Gambusia_affinis_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Hedychium gardnerianum''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Lis gingembre, longose
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=57&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Hedychium_gardnerianum_0.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
|''Herpestes javanicus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Mangouste de Java ou petite mangouste indienne
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=86&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Herpestes_javanicus01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Hiptage benghalensis''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Liane de cerf
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Hiptage_benghalensis_猿尾藤_2_(天問).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Imperata cylindrica]]''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Imperata cylindrique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=16&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Imperata_cylindrica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Lantana camara]]''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Lantanier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:LantanaFlowerLeaves-3.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lates niloticus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Perche du Nil
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=89&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lates_niloticus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Leucène, faux mimosa
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=23&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Subabool_(Leucaena_leucocephala)_dried_pods_&amp;_leaves_at_canopy_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4307.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ligustrum robustum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Troène robuste
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=90&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Schurenbachhalde_11_ies.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Linepithema humile''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi d'Argentine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=127&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Linepithema_Argentine_ant.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lymantria dispar''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Bombyx disparate
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=96&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lymantria_dispar_8-8-2006_19-20-14.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lythrum salicaria''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Salicaire commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=93&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lythrum_salicaria_-_Blutweiderich_0507241.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Macaca fascicularis''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Macaque, macaque crabier ou macaque à longue queue
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=139&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Macaca_fascicularis_on_a_fence.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Niaouli
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=45&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031108-0008_Melaleuca_quinquenervia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Miconia calvescens''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Miconia
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=2&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031118-0114_Miconia_calvescens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Micropterus salmoides''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Achigan à grande bouche, black-bass, perche truitée, perche noire
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=94&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Largemouth_bass_01.jpg|75x75px]]
|-
|''Mikania micrantha''
|[[Zavamaniry mianika|Plante grimpante]]
|Liane américaine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=42&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031108-0005_Mikania_scandens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mimosa pigra''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Acacia mimosa noir, acacia paresseuse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=41&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Mimosa_pigra.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mnemiopsis leidyi''
|Cténophore
|Cténophore américain
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=95&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Warty_comb_jelly_(mnemiopsis)_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mus musculus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Souris grise, souris domestique, souris commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=97&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:House_mouse.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kionkiona fohy rambony|Mustela erminea]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Hermine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=98&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Veasel.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Myocastor coypus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Ragondin
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=99&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Ratao_do_banhado_1_REFON.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Myrica faya''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Faya
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=100&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Myrica_faya_fruit.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mytilus galloprovincialis''
|Mollusque
|Moule méditerranéenne
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=102&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Mytilus_galloprovincialis_shell.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Oncorhynchus mykiss''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Truite arc-en-ciel
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=103&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Trout.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ophiostoma ulmi''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la graphiose de l'orme
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=130&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Iepziekte_op_goudiep_(Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_'Wredei'_4_May_2009).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Opuntia stricta''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Opuntia dressée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=104&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Opuntia_stricta,_Sète,_Hérault_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Oreochromis mossambicus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Tilapia du Mozambique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=131&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Oreochromis_mossambicus.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Bitro eorôpeana|Oryctolagus cuniculus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Lapin de garenne, Lapin commun
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=18&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Conejo_astronomo1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pheidole megacephala''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi à grosse tête
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=132&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pheidole_purporea_minor_body.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Phytophthora cinnamomi''
|Oomycète
|Pourriture des racines, pourriture du cœur de l'ananas, pourriture du collet
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=143&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pineapple_root_rot_Phytophthora_cinnamomi2_(5829323303).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pinus pinaster''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Pin maritime, pin des Landes, pin de Corte ou pin mésogéen
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=43&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pinus_pinaster02.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Plasmodium relictum''
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent du paludisme aviaire
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=39&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lesions_in_an_‘i‘iwi_with_acute_malaria.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Platydemus manokwari''
|Ver plat
|Plathelminthe de Nouvelle-Guinée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=133&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Platydemus_manokwari.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pomacea canaliculata''
|Mollusque
|Ampullaire brune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=135&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pomacea_canaliculata1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Prosopis glandulosa''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Mesquite
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=137&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Prosopis-glandulosa-foliage.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''Psidium cattleianum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Goyavier de Chine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=59&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031002-0033_Psidium_cattleianum.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Pueraria montana]]'' var. ''lobata''
|[[Zavamaniry mianika|Plante grimpante]]
|Puéraire, vigne kudzu
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=81&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Kudzu_Monoculture_(11555704074).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pycnonotus cafer''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Bulbul à ventre rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=138&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Red_vented_Bulbul_I_IMG_6771.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lithobates catesbeianus'' = ''Rana catesbeiana''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Ouaouaron ou grenouille-taureau
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=80&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Rattus rattus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Rat noir, rat des greniers ou rat des champs
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=19&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Roofrat_hagenbeck_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Virus de la peste bovine'' ;
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent de la peste bovine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=129&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Rinderpest_Eye.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Rubus ellipticus''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Ronce elliptique, piquant lou-lou
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=79&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_011205-0067_Rubus_ellipticus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Salmo trutta''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Truite commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=78&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bachforelle_Zeichnung.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Schinus terebinthifolia|Schinus terebinthifolius]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Faux poivrier du Brésil, poivrier bourbon, poivrier du Brésil
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=22&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_041018-0009_Schinus_terebinthifolius.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Eskiora volondavenona|Sciurus carolinensis]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Écureuil gris, écureuil gris de la Caroline
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=65&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Eastern_Grey_Squirrel_in_St_James's_Park,_London_-_Nov_2006_edit.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Solenopsis invicta''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi de feu
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=77&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Fire_ants02.jpg|102x102px]]
|-
|''Spartina anglica''
|[[Plantae|Zavamaniry]]
|Spartine anglaise
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=76&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Spartina_anglica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Spathodea campanulata''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Tulipier du Gabon
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=75&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Spathodea_campanulata_at_Secunderabad_W_IMG_6625.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Sphagneticola trilobata]]''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Herbe à femme, herbe soleil, Wedelia
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=44&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Wedelia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kintana (vorona)|Sturnus vulgaris]]''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Étourneau sansonnet
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=74&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Sturnus_vulgaris_-California-8.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kisoadia|Sus scrofa]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Sanglier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=73&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:WildZwijn_cropped.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Tamarix pentandra]]'' = ''Tamarix ramosissima''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Tamarix de Russie, tamaris chinois
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=72&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Tamarix_ramosissima_a2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trachemys scripta elegans''
|[[Reptilia|Reptile]]
|Tortue de Floride
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=71&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Trachemys_scripta_elegans23.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trichosurus vulpecula''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Phalanger-renard, phalanger commun, opossum d'Australie, opossum à queue en brosse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=48&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Brushtail_possum.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trogoderma granarium''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Dermeste des grains, trogoderme des grains
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=142&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Khapra_beetle.jpg|95x95px]]
|-
|''Ulex europaeus''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Ajonc d'Europe ou grand ajonc
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=69&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_030405-0004_Ulex_europaeus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Undaria pinnatifida''
|[[Ahidrano|Algue]]
|Wakame
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=68&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Boiled_wakame.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Vespula vulgaris''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Guêpe commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=67&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Vespula_vulgaris5.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Amboahaolo mena|Vulpes vulpes]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Renard roux, renard commun, renard rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=66&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Vulpes_vulpes_sitting.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Wasmannia auropunctata''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Petite fourmi de feu ou fourmi électrique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=58&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Wasmannia.jpg|100x100px]]
|}

== Lahatsoratra mifandraika ==

* Karazana biby manafika
* Fanaraha-maso ny karazana bibikely manafika
* Lisitry ny karazam-biby mpanafika voasokajy ho anisan'ny mampidi-doza indrindra amin'ny taonjato faha-21
* Lisitry ny karazam-biby vahiny mpanafika izay mampanahy ny Vondrona Eoropeana

== Naoty sy Referansa ==</text>
      <sha1>ggstdsa08k9fsplljw0dlng8xbzt323</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153560</id>
      <parentid>1153559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T18:14:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mammysou17</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lisitra */</comment>
      <origin>1153560</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25644" sha1="fm7k4r80k4ng9wf8rx3d991kbarbg5x" xml:space="preserve">Ireo '''karazana bibikely manimba indrindra 100 eran-tany''' dia voatanisa ao anatin'ny lisitra nangonin'ny Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) ao amin'ny Species Survival Commission (SSC) ao amin'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S. Lowe, M. Browne, S. Boudjelas, M De Poorter |year=2007 |title=''100 Espèces exotiques envahissantes parmi les plus néfastes au monde. Une sélection de la Global Invasive Species Database |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9060 |access-date=10 décembre 2014 |publisher=Groupe de spécialistes des espèces envahissantes (''Invasive Species Specialist Group'' – ISSG'') |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; miaraka amin'ny tanjona hampitomboana ny fahatsiarovan-tena momba ny fahasarotana, ny maha-zava-dehibe ary ny fiantraikan'ireo karazana bibikely vahiny manimba . Voatonona ao amin'ny boky siantifika isan-karazany ity lisitra ity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species'' |url=https://scholar.google.fr/scholar?hl=fr&amp;q=%22100+of+the+world%27s+worst+invasive+alien+species%22&amp;btnG=&amp;lr= |access-date=10 décembre 2014 |publisher=citations dans [[Google Scholar]] |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo fepetra noraisina tamin'ny fisafidianana ireo karazana ato amin'ity lisitra ity dia :

* ny hamafin'ny fiantraikany eo amin'ny zavamananaina isan-karazany na ny asa ataon'ny olombelona.
* ny zava-misy fa ohatra manazava ny lohahevitra manan-danja mifandraika amin'ny fanafihana ara-biôlôjika izy ireo.

Mba hahazoana antoka fa isan-karazany araka izay azo atao ireo ohatra dia karazana iray isaky ny karazana ihany no nofantenana. Noho izany, ny tsy fampidirana karazana iray ao anaty lisitra dia tsy voatery midika fa tsy dia manimba ny [[tontolo iainana]] loatra izy.

Ity ambany ity ny lisitra feno an'ireo karazana tafiditra ao amin'ny bokin'ny IUCN. Ny tsanganana &quot; NOMEKO » manome rohy mankany amin'ny fidirana ao amin'ny ''Global Invasive Species Database'' izay manome antsipiriany momba ny ekolojia sy ny fizarazarana ny karazana, ary koa ny antony nampidirana azy tao amin'ny lisitra.

Ho an'ny mpanoratra sasany, mendrika ny hampidirina ao anatin'ity lisitra ity ''[[Homo sapiens|ny Homo sapiens]]'', satria karazana bibikely manimba ny tontolo iainana sy ny karazam-biby ary zavamaniry hafa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 janvier 2017 |title=Homo sapiens, la plus invasive des espèces |url=https://www.pourlascience.fr/sd/prehistoire/homo-sapiens-la-plus-invasive-des-especes-9455.php |website=Pourlascience}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=09-07-2021 |title=Homo sapiens, une espèce invasive&lt;!-- Vérifiez ce titre --&gt; |url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/agenda/lecon-inaugurale/homo-sapiens-une-espece-invasive/homo-sapiens-une-espece-invasive |access-date=19-11-2023 |website=college-de-france.fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lisitra ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!Espèce
!Type
! width=&quot;300px&quot; |Nom commun
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Motif
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Images
|-
|''Acacia mearnsii''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Acacia noir
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=51&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Acacia_mearnsii_blossoms.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Achatina fulica''
|Mollusque
|Escargot géant africain, achatine ou achatine foulque
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=64&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Giant_African_Land_Snail_(Achatina_fulica)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_0596.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Tserikamena|Acridotheres tristis]]''
|[[Vorona]]
|Martin triste
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=108&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Myna_(Acridotheres_tristis)_on_Kapok_(Ceiba_pentandra)_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4297.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Aedes albopictus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Moustique-tigre
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=109&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Aedes_Albopictus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anopheles quadrimaculatus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Anophèle de la malaria
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=140&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anoplolepis gracilipes''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi folle jaune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=110&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_050610_2340_anoplolepis_gracilipes.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Anoplophora glabripennis''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Longicorne asiatique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=111&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Anoplophora_glabripennis1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Aphanomyces astaci''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la peste de l'écrevisse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=107&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Aphanomyces_astaci_colonization_and_immune_reaction_in_North_American_crayfish_-_Pone.0195353.g002.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ardisia elliptica''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Ati popa'a
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=52&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_050107-2860_Ardisia_elliptica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Arundo donax''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Canne de Provence
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=112&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Arundo_donax_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Asterias amurensis''
|Étoile de mer
|Étoile de mer japonaise
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=82&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:海星（正面）.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Virus du sommet touffu du bananier]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(BBTV, ''Banana bunchy top virus'')
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent de la maladie du sommet touffu du bananier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=141&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Banana_bunchy_top_virus_symptoms.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la chytridiomycose
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=123&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Chytridiomycosis_in_Rana_muscosa.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Bemisia tabaci''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Aleurode du tabac, Mouche blanche
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=106&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bemisia_tabaci_from_USDA_1.jpg|102x102px]]
|-
|''Boiga irregularis''
|[[Reptilia|Reptile]]
|Serpent brun arboricole
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=54&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Brown_tree_snake_-_Boiga_irregularis.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Bufo marinus'' = ''Rhinella marina''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Crapaud géant, crapaud buffle
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=113&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bufo_marinus_from_Australia.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Osy|Capra hircus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Chèvre domestique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=40&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Domestic_goat_feeding_on_capeweed.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Carcinus maenas''
|Crustacé
|Crabe enragé, crabe vert
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=114&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Carcinus_maenas.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Caulerpa taxifolia''
|[[Ahidrano|Algue]]
|Caulerpe à feuille d’if
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=115&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:CaulerpaTaxifolia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cecropia peltata''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Cecropia pelté, bois trompette ou coulequin
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=116&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cecropia_peltata-cluster.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cercopagis pengoi''
|Crustacé
|Puce d'eau
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=118&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cercopagidae_GLERL_1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Serfa mena|Cervus elaphus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Cerf commun, cerf élaphe
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=119&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Red_deer_stag.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Chromolaena odorata''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Herbe du Laos, eupatoire odorante
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=47&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Chromolaena_odorata_by_Ashasathees.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cinara cupressi''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Puceron du cyprès, puceron bronzé
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=121&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cinara_cupressi_aptera_on_Xanthocyparis_at_bedgebury_c2013-07-14_10-55-46ew.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cinchona pubescens''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Quinquina rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=63&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_020501-0057_Cinchona_pubescens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Clarias batrachus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Silure grenouille
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=62&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Clarias_batrachus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Miconia crenata|Clidemia hirta]]''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Clidemia, herbe-côtelette, herbe cré-cré
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=53&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_030729-0107_Clidemia_hirta.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Coptotermes formosanus''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Coptoterme de Formose, termite du Japon du sud
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=61&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Termite-Formosan_subterranean-soldiers-Tamil_word17.2.jpg|110x110px]]
|-
|''Potamocorbula amurensis''
|Mollusque
|Palourde de l'Amour
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=136&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Potamocorbula_amurensis_(California,_USA)_1.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
|''Cryphonectria parasitica''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Chancre du châtaignier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=124&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Castanea_dentata_-_blight_1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Cyprinus carpio''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Carpe commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=60&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Dreissena polymorpha''
|Mollusque
|Moule zébrée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=50&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Pontederia crassipes|Eichhornia crassipes]]''
|Plante aquatique
|Jacinthe d'eau ou camalote
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Water_hyacinth.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Eleutherodactylus coqui''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Hylode, coqui
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=105&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Common_Coquí.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Eriocheir sinensis''
|Crustacé
|Crabe chinois, crabe poilu de Shanghai
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=38&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:EriocheirSinensis1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Euglandina rosea''
|Mollusque
|Euglandine, glandine, escargot carnivore
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=92&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Euglandina_rosea.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Euphorbia esula''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Euphorbe ésule ou euphorbe âcre
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=83&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Euphorbia_esula.jpeg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Fallopia japonica'' = ''Polygonum cuspidatum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Renouée du Japon ou renouée à feuilles pointues
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=91&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Reynoutria_japonica_MdE_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Saka|Felis catus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Chat, chat domestique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Felis_silvestris_-_July_2007-1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Gambusia affinis''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Gambusie
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=126&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Gambusia_affinis_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Hedychium gardnerianum''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Lis gingembre, longose
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=57&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Hedychium_gardnerianum_0.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
|''Herpestes javanicus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Mangouste de Java ou petite mangouste indienne
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=86&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Herpestes_javanicus01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Hiptage benghalensis''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Liane de cerf
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=87&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Hiptage_benghalensis_猿尾藤_2_(天問).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Imperata cylindrica]]''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Imperata cylindrique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=16&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Imperata_cylindrica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Lantana camara]]''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Lantanier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:LantanaFlowerLeaves-3.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lates niloticus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Perche du Nil
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=89&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lates_niloticus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Leucène, faux mimosa
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=23&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Subabool_(Leucaena_leucocephala)_dried_pods_&amp;_leaves_at_canopy_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4307.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ligustrum robustum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Troène robuste
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=90&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Schurenbachhalde_11_ies.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Linepithema humile''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi d'Argentine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=127&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Linepithema_Argentine_ant.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lymantria dispar''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Bombyx disparate
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=96&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lymantria_dispar_8-8-2006_19-20-14.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lythrum salicaria''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Salicaire commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=93&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lythrum_salicaria_-_Blutweiderich_0507241.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Macaca fascicularis''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Macaque, macaque crabier ou macaque à longue queue
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=139&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Macaca_fascicularis_on_a_fence.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Niaouli
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=45&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031108-0008_Melaleuca_quinquenervia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Miconia calvescens''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Miconia
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=2&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031118-0114_Miconia_calvescens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Micropterus salmoides''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Achigan à grande bouche, black-bass, perche truitée, perche noire
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=94&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Largemouth_bass_01.jpg|75x75px]]
|-
|''Mikania micrantha''
|[[Zavamaniry mianika|Plante grimpante]]
|Liane américaine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=42&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031108-0005_Mikania_scandens.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mimosa pigra''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Acacia mimosa noir, acacia paresseuse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=41&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Mimosa_pigra.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mnemiopsis leidyi''
|Cténophore
|Cténophore américain
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=95&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Warty_comb_jelly_(mnemiopsis)_2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mus musculus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Souris grise, souris domestique, souris commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=97&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:House_mouse.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kionkiona fohy rambony|Mustela erminea]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Hermine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=98&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Veasel.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Myocastor coypus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Ragondin
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=99&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Ratao_do_banhado_1_REFON.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Myrica faya''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Faya
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=100&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Myrica_faya_fruit.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Mytilus galloprovincialis''
|Mollusque
|Moule méditerranéenne
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=102&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Mytilus_galloprovincialis_shell.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Oncorhynchus mykiss''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Truite arc-en-ciel
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=103&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Trout.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Ophiostoma ulmi''
|[[Fungi|Champignon]]
|Agent de la graphiose de l'orme
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=130&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Iepziekte_op_goudiep_(Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_'Wredei'_4_May_2009).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Opuntia stricta''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Opuntia dressée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=104&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Opuntia_stricta,_Sète,_Hérault_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Oreochromis mossambicus''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Tilapia du Mozambique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=131&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Oreochromis_mossambicus.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Bitro eorôpeana|Oryctolagus cuniculus]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Lapin de garenne, Lapin commun
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=18&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Conejo_astronomo1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pheidole megacephala''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi à grosse tête
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=132&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pheidole_purporea_minor_body.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Phytophthora cinnamomi''
|Oomycète
|Pourriture des racines, pourriture du cœur de l'ananas, pourriture du collet
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=143&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pineapple_root_rot_Phytophthora_cinnamomi2_(5829323303).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pinus pinaster''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Pin maritime, pin des Landes, pin de Corte ou pin mésogéen
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=43&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pinus_pinaster02.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Plasmodium relictum''
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent du paludisme aviaire
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=39&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Lesions_in_an_‘i‘iwi_with_acute_malaria.png|100x100px]]
|-
|''Platydemus manokwari''
|Ver plat
|Plathelminthe de Nouvelle-Guinée
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=133&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Platydemus_manokwari.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pomacea canaliculata''
|Mollusque
|Ampullaire brune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=135&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Pomacea_canaliculata1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Prosopis glandulosa''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Mesquite
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=137&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Prosopis-glandulosa-foliage.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
|''Psidium cattleianum''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Goyavier de Chine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=59&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_031002-0033_Psidium_cattleianum.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Pueraria montana]]'' var. ''lobata''
|[[Zavamaniry mianika|Plante grimpante]]
|Puéraire, vigne kudzu
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=81&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Kudzu_Monoculture_(11555704074).jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Pycnonotus cafer''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Bulbul à ventre rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=138&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Red_vented_Bulbul_I_IMG_6771.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Lithobates catesbeianus'' = ''Rana catesbeiana''
|[[Amphibia|Amphibien]]
|Ouaouaron ou grenouille-taureau
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=80&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Rattus rattus''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Rat noir, rat des greniers ou rat des champs
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=19&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Roofrat_hagenbeck_01.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Virus de la peste bovine'' ;
|[[Zavamananaina bitika|Micro-organisme]]
|Agent de la peste bovine
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=129&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Rinderpest_Eye.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Rubus ellipticus''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Ronce elliptique, piquant lou-lou
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=79&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_011205-0067_Rubus_ellipticus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Salmo trutta''
|[[Trondro|Poisson]]
|Truite commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=78&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Bachforelle_Zeichnung.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Schinus terebinthifolia|Schinus terebinthifolius]]''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Faux poivrier du Brésil, poivrier bourbon, poivrier du Brésil
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=22&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_041018-0009_Schinus_terebinthifolius.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Eskiora volondavenona|Sciurus carolinensis]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Écureuil gris, écureuil gris de la Caroline
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=65&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Eastern_Grey_Squirrel_in_St_James's_Park,_London_-_Nov_2006_edit.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Solenopsis invicta''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Fourmi de feu
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=77&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Fire_ants02.jpg|102x102px]]
|-
|''Spartina anglica''
|[[Plantae|Zavamaniry]]
|Spartine anglaise
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=76&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Spartina_anglica.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Spathodea campanulata''
|[[Hazo (zavamaniry)|Arbre]]
|Tulipier du Gabon
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=75&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Spathodea_campanulata_at_Secunderabad_W_IMG_6625.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Sphagneticola trilobata]]''
|[[Plantae|Plante]]
|Herbe à femme, herbe soleil, Wedelia
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=44&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Wedelia.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kintana (vorona)|Sturnus vulgaris]]''
|[[Vorona|Oiseau]]
|Étourneau sansonnet
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=74&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Sturnus_vulgaris_-California-8.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Kisoadia|Sus scrofa]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Sanglier
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=73&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:WildZwijn_cropped.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Tamarix pentandra]]'' = ''Tamarix ramosissima''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Tamarix de Russie, tamaris chinois
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=72&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Tamarix_ramosissima_a2.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trachemys scripta elegans''
|[[Reptilia|Reptile]]
|Tortue de Floride
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=71&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Trachemys_scripta_elegans23.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trichosurus vulpecula''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Phalanger-renard, phalanger commun, opossum d'Australie, opossum à queue en brosse
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=48&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Brushtail_possum.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Trogoderma granarium''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Dermeste des grains, trogoderme des grains
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=142&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Khapra_beetle.jpg|95x95px]]
|-
|''Ulex europaeus''
|[[Hazobotry|Arbuste]]
|Ajonc d'Europe ou grand ajonc
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=69&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Starr_030405-0004_Ulex_europaeus.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Undaria pinnatifida''
|[[Ahidrano|Algue]]
|Wakame
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=68&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Boiled_wakame.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Vespula vulgaris''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Guêpe commune
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=67&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Vespula_vulgaris5.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''[[Amboahaolo mena|Vulpes vulpes]]''
|[[Biby mampinono|Mammifère]]
|Renard roux, renard commun, renard rouge
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=66&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Vulpes_vulpes_sitting.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|''Wasmannia auropunctata''
|[[Insecta|Insecte]]
|Petite fourmi de feu ou fourmi électrique
|[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=58&amp;lang=FR]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichier:Wasmannia.jpg|100x100px]]
|}

== Lahatsoratra mifandraika ==

* Karazana biby manafika
* Fanaraha-maso ny karazana bibikely manafika
* Lisitry ny karazam-biby mpanafika voasokajy ho anisan'ny mampidi-doza indrindra amin'ny taonjato faha-21
* Lisitry ny karazam-biby vahiny mpanafika izay mampanahy ny Vondrona Eoropeana

== Naoty sy Referansa ==</text>
      <sha1>fm7k4r80k4ng9wf8rx3d991kbarbg5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voasarinalika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153571</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T19:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="691" sha1="bnurk91dzpzcza5hqg725xg1igmabp7" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voasarinalika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]):

* ''[[Crotalaria aculeata]]'' &lt;small&gt;de Wild.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') -- tsilomboasary, voasarimbiby, voasarinadibo, voasarinalika, voasarinamboa, voasarinikalavola
* ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (na ''Zanthoxylum asiaticum'') (''Rutaceae'') -- anakasina, anakatsimba, fanidy, kasimba, roikisimba, roimainty, roindambo, romainty, roy, voanalakely, voanginamboa, voasarikelinala, voasarikelinikalavola, voasarinalika, volotsaka

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Crotalaria]]''
* ''[[Toddalia]]''
* ''[[Zanthoxylum]]''</text>
      <sha1>bnurk91dzpzcza5hqg725xg1igmabp7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazonosy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="495" sha1="a5hrva8z1ozoi7rglw955ahnbq8mxqt" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''hazonosy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Solanaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Solanales]]):

* ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- falahindambo, falahondambo, famahotramainty, famaho, famahotsa, famoalambo, hazonosy, roimainty, tsivoninjao
* ''[[Solanum hippophaeoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bitter&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Solanaceae]]'') -- hazonosy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''
* ''[[Solanum]]''</text>
      <sha1>a5hrva8z1ozoi7rglw955ahnbq8mxqt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsivoninjao</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153588</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T20:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="462" sha1="5ztkpo7pk9a1pfo6vvnwsq8fobojaht" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''tsivoninjao''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]):

* ''[[Chadsia grevei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') --  amontilahy, monty, moty, tsivoninjao
* ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') -- falahindambo, falahondambo, famahotramainty, famaho, famahotsa, famoalambo, hazonosy, roimainty ary tsivoninjao

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Chadsia]]''
* ''[[Dichrostachys]]''</text>
      <sha1>5ztkpo7pk9a1pfo6vvnwsq8fobojaht</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazoampela</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302678</id>
    <redirect title="Azoampela" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153593</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T21:03:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Hazoampela]] ho [[Azoampela]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25" sha1="8351my8l1wc6080jhm6h80eaelrswad" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Azoampela]]</text>
      <sha1>8351my8l1wc6080jhm6h80eaelrswad</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sarosoala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153595</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T21:11:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="547" sha1="d2irp6o6pzuks800gz3vcr5sg1bz8rs" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''sarosoala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]):

* [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae'') --  sarasoa, sarosoala
* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Hibiscus]]''</text>
      <sha1>d2irp6o6pzuks800gz3vcr5sg1bz8rs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fanamelohana ho faty</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153600</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T22:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384640098</comment>
      <origin>1153600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143472" sha1="0jb59lp81usb1wuv40xrm5k9j9clqlp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Execution of Louis XVI.jpg | thumb | right | Famonoana ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty an' i [[Louis XVI]]]]
Ny '''fanamelohana ho faty''', izay sazy atao hoe ''capital punishment'' na ''death penalty'' amin' ny teny anglisy ary nantsoina taloha hoe famonoana olona araka ny didim-pitsarana (''judicial homicide''),&lt;ref&gt;last: Shipley; first: Maynard; date: 1906; title: ''The Abolition of Capital Punishment in Italy and San Marino''; url: [https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/amlr40&amp;i=248]; journal: ''American Law Review''; volume: 40; issue: 2; pages: 240–251; via: HeinOnline.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Grann; first: David; title: ''Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI''; year: 2018; publisher: Vintage Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-307-74248-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 153; oclc: &lt;nowiki&gt;993996600&lt;/nowiki&gt;; author-link: David Grann.&lt;/ref&gt; dia famonoana olona ankatoavin' ny fanjakana ho sazy noho ny fandikan-dalàna na fitondran-tena tsy mety nataony na heverina fa nataony.&lt;ref name=&quot;iep.utm.edu&quot;/&gt; Ny didim-pitsarana mandidy ny hampiharana izany sazy izany amin' ny olona iray dia atao hoe '''didy fanamelohana ho faty''', fa ny tena fanatanterahana izany kosa dia '''famonoana ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty'''. Ny gadra efa voaheloka ho faty nefa mbola miandry ny fanatanterahana izany dia gadra miandry famonoana, izay lazaina matetika amin' ny teny anglisy fa ao amin' ny ''death row'', na ny toerana natokana ho an' ny gadra miandry famonoana. Raha ny fiavian-teny no jerena, ny teny hoe ''capital'', izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe «momba ny loha», dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny latina|latina]] hoe ''capitalis'', avy amin' ny hoe ''caput'', na «loha». Manondro ny famonoana amin' ny alalan' ny [[Fanapahan-doha|fanapahana loha]] izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;KronenwetterP202&quot;&gt;1: Kronenwetter; 2: 2001; p: 202.&lt;/ref&gt; kanefa misy fomba maro hafa hanatanterahana ny famonoana.

Antsoina hoe heloka mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty, na ''capital crimes'', ''capital offences'' ary ''capital felonies'' amin' ny teny anglisy, ny heloka azo saziana amin' ny fahafatesana.
Miovaova arakaraka ny rafitra sy fari-pahefana ara-pitsarana ireo heloka ireo, saingy matetika dia ahitana heloka lehibe atao amin' olona, toy ny famonoana olona an-tsitrapo, famonoana olona voafantina manokana na manana toerana ambony (''assassination'', izay matetika atao noho ny antony ara-politika, ara-poto-pisainana na ara-pivavahana), famonoana olona maro indray mandeha, famonoana ankizy, fanolanana misy antony mampitombo ny hamafin' ny heloka, [[Fampihorohoroana|fampihorohoroana]], fakana an-keriny fiaramanidina, heloka an' ady, heloka atao amin' ny mahaolona ary fandripahana vondrona ara-pirenena, ara-poko, ara-pirazanana na ara-pivavahana.
Anisan' izany koa ny heloka atao amin' ny fanjakana, toy ny fikasana [[Fanonganam-panjakana|hanongana ny governemanta]], famadihana tanindrazana, [[Fitsikilovana|fitsikilovana]], fitaomana hikomy amin' ny fanjakana ary [[Asan-jiolahin-tsambo|asan-jiolahin-tsambo]].
Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny famerenana manao heloka, ny halatra an-keriny misy antony mampitombo ny hamafin' ny heloka, ny fakana an-keriny olona, ary koa ny fitaterana na varotra zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna, ny fivarotana izany ary ny fitazonana izany dia heloka mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty na antony mampitombo ny hamafin' ny sazy.
Na izany aza, nampihatra famonoana ho sazy koa ny fanjakana noho ny fitondran-tena maro karazana, noho ny finoana sy fomba fanao ara-politika na ara-pivavahana, noho ny sata iray tsy azon' ny olona fehezina, na tsy nampiasa akory fomba fiasa ara-pitsarana manan-danja hiantohana ny zon' ilay olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;iep.utm.edu&quot;/&gt;
Ny famonoana olona tsy manan-tsiny amin' ny alalan' ny fanamelohana ho faty dia famonoana atao an-tsitrapo sady efa nomanina mialoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler&quot;/&gt;
Ohatra amin' izany ny famonoana taorian' ireo fitsarana natao ho fampisehoana tao amin' ny [[Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika]] nandritra ny Fanadiovana Lehibe tamin' ny 1936–1938, izay natao fitaovana hoenti-mamoretana ara-politika.

== Tantara ==
[[File:Auguste Vaillant execution.jpg|thumb|upright|I Auguste Vaillant, mpanohana ny fanafoanana ny fahefam-panjakana, taloha kelin' ny hanapahana ny lohany tamin' ny gilotinina tany Frantsa tamin' ny 1894.]]
Saika ny fiarahamonina rehetra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny olombelona no namono ny mpanao heloka sy ny mpanohitra ny fahefana na ny foto-kevitra nanjaka, hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny sivilizasiona.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Criminal Justice: Capital Punishment Focus''; url: [https://www.criminaljusticedegreeschools.com/criminal-justice-resources/criminal-justice-capital-punishment-focus/]; publisher: criminaljusticedegreeschools.com; access-date: 27 August 2017; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170827171830/https://www.criminaljusticedegreeschools.com/criminal-justice-resources/criminal-justice-capital-punishment-focus/]; archive-date: 27 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, raha mbola tsy nisy rafitra fonja mandroso, dia matetika no tsy nisy fomba hafa azo nampiharina mba hampahatahotra ny olona tsy hanao heloka sy hisakanana ny mpanao heloka tsy ho afaka hanao heloka intsony.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Furman v. Georgia – Mr. Justice Brennan, concurring''; url: [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/408/238#writing-USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZC1]; publisher: law.cornell.edu; quote: When this country was founded, memories of the Stuart horrors were fresh and severe corporal punishments were common. Death was not then a unique punishment. The practice of punishing criminals by death, moreover, was widespread and by and large acceptable to society. Indeed, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative. Since that time, successive restrictions, imposed against the background of a continuing moral controversy, have drastically curtailed the use of this punishment.; access-date: 19 July 2017; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170718190721/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/408/238#writing-USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZC1]; archive-date: 18 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitranga ny fifamalian-drà, na ''vendetta'', izany hoe fifandimbiasan' ny valifaty eo amin' ny fianakaviana na foko, rehefa tsy mahomby ny famahana ny adin' izy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny mpanelanelana nomena fahefana hanapaka, na rehefa tsy misy rafitra hanaovana izany. Fahita io endrika fampiharana ny rariny io talohan' ny nisian' ny rafitra fandaminan' ady toy izany teo ambany fahefan' ny fanjakana na ny fivavahana voalamina. Mety ho heloka, ady tany, na fitsipika momba ny voninahitra no mahatonga azy. Toy izao ny fanazavana momba izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny fanaovana valifaty dia manasongadina ny fahafahan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina miaro tena ary mampiseho amin' ny fahavalo, sy amin' izay mety ho mpiara-dia aminy koa, fa tsy ho afa-maina izay manimba fananana, manitsakitsaka zo, na manisy ratsy olona. »&lt;ref&gt;Araka ny fanondroana ao amin' ny lahatsoratra anglisy, dia nadika avy amin' i Peter Waldmann ny teny notsongaina: ''[http://cms.isn.ch/public/docs/doc_828_290_de.pdf Rachegewalt: Zur Renaissance eines für überholt gehaltenen Gewaltmotivs in Albanien und Kolumbien]'', ''Zürcher Beiträge zur Sicherheitspolitik und Konfliktforschung'', 54 (1999), pp. 141–160; teny notsongaina: p. 147.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny firenena mampihatra ny fanamelohana ho faty, dia atokana ankehitriny ho an' ny famonoana olona, ny fampihorohoroana, ny heloka an' ady, ny fitsikilovana, ny famadihana ny tanindrazana, na ny raharaha eo ambany fitsarana miaramila izany. Any amin' ny firenena sasany, dia mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty ny heloka momba ny firaisana ara-nofo, toy ny fanolanana, ny [[Fijangajangana (tsy manambady)|firaisana ara-nofo ivelan' ny fanambadiana]], ny [[Fanitsakitsaham-bady|fanitsakitsaham-bady]], ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny mpihavana akaiky, ny firaisana ara-nofo sokajiana ho ''sodomy'', ary ny firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny biby. Toy izany koa ny heloka ara-pivavahana, toy ny heloka ao anatin' ny ''Hudud'' (sokajin-tsazy voafaritra ao amin' ny lalàna islamika), ny ''Zina'' (firaisana ara-nofo tsy ara-dalàna araka ny lalàna islamika), ary ny ''Qisas'' (famaliana ny famonoana na fandratrana olona amin' ny sazy mitovy amin' izay natao), anisan' izany ny fialana amin' ny finoana (fandaozana amin' ny fomba ofisialy ny [[Fivavaham-panjakana|fivavaham-panjakana]]), ny fanevatevana ny zava-masina, ny ''moharebeh'' (fiadiana amin' Andriamanitra), ny ''hirabah'' (fandrobana mitam-piadiana), ny ''Fasad'' (fahalovana sy korontana), ny ''Mofsed-e-filarz'' (fampielezana fahalovana eto an-tany), ary ny fanaovana ody. Any amin' ny firenena maro mampihatra ny fanamelohana ho faty, dia anisan' ny heloka mety hahazoana izany sazy izany koa ny fanondranana sy fivarotana zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna, ary matetika ny fitazonana zava-mahadomelina. Any amin' ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, dia saziana amin' ny fanamelohana ho faty ny fanondranana olona, ny raharaha kolikoly goavana, ary ny heloka ara-bola goavana. Teo amin' ny tafika maneran-tany, dia efa namoaka fanamelohana ho faty noho ny heloka toy ny hakanosana, ny fandaozana ny tafika tsy nahazoana alalana, ny fandavana tsy hankatò ny lehibeny, ary ny fikomiana amin' ny fahefan' ny mpitari-tafika ny fitsarana miaramila.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.shotatdawn.org.uk/]; title: ''Shot at Dawn, campaign for pardons for British and Commonwealth soldiers executed in World War I''; access-date: 20 July 2006; publisher: Shot at Dawn Pardons Campaign; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060703143147/http://www.shotatdawn.org.uk/]; archive-date: 3 July 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tantara tamin' ny Andro Taloha ===
[[File:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer GA&amp;C.jpg|thumb|left|''The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer'' (Ny vavaka farany nataon' ny maritiora kristianina), nataon' i Jean-Léon Gérôme (1883). Ny Circus Maximus tao amin' ny [[Empira Rômana]].]]
Rehefa nivoatra ny fomba nanelanelanan' ny foko ny fifandrafiana ifamaliana faty, dia tafiditra tao ny fifanarahana hampitsahatra ny ady, izay matetika natao tao anatin' ny tontolo ara-pivavahana, ary koa ny rafitra fanonerana. Niorina tamin' ny foto-kevitry ny fanoloana ny fanonerana: mety ho fanonerana tamin' ny fananana izany, toy ny omby, olona natao andevo na tany, na fifanakalozana vehivavy na lehilahy hampanambadiana, na fanefana trosan-dra. Ny fitsipika momba ny fampihavanana dia mety hamela ny ran' ny biby hisolo ny ran' ny olona, na hamela ny famindrana fananana na fandoavana vola ho fanonerana ra latsaka, na koa, tamin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny fanolorana olona hovonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy. Tsy voatery ho ilay tena nanao ny heloka no natolotra hovonoina, satria ny foko sy ny vondrom-pianakaviana iray razana no niorenan' ny rafitra ara-tsosialy, fa tsy ny isam-batan' olona. Azo nifehezana ny fifamaliana faty noho ny ra latsaka ny fivoriambe, toy ny fivoriambe nantsoina hoe ''things'' teo amin' ny vahoaka Norsemen.&lt;ref&gt;John Lindow, [http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/4feud.pdf ''Bloodfeud and Scandinavian Mythology''], ''Alvíssmál'', boky 4, 1994, p. 51–68 (ny fivoriambe ''things'' tany Islandy no tena resahin' ilay lahatsoratra).&lt;/ref&gt; Ny rafitra nipoitra avy amin' ireny fifamaliana faty ireny dia mety mbola hisy miaraka amin' ny rafitra ara-dalàna efa mandroso kokoa, na mety heken' ny fitsarana, toy ny famahana raharaham-pitsarana amin' ny ady ifanaovan' ny roa tonta na ny fandoavana vola ho fanonerana ra latsaka. Anisan' ny endrika nivoatra tatỳ aoriana kokoa avy amin' ny fifamaliana faty noho ny ra latsaka ny ady ifanatrehan' olona roa.

[[File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png|thumb|Ny fanapahan-doha an' i Jaona Mpanao batisa, sary natao pirinty tamin' ny takela-kazo voasokitr' i Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, 1860]]
Tany amin' ny faritra sasany teto amin' izao tontolo izao dia nipoitra ireo firenena tamin' ny endrika repoblika fahiny, fanjakana notarihin' ny mpanjaka, na fanjakana notantanan' olom-bitsy teo amin' ny foko. Matetika no nampiray ireo firenena ireo ny fiteny, ny fivavahana na ny fatoram-pianakaviana niombonana. Ankoatra izany, dia matetika tamin' ny alalan' ny fandresena sy fakana ny tanin' ny foko na firenena mpifanolo-bodirindrina no niitaran' ireo firenena ireo. Vokatr' izany dia nipoitra ireo saranga samihafa nisy ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka, ny andriana, ny olon-tsotra isan-karazany ary ny olona natao andevo. Araka izany, dia tafiditra tao anatin' ny rafi-pitsarana iray niraisana kokoa ireo rafitra fanelanelanana teo amin' ny foko. Io rafitra io no nametraka ho ara-dalàna ny fifandraisan' ireo «saranga ara-tsosialy» samihafa, fa tsy ny fifandraisan' ny «foko». Ny fehezan-dalànan' i Hammurabi no ohatra tranainy indrindra sy malaza indrindra amin' izany: samy hafa ny sazy sy ny fanonerana notakiny, arakaraka ny saranga na vondrona nisy ny niharam-boina sy ny nanao ny heloka. Ny Torah na Testamenta Taloha dia mamaritra fanamelohana ho faty ho sazin' ny famonoana olona, ny fakana an-keriny olona, ny fanaovana ody, ny fandikana ny [[Sabata (jiosy)|Sabata]], ny fanevatevana an' Andriamanitra ary ny heloka ara-pananahana isan-karazany.

Rehefa nitantara ny sazy tao amin' ny [[Akemenida|Empiran' i Persia]] i [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], dia naneho fankasitrahana ny fitsipika nilaza fa tsy misy olona azo vonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy noho ny heloka tokana monja, na dia olona natao andevo aza.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 137, section 1''; url: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1:chapter=137:section=1]; access-date: 2025-12-14; website: www.perseus.tufts.edu.&lt;/ref&gt; Olona voaheloka tany Persia no nantsoina hoe ''Peshotanu''.

=== Grisia fahiny ===

Tamin' ny taona 621 talohan' i Kristy teo ho eo no nosoratan' i Draco voalohany ny rafi-pitsarana atenianina, izay nisolo ny lalàna nampitaina am-bava niorina tamin' ny fomba amam-panao. Nampiharina tamin' ny karazana heloka maro dia maro ny fanamelohana ho faty. Nofoanan' i [[Solon]] anefa tatỳ aoriana ny fehezan-dalànan' i Draco, ary namoaka lalàna vaovao izy, ka ny famonoan' olona niniana natao ihany no mbola nahazoana fanamelohana ho faty, sady tsy maintsy nahazoana ny faneken' ny fianakavian' ilay niharam-boina izany.&lt;ref&gt;author: Robert; url: [http://history-world.org/draco_and_solon_laws.htm]; title: ''Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Draco and Solon Laws''; publisher: History-world.org; access-date: 23 August 2010; url-status: usurped; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101021023919/http://history-world.org/draco_and_solon_laws.htm]; archive-date: 21 October 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin' ny lalànan' i Draco ny teny hoe ''draconian'' (henjana dia henjana). Nampiasa ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny karazana fandikan-dalàna maro koa ny [[Rôma Taloha|Romanina fahiny]].&lt;ref name=britannica&gt;url: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/93902/capital-punishment]; title: ''capital punishment (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia''; encyclopedia: Britannica.com; access-date: 12 December 2012; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121122091559/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/93902/capital-punishment]; archive-date: 22 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:David - The Death of Socrates.jpg|thumb|Ny fahafatesan' i Socrates (1787)]]
Nitsikera ny foto-kevitry ny valifaty i Protagoras, izay notaterin' i [[Platôna|Plato]] ny heviny, satria rehefa nitranga ny fahavoazana dia tsy misy asa afaka manafoana izany intsony. Noho izany, raha mampihatra fanamelohana ho faty ny fiarahamonina, dia ny hiarovana azy amin' ilay mpanao heloka na ny hisakanana ny olona tsy hanao heloka ihany no antony anaovany izany.&lt;ref&gt;1: Jean-Marie Carbasse; 2: 2002; p: 15; id: Carbasse2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Izao no filazana momba izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny lalàna avy amin' olombelona ihany àry no eken' i Protagoras. Napetraky ny vondrom-piarahamonina manana ny fahefana faratampony izany lalàna izany ary ampihariny amin' ny alalan' ny sazy, ka tsy hafa amin' ny lalàna napetraka na ny lalàna manan-kery ao amin' ny tanàna-fanjakana. Raha ny marina, ny fanamelohana ho faty, izay mandrahona izay rehetra tsy manaja azy, no miantoka ny fanajana izany lalàna izany. »&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Y2aYV5RTkC&amp;q=Protagoras+%22peine+de+mort%22&amp;pg=PA58]; title: ''Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-90-6831-768-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Neschke; first1: Ada Babette; last2: Follon; first2: Jacques; year: 1995; publisher: Peeters Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Y2aYV5RTkC]; title: ''Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité''; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-90-6831-768-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; last1: Neschke; first1: Ada Babette; last2: Follon; first2: Jacques; year: 1995; publisher: Peeters Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ho an' i Plato, fitaovana fanadiovana ny fanamelohana ho faty, satria noheveriny ho « fandotoana » (dikan-teny malagasy) ny heloka. Noho izany, tao amin' ny ''Laws'' (Ny lalàna), dia noheveriny fa ilaina ny mamono ny biby na manimba ny zavatra nahafaty olona tsy nahy. Raha ny mpamono olona indray, dia noheveriny fa tsy zavatra voajanahary ny famonoan' olona ary tsy nataon' ilay mpanao heloka tamin' ny sitrapony manontolo izany. Aretin' ny [[Fanahin' ny vatana|fanahy]] àry ny famonoan' olona, ka tsy maintsy beazina indray araka izay azo atao izany fanahy izany. Raha tsy misy fanarenana azo atao kosa, dia ny fanamelohana ho faty ilay mpanao heloka no raisina ho vahaolana farany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.puf.com/content/La_peine_de_mort_0]; title: ''La peine de mort''; access-date: 26 October 2020; archive-date: 29 October 2020; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201029153208/https://www.puf.com/content/La_peine_de_mort_0].&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny hevitr' i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]], izay nihevitra fa toetra mampiavaka ny olombelona ny fahafahana misafidy araka ny sitrapony, dia tompon' andraikitra amin' ny ataony ny olona. Raha nisy heloka natao, dia tsy maintsy mamaritra sazy ny mpitsara, mba hahafahana manafoana ilay heloka amin' ny alalan' ny fanonerana. Izany no nipoiran' ny fanonerana ara-bola ho an' ireo mpanao heloka izay kely indrindra ny fanoherany ny fanitsiana ny fitondran-tenany, sady noheverina fa mbola azo arenina. Ho an' ny hafa kosa, hoy izy, dia ilaina ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://ihd.edu.umontpellier.fr/jean-marie-carbasse/]; title: ''Jean-Marie Carbasse''; access-date: 27 October 2020; archive-date: 9 July 2023; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230709192102/https://ihd.edu.umontpellier.fr/jean-marie-carbasse/]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny hiaro ny fiarahamonina, etsy an-daniny, ary ny hanonitra ny vokatry ny heloka, etsy an-kilany, no tanjon' izany filozofia izany. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny lalàna momba ny heloka bevava tany amin' ny tontolo tandrefana izany hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17, fotoana nipoiran' ny fandinihana voalohany momba ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://deathpenalty.procon.org/historical-timeline/]; title: ''1700 BC – 1799''; date: 5 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Roma fahiny ===
Ny Lalàn' ny takelaka roa ambin' ny folo, izay fitambaran-dalàna nolovaina tamin' ny vanim-potoana tranainy tao Roma, dia nametraka ny fanamelohana ho faty ho sazin' ny heloka isan-karazany, anisan' izany ny fanalam-baraka an-tsoratra, ny fandoroana fananana an-tsitrapo, ary ny halatra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Melusky; first1: Joseph Anthony; title: ''Capital punishment''; last2: Pesto; first2: Keith A.; date: 2011; publisher: Greenwood; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-4408-0057-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: Historical guides to controversial issues in America; location: Santa Barbara, Calif; page: 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoanan' ny Repoblika, dia nifanaraka ny vahoaka sy ny mpanao lalàna fa tokony hahena ny fampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty. Izany fomba fijery izany no nahatonga ny fialana an-tsitrapo ho any an-tsesitany hapetraka ho solon' ny fanamelohana ho faty: afaka nisafidy ny handeha ho any an-tsesitany ilay voaheloka, na ny hovonoina.&lt;ref&gt;last: Bauman; first: Richard A.; title: ''Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome''; publisher: Routledge; year: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-134-82394-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: New York; pages: 6–7; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy adihevitra manan-tantara narahina latsa-bato tao amin' ny Antenimieran-doholona romana mba hanapahana izay hatao amin' ireo mpiara-dia amin' i Catiline, rehefa nanandrana naka fahefana izy tamin' ny Desambra 63 talohan' i Kristy. Niaro ny hevitra hamonoana ireo mpiray tetika tsy misy didim-pitsarana, araka ny fanapahan-kevitry ny Antenimieran-doholona (''Senatus consultum ultimum''), i Cicero, izay ''consul'' (mpitondra ambony romana) tamin' izany. Nanohana azy ny ankamaroan' ny loholona; i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]] no nisongadina indrindra tamin' ireo vitsy anisa nanohitra ny famonoana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Freedom and Slavery in Roman Law''; jstor: 3306244; last1: Shumway; first1: Edgar S.; journal: ''The American Law Register''; year: 1901; volume: 49; issue: 11; pages: 636–653; doi: 10.2307/3306244; issn: &lt;nowiki&gt;1558-3562&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ireo olona nandevozina izay nikomy no nampiasan' ny Romana voalohany ny fanomboana amin' ny hazo fijaliana ho endrika sazy. Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan' ny Repoblika manontolo, dia natokana ho an' ny olona nandevozina sy ny jiolahy ary ny mpamadika tanindrazana izany. Natao hanasaziana sy hanalam-baraka ary hampitahorana mba hisorohana ny fanaovan-keloka io sazy io, ary mety haharitra andro vitsivitsy vao maty ilay voaheloka. Navela teo amin' ny hazo fijaliana mazàna ny fatin' ireo nohomboana, ka nihasimba sy nohanin' ny biby.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.mercaba.org/FICHAS/upsa/crucifixion.htm]; title: ''Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence''; last: Zias; first: Joseph; date: 1998; website: mercaba.org; access-date: 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sina ===
Nisy fotoana nanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty nandritra ny tarana-mpanjaka Tang (618–907).&lt;ref name=&quot;benn 8&quot;&gt;last: Benn; first: Charles D.; title: ''China's golden age everyday life in the Tang dynasty''; year: 2004; publisher: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;0-19-517665-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: &lt;nowiki&gt;845680499&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 747 izany, araka ny didy navoakan' ny emperora Xuanzong avy amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Tang (nanjaka tamin' ny 712–756). Rehefa nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty i Xuanzong, dia nandidy ny manampahefana teo ambany fahefany mba hampihatra ny fitsipika mifanakaiky indrindra amin' ilay raharaha, araka ny fitovian' ny toe-javatra, rehefa mamaritra ny sazin' ireo hita fa meloka tamin' ny heloka tokony hahazoana sazy famonoana. Arakaraka ny hamafin' ny heloka àry, dia azo nosoloana fikapohana mafy tamin' ny tsorakazo matevina na fanaovana sesitany tany amin' ny faritra Lingnan, izay lavitra, ny fanamelohana ho faty. Naverina anefa ny fanamelohana ho faty, 12 taona monja tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny 759, ho setrin' ny fikomian' i An Lushan.&lt;ref&gt;Benn, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' izany fotoana izany teo amin' ny fitondran' ny tarana-mpanjaka Tang, dia ny emperora irery no nanana fahefana hanameloka ny mpanao heloka ho faty. Tsy dia fahita firy ny fanatanterahana izany sazy izany teo ambany fitondran' i Xuanzong: 24 monja no novonoina tamin' ny taona 730, ary 58 tamin' ny taona 736.&lt;ref name=&quot;benn 8&quot;/&gt;

Ny fanakendana sy ny fanapahan-doha no fomba famonoana roa fahita indrindra tamin' ny andron' ny tarana-mpanjaka Tang. Ireo no fomba notendren' ny lalàna ho an' ny karazana heloka miisa 144 sy 89 avy. Ny fanakendana no sazy voatondro ho an' ny olona nametraka fitoriana ny ray aman-dreniny na ny raibe sy renibeny teo anatrehan' ny mpitsara, nikononkonona haka an-keriny olona mba hivarotra azy ho andevo, na nanokatra vatam-paty sady nanimbazimba fasana. Ny fanapahan-doha kosa no fomba famonoana voatondro ho an' ny heloka lehibe kokoa, toy ny famadihana ny fanjakana sy ny famporisihana hikomy amin' ny fanjakana. Na dia nampijaly mafy aza ny fanakendana, dia naleon' ny ankamaroan' ny Sinoa tamin' ny vanim-potoana Tang izany toy izay ny fanapahan-doha. Izany dia noho ny finoana nentim-paharazana tamin' izany fotoana izany fa fanomezana avy amin' ny ray aman-dreny ny vatana, ka tsy fanajana ny razana ny fahafatesana nefa tsy miverina manontolo any am-pasana ny vatana.

Rehefa voaheloka ho faty ny minisitra iray nanana laharana fahadimy na ambony kokoa, dia azon' ny emperora nomena alalana manokana hamono tena izy, ho solon' ny famonoana azy ho fanatanterahana ny sazy. Na dia tsy nomena izany tombontsoa manokana izany aza ilay minisitra voaheloka, dia notakin' ny lalàna ny hanomezan' ny mpiambina azy sakafo sy labiera karazana ''ale'', ary ny hitondrana azy tamin' ny sarety ho any amin' ny toerana hamonoana azy, fa tsy ny hampandehanana azy an-tongotra.

Saika natao ampahibemaso avokoa ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy tamin' ny andron' ny tarana-mpanjaka Tang, mba ho fampitandremana ho an' ny mponina. Naseho teo amin' ny tsato-kazo na lefona ny lohan' ireo novonoina. Rehefa nanapa-doha olona voaheloka ny manampahefana teo an-toerana, dia natao tao anaty vata ilay loha ary nalefa tany an-drenivohitra ho porofon' ny maha-izy azy sy ny efa nanatanterahana ilay famonoana.&lt;ref name=Benn210 &gt;Benn, p. 210&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Andro Antenatenany ===
[[File:Lamanie kolem L 001xx.jpg|thumb|left|Nampiasaina nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany ny kodiarana famakiana taolana, ary mbola nampiasaina hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19.]]
Tany Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany sy tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, talohan' ny nivoaran' ny rafitry ny fonja môderina, dia nampiasaina ho sazy fampihatra tamin' ny ankapobeny koa ny fanamelohana ho faty, na dia tamin' ny fandikan-dalàna madinika aza.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ward; first: Richard; chapter: ''Introduction: A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse''; date: 2015; chapter-url: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379343/]; title: ''A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse''; editor-last: Ward; editor-first: Richard; access-date: 2023-04-03; series: Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters; place: Basingstoke (UK); publisher: Palgrave Macmillan; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-137-44401-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pmid: 27559562.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina tany Eorôpa, dia niely nanerana an' i Eorôpa ny tahotra faobe momba ny ody ratsy, ary tatỳ aoriana dia tonga hatrany amin' ireo zanatany eorôpeana tany Amerika Avaratra izany. Niely tamin' izany fotoana izany ny filazana fa nisy mpanao ody ratsy [[Satanisma|mpanaraka an' i Satana]], manana fikasan-dratsy, niara-niasa tamin' ny fomba voarindra ka nandrahona ny [[Tontolo Kristiana|tontolo kristiana]]. Vokatr' izany, vehivavy an' aliny maro no nenjehina noho ny fiampangana ho nanao ody ratsy ary novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy nandritra ny fitsarana momba ny ody ratsy tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-15 sy faha-18.

[[File:Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg|thumb|Ny fandoroana an' i Jakob Rohrbach, iray tamin' ireo mpitarika ny tantsaha nandritra ny [[Adin' ny tantsaha alemàna|Adin' ny Tantsaha tany Alemaina]]]]

Araka ny filazan' ny mpahay tantara, nandritra ny [[Andro Antenatenany Ambony|fiandohan' ny Andro Antenatenany]], dia niharan' ny fanavakavahana ara-pivavahana, fanenjehana ara-pivavahana, herisetra ara-pivavahana ary famonoana noho ny finoany imbetsaka ny mponina kristiana tany amin' ireo faritra notafihin' ny tafika arabo silamo teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-7 sy faha-10, nataon' ireo manam-pahefana sy mpitondra arabo silamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sahner 2020&quot;&gt;last: Sahner; first: Christian C.; year: 2020; orig-date: 2018; title: ''Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World''; chapter: ''Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam''; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TZqzDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1]; location: Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire; publisher: Princeton University Press; pages: 1–28; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-691-17910-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; lccn: 2017956010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman 1987&quot;&gt;last: Runciman; first: Steven; author-link: Steven Runciman; year: 1987; orig-date: 1951; chapter: ''The Reign of Antichrist''; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=uDj9sNezWzEC&amp;pg=PA20]; title: ''A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem''; location: Cambridge; publisher: Cambridge University Press; pages: 20–37; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-521-34770-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Noho izy ireo anisan' ny [[Olon' ny Boky|Vahoakan' ny Boky]], dia nampiharina tamin' ny kristiana teo ambany fitondrana silamo ny sata ''dhimmi'', niaraka tamin' ny [[Jiosy]], ny [[Samaritana]], ny gnôstika, ny mandeana ary ny mpanaraka ny zôrôastrisma. Ambany noho ny satan' ny Silamo izany sata izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman 1987&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stillman 1998&quot;&gt;last: Stillman; first: Norman A.; author-link: Norman Stillman; year: 1998; title: ''The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book''; chapter: ''Under the New Order''; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&amp;pg=PA22]; location: [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]; publisher: Jewish Publication Society; pages: 22–28; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-8276-0198-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Niharan' ny fanavakavahana ara-pivavahana sy ny fanenjehana ara-pivavahana àry ny kristiana sy ireo vondrona ara-pivavahana vitsy anisa hafa: tany amin' ireo faritra notafihin' ny Arabo silamo, dia norarana tsy hitaona olona hanova finoana izy ireo, ka fanamelohana ho faty no sazy raha nandika izany. Ho an' ny kristiana, dia norarana ny [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|hitory ny Filazantsara na hampiely ny fivavahana kristiana]]. Norarana koa izy ireo tsy hitondra fitaovam-piadiana na hanao asa sasany, ary tsy maintsy nanao fitafiana hafa mba hanavahana azy ireo tamin' ny Arabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stillman 1998&quot; /&gt;
Araka ny ''[[Sharia|sharia]]'', na lalàna silamo, dia tsy maintsy nandoa ny hetra ''jizya'' sy ''kharaj'' ny tsy Silamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman 1987&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stillman 1998&quot; /&gt;
Ankoatra izany dia nisy vola fanavotana be nampandoavin' ny mpitondra silamo tsindraindray tamin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina kristiana mba hamatsiana ny fanafihana ara-tafika. Ampahany lehibe tamin' ny fidiram-bolan' ny fanjakana silamo ireo fandoavana rehetra ireo, nefa nampahantra kristiana maro kosa; ary nanery kristiana maro hiova ho silamo ireo fahasahiranana ara-bola sy ara-tsosialy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stillman 1998&quot; /&gt;
Noterena hanolotra ny zanany ho an' ireo mpitondra silamo ho solon' ny fandoavana ny kristiana tsy afaka nandoa ireo hetra ireo. Nataon' ireo mpitondra andevo tao amin' ny tokantrano silamo ireo ankizy ireo, ary noterena hiova ho silamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stillman 1998&quot; /&gt;
Maro ny maritiora kristiana novonoina ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty araka ny lalàna silamo noho ny fiarovany ny finoany kristiana tamin' ny alalan' ny fihetsika fanoherana nanaitra, toy ny fandavana tsy hiova ho silamo, ny fandaozana ny finoana silamo narahin' ny fiverenana ho kristiana, ary ny fanevatevana ny finoana silamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sahner 2020&quot;/&gt;

Na dia niely be aza ny fampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty, dia efa nisy ihany koa ny antso hanavaozana izany. Nanoratra toy izao i Moses Maimonides, manam-pahaizana jiosy momba ny lalàna tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, araka ny dikanteny malagasy: «Tsara kokoa sy mahafa-po kokoa ny manafaka olona meloka arivo noho ny mamono olona tsy manan-tsiny iray.» Nambarany fa raha vonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy ny olona voampanga ho nanao heloka nefa tsy azo antoka tanteraka ny fahamelohany, dia hitarika tsikelikely amin' ny fampihenana ny vesatry ny fanaporofoana takina amin' ny fitsarana izany, mandra-pahatonga ny fanamelohana hifototra fotsiny, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny, «araka izay danin' ny sain' ny mpitsara». Ny hitandroana ny fanajan' ny vahoaka ny lalàna no nampanahy an' i Maimonides. Noheveriny fa mampidi-doza lavitra kokoa ny fahadisoana vokatry ny fanasaziana olona tsy tokony hosazina noho ny fahadisoana vokatry ny tsy fanasaziana olona tokony hosazina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moses Maimonides 1967&quot;&gt;Moses Maimonides, ''The Commandments, Neg. Comm. 290'', at 269–71 (Charles B. Chavel trans., 1967).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vanim-potoana môderina ===
[[File:Beccaria - Dei delitti e delle pene - 6043967 A.jpg|thumb|upright|Sary mifanatrika amin' ny pejin-dohateny ao amin' ny ''Dei delitti e delle pene'' (''On Crimes and Punishments'', izany hoe momba ny heloka sy ny sazy), fanontana tamin' ny 1766.]]

=== Taonjato faha-20 ===
Tao Alemaina teo ambany fitondran' ny Nazi, dia nisy fomba telo nanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty: fanantonana, fanapahan-doha ary fitifirana.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=gN0QgcW4Td0C&amp;pg=PA289]; page: 289; title: ''The criminal law of Japan: the general part''; author: Dando Shigemitsu; year: 1999; publisher: F.B. Rothman; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-8377-0653-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa ny fanamelohana ho faty koa ny tafika tamin' ny vanim-potoana môderina mba hitandroana ny fitsipi-pifehezana miaramila. Taloha, dia matetika no heloka nahazoana fanamelohana ho faty ny tsy fahasahiana noho ny tahotra, ny tsy fahatongavana hanatanteraka adidy ara-miaramila nefa tsy nahazo alalana, ny fandaozana ny tafika tsy nahazoana alalana, ny fandavana tsy hankatò ny lehibeny, ny fialana amin' ny adidy rehefa teo ambany tifitry ny fahavalo, ary ny tsy fankatoavana baiko (jereo ny sazy iombonana tamin' ny tafika rômanina izay namonoana miaramila voafantina (''decimation'') sy ny sazy ara-batana izay ampandalovana olona eo anelanelan' ny laharan' olona mikapoka azy (''running the gauntlet'')). Hatramin' ny nielezan' ny fampiasana basy, dia anisan' ny fomba famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy koa ny fampitifirana amin' ny andiana miaramila, na dia misy firenena mampiasa tifitra tokana amin' ny loha na ny hatoka aza.

[[File:German announcement General Government Poland 1944.jpg|thumb|Olona 50 avy any Pôlônia notsarain' ny fitsarana miaramila maika antsoina hoe ''Standgericht'' sy nomelohiny ho faty, ho valifaty noho ny namonoana polisy alemà iray tao Pôlônia nofehezin' ny Nazi, 1944]]
Nampiasa ny fanamelohana ho faty ho fitaovana mahery vaika hamoretana ara-politika ny fanjakana tsy refesi-mandidy samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;date: 1992-06-15; title: ''Internal Workings of the Soviet Union – Revelations from the Russian Archives &amp;#124; Exhibitions – Library of Congress''; url: [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html]; access-date: 2023-04-03; website: www.loc.gov.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza ilay mpanoratra nanohitra ny Soviet Union, Robert Conquest, fa [[Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika|olom-pirenena sovietika maherin' ny iray tapitrisa no novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy]] nandritra ny fanadiovana ara-politika goavana tamin' ny 1936 ka hatramin' ny 1938, ary saika izy rehetra no notifirina teo amin' ny vodin-doha.&lt;ref&gt;Conquest, Robert, ''The Great Terror: A Reassessment'', New York, pp. 485–86&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 2019-09-19; title: ''The Desperate Plight Behind &quot;Darkness at Noon&quot;''; url: [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/30/the-desperate-plight-behind-darkness-at-noon]; access-date: 2023-04-03; magazine: The New Yorker; language: en-US.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanambara ampahibemaso i [[Mao Zedong]] fa olona &quot;800,000&quot; no novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy tao amin' ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina nandritra ny Revolisiona ara-kolontsaina (1966–1976). Noho ireo fihoaram-pefy ireo, ankoatra ny antony hafa, dia nanomboka nanome lanja bebe kokoa ny foto-kevitry ny zon' olombelona sy ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny fikambanana mpiaro ny zo sivily.&lt;ref&gt;last: Jouet; first: Mugambi; date: 2023-08-29; title: ''Death Penalty Abolitionism from the Enlightenment to Modernity''; url: [https://academic.oup.com/ajcl/article/71/1/46/7226647]; journal: ''The American Journal of Comparative Law''; language: en; volume: 71; issue: 1; pages: 46–97; doi: 10.1093/ajcl/avad011; issn: &lt;nowiki&gt;0002-919X&lt;/nowiki&gt;; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vanim-potoana ankehitriny ===

Matetika no vokatry ny fiovana ara-pôlitika ny fanafoanana izany sazy izany, ohatra rehefa nifindra avy amin' ny fitondrana tsy refesi-mandidy ho amin' ny demôkrasia ny firenena iray, na rehefa nanjary fepetra hidirana ao amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana) ny fanafoanana azy. Maningana amin' izany i Etazonia: efa am-polony taona maro no nandraran' ny fanjakana sasany ao aminy ny fanamelohana ho faty, fa ny hafa kosa mbola mampihatra azy. Tamin' ny 1846 dia i [[Michigan]] no fanjakana voalohany tao Etazonia, sady voalohany teo amin' ny tontolo mampiasa ny teny anglisy, nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty. Mbola miteraka tsy fitovian-kevitra sy adihevitra mafana ny fanamelohana ho faty ao Etazonia.

Any amin' ny firenena mbola mitazona ny fanamelohana ho faty, dia miverina indraindray ny adihevitra rehefa misy tsy rariny vokatry ny fitsarana diso. Matetika anefa izany no mitarika ezaka hanatsarana ny fizotry ny fitsarana amin' ny alalan' ny lalàna, fa tsy hanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty. Any amin' ny firenena efa nanafoana azy kosa, dia mety hampiverina ny adihevitra ny famonoana olona feno habibiana manokana, na dia vitsy aza ireo firenena namerina izany sazy izany taorian' ny nanafoanany azy. Nisy anefa firenena namarana ny fampiatoana ny fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny fitomboana tampoka teo amin' ny heloka lehibe misy herisetra, toy ny famonoana olona na ny fanafihana fampihorohoroana. Ohatra amin' izany i Pakistàna, izay namarana tamin' ny Desambra 2014 ny fampiatoana ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy nandritra ny enin-taona, taorian' ny vonoan' olona tao amin' ny sekoly tao Peshawar. Araka ny tatitra navoakan' ny ''International Business Times'', mpampihorohoro avy amin' ny Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan no namono mpianatra 132 sy mpiasa 9 tao amin' ny ''Army Public School and Degree College Peshawar'' (sekoly sy kôlejy an' ny tafika ao Peshawar). Vondrona hafa tsy mitovy amin' ny Taliban ao Afganistàna ny Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan; nanameloka ilay fanafihana ny Taliban ao Afganistàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBT&quot;&gt;last: Sridharan; first: Vasudevan; url: [http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/peshawar-massacre-afghan-taliban-condemn-un-islamic-pakistan-school-carnage-1479853]; title: ''Afghanistan: Afghan Taliban condemned 'un-Islamic' Pakistan school carnage''; work: International Business Times; date: 17 December 2014; access-date: 17 December 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032821/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/peshawar-massacre-afghan-taliban-condemn-un-islamic-pakistan-school-carnage-1479853]; archive-date: 22 June 2018; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanomboka tamin' izany dia olona voaheloka maherin' ny 400 no novonoin' i Pakistàna ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''465 prisoners sent to gallows since 2014, says report''; url: [https://tribune.com.pk/story/1451615/465-prisoners-sent-gallows-since-2014-says-report/]; publisher: tribune.com.pk; access-date: 19 July 2017; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170706181850/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1451615/465-prisoners-sent-gallows-since-2014-says-report/]; archive-date: 6 July 2017; date: 6 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 2017, dia nandray fepetra nikendry ny hamerenana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny fahefana mpanatanteraka tao amin' ny firenena lehibe roa, dia i Tiorkia sy i Filipina.&lt;ref name=&quot;dpnythouse&quot;&gt;url: [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/world/asia/philippines-death-penalty.html]; title: ''Philippines Moves Closer to Reinstating Death Penalty''; first: Felipe; last: Villamor; date: 1 March 2017; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170302103805/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/world/asia/philippines-death-penalty.html]; archive-date: 2 March 2017; newspaper: The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy nahazo ny fankatoavan' ny Antenimieran-doholona anefa ilay volavolan-dalàna tao Filipina tamin' io taona io.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Romero; first1: Alexis; last2: Romero; first2: Paolo; title: ''Death penalty dead in Senate – Drilon''; url: [https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/27/1689114/death-penalty-dead-senate-drilon]; access-date: 10 October 2020; website: philstar.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanafoanana ==
''Jereo koa: Filaharan' ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty araka ny fotoana sy ny firenena.''
[[File:Emperor Shomu.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Nandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty tany Japàna tamin' ny taona 724 ny emperora Shōmu.]]
Tamin' ny taona 724 taorian' i Kristy, nandritra ny fanjakan' ny emperora Shōmu, dia norarana tany Japàna ny fanamelohana ho faty, saingy taona vitsivitsy monja no naharetan' izany fanafoanana izany.&lt;ref name=Marazziti&gt;author: Mario Marazziti; title: ''13 ways of looking at the death penalty''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=J_5MBAAAQBAJ]; date: 2015; publisher: Seven Stories Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-60980-567-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 5.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny taona 818 dia nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny emperora Saga, noho ny fitaoman' ny [[Sintôisma|fivavahana shinto]], ary naharitra hatramin' ny taona 1156 izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1472]; title: ''Encyclopedia of Shinto''; publisher: kokugakuin.ac.jp; access-date: 5 September 2011; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110519153543/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1472]; archive-date: 19 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;horj&quot;&gt;url: [https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_rchome.nsf/html/rchome/shiryo/houmu_200806_shikeiseido.pdf/$File/houmu_200806_shikeiseido.pdf]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20221120153327/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_rchome.nsf/html/rchome/shiryo/houmu_200806_shikeiseido.pdf/$File/houmu_200806_shikeiseido.pdf]; script-title: ja:死刑制度に関する資料; page: 6; language: ja; publisher: House of Representatives; archive-date: 20 November 2022; access-date: 6 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tany Sina, ny emperora Xuanzong avy amin' ny dinastia Tang dia nandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny taona [[747]], ka nosoloany fanaovana sesitany na fikapohana amin' ny karavasy izany. Naharitra 12 taona monja anefa ilay fandrarana.&lt;ref name=Marazziti/&gt;
Taorian' ny niovany ho amin' ny kristianisma tamin' ny taona 988, dia nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty sy ny fampijaliana ary ny fanimbana vatana tany Kyivan Rus' i [[Vladimir Ilaibe|Vladimir Lehibe]]; mahalana ihany koa no nampiharana sazy ara-batana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ware; first: Timothy; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=UY8UnwEACAAJ&amp;pg=PT85]; title: ''The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity''; date: 1993; publisher: Penguin UK; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-14-192500-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany Angletera, dia nisy fanambarana ampahibemaso nanohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty tao amin' ny ''The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards'', izay nosoratana tamin' ny taona 1395. Tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Poljica, nandritra ny vanim-potoana taorian' ny Andro Taloha klasika, dia niantoka ny fiainana ho zo fototra ny ''Poljica Statute'' tamin' ny taona 1440. Nandinihana ny soa mety hoentin' ny fanamelohana ho faty, tamin' ny endrika fifanakalozan-kevitra, ny ''Utopia'' nosoratan' i Sir [[Thomas More]] sy navoaka tamin' ny taona 1516, nefa tsy nisy fehin-kevitra hentitra noraisina tao. I More mihitsy no novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy noho ny famadihana tanindrazana tamin' ny taona 1535.

Nandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny taona 1849 ny Repoblika Rômana revolisionera, izay naharitra fotoana fohy. Nanaraka izany i Venezuela, ka nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny taona 1863,&lt;ref&gt;Roger G. Hood. ''The death penalty: a worldwide perspective'', Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Capital punishment &amp;#124; Definition, Debate, Examples, &amp; Facts''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/capital-punishment]; access-date: 2023-04-03; website: Britannica; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; ary nanao toy izany koa i San-Marîno tamin' ny taona 1865, na dia tamin' ny taona 1468 aza no nitranga ny famonoana farany ho fanatanterahana sazy tany San-Marîno. Tany Pôrtogaly, taorian' ny tolo-dalàna tamin' ny taona 1852 sy 1863, dia nofoanana tamin' ny taona 1867 ny fanamelohana ho faty. Tamin' ny taona 1876 no nitranga ny famonoana farany ho fanatanterahana sazy tany Brezila; nanomboka teo, dia nosoloan' ny emperora [[Pedro II an'i Brazila|Pedro II]] sazy hafa avokoa ny didy fanamelohana ho faty, mandra-panafoanana izany ho an' ny heloka sivily sy ny heloka miaramila amin' ny fotoam-pilaminana tamin' ny taona 1891. Naverina ary nofoanana indroa ny sazy ho an' ny heloka natao tamin' ny fotoam-pilaminana (1938–1953 sy 1969–1978). Tamin' ireo fotoana ireo anefa, dia noferana ho an' ny asa fampihorohoroana na asa mikendry ny hanongana ny fitondrana izay noheverina ho «ady anatiny» (fandikana ny hoe “internal warfare”) izany, ary nosoloana sazy hafa avokoa ny didy fanamelohana ho faty fa tsy notanterahina.

Tany Etazonia, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1972 sy 1976, dia nambara fa tsy mifanaraka amin' ny lalàmpanorenana ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny raharaha ''Furman v. Georgia''. Namela ny hampiharana izany indray tamin' ny toe-javatra sasany anefa ny raharaha ''Gregg v. Georgia'' tamin' ny taona 1976. Nisy fetra fanampiny napetraka tamin' ny fanamelohana ho faty tao amin' ny raharaha ''Atkins v. Virginia'' (2002; tsy mifanaraka amin' ny lalàmpanorenana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny olona manana fahasembanana ara-tsaina (na fahafahana voafetra amin' ny fisainana sy ny fianarana ary amin' ny fahaiza-manao ilaina amin' ny fiainana andavanandro; ''intellectual disability'')) sy ny raharaha ''Roper v. Simmons'' (2005; tsy mifanaraka amin' ny lalàmpanorenana ny fanamelohana ho faty raha mbola latsaky ny 18 taona ilay voampanga tamin' ny fotoana nanaovana ny heloka). Any Etazonia, fanjakana 23 amin' ireo fanjakana 50, ary koa i [[Washington D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], no mandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty.

Tao amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, dia nofoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny vonoan' olona, ho fanandramana naharitra dimy taona nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1965, ary natao maharitra izany tamin' ny taona 1969. Ny famadihana tanindrazana, ny fandrobana an-dranomasina misy herisetra, ny fandoroana an-tsitrapo ny toeram-panamboaran-tsambon' ny mpanjaka, ary ny heloka miaramila sasany amin' ny fotoanan' ny ady ihany no sisa mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty. Efa tamin' ny taona 1964 no nitranga ny famonoana farany ho fanatanterahana sazy. Nofoanana ho an' ny heloka rehetra izany tamin' ny taona 1998.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/capital_hist.htm]; title: ''History of Capital Punishment''; first: Stephen; last: Stratford; access-date: 19 May 2022; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100808063231/http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/capital_hist.htm]; archive-date: 8 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra ho an' ireo fanjakana nandray anjara taminy ny Protokola faha-13 amin' ny Fifanarahana Eorôpeana momba ny Zon' olombelona, izay nanomboka nanan-kery tamin' ny taona 2003. Anisan' izany ny Fanjakana Mitambatra nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2004.

Nofoanana tany Kanada tamin' ny taona 1976 izany (afa-tsy ho an' ny heloka miaramila sasany, ary tamin' ny taona 1998 no nanafoanana azy tanteraka); tany Frantsa tamin' ny taona 1981; ary tany Aostralia tamin' ny taona 1973 (na dia mbola nitana ilay sazy hatramin' ny taona 1984 aza ny fanjakan' i Aostralia Andrefana). Tao Aostralia Atsimo, nandritra ny fitondran' i Dunstan ho praiminisitra tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia novana ny ''Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935'' (SA, Aostralia Atsimo), ka nosoloana fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty ny didy fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny taona 1976.

Tamin' ny taona 1977, dia nanamafy tamin' ny alalan' ny fanapahan-kevitra ofisialy ny Fivoriamben' ny Firenena Mikambana fa tokony «hahena tsikelikely ny isan' ny heloka mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty, amin' ny fikendrena ny tokony hanafoanana izany sazy izany» maneran-tany (fandikana ny teny anglisy hoe “progressively restrict the number of offences for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment”).&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.newsbatch.com/deathpenalty.htm]; title: ''Death Penalty''; publisher: Newsbatch.com; date: 1 March 2005; access-date: 23 August 2010; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724130457/http://www.newsbatch.com/deathpenalty.htm]; archive-date: 24 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fampiharana amin' izao fotoana izao ==

=== Araka ny firenena ===

Na dia nihena aza ny isan' ny firenena mampihatra ny fanamelohana ho faty, dia nitombo ny isan' ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana izany sazy izany tao anatin' ireo taona vitsivitsy farany. Naharakitra famonoana olona 2 707 ho fanatanterahana sazy ny ''Amnesty International'' (Famotsoran-keloka Iraisam-pirenena) tamin' ny 2025; saika izy rehetra, izany hoe 2 159, no nitranga tany Iràna. Maro anefa ny famonoana toy izany no tsy voarakitra. Misy firenena, indrindra fa ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, manao ny isan' ireny famonoana ireny ho tsiambaratelom-panjakana. Tombanan' ny ''Amnesty International'' fa any amin' io firenena io no betsaka indrindra eran-tany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; &gt;last: Amnesty International; url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/0778/2026/en/]; title: ''Death Sentences and Executions 2025''; year: 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy firenena niverina nampihatra ny fanamelohana ho faty rehefa avy nampitsahatra izany nandritra ny fotoana ela. Nampiato ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy i Etazonia tamin' ny 1972, nefa nanohy izany tamin' ny 1976; tsy nisy famonoana toy izany tany India teo anelanelan' ny 1995 sy 2004; ary nanambara ny fampitsaharana ny fampiatoana ny fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty i [[Srilanka]] tamin' ny 20 Nôvambra 2004,&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details_p.asp?NewsID=16269]; title: ''AIUK: Sri Lanka: President urged to prevent return to death penalty after 29-year moratorium''; publisher: Amnesty.org.uk; access-date: 23 August 2010; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605115738/http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details_p.asp?NewsID=16269]; archive-date: 5 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; na dia mbola tsy namono olona ho fanatanterahana izany sazy izany indray aza izy. Namerina ny fanamelohana ho faty i Filipina tamin' ny 1993 rehefa avy nanafoana azy tamin' ny 1987, nefa nanafoana azy indray tamin' ny 2006.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Jha; first1: Preeti; title: ''Philippines death penalty: A fight to stop the return of capital punishment''; url: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53762570.amp]; date: 16 August 2020; access-date: 6 September 2021; agency: BBC News.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Japàna sy i Etazonia ihany no firenena mandroso manana fitondrana demôkratika izay mbola mitana sy tena mampihatra ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty.org&quot;&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries]; title: ''Abolitionist and retentionist countries''; publisher: Amnesty International; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209075925/http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries]; archive-date: 9 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2015/02/death-sentences-and-executions-2014/]; title: ''Error – Amnesty International''; website: www.amnesty.org; date: 28 February 2015; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151231222052/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2015/02/death-sentences-and-executions-2014/]; archive-date: 31 December 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
Manana lalàna manan-kery mamela ny fanamelohana ho faty ny governemanta federaly sy ny tafik' i Etazonia, ary ny fanjakana 27 ao aminy.
Mihoatra ny 1 400 ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana izany sazy izany natao tany Etazonia hatramin' ny namerenany ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny 1976.
Tany Japàna dia gadra 98 no novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy teo anelanelan' ny Janoary 2000 sy Jolay 2022.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.nippon.com/en/features/h00239/]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230101195508/https://www.nippon.com/en/features/h00239/]; title: ''Capital Punishment in Japan''; publisher: nippon.com; date: 27 July 2022; archive-date: 1 January 2023; access-date: 29 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
Misy gadra 102 voaheloka ho faty sy miandry ny famonoana azy any Japàna taorian' ny namonoana an' i Sunao Takami tamin' ny fanantonana tao amin' ny Fonjan' i Osaka tamin' ny 21 Aogositra 2026.
Voaheloka izy noho ny nandrarahany lasantsy sy nandoroany ny trano filalaovana ilay lalao amin' ny milina atao hoe ''pachinko'' teo akaikin' ny tranony tamin' ny Jolay 2009; mpanjifa efatra sy mpiasa iray tao no maty ary olona 10 hafa no naratra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Japan executes man convicted of killing five in 2009 Osaka pachinko parlor arson''; work: Japan Times; date: 21 August 2026; url: [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2026/08/21/japan/crime-legal/death-penalty-execution/]; access-date: 21 August 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny tatitra navoakan' ny ''Amnesty International'' tamin' ny 2021, dia olona 483 farafahakeliny no novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy tamin' ny 2020, na dia teo aza ny valanaretina naneran-tany COVID-19 (na aretin' ny kôrônaviriosy 2019). Tsy tafiditra tao amin' io isa io ireo firenena manao ny antontanisa momba ny fanamelohana ho faty ho tsiambaratelom-panjakana. Ny firenena dimy namono olona betsaka indrindra ho fanatanterahana sazy tamin' ny 2020 dia ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, i Iràna, i Ejipta, i Iràka ary i Arabia Saodita.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/04/death-penalty-2020-despite-covid-19-some-countries-ruthlessly-pursued-death-sentences-and-executions/]; title: ''Death penalty 2020: Despite Covid-19, some countries ruthlessly pursued death sentences and executions''; access-date: 21 April 2021; work: Amnesty International; date: 21 April 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hevitry ny vahoaka amin' ny andro ankehitriny ===
Miovaova be arakaraka ny firenena sy ny heloka resahina ny hevitry ny vahoaka momba ny fanamelohana ho faty. Anisan' ny firenena izay anoheran' ny ankamaroan' ny mponina ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana izany sazy izany i Nôrvezy, izay 25% monja no manohana azy.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-27-Norway-punishment-lenient-death-penalty_n.htm]; title: ''Can Norwegian punishment fit the crime?''; work: USA Today; access-date: 9 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampiseho koa ny fanadihadiana tamin' ny 2005 sy 2006 fa nanohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty ny mponin' i Frantsa, Finlandy ary Italia.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/international-polls-and-studies]; title: ''International Polls and Studies &amp;#124; Death Penalty Information Center''; publisher: Deathpenaltyinfo.org; access-date: 9 July 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140519112648/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/international-polls-and-studies]; archive-date: 19 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 2020, 55% ny mponin' i Etazonia no nanohana ny fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ny olona voaheloka noho ny famonoana olona an-tsitrapo; nihena izany raha oharina amin' ny 60% tamin' ny 2016, 64% tamin' ny 2010, 65% tamin' ny 2006 ary 68% tamin' ny 2001.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://news.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx]; title: ''Death Penalty''; date: 24 October 2006; publisher: Gallup; access-date: 20 July 2021; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170918200018/http://news.gallup.com/poll/1606/Death-Penalty.aspx]; archive-date: 18 September 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.gallup.com/poll/196676/death-penalty-support.aspx]; title: ''U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60%''; work: Gallup.com; access-date: 20 May 2017; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170319132515/http://www.gallup.com/poll/196676/death-penalty-support.aspx]; archive-date: 19 March 2017; language: en-us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15028665]; work: BBC News; title: ''Troy Davis' execution and the limits of Twitter''; date: 23 September 2011; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923093611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15028665]; archive-date: 23 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.gallup.com/poll/144284/support-death-penalty-cases-murder.aspx]; title: ''In U.S., 64% Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder''; date: 8 November 2010; publisher: Gallup.com; access-date: 30 April 2012; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120429084914/http://www.gallup.com/poll/144284/Support-Death-Penalty-Cases-Murder.aspx]; archive-date: 29 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 2020, 43% ny mponin' i Italia no nilaza fa nanohana ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://thevision.com/attualita/pena-morte-italia/]; title: ''Il 43% degli italiani vuole la pena di morte: Una conseguenza della crisi e della cultura dell'odio''; date: 15 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.affaritaliani.it/coronavirus/covid-censis-la-meta-degli-italiani-a-favore-della-pena-di-morte-709965.html]; title: ''Covid, 2020 anno della paura. 43% degli italiani a favore della pena di morte''; date: 4 December 2020; website: Affaritaliani.it.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/lettere-e-idee/2020/12/05/news/pena-di-morte-il-43-degli-italiani-e-a-favore-l-odio-e-diventato-quotidiano-miseria-e-brutalita-nel-paese-di-beccaria-1.39620527]; title: ''Pena di morte, il 43% degli italiani è a favore: l'odio è diventato quotidiano. Miseria e brutalità nel Paese di Beccaria''; work: La Stampa; language: it; last: Di Cesare; first: Donatella; date: 5 December 2020; access-date: 16 November 2021; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201205051917/https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/lettere-e-idee/2020/12/05/news/pena-di-morte-il-43-degli-italiani-e-a-favore-l-odio-e-diventato-quotidiano-miseria-e-brutalita-nel-paese-di-beccaria-1.39620527]; archive-date: 5 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitsapan-kevitra tamin' ny 2017, nirona kokoa hanohana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny tanora avy ao Meksika noho ireo be taona kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://phys.org/news/2017-03-death-penalty-mexico.html]; title: ''Study examines death penalty support in Mexico''; date: 28 March 2017; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172630/https://phys.org/news/2017-03-death-penalty-mexico.html]; archive-date: 28 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Manohana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny 57% ny mponin' i Brezila. Ny olona 25 ka hatramin' ny 34 taona no sokajin-taona manohana indrindra ny famonoana ireo voaheloka ho faty, ka 61% amin' izy ireo no milaza fa manohana izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/01/1949074-support-for-death-penalty-at-record-levels-among-brazilians-datafolha-finds.shtml/]; title: ''Folha de S.Paulo: Notícias, Imagens, Vídeos e Entrevistas''; access-date: 10 January 2018; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180109153132/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/01/1949074-support-for-death-penalty-at-record-levels-among-brazilians-datafolha-finds.shtml]; archive-date: 9 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiseho ny fitsapan-kevitra nataon' ny ''Research Co.'' (orinasa mpanao fikarohana) tamin' ny 2023 fa 54% ny mponin' i Kanada no manohana ny famerenana ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny famonoana olona an-tsitrapo ao amin' ny fireneny.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Majority of Canadians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty, new poll suggests''; url: [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2023/03/17/majority-of-canadians-are-in-favour-of-bringing-back-the-death-penalty-new-poll-suggests.html]; website: Toronto Star; date: 2023-03-17; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230327073227/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2023/03/17/majority-of-canadians-are-in-favour-of-bringing-back-the-death-penalty-new-poll-suggests.html]; archive-date: 2023-03-27; url-status: live; last1: Jiang; first1: Kevin.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Aprily 2021, nisy fitsapan-kevitra nahitana fa 54% ny Britanika no nilaza fa hanohana ny famerenana ny fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ireo voaheloka noho ny fampihorohoroana ao amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, fa 23% ny namaly kosa no nilaza fa hanohitra izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/slight-increase-in-support-for-death-penalty-for-convicted-terrorists/]; title: ''Slight Increase in Support for Death Penalty for Convicted Terrorists''; website: Redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com; date: 7 April 2021; access-date: 2 March 2022; archive-date: 17 December 2021; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20211217120202/https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/slight-increase-in-support-for-death-penalty-for-convicted-terrorists/]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2020, nampiseho ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny ''Ipsos/Sopra Steria'' (orinasa mpanao fanadihadiana) fa 55% ny mponin' i Frantsa no manohana ny famerenana ny fanamelohana ho faty, raha 44% izany tamin' ny 2019.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200917-new-poll-shows-jump-in-number-of-french-people-in-favour-of-the-death-penalty]; title: ''Massive jump in number of French people in favour of the death penalty – poll''; date: 17 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fomba fanatanterahana ===
Jereo koa: Lisitr' ireo fomba famonoana ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty.
[[File:Rättvisa skipas.jpg|thumb|Gadra avy amin' ny Mpiambina Mena novonoin' ny Mpiambina Fotsy tao Varkaus, North Savo, nandritra ny Ady an-trano tany Finlandy tamin' ny 1918.]]
Nampiasa ireto fomba famonoana ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty ireto ny firenena samihafa:&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.nutzworld.com/amerikaarticles/methods_of_execution_by_country.htm]; title: ''Methodes of execution by country''; publisher: Nutzworld.com; access-date: 23 February 2011; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714212707/http://www.nutzworld.com/amerikaarticles/methods_of_execution_by_country.htm]; archive-date: 14 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution]; title: ''Methods of execution – Death Penalty Information Center''; publisher: Deathpenaltyinfo.org; access-date: 23 February 2011; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225054450/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution]; archive-date: 25 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://translate.google.no/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.no%2Fd%25C3%25B8dsstraffbulletin-nr-4-2010]; title: ''Death penalty Bulletin No. 4-2010''; language: no; publisher: Translate.google.no; access-date: 23 February 2011.&lt;sup&gt;[''rohy tsy mandeha; date: June 2025; bot: InternetArchiveBot; fix-attempted: yes'']&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://translate.google.no/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.no%2Faktuelt%2Fflere-nyheter%2Farkiv-bakgrunn%2Fopplysninger-om-d%25C3%25B8dsstraff]; title: ''Information on Death Penalty''; language: no; publisher: Amnesty International; access-date: 23 February 2011; archive-date: 3 March 2021; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210303155741/http://translate.google.no/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.no%2Faktuelt%2Fflere-nyheter%2Farkiv-bakgrunn%2Fopplysninger-om-d%C3%B8dsstraff].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://executions.justsickshit.com/execution-methods-by-country/]; title: ''execution methods by country''; publisher: Executions.justsickshit.com; access-date: 23 February 2011; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101114045725/http://executions.justsickshit.com/execution-methods-by-country/]; archive-date: 14 November 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fanantonana (Afganistàna, Iràna, Iràka, Japàna, Kôrea Atsimo, Malezia, Bangladesy, Nizerià, Sodàna, Pakistàna, Iemena, Kôety, Jôrdania, Ejipta, India, Ômàna, Mianmara, Singaporo, Srilanka, Siria, Bahamasy, Bôtsoana, Malaoỳ, Liberià, Israely).
* Fitifirana (Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, Repoblikan' i Sina, Vietnamy hatramin' ny 2011, Kiobà, Bielôrosia, Etiôpia, Oganda, Kôrea Avaratra, Indônezia, UAE (Emirata Arabo Mitambatra), Arabia Saodita, Bareina, Katara, Libia, DRC (Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô), Sômalia, [[Sômalilandy]],&lt;ref&gt;last: Halstead; first: Chelsea; date: 2024-07-31; title: ''Calling for Somaliland to Release Abshir Saleban Hussein, a Child, from Death Row — Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide''; url: [https://dpw.lawschool.cornell.edu/calling-for-somaliland-to-release-abshir-saleban-hussein-a-child-from-death-row/]; access-date: 2025-02-13; language: en-US.&lt;/ref&gt; Afganistàna, Ômàna, Iemena, Nizerià, ary ireo fanjakana ao Etazonia hoe Oklahoma, Utah ary South Carolina).
* Tsindrona mahafaty (na fampidirana fanafody amin' ny vatana amin' ny alalan' ny tsindrona mba hampahafaty): Etazonia, Goatemala, Maldiva, Tailandy, Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, Repoblikan' i Sina, ary Vietnamy taorian' ny 2011.
* Fanapahan-doha (Arabia Saodita).
* Fitoraham-bato (na famonoana amin' ny tora-bato): Maoritania, Afganistàna, Broney, Iràna, Nizerià, Sodàna ary Iemena.
* Fampahafatesana amin' ny gazy tsy mora mihetsika ara-tsimia (na famonoana amin' ny tsy fahampian' ny ôksizena azon' ny vatana): fanjakana sasany ao Etazonia, dia Alabama sy Louisiana.

=== Mpanao heloka tsy ampy taona ===

[[File:Martyrs of Guernsey (cropped).jpg|thumb|Catherine Cauchés renim-pianakaviana (afovoany) sy ny zanany roa vavy, Guillemine Gilbert (ankavia) ary Perotine Massey (ankavanana), miaraka amin' ny zanakalahy vao terak' ity farany, dorana noho ny fampianaran-diso ara-pivavahana niampangana azy ireo.]]
Anisan' ny ankizy zandriny indrindra novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy ny zanakalahy vao terak' i Perotine Massey, tamin' ny 18 Jolay 1556 na manodidina io daty io. Iray tamin' ireo maritioran' i Guernsey novonoina noho ny fampianaran-diso ara-pivavahana niampangana azy ny reniny, ary efa nandositra ilay nosy ny rainy talohan' izany. Mbola tsy feno iray andro ilay zaza rehefa nandidy ny handoroana azy i Hellier Gosselin, tompon' andraikitra ara-pitsarana nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Bailiff''. Nanoro hevitra izany ireo pretra teo akaiky teo, izay nilaza fa tokony hodorana ilay zazalahy satria nandova ny fahalotoana ara-pitondrantenan' ny reniny, izay niteraka azy nandritra ny famonoana azy ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Butler; first: Sara M.; date: 21 March 2018; title: ''Pleading the Belly: A Sparing Plea? Pregnant Convicts and the Courts in Medieval England''; url: [https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004364950/B9789004364950_009.xml]; journal: ''Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain''; language: en; pages: 131–52; doi: 10.1163/9789004364950_009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-90-04-36495-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny 1642, tany Amerika tamin' ny fanjanahantany sy tany Etazonia, dia tombanana ho 365&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=27&amp;did=203#execsus]; title: ''Execution of Juveniles in the U.S. and other Countries''; publisher: Deathpenaltyinfo.org; access-date: 23 August 2010; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513015221/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=27&amp;did=203]; archive-date: 13 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; ireo mpanao heloka tsy ampy taona novonoin' ny manampahefana samihafa tamin' ny fanjanahantany ary, taorian' ny Revôlisiôna amerikanina, ny governemanta federaly, ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;Rob Gallagher,url: [http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/JUVENILE.htm]; title: ''Table of juvenile executions in British America/United States, 1642–1959''; access-date: 5 February 2006; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615094320/http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/JUVENILE.htm]; archive-date: 15 June 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ny mpanao heloka latsaky ny 16 taona ny Fitsarana Tampony ao Etazonia tamin' ny raharaha ''Thompson v. Oklahoma'' (1988), ary ho an' ny tsy ampy taona rehetra tamin' ny raharaha ''Roper v. Simmons'' (2005).

Tany [[Prosia|Prussia]], dia nesorina tsy ho azon' ny fanamelohana ho faty ny ankizy latsaky ny 14 taona tamin' ny 1794.&lt;ref&gt;General State Laws for the Prussian States (1794), Part 20, § 17, Part 1, § 25&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ny ankizy latsaky ny 11 taona ny Fanjakana Elektoraly tao Bavaria tamin' ny 1751,&lt;ref&gt;Codex Iuris Bavarici Criminalis (1751), § 14&lt;/ref&gt; ary ho an' ny ankizy sy tanora latsaky ny 16 taona ny Fanjakan' i Bavaria tamin' ny 1813.&lt;ref&gt;Bavarian Criminal Law (1813), Art. 99, par. 1 nr. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Prussia, dia nitarina ho an' ny tanora latsaky ny 16 taona io fanavahana tsy ho azon' ny sazy io tamin' ny 1851.&lt;ref&gt;Prussian Criminal Law (1851), § 43 nr. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Kônfederasiônan' i Alemaina Avaratra no voalohany nanavaka ny tsy ampy taona rehetra tsy ho azon' ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny 1871,&lt;ref&gt;North German Confederation Criminal Law (1871), § 57 par. 1 nr. 1&lt;/ref&gt; ary notohizin' ny [[Empira Alemàna|Empira alemà]] izany tamin' ny 1872.&lt;ref&gt;German Criminal Law (1872), § 57 par. 1 nr. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Alemaina nazi, dia naverina nampiharina tamin' ny tsy ampy taona 16 sy 17 taona ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny 1939.&lt;ref&gt;Kasseckert, Christian (2009), ''Straftheorie im Dritten Reich – Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich'', Logos: Berlin, pp. 99–100&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarina ho an' ny ankizy sy tanora 12 ka hatramin' ny 17 taona izany tamin' ny 1943.&lt;ref&gt;Kasseckert, Christian (2009), ''Straftheorie im Dritten Reich – Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich'', Logos: Berlin, p. 100&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ny tsy ampy taona, ary koa ho an' ny rehetra amin' ny ankapobeny, i Alemaina Andrefana tamin' ny 1949; nanafoana izany ho an' ny tsy ampy taona kosa i [[Repoblika Demôkratika Alemàna|Alemaina Atsinanana]] tamin' ny 1952.

Tao amin' ny Repoblika helvetika, dia nofoanana tamin' ny 1799 ny fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ny ankizy sy tanora latsaky ny 16 taona.&lt;ref&gt;Helvetic Punishing Law (1799), § 48 par. 2&lt;/ref&gt; Efa rava anefa ilay firenena tamin' ny 1803, kanefa afaka nitoetra ho nanan-kery ilay lalàna raha tsy nosoloina teo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny kantôna.
Tao amin' ny kantônan' i Bern, dia tsy azon' ny fanamelohana ho faty intsony ny tsy ampy taona rehetra, fara fahatarany tamin' ny 1866.&lt;ref&gt;Bern Criminal Law (1866), Art. 48&lt;/ref&gt; Tao Fribourg, dia efa nofoanana tamin' ny ankapobeny ny fanamelohana ho faty, anisan' izany ny ho an' ny tsy ampy taona, tamin' ny 1849. Tao Ticino, dia nofoanana ho an' ny tanora sy ny olon-dehibe tanora latsaky ny 20 taona izany tamin' ny 1816.&lt;ref&gt;Ticino Penal Code (1816), Art. 75&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao Zurich, dia efa nitarina tamin' ny 1835 ilay fanavahana tsy ho azon' ny fanamelohana ho faty, ka nahafaoka ny tsy ampy taona sy ny olon-dehibe tanora hatramin' ny 19 taona.&lt;ref&gt;Zurich Criminal Law (1835), §§ 81–82&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1942, dia saika nesorina tanteraka tao amin' ny lalàna momba ny heloka ny fanamelohana ho faty, anisan' izany ny ho an' ny tsy ampy taona. Mbola nitoetra tao amin' ny lalàna miaramila nanomboka tamin' ny 1928 anefa izany, tamin' ny fotoanan' ny ady, ho an' ny tanora mihoatra ny 14 taona.&lt;ref&gt;Swiss Military Criminal Law (1928), Art. 14 par. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy efa nisy fiovana natao talohan' izany momba io raharaha io, dia tsy azo nampiharana fanamelohana ho faty araka ny lalàna miaramila tamin' ny fotoanan' ny ady intsony ny tsy ampy taona tamin' ny 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Swiss Military Criminal Law (1979), Art. 14&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo anelanelan' ny 2005 sy Mey 2008, dia voalaza tao amin' ny tatitra fa namono mpanao heloka mbola zaza ho fanatanterahana sazy i Iràna, Pakistàna, Arabia Saodita, Sodàna ary Iemena, ary tany Iràna no betsaka indrindra izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.hrw.org/pub/2008/children/HRW.Juv.Death.Penalty.053008.pdf]; title: ''HRW Report''; publisher: Human Rights Watch; access-date: 23 August 2010; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081113084648/http://www.hrw.org/pub/2008/children/HRW.Juv.Death.Penalty.053008.pdf]; archive-date: 13 November 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia nankato an' ilay Fifanarahana momba ny Zon' ny Ankizy sy ny Fifanekena Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Zo Sivily sy Pôlitika aza i Iràna, dia izy no firenena namono mpanao heloka tsy ampy taona betsaka indrindra eran-tany, ka nahazoany fanamelohana avy amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena maro izany. Ny zava-nisy tao amin' io firenena io no ifantohan' ny Hetsika hampitsaharana ny famonoana ankizy ho fanatanterahana sazy. Tamin' ny 10 Febroary 2012 anefa dia novan' ny parlemantan' i Iràna ireo lalàna nampisy adihevitra momba ny famonoana ny tsy ampy taona ho fanatanterahana sazy. Araka ny lalàna vaovao, dia tokony hampiharina amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy ny fetra 18 taona, kajiana amin' ny taona manaraka ny fihodinan' ny Tany manodidina ny Masoandro, ary tsy maintsy araka ny lalàna manokana misahana ny tsy ampy taona no anamelohana ny mpanao heloka tsy ampy taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;date: 10 February 2012; title: ''Iran changes law for execution of juveniles''; url: [http://www.iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=3066:iran-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&amp;Itemid=64]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120429231704/http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=3066%3Airan-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&amp;Itemid=64]; archive-date: 29 April 2012; access-date: 30 April 2012; publisher: Iranwpd.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;title: ''مجازات قصاص برای افراد زیر 18 سال ممنوع شد''; url: [http://ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&amp;Id=16270]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213111337/http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&amp;Id=16270]; archive-date: 13 February 2012; access-date: 12 December 2012; publisher: Ghanoononline.ir.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny lalàna silamo, izay toa efa novana tamin' io fotoana io, dia heverina ho tompon' andraikitra feno amin' ny heloka nataony ny ankizivavy 9 taona sy ny ankizilahy 15 taona, kajiana amin' ny taona manaraka ny fihodinan' ny Volana, izay fohy 11 andro noho ny taona manaraka ny fihodinan' ny Tany manodidina ny Masoandro.&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt; Ny roa amin' ny telo tamin' ny fitambaran' ny famonoana toy izany eran-tany no tany Iràna. Nampifantoka ny saina tamin' ny pôlitikan' i Iràna momba ny fanamelohana ankizy ho faty sy ny rafi-pitsarana mamoaka izany didy izany ny famonoana an' i Mahmoud Asgari, Ayaz Marhoni ary Makwan Moloudzadeh teo aloha.&lt;ref name=Fox&gt;url: [https://www.foxnews.com/story/iran-does-far-worse-than-ignore-gays-critics-say]; title: ''Iran Does Far Worse Than Ignore Gays, Critics Say''; publisher: Foxnews.com; date: 25 September 2007; access-date: 12 December 2012; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022014203/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297982,00.html]; archive-date: 22 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7130380.stm Iranian hanged after verdict stay] url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071207005203/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7130380.stm]; date: 7 December 2007.; BBCnews.co.uk; 6 December 2007; Retrieved 6 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2023 dia namono tsy ampy taona iray ho fanatanterahana sazy i Iràna. Nanindrona antsy lehilahy iray niady taminy ilay tsy ampy taona, noho izy nanaraka tovovavy iray teny an-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.iranintl.com/202311245025]; title: ''اختصاصی؛ حمیدرضا آذری، اعدام شده در زندان سبزوار، کمتر از ۱۸ سال داشت''; date: 9 December 2023; website: ایران اینترنشنال.&lt;/ref&gt;

Namono ho fanatanterahana sazy ireo mpanao heloka mbola tsy ampy taona tamin' ny fotoana nanaovany ny fandikan-dalàna koa i Arabia Saodita.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/juveniles-among-five-men-beheaded-saudi-arabia-20090512]; title: ''Juveniles among five men beheaded in Saudi Arabia''; publisher: Amnesty International; access-date: 11 February 2014; date: 12 May 2009; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140311042739/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/juveniles-among-five-men-beheaded-saudi-arabia-20090512]; archive-date: 11 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21767667]; title: ''Saudi Arabia executes seven men for armed robbery''; date: 13 March 2013; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131027024755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21767667]; archive-date: 27 October 2013; work: BBC News.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2013 dia nifantoka tamin' i Arabia Saodita ny adihevitra iraisam-pirenena taorian' ny namonoany an' i Rizana Nafeek, mpiasa an-trano avy any Srilanka, izay noheverina fa 17 taona tamin' ny fotoana nanaovana ilay heloka.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20959228]; title: ''Sri Lankan maid Rizana Nafeek beheaded in Saudi Arabia''; date: 9 January 2013; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170116033909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20959228]; archive-date: 16 January 2017; work: BBC News.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandrara ny famonoana ny tsy ampy taona ho fanatanterahana sazy i Arabia Saodita tamin' ny Aprily 2020, afa-tsy amin' ny raharaha fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Saudi Arabia ends death penalty for minors and floggings''; url: [https://news.yahoo.com/saudi-arabia-ends-death-penalty-151128365.html]; website: news.yahoo.com; date: 26 April 2020; access-date: 26 April 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famonoana eo imason' ny besinimaro ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Famonoana eo imason' ny besinimaro.

Ny famonoana eo imason' ny besinimaro dia endrika fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty izay, araka ny famaritan' i Steven A. Blum, « azon' ny olona avy amin' ny besinimaro atrehina an-tsitrapo » (dikanteny malagasy). Tsy tafiditra amin' izany famaritana izany ny fisian' ny vavolombelona vitsivitsy voafantina an-kisendrasendra mba hiantohana fa azo ampamoahina amin' ny ataony ny fahefana mpanatanteraka.&lt;ref name=blum&gt;last: Blum; first: Steven A.; date: Winter 1992; title: ''Public Executions: Understand the 'Cruel and Unusual Punishments' Clause''; url: [http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V19/I2/Blum.pdf]; journal: ''Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly''; volume: 19; issue: 2; page: 415; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140326225628/http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V19/I2/Blum.pdf]; archive-date: 26 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fitantaran' i Nigel Cawthorne nivoaka tamin' ny 2006, dia heverin' ny ampahany tena lehibe amin' ny mponina maneran-tany ho maharikoriko ny famonoana eo imason' ny besinimaro, ary efa noraran' ny ankamaroan' ny firenena izany. Nandritra ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny tantara anefa dia natao teo imason' ny besinimaro ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy, mba hanehoan' ny fanjakana, araka ny tenin' i Cawthorne, « ny fahefany eo anatrehan' ireo teo ambany fari-pahefany, na mpanao heloka izy ireo, na fahavalo, na mpanohitra ara-politika ». Nanome fahafahana ny besinimaro hanatri-maso « izay noheverina ho fampisehoana lehibe » koa izany (dikanteny malagasy ireo teny nindramina roa ireo).&lt;ref&gt;last: Cawthorne; first: Nigel; date: 2006; title: ''Public Executions: From Ancient Rome to the Present Day''; url: [https://archive.org/details/publicexecutions0000cawt/page/6]; pages: [https://archive.org/details/publicexecutions0000cawt/page/6 6–7]; publisher: Chartwell Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-7858-2119-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Heloka mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty ==

=== Heloka feno habibiana ===
Matetika no azo saziana amin' ny fanamelohana ho faty ny heloka feno habibiana, toy ny heloka an' ady, ny heloka atao amin' ny mahaolona ary ny fandripahana vondrona ara-pirenena, ara-poko, ara-pirazanana na ara-pivavahana, any amin' ny firenena mbola mitana ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ohlin; first: Jens David; date: 2005; title: ''Applying the Death Penalty to Crimes of Genocide''; journal: ''The American Journal of International Law''; volume: 99; issue: 4; pages: 747–777; doi: 10.2307/3396668; jstor: 3396668; s2cid: 145298403; issn: &lt;nowiki&gt;0002-9300&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1260416_code649253.pdf?abstractid=1260416&amp;mirid=1].&lt;/ref&gt;
Nandritra ny fitsarana tao Nuremberg tamin' ny 1946 sy ny fitsarana tao Tokyo tamin' ny 1948 no namoahana sy nanatanterahana didy fanamelohana ho faty noho ny heloka toy izany.
Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990 anefa, dia nandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty ny fitsarana natsangana manokana, toy ny ICTY (fitsarana iraisam-pirenena misahana ny heloka bevava ho an' i Iogôslavia teo aloha) sy ny ICTR (fitsarana iraisam-pirenena misahana ny heloka bevava ho an' i Roanda), ka fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty no sazy henjana indrindra azon' izy ireo ampiharina.&lt;ref name=vkstk&gt;title: ''The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Death Penalty''; url: [https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/death-penalty/]; publisher: Médecins Sans Frontières.&lt;/ref&gt;
Manohy izany fomba izany ny [[Fitsarana Heloka Bevava Iraisam-Pirenena|fitsarana iraisam-pirenena misahana ny heloka bevava]] ankehitriny.&lt;ref name=vkstk/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Understanding the International Criminal Court''; url: [https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/pids/publications/uicceng.pdf]; archive-url: [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/pids/publications/uicceng.pdf]; archive-date: 2022-10-10; url-status: live; publisher: International Criminal Court; access-date: 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famonoana olona ===
Nisy firenena, anisan' izany i Singaporo sy [[Malezia]], izay nametra ny fanamelohana ho faty ho sazy tsy maintsy ampiharina amin' ny heloka famonoana olona. Nanova ny lalàny momba ny fanamelohana ho faty anefa i Singaporo nanomboka tamin' ny 2013, ka ny famonoana olona nikendrena hahafaty ihany no mbola tsy maintsy anamelohana ho faty. Ho an' ny famonoana olona izay sokajian' ny lalàna ao Singaporo ho ''murder'' nefa tsy nikendrena hahafaty kosa, dia azo nisafidianana ny fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty ho solon' izany, miaraka na tsy miaraka amin' ny fikapohana amin' ny tsorakazo. Nahafahan' ny sasany tamin' ireo voaheloka noho ny famonoana olona izay niandry ny famonoana azy tao Singaporo, anisan' izany i Kho Jabing, nangataka ny hanamaivanana ny didy fanamelohana azy ho faty izany, taorian' ny nanamarinan' ny fitsarana tao Singaporo fa tsy nikendry ny hahafaty olona izy ireo tamin' ilay heloka famonoana olona nataony. Nahafeno ny fepetra ahafahana mamaritra indray ny saziny araka ny lalàna vaovao momba ny fanamelohana ho faty tao Singaporo àry izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tang&quot;&gt;first: Louisa; last: Tang; date: 30 November 2018; url: [https://www.todayonline.com/big-read/big-read-capital-punishment-little-more-conversation-matter-life-and-death]; title: ''The Big Read: Capital punishment – a little more conversation on a matter of life and death''; website: Today Singapore; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;channelnewsasia.com&quot;&gt;first1: Imelda; last1: Saad; first2: S; last2: Ramesh; date: 9 July 2012; url: [https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-completes-review-mandatory-death-penalty-1906591]; title: ''Singapore completes review of mandatory death penalty''; website: Channel NewsAsia; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Oktobra 2018 dia nampiato ny famonoana rehetra ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty ny governemantan' i Malezia, mandra-pandaniana lalàna vaovao izay nokasaina hanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NST 11 Oct 18&quot;&gt;title: ''Death penalty to be abolished''; url: [https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/419931/death-penalty-be-abolished]; access-date: 11 October 2018; newspaper: New Straits Times; date: 10 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNA 10 Oct 18&quot;&gt;title: ''Malaysia to abolish death penalty; Bill may be tabled soon''; url: [https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-to-abolish-death-penalty-bill-may-be-tabled-soon-10812718]; access-date: 11 October 2018; publisher: Channel News Asia; date: 10 October 2018; archive-date: 10 October 2018; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181010160445/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-to-abolish-death-penalty-bill-may-be-tabled-soon-10812718].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC 11 Oct 2018&quot;&gt;last1: Shelton; first1: Tracey; last2: Renaldi; first2: Erwin; title: ''Malaysian Government's plans to abolish death penalty could save Sydney grandmother's life''; url: [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-11/malaysia-to-abolish-the-death-penalty/10363948]; access-date: 11 October 2018; work: ABC News; date: 11 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Aprily 2023 dia lany tao Malezia ny lalàna nanafoana ny tsy maintsy fampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty. Mbola notazonina ny fanamelohana ho faty, saingy nomena fahefana hisafidy sazy hafa ho solon' izany ny fitsarana, anisan' izany ny fikapohana sy ny fanagadrana mandritra ny 30–40 taona.&lt;ref name=abcapr2023&gt;title: ''Malaysia passes sweeping legal reforms to remove the mandatory death penalty''; website: ABC News (Australia); date: 3 April 2023; url: [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-03/malaysia-scraps-mandatory-death-penalty-legal-reforms/102182802]; access-date: 4 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fitaterana na varotra zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fanamelohana ho faty noho ny fitaterana na varotra zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna.

[[File:CKS Airport drugs sign.JPG|thumb|Takelaka fampitandremana tao amin' ny seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena Taiwan Taoyuan, milaza fa heloka mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty ny fitaterana na varotra zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna ao amin' ny Republic of China (2005).]]
Tamin' ny 2018, firenena 35 farafahakeliny no mbola nitazona ny fanamelohana ho faty ho sazy noho ny fitaterana na varotra zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna, ny fivarotana izany, ny fitazonana izany, ary ny heloka mifandraika amin' ireo. Nisy olona voaheloka ho faty sy novonoina ho fanatanterahana izany sazy izany matetika noho ny heloka mifandraika amin' ny zava-mahadomelina tany amin' ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, Indônezia, Iràna, Malezia, Arabia Saodita, Singaporo ary Vietnamy. Mety hitazona ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny hevitra asehon' izany fotsiny kosa ny firenena hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Girelli-2019&quot;&gt;last: Girelli; first: Giada; title: ''The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Global Overview 2018''; publisher: Harm Reduction International; year: 2019; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-9935434-8-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: London.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy maintsy nampiharina ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny fitaterana na varotra zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna tany Singaporo sy Malezia. Nanomboka tamin' ny 2013, dia nametraka fepetra i Singaporo ahafahana manolo ny fanamelohana ho faty amin' ny fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty ho an' ireo voamarina fa nihena ny maha-tompon' andraikitra azy ara-pitsarana, ohatra noho ny [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|depresiôna majôra (na aretin-tsaina ahitana fahaketrahana na fahaverezan' ny fahalianana maharitra ka manelingelina ny fiainana andavanandro; ''major depressive disorder'' amin' ny teny anglisy)]], na ho an' ireo nitondra zava-mahadomelina sady nanampy ny manam-pahefana hiady amin' ny asa mifandraika amin' ny zava-mahadomelina. Mety hiharan' ny kapoka 15 farafahakeliny amin' ny tsorakazo ilay mpanao heloka raha tsy voaheloka ho faty sady voaheloka hokapohina koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tang&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;channelnewsasia.com&quot;/&gt; Anisan' ny mpitondra zava-mahadomelina nahazo fanoloana ny didy fanamelohana azy ho faty ho fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty sy kapoka 15 amin' ny tsorakazo, rehefa nekena ny fangatahany, i Yong Vui Kong sy Cheong Chun Yin, tamin' ny 2013 sy 2015 avy.&lt;ref&gt;first: Selina; last: Lum; date: 24 November 2013; url: [https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-street-urchins-journey-to-death-row-and-back]; title: ''A street urchin's journey to Death Row and back''; website: The Straits Times; access-date: 16 April 2022; archive-date: 25 October 2021; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20211025195341/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-street-urchins-journey-to-death-row-and-back].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 20 April 2015; url: [https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/two-convicted-drug-traffickers-escape-gallows-imprisoned-life]; title: ''Duo who trafficked heroin escape gallows, get life in prison''; newspaper: Today.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Aprily 2023, dia nolaniana tany Malezia ny lalàna nanafoana ny tsy maintsy fampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref name=abcapr2023/&gt;

=== Fanolanana ===
Mamoaka didy fanamelohana ho faty noho ny heloka ara-nofo koa i Arabia Saodita, izay mampihatra endrika henjana amin' ny lalàna islamika (''Sharia'').&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Amnesty: Executions surge in Saudi Arabia''; url: [https://www.dw.com/en/amnesty-executions-surge-in-saudi-arabia/a-18670059]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: dw.com; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Fitsarana ara-pivavahana no misahana ny raharaha ao amin' ilay fanjakana, ary fanapahan-doha amin' ny sabatra no ampiasaina amin' ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Abdelaziz; first: Salma; date: 2015-01-21; title: ''Leaked video gives glimpse into Saudi beheadings &amp;#124; CNN''; url: [https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/21/middleeast/saudi-beheading-video]; access-date: 2026-09-13; work: CNN; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Aogositra 2004, lehilahy telo no novonoina noho ny fakana an-keriny zazalahy iray, fanomezana zava-mahadomelina azy ary fanolanana azy tamin' ny lava-pitombenana.&lt;ref&gt;last: AFP; title: ''Saudis beheaded for raping boy''; url: [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/8/19/saudis-beheaded-for-raping-boy]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: Al Jazeera; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza ireo mpitsikera fa nisy raharaha sasany izay tsy mbola voaporofo tanteraka ny maha-meloka, toy ny famonoana voalohany ho fanatanterahana sazy teo ambany fitondran' ny Mpanjaka Salman tamin' ny 2015: mpampianatra iray no notapahin-doha tany [[Djeddah|Jeddah]] noho ny fiampangana azy ho nanolana zazavavy kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeksa&quot;&gt;last: Toppa; first: Sabrina; title: ''New Saudi King Rejects Death-Row Plea''; url: [https://time.com/3683530/saudi-arabia-beheading-king-salman-moussa-al-zahrani/]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250320130006/https://time.com/3683530/saudi-arabia-beheading-king-salman-moussa-al-zahrani/]; archive-date: 20 March 2025; access-date: 2026-09-13; work: TIME; language: en; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza hatramin' ny nahafatesany ilay lehilahy fa tsy manan-tsiny izy; niteraka adihevitra sy fanehoan-kevitra tao amin' ny Twitter ny famonoana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeksa&quot;/&gt; Tamin' ny 2009, notapahin-doha ny lehilahy iray nanao fanolanana niverimberina, ary nohomboana tamin' ny hazo fijaliana ny fatiny tao an-tanànan' i Hail; nozairina teo amin' ny lamosin' ilay faty ny lohany. Niteraka fanamelohana mafy avy amin' ny ''[[Amnesty International]]'' (Famotsoran-keloka Iraisam-pirenena) izany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2009-12-08; title: ''Saudi Arabian man beheaded and crucified''; url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2009/12/saudi-arabian-man-beheaded-and-crucified-20091208/]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: Amnesty International; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taloha, nampihatra fanamelohana ho faty noho ny fanolanana ny firenena toa an' i Etazonia sy i Filipina. Tamin' ny raharaha ''Coker v. Georgia'' tamin' ny 1977, nanapa-kevitra ny Fitsarana Tampony ao Etazonia fa tsy tokony hosazina amin' ny fahafatesana ny fanolanana olon-dehibe.&lt;ref&gt;date: 1977-07-10; title: ''Casting Off a Remnant of Racism''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/10/archives/casting-off-a-remnant-of-racism.html]; access-date: 2026-09-13; work: The New York Times; language: en-US; issn: &lt;nowiki&gt;0362-4331&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: TIME; date: 1977-04-11; title: ''The Law: Arguing About Death for Rape''; url: [https://time.com/archive/6852610/the-law-arguing-about-death-for-rape/]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: TIME; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy adihevitra ampahibemaso tany Filipina tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1990, rehefa nanao sonia ny didy fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana ho faty ireo mpanolana maromaro ny filoha Joseph Estrada, anisan' izany i Leo Echegaray sy i Alex Bartolome. I Bartolome no olona farany novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy tao amin' ilay firenena talohan' ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny 2006.&lt;ref&gt;last: Easton; first: By Adam; date: 1999-02-06; title: ''Rapist dies as Manila brings back execution''; url: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/feb/06/philippines]; access-date: 2026-09-13; work: The Guardian; language: en-GB; issn: &lt;nowiki&gt;0261-3077&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Dizon; first: Nikko; date: 2017-01-16; title: ''Opposition solons call for ‘conscience vote’ on death penalty''; url: [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/862576/opposition-solons-call-for-conscience-vote-on-death-penalty]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: INQUIRER.net; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''BBC News &amp;#124; ASIA-PACIFIC &amp;#124; Philippines execution first of millennium''; url: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/590220.stm]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: news.bbc.co.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 2006-06-25; title: ''Philippine president abolishes death penalty''; url: [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13115102]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: NBC News; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Namoaka antontan-taratasy ny Kaomisera Ambony misahana ny Zon' olombelona ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana tamin' ny Oktobra 2020, izay nanambara fa tsy mifandanja amin' ny heloka ny famonoana ireo mpanolana ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2020-10-15; title: ''Rape is wrong but death penalty, castration, not the answer: UN rights chief &amp;#124; UN News''; url: [https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075452]; access-date: 2026-09-13; website: news.un.org; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Heloka hafa ===
Anisan' ny heloka hafa tanisain' ny loharano ho mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty any amin' ny firenena sasany ireto:
*Fakana an-keriny fiaramanidina
*Heloka mifandray amin' ny basy (ohatra, ireo voafaritry ny ''Arms Offences Act'', lalàna momba ny heloka mifandray amin' ny fitaovam-piadiana ao Singaporo)
*Fampihorohoroana
*Heloka atao amin' ny fanjakana, toy ny fikasana hanongana ny governemanta (any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny firenena mbola mitazona ny fanamelohana ho faty), ka anisan' izany ny:
**Fitsikilovana
**Famadihana tanindrazana (heloka mety hahazoana fanamelohana ho faty any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny firenena mbola mitazona izany sazy izany)
*Fihetsiketsehana ara-politika (Arabia Saodita)&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.independent.co.uk/News/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-executions-capital-punishment-six-killed-one-day-outcry-a7834726.html]; title: ''Saudi Arabia executed six people yesterday''; website: Independent.co.uk; date: 11 July 2017; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170825123739/http://www.independent.co.uk/News/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-executions-capital-punishment-six-killed-one-day-outcry-a7834726.html]; archive-date: 25 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Fanolanana (Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, India, Pakistàna, Bangladesy, Iràna, Arabia Saodita, Emirata Arabo Mitambatra, Katara, Broney, sy ny hafa)
*Fanondranana olona (Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina)
*Fakana an-keriny olona (Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, Singaporo, Bangladesy, ny fanjakan' i Georgia&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2019/title-16/chapter-5/article-3/section-16-5-40/]; title: ''2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 5 – Crimes Against the Person Article 3 – Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Related Offenses § 16-5-40. Kidnapping''; website: Justia.com; access-date: 20 July 2021; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209114755/https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2019/title-16/chapter-5/article-3/section-16-5-40/]; archive-date: 9 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; sy Idaho ao Etazonia,&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH45/SECT18-4504/]; title: ''Idaho Statutes: Title 18: Crimes and Punishments''; publisher: Idaho Legislature; access-date: 20 July 2021; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201208123527/https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH45/SECT18-4504/]; archive-date: 8 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny hafa)
*Fitondran-tena ara-nofo heverina ho tsy ara-dalàna (Arabia Saodita, Iràna, Katara, Broney, Nizerià, sy ny hafa)
*Heloka ara-pivavahana ao amin' ny sokajy ''Hudud'' (sokajin-keloka iharan' ny sazy voafaritra ao amin' ny lalàna islamika), toy ny fialana amin' ny finoana silamo (Arabia Saodita, Iràna, Afganistàna, sy ny hafa)
*Fanevatevana ny zava-masina (Arabia Saodita, Iràna, Pakistàna, fanjakana sasany ao Nizerià)
*Fanaovana ody sy fanao heverina fa mampiasa hery mihoatra ny voajanahary (Arabia Saodita)&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/saudi-arabias-war-on-witchcraft/278701/]; title: ''Saudi Arabia's War on Witchcraft''; first: Ryan; last: Jacobs; website: The Atlantic; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161218084707/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/saudi-arabias-war-on-witchcraft/278701/]; archive-date: 18 December 2016; date: 19 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/07/the-anti-sorcery-squad-of-saudi-arabia/]; title: ''The Anti-Sorcery Squad of Saudi Arabia – Mysterious Universe''; website: mysteriousuniverse.org; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081146/http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/07/the-anti-sorcery-squad-of-saudi-arabia/]; archive-date: 2 January 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Fandoroana fananana an-tsitrapo (Aljeria, Tonizia, Malỳ, Maoritania, sy ny hafa)

== Fifandirana sy adihevitra ==
Jereo koa: Adihevitra momba ny fanamelohana ho faty any Etazonia.

Heverin' ny mpanohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty fa tsy mifanaraka amin' ny mahaolona izany sazy izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty-ill&quot;&gt;title: ''Cruel and Unusual: Executing the mentally ill''; url: [http://www.amnestyusa.org/page.do?id=1105184In]; author: Dan Malone; magazine: Amnesty International Magazine; date: Fall 2005; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090116081317/http://www.amnestyusa.org/page.do?id=1105184In]; archive-date: 16 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; ary manakiana azy izy ireo noho izy tsy azo iverenana intsony rehefa tanteraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty-irreversible&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.amnestyusa.org/Our_Issues/Death_Penalty/page.do?id=1011005&amp;n1=3&amp;n2=28]; title: ''Abolish the death penalty''; publisher: Amnesty International; access-date: 25 January 2008; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080119233113/http://www.amnestyusa.org/Our_Issues/Death_Penalty/page.do?id=1011005&amp;n1=3&amp;n2=28]; archive-date: 19 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Milaza koa izy ireo fa tsy mampitahotra ny olona mba tsy hanao heloka ny fanamelohana ho faty,&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnestyusa.org/issues/death-penalty/death-penalty-facts/the-death-penalty-and-deterrence/]; title: ''The Death Penalty and Deterrence''; publisher: Amnestyusa.org; date: 22 February 2008; access-date: 23 May 2009; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161110/https://www.amnestyusa.org/issues/death-penalty/death-penalty-facts/the-death-penalty-and-deterrence/]; archive-date: 23 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~lamperti/capitalpunishment.html]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20010813164705/https://math.dartmouth.edu/~lamperti/capitalpunishment.html]; archive-date: 13 August 2001; title: ''Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder?''; publisher: Math.dartmouth.edu; date: 10 March 1973; access-date: 23 May 2009; last: Lamperti; first: John.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/discussion-recent-deterrence-studies]; title: ''Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies &amp;#124; Death Penalty Information Center''; publisher: Deathpenaltyinfo.org; access-date: 23 May 2009; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090429191414/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/discussion-recent-deterrence-studies]; archive-date: 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; na vao mainka mampitombo ny fironana hanao herisetra.&lt;ref name=sf&gt;last1: King; first1: D. R.; title: ''The Brutalization Effect: Execution Publicity and the Incidence of Homicide in South Carolina''; journal: ''Social Forces''; date: 1 December 1978; volume: 57; issue: 2; pages: 683–687; doi: 10.1093/sf/57.2.683.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1214/p09s01-coop.html]; title: ''Why not all executions deter murder''; work: Christian Science Monitor; date: 14 December 2005; access-date: 17 April 2022; author: Shepherd, Joanna.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny hevitr' izy ireo, manavakavaka ny vondrona vitsy anisa sy ny mahantra izany sazy izany, ary mampiroborobo ny kolontsain' ny herisetra (&quot;''culture of violence''&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;deathPenaltyFocus&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=42]; title: ''The High Cost of the Death Penalty''; publisher: Death Penalty Focus; access-date: 27 June 2008; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080428180241/http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=42]; archive-date: 28 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro ny fikambanana manerana izao tontolo izao, toy ny ''Amnesty International'' (Famotsoran-keloka Iraisam-pirenena),&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/DeathPenaltyFactsMay2012.pdf]; title: ''Death Penalty Facts''; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151026041955/http://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/DeathPenaltyFactsMay2012.pdf]; archive-date: 26 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ireo miompana amin' ny firenena iray, toy ny ACLU (Fikambanana Amerikana ho an' ny Fahalalahana Sivily), izay anisan' ny tanjona fototra ijoroany ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty.&lt;ref&gt;Brian Evans, [http://blog.amnestyusa.org/us/the-death-penalty-in-2011-three-things-you-should-know/ &quot;The Death Penalty In 2011: Three Things You Should Know&quot;] url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130731081723/http://blog.amnestyusa.org/us/the-death-penalty-in-2011-three-things-you-should-know/]; date: 31 July 2013., [[Amnesty International]], 26 March 2012, indrindra fa ilay sarintany, [http://betablog.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/death_penalty_world_map.jpg &quot;Executions and Death Sentences in 2011&quot;] url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130217160324/http://betablog.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/death_penalty_world_map.jpg]; date: 17 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.aclu.org/capital-punishment]; title: ''ACLU Capital Punishment Project (CPP)''; publisher: Aclu.org; access-date: 14 April 2013; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130412231652/http://www.aclu.org/capital-punishment]; archive-date: 12 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanasaziana ho setrin' ny heloka vita ===
Jereo koa ny fizotry ny valifaty.
[[File: Karl Morgenschweis prays for condemned prisoner.jpg|thumb|Famonoana mpanao heloka an' ady alemà ho fanatanterahana sazy tao amin' ny fonjan' i Landsberg tamin' ny 1946.]]
Nilaza ny mpanohana ny fanamelohana ho faty fa azo ekena ara-moraly izany sazy izany rehefa ampiharina amin' ny famonoana olona an-tsitrapo, indrindra raha misy antony mampitombo ny hamafin' ny heloka, toy ny famonoana polisy, ny famonoana ankizy, ny famonoana olona ampiarahina amin' ny fampijaliana, ny famonoana olona mihoatra ny iray, ary ny famonoana olona maro ao anatin' ny tranga iray toy ny amin' ny fampihorohoroana, ny vono olona faobe ary ny fandripahana vondrona ara-pirenena, ara-poko, ara-pirazanana na ara-pivavahana. Manohana mafy izany hevitra izany i Robert Blecker, profesora ao amin' ny ''New York Law School'' (Sekoly momba ny Lalàna ao New York).&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty_profiles/robert_blecker/]; title: ''New York Law School :: Robert Blecker''; publisher: Nyls.edu; access-date: 14 April 2013; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130902231929/http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty_profiles/robert_blecker/]; archive-date: 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazany, tokony hampijaly ny sazy ary tokony hifanaraka amin' ny hamafin' ny heloka ny hamafin' ny fijaliana aterany. Nanohana hevitra henjana kokoa i Immanuel Kant, filozofa tamin' ny taonjato faha-18. Araka izany heviny izany, mendrika ny ho faty avokoa ny mpamono olona an-tsitrapo, satria tsy azo ampitahaina amin' izay sazy mbola mamela ilay olona ho velona, anisan' izany ny fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty, ny fahaverezan' ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www1.american.edu/dgolash/Kant_on_Punishment.html/]; title: ''Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Right''; publisher: American.edu; access-date: 6 July 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140217232041/http://www1.american.edu/dgolash/Kant_on_Punishment.html]; archive-date: 17 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy mpanohana ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty milaza fa valifaty fotsiny ny fanasaziana heverina ho sahaza ny heloka vita, ka tsy azo ekena. Ny hafa kosa manaiky fa anisan' ny fitsarana momba ny heloka bevava ny fanasaziana ho setrin' ny heloka vita, nefa milaza fa ampy hisolo ny fanamelohana ho faty ny fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty tsy ahafahana mahazo famotsorana misy fepetra. Misy koa ny hevitra milaza fa sazy tsy dia fahita amin' ny asa misy herisetra ny fanasaziana famonoana olona amin' ny famonoana ilay nahavanon-doza. Amin' ny ankapobeny mantsy, tsy iharan' ny asa mitovy amin' izay nataony ireo mpanao heloka misy herisetra rehefa saziana. Matetika dia tsy saziana amin' ny sazy ara-batana ny mpanolana, na dia mety hampiharina amin' izy ireo aza izany any Singaporo, ohatra.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/capitalpunishment/against_1.shtml#section_4]; title: ''Ethics – Capital punishment: Arguments against capital punishment''; publisher: BBC; date: 1 January 1970; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209003504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/capitalpunishment/against_1.shtml#section_4]; archive-date: 9 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zon' olombelona ===
Mino ny mpanohana ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty fa io no fanitsakitsahana ratsy indrindra ny zon' olombelona, satria, araka ny hevitr' izy ireo, ny zo hiaina no zo manan-danja indrindra, ary manitsakitsaka izany tsy amin' antony ilàna azy ny fanamelohana ho faty sady mampihatra fampijaliana ara-tsaina amin' ny voaheloka. Manohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty ny mpikatroka miaro ny zon' olombelona, ka milaza azy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, ho «sazy feno habibiana, tsy mifanaraka amin' ny mahaolona ary manambany». Heverin' ny ''Amnesty International'' (Famotsoran-keloka Iraisam-pirenena) ho «fandavana fara tampony sady tsy azo iverenana ny zon' olombelona» izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abolish the death penalty&quot;&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty]; title: ''Abolish the death penalty''; publisher: Amnesty International; access-date: 23 August 2010; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100830062328/http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty]; archive-date: 30 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famonoana natao tsy hampanaintaina ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: Sazy feno habibiana sy tsy mahazatra.

[[File:SQ Lethal Injection Room.jpg|thumb|Fandriana misy kodiarana tao amin' ny fonjam-panjakana San Quentin, any California, izay nampiasaina taloha tamin' ny famonoana tamin' ny tsindrona mahafaty (na fampidirana fanafody amin' ny alalan' ny tsindrona mba hahafaty).]]

Nisy fanadihadiana momba ny famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy natao tany Etazonia teo anelanelan' ny 1977 sy 2001, izay nilaza fa farafahakeliny 34 tamin' ireo famonoana 749, izany hoe 4.5%, no nahitana izao manaraka izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «olana na fahatarana tsy nampoizina izay niteraka fijaliana ho an' ilay gadra — fijaliana izay azo lazaina, fara fahakeliny, fa tsy nilaina — na nampiseho tsy fahaizana goavana teo amin' ny mpanatanteraka ilay famonoana».
Tsy niova firy nandritra ny fe-potoana nanaovana ilay fanadihadiana ny tahan' ireo famonoana nisy tsy fetezana ireo raha oharina amin' ny fitambaran' ny famonoana nodinihina.&lt;ref&gt;Borg and Radelet, pp. 144–47&lt;/ref&gt;
Nisy fanadihadiana hafa navoaka tao amin' ny ''The Lancet'' tamin' ny 2005, izay nahita fa tamin' ny 43% tamin' ireo tranga famonoana tamin' ny tsindrona mahafaty nodinihina, dia tsy ampy hiantohana ny tsy fahatsiarovan-tena ny habetsahan' ny hipnôtika (na fanafody mampatory) tao amin' ny ra.&lt;ref&gt;Van Norman p. 287&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, nanapa-kevitra ny Fitsarana Tampon' i Etazonia tamin' ny 2008, tao amin' ny raharaha ''Baze v. Rees'', ary indray tamin' ny 2015, tao amin' ny raharaha ''Glossip v. Gross'', fa tsy sazy feno habibiana sy tsy mahazatra ny tsindrona mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;Paternoster, R. (18 September 2012). Capital Punishment. Oxford Handbooks Online. Retrieved 15 June 2016, from title: ''Capital Punishment''; series: The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice; doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001; date: 29 September 2011; last1: Paternoster; first1: Ray; editor1-first: Michael; editor1-last: Tonry; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-19-539508-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;..&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny raharaha ''Bucklew v. Precythe'' tamin' ny 2019 dia nanamafy izany foto-kevitra izany indray ny fanapahan-kevitry ny maro anisa, izay nosoratan' ny mpitsara Neil Gorsuch.
Araka io fanapahan-kevitra io, na dia mandrara mazava ireo sazy ''minia mampijaly'' sy manambany aza ny fandrarana ny sazy feno habibiana sy tsy mahazatra, dia tsy mametra velively ny mety hisian' ny fanaintainana amin' ny fanatanterahana didy fanamelohana ho faty izany fandrarana izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/04/bucklew-v-precythe-supreme-court-turns-cruelty/586471]; title: ''Unusual Cruelty at the Supreme Court''; work: The Atlantic; last: Epps; first: Garrett; date: 4 April 2019; access-date: 20 July 2021; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190404112711/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/04/bucklew-v-precythe-supreme-court-turns-cruelty/586471/]; archive-date: 4 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famonoana olona tsy meloka ho fanatanterahana sazy ===
Lohahevitra lehibe: Famonoana olona tsy meloka ho fanatanterahana sazy.

Jereo koa: Lisitry ny fanamelohana diso tany Etazonia.

[[File:Timothy Evans Grave.JPG|thumb|Anisan' ny antony nanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty tao amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra ny raharahan' i Timothy Evans, izay novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy tamin' ny 1950 rehefa voaheloka diso noho ny famonoana olona roa. I John Christie, ilay tompon-trano nampanofa azy, no tena nanao ireo famonoana ireo. Noheverina ho zava-dehibe tamin' ny fanamafisana ny fanoherana izany raharaha izany; nitarika ho amin' ny famerana ny fampiharana ilay sazy tamin' ny 1957 sy ny fanafoanana azy tanteraka ho an' ny heloka famonoana olona tamin' ny 1965 izany fanoherana izany.]]
Anisan' ny hevitra aroso matetika ny hoe miteraka fahadisoan' ny fitsarana ny fanamelohana ho faty, amin' ny alalan' ny famonoana olona tsy meloka ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=412]; title: ''Innocence and the Death Penalty''; publisher: Deathpenaltyinfo.org; access-date: 23 August 2010; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080701205425/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=412]; archive-date: 1 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Olona maro no voalaza fa niharan' ny fanamelohana ho faty nefa tsy meloka.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://capitaldefenseweekly.com/innocent.html]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070804222621/http://capitaldefenseweekly.com/innocent.html]; url-status: unfit; title: ''Thirty Years of Executions with Reasonable Doubts: A Brief Analysis of Some Modern Executions''; archive-date: 4 August 2007; website: Capital Defense Weekly.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.justicedenied.org/executed.htm]; title: ''Executed Innocents''; publisher: Justicedenied.org; access-date: 23 August 2010; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124184742/http://justicedenied.org/executed.htm]; archive-date: 24 November 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://mitglied.lycos.de/PeterWill/penal9.htm]; archive-url: [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090522224521/http://mitglied.lycos.de/PeterWill/penal9.htm]; archive-date: 22 May 2009; title: ''Wrongful executions''; publisher: Mitglied.lycos.de; access-date: 23 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hiteraka famonoana tsy ara-drariny ho fanatanterahana sazy koa ny fomba fiasa tsy araka ny tokony ho izy. Ohatra, milaza ny ''Amnesty International'' (Famotsoran-keloka Iraisam-pirenena) fa any Singaporo, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: «Ny ''Misuse of Drugs Act'' (lalàna momba ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina amin' ny fomba tsy ara-dalàna) dia misy andiana fiheverana ara-dalàna raisina ho marina mandra-pisy porofo mifanohitra aminy, ka mamindra ny adidy hitondra porofo avy amin' ny mpampanoa lalàna ho amin' ny voampanga. Mifanohitra amin' ny zo iantohana ho an' ny rehetra mba hoheverina ho tsy meloka mandra-pahaporofo ny maha-meloka izany».&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org/documents/asa36/001/2004/en &quot;Singapore – The death penalty: A hidden toll of executions&quot;] (January 2004)&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny ''Misuse of Drugs Act'' ao Singaporo, dia heverina ho manana zava-mahadomelina ny olona iray, ohatra, raha hita eo amin' ny toerana iray na mandositra avy ao amin' ny toerana iray izay, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao, «voaporofo na heverina fa ampiasaina hifohana na hanomezana zava-mahadomelina fehezin' ny lalàna»; raha manana fanalahidin' ny trano ahitana zava-mahadomelina izy; raha miaraka amin' ny olona iray hafa hita fa manana zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna izy; na raha hita fa misy zava-mahadomelina ao amin' ny fisotrony taorian' ny fitiliana zava-mahadomelina amin' ny fisotrony izay noterena hataony. Afaka mandidy izany fitiliana fisotrony izany araka izay heveriny fa ilaina ny polisy, ka tsy mitaky didy fanomezan-dalana hanao fisavana izany. Amin' ireo toe-javatra rehetra voalaza ireo, dia ny voampanga no manana adidy hanaporofo fa tsy nanana na tsy nampiasa zava-mahadomelina tsy ara-dalàna izy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Misuse of Drugs Act (CHAPTER 185)''; page: PART III EVIDENCE, ENFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT; url: [http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A%223f9aff0b-a3bd-41da-be16-66daab867d04%22%20Status%3Apublished%20%20TransactionTime%3A20151123000000;rec=0]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015714/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A%223f9aff0b-a3bd-41da-be16-66daab867d04%22%20Status%3Apublished%20%20TransactionTime%3A20151123000000;rec=0]; archive-date: 5 March 2016; access-date: 1 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gadra mangataka hovonoina ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: gadra mangataka ny hamonoana azy ho fanatanterahana sazy.

Nisy gadra nangataka ny hamonoana azy ho fanatanterahana ny fanamelohana azy ho faty, na niezaka nanafaingana izany, matetika tamin' ny fialana amin' ny fampakarana fitsarana rehetra. Nisy koa gadra nanao fangatahana na nanao heloka hafa tao am-ponja. Any Etazonia, eo amin' ny 11% amin' ny gadra voaheloka ho faty izay miandry ny fanatanterahana ny sazy no mangataka hovonoina toy izany. Matetika ireo gadra mangataka hovonoina ireo no mandingana ny fomba fiasa ara-pitsarana izay natao hampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty amin' ireo mpanao heloka «ratsy indrindra amin' ireo ratsy» (dikan-teny malagasy). Ireo mpanohitra ny fangatahan' ny gadra hovonoina dia nilaza fa fahita eo amin' ireo gadra ireo ny aretin-tsaina (na aretina mahakasika ny fisainana, ny fihetseham-po na ny fitondran-tena), ka nampitaha izany fangatahana izany tamin' ny famonoan-tena. Raha oharina amin' ireo voamarina fa tsy meloka taorian' ny namonoana azy ho fanatanterahana ny sazy, dia kely lavitra ny fiheverana natokana ho an' ireo gadra mangataka hovonoina sy ny ezaka natao hanavaozana ny rafitra ara-dalàna momba azy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;file_&quot;&gt;title: ''Volunteers for Execution: Directions for Further Research into Grief, Culpability, and Legal Structures''; author: Rountree, Meredith Martin; work: Northwestern University School of Law; year: 2014; access-date: 2 July 2020; url: [https://files.deathpenaltyinfo.org/legacy/documents/VolunteersForExecution.pdf]; archive-date: 3 July 2020; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071730/https://files.deathpenaltyinfo.org/legacy/documents/VolunteersForExecution.pdf]; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fitongilanana araka ny firazanana sy ny foko ary ny sarangam-piarahamonina ===
Milaza ny mpanohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty fa matetika kokoa io sazy io no ampiharina amin' ny mpanao heloka avy amin' ny vondrona vitsy anisa ara-pirazanana sy ara-poko ary avy amin' ny saranga ambany ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena, raha oharina amin' ny mpanao heloka avy amin' ny saranga manana tombontsoa manokana.
Milaza koa izy ireo fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny vokatry ny raharaha ny fiaviana ara-piarahamonin' ilay niharam-boina.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/death-penalty/us-death-penalty-facts/death-penalty-and-race]; title: ''Death Penalty and Race &amp;#124; Amnesty International USA''; publisher: Amnestyusa.org; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209235831/http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/death-penalty/us-death-penalty-facts/death-penalty-and-race]; archive-date: 9 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.eji.org/deathpenalty/racialbias]; title: ''Racial Bias &amp;#124; Equal Justice Initiative''; publisher: Eji.org; access-date: 11 February 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121001080516/http://www.eji.org/deathpenalty/racialbias]; archive-date: 1 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.ncadp.org/pages/racial-bias]; title: ''Racial Bias &amp;#124; National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty''; publisher: Ncadp.org; date: 18 March 1999; access-date: 9 July 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140602161510/http://www.ncadp.org/pages/racial-bias]; archive-date: 2 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Jolay 2019, dia novonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy tany Bareina ny lehilahy siita roa, dia i Ali Hakim al-Arab, 25 taona, sy i Ahmad al-Malali, 24 taona, na dia nisy aza ny fanoheran' ny Firenena Mikambana sy ireo fikambanana miaro ny zon' olombelona. Nilaza ny ''Amnesty International'' (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena miaro ny zon' olombelona) fa niainga tamin' ny fieken-keloka momba ny «heloka fampihorohoroana», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, izay azo tamin' ny alalan' ny fampijaliana ireo famonoana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://dailysunpost.com/bahrain-executes-3-men/]; title: ''Bahrain executes 3 men''; access-date: 28 July 2019; work: Daily Sun Post; date: 28 July 2019; archive-date: 29 July 2019; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190729134201/https://dailysunpost.com/bahrain-executes-3-men/].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 30 Martsa 2022, na dia nisy aza ny antso nataon' ny Firenena Mikambana sy ny mpikatroka mpiaro ny zon' olombelona, dia novonoina tamin' ny fanantonana tao amin' ny fonjan' i Changi any [[Singaporo]] i Abdul Kahar Othman, olom-pirenen' i Singaporo avy amin' ny foko maley 68 taona, noho ny nanaovany varotra tsy ara-dalàna ny diamôrfina (na zava-mahadomelina antsoina koa hoe herôinina; ''diamorphine'' amin' ny teny anglisy).
Io no famonoana voalohany ho fanatanterahana sazy tany Singaporo hatramin' ny 2019, taorian' ny fampiatoana tsy ofisialy vokatry ny valanaretina COVID-19 (aretina vokatry ny kôrônaviriosy 2019).
Talohan' izany dia nisy ny antso nangataka ny hanovana ny fanamelohana an' i Abdul Kahar ho faty ho fanagadrana mandra-pahafaty noho ny antony mahaolona, satria avy amin' ny fianakaviana kely fidiram-bola izy ary efa sahirana noho ny fiankinan-doha amin' ny zava-mahadomelina (na toe-javatra izay mahasarotra ny fialana amin' ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina).
Voalaza koa fa nifandimby nigadra sy nivoaka ny fonja izy nandritra ny ankabeazan' ny androm-piainany, anisan' izany ny sazy folo taona fitazonana an-tranomaizina ho fisorohana ny fanaovan-keloka indray nanomboka tamin' ny 1995 ka hatramin' ny 2005, ary tsy nomena fotoana firy hanarenana ny fiainany izy.
Noho izany, dia nilaza ireo mpikatroka sy fikambanana fa tokony homena fahafahana hanarina ny fiainany i Abdul Kahar fa tsy hovonoina ho fanatanterahana sazy.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://transformativejusticecollective.org/2022/03/28/when-will-we-stop-killing-small-people-who-need-care/]; title: ''When will we stop killing &quot;small people&quot; who need care?''; website: Transformative Justice Collective; date: 28 March 2022; access-date: 31 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://news.yahoo.com/singapore-hangs-drug-trafficker-resumption-045039209.html]; title: ''Singapore hangs drug trafficker in resumption of executions''; website: Yahoo News; date: 30 March 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/30/man-hanged-in-singapore-amid-concern-over-surge-of-execution-notices]; title: ''Man hanged in Singapore amid concern over surge of execution notices''; website: The Guardian; date: 30 March 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
Samy nanakiana an' i Singaporo noho ny fanapahan-kevitra farany sy ny fanatanterahana ny famonoana an' i Abdul Kahar ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana) sy ny ''[[Amnesty International]]'' (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena miaro ny zon' olombelona).
Olom-pirenen' i Singaporo tokony ho 400 koa no nanao fihetsiketsehana nanohitra ny fampiasan' ny governemanta ny fanamelohana ho faty, andro vitsy monja taorian' ny nankatoavana ny didy fanamelohana an' i Abdul Kahar ho faty.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/singapore-new-execution-death-penalty/]; title: ''Singapore: Shameful resumption of executions after more than two years won't end drug-related crime''; website: Amnesty International; date: 30 March 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/singapore-statement-spokesperson-execution-abdul-kahar-bin-othman_en]; title: ''Singapore: Statement by the Spokesperson on the execution of Abdul Kahar bin Othman''; website: European Union; date: 30 March 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Will 2022 signal sea change in the death penalty for drugs?: Jakarta Post contributor''; url: [https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/will-2022-signal-sea-change-in-the-death-penalty-for-drugs-jakarta-post-contributor]; website: The Straits Times; date: 6 April 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;straitstimes.com&quot;&gt;title: ''Death penalty protest at Speakers' Corner as it reopens 2 years after Covid-19 closure''; url: [https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/death-penalty-protest-at-speakers-corner-as-it-reopens-2-years-after-covid-19-closure]; website: The Straits Times; date: 3 April 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, araka ny tatitra navoaka tamin' ny 3 Martsa 2022, dia maherin' ny 80% tamin' ny vahoaka no nanohana ny fampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty tany Singaporo.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/death-penalty-majority-singapore-residents-support-shanmugam-2535331]; title: ''Majority of Singapore residents still support death penalty in latest MHA survey: Shanmugam''; website: CNA; date: 3 March 2022; access-date: 16 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fomba fijery iraisam-pirenena ===
&lt;span id=&quot;International organisations&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

[[File:04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg|thumb|alt=Andininy faha-2 amin' ny sata momba ny zo fototra ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana.|Manamafy ny fandrarana ny fanamelohana ho faty ao amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana) ny andininy faha-2 amin' ny sata momba ny zo fototra ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana.]]
Maro ny fifanarahana isam-paritra mandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty. Anisan' izany ny protokola faha-6, izay manafoana azy amin' ny fotoam-pilaminana, sy ny protokola faha-13, izay manafoana azy amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra; samy mifameno amin' ny Fifanarahana eorôpeana momba ny zon' olombelona izy ireo. Voalaza koa izany ao amin' ny protokola faharoa mifameno amin' ny Fifanarahana amerikanina momba ny zon' olombelona. Tsy ny firenena rehetra ao Amerika anefa no nanao ny fankatoavana ara-panjakana an' io fifanarahana io, anisan' izany i Kanada&lt;ref&gt;Toa tsy ny fanamelohana ho faty no antony tsy nanaovan' i Kanada ny fankatoavana ara-panjakana an' ilay fifanarahana, fa ny fepetra ao aminy momba ny fanalan-jaza (na fampitsaharana ny vohoka), izay mety tsy hifanaraka amin' ny lalàna momba ny fanalan-jaza ao Kanada: [https://blogs.mcgill.ca/humanrightsinterns/2019/06/23/abortion-in-the-americas-article-41-of-the-american-convention-on-human-rights/ Kelly O'Connor, ''&quot;Abortion in the Americas: Article 4(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights&quot;'']. url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202224059/https://blogs.mcgill.ca/humanrightsinterns/2019/06/23/abortion-in-the-americas-article-41-of-the-american-convention-on-human-rights/]; date: 2 December 2021..&lt;/ref&gt; sy i Etazonia. Tsy mitaky ny fandrarana azy amin' ny raharaha momba ny heloka lehibe ny ankamaroan' ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena manan-kery mifandraika amin' izany, indrindra ny Fifanekena iraisam-pirenena momba ny zo sivily sy pôlitika. Tahaka ny fifanarahana maro hafa kosa, dia manana protokola tsy voatery hidirana io fifanekena io, izay mandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty sady mampirisika ny fanafoanana azy amin' ny sehatra midadasika kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr-death.htm]; title: ''Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR''; access-date: 8 December 2007; publisher: Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071121143327/http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr-death.htm]; archive-date: 21 November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanafoana ara-dalàna ny fanamelohana ho faty noho ny heloka an' ady i Letônia tamin' ny 2012, ka izy no mpikambana farany tao amin' ny EU nanao izany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/death-sentences-and-executions-in-2012]; title: ''The Death Penalty in 2012''; publisher: Amnesty International; date: 9 April 2013; access-date: 11 February 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232445/http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/death-sentences-and-executions-in-2012]; archive-date: 29 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanao ny fankatoavana ara-panjakana ny protokola faha-6, izay mandrara ny fanamelohana ho faty amin' ny fotoam-pilaminana, ny mpikambana rehetra ao amin' ny Filankevitr' i Eorôpa. Efa nanao sonia azy i Rosia, saingy tsy mbola nanao ny fankatoavana ara-panjakana azy tamin' ny nandroahana azy tsy ho mpikambana tamin' ny 2022.

[[File:ICCPR-OP2 members.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|alt=Saritany mampiseho ireo fanjakana mifandray amin' ny protokola faharoa tsy voatery hidirana, izay mifameno amin' ny Fifanekena iraisam-pirenena momba ny zo sivily sy pôlitika.|Ireo nanao sonia ny protokola faharoa tsy voatery hidirana, izay mifameno amin' ny ICCPR (Fifanekena iraisam-pirenena momba ny zo sivily sy pôlitika): maitso antitra ny fanjakana mpandray anjara, maitso tanora ireo nanao sonia ary volondavenona ireo tsy mpikambana.]]
Misy koa fitaovana ara-dalàna iraisam-pirenena hafa mikendry ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty. Anisan' izany ny protokola faharoa tsy voatery hidirana, izay mifameno amin' ny Fifanekena iraisam-pirenena momba ny zo sivily sy pôlitika, ary misy fanjakana mpandray anjara 90;&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-12&amp;chapter=4]; title: ''UNTC''; publisher: Treaties.un.org; access-date: 11 February 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212752/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-12&amp;chapter=4]; archive-date: 4 January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny protokola mifameno amin' ny Fifanarahana amerikanina momba ny zon' olombelona ho fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty, izay natao ho an' ny firenena ao Amerika ary nahazo ny fankatoavana ara-panjakana avy amin' ny fanjakana 13.&lt;ref&gt;author: Francisco J Montero; url: [http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-53.html]; title: ''Multilateral Treaties – Department of International Law''; publisher: OAS; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140507100541/http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-53.html]; archive-date: 7 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; perrow=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Final march, manifestation finale, Genève 2010.jpg|alt=Kongresy maneran-tany fahefatra manohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty, 2010.
Manifestation finale, Genève 2010.jpg|alt=Kongresy maneran-tany fahefatra manohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty, 2010.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Kongresy maneran-tany fahefatra manohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty, 2010.

Anisan' ireo firenena ao Afrika atsimon' i Sahara nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty i [[Borondy]], izay nanafoana azy ho an' ny heloka rehetra tamin' ny 2009,&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/burundi-abolishes-death-penalty-bans-homosexuality-20090427]; title: ''Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality''; publisher: Amnesty International; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140218040338/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/burundi-abolishes-death-penalty-bans-homosexuality-20090427]; archive-date: 18 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; sy i [[Gabôna]], izay nanao toy izany tamin' ny 2010.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/index.php?iddocumento=15302086&amp;mover=0]; title: ''Death Penalty: Hands Off Cain Announces Abolition in Gabon''; publisher: Handsoffcain.info; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225204443/http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/index.php?iddocumento=15302086&amp;mover=0]; archive-date: 25 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 5 Jolay 2012, dia lasa mpandray anjara tamin' ny protokola faharoa tsy voatery hidirana, izay mifameno amin' ny ICCPR (Fifanekena iraisam-pirenena momba ny zo sivily sy pôlitika), i [[Benîno]]. Mandrara ny fampiharana ny fanamelohana ho faty io protokola io.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000190]; title: ''HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world''; publisher: Handsoffcain.info; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225204334/http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000190]; archive-date: 25 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ireo fanjakana mpikambana 111 tao amin' ny UN (Firenena Mikambana) nanohana ny fanapahan-kevitra nolanin' ny Fivoriamben' ny Firenena Mikambana, izay niantso ny fanafoanana ny fanamelohana ho faty, i Sodàna Atsimo, izay vao niforona tamin' ny fotoana resahin' ny tatitra. Nanamafy ny fanoherany izany sazy izany izy tamin' izany fanohanana izany. Araka io tatitra io anefa, dia mbola tsy nanafoana ny fanamelohana ho faty i Sodàna Atsimo, ary nilaza fa tsy maintsy ovany aloha ny lalàm-panorenany; mandra-pahavitan' izany dia mbola hampihatra izany sazy izany izy.&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46452]; title: ''South Sudan says death penalty remains until constitution amended – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan''; work: Sudan Tribune; access-date: 11 February 2014; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140228053742/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46452]; archive-date: 28 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ireo NGOs (fikambanana tsy miankina amin' ny fanjakana), dia fantatra amin' ny fanoherany ny fanamelohana ho faty ny ''Amnesty International'' (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena miaro ny zon' olombelona) sy ny ''Human Rights Watch'' (fikambanana manara-maso ny fanajana ny zon' olombelona).&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Death Penalty''; url: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/death-penalty/]; access-date: 1 September 2021; website: Amnesty International; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 10 October 2010; title: ''Lebanon: Don't Resurrect the Death Penalty''; url: [https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/10/10/lebanon-dont-resurrect-death-penalty]; url-status: live; access-date: 1 September 2021; website: Human Rights Watch; language: en; quote: Human Rights Watch opposes the death penalty in all cases as a violation of fundamental rights – the right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment.; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925203618/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/10/10/lebanon-dont-resurrect-death-penalty]; archive-date: 25 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2002, dia fikambanana maro toy ireo, niaraka tamin' ny sendikà, ny filankevitra eo an-toerana ary ny fikambanan' ny mpisolovava, no nanangana ny ''World Coalition Against the Death Penalty'' (fiaraha-mivondrona maneran-tany manohitra ny fanamelohana ho faty).&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Presentation &amp; History''; url: [https://worldcoalition.org/who-we-are/presentation-history/]; access-date: 1 September 2021; website: WCADP; language: en-US.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Topimaso voarafitra momba ny fanamelohana ho faty
* Fanamelohana ho faty mifandray amin' ny fironana ara-pitiavana na ara-nofo amin' ny olona mitovy fananahana
* Fanamelohana ho faty ao amin' ny fivavahana jiosy
* Fahafatesana mandritra ny fitazonan' ny manam-pahefana
* Efitra famonoana ho fanatanterahana sazy
* Mpanatanteraka ny famonoana ireo voaheloka ho faty
* Fanafoanana fikambanana amin' ny didim-pitsarana, izay antsoina indraindray amin' ny sary an' ohatra hoe «fanamelohana orinasa ho faty» (''corporate death penalty'')
* Fizakana manokana ny zo hampiasa hery ekena ho ara-drariny
* Kolontsaina mifototra amin' ny henatra sy ny fitsaran' ny fiarahamonina
* ''The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints'' (boky)

== Fanamarihana sy loharano ==
=== Fanamarihana ===

==== Loharano ====
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;iep.utm.edu&quot;&gt;[https://iep.utm.edu/death-penalty-capital-punishment/ 'Capital Punishment'] in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, access-date: 4 December 2022&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler&quot;&gt;last1: Fowler; first1: H. W.; title: ''A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition''; date: 14 October 2010; publisher: OUP Oxford; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-19-161511-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 310; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=hrtIDakUpA4C&amp;pg=PA310]; quote: &quot;Capital punishment, or 'the death penalty,' is an institutionalized practice designed to result in deliberately executing persons in response to actual or supposed misconduct and following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant execution.&quot;; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra nampiasaina ===
* language: fr; author: Jean-Marie Carbasse; title: ''La peine de mort''; location: Paris; publisher: Presses universitaires de France; series: Que sais-je ?; year: 2002; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;2-13-051660-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last: Kronenwetter; first: Michael; title: ''Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SOiuzOv061EC&amp;pg=PP1]; year: 2001; edition: 2; publisher: ABC-CLIO; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-57607-432-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Marian J. Borg sy Michael L. Radelet. (2004). ''On botched executions''. Ao amin' ny boky nokarakarain' i Peter Hodgkinson sy William A. Schabas: ''Capital Punishment''. Pejy&amp;nbsp;143–68. [An-tserasera]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Azo jerena ao amin' ny Cambridge Books Online doi:[https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489273.006 10.1017/CBO9780511489273.006].
* Gail A. Van Norman. (2010). ''Physician participation in executions''. Ao amin' ny boky nokarakarain' i Gail A. Van Norman et al.: ''Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology''. Pejy&amp;nbsp;285–91. [An-tserasera]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Azo jerena ao amin' ny Cambridge Books Online doi:[https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841361.051 10.1017/CBO9780511841361.051].

* Sokajin-dahatsoratra momba ny fanamelohana ho faty ao amin' ny Wikinews
* Sokajin-drakitra momba ny fanamelohana ho faty ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons
* Teny nindramina momba ny fanamelohana ho faty ao amin' ny Wikiquote

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
Lahatsoratra mifandraika: Lisitry ny boky sy lahatsoratra momba ny tantaran' ny fanamelohana ho faty.

* chapter: ''Seventh Sunday: Capital Punishment''; title: ''Sermons from the Latins''; year: 1902; publisher: Benziger Brothers; first: Robert; last: Bellarmine; author-link: Robert Bellarmine.
* doi: 10.4324/9781315673998; year: 2016; title: Death ''Quest''; last1: Bohm; first1: Robert M.; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-315-67399-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Curry, Tim. ''[http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/13/3curry.pdf Cutting the Hangman's Noose: African Initiatives to Abolish the Death Penalty]'' url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120720121914/http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/13/3curry.pdf]; date: 20 July 2012.. ''American University'' (Oniversite Amerikana), ''Washington College of Law'' (Sekolin' ny Lalàna Washington).
* Davis, David Brion. ''The movement to abolish capital punishment in America, 1787–1861.'' ''American Historical Review'' 63.1 (1957): 23–46. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1847110 Azo vakina an-tserasera]
* last: Gaie; first: Joseph B. R; year: 2004; title: ''The ethics of medical involvement in capital punishment: a philosophical discussion''; url: [https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-1-4020-2539-4]; publisher: Kluwer Academic; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-4020-1764-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hammel, A. ''Ending the Death Penalty: The European Experience in Global Perspective'' (2014).
* doi: 10.1177/1462474501003003001; volume: 3; issue: 3; pages: 331–354; title: ''Capital Punishment''; journal: ''Punishment &amp; Society''; year: 2001; last1: Hood; first1: Roger; s2cid: 143875533.
* last1: Johnson; first1: David T.; last2: Zimring; first2: Franklin E.; title: ''The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia''; year: 2009; publisher: Oxford University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-19-533740-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=nZY8E6n-JAAC].
* last: McCafferty; first: James A; year: 2010; title: ''Capital Punishment''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=n8P0BYf62wAC&amp;pg=PP1]; publisher: AldineTransaction; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-202-36328-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last: Mandery; first: Evan J; author-link: Evan Mandery; year: 2005; title: ''Capital punishment: a balanced examination''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KPIf6dPJ_jQC&amp;pg=PP1]; publisher: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-7637-3308-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* last: Marzilli; first: Alan; edition: 2nd; year: 2008; title: ''Capital Punishment – Point-counterpoint''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=nlOU4fUaiV8C&amp;pg=PP1]; publisher: Chelsea House; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-7910-9796-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* O'Brien, Doireann. ''Investigating the Origin of Europe and America's Diverging Positions on the Issue of Capital Punishment.'' ''Social and Political Review'' (2018): 98+. [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0c4a46c027d8d6e4f77763/t/5ab178a1f950b71e2a211f6b/1521580198095/SPR+Volume+XXVIII.pdf#page=99 Azo vakina an-tserasera] url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151555/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0c4a46c027d8d6e4f77763/t/5ab178a1f950b71e2a211f6b/1521580198095/SPR+Volume+XXVIII.pdf#page=99]; date: 21 December 2019.
* Rakoff, Jed S., ''The Last of His Kind'' (lahatsoratra mitsikera ny bokin' i John Paul Stevens, ''The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years'', Little, Brown, 549 pejy), ''The New York Review of Books'', boky LXVI, laharana 14 (26 September 2019), pejy&amp;nbsp;20, 22, 24. Ao amin' io lahatsoratra io, i Rakoff dia manoritsoritra an' i John Paul Stevens ho «olona mampahatsiahy ireo Repoblikana liberaly notendrena ho ao amin' ny [Fitsarana Tampon' i Etazonia] taorian' ny ady» (tenin' i Rakoff, nadika amin' ny teny malagasy). Araka io lahatsoratra io, i Stevens dia nametra-panontaniana momba ny maha-mitombina «ny foto-pitsipika momba ny tsy fahazoana mitory ny fanjakana raha tsy manaiky izany izy, izay milaza fa tsy afaka mitory sampan-draharaha ao amin' ny fanjakana mpikambana na ao amin' ny fanjakana federaly, na iray amin' ny manampahefana na mpiasan' izy ireny, noho izay fahavoazana mety ho nataony taminao ianao, raha tsy manaiky hotorina ilay fanjakana mpikambana na ny fanjakana federaly» (teny notsongaina ao amin' ny lahatsoratr' i Rakoff, nadika amin' ny teny malagasy; pejy&amp;nbsp;20). Nametra-panontaniana koa izy momba ny maha-mety «ny fitomboan' ny fanoheran' ny Fitsarana Tampon' i Etazonia ny ankamaroan' ny endrika manan-danja amin' ny fifehezana ny basy» (teny notsongaina ao amin' ny lahatsoratr' i Rakoff, nadika amin' ny teny malagasy; pejy&amp;nbsp;22), ary momba «ny maha-mifanaraka amin' ny lalàm-panorenana ny fanamelohana ho faty... noho ny porofo tsy azo lavina fa nisy olona tsy manan-tsiny voaheloka ho faty» (teny notsongaina ao amin' ny lahatsoratr' i Rakoff, nadika amin' ny teny malagasy; pejy&amp;nbsp;22, 24).
* Sarat, Austin and Juergen Martschukat, mpandrindra. ''Is the Death Penalty Dying?: European and American Perspectives'' (2011)
* last: Woolf; first: Alex; year: 2004; title: ''World issues – Capital Punishment''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=U3McAciWdWYC&amp;pg=PA1]; publisher: Chrysalis Education; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-1-59389-155-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Natao ho an' ny mpianatra amin' ny dingana voalohany amin' ny fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa.
* last: Simon; first: Rita; year: 2007; title: ''A comparative analysis of capital punishment: statutes, policies, frequencies, and public attitudes the world over''; url: [https://archive.org/details/comparativeanaly0000simo_k7i9]; url-access: registration; publisher: Lexington Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-7391-2091-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* chapter: ''Book 6: On Capital Punishment''; title: ''A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries''; year: 1925; publisher: Burns Oates &amp; Washbourne Ltd.; first: Thomas; last: Slater S.J..
* Steiker, Carol S. ''Capital punishment and American exceptionalism.'' ''Oregon Law Review''. 81 (2002): 97+ [https://capitalpunishmentincontext.org/files/resources/international/CP%20and%20Amer%20Exceptionalism.pdf Azo vakina an-tserasera]
* wstitle: Capital Punishment; volume: 12; first: John Wiley; last: Willis.

[[:Sokajy:Lalàna]]</text>
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        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
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      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384884453; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=798253</comment>
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      <text bytes="51742" sha1="709fjwxwp431p80o7yypub5d7luqnar" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''sandam-bola''' dia endriky ny [[Vola|vola]] manaraka fenitra iray, ampiasaina ho fitaovana ifanakalozana.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ny teny anglisy ''currency'' dia avy amin' ny teny anglisy antenatenany hoe ''curraunt'', 'in circulation' (mivezivezy), izay avy amin' ny teny latina hoe ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/currens currens], -entis'', midika ara-bakiteny hoe 'running' (mihazakazaka) na 'traversing' (mamakivaky).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bernstein&gt;last: Bernstein; first: Peter; author-link: Peter L. Bernstein; Lohateny: ''A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold''; edition: 3rd; year: 2008; orig-year: 1965; publisher: Wiley; location: Hoboken, NJ; ISBN: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-470-28758-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 233484849; chapter: 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io famaritana io, ny dôlara amerikana, ny [[Euro|euro]], ny yen, ny [[Pound|sterling]]&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Tsy ny ''pound'' no sandam-bola, fa izy no singa fototra ampiasaina handrefesana sanda ara-bola ao amin' io sandam-bola io.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny renminbi&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Tsy ny yuan no sandam-bola, fa izy no singa fototra ampiasaina handrefesana sanda ara-bola ao amin' io sandam-bola io.&lt;/ref&gt; dia ohatra amin' ny vola tsy manana antoka amin' ny entam-barotra iray (''fiat currencies'') avoakan' ny fanjakana. Azo ampiasaina ho fitaovana itahirizana sanda ny sandam-bola, ary azo amidy sy vidina eo amin' ny firenena samihafa ao amin' ny tsenan' ny fifanakalozam-bola, izay mamaritra ny sandan' ny sandam-bola tsirairay raha oharina amin' ny hafa.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B_Qxj5U7eaJTZTJkODYzN2ItZjE3Yy00Y2M0LTk2ZmUtZGU0NzA3NGI4Y2Y5&amp;hl=en&amp;pli=1]; newspaper: The Economist; Lohateny: ''Guide to the Financial Markets''; format: PDF; page: 14; quote: Determining the relative values of different currencies is the role of the foreign-exchange markets.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;History&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== Ny endriky ny vola tany am-piandohana ==
[[File: A print from 1845 shows cowry shells being used as money by an Arab trader.jpg|thumb|Akorandriaka ''cowry'' ampiasain' ny mpivarotra arabo ho vola.]]
Tany am-piandohana, ny vola dia karazana fanamarinana ny voamadinika notehirizina tao amin' ny trano fitehirizam-bokatry ny tempoly tany [[Somera]], tao [[Mesôpôtamia]] fahiny, sy tany [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejipta fahiny]]. Tamin' io dingana voalohany teo amin' ny tantaran' ny vola io, dia nampiasaina ho marika maneho ny sanda voatahiry tamin' ny endriky ny entam-barotra ny metaly. Izany no fototry ny varotra tao amin' ny [[Tsinambolana Lonaka|faritra lonaka miendrika volana tsinana]] nandritra ny 1 500 taona mahery. Kanefa, ny firodanan' ny rafitra ara-barotra tany Atsinanana Akaiky dia nampiseho fahalemena iray: tamin' ny vanim-potoana tsy nisian' ny toerana azo antoka hitahirizana zava-tsarobidy, dia niankina tamin' ny tanjaky ny tafika niaro izany tahiry izany ny fahatokisana ny sandan' ny fitaovana ifanakalozana nivezivezy. Tsy afaka niitatra nihoatra ny faritra nitokisana ny herin' io tafika io ny varotra. Na izany aza, tamin' ny faramparan' ny [[Andron' ny Alimo|vanim-potoan' ny alimo]], dia nisy fifanarahana maromaro niantoka ny fivezivezen' ny mpivarotra tsy nisy loza nanodidina ny tapany atsinanan' ny Ranomasina Mediteranea. Nitatra avy tany [[Kreta]], teo amin' ny [[Sivilizasiôna Minôana|sivilizasiôna minôana]], sy Mycenae tany avaratra-andrefana izany, ka hatrany [[Elama]] sy [[Bareina]] tany atsimo-atsinanana. Tsy fantatra izay nampiasaina ho vola tamin' ireny fifanakalozana ireny, saingy heverina fa mety ho nampiasaina ho vola ireo vongana varahina voavolavola miendrika hoditr' omby novokarina tao amin' ny nosy Kipra.

Heverina fa ny fitomboan' ny asan-jiolahy an-dranomasina sy ny fanafihana handrobana, izay nifandray tamin' ny firodanana tamin' ny faran' ny vanim-potoan' ny alimo ary mety ho nataon' ny Vahoakan' ny Ranomasina, no namarana ny rafitra ara-barotra nampiasa ireny vongana varahina miendrika hoditr' omby ireny. Tsy niverina ny fanambinana raha tsy niarina ny varotra nataon' ny Fenisianina tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 sy faha-9 talohan' i Kristy. Izany koa no nitarika ny fisehoan' ny vola madinika tena izy, izay mety ho tany [[Anatôlia]] aloha, tamin' ny andron' i [[Croesus]] tao [[Lidia]], ary avy eo teo amin' ny [[Grika (vahoaka)|Grika]] sy ny [[Persàna (vahoaka)|Persiana]]. Tany Afrika, dia zavatra maro samihafa no nampiasaina hitahirizana sanda, anisan' izany ny vakana, ny vongana metaly voavolavola, ny [[Ivoara|akora avy amin' ny vangin' ny biby]], ny fitaovam-piadiana isan-karazany, ny biby fiompy, ny vola miendrika haba antsoina hoe ''manilla'', ny akorandriaka natao vola, ary ny tany miloko antsoina hoe ''ochre'' sy ny ôksida hafa hita amin' ny tany. Anisan' ny vola nampiasaina nivarotana andevo nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny haba ''manilla'' tany [[Afrika Andrefana]]. Mbola miavaka amin' ny fahasamihafany ny vola ampiasaina any Afrika, ary mbola misy any amin' ny toerana maro ny endrika samihafa amin' ny fifanakalozana zavatra mivantana tsy ampiasana vola.

== Vola madinika ==
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Vola madinika.''

Mety ho ny fielezan' ny vola madinika vita amin' ny metaly no nahatonga ny metaly mihitsy ho fitaovana itehirizana sanda: ny varahina aloha, avy eo ny [[Volafotsy|volafotsy]] sy ny [[Volamena|volamena]], ary nisy fotoana nampiasana alimo koa. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia misy metaly hafa tsy sarobidy ampiasaina hanaovana vola madinika. Notrandrahina ny metaly, nolanjaina, ary nasiana fitomboka mba ho vola madinika. Izany dia natao mba hanomezana antoka ny olona nanaiky handray ilay vola madinika fa nahazo metaly sarobidy manana lanja voafaritra sy fantatra izy. Azo natao ny namokatra vola madinika sandoka, kanefa ny fisian' ny vola madinika nanaraka fenitra dia namorona singa vaovao ampiasaina handrefesana sanda ara-bola koa, ka anisan' ny nahatonga ny fipoiran' ny asa banky. Ny fitsipik' i Archimedes no nahafahana nandroso indray: nanjary mora nozahana ny lanjan' ny metaly madio tao amin' ny vola madinika, ka azo nofaritana ny sandan' ilay vola madinika, na dia nokikisana hanalana metaly aza izy, na nahena ny metaly sarobidy tao anatiny, na novana tamin' ny fomba hafa (jereo ny fandalinana ny vola).

[[File: Electrum trite, Alyattes, Lydia, 620-563 BC.jpg|thumb|Ny vola madinika tranainy indrindra eran-tany, natao tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Lidia fahiny]]

Ny ankamaroan' ny toekarena lehibe nampiasa vola madinika dia nanana vola madinika nisy ambaratongam-bidy maromaro, vita tamin' ny varahina sy ny volafotsy ary ny volamena. Ny vola madinika volamena no nanana sanda ambony indrindra, ary nampiasaina tamin' ny fividianana nitaky vola be, ny fandoavam-bola ho an' ny tafika, ary ny famatsiam-bola ho an' ny asam-panjakana. Matetika ny singa ampiasaina handrefesana sanda ara-bola no nofaritana ho sandan' ny karazana vola madinika volamena iray manokana. Ny vola madinika volafotsy dia nampiasaina tamin' ny raharaham-barotra antonontonony ny sandany, ary indraindray koa ny sandany no namaritra ny singa ampiasaina handrefesana sanda ara-bola. Ny vola madinika varahina na volafotsy kosa, na ireo vita tamin' ny fifangaroan' izy roa ireo (jereo ny fampihenana ny metaly sarobidy ao amin' ny vola madinika), dia mety ho nampiasaina tamin' ny raharaham-barotra andavanandro. Efa nampiasaina tany India fahiny io rafitra io hatramin' ny andron' ny Mahajanapadas. Niovaova be arakaraka ny vanim-potoana sy ny toerana ny tahan' ny sandan' ireo metaly telo raha ampitahaina; ohatra, ny fanokafana toeram-pitrandrahana volafotsy tany amin' ny tendrombohitra [[Harz]], any [[Eorôpa Afovoany|Eorôpa afovoany]], dia nampihena ny sandan' ny volafotsy raha oharina amin' ny metaly hafa. Toy izany koa ny firohotan' ny volafotsy avy tany amin' ny [[Tontolo Vaovao]] taorian' ny fandresen-tafika espaniôla. Na izany aza, noho ny tsy fahita firy amin' ny volamena dia ambony noho ny an' ny volafotsy hatrany ny sandany, ary toy izany koa, ambony noho ny an' ny varahina hatrany ny sandan' ny volafotsy.

== Vola taratasy ==
Jereo ny lahatsoratra fototra: Vola taratasy.

Tany Sina talohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, ny filàna fampindramam-bola sy fitaovana ifanakalozana izay tsy mavesatra sy tsy manahirana entina tahaka ny vola [[Varahina|varahina]] marobe no nitarika ny fampidirana ny vola vita amin' ny taratasy, izany hoe ny vola taratasy.
Nitranga tsikelikely izany, nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny tarana-mpanjaka Tang (618–907) ka nitohy tamin' ny andron' ny tarana-mpanjaka Song (960–1279).
Tamin' ny voalohany, dia fomba nahafahan' ny mpivarotra nanakalo ny vola metaly mavesatra tamin' ny taratasy fanamarinana ny vola napetraka izany.
Navoakan' ny fivarotan' ny mpivarotra ambongadiny ireny taratasy ireny, tamin' ny endrika taratasy misy fampanantenana handoa vola.
Azo nampiasaina nandritra ny fotoana voafetra tao anatin' ny faritra kely iray ireo taratasy ireo.
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-10, dia nanomboka nampivezivezy azy ireo teo amin' ny mpivarotra tao amin' ny sehatry ny sira izay [[Ampihimamba|nananany zo tokana]] ny fitondran' ny tarana-mpanjaka Song.
Nomen' ny fitondrana Song zo hamoaka vola taratasy ny fivarotana maromaro, ary tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-12 dia noraisin' ny fanjakana ihany ireo fivarotana ireo mba hamokarana vola avoakan' ny fanjakana.
Na izany aza, dia mbola tao amin' ny faritra voafetra sy nandritra ny fotoana voafetra ihany no nanan-kery ireo vola taratasy navoaka.
Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-13 vao nisy vola taratasy navoakan' ny fanjakana araka ny fenitra iray sy tamin' ny endrika nitovy, ka nanjary nekena ho vola nanerana ny firenena.
Ny fanontana tamin' ny takela-kazo voasokitra, izay efa niely, ary avy eo ny fanontana tamin' ny soratra tsirairay azo afindrafindra nataon' i [[Bi Sheng]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-11, no nanosika ny famokarana vola taratasy betsaka tany Sina talohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina.

[[File:Jiao zi.jpg|thumb|right|''Jiaozi'' tamin' ny andron' ny tarana-mpanjaka Song, vola taratasy voalohany indrindra teto an-tany]]
Tokony ho tamin' izany fotoana izany ihany, tany amin' ny tontolo silamo tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia niforona teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-7 sy faha-12 ny toekarena natanjaka nifototra tamin' ny fampiasana vola.
Niorina tamin' ny fitomboan' ny habetsahan' ny vola marin-toerana sy avo sanda nivezivezy izany, dia ny dinara.
Anisan' ny fanavaozana nampidirin' ny mpahay toekarena sy ny mpanao raharaham-barotra ary ny mpivarotra silamo ny fampiasana voalohany ny fampindramana na fanomezana fahafahana handoa vola any aoriana,&lt;ref name=Banaji&gt;last: Banaji; first: Jairus; year: 2007; Lohateny: ''Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism''; journal: Historical Materialism; volume: 15; issue: 1; pages: 47–74; issn: 1465-4466; doi: 10.1163/156920607X171591; oclc: 440360743; url: [https://www.scribd.com/doc/14246569/Banaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism]; access-date: August 28, 2010; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523015524/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14246569/Banaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism]; archive-date: May 23, 2009; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;
ny seky, ny taratasy misy fampanantenana handoa vola,&lt;ref name=&quot;Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents&quot;&gt;last1: Lopez; first1: Robert Sabatino; author-link1: Roberto Sabatino Lopez; last2: Raymond; first2: Irving Woodworth; last3: Constable; first3: Olivia Remie; Lohateny: ''Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world: Illustrative documents''; series: Records of Western civilization.; Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 52; year: 2001; orig-year: 1955; publisher: Columbia University Press; location: New York; url: [http://cup.columbia.edu/bookpreview/978-0-231-12356-3/]; ISBN: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-231-12357-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 466877309; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144011/http://cup.columbia.edu/bookpreview/978-0-231-12356-3/]; archive-date: March 9, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
ny kaonty fitahirizam-bola, ny kaonty ampiasaina amin' ny fandoavam-bola sy ny fifampiraharahana andavanandro, ny fampindramam-bola, ny fampitantanana fananana ankinina amin' olona iray ho tombontsoan' olon-kafa, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola, ny famindrana ny zo hitaky vola sy ny trosa,&lt;ref name=Labib&gt;last: Labib; first: Subhi Y.; date: March 1969; Lohateny: ''Capitalism in Medieval Islam''; journal: The Journal of Economic History; volume: 29; issue: 1; pages: 79–86; issn: 0022-0507; oclc: 478662641; jstor: 2115499; doi: 10.1017/S0022050700097837; s2cid: 153962294.&lt;/ref&gt;
ary ny toeram-pandraharahana ara-banky nampindram-bola sy nandray vola apetraka.&lt;ref name=Labib /&gt;

Tany Eorôpa, dia tany [[Soeda]] no nampidirana voalohany ny fampiasana vola taratasy tsy tapaka, tamin' ny 1661. Na izany aza, dia mitantara i [[Washington Irving]] fa efa nampiasain' ny Espaniôla noho ny toe-javatra maika izany talohan' io, nandritra ny fahirano iray tamin' ny fandresena an' i Granada. Koa satria nanankarena varahina i [[Soeda]], dia maro ny vola varahina nivezivezy tao aminy. Saingy noho ny sanda somary ambany nananan' io metaly io, dia tsy maintsy natao tena lehibe ireo vola ireo, ka matetika nahatratra kilao maromaro ny lanjany.

Maro ny tombontsoa nananan' ny vola taratasy. Nampihena ny filàna fitaterana volamena sy volafotsy izy, izay asa nampidi-doza. Nanamora ny fampindramana volamena na volafotsy misy zanabola koa izy, satria tsy niala teo am-pelatanan' ny mpampindrana ny vola metaly niantoka azy — izany hoe vola volamena na volafotsy fa tsy vola taratasy — raha tsy nisy olon-kafa nitondra ilay taratasy hatakalo amin' izany vola metaly izany. Nahafahana nanavaka koa ny vola niantohan' ny fampanantenana handoa sy ny vola niantohan' ny vola volamena na volafotsy izy. Nahafahana nivarotra renivola nampiasaina tao amin' ny orinasa manana renivola mizara ho anjara izany, ary nahafahana nanavotra ireo anjara tamin' ny renivola ireo tamin' ny alalan' ny taratasy.

Nisy koa anefa ny lafy ratsiny. Voalohany, satria tsy nanana sanda tao aminy manokana ny taratasy iray, dia afaka nanonta taratasy mihoatra noho ny vola volamena na volafotsy nananany hiantohana azy ny manampahefana namoaka vola, fa tsy nisy nisakana izany. Faharoa, nampitombo ny fitambaran' ny vola tao amin' ny toekarena izany, ka nampitombo ny tsindry nitarika fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana, araka ny nomarihin' i [[David Hume]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-18. Noho izany, dia matetika ny vola taratasy no nitarika fisondrotan' ny vidiny mihoa-pampana, izay mety hirodana raha nanomboka nitaky vola volamena na volafotsy ny olona, ka nahatonga ny fangatahana vola taratasy hihena ho aotra. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny ady sy ny famatsiam-bola ny ady koa ny fanontana vola taratasy, ka noheverina ho anisan' ny fitazonana tafika maharitra. Noho ireo antony ireo, dia nampiahiahy sy notoherina ny vola taratasy tany Eorôpa sy Amerika. Nampirisika ny olona hanohy hampiasa azy koa anefa izy, satria betsaka ny tombony azo tamin' ny varotra nanantenana fiovan' ny vidiny sy tamin' ny famoronana renivola. Nanangana toerana fanontam-bola sy fanefem-bola madinika ireo firenena lehibe mba hanonta vola taratasy sy hanefy vola madinika. Nanangana sampan' ny tahirimbolam-panjakana koa izy ireo mba hanangona hetra sy hitahiry volamena ary volafotsy.

Tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia samy noheverina ho vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa ny volafotsy sy ny volamena, ary samy neken' ny fanjakana handoavana hetra. Nitombo anefa ny tsy fahamarinan-toeran' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana teo amin' izy roa nandritra ny taonjato faha-19, niaraka tamin' ny fitomboan' ny famatsiana an' ireo metaly ireo, indrindra ny volafotsy, sy ny fitomboan' ny varotra. Antsoina hoe rafitra mampifototra ny sandam-bola amin' ny volamena sy volafotsy ny fampiasana ireo metaly roa ireo miaraka. Niezaka nametraka rafitra mifototra amin' ireo metaly roa ireo mpomba ny [[Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana|fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana]], mba hahafahan' ny vola niantohan' ny volamena sy ny vola niantohan' ny volafotsy samy nivezivezy hatrany. Afaka nampiasa ny vola ho fitaovana hanatanterahana politika ny fanjakana tamin' izany, ka nanonta vola taratasy, toy ny vola taratasy amerikanina nantsoina hoe ''greenback'', mba handoavana ny fandaniana ara-tafika. Afaka nametra ny fepetra nanakalozany ny vola taratasy tamin' ny vola volamena na volafotsy koa izy ireo, tamin' ny famerana ny habetsahan' ny azo novidina na ny habetsahana ambany indrindra azo natakalo.

Tamin' ny 1900, dia efa nampihatra endrika iray tamin' ny rafitra mampifototra ny sandam-bola amin' ny volamena ny ankamaroan' ny firenena niroso tamin' ny fampandrosoana ny indostria, ary ny vola taratasy sy ny vola madinika volafotsy no nampiasaina tamin' ny fifanakalozana. Nanaraka ny lalànan' i Gresham ny [[Banky|banky]] tsy miankina sy ny fanjakana manerana izao tontolo izao: notahiriziny ny volamena sy ny volafotsy voarainy, fa vola taratasy kosa no naloany. Tsy nitranga niaraka nanerana izao tontolo izao izany, fa niseho tsindraindray, indrindra nandritra ny ady na krizy ara-bola, nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 ka nitohy hatramin' ny faramparan' io taonjato io. Tamin' izay no nanomboka nanan-kery ny rafitry ny vola tsy azo takalozana metaly sarobidy amin' ny sanda raikitra, izay miovaova araka ny tsena ny tahan' ny fifanakalozany. Anisan' ny firenena farany niala tamin' ny rafitra mampifototra ny sandam-bola amin' ny volamena i Etazonia tamin' ny 1971; fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe fiovana tampoka naterak' i Nixon izany fanapahan-kevitra izany. Tsy misy firenena manana rafitra ara-bola mifototra amin' ny volamena na rafitra mifototra amin' ny volafotsy izay azo takina hampiharina.

== Vanim-potoanan' ny vola taratasy ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Vola taratasy sy Vola mifototra amin' ny fanekem-panjakana.

Ny vola taratasy (''banknote'' na ''bill'' amin' ny teny anglisy) dia karazana zavatra maneho sandam-bola, ary matetika izy io no ampiasaina ho vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa any amin' ny faritra maro samy manana ny lalàny. Ny vola taratasy sy ny vola madinika no mandrafitra ny vola azo tsapain-tanana amin' ny sandam-bola iray. Taratasy no nanaovana ny ankamaroan' ireo vola ireo tany am-boalohany, saingy namolavola vola vita amin' ny pôlimera (karazana plastika) ny ''Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation'' (Fikambanam-panjakana misahana ny fikarohana ara-tsiansa sy ara-indostria) ao Aostralia tamin' ny taompolo 1980; nampidirina hivezivezy izany tamin' ny fankalazana ny faha-200 taonan' ilay firenena tamin' ny 1988.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/history/]; Lohateny: ''History of Banknotes''; website: Reserve Bank of Australia; access-date: 2019-12-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nampidirina hampiasaina tao amin' ny [[Nosin'i Man|Nosin' i Man]] tamin' ny 1983 ny vola vita amin' ny pôlimera. Tamin' ny 2016, firenena maherin' ny 20 no nampiasa vola vita amin' ny pôlimera (maherin' ny 40 raha isaina koa ireo vola navoaka ho fahatsiarovana),&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2016/06/currency.htm]; Lohateny: ''The Future Is Plastic – Currency Notes''; work: Finance &amp; Development; date: June 2016; first1: Ping; last1: Wang; publisher: International Monetary Fund; access-date: 2019-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mampitombo be ny faharetan' ireo vola ireo sy mampihena ny fanaovana vola sandoka izany.

== Sandam-bola ankehitriny ==
Ho an' ny lisitry ny vola iray na maromaro ampiasain' ny firenena na faritra ankehitriny, jereo ny lisitry ny vola ampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana.

Ny famaritana ny vola ampiasaina dia mifototra amin' ny ''lex monetae'' (foto-kevitra momba ny fahefan' ny fanjakana hisafidy ny vola ampiasainy): ny fanjakana manana fiandrianam-pirenena no manapa-kevitra izay vola hampiasainy. (Jereo ny vola manan-kery noho ny fanapahan-kevitry ny fanjakana.)

== Kaody sy marika famantarana ny sandam-bola ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Lisitry ny kaody famantarana ny sandam-bola sy Lisitry ny marika famantarana ny sandam-bola.

Tamin' ny 1978, ny ISO (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fanaraham-penitra) dia namoaka rafitra kaody misy litera telo ([[ISO 4217]]) hanondroana ireo sandam-bola. Ireo kaody ireo dia mifototra amin' ny litera roa voalohany natokana ho an' ny firenena iray, sy litera iray farany manondro singa iray manokana ampiasaina handrefesana sanda ara-bola.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html]; Lohateny: ''ISO 4217 - Currency Codes''; year: 2015; agency: International Organisation for Standardisation; access-date: 27 June 2022; quote: The alphabetic code is based on another ISO standard, ISO&amp;nbsp;3166, which lists the codes for country names. The first two letters of the ISO&amp;nbsp;4217 three-letter code are the same as the code for the country name, and, where possible, the third letter corresponds to the first letter of the currency name.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sandam-bola maro no mampiasa marika famantarana. Tsy fehezin' ny fenitra iraisam-pirenena ireo marika ireo ary tsy voatery ho samy hafa ho an' ny sandam-bola tsirairay: ny mariky ny dôlara, indrindra indrindra, dia manana fampiasana maro.

== Lisitry ny sandam-bola be mpampiasa amin' ny fandoavam-bola maneran-tany ==
Ity tabilao manaraka ity dia maneho ny tomban' ny SWIFT (Fikambanana momba ny fifandraisan-davitra ara-bola eo amin' ny banky maneran-tany) momba ireo sandam-bola 20 be mpampiasa indrindra tamin' ny fandoavam-bola maneran-tany tamin' ny Aogositra 2026.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.swift.com/our-solutions/compliance-and-shared-services/business-intelligence/renminbi/rmb-tracker/rmb-tracker-document-centre]; Lohateny: ''RMB Tracker document centre''; website: Swift.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;
|+ Sandam-bola 20 be mpampiasa amin' ny fandoavam-bola maneran-tany (Aogositra 2026)
! Laharana !! Kaody ISO 4217 (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fanaraham-penitra) !! Sandam-bola !! Isan-jato amin' ny fitambaran' izao tontolo izao
|-
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[Izao tontolo izao]] || 100.00%
|-
| 1 || USD || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Dôlara (Etazonia) || 49.63%
|-
| 2 || EUR || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Euro|''Euro'']] || 21.69%
|-
| 3 || GBP || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Pound|''Pound sterling'' (Fanjakana Mitambatra)]] || 6.89%
|-
| 4 || JPY || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Yen'' (Japàna) || 3.40%
|-
| 5 || CNY || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Renminbi'' (''yuan'') || 3.33%
|-
| 6 || CAD || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Dôlara (Kanada) || 2.71%
|-
| 7 || HKD || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Dôlara (Hong Kong) || 1.91%
|-
| 8 || AUD || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Dôlara (Aostralia) || 1.74%
|-
| 9 || SGD || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Dôlara (Singaporo) || 1.31%
|-
| 10 || CHF || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Franc'' (Soisa) || 0.92%
|-
| 11 || THB || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Baht'' (Tailandy) || 0.83%
|-
| 12 || SEK || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Krona'' (Soeda) || 0.72%
|-
| 13 || PLN || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Złoty'' (Pôlônia) || 0.71%
|-
| 14 || NOK || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Krone'' (Nôrvezy) || 0.57%
|-
| 15 || NZD || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Dôlara (Zelandy Vaovao) || 0.33%
|-
| 16 || MXN || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Peso'' (Meksika) || 0.31%
|-
| 17 || DKK || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Krone'' (Danemarka) || 0.31%
|-
| 18 || ZAR || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Rand'' (Afrika Atsimo) || 0.28%
|-
| 19 || HUF || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Forint'' (Hôngria) || 0.24%
|-
| 20 || MYR || style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ''Ringgit'' (Malezia) || 0.22%
|}

== Fifehezana sy famokarana ==
[[Image:South East Asia Exchange Rates (6031878489).jpg|thumb|Lisitr' ireo tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ho an' ny sandam-bola samihafa raisina ho fototra, asehon' ny mpanakalo vola iray any Tailandy. Ny baht tailandey no vola ilazana ny sandan' ireo vola hafa ireo.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Vola be fifanakalozana indrindra araka ny sandany: fizaran' ny sandan' ny fifanakalozana eo amin' ny tsena maneran-tany ho an' ny vola vahiny araka ny sandam-bola ampiasaina&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2025''; url: [https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx25_fx.pdf]; publisher: Bank for International Settlements; page: 14; date: 30 September 2025; archive-date: 2025-10-12; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251012053635/https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx25_fx.pdf]; url-status: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sandam-bola
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kaody [[ISO 4217]]&lt;br /&gt;(fenitry ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fanaraham-penitra)
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Isan-jato amin' ny sandan' ny fifanakalozana isan' andro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fiovana (2022–2025), fahasamihafan' ny isan-jato&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ny isa ao amin' ity tsanganana ity dia ny haben' ny fahasamihafana azo amin' ny fanesorana ny isan-jato tamin' ny 2022 amin' ny isan-jato tamin' ny 2025. Ny teny hoe «Miakatra» na «Midina» no manondro ny làlan' ny fiovana. Tsy tahan' ny fitomboana raha ampitahaina amin' ny sanda tamin' ny 2022 ireo isa ireo.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Aprily 2022
! Aprily 2025
|-
| Dôlara amerikanina || USD || 88.4% || 89.2% || Miakatra 0.8
|-
| [[Euro]] || EUR || 30.6% || 28.9% || Midina 1.7
|-
| ''Yen'' japoney || JPY || 16.7% || 16.8% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| [[Pound|Livatra sterling]] || GBP || 12.9% || 10.2% || Midina 2.7
|-
| ''Renminbi'' || CNY || 7.0% || 8.5% || Miakatra 1.5
|-
| Franka soisa || CHF || 5.2% || 6.4% || Miakatra 1.2
|-
| Dôlara aostralianina || AUD || 6.4% || 6.1% || Midina 0.3
|-
| Dôlaran' i Kanada || CAD || 6.2% || 5.8% || Midina 0.4
|-
| Dôlaran' i Hong Kong || HKD || 2.6% || 3.8% || Miakatra 1.2
|-
| Dôlaran' i Singaporo || SGD || 2.4% || 2.4% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Rupee'' indianina || INR || 1.6% || 1.9% || Miakatra 0.3
|-
| ''Won'' an' i Kôrea Atsimo || KRW || 1.8% || 1.8% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Krona'' soedoà || SEK || 2.2% || 1.6% || Midina 0.6
|-
| ''Peso'' meksikanina || MXN || 1.5% || 1.6% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| Dôlaran' i Zelandy Vaovao || NZD || 1.7% || 1.5% || Midina 0.2
|-
| ''Krone'' nôrveziana || NOK || 1.7% || 1.3% || Midina 0.4
|-
| Dôlara vaovaon' i Taioàna || TWD || 1.1% || 1.2% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| ''Real'' breziliana || BRL || 0.9% || 0.9% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Rand'' an' i Afrika Atsimo || ZAR || 1.0% || 0.8% || Midina 0.2
|-
| ''Złoty'' pôlôney || PLN || 0.7% || 0.8% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| ''Krone'' danoa || DKK || 0.7% || 0.7% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Rupiah'' indônezianina || IDR || 0.4% || 0.7% || Miakatra 0.3
|-
| Lira tiorka || TRY || 0.4% || 0.5% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| ''Baht'' tailandey || THB || 0.4% || 0.5% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| ''Shekel'' israeliana vaovao || ILS || 0.4% || 0.4% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Forint'' hôngroà || HUF || 0.3% || 0.4% || Miakatra 0.1
|-
| ''Koruna'' tseky || CZK || 0.4% || 0.4% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Peso'' siliana || CLP || 0.3% || 0.3% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Peso'' filipina || PHP || 0.2% || 0.2% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Peso'' kôlômbianina || COP || 0.2% || 0.2% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Ringgit'' maleziana || MYR || 0.2% || 0.2% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Dirham'' an' ny Emirata Arabo Mitambatra || AED || 0.4% || 0.1% || Midina 0.3
|-
| ''Riyal'' an' i Arabia Saodita || SAR || 0.2% || 0.1% || Midina 0.1
|-
| ''Leu'' romanianina || RON || 0.1% || 0.1% || Tsy miova
|-
| ''Sol'' peroviana || PEN || 0.1% || 0.1% || Tsy miova
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Vola hafa || 2.6% || 3.4% || Miakatra 0.8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fitambarany&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;200% ny fitambarany satria isaina indroa ny fifanakalozam-bola tsirairay: indray mandeha ho an' ny vola vidina, ary indray mandeha ho an' ny vola amidy. Ireo isan-jato etsy ambony dia maneho ny ampahan' ny fifanakalozana rehetra izay mampiasa ilay sandam-bola iray, na izy no vidina na izy no amidy.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 200.0% || 200.0% ||
|}
Matetika ny banky foibe no hany manana fahefana hamoaka ny endri-bola rehetra, anisan' izany ny vola madinika sy ny vola taratasy (vola mifototra amin' ny fahefam-panjakana), ary hametra ny fivezivezen' ny vola hafa ao amin' ny faritra ivezivezen' ny volany, izay mety ho firenena iray na vondrom-pirenena. Amin' ny alalan' ny politika momba ny vola no ifehezany ny famoronam-bola ataon' ny banky amin' ny alalan' ny fampindramam-bola.

Ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola dia ny vidiny ahafahana manakalo sandam-bola roa. Maneho ny [[sanda|sandan' ny]] vola avy amin' ny [[firenena]] iray raha ampitahaina amin' ny volan' ny firenena hafa izany. Ampiasaina amin' ny varotra eo amin' ny faritra roa mampiasa ireo sandam-bola ireo io taha io. Azo sokajina ho miovaova arakaraka ny tsena na raikitra ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola. Amin' ny voalohany, ny tsena no mamaritra ny fiovan' ny taha isan' andro; amin' ny faharoa kosa, miditra an-tsehatra eo amin' ny tsena ny fanjakana, ka mividy na mivarotra ny volany mba hampifandanja ny tolotra sy ny tinady amin' ny taha tsy miova.

Rehefa manana fahefana hifehy ny volany manokana ny firenena iray, dia ny banky foibe na ny ministeran' ny Fitantanam-bola no mampihatra izany fahefana izany. Antsoina hoe manampahefana misahana ny vola ny andrim-panjakana mifehy ny politika momba ny vola. Tsy mitovy ny halehiben' ny fizakan-tenan' ireo manampahefana ireo manoloana ny fanjakana nanangana azy. Ny fanjakana ihany no manangana sy manohana ny manampahefana misahana ny vola, ka azon' ny fahefana mpanao lalàna na ny fahefana mpanatanteraka nanangana azy ahena ny fahaleovantenany.

Afaka mampiasa anarana mitovy ho an' ny volany samy hafa ny firenena maromaro, toy ny hoe ''dollar'' any Aostralia, Kanada ary Etazonia. Etsy ankilany, afaka mampiasa vola iray ihany koa ny firenena maromaro, toy ny [[Euro|euro]] na ny [[Franc CFA|franka CFA]] (Vondrom-piarahamonina ara-bola afrikana na Fiaraha-miasa ara-bola any Afrika Afovoany), na afaka manambara ny volan' ny firenena hafa ho vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa ny firenena iray. Nanambara, ohatra, i [[Panamà]] sy [[El Salvador]] fa eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa ny vola amerikanina; ary teo anelanelan' ny 1791 sy 1857 dia neken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa tany Etazonia ny dôlara espaniola. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana samihafa, dia nasian' ny firenena marika vaovao ny vola madinika vahiny, na nampiasainy ny rafitra famoaham-bola iantohan' ny tahirim-bola vahiny, ka vola taratasy iray no navoaka isaky ny vola taratasin' ny fanjakana vahiny iray notahirizina, toy izay ataon' i [[Ekoadôra]] ankehitriny.

Mazàna ny sandam-bola tsirairay dia manana singam-bola lehibe iray, toy ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]] na ny [[Euro|euro]], sy singam-bola madinika iray izay mitovy amin' ny ampahany amin' io singa lehibe io. Matetika dia 1/100 amin' ny singa lehibe ilay singa madinika: 100 ''cent''&amp;nbsp;= 1&amp;nbsp;[[Dôlara|dôlara]], 100 ''centime''&amp;nbsp;= 1&amp;nbsp;franka, ary 100 ''pence''&amp;nbsp;= 1&amp;nbsp;[[Pound|livatra sterling]]. Misy koa indraindray singa madinika mitovy amin' ny 1/10 na 1/1000 amin' ny singa lehibe. Misy kosa sandam-bola tsy manana singa madinika mihitsy, toy ny ''króna'' islandey sy ny ''yen'' japoney.

I [[Maoritania]] sy i [[Madagasikara]] no hany firenena mbola manana singam-bola madinika ara-teôria izay tsy mifototra amin' ny rafitra tafolo, izany hoe rafitra fizarana mifototra amin' ny folo sy ny vokatra azo amin' ny fampitomboana ny folo amin' ny tenany, toy ny zato sy ny arivo. Mizara ho ''khoums'' 5 ny ''ouguiya'' maoritanianina raha ny teôria, ary mizara ho iraimbilanja 5 kosa ny [[Ariary|ariary malagasy]]. Tany amin' ireo firenena ireo, ny teny toy ny ''dollar'' na ''pound'', raha adika ilay fanazavana, dia «anarana nomena lanjam-bolamena voafaritra fotsiny».&lt;ref name=&quot;The Collapse of the Dollar&quot;&gt;last1: Turk; first1: James; last2: Rubino; first2: John; Lohateny: ''The collapse of the dollar and how to profit from it: Make a fortune by investing in gold and other hard assets''; edition: Paperback; year: 2007; orig-year: 2004; publisher: Doubleday; location: New York; ISBN: &lt;nowiki&gt;978-0-385-51224-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; oclc: 192055959; pages: 43 of 252.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny [[Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana|fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana]] dia tsy ampiasaina intsony amin' ny tena fiainana ny ''khoums'' sy ny iraimbilanja. Ahitana vola hafa nampiasaina fahiny izay tsy nanaraka ny rafitra tafolo ny lahatsoratra momba ny vola tsy manaraka ny rafitra tafolo.

== Fahafahana manakalo sandam-bola ==
Miovaova arakaraka ny toerana eto amin' izao tontolo izao ny fahafahana manakalo ny sandam-bola ao an-toerana ho sandam-bola hafa, na ny mifamadika amin' izany, ka mety hiditra an-tsehatra na tsia ny banky foibe na ny fanjakana. Ao amin' ny tsenan' ny fifanakalozam-bola no anaovana izany fifanakalozana izany. Arakaraka ireo fameperana ireo, na ny fahafahana manakalo malalaka sy mora foana, dia sokajina toy izao ny sandam-bola:
; Azo atakalo tanteraka
: Tsy misy fameperana na fetra amin' ny habetsahan' ny vola azo amidy sy vidina eo amin' ny tsena iraisam-pirenena, ary tsy mametra amin' ny fomba artifisialy sanda raikitra na sanda farany ambany ho an' ilay sandam-bola amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena ny fanjakana. Anisan' ny sandam-bola lehibe azo atakalo tanteraka ny dôlara amerikana.
; Azo atakalo amin' ny ampahany
: Fehezin' ny banky foibe ny fampiasam-bola iraisam-pirenena miditra sy mivoaka ao amin' ny firenena. Na dia tsy misy fepetra manokana aza amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fifampiraharahana ao an-toerana, dia misy fameperana lehibe amin' ny fampiasam-bola iraisam-pirenena, ary matetika ilaina ny fahazoan-dalana manokana vao azo atao ny manakalo ho sandam-bola hafa. Ohatra amin' ny sandam-bola azo atakalo amin' ny ampahany ny ''rupee'' an' i India sy ny ''renminbi''.
; Tsy azo atakalo
: Sady tsy mandray anjara amin' ny tsena iraisam-pirenena momba ny sandam-bola ny fanjakana no tsy mamela ny olon-tsotra na ny orinasa hanakalo ny sandam-bolany. Antsoina koa hoe sandam-bola voasakana ireo, toy ny ''won'' an' i Kôrea Avaratra sy ny ''peso'' an' i Kiobà.

Raha jerena ireo lafin-javatra telo, dia ny varotra entana sy tolotra, ny fivezivezen' ny renivola ary ny politikam-pirenena, dia ny fifandraisan' ny tolotra sy ny tinady amin' ireo sandam-bola samihafa no mamaritra ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana azy ireo.

=== Varotra entana sy tolotra ===

Amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana ny fandaniana, dia misy fiantraikany ankolaka amin' ny fandaniana amin' ny varotra entana sy tolotra ary amin' ny vidin' ny varotra fanondranana ny entana sy tolotra mivezivezy ao amin' ny firenena, toy ny hotely, ny fizahantany, ny fanomezana sakafo, ny dokambarotra ary ny tolotra ho an' ny tokantrano. Noho izany, tsy ny entana sy tolotra tafiditra amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena ihany no misy fiantraikany amin' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola. Niteraka fivezivezen' ny tolotra sy ny entana ao an-toerana sy any ivelany ny hamaroan' ny mpizaha tany iraisam-pirenena sy ny mpianatra mianatra any ivelany. Midika koa izany fa misy fiantraikany mivantana amin' ny fiovan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola iraisam-pirenena ny fahafahan' ny entana sy tolotra eran-tany mifaninana.

=== Fivezivezen' ny renivola ===

Amidy sy vidina eny amin' ny tsena iraisam-pirenena ny sandam-bolam-pirenena mba hanaovana fampiasam-bola. Misarika ny firenena hafa hiditra amin' ny fandaharanasa fampiasam-bola ny fahafahana mampiasa vola ao amin' ny firenena tsirairay, ka manjary tahirin' ny banky foibe ao amin' ny firenena tsirairay ireo vola vahiny ireo. Ny rafitra mamaritra ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola, izay itanisàna tsy an-kijanona ny sandan' ny vola iray raha oharina amin' ny volan' ny firenena hafa, dia mifototra amin' ny tsenan' ny fifanakalozam-bola. Ao amin' ireo tsena ireo no ampiasan' ny olon-tsotra vola, ary ividianan' ny banky foibe sy ny andrim-pampiasam-bola sandam-bola sy ivarotany izany, na anaovany fifampiraharahana antenaina hahazoana tombony amin' ny fiovan' ny vidiny. Ankoatra izany, misy fiantraikany amin' ny fidirana sy fivoahan' ny renivola maneran-tany ao amin' ireo firenena samihafa ny fiovan' ny tahan' ny zanabola, ny fiovaovan' ny tsenan' ny renivola ary ny fiovan' ny fahafahana mampiasa vola, ka miova araka izany ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola.

=== Politikam-pirenena ===

Misy fiantraikany amin' ny fiovaovan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ny politikan' ny firenena momba ny varotra ivelany, ny vola ary ny vola miditra sy fandaniam-panjakana. Tafiditra amin' ny varotra ivelany ny politika toy ny haba amin' ny fadintseranana sy ny fenitra fanafarana mikasika ny fanondranana entam-barotra. Ny fiantraikan' ny politika momba ny vola amin' ny fitambaran' ny vola sy ny vokatra ara-bola azo aminy no mamaritra mivantana ny fiovan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola iraisam-pirenena. Ny politika momba ny vola miditra sy fandaniam-panjakana, toy ny fandoavam-bola tsy takalon' ny entana na tolotra sy ny tahan' ny hetra, ary ireo lafin-javatra hafa, no manana anjara lehibe indrindra amin' ny fahazoana tombony avy amin' ny renivola sy ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena. Ny tahan' ny trosa avoakan' ny fanjakana raha ampitahaina amin' ny tsy fahampian' ny vola miditra handrakofana ny fandaniany kosa no mamaritra ny fahafahan' ilay firenena mamerina trosa sy ny naoty omena ny fahamendrehany amin' ny fanefana trosa. Ireo politika ireo no mamaritra ny fomba ampifandraisana ny sandam-bola ao an-toerana sy ny any ivelany, ka misy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny fiforonan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola.

Mifandray akaiky amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena sy ny fitantanam-bola ny fahafahana manakalo sandam-bola, ary anisan' ny fomba ahafahan' ny firenena manatsara ny toekareny izany. Misy fepetra hentitra tsy maintsy fenoin' ny firenena mba hahazoana manakalo ny sandam-bolany. Azo atakalo malalaka ny sandam-bolan' ny firenena na faritra sasany eto amin' izao tontolo izao, toy ny dôlara amerikana, ny dôlara aostralianina ary ny ''yen'' japoney. Azo zaraina ho lafiny efatra amin' ny ankapobeny ireo fepetra takina amin' ny fahafahana manakalo sandam-bola:
; Mpisehatra ara-toekarena mandeha tsara eo amin' ny sehatry ny orinasa tsirairay
: Rehefa azo atakalo malalaka ny sandam-bola, dia tsy maintsy mifaninana mafy amin' ireo orinasa mitovy aminy any ivelany ny orinasa ao an-toerana. Hisy fiantraikany amin' ny vokatry ny fampiharana ny fahafahana manakalo sandam-bola ny fivoaran' ny fifaninanana eo amin' izy ireo. Ankoatra izany, fepetra mialoha ho an' ny toe-draharahan' ny toekarena amin' ny ankapobeny ny lafiny ara-toekarena eo amin' ny sehatry ny mpisehatra tsirairay.
; Toe-draharaha sy politika marin-toerana momba ny toekarena amin' ny ankapobeny
: Koa satria ny fahafahana manakalo sandam-bola dia fivezivezen' ny entana sy renivola miampita sisintany, dia hisy fiantraikany amin' ny toekarena amin' ny ankapobeny izany. Mitaky ny toekarem-pirenena ho ara-dalàna sy milamina izany, izany hoe tsy misy fisondrotan' ny vidim-piainana mafy na fihazakazahan' ny toekarena tafahoatra ka tsy maharitra. Ankoatra izany, tokony hampiasa politika momba ny toekarena amin' ny ankapobeny ny fanjakana mba hanaovana fanitsiana voahevitra tsara hiatrehana ny fiantraikan' ny fifanakalozam-bola amin' ny toekarena.
; Toekarena voalamina araka ny tokony ho izy sady misokatra
: Ny fahafahana mitazona ny fifandanjan' ny fandoavam-bola iraisam-pirenena no fisehoana lehibe indrindra amin' ny firafitry ny toekarena voalamina araka ny tokony ho izy. Tsy vitan' ny hoe miteraka fahasarotana amin' ny fitazonana izany fifandanjana izany ny fahafahana manakalo sandam-bola, fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny fifehezana mivantana ataon' ny fanjakana amin' ny fifampiraharahana ara-toekarena iraisam-pirenena koa. Mila tahiry iraisam-pirenena ampy ny fanjakana mba hanafoanana ny tsy fahampian' ny vola vahiny.
; Rafitra sy haavon' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola mifanaraka amin' ny toe-draharaha
: Lafin-javatra lehibe amin' ny fitazonana ny fahamarinan-toeran' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ny haavon' izany taha izany, na alohan' ny hahazoana manakalo ny sandam-bola na aorian' izany. Rehefa avo loatra na ambany loatra ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana sandam-bola azo atakalo malalaka, dia mety hiteraka mora foana fifampiraharahana mikendry tombony amin' ny fiovaovan' ny vidiny izany, ka hanimba ny fahamarinan-toeran' ny toekarena amin' ny ankapobeny sy ny tsena ara-bola. Noho izany, tena ilaina ny rafitry ny fifanakalozam-bola mifanaraka amin' ny toe-draharaha mba hitazonana ny haavon' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola.

== Sandam-bola ampiasaina ho solon' ny vola mahazatra ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Sandam-bola ampiasaina ho solon' ny vola mahazatra.

Jereo koa: Fisondrotana mihoa-pampana amin' ny vidin' ny vola nomerika ara-kaody sy fisolokiana Ponzi.

Nipoitra tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy ny hevitra momba ny vola nomerika.
Mbola tsy fantatra raha hahomby ny famolavolana sy fampiharana vola taratasy sy vola madinika amin' ny endrika nomerika tohanan' ny fanjakana, toy ny renminbi nomerika ao amin' ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Electronic finance: a new perspective and challenges''; url: [https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap07.pdf]; archive-url: [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap07.pdf]; archive-date: 2022-10-09; url-status: live; date: November 2001; website: Bank for International Settlements; access-date: 2020-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tsy mitovy amin' izany kosa ny vola nomerika tsy avoakan' ny manampahefanam-panjakana misahana ny vola, anisan' izany ny vola nomerika mampiasa fiarovana ara-kaody (''cryptocurrencies''), toy ny [[Bitcoin]], satria miankina amin' ny tsena ny sandany ary tsy misy rafitra fiarovana amin' ny fatiantoka.
Naneho ahiahy ny firenena samihafa noho ny fahafahana omen' ny vola nomerika ara-kaody hanaovana asa tsy ara-dalàna, toy ny fisolokiana amin' ny aterineto, ny fampiasana rindrankajy mitaky vola takalon' ny famerenana ny fahafahana mampiasa angona na fitaovana (fakana vola an-keriny), ny famotsiam-bola ary ny [[Fampihorohoroana|fampihorohoroana]].&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/world-survey.php]; Lohateny: ''Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World''; website: Library of Congress; date: 2019-08-16; page: 1; quote: One of the most common actions identified across the surveyed jurisdictions is government-issued notices about the pitfalls of investing in the cryptocurrency markets. [...] Many of the warnings issued by various countries also note the opportunities that cryptocurrencies create for illegal activities, such as money laundering and terrorism.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny taona 2014, ny IRS (sampan-draharahan' i Etazonia misahana ny hetra) dia nanambara fa raisina ho fananana ny vola virtoaly amin' ny fampiharana ny hetra amin' ny vola miditra federaly.
Manome ohatra koa izy momba ny fampiharana amin' ny vola virtoaly ireo foto-kevitra momba ny hetra efa hatry ny ela nampiharina tamin' ny fifampiraharahana mahakasika fananana.&lt;ref&gt;
url: [https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/frequently-asked-questions-on-virtual-currency-transactions]; Lohateny: ''Frequently Asked Questions on Virtual Currency Transactions''; date: 2019-12-31.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mitovy amin' ny sandam-bola avoakan' ny fanjakana sy fehezin' ny foibe iray ny tambajotra tsy miankina izay tsy manana foibe tokana sady mampihena ny filàna fifampitokisana eo amin' ny mpandray anjara.
Manohana fitaovam-panakalozana hafa ireo tambajotra ireo, izay antsoin' izy ireo hoe sandam-bola ary sokajina ho vola nomerika ara-kaody.
Ankoatra ny tranga vitsivitsy maningana, dia tsy misy fananana miantoka ny sandan' ireo fitaovana ireo.
Tamin' ny taona 2019, ny ''Commodity Futures Trading Commission'' ao Etazonia (Vaomiera misahana ny varotra fifanarahana momba ny entam-barotra haterina amin' ny hoavy) dia nanambara fa entam-barotra ny Bitcoin, ary tafiditra amin' izany koa ireo vokatra mitovy aminy, araka ny ''Commodity Exchange Act'' (lalàna momba ny fifanakalozana entam-barotra).&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Bitcoin Basics''; url: [https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/oceo_bitcoinbasics0218.pdf]; website: Commodity Futures Trading Commission; access-date: 9 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
Teo amin' ny tantara, anisan' ny fitaovana natao ho toy ny sandam-bola koa ny mari-pandoavam-bola navoakan' ny orinasa ho karama (''company scrip''), izay tsy azo natakalo afa-tsy tao amin' ny fivarotana an' ny mpampiasa.
Ny mari-panakalozana ampiasaina ho vola amin' ny andro maoderina, toy ireo mari-panakalozana ampiasain' ny rafitra ifanakalozana entana sy tolotra eo an-toerana, na LETS (rafitra ifanakalozana entana sy tolotra eo an-toerana), dia endrika takalo fa tsy tena sandam-bola.
Mety hifototra amin' ny aterineto sy ho nomerika ireo fitaovana natao ho toy ny sandam-bola ireo: ohatra, tsy mifamatotra amin' ny firenena iray voafaritra ny ankamaroan' ny vola nomerika ara-kaody.&lt;ref&gt;last: Hough; first: Jack; Lohateny: ''The Currency That's Up 200,000 Percent''; url: [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_112854.html]; work: SmartMoney (The Wall Street Journal); access-date: December 14, 2012; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024131227/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_112854.html]; archive-date: October 24, 2012; url-status: dead; date: Jun 3, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika ny fanjakana no mandrara ny fananana sy fivarotana endrika sandam-bola hafa, mba hitandroana ny maha-ara-dalàna ny sandam-bola araka ny lalàm-panorenana ho tombontsoan' ny olom-pirenena rehetra.
Araka ny fanambarana navoakan' ny FBI (sampan-draharaha federaly amerikana misahana ny fanadihadiana) tamin' ny 18 Martsa 2011, ohatra, dia manome ny Kongresy ny fahefana hanefy vola madinika sy handrindra ny sandany ny andininy I, fizarana 8, teboka 5 amin' ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia.
Nomena ny Kongresy izany fahefana izany mba hametrahana sy hitandroana fenitra iombonana handrefesana sanda ary hiantohana rafitra ara-bola tokana ho an' ny fividianana rehetra sy ny trosa rehetra any Etazonia, na an' ny fanjakana na an' ny tsy miankina.
Miaraka amin' ny fahefany hanefy vola madinika, dia manana fahefana koa ny Kongresin' i Etazonia hametra ny fivezivezen' ny vola tsy navoaka teo ambany fahefany, mba hiarovana sy hitandroana ny sandam-bola araka ny lalàm-panorenana.
Araka io fanambarana io, dia fandikana ny lalàna federaly ny famoronana rafitra tsy miankina momba ny vola madinika na sandam-bola ataon' ny olon-tsotra na fikambanana mba hifaninana amin' ny vola madinika sy sandam-bola ofisialin' i Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;Lohateny: ''Defendant Convicted of Minting His Own Currency''; url: [https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/charlotte/press-releases/2011/defendant-convicted-of-minting-his-own-currency]; date: March 18, 2011; website: FBI.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vola eo an-toerana ==
Jereo ny lahatsoratra momba ny vola eo an-toerana sy ny rafitra fifanakalozana ara-barotra eo an-toerana.

Eo amin' ny toekarena, ny vola eo an-toerana dia vola tsy iantohan' ny governemantam-pirenena ary natao hifanakalozana ao amin' ny faritra kely iray ihany. Milaza ireo mpanohana izany, toa an' i Jane Jacobs, fa ahafahan' ny faritra tratran' ny fitotonganana ara-toekarena miverina mandroso izany, satria manome fitaovana ifanakalozana ho an' ny mponina ao aminy, izay azon' izy ireo ampiasaina hifanakalozana tolotra sy entana vokarina eo an-toerana. Raha raisina amin' ny heviny malalaka kokoa, izany no tanjona niandohan' ny vola rehetra. Milaza kosa ireo mpanohitra io hevitra io fa miteraka sakana ny vola eo an-toerana, izay mety hanelingelina ny fihenan' ny sarany isaky ny vokatra rehefa mitombo ny habetsahan' ny famokarana sy ny tombony azo rehefa kely kokoa noho ny an' ny hafa ny zavatra tsy maintsy afoy mba hamokarana vokatra iray (''comparative advantage''). Milaza koa izy ireo fa mety ho fitaovana handosirana tsy ara-dalàna ny fandoavan-ketra izany amin' ny toe-javatra sasany.

Mety hipoitra koa ny vola eo an-toerana rehefa misy korontana ara-toekarena mahakasika ny volam-pirenena. Ohatra amin' izany ny krizy ara-toekarena tany Arzantina tamin' ny 2002: nandritra izany, dia nanana haingana ny sasany amin' ny toetran' ny vola eo an-toerana ny IOU (taratasy fanekena trosa) navoakan' ny fitondram-panjakana eo an-toerana.

Ohatra iray amin' ny vola eo an-toerana ny vola LETS (rafitra fifanakalozana ara-barotra eo an-toerana) tany am-boalohany, izay natsangana tao amin' ny nosy Vancouver tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1980. Tamin' ny 1982, nahatratra 14% ny tahan' ny zanabola nampiharin' ny banky foiben' i Kanada tamin' ny fampindramam-bola, ka nampiakatra hatramin' ny 19% ny tahan' ny zanabola tamin' ny fampindramam-bola nataon' ny banky nahazo alalana ara-dalàna hiasa. Vitsy àry ny safidy azon' ny mponina tao amin' ilay nosy natao ankoatra ny famoronana vola eo an-toerana, noho ny tsy fahampian' ny vola sy ny fahafahana mindram-bola naterak' izany.&lt;ref&gt;format: MP3; url: [http://media.blubrry.com/extraenvironmentalist/p/extraenvironmentalist.com/audio/low/Ep45_final_lowbitrate.mp3]; Lohateny: ''Opening Money''; website: The Extraenvironmentalist; access-date: December 29, 2016; last: Linton; first: Michael; last2: Bober; first2: Jordan; interviewer: Seth Moser-Katz; interviewer2: Justin Ritchie; Lohateny: ''Opening Money''; url: [http://www.extraenvironmentalist.com/2012/07/11/episode-45-opening-money/]; date: November 7, 2012; work: The Extraenvironmentalist; access-date: December 29, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

=== Hevitra mifandraika ===
* Vola sandoka
* Elanelana avela hiovaovan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola
* Hetra amin' ny fifanakalozam-bola
* Fampihenana ny metaly sarobidy ao amin' ny vola madinika
* Tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola
* Fampifantohana ny asa ara-bola amin' ny eo an-toerana
* Birao fifanakalozana vola vahiny
* Tahirim-bola vahiny
* Vola ampiasaina amin' ny tontolo ara-toekarena fototra iasan' ny orinasa
* Tantaran' ny banky
* Tantaran' ny vola
* Vola simba ara-batana
* Faritra mety indrindra hampiasana vola iombonana
* Anaram-bola amin' ny fiteny andavanandro tsy manara-penitra
* Vola andoavana sara noho ny fitazonana azy
* Vola nomerika antsoina hoe ''virtual currency''
* Vola iombonana maneran-tany

=== Singa fandrefesana sanda ara-bola ===
* Vola roa ampitahaina amin' ny fifanakalozam-bola
* Famantarana ny sandam-bola
* Fahafahan' ny vola mividy entana sy mifanakalo amin' ny vola hafa
* ''European Currency Unit'' (singa eoropeana fandrefesana sanda ara-bola)
* Vola noforonina ao amin' ny tantara foronina
* ''Franc Poincaré'' (singa fandrefesana sanda ara-bola)
* Vola ampiasaina eo an-toerana
* Vola mifandray amin' ny varotra solitany (''petrocurrency'')
* Fananana tahiry iraisam-pirenena (''Special drawing rights'')

=== Lisitra ===
* [[ISO 4217|Fenitra ISO 4217 momba ny kaodin' ny sandam-bola]] (ISO: Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fanaraham-penitra)
* Lisitr' ireo anarana hafa iantsoana ny sandam-bola
* Lisitry ny sandam-bola
* Lisitry ny sandam-bola ampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana
* Lisitry ny sandam-bola naroso hampiasaina
* Lisitry ny sandam-bola nampiasaina fahiny
* Lisitry ny lohahevitra momba ny varotra iraisam-pirenena
* Lisitry ny endrika aseho amin' ny vola taratasy

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/currency Ny teny ''currency'' ao amin' ny Wiktionary amin' ny teny anglisy].
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Currencies Tahirin-tsary momba ny sandam-bola ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons].
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Currency Teny nalaina momba ny sandam-bola ao amin' ny Wikiquote amin' ny teny anglisy].

[[:Catégorie:Toe-karena]]</text>
      <sha1>709fjwxwp431p80o7yypub5d7luqnar</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Respiration (fanavahana)</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153602</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T00:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373585266</comment>
      <origin>1153602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2677" sha1="labdfk55ecunsf7uygdhhww8pyu5dch" xml:space="preserve">Ny teny anglisy '''''Respiration''''' dia mety hanondro ireto hevitra na lohahevitra samihafa manaraka ireto:


== Biolojia ==
* Fisefoan' ny sela, dingana anovana ny otrikaina ho angovo azo ampiasaina ao amin' ny sela iray
** Fisefoana tsy mampiasa ôksizenina, fisefoan' ny sela tsy misy ôksizenina
** Fisefoana ho fikojakojana, ny habetsahan' ny fisefoan' ny sela ilain' ny zavamananaina iray mba hitazonany ny tenany amin' ny toe-javatra tsy miova
* Fisefoana ara-batana (na fitaterana ôksizenina sy diôksidan-karbônina eo amin' ny sela sy ny tontolo ivelany)
** Taovam-pisefoana (na fitambaran' ny taova ampiasain' ny zavamananaina iray amin' ny fisefoana)
** Fifohana sy famoahana rivotra (na fampidirana sy famoahana rivotra amin' ny alalan' ny taovam-pisefoana)
** Fisefoana anaty rano, fakàn' ny biby ôksizenina avy amin' ny rano
** Fampisefoana artifisialy (na fanahafana ny fiasan' ny fisefoana), izay ahafahan' ny vatana manontolo mifanakalo entona amin' ny alalan' ny fampidirana sy famoahana rivotra ao amin' ny havokavoka, ny fifanakalozana entona eo amin' ny havokavoka sy ny ra, ary ny fifanakalozana entona eo amin' ny ra sy ny sela
** Fisefoana Cheyne–Stokes (na endrika fisefoana tsy ara-dalàna), izay mihalalina tsikelikely sady mihafaingana indraindray, avy eo mihena tsikelikely ka miafara amin' ny fiatoan' ny fisefoana vetivety (na fijanonan' ny fisefoana mandritra ny fotoana fohy; ''apnea'' amin' ny teny anglisy)
* ''Respiration'', gazety ara-tsiansa avoakan' ny ''Karger Publishers'' (mpamoaka boky)


== Ekolojia ==
* Fisefoana mifandraika amin' ny karbônina, hevitra ampiasaina amin' ny fikajiana ny habetsahan' ny karbônina mifindra isaky ny fe-potoana ao amin' ny atmosfera, amin' ny endrika CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.
* Fisefoan' ny vondron-javamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany, fandrefesana ny famokarana diôksidan-karbônina manontolo ataon' ny zavamananaina rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamananaina iray sy ny tontolo iainany.
* Fisefoan' ny faka, fifanakalozana entona eo amin' ny fakan-javamaniry sy ny atmosfera.
* Fisefoana mifandray amin' ny hazavana, fikambanan' ny RuBP (''ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate'', akora organika mandray anjara amin' ny fôtôsintezy) amin' ny ôksizenina amin' ny alalan' ny asan' ny anzima (akora manafaingana ny fiovana simika).


== Fialamboly ==
* &quot;Respiration&quot; (hira), hira an' ny Black Star navoaka mitokana tamin' ny 1999.
* &quot;Respire&quot; (hira), hiran' i Mickey 3D tamin' ny 2003.
* ''Respire'' (sarimihetsika), sarimihetsika frantsay nivoaka tamin' ny 2014, ao amin' ny sokajy tantara.
* ''Respiration'' (rakikira), rakikiran' i Cecil Taylor tamin' ny 2022.


== Jereo koa ==
* ''Aspiration'' (fanavahana)</text>
      <sha1>labdfk55ecunsf7uygdhhww8pyu5dch</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Sex (fanavahana)</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T01:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376060030</comment>
      <origin>1153603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4761" sha1="sb6n9crya1ysyduletclvnrf90qsfpj" xml:space="preserve">Ny teny anglisy '''''Sex''''' dia ilazana matetika indrindra ireto:
* Toetra ara-biolojika maha-lahy na maha-vavy, toetra ananan' ny zavamananaina sasany miteraka, izay mamokatra sela fananahana lahy na vavy.
** Fananahana amin' ny fampiraisana sela fananahana, izay fananahana mampitambatra sela fananahana maromaro.
* Fihetsika ara-nofo ataon' ny olombelona, izay ahitana fanao maro samihafa mahakasika ny fananahana na ny filàna ara-nofo.
** Fiainana ara-nofo eo amin' ny olombelona, izay fomba anehoan' ny olona ny tenany amin' ny lafin' ireo fihetsika voalaza etsy ambony, na fomba iainany izany.
** [[Firaisana ara-nofo|Firaisana ara-nofo misy fampidirana]], fihetsika ampidirana taovam-pananahana ao anatin' ny vatana.
* Fitondran-tena ara-nofo eo amin' ny biby, izay fihetsika mahakasika ny fananahana na ny filàna ara-nofo ataon' ny biby tsy olombelona.
** Firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny biby, izay ampidiran' ny lahy tsirinaina ao anatin' ny vatan' ny vavy.
* Fanasokajiana ara-dalàna momba ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy (''legal sex'' na ''legal gender''), izay sata ara-dalàna.

Mety hilazana ireto koa ny teny '''''Sex''''' na '''''sexual''''':


== Zavakanto sy fialamboly ==


=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
* ''Sex'' (sarimihetsika, 1920), sarimihetsika amerikanina tsy misy feo voarakitra ampifanarahana amin' ny sary, amin' ny sokajy tantara mampihetsi-po
* ''Sex'' (sarimihetsika, 2024), sarimihetsika norveziana amin' ny sokajy tantara mampihetsi-po
* ''Sex'' (andiam-pandaharana amin' ny fahitalavitra), fandaharana aostralianina misy fizarana maromaro
* ''Sex'', fizarana iray tamin' ny fandaharana ''Brass Eye'' tamin' ny taona 1997
* ''Sex'', fizarana iray tamin' ny fandaharana ''Kath &amp; Kim'' tamin' ny taona 2002
* ''Sex: The Annabel Chong Story'', sarimihetsika fanadihadiana tamin' ny taona 1999


=== Literatiora ===
*''Sex'' (boky), nataon' i Madonna sy Steven Meisel, 1992
*''Sex'' (tantara an-tsary), andian-tantara an-tsary japoney nataon' i Atsushi Kamijo
*''Sex'' (tantara an-tsehatra), nataon' i Mae West, 1926
*''Sexes'', gazety momba ny fikarohana an' ny MDPI (Ivontoerana misahana ny famoahana nomerika amin' ny taranja maro)


=== Mozika ===

==== Rakikira ====
*''Sex'' (rakikiran' i Elli Kokkinou), 2005
*''Sex'' (rakikiran' ny Telex), 1981
*''Sex'' (rakikiran' ny The Necks), 1989
*''Sex'' (rakikiran' ny Vintage), 2009
*''Sex'', EP (famoahana mozika misy hira maromaro, fohy noho ny rakikira mahazatra) nataon' ny The 1975, 2012
*''Sex'' (EP nataon' i Tila Tequila), 2007
*''Sex'', ampahany amin' ny ''R.O.S.E.'' nataon' i Jessie J, 2018

==== Hira ====
*&quot;Sex&quot; (hiran' ny The 1975), 2012
*&quot;Sex&quot; (hiran' ny Cheat Codes sy Kris Kross Amsterdam), 2016
*&quot;Sex&quot; (hiran' i Lenny Kravitz), 2014
*&quot;Sex&quot; (hiran' ny Mötley Crüe), 2012
*&quot;Sex (I'm a ...)&quot;, hiran' ny Berlin, 1983
*&quot;S.E.X.&quot; (hira), nataon' i Lyfe Jennings, 2006
*&quot;Sexual&quot; (hira), nataon' ny Neiked niaraka tamin' i Dyo, 2016
*&quot;Sex&quot;, hiran' i Colette Carr, 2011
*&quot;Sex&quot;, hiran' i Eden ao amin' ny ''I Think You Think Too Much of Me'', 2016
*&quot;SEX&quot;, hiran' i Frank Zappa ao amin' ny ''The Man from Utopia'', 1983
*&quot;Sex&quot;, hiran' ny Oomph! ao amin' ny ''Sperm'', 1994
*&quot;Sex&quot;, hiran' ny Rammstein ao amin' ny rakikiran' ny Rammstein tsy misy lohateny, 2019
*&quot;S.E.X.&quot;, hira fanampiny nataon' i Madonna ao amin' ny ''Rebel Heart'', 2015
*&quot;S.E.X.&quot;, hiran' ny Nickelback ao amin' ny ''Dark Horse'', 2008
*&quot;Sexual&quot;, hiran' ny Die Toten Hosen ao amin' ny ''Love, Peace &amp; Money'', 1994
*&quot;Sexual&quot;, hiran' i Nick Jonas ao amin' ny ''Spaceman'', 2021
*&quot;Sexual (Li Da Di)&quot;, hiran' i Amber ao amin' ny ''Amber'', 1999

==== Fampiasana hafa amin' ny mozika ====
*SEX, solonanarana ampiasain' ilay mpihira ''rap'' amerikanina Young Thug


== Fampiasana hafa ==
* Sex (fivarotana), any London.
* SEX (informatika), teny fohy enti-misolo toromarika amin' ny fiteny fandaharana akaiky ny fitenin' ny milina.
* Seax, na ''sex'', antsy nampiasain' ny vahoaka jermanika fahiny.
* Sextans, antokon-kintana izay hafohezina hoe Sex (fanafohezana ny anarana Sextans).
* ''Sodium ethyl xanthate'', fitambarana simika.
* ''Sex-'', tovona latina midika hoe [[Enina|enina]].
* Sex Peak, tendrombohitra any Montana, Etazonia.
* Famantarana ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy ny biby (''sexing'').
* ''Sexual'', na olona mahatsapa fisarihana ara-nofo amin' ny fomba mahazatra (''allosexual'').


== Jereo koa ==
* Pejy rehetra ahitana ny teny ''sex'' ao amin' ny lohateniny.
* Pejy rehetra ahitana ny teny ''sexes'' ao amin' ny lohateniny.
* Pejy rehetra ahitana ny soratra ''S.E.X.'' ao amin' ny lohateniny.
* Pejy rehetra izay manomboka amin' ny ''sex'' ny lohateniny.
* SEK (fanavahana)
* S3X (fanavahana)
* SX (fanavahana)
* Cex (fanavahana)
* ''Gender'' (fanavahana)
* ''Sexuality'' (fanavahana)</text>
      <sha1>sb6n9crya1ysyduletclvnrf90qsfpj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Tadim-pitatitra</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153604</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T01:31:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1380655765</comment>
      <origin>1153604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30258" sha1="ebqnoxac3131o69i0q9fjavxgudeo5f" xml:space="preserve">[[File:1319 Nerve StructureN.jpg|thumb|alt=Fizarana miampita mampiseho ny firafitry ny tadim-pitatitra.|Fizarana miampita amin' ny tadim-pitatitra.]]

Ny '''tadim-pitatitra''' (na fehezana tsiratsiraka mifono fonony iray sy miendrika tariby; ''nerve'' amin' ny teny anglisy) dia anisan' ny rafi-pitatitra. ''Nervus'' no anarany amin' ny teny latina. Aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava amin' ny nerônina izay mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ilay sela) no iantsoana ireo tsiratsiraka ao anatiny. Nandritra ny tantara, ny tadim-pitatitra no noheverina ho singa fototra mandrafitra ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe. Ny tadim-pitatitra dia lalana iraisan' ny hafatra ampitain' ny tsiratsiraka amin' ny alalan' ny fiovana elektrika sy simika. Ireo hafatra ireo dia antsoina hoe fiovan' ny voltazy mampita hafatra (''action potentials''), ary mandeha manaraka ny aksona tsirairay mankany amin' ny taova ivelan' ny foibe. Raha tadim-pitatitra mitondra hafatra momba ny fahatsapana kosa no resahina, dia avy any amin' ny faritra ivelan' ny foibe ireo hafatra ka miverina mankany amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe. Ny aksona tsirairay dia fanalavan' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] iray (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra). Misy sela hafa manohana azy koa, toy ny sasany amin' ny sela Schwann, izay mandrakotra ny aksona amin' ny mielina (na akora matavy mandrakotra ny aksona).

Voahodidin' ny sosona tambatsela mpampitohy atao hoe ''endoneurium'' ny aksona tsirairay. Vondrona atao hoe fehezana madinika (''fascicles'') no ivondronan' ny aksona, ary ny fehezana madinika tsirairay dia mifono sosona tambatsela mpampitohy atao hoe ''perineurium''. Ny tadim-pitatitra iray manontolo kosa dia mifono sosona tambatsela mpampitohy atao hoe ''epineurium''. Ny sela mpitatitra, izay antsoina matetika hoe nerônina, dia mbola sokajina ho nerônina mitondra hafatra momba ny fahatsapana na nerônina mampita baiko mankany amin' ny hozatra sy ny fihary.

Ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe, ny rafitra mitovy amin' izany dia antsoina hoe fehezana aksona ao amin' ny foibe (''nerve tracts'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Purves&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marieb&quot;&gt;Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2007). ''[https://archive.org/details/humananatomyphys0000mari_r3o8 Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology]''. Fanontana faha-7 (''7th''). Pearson. Pejy 388–602. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8053-5909-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Firafitra ==
Ny tadim-pitatitra tsirairay dia voarakotry ny fonony ivelany matevina vita amin' ny tambatsela mpampitohy, antsoina hoe ''epineurium''. Eo ambanin' io no misy sosona sela mpitahiry tavy, antsoina hoe ''perineurium'', izay mamorona fonony mihidy manodidina ny amboaran' ny aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava amin' ny nerônina izay mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ilay sela). Misy rindrina manasaraka, avy amin' io fonon' ny amboara io, miditra ao anatin' ny tadim-pitatitra ka mizara azy ho amboaran-tsiratsiraka maromaro. Voahodidin' ny fonony antsoina hoe ''endoneurium'' ny tsiratsiraka tsirairay. Io fonony io dia mamorona fantsona mitohy tsy tapaka, manomboka eo amin' ny velaran' ny tsokan-damosina ka hatrany amin' ny toerana ifandraisan' ny aksona amin' ny tsiratsiraky ny hozatra amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny sela), na hatrany amin' ny fiafaran' ny aksona eo amin' ny mpandray fandrisihana ara-pahatsapana. Ny ''endoneurium'' dia ahitana fonony anatiny vita amin' ny akora atao hoe ''glycocalyx'' (na sosona misy akora mifamatotra amin' ny siramamy eny amin' ny velaran' ny sela), sy harato manify ivelany vita amin' ny tsiratsiraky ny kôlazena (na proteinina manome tanjaka ny tambatsela).&lt;ref name=&quot;Marieb&quot;/&gt; Mivondrona ho amboara ny tadim-pitatitra ary matetika miara-dalana amin' ny lalan-dra, satria somary be ny angovo ilain' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) ao amin' ny tadim-pitatitra.

Ao anatin' ny ''endoneurium'', ny tsiratsiraky ny tadim-pitatitra tsirairay dia voahodidin' ny ranoka tsy dia misy proteinina firy, antsoina hoe ranoka ao anatin' ny fonon-tsiratsiraka (''endoneurial fluid''). Mitovitovy amin' ny fiasan' ny ranoka manodidina ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe ny fiasany. Izy io no mamorona sakana eo amin' ny ra sy ny tadim-pitatitra (''blood-nerve barrier''), izay mitovitovy amin' ny sakana eo amin' ny ra sy ny atidoha.&lt;ref&gt;Kanda T (Feb 2013). ''Biology of the blood-nerve barrier and its alteration in immune mediated neuropathies''. ''Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry'', 84 (2): 208–212. PMID: 23243216; DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302312; S2CID: 207005110.&lt;/ref&gt; Voasakana tsy hifindra avy ao amin' ny ra mankany amin' ny ranoka ao anatin' ny fonon-tsiratsiraka ny molekiola noho izany. Rehefa miforona ny edema (na fivontosana vokatry ny fiangonan' ny ranoka) noho ny fanelingelenana ny tadim-pitatitra (''nerve irritation'') na ny faharatrany, dia mety hitombo eo amin' ilay toerana voakasika ny habetsahan' ny ranoka ao anatin' ny fonon-tsiratsiraka. Azo aseho amin' ny fakana sarin-tadim-pitatitra amin' ny alalan' ny MR (akony andriamby; ''magnetic resonance neurography'') izany fitomboan' ny ranoka izany. Noho izany, io fomba fakana sary io dia afaka mamantatra ny fanelingelenana ny tadim-pitatitra, ny faharatrany, na izy roa miaraka.

=== Fanasokajiana ===
Arakaraka ny lalan' ny hafatra ampitainy no anasokajiana ny tadim-pitatitra ho vondrona telo:

* Ny tadim-pitatitra mitondra hafatra mankany amin' ny foibe (''afferent nerves'') dia mampita fampahalalana ara-pahatsapana avy amin' ny nerônina mpitondra hafatra ara-pahatsapana ho any amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe. Ohatra amin' izany ny fampahalalana avy amin' ny mpandray tsindry na fiovana ara-mekanika (''mechanoreceptors'') ao amin' ny [[Hoditra|hoditra]]. Antsoina hoe tadim-pitatitra mpitondra hafatra ara-pahatsapana ny amboaran' ireo tsiratsiraka mitondra hafatra mankany amin' ny foibe ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Purves&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marieb&quot; /&gt;
* Ny tadim-pitatitra mitondra hafatra miala amin' ny foibe (''efferent nerves'') dia mampita hafatra avy amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe, manaraka ny nerônina mpitondra baiko hozatra, ho any amin' ny [[Hozatra|hozatra]] sy ny fihary kendreny. Ny fihary dia taova na vondron-tsela mamokatra sy mamoaka akora. Antsoina hoe tadim-pitatitra mitondra hafatra miala amin' ny foibe ny amboaran' ireo tsiratsiraka ireo.
* Ny tadim-pitatitra mifangaro (na misy aksona mitondra hafatra mankany amin' ny foibe sy miala amin' ny foibe) dia mampita ao anatin' ny amboara iray ihany ny fampahalalana ara-pahatsapana miditra sy ny baiko mankany amin' ny hozatra. Tadim-pitatitra mifangaro avokoa ny tadim-pitatitra mifandray amin' ny tsokan-damosina, ary mifangaro koa ny sasany amin' ny tadim-pitatitra mifandray mivantana amin' ny atidoha.

Azo sokajiana ho vondrona roa koa ny tadim-pitatitra, arakaraka ny toerana ifandraisany amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe:

* Ny tadim-pitatitra mifandray amin' ny tsokan-damosina (''spinal nerves'') dia manome fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny tadim-pitatitra ho an' ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny vatana, izany hoe miparitaka mankany amin' ireo faritra ireo na mandrisika azy. Mandalo amin' ny hazondamosina izy ireo ka mifandray amin' ny tsokan-damosina, ary noho izany amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe. Omena anarana ahitana litera sy tarehimarika izy ireo, arakaraka ny taolan' ny hazondamosina eo amin' ny toerana idirany ao amin' ny hazondamosina.
* Ny tadim-pitatitra mifandray mivantana amin' ny atidoha (''cranial nerves'') dia manome fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny tadim-pitatitra ho an' ny faritra amin' ny loha. Mifandray mivantana amin' ny [[Atidoha|atidoha]] izy ireo, indrindra amin' ny tahon' ny atidoha (na faritra mampitohy ny atidoha amin' ny tsokan-damosina). Matetika izy ireo no omena tarehimarika rômanina manomboka amin' ny 1 ka hatramin' ny 12, na dia ampidirina ao koa aza indraindray ny tadim-pitatitra mitondra ny laharana aotra (''cranial nerve zero''). Ankoatra izany, manana anarana mamaritra azy koa ireo tadim-pitatitra ireo.

=== Voambolana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: voambolana momba ny firafitry ny rafi-pitatitra.

Misy teny manokana ampiasaina hamaritana ny tadim-pitatitra sy ny asany. Rehefa mampita fampahalalana avy amin' ny faritra iray amin' ny vatana ho any amin' ny atidoha ny tadim-pitatitra iray, na mifehy ny asa ataon' io faritra io, dia lazaina fa manome fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny tadim-pitatitra ho an' io faritra na taova io izy (''innervate''). Misy teny hafa milaza raha eo amin' ny lafin' ny vatana mitovy amin' ny an' ilay faritry ny atidoha iavian' ny tadim-pitatitra no iasany (''ipsilateral''), na eo amin' ny lafiny mifanohitra amin' izany (''contralateral'').

== Fivoarana ==
Matetika dia mifarana amin' ny fahatanorana ny fitomboan' ny tadim-pitatitra, nefa azo ahetsika indray amin' ny alalan' ny fomba fiasan' ny molekiola antsoina hoe fampitana famantarana amin' ny alalan' ny Notch (''Notch signaling'').&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991022005127.htm ''Yale Study Shows Way To Re-Stimulate Brain Cell Growth ScienceDaily'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062502/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991022005127.htm Tahiry voatahiry] tamin' ny 2017-07-07. (Oct. 22, 1999) — ''Results Could Boost Understanding Of Alzheimer's, Other Brain Disorders''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha simba ny aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny sela) amin' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] iray (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra), dia afaka mitombo indray ireo aksona ireo raha mbola tsy simba ny vatan' ilay nerônina. Afaka mamerina ny fifandraisany amin' ny nerônina hafa amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny nerônina hafatra) koa izy ireo, noho ny fanampian' ny sela mpitari-dalana (''guidepost cells''). Antsoina koa hoe fanavaozana ny sela sy tsiratsiraka ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra (''neuroregeneration'') izany.&lt;ref&gt;Kunik, D (2011). ''Laser-based single-axon transection for high-content axon injury and regeneration studies''. ''PLOS ONE'', boky 6, laharana 11, lahatsoratra laharana e26832. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026832; PMID: 22073205; PMC: 3206876; bibcode: 2011PLoSO...626832K. Fidirana amin' ny DOI: ''free'' (maimaim-poana).&lt;/ref&gt;

Manomboka izany dingana izany ny tadim-pitatitra amin' ny fandravana ny ampahany any ankoatra ny toerana naratra, amin' ny lafiny mankany amin' ny tendrony. Izany no ahafahan' ny sela Schwann (na sela mpanohana manodidina ny aksona), ny sosona manify fototra eo ivelan' ny sela (''basal lamina''), ary ny sosona ivelany amin' ny sela Schwann (''neurilemma'') eo akaikin' ny ratra manomboka mamorona fantsona itomboana indray. Misy akora mandrisika ny fitomboan' ny tadim-pitatitra vokarina, ka mahatonga tsimoka maro amin' ny tsiratsiraka mpitatitra hipoitra. Rehefa mahita ilay fantsona itomboana indray ny iray amin' ireo rantsana mitsimoka ireo, dia manomboka mitombo haingana mankany amin' ny toerana nalehany tany am-boalohany izy, ary ilay fantsona no mitarika azy mandritra izany manontolo. Miadana dia miadana ny fitomboan' ny tadim-pitatitra indray, ary mety haharitra hatramin' ny volana maromaro vao vita. Na dia ahafahana manarina tadim-pitatitra sasany aza izany dingana izany, dia mbola hisy ihany ny tsy fahatomombanana amin' ny fiasany, satria tsy lavorary ny fanarenana.&lt;ref&gt;Burnett, Mark; Zager, Eric. [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/480071_5 ''Pathophysiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Brief Review: Nerve Regeneration'']. ''Medscape Article''. Medscape. Nojerena tamin' ny 2011-10-26. Toetry ny URL araka ny loharano: ''live''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111031061528/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/480071_5 Tahiry voatahiry] tamin' ny 2011-10-31.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asa ==
Mampita vaovao amin' ny endrika hafatra ara-herinaratra sy ara-tsimia ny tadim-pitatitra. Ireo hafatra ireo, izay antsoina hoe fiovan' ny voltazy mampita hafatra (''action potential''), dia entin' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) tsirairay mandrafitra ilay tadim-pitatitra. Tena haingana ny fielezan' ireo hafatra ireo: mahatratra 120&amp;nbsp;m/s ny hafainganam-pampitan' ny nerônina sasany misy mielina (na akora matavy mandrakotra ny aksona). Mifindra avy amin' ny nerônina iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa ireo hafatra ireo rehefa mamakivaky sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny nerônina; ''synapse''). Eo amin' io toerana io, dia miova avy amin' ny endrika ara-herinaratra ho endrika ara-tsimia ilay hafatra, ary miverina amin' ny endrika ara-herinaratra avy eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marieb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Purves&quot;&gt;Dale Purves; George J. Augustine; David Fitzpatrick; William C. Hall; Anthony-Samuel LaMantia; James O. McNamara; Leonard E. White (2008). [https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceissu00purv ''Neuroscience'']. Fanontana 4. Sinauer Associates, pejy [https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceissu00purv/page/n36 11]–20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fidirana voafetra.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rafi-pitatitra ===
Ny rafi-pitatitra no ampahany amin' ny [[Biby|biby]] izay mandrindra ny fihetsiny amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana hafatra mankany amin' ny faritra samihafa amin' ny vatany sy avy amin' ireo faritra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B. (2016). ''Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (15th edition).'' J. Wiley. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-119-34373-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mizara roa lehibe izy io amin' ny biby misy hazondamosina: ny CNS (rafi-pitatitra foibe) sy ny PNS (rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe). Ny [[Atidoha|atidoha]] sy ny tsokan-damosina no mandrafitra ny CNS. Tadim-pitatitra no tena mandrafitra ny PNS. Ireo tadim-pitatitra ireo dia amboara voahodidina fonony, misy aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava amin' ny nerônina izay mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ilay sela), ary mampifandray ny CNS amin' ny faritra hafa rehetra amin' ny vatana. Antsoina hoe tadim-pitatitry ny karandoha (''cranial nerves'') ireo tadim-pitatitra mivoaka avy amin' ny karandoha, fa tadim-pitatitra avy amin' ny tsokan-damosina (''spinal nerves'') kosa ireo mivoaka avy amin' ny tsokan-damosina.

== Anjara eo amin' ny fitsaboana ==
[[Sary:Prostatic adenocarcinoma with perineural invasion.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Sary nalaina tamin' ny mikrôskôpy mampiseho homamiadan' ny prôstaty miparitaka manodidina ny tadim-pitatitra.|Sary nalaina tamin' ny mikrôskôpy mampiseho ny fihanaky ny homamiadana mahazo ny prôstaty (na ilay fihary ao amin' ny taovam-pananahan' ny lehilahy) manodidina ny tadim-pitatitra. Nampiasaina ny fandokoana H&amp;E (na fandokoana amin' ny hematôksilina sy eôzina).]]
Matetika ny mpitsabo manam-pahaizana momba ny rafi-pitatitra no mamantatra ny aretin' ny tadim-pitatitra amin' ny fizahana ny vatana. Anisan' izany ny fitsapana ny refleksa (na valin' ny vatana mandeha ho azy manoloana ny fanaitairana), ny fandehanana an-tongotra sy ny fihetsika hafa asaina atao, ny fahalemen' ny hozatra, ny fahatsapana ny toerana sy ny fihetsiky ny faritra samihafa amin' ny vatana (''proprioception''), ary ny fahatsapana fikasihana. Aorian' io fizahana voalohany io dia azo atao ny fitiliana toy ny fandrefesana ny fampitan' ny tadim-pitatitra hafatra, ny elektrômiôgrafia (EMG, na fandrefesana ny hetsika elektrikan' ny hozatra; ''electromyography''), ary ny tomôgrafia kajin' ny solosaina (CT, na fakana sary an-tsosona ny ao anatin' ny vatana amin' ny taratra X sy ny solosaina; ''computed tomography'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinberg&quot;&gt;Weinberg. ''Normal computed tomography of the brain''. Pejy 109.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety ho simba ny tadim-pitatitra noho ny ratra ara-batana, ary koa noho ny toe-pahasalamana toy ny CTS (na aretina vokatry ny fanerena tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny lalan-kely amin' ny hatotanam-pelatanana; ''carpal tunnel syndrome'') sy ny fahasimbana vokatry ny fihetsika miverimberina (''repetitive strain injury'').
Mety hiteraka nerôma vokatry ny ratra (na fitangoronana tsy ara-dalàna amin' ny tsiratsiraky ny tadim-pitatitra rehefa maniry indray taorian' ny faharatrany; ''traumatic neuroma'') ny faharatrana amin' ny tadim-pitatitra, izay matetika vokatry ny fandidiana.
Samy miteraka fahasimban' ny tadim-pitatitra, izay mety tsy hitovy hamafin' ny fahavoazany, ny aretina ôtôimiona (na aretina izay anafihan' ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana ny vatana ihany), toy ny aretin' i Guillain–Barré (na aretina izay anafihan' ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana ny tadim-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe; ''Guillain–Barré syndrome''), ny aretina mampihasimba tsikelikely ny sela ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra (''neurodegenerative disease''), ny pôlinerôpatia (na aretina mahakasika tadim-pitatitra maro ivelan' ny foibe; ''polyneuropathy''), ny infeksiona (na fidirana sy fitomboan' ny otrikaretina ao amin' ny vatana; ''infection''), ny nerita (na fivontosana mamaivay amin' ny tadim-pitatitra; ''neuritis''), ny [[Diabeta|diabeta]] (na aretina ahitana fiakaran' ny tahan' ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra), na ny tsy fiasan' ny lalan-dra manodidina ilay tadim-pitatitra.
Voatsindry ny tadim-pitatitra rehefa misy fanerena mihatra aminy, izay matetika avy amin' ny fivontosana noho ny ratra na ny fitondrana vohoka. Mety hiteraka [[Fanaintainana|fanaintainana]], fahalemena, fahatsentsenana (na fihenana na fahaverezan' ny fahatsapana), na paralizy (na fahaverezan' ny fahafahana mampihetsika faritra amin' ny vatana) izany; ohatra iray amin' izany ny CTS.
Mety ho tsapa any amin' ny faritra lavitra ny tena toerana simba ny soritr' aretina, ka antsoina hoe fanaintainana tsapa any amin' ny faritra hafa (''referred pain'') io tranga io. Mety hitranga izany rehefa manova ny fampitana hafatra mankany amin' ny faritra hafa ilay fahasimbana.

Afaka miparitaka ny [[Homamiadana|homamiadana]] amin' ny alalan' ny fidirany ao amin' ny elanelana manodidina ny tadim-pitatitra. Fahita indrindra amin' ny homamiadan' ny loha sy ny vozona, ny homamiadan' ny prôstaty ary ny [[Homamiadan'ny tsinaibe|homamiadan' ny tsinaibe]] izany. Ny aretina antsoina hoe ''multiple sclerosis'' (na aretina misy fahasimban' ny fonona mielina ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) dia mifandray amin' ny fahasimban' ny tadim-pitatitra amin' ny faritra maro. Mitranga izany rehefa manimba ny fonona mielina (na fonona vita amin' ny akora matavy manasaraka ara-herinaratra ny aksona) ny makrôfazy (na sela ao amin' ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana izay afaka mitelina sela sy akora hafa; ''macrophage'') avy amin' ny hery fiarovan' ilay olona ihany. Ireo fonona ireo no manasaraka ara-herinaratra ny aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) ao amin' ny tadim-pitatitra.

== Amin' ny biby hafa ==
Antsoina hoe ''azo fantarina manokana'' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) iray raha manana toetra mampiavaka azy amin' ny nerônina hafa rehetra ao amin' ilay biby izy, toy ny toerana misy azy, ny akora simika ampiasainy hampitana hafatra amin' ny sela hafa, ny lamin' ny fiasan' ny fototarazony ary ny fifandraisany amin' ny sela hafa; sady tsy maintsy manana nerônina iray monja mitovy tanteraka amin' ireo toetra ireo koa ny zavamananaina tsirairay ao amin' ilay karazana.&lt;ref name=Hoyle&gt;Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). ''Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods''. Plenum Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-306-31001-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Vitsy dia vitsy ny nerônina azo fantarina manokana amin' io heviny io ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitry ny biby manana hazondamosina. Mihevitra ny mpikaroka fa tsy misy izany ao amin' ny olombelona, saingy amin' ny rafi-pitatitra tsotra kokoa dia mety ho miavaka toy izany ny nerônina sasany na izy rehetra.&lt;ref name=Wormbook&gt;''[http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html Wormbook: Specification of the nervous system]''. Satan' ny rohy: ''live''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717081646/http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html Voatahiry tamin' ny 2011-07-17].&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina, ny sela Mauthner goavambe ao amin' ny trondro no nerônina azo fantarina manokana izay fantatra indrindra.&lt;ref name=Stein&gt;Stein PSG (1999). ''Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior''. MIT Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-69227-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; (pejy 38–44)
Manana sela Mauthner roa ny trondro tsirairay, ao amin' ny tapany ambany amin' ny tahon' ny atidoha (na faritra mampifandray ny atidoha amin' ny tsokan-damosina): ny iray eo ankavia ary ny iray eo ankavanana.
Manana aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) ny sela Mauthner tsirairay.
Miampita mankany amin' ny ilany mifanohitra io aksona io, mampifandray sy manentana ny nerônina eo amin' io haavon' ny atidoha io ihany, ary avy eo midina mamakivaky ny tsokan-damosina ka mamorona fifandraisana maro eny an-dalana.
Mahery tokoa ny fampitana hafatra amin' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny nerônina hafatra) ateraky ny sela Mauthner iray, ka fiovan' ny voltazy mampita hafatra (''action potential'') iray monja dia miteraka fihetsika famaliana lehibe: ao anatin' ny milisegondra dia aforin' ilay trondro hitovy endrika amin' ny litera C ny vatany, avy eo ahitsiny indray, ka manosika azy handroso haingana.
Raha ny asany no jerena, dia fihetsika famaliana ahafahana mandositra haingana izany; onjam-peo mahery na onja ateraky ny fiovan' ny tsindry izay midona amin' ny taovam-pandrenesana manaraka ny tsipika amin' ny ilan' ny vatan' ny trondro no mora indrindra mampipoitra azy.
Tsy ny sela Mauthner ihany no nerônina azo fantarina manokana ao amin' ny trondro: misy karazany hafa 20 eo ho eo, anisan' izany ny sela mandeha tsiroaroa izay mitovy toetra amin' ny sela Mauthner, ao amin' ny vondrona tsirairay ivondronan' ny vatan' ny nerônina ao amin' ireo fizarana mifanesy amin' ny tsokan-damosina.
Na dia afaka mampipoitra fihetsika fandosirana samirery aza ny sela Mauthner iray, dia mazàna ny karazan-tsela hafa no miara-mandray anjara amin' ny famaritana ny haben' ny fihetsika famaliana sy ny lalana izorany, rehefa eo amin' ny fitondran-tena mahazatra.

Nolazaina ho nerônina mpibaiko (''command neurons'') ny sela Mauthner. Karazana nerônina azo fantarina manokana ny nerônina mpibaiko, ary ny famaritana azy dia nerônina iray izay afaka mampipoitra fitondran-tena voafaritra samirery.&lt;ref name=Stein/&gt; (pejy 112) Ao amin' ny rafitra ahafahan' ny karazam-biby samihafa mandositra haingana no tena ahitana nerônina toy izany matetika. Samy mandray anjara amin' ny lalam-pifandraisan' ny nerônina ahafahan' ny angisy mandositra haingana ny aksona goavambe sy ny sinapsy goavambe ao aminy; noho ny habeny dia nampiasaina tamin' ireo andrana mpisava lalana momba ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra izy roa ireo. Niteraka adihevitra anefa ny foto-kevitry ny nerônina mpibaiko, satria nisy fikarohana naneho fa ny nerônina sasany izay toa nahafeno io famaritana io tany am-boalohany dia tsy afaka nampipoitra fihetsika famaliana raha tsy tao anatin' ny toe-javatra voafetra ihany.&lt;ref name=Simmons43&gt;Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). ''[https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal00simm_659 Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour]''. Cambridge University Press, pejy [https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal00simm_659/page/n53 43]. Fidirana voafetra (''limited''). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-62726-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny zavamananaina manana fifanandrifian' ny firafitry ny vatana manodidina ny foibeny, izany hoe mifanandrify ny ampahany amin' ny vatana voalamina manodidina io foibe io, dia tambajotran' ny nerônina no mandrafitra ny rafi-pitatitra. Tsy misy atidoha na faritra loha ivondronan' ny rafi-pitatitra, fa nerônina mifandray no miparitaka ao amin' ireo tambajotra ireo. Ahitana izany ny Cnidaria, ny Ctenophora ary ny Echinodermata.

== Tantara ==
Jereo koa: tantaran' ny fandinihana sy fitsaboana ny aretin' ny rafi-pitatitra ary ny fandidiana azy.

Nofaritan' i Herophilos (335–280 talohan' i Kristy) ny anjara asan' ny tadim-pitatitra optika (na tadim-pitatitry ny fahitana; ''optic nerve'') amin' ny fahitana sy ny tadim-pitatitra mampihetsika ny maso (''oculomotor nerve'') amin' ny fihetsehan' ny maso. Ny fandinihany ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny karandoha no nahafahany nanavaka ny lalan-dra tamin' ny tadim-pitatitra (''neûron'' amin' ny teny grika tranainy, izay midika hoe « tady, tsiratsiraka avy amin' ny zavamaniry, tadim-pitatitra »).

Tsy nanamarina ny petra-kevitra naroson' i William Cullen tamin' ny 1785, izay nampifandray ny toe-tsaina tamin' ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny vatana, ny fikarohana maoderina,&lt;ref&gt;
Neil Pickering (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JnuZHxvHykC ''The Metaphor of Mental Illness'']. Andian-boky: ''International perspectives in philosophy and psychiatry''. Oxford University Press, pejy 99. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-853087-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Daty nijerena: 27 May 2023. Teny notsongaina tamin' ny teny anglisy tany am-boalohany:
&lt;blockquote&gt;[...] William Cullen [...] as early as 1785 [...] postulated that certain mental disorders were the result of some unknown physical change in the nerves, for which he coined the term neurosis. This term has since quite altered its meaning, as it now refers not to a state of the nerves but to a nervous state.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/ref&gt; na dia mety mbola hampiasa ny teny anglisy hoe « ''nerves'' » aza ny fitsaboana araka ny fahafantaran' ny besinimaro na ataon' ny tsy manam-pahaizana, amin' ny famantarana izay mety ho fanahiana na fisalasalana ara-tsaina na amin' ny fanondroana ny anton' izany. Hita izany amin' ny fomba fiteny anglisy mahazatra efa nentim-paharazana hoe « ''my poor nerves'' » (fitarainana noho ny toe-tsaina mora mitebiteby),&lt;ref&gt;
Ohatra:
Jane Austen (2010; daty namoahana voalohany: 1813). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1m9b-G7csR0C ''Pride and Prejudice: An Annotated Edition'']. Mpandrindra ny fanontana: Patricia Meyer Spacks. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pejy 32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-04916-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Daty nijerena: 27 May 2023. Teny notsongaina tamin' ny teny anglisy tany am-boalohany:
&lt;blockquote&gt;'Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion on my poor nerves.' [...] 'You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least.'&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/ref&gt;
« ''high-strung'' » (mora mitebiteby na mihenjana ara-tsaina), ary « ''nervous breakdown'' » (fikorontanana mafy eo amin' ny toe-tsaina).&lt;ref&gt;
Neil Pickering (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JnuZHxvHykC ''The Metaphor of Mental Illness'']. Andian-boky: ''International perspectives in philosophy and psychiatry''. Oxford University Press, pejy 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-853087-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Daty nijerena: 27 May 2023. Teny notsongaina tamin' ny teny anglisy tany am-boalohany:
&lt;blockquote&gt;[...] in everyday English we find [...] lay terms such as 'nervous breakdown' that relate to mental illness as a whole [...]&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Tambatsela mpampitohy ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe
* Faritra amin' ny hoditra izay tadim-pitatitra iray avy amin' ny tsokan-damosina no mampita ny fahatsapana avy aminy (''dermatome'')
* Lisitry ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny vatan' olombelona
* Faharatran' ny tadim-pitatitra
* Aretina na fahasimbana mahazo ny tadim-pitatitra (''neuropathy'')
* Fanasokajiana ny faharatran' ny tadim-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* ''[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Nervous_system Nervous system]'' William E. Skaggs, Scholarpedia
* Bear, M. F.; B. W. Connors; M. A. Paradiso (2006). ''[https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceexpl00mark Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain]''. Fanontana: 3rd. Philadelphia: Lippincott. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7817-6003-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana (''registration'').
* Binder, Marc D.; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Windhorst, Uwe (tonian-dahatsoratra) (2009). ''[https://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/book/978-3-540-23735-8 Encyclopedia of Neuroscience]''. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Kandel, ER (Eric R. Kandel); Schwartz JH; Jessell TM (2012). ''Principles of Neural Science''. Fanontana: 5th. New York: McGraw-Hill. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Squire, L. ''et al.'' (2012). ''Fundamental Neuroscience, 4th edition''. Academic Press; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-660303-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Nancy C. Andreasen (March 4, 2004). ''[https://archive.org/details/bravenewbraincon00andr Brave New Brain: Conquering Mental Illness in the Era of the Genome]''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-514509-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Damasio, A. R. (1994). ''Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. '' New York, Avon Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-399-13894-3&lt;/nowiki&gt; (misy fonony mafy) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-380-72647-5&lt;/nowiki&gt; (misy fonony malefaka)
* Gardner, H. (1976). ''The Shattered Mind: The Person After Brain Damage. '' New York, Vintage Books, 1976 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-394-71946-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Goldstein, K. (2000). ''The Organism. '' New York, Zone Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-942299-96-5&lt;/nowiki&gt; (misy fonony mafy) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-942299-97-3&lt;/nowiki&gt; (misy fonony malefaka)
* Lauwereyns, Jan (February 2010). ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262123105 The Anatomy of Bias: How Neural Circuits Weigh the Options]''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-12310-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [[:commons:Category:Nerves|Rakitra momba ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707093632/http://www.aanem.org/practiceissues/recPolicy/listofNerves.cfm Lisitry ny tadim-pitatitra]
* ''Human Physiology'': [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Nervous_System ''The Nervous System''] (momba ny olombelona)
* ''Anatomy and Physiology of Animals'': [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Nervous_System ''Nervous System''] (momba ny biby hafa)
* Parsons, Frederick Gymer (1911). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nerve ''Nerve'']. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Boky faha-19 (fanontana faha-11), pejy 394–400.

[[:Sokajy:siansan'ny nerônina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fampimirana</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1381875194</comment>
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      <text bytes="40213" sha1="bmx5hdns5fe7eipubexxkjr35vl78cy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:First Equation Ever.png|thumb|right|300px|Ny fampiasana voalohany ny famantarana fitoviana, izay soratana hoe &lt;math&gt;14x + 15 = 71&lt;/math&gt; amin' ny fanoratana matematika ankehitriny. Avy amin' ny ''The Whetstone of Witte'', nosoratan' i Robert Recorde avy any Kambria (1557).&lt;ref name=&quot;Whetstone&quot;&gt;Recorde, Robert, ''The Whetstone of Witte'' ... (London, England: Jhon Kyngstone, 1557), [https://archive.org/stream/TheWhetstoneOfWitte#page/n237/mode/2up pejy fahatelo amin' ny toko &quot;The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Amin' ny [[Matematika|matematika]], ny '''fampimirana''' dia raikipohy matematika maneho ny fitovian' ny fanehoana matematika roa, ka ampifandraisina amin' ny famantarana fitoviana &lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; ireo fanehoana ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.mathopenref.com/equation.html ''Equation - Math Open Reference'']. www.mathopenref.com. Nojerena tamin' ny 2020-09-01.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/equation-formula.html ''Equations and Formulas'']. www.mathsisfun.com. Nojerena tamin' ny 2020-09-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy fahasamihafana madinika eo amin' ny hevitry ny teny anglisy hoe ''equation'' sy ny teny iray fiaviana aminy amin' ny fiteny hafa. Ohatra, amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]], ny ''équation'' dia faritana ho misy miova iray na maromaro, izany hoe habe na famantarana afaka mandray sanda samihafa, fa tsy voatery hisy miova kosa ny ''égalité''. Amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] anefa, izay raikipohy rehetra voasoratra araka ny fitsipika, ahitana fanehoana matematika roa ampifandraisina amin' ny famantarana fitoviana, dia antsoina hoe ''equation''.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Marcus; Stephen M. Watt. [https://www.academia.edu/3287674 ''What is an Equation?'']. Nojerena tamin' ny 2019-02-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny famahana fampimirana misy miova dia ny fitadiavana izay sandan' ireo miova mahatonga ny fitoviana ho marina. Antsoina koa hoe '''tsy fantatra''' ireo miova tadiavina ny sandany amin' ny famahana ny fampimirana; antsoina hoe vahaolan' ny fampimirana kosa ireo sandan' ny tsy fantatra izay mahatanteraka ny fitoviana. Misy karazany roa ny fampimirana: ny fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra sy ny fampimirana marina amin' ny sanda sasany ihany. Ny voalohany dia marina na inona na inona sandan' ny miova. Ny faharoa kosa dia tsy marina raha tsy amin' ny sanda sasany voafaritra ananan' ny miova.&lt;ref&gt;Gilles Lachaud. [http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/NT01240/EQUATION_mathematique.htm ''Équation, mathématique'']. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Universalis''. 29 January 2025. Amin' ny teny frantsay (fr).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A statement of equality between two expressions. Equations are of two types, '''identities''' and '''conditional equations''' (or usually simply &quot;equations&quot;)&quot;. « ''Equation'' », in ''Mathematics Dictionary'', Glenn James et Robert C. James (éd.), Van Nostrand, 1968, 3 ed. 1st ed. 1948, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny famantarana « = », izay hita ao amin' ny fampimirana rehetra, dia noforonin' i Robert Recorde tamin' ny 1557. Nihevitra izy fa tsy misy zavatra mitovy kokoa noho ny hitsy mirazotra mitovy halavana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whetstone&quot; /&gt;

== Famaritana ==
Fanehoana matematika roa ampifandraisin' ny famantarana fitoviana (&quot;=&quot;) no anoratana fampimirana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Antsoina hoe « lafy havia » sy « lafy havanana » amin' ny fampimirana ireo fanehoana eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' ny famantarana fitoviana. Matetika dia raisina ho aotra ny lafy havanan' ny fampimirana. Tsy mametra ny tranga azo ampiharana izany, satria azo tanterahina amin' ny fanalana ny lafy havanana amin' ny lafy roa tonta.

Ny karazana fampimirana fahita indrindra dia ny fampimirana maromiantoana (izay antsoina koa matetika hoe ''fampimirana aljebrika''), izay samy maromiantoana ny lafiny roa.
Misy singa iray na maromaro ny lafy tsirairay amin' ny fampimirana maromiantoana. Ohatra, ny fampimirana

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; Ax^2 +Bx + C - y = 0 &lt;/math&gt;

dia manana lafy havia &lt;math&gt; Ax^2 +Bx + C - y &lt;/math&gt;, izay misy singa efatra, sy lafy havanana &lt;math&gt; 0 &lt;/math&gt;, izay misy singa iray monja. Ny anarana nomena ny miova dia manoro fa tsy fantatra ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;, ary masontsivana ny &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;; ny tontolon-kevitra anefa no amaritana izany matetika (amin' ny tontolon-kevitra sasany, dia mety ho masontsivana ny &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;, na mety ho miova tsotra ny &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;).

Azo oharina amin' ny mizana asian-javatra lanjaina ny fampimirana. Raha zavatra (ohatra, voamadinika) mitovy lanja no apetraka ao amin' ny lovia roa, dia mampifandanja ny mizana ireo lanja roa ireo ary lazaina fa mitovy. Raha analana voamadinika ny lovia iray amin' ny mizana, dia tsy maintsy analana habetsahana mitovy amin' izay nalaina koa ny lovia iray hafa mba hifandanja hatrany ny mizana. Amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, dia voatazona ny fifandanjan' ny fampimirana raha asa kajy iray ihany no atao amin' ny lafy tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://blendedlearningmath.com/pages/mathematical-equations-guide/ Math equations guide with rules and interesting examples.]'' — blendedlearningmath, amin' ny teny anglisy amerikanina (en-US). Nojerena tamin' ny 2024-12-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toetra ==

Fampimirana roa, na rafi-pampimirana roa, no atao hoe mitovy vondrom-bahaolana raha mitovy ny vondron' ny vahaolany. Ireto asa kajy manaraka ireto dia manova fampimirana iray na rafi-pampimirana iray ho fampimirana na rafi-pampimirana mitovy vondrom-bahaolana aminy, raha azo tanterahina amin' ireo fanehoana matematika ampiharana azy ireo asa kajy ireo:
* Fanampiana habetsahana iray ihany amin' ny lafiny roa amin' ny fampimirana iray, na fanalana izany amin' ireo lafiny roa ireo. Izany dia mampiseho fa ny fampimirana rehetra dia mitovy vondrom-bahaolana amin' ny fampimirana iray izay aotra ny lafiny havanana.
* Fampitomboana na fizarana ny lafiny roa amin' ny fampimirana iray amin' ny habetsahana iray ihany izay tsy aotra.
* Fampiharana fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra mba hanovana ny lafiny iray amin' ny fampimirana. Ohatra amin' izany ny famelarana ny vokatry ny fampitomboana ho fitambarana, na ny fanoratana ny fitambarana ho vokatry ny fampitomboana.
* Ho an' ny rafi-pampimirana, dia ampiana amin' ny lafiny roa amin' ny fampimirana iray ny lafiny mifanandrify amin' ny fampimirana iray hafa, rehefa avy ampitomboina amin' ny habetsahana iray ihany ny lafiny roa amin' io fampimirana hafa io.

Raha ampiharina amin' ny lafiny roa amin' ny fampimirana iray ny lefa iray, dia anisan' ny vahaolan' ilay fampimirana azo ny vahaolan' ilay fampimirana voalohany. Mety hisy vahaolana hafa koa anefa ilay fampimirana azo, dia vahaolana fanampiny izay tsy vahaolan' ny fampimirana voalohany. Ohatra, ny fampimirana &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; dia manana ny vahaolana &lt;math&gt;x=1.&lt;/math&gt; Rehefa asandratra amin' ny fanondro 2 ny lafiny roa, izany hoe ampiharina amin' izy roa ny lefa &lt;math&gt;f(s)=s^2&lt;/math&gt;, dia lasa &lt;math&gt;x^2=1&lt;/math&gt; ilay fampimirana. Tsy ny vahaolana teo aloha ihany no vahaolany, fa misy koa ny vahaolana fanampiny &lt;math&gt;x=-1.&lt;/math&gt; Ankoatra izany, raha tsy voafaritra amin' ny sanda sasany ilay lefa, toy ny &lt;math&gt;1/x&lt;/math&gt; izay tsy voafaritra rehefa &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;, dia mety ho very ireo vahaolana mifanaraka amin' ireo sanda ireo. Noho izany, mila fitandremana ny fampiharana fanovana toy izany amin' ny fampimirana iray.

Ireo fanovana voalaza ireo no fototry ny ankamaroan' ny fomba fototra fitadiavana ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana, ary koa ny fomba sasany mandroso kokoa, toy ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss.

== Ohatra ==
=== Fanoharana amin' ny mizana ===

[[File:Equation illustration colour.svg|thumb|Fanoharana mampiseho fampimirana tsotra; isa tena ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;, ary ampitahaina amin' ny vato fandanjana.]]

Azo ampitahaina amin' ny mizana fandanjana, na amin' ny hazo filalaovana mitsivalana izay mifandimby miakatra sy midina ny tendrony roa, ny fampimirana.

Mifanandrify amin' ny lafiny iray amin' ny mizana ny lafiny tsirairay amin' ny fampimirana: ny havia sy ny havanana. Azo ametrahana habetsahana samihafa ny lafiny tsirairay: raha mitovy ny lanja eo amin' ny lafiny roa, dia mifandanja ny mizana. Toy izany koa, mifandanja ny fitoviana maneho izany fifandanjana izany. Raha tsy mifandanja kosa ny mizana, dia mifanandrify amin' ny tsy fitoviana asehon' ny fanehoana tsy fitoviana misy miova izany.

Ao amin' ny sary, habetsahana samihafa avokoa ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;, izay isa tena amin' ity ohatra ity ary aseho amin' ny vato fandanjana miendrika faribolana. Samy manana ny lanjany avy ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;. Mifanandrify amin' ny fanampiana lanja ny fanampiana, ary mifanandrify amin' ny fanesorana lanja amin' izay efa eo ny fanalana. Rehefa marina ny fitoviana, dia mitovy ny fitambaran' ny lanja eo amin' ny lafiny tsirairay.

=== Masontsivana sy tsy fantatra ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: fanehoana matematika.

Matetika ny fampimirana no ahitana singa hafa ankoatra ny tsy fantatra. Ireo singa hafa ireo, izay heverina ho fantatra, dia antsoina matetika hoe sanda tsy miova, fatra na masontsivana.

Ohatra iray amin' ny fampimirana izay &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; no tsy fantatra ary &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; no masontsivana ny hoe

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; x^2 +y^2 = R^2 .&lt;/math&gt;

Rehefa fidina ho 2 ny sandan' ny &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;, izany hoe &lt;math&gt;R = 2&lt;/math&gt;, dia fantatra amin' ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina fa io no fampimiran' ny faribolana manana foibe eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra, ary 2 ny halavan' ny tapaka mampifandray ny foibeny amin' ny faribolana. Noho izany, rehefa tsy faritana ny &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;, dia io no fampimirana ankapoben' ny faribolana.

Amin' ny ankapobeny, litera any amin' ny faran' ny abidy, toy ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;, …, no anondroana ny tsy fantatra, fa litera any amin' ny fiandohan' ny abidy, toy ny &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;, …, kosa no anondroana ny fatra na masontsivana. Ohatra, ny fampimirana ankapobeny ambaratonga faharoa dia matetika soratana hoe &lt;math&gt;ax^2 + bx + c = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

Antsoina hoe famahana ny fampimirana ny fitadiavana ny vahaolana, na, raha misy masontsivana, ny fanehoana ny tsy fantatra amin' ny alalan' ireo masontsivana. Antsoina hoe vahaolana koa ireny fanehoana ny vahaolana amin' ny alalan' ny masontsivana ireny.

Ny rafi-pampimirana dia vondrom-pampimirana dinihina miaraka, izay matetika misy tsy fantatra maromaro ary itadiavana vahaolana iombonana. Noho izany, ny vahaolan' ny rafitra dia vondron-tsanda omena ny tsy fantatra tsirairay, ka rehefa raisina miaraka ireo sanda ireo dia mahafeno ny fampimirana tsirairay ao amin' ny rafitra. Ohatra, ny rafitra

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
3x+5y&amp;=2\\
5x+8y&amp;=3
\end{align}
&lt;/math&gt;

dia manana vahaolana tokana, dia ny &lt;math&gt;x = -1&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;y = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra; lisitry ny fitoviana trigonometrika marina amin' ny sanda rehetra.

Ny fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra dia fampimirana izay marina na inona na inona sanda azon' ny miova ao aminy raisina. Maro ny fitoviana toy izany fantatra ao amin' ny aljebra sy ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana. Rehefa mamaha fampimirana, dia matetika ampiasaina ny fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra mba hanatsorana ilay fampimirana, ka hahamora kokoa ny famahana azy.

Ao amin' ny aljebra, ohatra iray amin' ny fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra ny vokatry ny fanalana toradroa iray amin' ny toradroa iray hafa:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x^2 - y^2 = (x+y)(x-y) &lt;/math&gt;

izay marina amin' ny sanda rehetra raisin' ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;.

Maro koa ny fitoviana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra ao amin' ny trigonometria; ilaina ireny rehefa manova na mamaha fampimirana trigonometrika. Anisan' ireo ny fitoviana roa manaraka, izay ahitana ny lefa antsoina hoe ''sine'' sy ''cosine''. Ao amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy, ny lafiny mifanatrika amin' ilay zoro mahitsy no lafiny lava indrindra. Raha zoro iray latsaky ny zoro mahitsy no dinihina, dia ny ''sine'' aminy no tahan' ny halavan' ny lafiny mifanatrika amin' io zoro io amin' ny halavan' ny lafiny lava indrindra. Ny ''cosine'' aminy kosa dia ny tahan' ny halavan' ilay lafiny mifanila amin' io zoro io, ankoatra ilay lafiny lava indrindra, amin' ny halavan' ny lafiny lava indrindra. Ireto ireo fitoviana roa ireo:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\sin^2(\theta)+\cos^2(\theta) = 1 &lt;/math&gt;

sy

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\sin(2\theta)=2\sin(\theta) \cos(\theta) &lt;/math&gt;

izay samy marina amin' ny sanda rehetra raisin' ny &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt;.

Ohatra, mba hamahana ny fampimirana

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;3\sin(\theta) \cos(\theta)= 1\, &lt;/math&gt;

ka hitadiavana sandan' ny &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; eo anelanelan' ny 0 sy 45 degre fandrefesana zoro, dia azo ampiasaina ilay fitoviana momba ny vokatry ny fampitomboana etsy ambony, ka azo ny hoe:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{3}{2}\sin(2 \theta) = 1\,,&lt;/math&gt;

Izany dia manome izao vahaolana ho an' ny &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; izao:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\theta = \frac{1}{2} \arcsin\left(\frac{2}{3}\right) \approx 20.9^\circ.&lt;/math&gt;

Satria lefa mamerina ny sandany isaky ny elanelana raikitra ny ''sine'', dia tsy manam-petra ny isan' ny vahaolana raha tsy misy famerana ny &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt;. Amin' ity ohatra ity, ny famerana ny &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; ho eo anelanelan' ny 0 sy 45 degre fandrefesana zoro dia mametra ny vahaolana ho isa iray monja.

== Aljebra ==
Mandalina sokajy roa lehibe amin' ny fampimirana ny [[Aljebra|aljebra]]: ny fampimirana maromiantoana sy ny fampimirana mizotra, izay tranga manokana ao anatin' ny fampimirana maromiantoana. Raha iray ihany ny miova, dia manana endrika &lt;math&gt;P(x)=0&lt;/math&gt; ny fampimirana maromiantoana, ka maromiantoana ny &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;; manana endrika &lt;math&gt;ax+b=0&lt;/math&gt; kosa ny fampimirana mizotra, ka masontsivana ny &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Mba hamahana ny fampimirana ao amin' ireo sokajy roa ireo, dia ampiasaina ny fomba manaraka dingana kajy voafaritra, na algôritma, na ny fomba jeômetrika, izay avy amin' ny aljebra mizotra na ny fanadihadiana matematika. Mandalina ny fampimirana diôfantina koa ny aljebra; isa tsimivaky ny fatra sy ny vahaolana amin' ireny fampimirana ireny. Hafa ny fomba ampiasaina amin' izany, ary avy amin' ny teôrian' ny isa. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia sarotra ireny fampimirana ireny; matetika dia ny hamantatra fotsiny raha misy na tsy misy vahaolana no tadiavina, ary raha misy izany, dia ny hanisa ny vahaolana.

=== Fampimirana maromiantoana ===
''Lahatsoratra fototra: fampimirana maromiantoana.''

[[File:Polynomialdeg2.svg|thumb|right|220px|Ny vahaolana –1 sy 2 amin' ny fampimirana maromiantoana &lt;math&gt;x^2-x-2=0&lt;/math&gt; dia mifanandrify amin' ireo teboka anapahan' ny kisary maneho ny lefa maromiantoana ambaratonga faharoa &lt;math&gt;y=x^2-x-2&lt;/math&gt; ny hitsin' ny fangitra &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; (ilay hitsy misy ireo teboka rehetra manana &lt;math&gt;y=0&lt;/math&gt;).]]

Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny fampimirana aljebrika, na fampimirana maromiantoana, dia fampimirana manana endrika

:&lt;math&gt;P = 0&lt;/math&gt;, na

:&lt;math&gt;P = Q&lt;/math&gt;,&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Satria azo soratana amin' ny endrika &lt;math&gt;P-Q=0&lt;/math&gt; ny fampimirana toy izany, dia maro ny mpanoratra tsy mandinika manokana io tranga io.&lt;/ref&gt;

ka maromiantoana ny &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;Q&lt;/math&gt;, ary ao anatin' ny vatana aljebrika iray ny fatrany. Ny vatana aljebrika dia vondrona ahafahana manao ny fanampiana, fanalana, fampitomboana ary fizarana amin' ny singa tsy aotra, araka ny fitsipika mahazatra amin' ireo asa kajy ireo; anisan' ny ohatra ny [[Isa voasaina|isa voasaina]], ny isa tena ary ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]]. Lazaina fa misy miova iray ny fampimirana aljebrika raha miova iray ihany no ao aminy. Mety hisy miova maromaro kosa ny fampimirana maromiantoana; amin' izany dia lazaina fa misy miova maromaro izy (miova maromaro, toy ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;, sns.).

Ohatra, ny
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x^5-3x+1=0&lt;/math&gt;
dia fampimirana aljebrika (maromiantoana) misy miova iray sy fatra isa tsimivaky, ary ny
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;y^4+\frac{xy}{2}=\frac{x^3}{3}-xy^2+y^2-\frac{1}{7}&lt;/math&gt;
dia fampimirana maromiantoana misy miova maromaro eo amin' ny isa voasaina.

Ny fampimirana maromiantoana sasany manana [[Isa voasaina|fatra isa voasaina]] dia manana vahaolana azo aseho amin' ny fanehoana aljebrika, izany hoe fanehoana matematika azo amin' ny asa kajy aljebrika sy ny fakana faka. Voafetra ny isan' ny asa kajy ampiasaina amin' izany, ary ireo fatra ireo ihany no iaingan' ny kajy; izany no atao hoe famahana amin' ny fomba aljebrika. Azo atao amin' ny fampimirana rehetra toy izany manana ambaratonga voalohany, faharoa, fahatelo na fahefatra izany. Tsy azo vahana amin' io fomba io foana kosa ny fampimirana manana ambaratonga fahadimy na ambony kokoa, araka ny asehon' ny teôreman' i Abel–Ruffini.

Betsaka ny fikarohana natokana ho an' ny fanaovana kajy mahomby mba hahazoana sanda manakaiky tsara ny vahaolana isa tena na [[Isa haro|isa haro]] amin' ny fampimirana aljebrika misy miova iray (jereo ny fitadiavana faka amin' ny maromiantoana), ary ny vahaolana iombonan' ny fampimirana maromiantoana maromaro samy misy miova maromaro (jereo ny rafi-pampimirana maromiantoana).

=== Rafi-pampimirana mizotra ===
[[File:九章算術.gif|thumb|Ny ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' (ny toko sivy momba ny haikajy) dia boky sinoa tsy fantatra mpanoratra, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa, izay manolotra fomba famahana fampimirana mizotra.]]

Ny rafi-pampimirana mizotra (na rafitra mizotra) dia fampimirana mizotra maromaro atambatra, izay misy miova iray na maromaro.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Fototra amin' ny matematika ny lohahevitr' ity lahatsoratra ity, ary resahina ao amin' ny boky fampianarana maro. Anisan' izany ny Lay 2005, Meyer 2001 ary Strang 2005, izay mirakitra ny votoatin' ity lahatsoratra ity.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, ny
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{alignat}{7}
3x &amp;&amp;\; + \;&amp;&amp; 2y             &amp;&amp;\; - \;&amp;&amp; z  &amp;&amp;\; = \;&amp;&amp; 1 &amp; \\
2x &amp;&amp;\; - \;&amp;&amp; 2y             &amp;&amp;\; + \;&amp;&amp; 4z &amp;&amp;\; = \;&amp;&amp; -2 &amp; \\
-x &amp;&amp;\; + \;&amp;&amp; \tfrac{1}{2} y &amp;&amp;\; - \;&amp;&amp; z  &amp;&amp;\; = \;&amp;&amp; 0 &amp;
\end{alignat}&lt;/math&gt;
dia rafitra misy fampimirana telo sy miova telo, dia &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;. Ny '''vahaolana''' amin' ny rafitra mizotra dia fanomezana sanda isa ho an' ny miova ka mahatonga ny fampimirana rehetra ho marina miaraka. Vahaolana iray amin' ilay rafitra etsy aloha ny
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{alignat}{2}
x &amp;\,=\,&amp; 1 \\
y &amp;\,=\,&amp; -2 \\
z &amp;\,=\,&amp; -2
\end{alignat}&lt;/math&gt;
satria mahatonga ireo fampimirana telo ho marina avokoa ireo sanda ireo. Ny teny hoe «rafitra» dia manondro fa dinihina miaraka ireo fampimirana, fa tsy tsirairay.

Ao amin' ny matematika, ny teôrian' ny rafitra mizotra dia ampahany fototra amin' ny aljebra mizotra, izay taranja ampiasaina amin' ny sehatra maro ao amin' ny matematika maoderina. Ny algôritma fanaovana kajy hitadiavana ny vahaolana dia ampahany lehibe amin' ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny kajy isa, ary manana anjara lehibe amin' ny [[Fizika|fizika]], ny injenieria, ny [[Simia|simia]], ny siansan' ny solosaina ary ny siansan' ny toekarena. Matetika dia azo soloina rafitra mizotra manakaiky azy ny rafi-pampimirana tsy mizotra (jereo ny fanakaikezana amin' ny rafitra mizotra). Mahasoa izany fomba izany rehefa manamboatra maodely matematika na manao tahaka amin' ny solosaina ny rafitra iray izay somary sarotra.

== Jeômetria ==

=== Jeômetria analitika ===
[[File:FunLin 04.svg|thumb|Ny hitsy manga sy ny hitsy mena dia samy vondron' ny teboka rehetra (''x'',''y'') izay mahafeno ny ''x''+''y''=5 sy ny -''x''+2''y''=4, araka izany filaharany izany. Mahafeno ireo fampimirana roa ireo ny teboka ihaonan' izy ireo, (2,3).]]
Ao amin' ny jeômetria eoklidiana, dia azo ampifandraisina amin' ny fangitra maromaro ny teboka tsirairay ao amin' ny habaka, ohatra amin' ny alalan' ny harato misy hitsy mifampijadona. Io fomba io dia ahafahana mamaritra ny endrika jeômetrika amin' ny alalan' ny fampimirana. Ny lemaka iray ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo dia azo aseho ho vondron' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana manana endrika &lt;math&gt; ax+by+cz+d=0&lt;/math&gt;, ka isa tena ny &lt;math&gt;a,b,c&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;, ary ny &lt;math&gt;x,y,z&lt;/math&gt; no tsy fantatra izay mifanandrify amin' ny fangitry ny teboka iray ao amin' ilay rafitra voafaritry ny harato misy hitsy mifampijadona. Ny sanda &lt;math&gt;a,b,c&lt;/math&gt; dia fangitry ny vektera iray mijadona amin' ny lemaka voafaritry ny fampimirana. Ny hitsy iray dia aseho ho fihaonan' ny lemaka roa, izany hoe ho vondron' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mizotra tokana manana sanda ao amin' ny &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt;, na ho vondron' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mizotra roa manana sanda ao amin' ny &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^3.&lt;/math&gt;

Ny endrika azo amin' ny fanapahana kitsoloha amin' ny lemaka dia fihaonan' ny kitsoloha manana fampimirana &lt;math&gt;x^2+y^2=z^2&lt;/math&gt; sy ny lemaka iray. Raha lazaina amin' ny fomba hafa, ao amin' ny habaka, ny endrika rehetra azo amin' izany fanapahana izany dia faritana ho vondron' ny vahaolana iombonan' ny fampimiran' ny lemaka iray sy ilay fampimiran' ny kitsoloha voalaza teo. Io fomba fanehoana io dia ahafahana mamaritra ny toerana sy ny toetran' ireo teboka raikitra ampiasaina hamaritana ny endrika amin' ny alalan' ny halavirana, izay antsoina hoe ''focus''.

Ny fampiasana fampimirana dia ahafahana mampiasa sehatra midadasika amin' ny matematika hamahana olana jeômetrika. Rehefa avadika ho fampimirana ireo endrika, dia ovain' ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina ho olana momba ny fanadihadiana matematika ny olana jeômetrika; izany no niavian' ny anarana hoe jeômetria analitika. Io fomba fijery izay nosoritsoritan' i [[René Descartes|Descartes]] io dia mampanan-karena sy manova ny karazana jeômetria nosaintsainin' ireo mpahay matematika grika fahiny.

Amin' izao fotoana izao, ny jeômetria analitika dia manondro sampan' ny matematika izay mbola iasana mavitrika. Na dia mbola mampiasa fampimirana hamaritana ny endrika aza izy, dia mampiasa teknika mandroso hafa koa, toy ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny aljebra mizotra.

=== Fampimirana kartezianina ===
[[File:Cartesian-coordinate-system-with-circle.svg|thumb|right|Rafitra fangitra kartezianina misy faribolana mena izay 2 ny halaviran' ny foibeny amin' ny faribolana, ary eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra ny foibeny. Ny fampimiran' ny faribolana dia (''x'' − ''a'')&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + (''y'' − ''b'')&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''r''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, ka ny ''a'' sy ny ''b'' no fangitry ny foibe (''a'', ''b''), ary ny ''r'' no halaviran' ny foibe amin' ny faribolana.]]
Ao amin' ny jeômetria kartezianina, dia ampiasaina hamaritana ny endrika jeômetrika ny fampimirana. Satria manana vahaolana tsy manam-petra ireo fampimirana dinihina, toy ny fampimirana tsy manavaka mivantana ny miova iray na ny fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana, dia hafa ny tanjona eto: tsy ny hanome mazava ireo vahaolana na hanisa azy ireo, izay tsy azo atao, fa ny hampiasa ny fampimirana handinihana ny toetran' ireo endrika. Izany no hevitra iaingan' ny jeômetria aljebrika, izay sehatra lehibe amin' ny matematika.

Azo ampiasaina io foto-kevitra io ihany mba hamaritana ny toeran' ny teboka iray ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo, amin' ny alalan' ny fangitra kartezianina telo. Ireo fangitra ireo dia ny halavirana misy famantarana miabo na miiba mankany amin' ny lemaka telo izay samy mifampijadona tsiroaroa; azo faritana amin' ny fomba mitovy hevitra amin' izany koa izy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny tsipy mijadona amin' ny hitsy telo izay samy mifampijadona tsiroaroa.

Nanova tanteraka ny matematika ny famoronan' i [[René Descartes]] ny fangitra kartezianina tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, satria nanome ny fifandraisana voalamina voalohany teo amin' ny jeômetria eoklidiana sy ny [[Aljebra|aljebra]]. Amin' ny fampiasana ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina, dia azo faritana amin' ny fampimirana kartezianina ny endrika jeômetrika, toy ny tsipika ara-jeômetria (izay mety ho mahitsy na miolaka): fampimirana aljebrika ahitana ny fangitry ny teboka eo amin' ilay endrika ireo fampimirana ireo. Ohatra, ny faribolana iray eo amin' ny lemaka, izay 2 ny halaviran' ny foibeny amin' ny faribolana ary eo amin' ny teboka manokana antsoina hoe fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra ny foibeny, dia azo faritana ho vondron' ny teboka rehetra izay mahafeno ny fampimirana ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ''y''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 4 ny fangitra ''x'' sy ''y'' ananany.

=== Fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana ===
Ny fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana ho an' ny tsipika ara-jeômetria dia maneho ny fangitry ny teboka eo amin' ilay tsipika ho lefan' ny miova iray antsoina hoe masontsivana.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas, George B., and Finney, Ross L., ''Calculus and Analytic Geometry'', Addison Wesley Publishing Co., fifth edition, 1979, p. 91.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weisstein, Eric W. ''Parametric Equations.'' From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ParametricEquations.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra,
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
x&amp;=\cos t\\
y&amp;=\sin t
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
dia fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana ho an' ny faribolana izay iray ny halaviran' ny foibeny amin' ny faribolana ary eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra ny foibeny, ka ny ''t'' no masontsivana. Eto, ny &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt; sy ny &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; dia manondro ny lefa ''cosine'' sy ''sine'', izay manome ny fangitra voalohany sy faharoan' ny teboka amin' io faribolana io arakaraka ny sandan' ny masontsivana ''t''. Antsoina hoe fanehoana an' ilay tsipika amin' ny alalan' ny masontsivana ireo fampimirana ireo rehefa atambatra.

Nitarina ho amin' ny velarana, ny habaka mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana, ary ny endrika voafaritry ny rafi-pampimirana maromiantoana manana refy ambony kokoa ny hevitry ny fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana. Mitovy amin' ny refin' ilay habaka na endrika ny isan' ny masontsivana, ary mitovy amin' ny refin' ny habaka andinihana azy ny isan' ny fampimirana. Ho an' ny tsipika ara-jeômetria, dia iray ny refy ary masontsivana iray no ampiasaina; ho an' ny velarana kosa dia roa ny refy ary masontsivana roa no ampiasaina, ary toy izany hatrany.

== Teôrian' ny isa ==

=== Fampimirana diôfantina ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: fampimirana diôfantina.

Ny fampimirana diôfantina dia fampimirana maromiantoana misy tsy fantatra roa na mihoatra, ka ireo vahaolana izay ahazoan' ny tsy fantatra rehetra sanda isa tsimivaky ihany no tadiavina. Ny fampimirana diôfantina mizotra dia fampimirana eo amin' ny fitambarana roa samy ahitana fanehoana matematika misy singa iray manana ambaratonga aotra na iray. Ohatra amin' ny fampimirana diôfantina mizotra ny &lt;math&gt;ax + by = c&lt;/math&gt;, izay sanda tsy miova ny &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. Ny fampimirana diôfantina mety hanana fanondro tsy fantatra kosa dia fampimirana izay mety ho tsy fantatra ny fanondro amin' ny singa ao aminy.

Vitsy noho ny miova tsy fantatra ny fampimirana ao amin' ny olana diôfantina, ary isa tsimivaky izay mahafeno ny fampimirana rehetra no tadiavina amin' izany. Raha lazaina amin' ny voambolana teknika kokoa, dia mamaritra tsipika aljebrika (izay mety ho mahitsy na miolaka), velarana aljebrika, na zavatra ankapobeny kokoa ireo olana ireo, ary manontany momba ny teboka manana fangitra isa tsimivaky eo aminy.

Ny teny hoe ''Diophantine'' dia manondro an' i [[Diophante d'Alexandrie|Diophantus]] avy any Alexandria, mpahay matematika helenistika tamin' ny taonjato faha-3. Nandalina fampimirana toy izany izy ary anisan' ny mpahay matematika voalohany nampiditra ny fampiasana famantarana tao amin' ny [[Aljebra|aljebra]]. Antsoina ankehitriny hoe fanadihadiana diôfantina (''Diophantine analysis'') ny fandalinana matematika ny olana diôfantina izay natombok' i Diophantus.

=== Isa aljebrika sy isa tsy aljebrika ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: isa aljebrika sy isa tsy aljebrika.

Ny isa aljebrika dia isa izay vahaolan' ny fampimirana maromiantoana amin' ny miova iray, ka tsy aotra ilay maromiantoana ary [[Isa voasaina|isa voasaina]] ny fatrany. Mitovy hevitra amin' izany koa ny fampiasana fatra isa tsimivaky, rehefa ampitomboina ilay fampimirana mba hanafoanana ireo mpizara amin' ny ampahany. Ny isa toy ny &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt;, izay tsy isa aljebrika, dia antsoina hoe isa tsy aljebrika (''transcendental numbers''). Saika ny isa tena sy ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] rehetra no isa tsy aljebrika.

=== Jeômetria aljebrika ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: jeômetria aljebrika.

Ny jeômetria aljebrika dia sampan' ny [[Matematika|matematika]] izay mandinika ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana maromiantoana araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana. Ny jeômetria aljebrika maoderina dia miorina amin' ny teknika mifototra kokoa amin' ny rafitra ankapobeny avy amin' ny aljebra ankapobeny, indrindra ny aljebra izay azo ampifamadihana ny filaharan' ny fampitomboana, sady mampiasa ny fomba fiteny sy ny olana ao amin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]].

Ny zavatra fototra dinihina ao amin' ny jeômetria aljebrika dia ireo endrika voafaritry ny rafi-pampimirana maromiantoana (''algebraic varieties''). Ireo dia fanehoana ara-jeômetria ny vondron' ny vahaolan' ny rafi-pampimirana maromiantoana. Anisan' ny sokajin' ireo endrika ireo be fandinihana indrindra ny tsipika aljebrika ao anaty lemaka. Ao anatin' izany ny hitsy, ny [[Faribolana|faribolana]], ny parabôla, ny elipsa, ny hiperbôla, ny tsipika aljebrika ambaratonga fahatelo toy ny tsipika aljebrika antsoina hoe ''elliptic curves'', ary ny tsipika aljebrika ambaratonga fahefatra toy ny tsipika miendrika valo an' i Bernoulli (''lemniscates'') sy ny endrika ovalan' i Cassini (''Cassini ovals''). Anisan' ny tsipika aljebrika iray ny teboka iray ao amin' ny lemaka raha mahafeno fampimirana maromiantoana iray nomena ny fangitrany. Anisan' ny fanontaniana fototra ny fandalinana ireo teboka mahaliana manokana, toy ny teboka tsy malama (''singular points''), ny teboka iovan' ny làlan' ny fiondrikan' ny tsipika, ary ny teboka any amin' ny tsy manam-petra. Ny fanontaniana mandroso kokoa dia mahakasika ny tôpôlôjian' ny tsipika sy ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ireo tsipika voafaritry ny fampimirana samihafa.

== Fampimirana mielana ==
[[File:Attracteur étrange de Lorenz.png|thumb|Vondrona manintona ny lalan' ny rafitra dinamika, antsoina hoe ''strange attractor'', izay miseho rehefa mamaha fampimirana mielana iray voafaritra.]]
Ny fampimirana mielana dia fampimirana [[Matematika|matematika]] mampifandray lefa iray amin' ny sintonany, izany hoe ny hafainganam-piovan' ilay lefa eo amin' ny teboka iray. Amin' ny fampiharana, mazàna ny lefa no maneho habetsahana ara-batana, ny sintona no maneho ny hafainganam-piovan' ireo habetsahana ireo, ary ny fampimirana no mamaritra ny fifandraisana eo amin' izy roa. Ny fitadiavana fanehoana matematika an' ilay lefa izay tsy misy sintona no fomba hamahana azy. Ampiasaina hamolavolana maodely momba ny fizotran-javatra ahitana ny hafainganam-piovan' ny miova ny fampimirana mielana, ary ampiharina amin' ny sehatra toy ny fizika, simia, biolojia ary siansan' ny toekarena.

Ao amin' ny matematika madio, dia dinihina amin' ny fomba fijery maro samihafa ny fampimirana mielana. Ny vahaolany, izany hoe ny vondron' ny lefa mahafeno ilay fampimirana, no tena ifantohan' izany fandinihana izany. Ny fampimirana mielana tsotra indrindra ihany no azo vahana amin' ny raikipohy manome mivantana ny vahaolana; na izany aza, dia mety ho azo faritana ny toetra sasany ananan' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana iray, na dia tsy hita aza ny endrika marin' ireo vahaolana ireo.

Raha tsy misy raikipohy feno manome ny vahaolana, dia azo ampiasaina ny solosaina hanaovana kajy isa manome sanda manakaiky azy. Ny teôrian' ny rafitra dinamika, izany hoe ny rafitra mamaritra ny fiovan' ny toe-javatra rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, dia manantitrantitra ny fanadihadiana ny toetran' ireo rafitra voafaritra amin' ny fampimirana mielana. Etsy an-daniny, dia efa novolavolaina ny fomba kajy isa maro mba hamaritana ny vahaolana amin' ny ambaratongam-pahamarinana voafaritra.

=== Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray ===
Ny ODE (fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray) dia fampimirana ahitana lefa miankina amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray sy ny sintonan' io lefa io. Ny teny anglisy ''ordinary'', izay manondro izany karazana fampimirana izany, dia ampiasaina hanavahana azy amin' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, izay mety hikasika miova mahaleo tena mihoatra ny iray.

Voafaritra tsara sady takatra tsara ny fampimirana mielana mizotra, izay manana vahaolana azo ampiana sy ampitomboina amin' ny fatra, ary ahazoana vahaolana marina aseho amin' ny raikipohy mazava ahitana asa kajy sy lefa voafaritra izay voafetra isa. Mifanohitra amin' izany, dia tsy mizotra ny ODE izay tsy manana vahaolana azo ampiana toy izany, ary sarotra lavitra ny mamaha azy. Mahalana mantsy no azo aseho amin' ny lefa fototra ny vahaolany, amin' ny endrika ahitana asa kajy sy lefa voafetra isa. Ny vahaolana marina sy ny vahaolana azo amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika (''analytic solutions'') amin' ny ODE kosa dia aseho amin' ny endrika fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga na amin' ny endrika horona (''integral'', asa kajy enti-manangona ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny fomba mitohy). Ny fomba mampiasa kisary sy ny fomba kajy isa, izay atao an-tanana na amin' ny solosaina, dia mety hanome vahaolana manakaiky ny tena izy ary mety hanome fanazavana ilaina koa. Matetika dia ampy izany rehefa tsy misy vahaolana marina sy vahaolana azo amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika.

=== Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany ===
Ny PDE (fampimirana misy sintona ampahany) dia fampimirana mielana ahitana lefa tsy fantatra izay misy miova maromaro sy ny sintona ampahany amin' ireo lefa ireo. Ny sintona ampahany dia maneho ny hafainganam-piovan' ny lefa raha miova ny iray amin' ireo miova fa tazonina tsy hiova ny hafa. Mifanohitra amin' ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray izany, satria lefa miankina amin' ny miova tokana sy ny sintonany no dinihin' io karazana fampimirana io. Ampiasaina hamaritana olana ahitana lefa misy miova maromaro ny PDE, ary vahana an-tanana na ampiasaina hanamboarana maodely mifanaraka amin' ilay olana ao amin' ny solosaina.

Azo ampiasaina hilazana trangan-javatra maro karazana ny PDE, toy ny feo, ny hafanana, ny fandinihana ny vesatra elektrika tsy mihetsika, ny fandinihana ny vesatra elektrika mihetsika sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny saha elektrika sy andriamby, ny fikorianan' ny ranoka sy ny gazy, ny fahafahan' ny zavatra miverina amin' ny endriny rehefa esorina ny hery nanova azy, na ny mekanika kantika. Azo ambara amin' ny fomba matematika mitovitovy amin' ny alalan' ny PDE ireo trangan-javatra ara-batana izay toa samy hafa ireo. Toy ny fampiasana matetika ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray hamolavolana maodelin' ny rafitra dinamika misy refy iray, dia ampiasaina matetika hamolavolana maodelin' ny rafitra misy refy maromaro koa ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. Ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra no fanitarana ankapoben' ny PDE.

== Karazana fampimirana ==

Azo sokajina araka ny karazan' ny asa kajy sy ny habetsahana tafiditra ao aminy ny fampimirana. Anisan' ny karazany lehibe ireto:
* Ny fampimirana aljebrika na fampimirana maromiantoana dia fampimirana izay samy maromiantoana ny lafiny roa aminy (jereo koa ny rafi-pampimirana maromiantoana). Mbola sokajina araka ny ambaratongany ireo:
** fampimirana mizotra, ho an' ny ambaratonga voalohany;
** fampimirana ambaratonga faharoa, ho an' ny ambaratonga roa;
** fampimirana ambaratonga fahatelo, ho an' ny ambaratonga telo;
** fampimirana ambaratonga fahefatra, ho an' ny ambaratonga efatra;
** fampimirana ambaratonga fahadimy, ho an' ny ambaratonga dimy;
** fampimirana ambaratonga fahenina, ho an' ny ambaratonga enina;
** fampimirana ambaratonga fahafito, ho an' ny ambaratonga fito;
** fampimirana ambaratonga fahavalo, ho an' ny ambaratonga valo.
* Ny fampimirana diôfantina dia fampimirana izay takina ho isa tsimivaky ny tsy fantatra ao aminy.
* Ny fampimirana misy lefa tsy aljebrika dia fampimirana ahitana lefa tsy aljebrika ampiharina amin' ny tsy fantatra ao aminy.
* Ny fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana dia fampimirana izay anehoana ny vahaolana ho an' ny miova ho lefan' ny miova hafa sasany hita ao amin' ilay fampimirana, izay antsoina hoe masontsivana.
* Ny fampimirana izay lefa no tsy fantatra dia fampimirana izay lefa, fa tsy habetsahana tsotra, no tsy fantatra ao aminy.
* Fampimirana misy sintona (maneho ny hafainganam-piovan' ny lefa rehefa miova ny miova mahaleo tena), horona, ary elanelan' ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka misaraka:
** Ny fampimirana mielana dia fampimirana izay lefa no tsy fantatra, ary ahitana ny sintonan' ireo lefa tsy fantatra ireo. Kajina eo amin' ny teboka iray ihany ny sandan' ny lefa sy ny sintonany, toy ny amin' ny &lt;math&gt;f'(x) = x^2&lt;/math&gt;. Mizara ho fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray, ho an' ny lefa misy miova iray, sy fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, ho an' ny lefa misy miova maromaro, ny fampimirana mielana.
** Ny fampimirana misy horona an' ny lefa tsy fantatra dia fampimirana izay lefa no tsy fantatra, ary ahitana ny fipoiran' ireo lefa tsy fantatra ireo. Ny fipoiran' ny lefa iray dia lefa iray izay manana io lefa voalohany io ho sintonany. Ho an' ny lefa misy miova iray, ny tena mahasamihafa izany fampimirana izany amin' ny fampimirana mielana dia ny fanovana miova izay anoloana ny lefa amin' ny sintonany; tsy izany kosa no mitranga rehefa amin' ny velarana misokatra no anaovana ny horona.
** Ny fampimirana misy horona sy sintona dia fampimirana izay lefa no tsy fantatra, ary ahitana ny sintona sy ny fipoiran' ireo lefa tsy fantatra ireo. Ho an' ny lefa misy miova iray, fanovana miova mitovy amin' izany no mampiavaka izany fampimirana izany amin' ny fampimirana misy horona sy ny fampimirana mielana.
** Ny fampimirana mielana ahitana sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka samihafa, na ny fampimirana mielana misy fanemorana, dia fampimirana izay lefa no tsy fantatra, ary ahitana ny sintonan' ireo lefa tsy fantatra ireo, ka kajina eo amin' ny teboka maromaro ny sanda tafiditra ao aminy, toy ny amin' ny &lt;math&gt;f'(x) = f(x-2)&lt;/math&gt;.
** Ny fampimirana mampifandray sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka misaraka dia fampimirana izay lefa ''f'' no tsy fantatra, ary miseho ao amin' ilay fampimirana amin' ny alalan' ny ''f''(''x''), ''f''(''x''−1), ..., ''f''(''x''−''k''), ho an' ny isa tsimivaky ''k'' iray antsoina hoe ''laharan' ilay fampimirana''. Raha ferana ho isa tsimivaky ny ''x'', dia mitovy amin' ny fifandraisana mamaritra singa iray amin' ny alalan' ny singa teo aloha izany fampimirana izany.
** Ny fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra dia fampimirana mielana izay fizotran-javatra miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra ny iray na maromaro amin' ny singa ao aminy.

== Lohahevitra mifandray ==
* Raikipohy
* Tantaran' ny aljebra
* Fampimirana tsy mamaritra tokana ny tsy fantatra
* Lisitry ny fampimirana
* Lisitry ny fampimirana siantifika mitondra anaran' olona
* Singa amin' ny lojika
* Teôrian' ny fampimirana
* Fanafoanana singa mitovy

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090816161008/http://math.exeter.edu/rparris/winplot.html Winplot]: Fitaovana fanaovana kisary azo ampiasaina amin' ny tanjona maro, izay afaka manoritra sy mampihetsika ny kisarin' ny fampimirana matematika amin' ny refy roa sy telo.
* [https://www.cs.cornell.edu/w8/~andru/relplot/ Mpanao kisarin' ny fampimirana]: Pejin-tranonkala ahafahana mamorona sy misintona rakitra PDF (endrika antontan-taratasy azo afindrafindra) sy PostScript misy kisary maneho ny vondron' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana sy ny fanehoana tsy fitoviana izay samy misy miova roa (''x'' sy ''y'').

[[:Sokajy:Matematika]]</text>
      <sha1>bmx5hdns5fe7eipubexxkjr35vl78cy</sha1>
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    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fandrefesana</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153608</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T04:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374453847</comment>
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      <text bytes="38388" sha1="0n79mm7pek6n89nt57sfbm0bgm7rw0d" xml:space="preserve">Ho an' ny gazety siantifika mitondra io anarana io, jereo ny ''Measurement'' (gazety siantifika).

[[File:FourMetricInstruments.JPG|thumb|upright|Fitaovana fandrefesana efatra misy marika mifanaraka amin' ny ventin-drefy metrika.]]
Ny '''fandrefesana''' dia ny fanehoana amin' ny isa ny toetra ananan' ny zavatra na zava-mitranga iray, mba hahafahana mampitaha azy amin' ny zavatra na zava-mitranga hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pedhazur&quot;&gt;Pedhazur, Elazar J.; Schmelkin, Leora and Albert. ''[https://archive.org/details/measurementdesig00pedh Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach]'' (fidirana voafetra). Fanontana: 1st. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991, p. [https://archive.org/details/measurementdesig00pedh/page/n327 15]–29. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8058-1063-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bipm&quot;&gt;''[http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)]''. Fanontana: 3rd. International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 2008, p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha lazaina amin' ny fomba hafa, dia dingana hamaritana hoe lehibe na kely toy inona ny habe ara-batana iray ny fandrefesana, raha ampitahaina amin' ny habe fototra mitovy karazana aminy ampiasaina ho fenitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young and Freedman University Physics&quot;&gt;Young, Hugh D; Freedman, Roger A. ''University Physics''. Fanontana: 13. Pearson Education Inc., 2012. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-321-69686-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miankina amin' ny toe-javatra sy ny taranja iasana ny sehatra ampiharana ny fandrefesana sy ny fampiasana azy. Eo amin' ny [[Siansan' ny zavaboary|siansa momba ny zavaboary]] sy ny [[Injenieria|injenieria]], dia tsy mihatra amin' ny toetran' ny zavatra na ny zava-mitranga izay sokajiana araka ny anarana fotsiny, fa tsy misy filaharana, ny fandrefesana. Mifanaraka amin' ny torolalan' ny ''International Vocabulary of Metrology'' (VIM; Voambolana iraisam-pirenena momba ny siansan' ny fandrefesana), avoakan' ny ''International Bureau of Weights and Measures'' (BIPM; Birao iraisam-pirenena momba ny lanja sy ny refy), izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;bipm&quot; /&gt; Eo amin' ny taranja hafa kosa, toy ny [[Statistika|statistika]], izany hoe ny fanangonana sy famakafakana angona amin' ny isa, ary ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina sy ny siansa momba ny fitondran-tena, dia mety hanana ambaratonga maro ny fandrefesana. Anisan' izany ny fanasokajiana araka ny anarana fotsiny, ny fandaharana araka ny filaharana, ny fandrefesana araka ny elanelan-tsanda mitovy, ary ny fandrefesana araka ny tahan-tsanda miainga amin' ny aotra maneho ny tsy fisian' ilay habe.&lt;ref name=&quot;pedhazur&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Koch 2008&quot;&gt;Kirch, Wilhelm (mpandrindra). ''Level of measurement''. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopedia of Public Health'', boky 2, p. 81. Springer, 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-321-02106-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fototra iankinan' ny [[Raharaham-barotra|varotra]], ny [[Siansa|siansa]], ny [[Teknôlôjia|teknôlôjia]] ary ny fikarohana mampiasa isa amin' ny taranja maro ny fandrefesana. Nandritra ny tantara dia nisy rafitra fandrefesana maro teo amin' ny sehatra samihafa niainan' ny olombelona, mba hanamorana ny fampitahana tao amin' ireo sehatra ireo. Matetika no fifanarahana teo an-toerana nataon' ny mpiara-miombona antoka ara-barotra na ny mpiara-miasa no nahazoana ireny rafitra ireny. Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, dia nandroso ho amin' ny fampiraisana ny fenitra sy ny fanekena azy ireny amin' ny sehatra midadasika kokoa ny fivoarana, ka nahatonga ny SI (Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy) ampiasaina amin' ny vanim-potoana maoderina. Asehon' io rafitra io ho fitambarana ara-matematika avy amin' ny ventin-drefy fototra fito ny fandrefesana ara-batana rehetra. Ny metrôlôjia dia ny siansan' ny fandrefesana.

Azo faritana koa ny fandrefesana ho fampitahana habe tsy fantatra amin' ny habe fantatra na ampiasaina ho fenitra.


== Tantara ==
Sombiny avy amin' ny Tantaran' ny fandrefesana ity fizarana ity.

[[File:Coudée-turin_detail.jpg|thumb|Antsipirian' ny tsorakazo fandrefesana amin' ny ''cubit'' (ventin-drefin-kalavana nampiasaina fahiny), ao amin' ny ''Museo Egizio'' (Mozea ejipsianina) any [[Torino|Turin]].]]

Ny rafitra fandrefesana lanja sy habe hafa tranainy indrindra voarakitra dia nipoitra tamin' ny taonarivo fahatelo na fahefatra talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;history-bowers&quot;&gt;''[https://www.bowersgroup.co.uk/row/latest-news/a-brief-history-of-metrology A Brief History of Metrology – bowersUK]''. ''bowers rest of world''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2024-10-10.&lt;/ref&gt;


== Fomba fiasa ==
Azo sokajina araka ireto mason-tsivana ireto ny fandrefesana toetra iray: ny karazany, ny sandany ara-isa, ny ventin-drefy ary ny tsy fahazoana antoka amin' ny fandrefesana. Ahafahana mampitaha fandrefesana tsy misy hevitra manjavozavo ireo mason-tsivana ireo.
* Ny ''ambaratongan' ny fandrefesana'' dia fanasokajiana araka ny fomba anaovana fampitahana. Ohatra, azo ampitahaina amin' ny alalan' ny tahan' ny sanda, ny fahasamihafany, na ny filaharana araka ny safidy ny toe-javatra roa isehoan' ny toetra iray. Matetika dia tsy voalaza mivantana io karazana io, fa efa tafiditra an-kolaka ao amin' ny famaritana ny fomba fandrefesana.
* Ny ''sanda ara-isa'' dia ilay isa ilazana ny toetra refesina, izay matetika azo amin' ny fitaovam-pandrefesana nofidina hifanaraka amin' izay refesina.
* Ny ''ventin-drefy'' dia mamaritra isa fampitomboana ara-matematika ho an' ny sanda ara-isa. Io sanda io dia azo avy amin' ny tahan' ilay toetra refesina amin' ny toetran' ny zavatra namboarina izay atao fenitra, na amin' ny habe ara-batana voajanahary iray.
* Ny ''tsy fahazoana antoka amin' ny fandrefesana'' dia maneho ny hadisoana kisendrasendra sy ny hadisoana miverimberina amin' ny fironana iray vokatry ny fomba fandrefesana; manondro ny haavon' ny fitokisana amin' ny fandrefesana izany. Tombanana ireo hadisoana ireo amin' ny famerenana ny fandrefesana araka ny fomba voalamina sy amin' ny fandinihana ny fahakaikezan' ny vokatra omen' ny fitaovam-pandrefesana amin' ny sanda marina ary ny fifanakaikezan' ireo vokatra rehefa averina ny fandrefesana.


== Fametrahana fenitra iombonana ho an' ny ventin-drefy ==
Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fandrefesana dia ny SI (Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy) no rafitra iorenan' ny fampitahana. Mamaritra ventin-drefy fototra fito io rafitra io: [[Kilôgrama|kilôgrama]], [[Metatra|metatra]], kandela, [[Segondra|segondra]], ampera, kelvina ary môla. Tsy misy amin' ireo ventin-drefy ireo ny faritana amin' ny alalan' ny zavatra ara-batana iray manokana izay atao fenitra. Ny famaritana tsy miankina amin' ny zavatra namboarina dia mametra ny refy ho sanda marina tanteraka mifandray amin' ny habe fizika tsy miova na amin' ny zava-mitranga voajanahary hafa tsy miova. Tsy toy izany ny fiankinana amin' ny zavatra namboarina atao fenitra, satria mety hiharatsy na ho simba tanteraka ireny zavatra ireny. Araka izany, tsy misy antony hafa mety hampiova ilay ventin-drefy afa-tsy ny fitomboan' ny fahamarinan' ny famaritana ny sandan' ilay habe tsy miova ifandraisany.

[[File:SI base unit.svg|thumb|right|Ireo ventin-drefy fototra fito ao amin' ny SI (Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy). Ny zana-tsipìka dia miainga amin' ny ventin-drefy iray ka manondro ireo ventin-drefy miankina aminy.]]

I Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) no nanolotra voalohany ny hampifandraisana ny ventin-drefy fototra iray ao amin' ny SI amin' ny fenitra azo avy amin' ny fanandramana, izay tsy miankina amin' ny zavatra ara-batana namboarina atao fenitra fampitahana.&lt;ref&gt;Crease (2011), pp. 182–4.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolo-kevitra izy ny hamaritana ny metatra amin' ny alalan' ny halavan' onja mifandraika amin' ny tsipika iray ao amin' ny hazavana voasaraka araka ny halavan' onjany.&lt;ref&gt;C.S. Peirce (July 1879), ''Note on the Progress of Experiments for Comparing a Wave-length with a Metre'', ''American Journal of Science'', araka ny filazan' i Crease (2011), p. 203.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy fiantraikany mivantana tamin' ny fanandramana Michelson–Morley izany: nanonona an' i Peirce i Michelson sy Morley ary nanatsara ny fomba nampiasainy.&lt;ref&gt;Crease, Robert P. (2011). ''World in the Balance: The Historical Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement''. New York &amp; London: W. W. Norton. p. 203. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-393-34354-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Fenitra ===
Jereo koa: siansa momba ny fandrefesana, fizarana « Fenitra ».

Ankoatra ny sanda fototra tsy miova vitsivitsy amin' ny fizika koantika (''quantum''), dia avy amin' ny fifanarahana natao nandritra ny tantara ny ventin-drefy. Tsy misy toetra voajanahary mandidy fa tokony hanana halava iray voafaritra ny ''inch'', na hoe ventin-drefy tsara kokoa handrefesana elanelana noho ny [[Kilômetatra|kilometatra]] ny ''[[Maily|mile]]''. Nivoatra anefa ny fenitra momba ny fandrefesana nandritra ny tantaran' ny olombelona, mba hananan' ny fiarahamonina refy iombonana azo iaingana: natao hanamorana ny fiainana izany tamin' ny voalohany, ary nanjary nilaina tatỳ aoriana. Ny fisorohana ny hosoka amin' ny varotra no antony namolavolana voalohany ny lalàna mifehy ny fandrefesana.

Amin' ny ankapobeny dia faritana amin' ny fototra ara-tsiansa ny ventin-drefy, arahin' ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana na fikambanana mahaleo tena maso, ary apetraka amin' ny alalan' ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena. Manana toerana lehibe indrindra amin' izany ny ''General Conference on Weights and Measures'' (Fihaonambe ankapobeny momba ny lanja sy ny refy, CGPM), izay naorina tamin' ny 1875 tamin' ny alalan' ny Fifanarahana momba ny metatra ary manara-maso ny SI (Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy). Ohatra, tamin' ny 1983 dia nofaritan' ny CGPM indray ny metatra tamin' ny fampiasana ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny hazavana; tamin' ny 2019 kosa dia nofaritana indray ny kilôgrama tamin' ny fampiasana ny sanda tsy miovan' i Planck. Tamin' ny 1960, ny governemantan' i Etazonia, ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, i Aostralia ary i Afrika Atsimo dia namaritra ny ''yard'' iraisam-pirenena ho 0.9144 metatra katroka.

Any Etazonia, ny ''National Institute of Standards and Technology'' (Ivontoeram-pirenena momba ny fenitra sy ny teknolojia, NIST), izay sampana ao amin' ny ''United States Department of Commerce'' (Departemantan' ny Varotra ao Etazonia), no mifehy ny fandrefesana ampiasaina amin' ny varotra. Any amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra dia ny ''National Physical Laboratory'' (Laboratoaram-pirenena momba ny fizika, NPL) no manao izany asa izany; any Aostralia dia ny ''National Measurement Institute'' (Ivontoeram-pirenena momba ny fandrefesana);&lt;ref&gt;''About Us''. National Measurement Institute of Australia. 3 December 2020. http://www.measurement.gov.au/Pages/about.aspx&lt;/ref&gt; any Afrika Atsimo dia ny ''Council for Scientific and Industrial Research'' (Filankevitra momba ny fikarohana ara-tsiansa sy ara-indostria); ary any India dia ny ''National Physical Laboratory of India'' (Laboratoaram-pirenena momba ny fizika ao India).


== Ventin-drefy sy rafitra fandrefesana ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Ventin-drefy]] sy Rafitra fandrefesana.

Ny ventin-drefy dia habetsahana fantatra na raisina ho fenitra, izay ampiasaina handrefesana habetsahana ara-batana hafa.

[[File:MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg|thumb|upright|Tavoahangy fampinonoana misy maridrefy amin' ny rafitra fandrefesana telo: ny rafitra metrika, ny rafitra imperialy (Fanjakana Mitambatra), ary ny rafitra mahazatra any Etazonia.]]


=== Rafitra imperialy sy rafitra mahazatra any Etazonia ===
Lahatsoratra lehibe: Rafitra fandrefesana imperialy sy mahazatra any Etazonia.

Talohan' ny nampiasana betsaka ny ventin-drefy ao amin' ny SI (Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy) eran-tany, dia nampiasaina tany amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, tao amin' ny [[Commonwealth ny firenena mahaleotena|''Commonwealth'' (Fikambanan' ny Firenena)]] ary tany Etazonia ny rafitra britanika momba ny ventin-drefy anglisy, ary tatỳ aoriana ny ventin-drefy imperialy. Nanjary nantsoina hoe ventin-drefy mahazatra any Etazonia ilay rafitra tany Etazonia, ary mbola ampiasaina any sy any amin' ny firenena vitsivitsy ao [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Nantsoina indraindray hoe rafitra ''foot-pound-second'' ireo rafitra fandrefesana samihafa ireo, araka ny anaran' ny ventin-drefy imperialy ho an' ny halavana (''foot''), ny lanja (''pound'') ary ny fotoana (segondra). Samy hafa anefa ny sandan' ny ventin-drefy sasany ao amin' ny rafitra amerikanina sy imperialy, ohatra ny ''tons'' sy ''hundredweights'' fandrefesana lanja, ny ''gallons'' fandrefesana ranoka, ary ny ''nautical miles'' fandrefesana halavirana an-dranomasina.

Mbola ampiasaina any amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra ny ventin-drefy imperialy maro, na dia efa nifindra tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ho amin' ny rafitra SI aza io firenena io, afa-tsy amin' ny toe-javatra vitsivitsy. Anisan' izany ny takela-pamantarana eny an-dalana: amin' ny ventin-drefin-kalavana ''miles'' no anehoana ny halaviran-dalana, na amin' ny ''yards'' raha fohy ny halavirana, ary amin' ny ''miles'' isan' ora no anehoana ny hafainganam-pandeha farany ambony azo ekena. Tsy maintsy amidy amin' ny ventin-drefin-dranoka ''pint'' imperialy ny labiera sy ny ''cider'' amidy araraka. Ny ''cider'' dia zava-pisotro misy alikaola vita amin' ny paoma. Azo amidy amin' ny ''pint'' imperialy koa ny ronono ao anaty tavoahangy azo averina.

Maro ny olona mandrefy ny halavan' ny tenany amin' ny ventin-drefin-kalavana ''feet'' sy ''inches'', ary ny lanjany amin' ny ventin-drefin-danja ''stone'' sy ''pounds'', raha tsy hitanisa afa-tsy ohatra vitsivitsy. Ampiasaina any amin' ny toerana maro hafa koa ny ventin-drefy imperialy. Ohatra, any amin' ny firenena maro ao amin' ny ''Commonwealth'' izay heverina fa efa nivadika ho amin' ny rafitra metrika, dia amin' ny ventin-drefim-belarana ''acres'' no andrefesana ny velaran-tany, ary amin' ny ''square feet'' ny velaran' ny gorodona, indrindra amin' ny fifampiraharahana ara-barotra fa tsy amin' ny antontanisa ataon' ny fanjakana. Toy izany koa, amidy amin' ny ventin-drefin-dranoka ''gallon'' ny lasantsy any amin' ny firenena maro izay heverina fa efa nivadika ho amin' ny rafitra metrika.


=== Rafitra metrika ===
Ny rafitra metrika dia rafitra fandrefesana mifototra amin' ny folo, ka ny metatra no ventin-drefy fototra ampiasainy amin' ny halavana, ary ny kilôgrama kosa amin' ny masa (''mass''). Misy endriny maromaro izy io, izay samy manana ny ventin-drefy fototra nofidiny, nefa tsy misy fiantraikany amin' ny fampiasana azy andavanandro izany fahasamihafana izany. Hatramin' ny taompolo 1960, ny SI (Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy) no rafitra metrika ekena eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena. Ampiasaina betsaka maneran-tany ny ventin-drefy metrika ho an' ny masa, ny halavana ary ny herinaratra, na eo amin' ny fiainana andavanandro izany na eo amin' ny siansa.

==== Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy ====
Ny Rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny ventin-drefy, izay hafohezina hoe SI avy amin' ny anarany amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] hoe ''Système International d'Unités'', no endrika nohavaozina amin' ny rafitra metrika. Io no rafitra ventin-drefy be mpampiasa indrindra maneran-tany, na eo amin' ny varotra andavanandro na eo amin' ny [[Siansa|siansa]]. Tamin' ny 1960 no namolavolana ny SI avy amin' ny rafitra MKS (rafitra metatra–kilôgrama–segondra), fa tsy avy amin' ny rafitra CGS (rafitra santimetatra–grama–segondra), izay nanana endriny maro ihany koa. Ireto avy ny ventin-drefy SI ho an' ireo habe fizika fototra fito, izany hoe ireo toetra fizika fito azo refesina:&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf ''The International System of Units''] (PDF), V4.01 (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Jun 2026, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Habe fizika fototra
! Ventin-drefy fototra
! Marika
! Sanda tsy miova ampiasaina amin' ny famaritana
|-
| [[Fotoana]]
| [[Segondra]]
| s
| Fisarahana tena madinika eo amin' ny haavon' angovon' ny seziôma-133
|-
| Halavana
| Metatra
| m
| Hafainganam-pandehan' ny hazavana, ''c''
|-
| [[Lanja|Masa]]
| [[Kilôgrama]]
| kg
| Sanda tsy miovan' i Planck, ''h''
|-
| [[Rianaratra|Hamafin' ny korian' aratra]]
| Ampera
| A
| Habetsahan' aratra fototra (''elementary charge''), ''e''
|-
| [[Mari-pana|Maripana]]
| Kelvina
| K
| Sanda tsy miovan' i Boltzmann, ''k''
|-
| Habetsahan' ny akora araka ny isan' ny singa mandrafitra azy
| Môla
| mol
| Sanda tsy miovan' i Avogadro, ''N''&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Hamafin' ny hazavana
| Kandela
| cd
| Tahan' ny fikorianan' ny hazavana araka ny fahatsapan' ny maso amin' ny taham-pamindrana angovon' ny taratra, ho an' ny loharano 540&amp;nbsp;THz, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;cd&lt;/sub&gt;
|}

Ao amin' ny SI, ny ventin-drefy fototra no ventin-drefy tsotra ho an' ny fotoana, ny halavana, ny masa, ny maripana, ny habetsahan' ny akora araka ny isan' ny singa mandrafitra azy, ny hamafin' ny korian' aratra ary ny hamafin' ny hazavana. Avy amin' ireo ventin-drefy fototra ireo no ananganana ny ventin-drefy hafa: ohatra, ny ''watt'', izay ventin-drefin' ny taham-pamindrana angovo, dia faritana amin' ny alalan' ny ventin-drefy fototra ho m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;·kg·s&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;. Azo refesina amin' ny ventin-drefy mitambatra koa ny toetra fizika hafa, toy ny tahan' ny masa amin' ny haben' ny habaka fenoiny, izay refesina amin' ny kg·m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;.

===== Fanovana ventin-drefy samy hafa tovona =====
Manamora ny fampitomboana ny SI rehefa mifindra amin' ny ventin-drefy mitovy fototra nefa samy hafa tovona. Raha avadika ho santimetatra ny refy amin' ny metatra, dia ampitomboina 100 fotsiny ny isan' ny metatra, satria misy santimetatra 100 ao anatin' ny metatra iray. Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, raha avadika ho metatra ny refy amin' ny santimetatra, dia ampitomboina 0.01 ny isan' ny santimetatra, na zaraina 100.


=== Halavana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fandrefesana halavana.

Jereo koa: Lisitry ny fitaovana fandrefesana halavana na elanelana.

[[File:CarpentersRule.png|thumb|right|Fitaovana fandrefesan' ny mpandrafitra mirefy roa metatra]]

Ny fitaovana antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''ruler'' na ''rule'' dia ampiasaina, ohatra, amin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]], ny fanaovana sary ara-teknika, ny asa injeniera ary ny fandrafetana hazo, mba handrefesana halavana na elanelana, na hisarihana tsipika mahitsy. Raha avahana amin' ny heviny hentitra ireo teny anglisy ireo, dia ''ruler'' no iantsoana ny fitaovana fisarihana tsipika mahitsy, ary ''rule'' no matoanteny ilazana izany fisarihana tsipika izany. Ny fitaovana misy marika mifanaraka amin' ny refy kosa, izay ampiasaina hamaritana halavana, dia antsoina hoe ''measure''. Na izany aza, amin' ny fampiasana andavanandro ny teny anglisy, dia samy antsoina hoe ''rulers'' ireo fitaovana roa ireo, fa ny fitaovana misy sisiny mahitsy tsy misy marika fandrefesana kosa dia antsoina manokana hoe ''straightedge''. Tsy ampiasaina intsony ny teny anglisy hoe ''measure'', amin' ny heviny hoe fitaovana fandrefesana, afa-tsy ao amin' ny hoe ''tape measure'', izay fitaovana fandrefesana miendrika kasety azo ampiasaina handrefesana, fa tsy azo ampiasaina hisarihana tsipika mahitsy. Araka ny hita amin' ny sary ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, dia azo aforitra ny fitaovana fandrefesan' ny mpandrafitra mirefy roa metatra ka lasa 20 santimetatra monja ny halavany, mba ho mora ampidirina ao am-paosy. Ny kasety fandrefesana mirefy dimy metatra kosa dia mora averina mihorona ao anaty fonony kely.


=== Fotoana ===
: Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Fotoana]].

Ny fotoana dia fandrefesana ara-kevitra ny fiovana fototra ao anatin' ny fitohizana iray tsy ara-habakabaka. Isa na vanim-potoana nomena anarana, na izy roa miaraka, no ilazana azy, toy ny [[Ora|ora]], [[Andro|andro]], [[Herinandro|herinandro]], [[Volana (fotoana)|volana]] ary [[Taona|taona]]. Fitohitohizan-javatra mitranga ao anatin' io fitohizana tsy ara-habakabaka io izy, ary toa tsy azo averina amin' ny lalana mifanohitra izany. Ampiasaina koa izy hilazana ny elanelana eo amin' ny teboka roa mifandraika ao anatin' io fitohizana io.


=== Masa ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Mizana|mizana]].

Ny masa (''mass'') dia toetra raiki-tampisaka amin' ny zavatra ara-materialy rehetra, izay mahatonga azy hanohitra ny fiovan' ny habetsahan' ny fihetsehany (''momentum''). Ny lanja kosa dia ilay hery mitodika midina izay ateraky ny fisian' ny zavatra manana masa ao anatin' ny sahan' ny hery misintona. Rehefa mianjera malalaka ny zavatra (aotra ny fitambaran' ny hery misintona), dia tsy manana lanja izy nefa mitazona ny masany. Anisan' ny ventin-drefin' ny masa ao amin' ny rafitra imperialy ny ''ounce'', ny ''pound'' ary ny ''ton''. Ventin-drefin' ny masa koa ny [[Grama|grama]] sy ny kilôgrama ao amin' ny rafitra metrika.

Mizana fandanjana, na matetika hoe «mizana» fotsiny, no iantsoana fitaovana iray ampiasaina handrefesana ny lanja na ny masa. Ny mizana mampiasa singa mivelatra rehefa sintomina ary miverina amin' ny endriny rehefa avotsotra (''spring scale'') dia mandrefy hery fa tsy masa, fa ny mizana mampitaha kosa dia mampitaha lanja; samy mila sahan' ny hery misintona izy roa ireo vao afaka miasa. Ny sasany amin' ny fitaovana marina indrindra fandrefesana ny lanja na ny masa dia mampiasa singa mpandrefy ny hery entin' ny enta-mavesatra, ka aseho amin' ny tarehimarika ny vokatra. Mila sahan' ny hery misintona anefa ireo fitaovana ireo vao afaka miasa, ary tsy hiasa raha mianjera malalaka.


=== Toekarena ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fandrefesana amin' ny toekarena.

Ny fandrefesana ampiasaina amin' ny toekarena dia ny fandrefesana ara-batana, ny fandrefesana ny sanda amin' ny vidiny tsy nasiam-panitsiana noho ny fiovan' ny haavon' ny vidiny (''nominal price''), ary ny fandrefesana amin' ny vidiny nasiam-panitsiana mba hanesorana ny vokatry ny fiovan' ny haavon' ny vidiny (''real price''). Samy hafa ireo fandrefesana ireo, na amin' ireo habe miovaova refesiny na amin' ireo habe miovaova tsy ampidirina ao amin' ny fandrefesana.


=== Fikarohana amin' ny alalan' ny fanadihadiana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fomba fanaovana fanadihadiana.

[[File:EMMA experiment.jpg|thumb|Toeram-pandrefesana C amin' ny andrana EMMA (Andrana amin' ny andiana fitaovana mpamantatra potika ''muon'' maro), any amin' ny halalin' ny 75 metatra ao amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana Pyhäsalmi.]]
Eo amin' ny fikarohana amin' ny alalan' ny fanadihadiana, refesina ny toe-tsaina, ny soatoavina ary ny fitondran-tenan' ny tsirairay, ka andiam-panontaniana no ampiasaina ho fitaovam-pandrefesana. Tahaka ny fandrefesana rehetra, dia mety hisy koa ny hadisoam-pandrefesana amin' ny fikarohana toy izany, izany hoe ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny sanda marina amin' ny fandrefesana sy ny sanda azo amin' ny fampiasana ny fitaovam-pandrefesana.&lt;ref&gt;Groves, Robert (2004). [https://archive.org/details/surveymethodolog00robe ''Survey Methodology'']. New Jersey: Wiley. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780471483489&lt;/nowiki&gt; (mila fisoratana anarana). &quot;By measurement error we mean a departure from the value of the measurement as applied to a sample unit and the value provided. &quot;  pp. 51–52 .&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny fanadihadiana natao handinihana lohahevitra iray, ny hadisoam-pandrefesana dia mety hitarika amin' ny fanatsoahan-kevitra mitongilana sy ny fanombanana diso ny fiantraikany. Mba hahazoana vokatra mifanaraka amin' ny sanda marina, dia ilaina ny manitsy ny vokatra mba hanonerana ny hadisoam-pandrefesana rehefa misy izany hadisoana izany.


=== Fanondroana ny fahamarinan' ny refy ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: tarehimarika manan-danja amin' ny fanondroana ny fahamarinan' ny refy.

Amin' ny ankapobeny, ireto fitsipika manaraka ireto no ampiharina amin' ny fanondroana ny fahamarinan' ny refy:&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=CwsBn-r1b6MC&amp;pg=PT41 Pejy 41] ao amin' ny: VanPool, Todd (2011). ''Quantitative analysis in archaeology''. Chichester Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4443-9017-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 811317577.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manan-danja amin' ny fanondroana ny fahamarinan' ny isa ny tarehimarika rehetra tsy 0, ary koa ny 0 rehetra eo anelanelan' ireny tarehimarika ireny. Ohatra, manana tarehimarika manan-danja roa ny isa 12000, ary ny fetra ambany sy ambony tondroiny an-kolaka dia 11500 sy 12500.
* Azo anampiana 0 aorian' ny marika manasaraka ny ampahany manontolo sy ny ampahany latsaky ny iray amin' ny fanoratana isa mba hanondroana fahamarinana bebe kokoa, ka mampitombo ny isan' ny tarehimarika aorian' ilay marika. Ohatra, ny fetra ambany sy ambony tondroin' ny 1 an-kolaka dia 0.5 sy 1.5, fa ny an' ny 1.0 kosa dia 0.95 sy 1.05.


== Fahasarotana ==
Tena ilaina amin' ny sehatra maro ny fandrefesana manakaiky ny sanda marina. Satria sanda manakaiky ihany no azo amin' ny fandrefesana rehetra, dia ilaina ny ezaka lehibe mba hahazoana vokatra manakaiky araka izay azo atao ny sanda marina. Ohatra amin' izany ny olana amin' ny fandrefesana ny fotoana ilain' ny zavatra iray hilatsahana amin' ny halavirana iray metatra (39&amp;nbsp;in eo ho eo). Azo aseho amin' ny alalan' ny fizika fa, ao anatin' ny saha isian' ny sinton' ny Tany, dia tokony haharitra 0.45 segondra eo ho eo ny filatsahan' ny zavatra rehetra amin' ny halavirana iray metatra. Anisan' ny antony sasany mahatonga ny tsy fahazoana sanda marina tanteraka anefa ireto:
* Ity kajy ity dia nampiasa ny sanda 9.8&amp;nbsp;m/s² ho an' ny fitomboan' ny hafainganam-pandeha vokatry ny sinton' ny Tany. Tsy marina tanteraka anefa ireo sanda roa ireo: voafetra ho tarehimarika roa ihany ny antsipirian' ny sanda asehony.
* Miova kely arakaraka ny haavo ambonin' ny ranomasina sy ny anton-javatra hafa ny saha isian' ny sinton' ny Tany.
* Ny kajy nahazoana ny 0.45 segondra dia nitaky ny fitadiavana isa iray izay, rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny tenany, dia manome ilay isa niandohana. Fomba fikajiana isa izany, ary nitaky ny fanoloana ny vokatra tamin' ny sanda akaiky indrindra izay tarehimarika voafetra ihany no notazonina hilazana ny antsipiriany; tarehimarika roa no notazonina tamin' ity ohatra ity.

Misy antony hafa mahatonga ny fahadisoana amin' ny andrana koa, toy ireto:
* ny tsy fitandremana;
* ny famaritana ny fotoana marina amelana ilay zavatra sy ny fotoana marina idonany amin' ny tany;
* ny fandrefesana ny haavo sy ny fandrefesana ny fotoana, izay samy ahitana fahadisoana;
* ny fanoheran' ny rivotra ny fihetsehan' ilay zavatra;
* ny fipetraky ny vatan' ny olona mandray anjara.&lt;ref&gt;Simeon Gill; Christopher J. Parker (2017). [https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33471 ''Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning'']. ''Ergonomics'', 60 (8), 1123–1136. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621. PMID: 27764997. S2CID: 23758581.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy maintsy atao amim-pitandremana lehibe ny andrana ara-tsiansa mba hanafoanana araka izay azo atao ny fahadisoana, sady hifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy ny tombana momba izany fahadisoana izany.


== Famaritana sy teôria ==


=== Famaritana klasika ===
Araka ny famaritana klasika, izay ampiasaina ho famaritana mahazatra manerana ny siansa momba ny tontolo ara-batana, ny ''fandrefesana'' dia ny famaritana na fanombanana ny tahan' ny habetsahana, izany hoe ny fampitahana habetsahana iray amin' ny iray hafa amin' ny alalan' ny fizarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell, J. 1999&quot;&gt;Michell, J. (1999). ''Measurement in psychology: a critical history of a methodological concept''. New York: Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifamaritra ny atao hoe habetsahana sy ny atao hoe fandrefesana: ny toetra manana habetsahana dia ireo azo refesina, farafaharatsiny raha ny foto-kevitra no jerena. Azo zohina hatrany amin' i John Wallis sy [[Isaac Newton]] ny foto-kevitra klasika momba ny habetsahana, ary efa hita taratra mialoha tao amin' ny boky ''Euclid's Elements''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell, J. 1999&quot;/&gt;


=== Teôria momba ny fanehoana amin' ny isa ===
Ao amin' ny teôria momba ny fanehoana amin' ny isa, dia toy izao ny famaritana ny ''fandrefesana'' (dika malagasy): « fampifandraisana ny isa amin' ny zavatra izay tsy isa ».&lt;ref&gt;Ernest Nagel: ''Measurement'', Erkenntnis, Volume 2, Number 1 / December 1931, pp.&amp;nbsp;313–335, published by Springer, the Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt; Antsoina koa hoe fandrefesana mitambatra mifototra amin' ny fanampiana (''additive conjoint measurement'') ny endrik' io teôria io izay voavolavola amin' ny antsipiriany indrindra ara-teknika. Amin' io endriny io, dia omena isa ny zavatra iray araka ny fifandraisana mifanaraka na ny fitoviana eo amin' ny firafitry ny rafitra misy isa sy ny firafitry ny rafitra mamaritra toetra fa tsy habetsahana. Azo lazaina fa toetra azo faritana amin' ny habetsahana ny toetra iray raha azo aseho fa misy izany fitovian' ny firafitra izany. Amin' ny endrik' ilay teôria izay mametraka fepetra malalaka kokoa, toy izay hita ankolaka ao amin' ny asan' i Stanley Smith Stevens,&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, S.S. ''On the theory of scales and measurement'' 1946. Science. 103, 677–80.&lt;/ref&gt; dia ampy ny fanomezana isa araka ny fitsipika iray.

Matetika no diso fandray ny hevitry ny fandrefesana ka mihevitra azy ho fanomezana sanda fotsiny, nefa azo atao ny manome sanda amin' ny fomba izay tsy fandrefesana araka ny fepetra takin' ny fandrefesana mitambatra mifototra amin' ny fanampiana. Azo omena sanda ny haavon' ny olona iray, saingy raha tsy azo aseho fa misy fifandraisana eo amin' ny refy ilazana ny haavo sy ny fifandraisana hita amin' ny fandinihana, dia tsy fandrefesana izany araka io teôria io. Toy izany koa, tsy fandrefesana ny fikajiana sy ny fanomezana sanda napetraka araka ny safidy fotsiny, toy ny « sanda voarakitra ao amin' ny bokim-bola » ilazana ny fananana iray amin' ny fitantanam-bola, satria tsy mahafeno ny fepetra ilaina izany.

Misy karazany telo ny teôria momba ny fanehoana amin' ny isa:
#; Fifandraisana hita amin' ny fandinihana : Amin' ny siansa, ny fifandraisana hita amin' ny fandinihana dia fifandraisana na fifampiankinana mifototra amin' ny fandinihana fotsiny, fa tsy amin' ny teôria. Angona manamarina azy ihany no takiny, na inona na inona fototra ara-teôria iorenany.
#; Fitsipiky ny fampiharana : Ny tontolo tena misy no vondrona iaingan' ny fampiharana, ary ny tontolon' ny matematika no vondrona kendrena. Rehefa ampifandraisina amin' ny rafitra matematika amin' ny alalan' ny fampiharana ny toetra iray, dia misy safidy maro na ho an' ny fampiharana na ho an' ny vondrona kendrena.
#; Fepetra momba ny fanehoana amin' ny fandrefesana :


=== Teôria ===
Araka io fomba fijery io, tsy tena marina tanteraka ny angona rehetra, ary maneho vokatra misy fiovaovana izay dinihina amin' ny famakafakana ara-kajy ny angona. Noho izany, izao no famaritana ny fandrefesana nomen' i Douglas Hubbard, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Fitambaran' ny fandinihana mampihena ny tsy fahazoana antoka, ka habe no anehoana ny vokatra. »&lt;ref&gt;Douglas Hubbard: ''How to Measure Anything'', Wiley (2007), p. 21&lt;/ref&gt; Hita an-kolaka amin' ny zavatra tena ataon' ny mpahay siansa io famaritana io, rehefa mandrefy zavatra izy ireo ka mitatitra ny salan' isa sy ireo vokatra azo avy amin' ny [[Statistika|famakafakana ara-kajy]] an' ireo fandrefesana. Amin' ny fampiharana, vinavina voalohany momba ny sanda antenaina ho an' ny habe iray no iaingana, ary ahena avy eo ny tsy fahazoana antoka momba io sanda io amin' ny fampiasana fomba sy fitaovana samihafa. Araka io fomba fijery io, izay tsy mitovy amin' ny teôrian' ny fanehoana mifototra amin' ny zava-misy azo hamarinina amin' ny fandinihana, dia misy tsy fahazoana antoka ny fandrefesana rehetra; noho izany, tsy sanda tokana no ampifandraisina amin' ny fandrefesana iray, fa elanelan' ny sanda mety ho azo. Midika koa izany, araka io fomba fijery io, fa tsy misy fanavahana mazava na hentitra eo amin' ny fanombanana ny sanda manakaiky ny tena izy sy ny fandrefesana.


=== Mekanika koantika ===
Ao amin' ny mekanika koantika, ny fandrefesana dia asa ahafahana mamaritra toetra iray manokana ananan' ny rafitra koantika iray, toy ny toerana, ny habetsahan' ny fihetsehana, na ny angovo. Santionany ara-statistika nalaina avy amin' ny fitsinjarana mamaritra ny mety hahazoana ireo vokatra samihafa foana ny fandrefesana koantika; amin' ny tranga koantika maro, dia sanda misaraka no ao amin' io fitsinjarana io, fa tsy sanda mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;messiah&quot;&gt;Albert Messiah. ''Quantum Mechanics''. North Holland, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1966. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0486409244&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy, pejy 197.&lt;/ref&gt; Manova ny toetra koantika ny fandrefesana koantika, nefa azo averina ka ahazoana vokatra mitovy ny fandrefesana miverimberina atao amin' ny toetra koantika iray. Toa miasa toy ny sivana ny fandrefesana, ka manova ilay toetra koantika ho toetra iray izay tsy manana afa-tsy ilay sanda koantika tokana norefesina.&lt;ref name=&quot;messiah&quot; /&gt; Mbola olana fototra tsy voavaha ao amin' ny mekanika koantika ny fanomezana heviny tsy misy manjavozavo ny fandrefesana koantika. Ny fandikana be mpampiasa indrindra dia ny hoe, rehefa misy fandrefesana atao, dia « mirodana » ho sanda tokana voafaritra ilay lefa matematika mamaritra ny toetra koantikan' ilay rafitra.&lt;ref&gt;Roger Penrose. ''The road to reality : a complete guide to the laws of the universe''. Vintage Books, New York, 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-679-77631-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &quot;The jumping of the quantum state to one of the eigenstates of '''Q''' is the process referred to as ''state-vector reduction'' or ''collapse of the wavefunction''.  It is one of quantum theory's most puzzling features&amp;nbsp;...&quot;  &quot;[T]he way in which quantum mechanics is used in practice is to take the state indeed to jump in this curious way whenever a measurement is deemed to take place.&quot; p 528 Mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Measurement paradox'' ny toko 29 any aoriana.&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Biôlôjia ===
Amin' ny ankapobeny, tsy misy teôria momba ny fandrefesana efa miorina tsara eo amin' ny biôlôjia. Asongadina kosa anefa ny maha-zava-dehibe ny tontolon-kevitra ara-teôria.&lt;ref&gt;Houle, David; Pélabon, Christophe; Wagner, Günter P.; Hansen, Thomas F. (2011). [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dfa6/1a6ea872d2429f6ce4b9dd7dea965a3553eb.pdf ''Measurement and Meaning in Biology'']. ''The Quarterly Review of Biology'', 86 (1), 3–34. Fiteny: en. DOI: 10.1086/658408. PMID: 21495498. S2CID: 570080. ISSN: 0033-5770. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529222403/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dfa6/1a6ea872d2429f6ce4b9dd7dea965a3553eb.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 2019-05-29]; tsy mandeha ny rohy tany am-boalohany (url-status=dead).&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, ny tontolon-kevitra ara-teôria avy amin' ny teôrian' ny fivoaran' ny zavamananaina dia mitarika amin' ny fampifandraisana ny teôrian' ny fandrefesana sy ny fifamatoran' ny zavatra dinihina amin' ny tantarany, izay raisina ho foto-kevitra fototra.&lt;ref&gt;Montévil, Maël (2019). [https://www.academia.edu/38904550 ''Measurement in biology is methodized by theory'']. ''Biology &amp; Philosophy'', 34 (3). Fiteny: en. DOI: 10.1007/s10539-019-9687-x. S2CID: 96447209. ISSN: 0169-3867.&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ny sehatry ny fandrefesana mandroso indrindra eo amin' ny biôlôjia ny fandrefesana ny fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo sy ny fahasamihafan' ny karazan-javamananaina.&lt;ref&gt;Magurran, A.E. &amp; McGill, B.J. (Hg.) 2011: ''Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment'' Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;


== Jereo koa ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Topimaso momba ny fandrefesana sy ny siansa mandinika azy.

* Fanovana ventin-drefy
* Fandrefesana elektrika
* Tantaran' ny fandrefesana
* ISO 10012, Rafitra fitantanana ny fandrefesana
* Ambaratongam-pandrefesana
* Lisitry ny ventin-drefy mampihomehy
* Lisitry ny ventin-drefy tsy mahazatra
* Fandrefesana amin' ny mekanika koantika
* Tsy fahazoana antoka amin' ny vokatry ny fandrefesana
* ''NCSL International'' (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena momba ny fandrefesana; NCSL dia avy amin' ny anarana nanorenana azy hoe ''National Conference of Standards Laboratories'', na Fihaonambem-pirenena momba ny laboratoara misahana ny fenitra)
* Habe azo tsikaritra
* Ambaratongan' ny habe mifototra amin' ny folo
* Fanehoana habe amin' ny isa amin' ny siansa
* Fatra fampitahana amin' ny fandrefesana
* Filaharan' ny fivoaran' ny teknolojia fandrefesana ny maripana sy ny tsindry
* Filaharan' ny fivoaran' ny teknolojia fandrefesana ny fotoana
* Lanja sy refy


== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/measurement Fandrefesana ao amin' ny ''Wiktionary'' (rakibolana an-tserasera)].
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Measurement Teny notsongaina momba ny fandrefesana ao amin' ny ''Wikiquote'' (tahirin' ny teny notsongaina)].
* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Measurement Loharanom-pahalalana ao amin' ny tranomboky momba ny fandrefesana].
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Measurement Rakitra haino aman-jery momba ny fandrefesana ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons'' (tahiry iombonan' ny rakitra haino aman-jery)].
* Schlaudt, Oliver (2020). ''measurement'' (fandrefesana). Ao amin' ny: Kirchhoff, Thomas (mpandrindra), ''Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature''. Heidelberg: ''Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg'' (Tranombokin' ny Oniversiten' i Heidelberg). [https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2020.0.76654 Fandrefesana].
* Tal, Era (2020). ''Measurement in Science'' (fandrefesana amin' ny siansa). Ao amin' ny: Zalta, Edward N. (mpandrindra), ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (fanontana fararano 2020). [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/measurement-science/ Fandrefesana amin' ny siansa].
* Ball, Robert Stawell (1883). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Measurement ''Measurement''] (fandrefesana). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Boky XV, fanontana faha-9, pejy 659–668.
* [http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html ''A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' (rakibolana momba ny ventin-drefy)]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181006132056/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html Tahiry tamin' ny 6 Oktobra 2018].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929140404/http://www.euramet.org/index.php?id=mis ''Metrology – in short'' (ny siansa momba ny fandrefesana raha fintinina), fanontana faha-3, Jolay 2008]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-87-988154-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

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    <revision>
      <id>1153618</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T06:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1383919392</comment>
      <origin>1153618</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25174" sha1="iieuvo3rdbj7sbg0alkg9fcf50vx8y5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:3D Spherical.svg|thumb|Ampiasaina matetika amin' ny fizika ny rafitra fangitra sferika. Isa telo, izay antsoina hoe fangitra, no ampifandraisiny amin' ny teboka tsirairay ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana: ny elanelana ''r'' avy amin' ny fiandohan' ny rafitra, ny zoro pôlera ''θ'' (theta), ary ny zoro azimotaly ''φ'' (phi). Matetika ny famantarana ''ρ'' (rho) no ampiasaina ho solon' ny ''r''.]]

'''Rafitra fangitra''' no iantsoana ny rafitra ampiasaina amin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]] izay mampiasa [[Isa|isa]] iray na maromaro, antsoina hoe fangitra, mba hamaritana amin' ny fomba tokana sy manara-penitra ny toerana misy ny teboka na ny zavatra jeômetrika hafa eo amin' ny habaka mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana, toy ny habaka eoklidiana mihitsy.&lt;ref&gt;Woods p. 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weisstein, Eric W. [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CoordinateSystem.html ''Coordinate System'']. ''MathWorld''.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy azo ampifamadihana ny fangitra; matetika izy ireo no avahana amin' ny toerana misy azy ao amin' ny filaharana misy singa voafetra, izay antsoina hoe filaharana misy fangitra, na amin' ny marika amantarana azy, toy ny hoe «fangitra ''x''». Ny filaharana misy fangitra sasany, toy ny fangitra kartezianina, dia vektera misy fangitra koa, ka mahafeno ny fitsipiky ny habaka misy vektera. Anisan' izany ny fampitambarana azy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fanampiana sy ny fampitomboana azy amin' ny isa antsoina hoe skalera. Ny filaharana misy fangitra amin' ny rafitra misy tsipika miolaka kosa dia tsy vektera raha ny famaritana hentitra no arahina.

Ao amin' ny matematika ambaratonga fototra dia heverina ho isa tena ny fangitra, nefa mety ho [[Isa haro|isa haro]] izy ireo, na singa avy amin' ny rafitra matematika ankapobeny kokoa, toy ny peratra aljebrika izay tsy miova ny vokatry ny fampitomboana rehefa ampifamadihana ireo singa ampitomboina. Ny fampiasana rafitra fangitra dia ahafahana manova ny olana momba ny jeômetria ho olana momba ny isa, ary ny olana momba ny isa ho olana momba ny jeômetria; izany no fototry ny jeômetria analitika.&lt;ref&gt;Weisstein, Eric W. [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Coordinates.html ''Coordinates'']. ''MathWorld''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rafitra fangitra fampiasa matetika ==

&lt;span id=&quot;Number line&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
=== Hitsy misy isa ===
Ny ohatra tsotra indrindra amin' ny rafitra fangitra manana refy iray dia ny fampifandraisana ny teboka eo amin' ny hitsy iray amin' ny isa tena, amin' ny alalan' ny hitsy misy isa. Ao amin' io rafitra io dia fidina eo amin' ny hitsy iray nomena ny teboka ''O'' iray na inona na inona, izay atao hoe fiandohan' ny rafitra. Ny fangitry ny teboka ''P'' dia faritana ho elanelana misy famantarana miabo na miiba avy amin' i ''O'' mankany amin' i ''P''. Izany hoe raisina ho miabo na miiba ilay elanelana arakaraka ny lafin' ilay hitsy misy an' i ''P''. Fangitra tokana no omena ny teboka tsirairay, ary ny isa tena tsirairay dia fangitry ny teboka tokana.&lt;ref&gt;James B. Stewart; Lothar Redlin; Saleem Watson (2008). ''College Algebra''. Fanontana: 5th. Brooks Cole. p. 13–19. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-495-56521-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Number-line-right-arrow.svg|center|alt=Hitsy misy isa|Ny hitsy misy isa]]

=== Rafitra fangitra kartezianina ===
[[File:Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg|thumb|225px|alt=Rafitra fangitra kartezianina eo amin' ny lemaka|Ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina eo amin' ny lemaka]]
[[File:Rectangular coordinates.svg|thumb|225px|alt=Rafitra fangitra kartezianina ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo|Ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo]]
Ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina no ohatra fototra amin' ny rafitra fangitra. Eo amin' ny lemaka dia fidina ny hitsy roa mifampijadona, izany hoe mihaona ka mamorona zoro mahitsy. Ny elanelana misy famantarana miabo na miiba manasaraka ny teboka iray amin' ireo hitsy ireo no raisina ho fangitr' ilay teboka.&lt;ref&gt;Howard Anton; Irl C. Bivens; Stephen Davis (2021). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=001EEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA657 Calculus: Multivariable]''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p. 657. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-119-77798-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo dia fidina ny lemaka telo mifampijadona tsiroaroa. Ny fangitra telo ananan' ny teboka iray dia ireo elanelana misy famantarana miabo na miiba manasaraka azy amin' ny lemaka tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Moon P, Spencer DE (1988). « Rectangular Coordinates (x, y, z) ». ''Field Theory Handbook, Including Coordinate Systems, Differential Equations, and Their Solutions''. Fanontana: corrected 2nd, 3rd print. Springer-Verlag, New York. p. 9–11 (Table 1.01). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-387-18430-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Azo itarina amin' ny tranga ankapobeny izany mba hanomezana fangitra ''n'' ho an' ny teboka rehetra ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana manana refy ''n''.

Miankina amin' ny fitodihana sy ny filaharan' ny [[#Coordinate axis|hitsin' ny fangitra]], ny rafitra manana refy telo dia mety hifanaraka amin' ny fitsipiky ny tanana havanana na amin' ny fitsipiky ny tanana havia.

=== Rafitra fangitra pôlera ===
Rafitra fangitra hafa fampiasa matetika eo amin' ny lemaka ny rafitra fangitra pôlera.&lt;ref&gt;Ross Finney; George Thomas; Franklin Demana; Bert Waits (June 1994). ''[https://archive.org/details/calculusgraphica00ross Calculus: Graphical, Numerical, Algebraic]'' (mila fisoratana anarana). Fanontana: Single Variable Version. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-201-55478-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Teboka iray no fidina ho teboka fiandohan' ny fangitra pôlera, ary antsasan-kitsy miainga avy amin' io teboka io no raisina ho hitsim-panovozana pôlera. Ho an' ny zoro ''θ'' iray nomena, dia misy hitsy tokana mandalo amin' ilay teboka fiandohana, izay mamorona zoro ''θ'' amin' ny hitsim-panovozana pôlera. Refesina avy amin' ilay hitsim-panovozana mankany amin' ilay hitsy izany zoro izany, amin' ny fitodihana mifanohitra amin' ny fihodin' ny fanondro famantaranandro. Ho an' ny isa ''r'' iray nomena, dia misy teboka tokana eo amin' io hitsy io izay ''r'' ny elanelany misy famantarana miabo na miiba avy amin' ny fiandohana. Mamaritra teboka tokana ny fangitra roa (''r'',&amp;nbsp;''θ'') nomena, nefa azo aseho amin' ny tsiroaroam-pangitra maro samy hafa ny teboka tsirairay. Ohatra, samy fangitra pôleran' ny teboka iray ihany ny (''r'',&amp;nbsp;''θ''), ny (''r'',&amp;nbsp;''θ''+2''π'') ary ny (−''r'',&amp;nbsp;''θ''+''π''). Ny teboka fiandohan' ny fangitra pôlera dia asehon' ny (0, ''θ''), na inona na inona sandan' i ''θ''.

=== Rafitra fangitra silindrika sy sferika ===
[[File:Cylindrical Coordinates.svg|thumb|alt=Rafitra fangitra silindrika|Rafitra fangitra silindrika]]
Misy fomba roa fampiasa matetika hanitarana ny rafitra fangitra pôlera ho amin' ny refy telo. Ao amin' ny '''rafitra fangitra silindrika''' dia ampiana fangitra ''z'', izay manana hevitra mitovy amin' ny ao amin' ny fangitra kartezianina, ireo fangitra pôlera ''r'' sy ''θ''. Izany dia manome filaharana misy fangitra telo (''r'',&amp;nbsp;''θ'',&amp;nbsp;''z'').&lt;ref&gt;Henry Margenau; George M. Murphy (1956). ''[https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofphy0002marg The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry]'' (mila fisoratana anarana). D. van Nostrand, New York City. p. [https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofphy0002marg/page/178 178]. LCCN 55010911; OCLC 3017486.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola mandroso dingana iray ny fangitra sferika: avadika ho fangitra pôlera (''ρ'',&amp;nbsp;''φ'') ny fangitra silindrika roa (''r'',&amp;nbsp;''z''), ka azo ny filaharana misy fangitra telo (''ρ'',&amp;nbsp;''θ'',&amp;nbsp;''φ'').&lt;ref&gt;PM Morse; H Feshbach (1953). ''Methods of Theoretical Physics, Part I''. McGraw-Hill, New York. p. 658. LCCN 52011515.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rafitra fangitra izay ny tahan' ny sanda ihany no manan-danja ===
Azo aseho amin' ny fangitra telo milahatra (''x'',&amp;nbsp;''y'',&amp;nbsp;''z'') ny teboka iray eo amin' ny lemaka, ka ny ''x''/''z'' sy ny ''y''/''z'' no fangitra kartezianinan' ilay teboka. Fangitra izay ny tahan' ny sanda ihany no manan-danja no ampiasaina amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Alfred Clement Jones (1912). ''An Introduction to Algebraical Geometry''. Clarendon.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiditra fangitra « fanampiny » izany, satria roa ihany no ilaina hamaritana teboka iray eo amin' ny lemaka. Mahasoa anefa io rafitra io satria afaka maneho ny teboka rehetra eo amin' ny lemaka prôjektiva izy, nefa tsy mampiasa ny tsy manam-petra. Amin' ny ankapobeny, rafitra fangitra toy izany dia rafitra izay ny taha eo amin' ny fangitra ihany no manan-danja, fa tsy ny tena sandan' ireo fangitra.

=== Rafitra hafa fampiasa matetika ===
Ireto misy rafitra fangitra hafa fampiasa matetika:
* Ny fangitra amin' ny rafitra misy tsipika miolaka dia fanitarana ny rafitra fangitra amin' ny ankapobeny; mifototra amin' ny fihaonan' ny tsipika ara-jeômetria ilay rafitra.
** Fangitra amin' ny rafitra mifampijadona: mihaona ka mamorona zoro mahitsy ireo velarana ahitana fangitra iray tsy miova.
** Fangitra amin' ny rafitra tsy mifampijadona: tsy mifampijadona ireo velarana ahitana fangitra iray tsy miova.
* Ny rafitra fangitra pôlera mampiasa logaritima amin' ny elanelana dia maneho ny teboka iray eo amin' ny lemaka amin' ny alalan' ny logaritiman' ny elanelany avy amin' ny fiandohana sy ny zoro iray refesina avy amin' ny hitsim-panovozana mandalo amin' ny fiandohana.
* Ny fangitra Plücker dia fomba anehoana ny hitsy ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana manana refy telo, amin' ny alalan' ny filaharana misy isa enina raisina ho fangitra izay ny tahan' ny sanda ihany no manan-danja.
* Ampiasaina amin' ny fandinihana ny mekanika araka ny fomba Lagrange ny fangitra ankapobeny.
* Ampiasaina amin' ny fandinihana ny mekanika araka ny fomba Hamilton ny fangitra kanônika.
* Ny rafitra fangitra barisentirika dia ampiasaina amin' ny kisary maneho tahan-javatra telo, ary amin' ny fanadihadiana ny telozoro amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa.
* Ampiasaina amin' ny fandinihana ny telozoro ny fangitra trilinera.

Misy fomba amaritana ny tsipika ara-jeômetria nefa tsy mampiasa fangitra. Ampiasaina amin' izany ny fampimirana mifototra amin' ny habetsahana tsy miova amin' ny fanovana dinihina, toy ny fiondrika sy ny halavan' ny tsipika. Ireto avy ny sasany amin' ireo fampimirana ireo:
* Ny fampimirana Whewell dia mampifandray ny halavan' ny tsipika sy ny zoro faritan' ny hitsy mikasika azy.
* Ny fampimirana Cesàro dia mampifandray ny halavan' ny tsipika sy ny fiondrika.

== Fangitry ny zavatra jeômetrika ==
Matetika ny rafitra fangitra no ampiasaina hamaritana ny toeran' ny teboka iray, nefa azo ampiasaina koa izy ireo hamaritana ny toeran' ny endrika sarotra kokoa, toy ny hitsy, ny lemaka, ny [[Faribolana|faribolana]] na ny sfera. Ohatra, ny fangitra Plücker dia ampiasaina hamaritana ny toeran' ny hitsy iray ao amin' ny habaka.&lt;ref&gt;W.V.D. Hodge sy D. Pedoe. ''Methods of Algebraic Geometry, Volume&amp;nbsp;I (Book&amp;nbsp;II)''. Cambridge University Press, 1994 (navoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1947). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-46900-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa ilaina, dia ny karazan' ny endrika faritana no entina manavaka ny karazan' ny rafitra fangitra. Ohatra, ny hoe fangitry ny hitsy dia ilazana izay rafitra fangitra rehetra mamaritra ny toeran' ny hitsy iray.

Mety hitovy, raha ny fanadihadiana azy no jerena, ny rafitra fangitra ampiasaina amin' ny vondron' endrika jeômetrika roa samy hafa. Ohatra amin' izany ny rafitry ny fangitra izay ny tahan' ny sanda ihany no manan-danja, ampiasaina amin' ny teboka sy amin' ny hitsy ao amin' ny lemaka prôjektiva. Amin' ny tranga toy izany, dia rafitra misy fifandraisana mampifamadika anjara asa (''dualistic'') ireo rafitra roa: amin' ilay ohatra, dia mifamadika ny anjara asan' ny teboka sy ny hitsy. Azo afindra avy amin' ny rafitra iray ho amin' ny iray hafa ny vokatra azo amin' ny rafitra toy izany, satria tsy inona ireo vokatra ireo fa fandikana samy hafa an' ilay vokatra iray ihany azo tamin' ny fanadihadiana. Izany no atao hoe fitsipika momba ny fifandraisana mampifamadika anjara asa (''principle of duality'').&lt;ref&gt;Woods p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanovana ==
Lohahevitra ankapobeny: fanovana jeômetrika.

Lisitra fototra: lisitry ny fanovana fangitra fampiasa matetika.

Jereo koa: fanovana ny zavatra ao amin' ny habaka sy fanovana ny rafitra fanovozana (''active and passive transformation'').

Matetika dia rafitra fangitra maro samihafa no azo ampiasaina hamaritana ireo endrika jeômetrika. Ny ''fanovana fangitra'' no mamaritra ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ireo rafitra samihafa ireo: manome raikipohy ahafahana maneho ny fangitra ao amin' ny rafitra iray amin' ny alalan' ny fangitra ao amin' ny rafitra hafa izy ireo. Ohatra, eo amin' ny lemaka, raha mitovy fiandohana ny fangitra kartezianina (''x'',&amp;nbsp;''y'') sy ny fangitra pôlera (''r'',&amp;nbsp;''θ''), ary mifanandrify amin' ny lafiny miabon' ny hitsy ''x'' ny hitsim-panovozana amin' ny fangitra pôlera, dia omena amin' ny raikipohy ''x''&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;''r''&amp;nbsp;cos''θ'' sy ''y''&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;''r''&amp;nbsp;sin''θ'' ny fanovana ny fangitra pôlera ho fangitra kartezianina.

Ny fifampiakoana tsirairay avy amin' ny habaka iray mankany amin' io habaka io ihany dia azo ampifandraisina amin' ny fanovana fangitra roa. Ny fifampiakoana eto dia fampiharana mampifanandrify ny teboka tsirairay amin' ny teboka iray monja, ary ny teboka tsirairay ao amin' ny habaka ahatongavana dia mifanandrify amin' ny teboka tany am-boalohany iray monja. Ireto avy ireo fanovana fangitra roa ireo:
* Amin' ny voalohany, ny fangitra vaovaon' ny sary azo avy amin' ny fampiharana amin' ny teboka tsirairay dia mitovy amin' ny fangitra talohan' ny fanovana ananan' ilay teboka tany am-boalohany (mifamadika amin' ny maha-fampiharana azy ny raikipohy mamaritra ny fampiharana sy ny raikipohy mamaritra ny fanovana fangitra, izany hoe ny iray no mamerina ny vokatry ny iray hafa ho amin' ny teo aloha).
* Amin' ny faharoa, ny fangitra talohan' ny fanovana ananan' ny sary azo avy amin' ny fampiharana amin' ny teboka tsirairay dia mitovy amin' ny fangitra vaovaon' ilay teboka tany am-boalohany (mitovy ny raikipohy mamaritra ny fampiharana sy ny raikipohy mamaritra ny fanovana fangitra).

Ohatra, amin' ny habaka manana refy iray, raha fanisahana mamindra ny teboka rehetra 3 miankavanana ny fampiharana, dia ny fanovana fangitra voalohany no mamindra ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra avy amin' ny 0 mankany amin' ny 3, ka mihena 3 ny fangitry ny teboka tsirairay. Ny fanovana fangitra faharoa kosa dia mamindra ny fiandohan' ny rafitra avy amin' ny 0 mankany amin' ny −3, ka mitombo 3 ny fangitry ny teboka tsirairay.

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Coordinate axis&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Coordinate line&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Coordinate curve&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

== Tsipika mahitsin' ny fangitra sy tsipika fangitra ==
Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fangitry ny hitsy ny tsipika mahitsin' ny fangitra.

Ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra iray, raha miova ny iray amin' ny fangitry ny teboka iray, nefa tazonina tsy miova ny fangitra hafa, dia antsoina hoe '''tsipika fangitra''' ny tsipika ara-jeômetria azo amin' izany, izay mety ho mahitsy na miolaka. Raha hitsy ny tsipika fangitra iray, dia antsoina hoe '''tsipika mahitsin' ny fangitra''' izy. Antsoina hoe rafitra fangitra misy tsipika miolaka ny rafitra fangitra izay ahitana tsipika fangitra sasany tsy hitsy.&lt;ref&gt;K. T. Tang. ''Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists'', boky faha-2. Springer, 2006, p. 13. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-540-30268-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tranga manokana, nefa tena fahita, amin' ny fangitra amin' ny rafitra misy tsipika miolaka ny fangitra mifampijadona.

Antsoina hoe '''hitsin' ny fangitra''' ny tsipika mahitsin' ny fangitra iray raha aotra avokoa ny sanda tsy miovan' ny fangitra hafa rehetra. Hitsy misy fitodihana izy io, ary ampiasaina amin' ny fanomezana fangitra. Ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina, dia hitsy avokoa ny tsipika fangitra; noho izany, mitovy isa amin' ny fangitra ny hitsin' ny fangitra. Ankoatra izany, mifampijadona tsiroaroa ireo hitsin' ny fangitra ireo. Antsoina koa hoe '''antsasan' ny hitsin' ny fangitra''' ny tapany miabo na ny tapany miiba amin' ny hitsin' ny fangitra iray.

Rafitra misy tsipika miolaka ny rafitra fangitra pôlera, ary hitsy na faribolana ireo tsipika fangitra ao aminy. Na izany aza, ny iray amin' ireo tsipika fangitra ireo dia mihena ho teboka tokana, dia ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra. Matetika io teboka io no raisina ho faribolana izay aotra ny halavan' ny tapaka mampifandray ny foibeny amin' ny teboka iray aminy. Toy izany koa, ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra sferika sy ny rafitra fangitra silindrika, dia hitsy, faribolana, na faribolana manana halavan-tapaka aotra avy amin' ny foibe ireo tsipika fangitra.

Maro ny karazana tsipika ara-jeômetria mety ho tsipika fangitra. Ao amin' ny fangitra parabôlika, ohatra, dia parabôla ireo tsipika fangitra.

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Coordinate plane&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Coordinate surface&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== Lemaka sy velarana ahitana fangitra iray tsy miova ==
[[File:Parabolic coordinates 3D.png|thumb|left|Velarana ahitana fangitra iray tsy miova ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra parabôlôidaly (''paraboloidal coordinates'') manana refy telo.]]

Ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo, raha tazonina ho tsy miova ny fangitra iray ary avela hiova kosa ny roa hafa, dia antsoina hoe '''velarana ahitana fangitra iray tsy miova''' ny velarana azo amin' izany. Ohatra, ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra sferika, ny velarana azo amin' ny fitazonana ny ''ρ'' ho tsy miova dia sfera manana ny foibeny eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra. Ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo, ny fihaonan' ny velarana roa ahitana fangitra iray tsy miova dia tsipika fangitra. Ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra kartezianina, dia azo ampiasaina ny hoe '''lemaka fangitra'''.

Toy izany koa, rehefa tazonina ho tsy miova ny fangitra tokana ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra manana refy ''n'', dia habaka manana refy (''n'' − 1) no azo. Ireo no '''habaka fangitra manana refy iray latsaka''' (''coordinate hypersurfaces'').&lt;ref&gt;Vladimir D. Liseikin. ''A Computational Differential Geometry Approach to Grid Generation''. Springer, 2007, p. 38. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-540-34235-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarintany fangitra eo an-toerana ==

Ny sarintany fangitra eo an-toerana (''coordinate map'' na ''coordinate chart'') dia foto-kevitra fototra amin' ny teôrian' ny habaka mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana, izay antsoina hoe ''manifold''. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny sarintany fangitra eo an-toerana dia rafitra fangitra ho an' ny zana-bondron' ny habaka iray, ka filaharana fangitra iray monja no ananan' ny teboka tsirairay ao amin' io zana-bondrona io. Raha faritana marimarina kokoa, dia tovierana avy amin' ny zana-bondrona mivoha iray ao amin' ny habaka ''X'' mankany amin' ny zana-bondrona mivoha iray ao amin' ny '''R'''&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt; izy io. Ny tovierana dia fifampiakoana mitohy izay mitohy koa ny fampiharana mifamadika aminy: mifanaraka tsiroaroa ny teboka ao amin' ireo zana-bondrona roa ireo, ary ny fampiharana mifamadika dia mamerina ny filaharana fangitra tsirairay amin' ilay teboka nanomezana azy. Ny hoe mitohy eto dia midika fa, ho an' ny zana-bondrona mivoha tsirairay ao amin' ny habaka ahatongavana, dia mivoha ao amin' ny habaka iaingana koa ny vondron' ny teboka rehetra alefa ao anatiny; mihatra amin' ny fampiharana mandeha amin' ny lafiny roa izany.&lt;ref&gt;Munkres, James R. (2000) ''Topology''. Prentice Hall. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-13-181629-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika dia tsy azo omena rafitra fangitra tokana mifandrindra ny habaka iray manontolo. Amin' izany toe-javatra izany, dia atambatra ny sarintany fangitra eo an-toerana maromaro mba handrakotra ilay habaka; antsoina hoe ''atlas'' io fitambaran' ny sarintany fangitra io. Ny habaka manana fitambarana sarintany toy izany dia antsoina hoe ''manifold''. Azo faritana ao aminy ny rafitra fanampiny, raha mifanaraka amin' ny faritra iombonan' ireo sarintany fangitra ny famaritana an' io rafitra io. Ohatra amin' izany ny habaka misy sarintany fangitra izay azo alaina sintona ny fifindrana eo aminy (''differentiable manifold''): ao amin' ny faritra iombonan' ny sarintany roa, ny lefa manova ny fangitra avy amin' ny sarintany iray ho amin' ny iray hafa dia lefa azo alaina sintona hatrany.

== Fangitra mifototra amin' ny fitodihana ==
Amin' ny jeômetria sy ny fandalinana ny fihetsehana, ny rafitra fangitra dia ampiasaina hilazana ny toeran' ny teboka eo amin' ny habaka (toerana ara-pahalavirana) sy ny fitodihan' ny hitsin' ny fangitra, ny lemaka ary ny vatana tsy miova endrika, izany hoe ny toeran' ireo araka ny zoro.&lt;ref&gt;Hanspeter Schaub; John L. Junkins (2003). ''Analytical Mechanics of Space Systems''. Toko [https://books.google.com/books?id=qXvESNWrfpUC&amp;pg=PA71 ''Rigid body kinematics''], p. 71. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-56347-563-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ity tranga faharoa ity, ny fitodihan' ny rafitra fangitra faharoa, izay raikitra amin' ny toerana ifatorana (''node'') sady antsoina matetika hoe rafitra « an-toerana » (''local''), dia faritana raha oharina amin' ny rafitra voalohany. Io rafitra voalohany io dia antsoina matetika hoe rafitra « ankapobeny » (''global'') na rafitra iombonana ho an' ny habaka dinihina (''world''). Ohatra, ny fitodihan' ny vatana tsy miova endrika dia azo aseho amin' ny tabilao misy isa antsoina hoe vohoka maneho fitodihana. Ao amin' ny tsanganany telo, izany hoe ireo fizarana mitsangana ao amin' ilay tabilao, no misy ny fangitra kartezianin' ny teboka telo, ka ny fangitry ny teboka iray no ao amin' ny tsanganana tsirairay. Ireo teboka ireo no ampiasaina hamaritana ny fitodihan' ny hitsin' ny fangitra ao amin' ny rafitra an-toerana. Izy ireo no tendron' ny vektera telo, izany hoe zana-tsipìka maneho halavana sy fitodihana, izay samy manana halavana mitovy amin' ny 1 ary samy manaraka ny iray amin' ireo hitsy ireo.

== Rafitra ara-jeôgrafia ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: rafitra fanovozana ara-habaka.

Ny Tany manontolo dia anisan' ireo habaka jeômetrika fahita indrindra izay ilàna fandrefesana marina ny toerana, ka noho izany ilàna rafitra fangitra. Nanomboka tamin' ny Grika tamin' ny vanim-potoana helenistika, dia novolavolaina ny rafitra fangitra isan-karazany mifototra amin' ireo karazana voalaza etsy aloha, anisan' izany ireto:
* Ny rafitra fangitra ara-jeôgrafia, izay mampiasa ny laharam-pehintany sy ny [[Laharan-jara hasina|laharan-jara hasina]] ho fangitra sferika.
* Ny rafitra fangitra azo avy amin' ny tsipy amin' ny sarintany, izay ahitana rafitra fangitra kartezianina an' arivony. Ny tsirairay amin' ireo dia mifototra amin' ny tsipy ara-tsarintany, izany hoe fomba anehoana ny velaran' ny Tany manontolo na faritra iray amin' ny lemaka.
* Ny rafitra fangitra mifototra amin' ny foiben' ny Tany, izay rafitra fangitra kartezianina manana refy telo ary anehoana ny Tany ho vatana iray. Ny fampiasana azy mahazatra indrindra dia ny fanaovana maodelin' ny lalana ihodinan' ny zanabolana, anisan' izany ireo ampiasain' ny GPS (rafitra famaritana toerana maneran-tany) sy ireo rafitra hafa fitarihan-dalana amin' ny alalan' ny zanabolana.

== Jereo koa ==
* Habetsahana maneho ny fihetseham-pihodinana raha oharina amin' ny rafitra fanovozana tsy mihodina sady tsy mihafaingana (''absolute angular momentum'')
* Tambajotra misy litera sy tarehimarika
* Fifanarahana momba ny hitsin' ny fangitra amin' ny injenieria
* Rafitra fangitra amaritana ny toeran' ny zavatra hita eny amin' ny lanitra
* Rafitra fanovozana fangitra (''coordinate frame'')
* Fomba fanehoana tsy miankina amin' ny fangitra
* Fangitra ampahany (''fractional coordinates'')
* Rafitra fanovozana (''frame of reference'')
* Fanovana galileana (''Galilean transformation'')
* Fanondroana toerana amin' ny tambajotra
* Kisary fanaovana kajy mampifandray mizana maromaro (''nomogram''), izay fanehoana an-tsary ny rafitra fangitra samihafa
* Rafitra fanovozana (''reference system'')
* Fampihodinana ny hitsin' ny fangitra
* Fanisahana ny hitsin' ny fangitra

=== Rafitra fangitra amin' ny teôrian' ny relativite ===
* Fangitra Eddington–Finkelstein
* Fangitra pôlera Gaussian
* Fangitra Gullstrand–Painlevé
* Fangitra manana fandrefesana ara-toerana eoklidiana ampitomboina amin' ny anton-javatra iray iombonan' ny fitodihana rehetra isaky ny teboka (''isotropic coordinates'')
* Fangitra Kruskal–Szekeres
* Fangitra Schwarzschild

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
=== Fanondroana loharano ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Loharano ===
* Voitsekhovskii, M.I.; Ivanov, A.B. (2001) [1994]. ''[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Coordinates Coordinates]''. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press.

* Frederick S. Woods (1922). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZULAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA1 Higher Geometry]''. Ginn and Co., pejy 1ff.

* Shigeyuki Morita; Teruko Nagase; Katsumi Nomizu (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5N33Of2RzjsC&amp;pg=PA12 Geometry of Differential Forms]''. AMS Bookstore, pejy 12. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8218-1045-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/AV0405/MARTIN/Hex.pdf Rafitra fangitra mifototra amin' ny endrika misy lafy enina]

[[:Sokajy:Matematika]]</text>
      <sha1>iieuvo3rdbj7sbg0alkg9fcf50vx8y5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>SECREN</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153619</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T06:43:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « Orinasa Malagasy ny '''SECREN''' ([[Fiteny Frantsay|frantsay]]: '' '''S'''ociété d’'''é'''tudes, de '''c'''onstruction et de '''r'''éparation '''n'''avales'')  manampahaizana manokana amin'ny fanamboarana sy fanamboarana [[sambo]].  Any [[Antsiranana]] ([[faritra Diana]]) no misy azy.  Eo ambany fanaraha-mason'ny Minisiteran'ny Indostrialy sy ny Fampandrosoana ny Sehatra Tsy Miankina, hahazo tombony amin'ny fitomboan'ny renivola 10 lavitrisa ariary amin'... »</comment>
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      <text bytes="773" sha1="gdhq1fj0assrexilmyow0nfrxi5xyg1" xml:space="preserve">Orinasa Malagasy ny '''SECREN''' ([[Fiteny Frantsay|frantsay]]: '' '''S'''ociété d’'''é'''tudes, de '''c'''onstruction et de '''r'''éparation '''n'''avales'') 
manampahaizana manokana amin'ny fanamboarana sy fanamboarana [[sambo]].

Any [[Antsiranana]] ([[faritra Diana]]) no misy azy.

Eo ambany fanaraha-mason'ny Minisiteran'ny Indostrialy sy ny Fampandrosoana ny Sehatra Tsy Miankina, hahazo tombony amin'ny fitomboan'ny renivola 10 lavitrisa ariary amin'ny taona 2026 izy.

Ny tale jeneraliny vaovao dia i Félicien Milson.

Tranonkala: [https://secren.info/ secren.info]

== Direction Générale ==
1 Rue Lavigerie 201 Diego Suarez, {{Madagasikara}}

== Chantier Naval ==
Rue des quais, 201 Diego Suarez, Madagasikara

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sokajy:Orinasa malagasy]]</text>
      <sha1>gdhq1fj0assrexilmyow0nfrxi5xyg1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153620</id>
      <parentid>1153619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T06:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1108" sha1="6vgzwpuzkbppgd9gsi2o3nsvv5imkj5" xml:space="preserve">Orinasa Malagasy ny '''SECREN''' ([[Fiteny Frantsay|frantsay]]: '' '''S'''ociété d’'''é'''tudes, de '''c'''onstruction et de '''r'''éparation '''n'''avales'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lexpress.mg/2026/11/secren-le-personnel-en-greve.html L'Express de Madagascar, 11.11.2026: SECREN - Le personnel en grève]&lt;/ref&gt; 
manampahaizana manokana amin'ny fanamboarana sy fanamboarana [[sambo]].

Any [[Antsiranana]] ([[faritra Diana]]) no misy azy.

Eo ambany fanaraha-mason'ny Minisiteran'ny Indostrialy sy ny Fampandrosoana ny Sehatra Tsy Miankina, hahazo tombony amin'ny fitomboan'ny renivola 10 lavitrisa ariary amin'ny taona 2026 izy&lt;ref&gt;[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/secren-10-milliards-dariary-pour-relancer-lentreprise/ Midi-Madagasikara: 02.09.2026: SECREN : 10 milliards d’ariary pour relancer l’entreprise]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tale jeneraliny vaovao dia i Félicien Milson.

Tranonkala: [https://secren.info/ secren.info]

== Direction Générale ==
1 Rue Lavigerie 201 Diego Suarez, {{Madagasikara}}

== Chantier Naval ==
Rue des quais, 201 Diego Suarez, Madagasikara

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sokajy:Orinasa malagasy]]</text>
      <sha1>6vgzwpuzkbppgd9gsi2o3nsvv5imkj5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153622</id>
      <parentid>1153620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T06:50:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-59452-40</username>
        <id>41620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1153622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1145" sha1="dgqtm6s65ydctdehpv2gc0x52g21e87" xml:space="preserve">Orinasa Malagasy ny '''SECREN''' ([[Fiteny Frantsay|frantsay]]: '' '''S'''ociété d’'''é'''tudes, de '''c'''onstruction et de '''r'''éparation '''n'''avales'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lexpress.mg/2026/11/secren-le-personnel-en-greve.html L'Express de Madagascar, 11.11.2026: SECREN - Le personnel en grève]&lt;/ref&gt; 
manampahaizana manokana amin'ny fanamboarana sy fanamboarana [[sambo]].

Any [[Antsiranana]] ([[faritra Diana]]) no misy azy.

Eo ambany fanaraha-mason'ny Minisiteran'ny Indostrialy sy ny Fampandrosoana ny Sehatra Tsy Miankina, hahazo tombony amin'ny fitomboan'ny renivola 10 lavitrisa ariary amin'ny taona 2026 izy&lt;ref&gt;[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/secren-10-milliards-dariary-pour-relancer-lentreprise/ Midi-Madagasikara: 02.09.2026: SECREN : 10 milliards d’ariary pour relancer l’entreprise]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tale jeneraliny vaovao dia i Félicien Milson.

Tranonkala: [https://secren.info/ secren.info]

== Direction Générale ==
1 Rue Lavigerie 201 Diego Suarez, {{Madagasikara}}

== Chantier Naval ==
Rue des quais, 201 Diego Suarez, Madagasikara

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sokajy:Orinasa malagasy]]
[[Sokajy:Fitaterana an-dranomasina]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsotsona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153627</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="780" sha1="2r8f8tstxrajmlcfep3wm4y810gpwlp" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''tsotsona''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakviana ''[[Amaryllidaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Asparagales]]) sy ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]])

* ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaryllidaceae'') -- kingatsa, sahonambo, tsotsona, vahondrano, vao, voangimboa
* ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy ary voaroibe
* ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; (''Malvaceae'') --  besofina, hafotrakanga, hafotsakanga, tsontsina, tsotsona

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Crinum]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Pavonia]]''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hibiscus diversifolius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302694</id>
    <redirect title="Sabdariffa diversifolia" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153631</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T07:51:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Hibiscus diversifolius]] ho [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153631</origin>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="115eexqs40ksmpyu0m6zlly8wfatt00" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fanaporofoana matematika</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153646</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T08:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384450908</comment>
      <origin>1153646</origin>
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      <text bytes="41411" sha1="jpr1er0zfy4n2reom7fh6bt8pkjmp9e" xml:space="preserve">[[File:P. Oxy. I 29.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|P. Oxy. 29, iray amin' ireo sombiny tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry amin' ny ''Elements'' nosoratan' i Euclid, boky fampianarana nampiasaina nandritra ny an' arivony taona mba hampianarana ny fomba fanoratana fanaporofoana. Miaraka amin' ny fanambarana faha-5 ao amin' ny Boky II ilay sary manazava.&lt;ref&gt;Bill Casselman. ''[http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html One of the Oldest Extant Diagrams from Euclid]''. University of British Columbia. Notsidihina tamin' ny September 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ny '''fanaporofoana matematika''' dia fanjohian-kevitra manamarina fanambarana matematika amin' ny alalan' ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy amin' ny fiheverana sy fitsipika ekena: asehony fa miantoka ny fehin-kevitra araka ny lojika ireo fiheverana voalaza.
Mety hampiasa fanambarana hafa efa napetraka ho marina, toy ny teôrema, izany fanjohian-kevitra izany.
Kanefa, raha ny foto-kevitra no jerena, dia azo aorina amin' ny fiheverana fototra na iaingana sasany, antsoina hoe ankina, ny fanaporofoana rehetra,&lt;ref&gt;Clapham, C. &amp;amp; Nicholson, J.N. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics, Fourth edition''. «A statement whose truth is either to be taken as self-evident or to be assumed. Certain areas of mathematics involve choosing a set of axioms and discovering what results can be derived from them, providing proofs for the theorems that are obtained.»&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nutsandbolts&quot;&gt;Antonella Cupillari (2005; navoaka voalohany tamin' ny 2001). ''The Nuts and Bolts of Proofs: An Introduction to Mathematical Proofs''. Fanontana Third. Academic Press, p. 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-12-088509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Eric Gossett (July 2009). ''Discrete Mathematics with Proof''. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, p. 86. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0470457931&lt;/nowiki&gt;. «Definition 3.1. Proof: An Informal Definition».&lt;/ref&gt; miaraka amin' ireo fitsipika ekena momba ny fanatsoahan-kevitra ihany.
Raisina ho marina tsy misy fanaporofoana ao amin' ilay rafitra ireo ankina ireo.
Ohatra amin' ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy amin' ny fiheverana sy fitsipika ekena izay mahafaoka ny tranga rehetra ny fanaporofoana, ka mampiorina fahamarinan-kevitra azo antoka araka ny lojika.
Tsy mitovy amin' izany ny fanjohian-kevitra miorina amin' ny porofo azo amin' ny fandinihana ny zava-misy, na ny fanatsoahan-kevitra ankapobeny avy amin' ny tranga manokana nefa tsy mahafaoka ny tranga rehetra: «fanantenana mitombina» ihany no aorin' ireo.
Tsy ampy hanaovana fanaporofoana ny fampisehoana tranga maro ahamarinan' ilay fanambarana, satria tsy maintsy asehon' ny fanaporofoana fa marina amin' ny tranga ''rehetra'' mety hisy ilay fanambarana.
Antsoina hoe vinavina matematika ny fanambarana tsy mbola voaporofo nefa inoana fa marina; antsoina hoe fiheverana mialoha kosa izy raha ampiasaina matetika ho fiheverana iaingana amin' ny asa matematika manaraka.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://mathresearch.utsa.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Mathematical_Proofs Mathematical Proofs - Department of Mathematics at UTSA]''. mathresearch.utsa.edu. Notsidihina tamin' ny 2026-04-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mampiasa lojika aseho amin' ny famantarana matematika ny fanaporofoana, miaraka amin' ny fiteny voajanahary izay mazàna mety hisy heviny mihoatra ny iray. Ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny asa soratra matematika, dia lojika tsy soratana manontolo amin' ny fiteny voarafitra no ampiasaina amin' ny fanaporofoana, kanefa hajaina ny fahamatoran' ny fanjohian-kevitra. Ny teôrian' ny fanaporofoana kosa no mandinika ireo fanaporofoana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara (''formal proofs'') izay soratana manontolo amin' ny fiteny amin' ny famantarana, tsy misy fiteny voajanahary. Nitarika fandinihana betsaka momba ny fomba fanaovana matematika ankehitriny sy taloha ny fanavahana ny fanaporofoana soratana amin' izany fomba voarafitra izany sy ny fanaporofoana tsy soratana manontolo amin' izany fomba izany. Anisan' ny nodinihina koa ny fomba fijery manakaiky ny fanorenana fahalalana amin' ny fandinihana zava-misy eo amin' ny matematika (''quasi-empiricism in mathematics''), ary ny antsoina hoe fahalalana matematika mifampitaina ao amin' ny fiarahamonina (''folk mathematics''), izany hoe ireo lovantsofina am-bava ao amin' ny fiarahamonin' ny mpahay matematika mahazatra na ao amin' ny kolontsaina hafa. Ny filôzôfian' ny matematika dia mandinika ny anjara asan' ny fiteny sy ny lojika ao amin' ny fanaporofoana, ary ny matematika amin' ny maha-fiteny azy.

== Tantara sy fiavian-teny ==
Jereo koa: tantaran' ny lojika.

Ny teny anglisy hoe ''proof'' dia avy amin' ny teny latina hoe ''probare'', izay midika hoe «mitsapa». Anisan' ny teny mifandray aminy ny teny anglisy hoe ''probe'', ''probation'' ary ''probability'', ary koa ny teny espaniola hoe ''probar'', izay midika hoe «manandrana tsiro» (indraindray koa hoe «mikasika» na «mitsapa»),&lt;ref&gt;&quot;proof&quot; ''New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 1993, OUP, Oxford.&lt;/ref&gt; ny teny italiana hoe ''provare'', izay midika hoe «manandrana», ary ny teny alemàna hoe ''probieren'', izay midika hoe «manandrana». Ny teny ara-dalàna hoe ''probity'' dia midika hoe fahefana na maha-azo itokiana, izany hoe ny herin' ny fijoroana ho vavolombelona hanaporofoana zava-misy rehefa olona manana laza na toerana no manao izany.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Hacking (1984; taona voalohany: 1975). ''The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-31803-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nialoha ny fanaporofoana matematika hentitra ny fanjohian-kevitra mampiseho fa mety ho marina ny fehin-kevitra, izay nampiasa fitaovana fitadiavana mifototra amin' ny tombantombana sy traikefa, toy ny sary sy ny fampitahana amin' ny zavatra mitovitovy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krantz&quot;/&gt; Azo inoana fa nifandray tamin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]] no nipoiran' ny hevitra hanaporofoana fehin-kevitra voalohany; avy amin' ny olana azo tsapain-tanana momba ny fandrefesana tany no niandohan' ny jeômetria.&lt;ref&gt;William Kneale; Martha Kneale (May 1985; taona voalohany: 1962). ''The development of logic''. Fanontana New. Oxford University Press, p. 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-824773-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny matematika grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha no tena niteraka ny fivoaran' ny fanaporofoana matematika.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Moutsios-Rentzos; Panagiotis Spyrou (February 2015). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01281050/document ''The genesis of proof in ancient Greece The pedagogical implications of a Husserlian reading'']. Archive ouverte HAL. Notsidihina: October 20, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; I Thales (624–546 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana) sy i Hippocrates of Chios (tokony ho 470–410 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana) no nanome ny sasany tamin' ny fanaporofoana teôrema voalohany fantatra teo amin' ny jeômetria. I Eudoxus (408–355 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana) sy i Theaetetus (417–369 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana) dia namolavola teôrema saingy tsy nanaporofo azy ireo. Nilaza i Aristotle (384–322 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana) fa tokony hampiasa hevitra hafa efa fantatra ny famaritana mba hilazalazana ilay hevitra faritana.

Nanova tanteraka ny fanaporofoana matematika i Euclid (300 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana), izay nampiditra ny fomba mifototra amin' ny ankina, mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny. Miainga amin' ny teny raisina ho fototra nefa tsy faritana sy amin' ny ankina io fomba io. Ny ankina dia fanambarana momba ireo teny tsy faritana ireo, izay raisina ho marina miharihary ho azy (avy amin' ny teny grika hoe ''axios'', izay midika hoe «zavatra mendrika»). Avy amin' io fototra io no anaporofoan' ilay fomba ny teôrema, amin' ny fampiasana lojika manatsoaka fehin-kevitra avy amin' ny fiheverana sy fitsipika ekena. Novakin' izay rehetra noheverina ho nahita fianarana tany amin' ny tontolo tandrefana ny boky ''Euclid's Elements'', hatramin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref&gt;Howard W. Eves (January 1990; taona voalohany: 1962). ''An Introduction to the History of Mathematics (Saunders Series)''. Fanontana 6th. Cengage, p. 141. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0030295584&lt;/nowiki&gt;. «No work, except The Bible, has been more widely used...»&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra ny teôrema amin' ny jeômetria, toy ny teôrema momba ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy antsoina hoe ''Pythagorean theorem'', dia miresaka ny teôrian' ny isa koa ny ''Elements''. Ao anatin' izany ny fanaporofoana fa [[Isa tsivoasaina|isa tsivoasaina]] ny faka toradroan' ny roa, sy ny fanaporofoana fa tsy manam-petra ny isan' ny isa tsy azo tsinjaraina.

Nisy fandrosoana hafa koa teo amin' ny matematika tamin' ny tontolo silamo nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-10, i Al-Hashimi, mpahay matematika irakiana, dia nampiasa isa amin' ny maha-isa azy, izay nantsoina hoe «tsipika» nefa tsy voatery noheverina ho refin-javatra jeômetrika. Nampiasainy izany mba hanaporofoana fanambarana aljebrika momba ny fampitomboana, ny fizarana sy ny sisa, anisan' izany ny fisian' ny [[Isa tsivoasaina|isa tsivoasaina]].&lt;ref&gt;Galina Matvievskaya (1987). ''The Theory of Quadratic Irrationals in Medieval Oriental Mathematics''. ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'', 500 (1), pp. 253–277 [260]. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37206.x. bibcode: 1987NYASA.500..253M. s2cid: 121416910.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiditra fanaporofoana matematika mifanesy ho an' ny tandahatra aritmetika, izany hoe tandahatra izay tsy miova ny elanelana eo amin' ny isa roa mifanesy, tao amin' ny ''Al-Fakhri'' (1000) i Al-Karaji. Nampiasainy izany mba hanaporofoana ny teôrema momba ny herin' ny fitambaran' ny singa roa sy ny toetran' ny telozoron' i Pascal.

Ny teôrian' ny fanaporofoana maoderina dia mandray ny fanaporofoana ho firafitry ny angona voafaritra amin' ny fanorenana tsikelikely avy amin' ny tranga fototra araka ny fitsipika, fa tsy mitaky ny hiheverana fa «marina», amin' ny heviny na inona na inona, ny ankina. Izany dia ahafahana mamolavola teôria matematika mifanindran-dalana ho maodely voafaritra araka ny fitsipika ho an' ny hevitra iray takatra amin' ny fahatsapana mivantana, ka vondron' ankina hafa no iorenan' ny tsirairay. Ohatra amin' izany ny teôrian' ny vondrona mifototra amin' ny ankina sy ny jeômetria tsy eoklidiana.

== Toetra sy tanjona ==

Amin' ny fampiharana azy, ny fanaporofoana dia atao amin' ny fiteny voajanahary ary fanjohian-kevitra hentitra natao handresen-dahatra ny mpihaino na ny mpamaky fa marina ny fanambarana iray. Tsy fepetra raikitra mihatra amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra ny fenitra momba ny fahamatoran' ny fanjohian-kevitra, ary niova nandritra ny tantara izany. Mety hiova ny fomba anehoana fanaporofoana iray arakaraka ny olona iantefany. Mba ho ekena dia tsy maintsy mahafeno ny fepetra momba ny fahamatoran' ny fanjohian-kevitra eken' ny fiarahamonina matematika ny fanaporofoana; mety holavina ny fanjohian-kevitra heverina ho manjavozavo na tsy feno.

Ao amin' ny lojika matematika no anomezana endrika manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara ny foto-kevitry ny fanaporofoana.&lt;ref&gt;Samuel R. Buss (mpanoratra). ''An introduction to proof theory''. Ao amin' ny ''Handbook of Proof Theory'', Samuel R. Buss (mpandrindra), andiany ''Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics'', boky 137. Elsevier, 1998, p. 1–78. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-08-053318-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Jereo manokana [https://books.google.com/books?id=MfTMDeCq7ukC&amp;pg=PA3 p.&amp;nbsp;3]: &quot;The study of Proof Theory is traditionally motivated by the problem of formalizing mathematical proofs; the original formulation of first-order logic by Frege [1879] was the first successful step in this direction.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fanaporofoana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara dia soratana amin' ny fiteny manana fitsipika voafaritra tsara, fa tsy amin' ny fiteny voajanahary. Andiana raikipohy voasoratra araka ny fitsipik' izany fiteny izany izy, miainga amin' ny fiheverana raisina ho fototra, ary ny raikipohy tsirairay manaraka dia vokatry ny fanatsoahan-kevitra lojika avy amin' ireo teo alohany. Io famaritana io no mahatonga ny foto-kevitry ny fanaporofoana ho azo dinihina. Mandalina ny fanaporofoana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara sy ny toetrany ny teôrian' ny fanaporofoana. Anisan' ny toetra malaza indrindra sady mahagaga indrindra ny hoe saika ny rafitra rehetra mifototra amin' ny ankina, izany hoe fitsipika fototra ekena tsy misy fanaporofoana ao amin' ilay rafitra, dia afaka mamokatra fanambarana sasany tsy azo tapahina avy amin' ireo ankina ireo, ka tsy azo porofoina ao anatin' ilay rafitra.

Natao hanehoana ny foto-kevitry ny fanaporofoana araka ny anoratana azy amin' ny asa matematika ny famaritana ny fanaporofoana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara. Ny fanekena fa mifanaraka amin' izay tena atao io famaritana io dia midika ho finoana fa azo avadika ho fanaporofoana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara ny fanaporofoana efa navoaka, raha ny foto-kevitra no jerena. Mahalana anefa no tena anaovana izany, afa-tsy eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitaovana solosaina manampy amin' ny fanaporofoana mandeha ho azy. Fanontaniana efa mahazatra ao amin' ny filôzôfia ny hoe mifototra amin' ny famakafakana ny hevitra fotsiny ve ny fanaporofoana matematika (''analytic''), sa manampy fahalalana mihoatra noho izay azo amin' izany famakafakana izany (''synthetic''). I Kant, izay nampiditra io fanavahana io, dia nino fa ao amin' ilay sokajy faharoa ny fanaporofoana matematika. I Quine kosa dia nilaza tao amin' ny lahatsorany ''Two Dogmas of Empiricism'' tamin' ny 1951 fa tsy azo tohanana ny fanavahana toy izany.&lt;ref&gt;Willard Van Orman Quine. [https://www.theologie.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:ffffffff-fbd6-1538-0000-000070cf64bc/Quine51.pdf ''Two Dogmas of Empiricism'']. ''Universität Zürich – Theologische Fakultät'', 1961, p. 12. Daty nijerena: October 20, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety hankasitrahana noho ny hatsarany ara-matematika ny fanaporofoana. Nalaza tamin' ny filazany fa avy ao amin' ny « ''The Book'' » (Ny Boky) ireo fanaporofoana hitany fa kanto indrindra ilay mpahay matematika Paul Erdős. Boky an-tsaina mirakitra ny fomba kanto indrindra hanaporofoana ny teôrema tsirairay io. Natokana hanehoana fanaporofoana 32 hitan' ny mpandrindra azy fa mahafinaritra indrindra ny boky ''Proofs from THE BOOK'', navoaka tamin' ny 2003.

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Types of proof&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== Fomba fanaporofoana ==

=== Fanaporofoana mivantana ===
Ao amin' ny fanaporofoana mivantana, ny fehin-kevitra dia apetraka amin' ny fampifandraisana araka ny lojika ireo ankina, izany hoe fitsipika fototra ekena tsy misy fanaporofoana, ireo famaritana ary ireo teôrema efa voaporofo.&lt;ref&gt;Cupillari, p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, azo ampiasaina ny fanaporofoana mivantana mba hanaporofoana fa ankasa foana ny fitambaran' ny isa tsimivaky ankasa roa:

:Raisina ny isa tsimivaky ankasa roa ''x'' sy ''y''. Satria ankasa izy ireo, dia misy isa tsimivaky ''a'' sy ''b'' ahafahana manoratra azy ireo ho ''x''&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;2''a'' sy ''y''&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;2''b''. Noho izany, ny fitambarany dia ''x''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;''y''&amp;nbsp;= 2''a''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;2''b''&amp;nbsp;= 2(''a''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;''b''). Koa mpizara ny ''x''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;''y'' ny 2, ary ankasa izany isa izany araka ny famaritana. Noho izany, ankasa ny fitambaran' ny isa tsimivaky ankasa roa na inona na inona.

Mampiasa ny famaritana ny isa tsimivaky ankasa io fanaporofoana io, sy ny toetra maha-isa tsimivaky hatrany ny vokatry ny fanampiana sy ny fampitomboana isa tsimivaky, ary ny toetra ahafahana mizara ny fampitomboana amin' ny fitambarana.

=== Fanaporofoana matematika mifanesy ===
Na eo aza ny anarany hoe ''mathematical induction'', ny fanaporofoana matematika mifanesy dia fomba fanatsoahan-kevitra avy amin' ny fiheverana sy fitsipika ekena, fa tsy fanatsoahan-kevitra ankapobeny avy amin' ny tranga manokana. Amin' io fomba io dia porofoina aloha ny «tranga iaingana» iray, ary porofoina koa ny «fitsipika mampifandray tranga iray amin' ny manaraka», izay mametraka fa ny tranga iray na inona na inona dia mitarika ny tranga manaraka azy. Satria azo ampiharina miverimberina araka ny foto-keviny io fitsipika io, manomboka amin' ilay tranga iaingana efa voaporofo, dia azo porofoina avokoa ny tranga rehetra, izay tsy manam-petra isa mazàna.&lt;ref&gt;Cupillari, p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ilaina amin' izany ny manaporofo tsirairay ny tranga rehetra. Endrika iray hafa amin' io fanaporofoana matematika mifanesy io ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fampihenana miandalana tsy manam-petra, izay azo ampiasaina, ohatra, hanaporofoana fa isa tsivoasaina ny faka toradroan' ny roa.

Fampiasana mahazatra ny fanaporofoana matematika mifanesy ny fampisehoana fa toetra iray fantatra fa ananan' ny isa iray dia ananan' ny isa voajanahary rehetra koa:&lt;ref&gt;[http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~larryc/proofs/proofs.mathinduction.html ''Examples of simple proofs by mathematical induction for all natural numbers'']&lt;/ref&gt;
Raisina ho vondron' ny isa voajanahary ny &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{N} = \{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}&lt;/math&gt;, ary atao hoe &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt; ny fanambarana matematika mahakasika ny isa voajanahary &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; ao amin' ny &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{N}&lt;/math&gt;, ka:
* (i) Marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(1)&lt;/math&gt;, izany hoe marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt; raha &lt;math&gt;n = 1&lt;/math&gt;.
* (ii) Marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(n+1)&lt;/math&gt; isaky ny marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt;, izany hoe ny fahamarinan' ny &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt; dia mitarika ny fahamarinan' ny &lt;math&gt;P(n+1)&lt;/math&gt;.
* Amin' izay dia marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt; ho an' ny isa voajanahary &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; rehetra.

Ohatra, azo porofoina amin' io fomba mifanesy io fa tsiankasa ny isa tsimivaky miabo rehetra manana endrika &lt;math&gt;2n - 1&lt;/math&gt;. Atao hoe &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt; ny fanambarana hoe «tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt;2n - 1&lt;/math&gt;»:
:(i) Raha &lt;math&gt;n = 1&lt;/math&gt;, dia &lt;math&gt;2n - 1 = 2(1) - 1 = 1&lt;/math&gt;, ary tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; satria mamela ambiny &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; rehefa zaraina amin' ny &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;. Koa marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(1)&lt;/math&gt;.
:(ii) Ho an' ny &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; rehetra, raha tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt;2n - 1&lt;/math&gt;, izany hoe marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt;, dia tsy maintsy tsiankasa koa ny &lt;math&gt;(2n - 1) + 2&lt;/math&gt;, satria mbola isa tsiankasa no azo rehefa ampiana &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; ny isa tsiankasa iray. Kanefa &lt;math&gt;(2n - 1) + 2 = 2n + 1 = 2(n+1) - 1&lt;/math&gt;, ka tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt;2(n+1) - 1&lt;/math&gt;, izany hoe marina ny &lt;math&gt;P(n+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Noho izany dia mitarika ny &lt;math&gt;P(n+1)&lt;/math&gt; ny &lt;math&gt;P(n)&lt;/math&gt;.
:Koa tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt;2n - 1&lt;/math&gt; ho an' ny isa tsimivaky miabo &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; rehetra.

Matetika ny teny fohy hoe ''proof by induction'' (fanaporofoana mifanesy) no ampiasaina fa tsy ilay hoe ''proof by mathematical induction'' (fanaporofoana matematika mifanesy).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.warwick.ac.uk/AEAhelp/glossary/glossaryParser.php?glossaryFile=Proof%20by%20induction.htm ''Proof by induction'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218033011/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/AEAhelp/glossary/glossaryParser.php?glossaryFile=Proof%20by%20induction.htm Tahiry tamin' ny February 18, 2012], University of Warwick Glossary of Mathematical Terminology.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Proof by contraposition&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny fanambarana mifanohitra mifamadika ===
Ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fanambarana mifanohitra mifamadika dia manatsoaka ny fanambarana hoe «raha ''p'' dia ''q''» amin' ny fametrahana ilay fanambarana mifanohitra mifamadika aminy, izay mitovy hevitra aminy araka ny lojika, dia ny hoe «raha tsy ''q'' dia tsy ''p''».

Ohatra, azo ampiasaina io fomba io hanaporofoana fa, raha isa tsimivaky ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; ary ankasa ny &lt;math&gt; x^2 &lt;/math&gt;, dia ankasa ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;:

:Heverina fa tsy ankasa ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;. Amin' izay dia tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;. Tsiankasa ny vokatry ny fampitomboana isa tsiankasa roa, ka tsiankasa ny &lt;math&gt; x^2 = x\cdot x &lt;/math&gt;. Noho izany, tsy ankasa ny &lt;math&gt; x^2 &lt;/math&gt;. Koa raha ankasa kosa ny &lt;math&gt; x^2 &lt;/math&gt;, dia tsy maintsy diso ilay fiheverana voalohany, ary tsy maintsy ankasa ny &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt;.

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny fampisehoana fifanipahana ===
Ao amin' ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fampisehoana fifanipahana, izay fantatra koa amin' ny teny latina hoe ''reductio ad absurdum'' (fitondrana ho amin' ny zavatra tsy mitombina), dia aseho fa raha raisina ho marina ny fanambarana iray dia miteraka fifanipahana lojika izany, ka tsy maintsy diso ilay fanambarana. Ohatra malaza amin' izany ny fanaporofoana fa [[Isa tsivoasaina|isa tsivoasaina]] ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;:

:Heverina fa isa voasaina ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. Amin' izay dia azo soratana ho ampahany tsy azo ahena izy, dia &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} = {a\over b}&lt;/math&gt;, izay isa tsimivaky tsy aotra sy tsimifanapaka ny ''a'' sy ''b'', izany hoe tsy manana mpizara iombonana afa-tsy ny 1. Koa &lt;math&gt;b\sqrt{2} = a&lt;/math&gt;. Rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny tenany ny lafiny tsirairay dia azo ny 2''b''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''a''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Satria ny fanehoana matematika eo ankavia dia 2 ampitomboina amin' ny isa tsimivaky iray, dia azo zaraina amin' ny 2 koa, araka ny famaritana, ilay eo ankavanana. Izany hoe ankasa ny ''a''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, ka tsy maintsy ankasa koa ny ''a'', araka ilay fanambarana etsy aloha ao amin' ny [[#Fanaporofoana amin' ny fanambarana mifanohitra mifamadika|fanaporofoana amin' ny fanambarana mifanohitra mifamadika]]. Koa azo soratana hoe ''a'' = 2''c'', ka isa tsimivaky koa ny ''c''. Rehefa soloina amin' izany ny ''a'' ao amin' ilay fampimirana tany am-boalohany, dia azo ny 2''b''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (2''c'')&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 4''c''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Rehefa zaraina amin' ny 2 ny lafiny roa dia azo ny ''b''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 2''c''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Araka ilay fanjohian-kevitra nampiasaina teo ihany anefa, dia mpizara ny ''b''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ny 2, ka tsy maintsy ankasa ny ''b''. Raha samy ankasa anefa ny ''a'' sy ''b'', dia manana ny 2 ho mpizara iombonana izy ireo. Mifanipaka amin' ilay fanambarana teo aloha hoe tsy manana mpizara iombonana afa-tsy ny 1 ny ''a'' sy ''b'' izany, ka tsy maintsy tsoahina fa isa tsivoasaina ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;.

Raha lazaina amin' ny fomba hafa, raha azo soratana ho ampahany ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, dia tsy ho azo soratana ho ampahany tsy azo ahena mihitsy izany, satria azo zaraina amin' ny 2 hatrany ny isa ambony sy ny isa ambany amin' ilay ampahany.

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny fanorenana ohatra ===
Ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fanorenana ohatra, na fanaporofoana amin' ny ohatra, dia fanamboarana ohatra voafaritra tsara manana toetra iray, mba hampisehoana fa misy zavatra manana izany toetra izany. Ohatra, nanaporofo ny fisian' ny isa tsy aljebrika i Joseph Liouville tamin' ny fanorenana ohatra iray nomeny mazava. Azo ampiasaina koa io fomba io hanorenana ohatra manohitra, mba handavana fanambarana iray milaza fa manana toetra iray ny singa rehetra.

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny fandinihana ny tranga rehetra ===
Ao amin' ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fandinihana ny tranga rehetra, dia apetraka ny fehin-kevitra amin' ny fizarana azy ho tranga voafetra isa sy ny fanaporofoana ny tsirairay amin' ireo tranga ireo. Mety ho maro dia maro ny tranga indraindray. Ohatra, ny fanaporofoana voalohany ny teôreman' ny loko efatra dia fanaporofoana tamin' ny fandinihana tranga 1 936. Niteraka adihevitra io fanaporofoana io satria fandaharana solosaina no nanamarina ny ankamaroan' ireo tranga, fa tsy olona nanao izany tanana.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo ny fizarana momba ny fanatsorana sy ny fanamarinana ny teôreman' ny loko efatra.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanatsoahan-kevitra mifamatotra mihidy ===
Ny fanatsoahan-kevitra mifamatotra mihidy dia mampiseho fa mitovy hevitra tsiroaroa ny fanambarana ao amin' ny fitambarana iray.

Mba hanaporofoana fa mitovy hevitra tsiroaroa ny fanambarana &lt;math&gt;\varphi_1,\ldots,\varphi_n&lt;/math&gt;, dia omena ny fanaporofoana ireo fitarihana &lt;math&gt;\varphi_1\Rightarrow\varphi_2&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\varphi_2\Rightarrow\varphi_3&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\dots&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\varphi_{n-1}\Rightarrow\varphi_n&lt;/math&gt; ary &lt;math&gt;\varphi_{n}\Rightarrow\varphi_1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Plaue, Matthias; Scherfner, Mike. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-WCHDwAAQBAJ ''Mathematik für das Bachelorstudium I: Grundlagen und Grundzüge der linearen Algebra und Analysis'']. Springer-Verlag, 2019-02-11, p. 26. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-662-58352-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny alemàna (de). Dikantenin' ny lohateny nomen' ny loharano: ''Mathematics for the Bachelor's degree I: Fundamentals and basics of linear algebra and analysis''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Struckmann, Werner; Wätjen, Dietmar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1epNDQAAQBAJ ''Mathematik für Informatiker: Grundlagen und Anwendungen'']. Springer-Verlag, 2016-10-20, p. 28. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-662-49870-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny alemàna (de). Dikantenin' ny lohateny nomen' ny loharano: ''Mathematics for Computer Scientists: Fundamentals and Applications''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Avy eo, ny fitovian-kevitra tsiroaroan' ireo fanambarana dia vokatry ny toetra ahafahana mampitohy ireo fitarihana amin' ny endrika «raha ... dia ...».

=== Fanaporofoana mampiasa fiangambana ===
Ny fanaporofoana mampiasa fiangambana dia mampiseho amin' ny fomba azo antoka tanteraka fa misy ohatra iray, amin' ny fampiasana ny fomba ao amin' ny teôrian' ny fiangambana. Tahaka ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fanorenana ohatra, dia anisan' ny fomba maro hanaporofoana teôrema manamafy fisiana izy io.

Amin' ny fomba mampiasa fiangambana dia tadiavina ny zavatra manana toetra iray voafaritra, ka vondrona lehibe misy ireo zavatra mety hofidina no iaingana. Omena fiangambana voafaritra hahavoafidy azy ny zavatra tsirairay, ary porofoina avy eo fa tsy aotra ny fiangambana hahazoana zavatra manana ilay toetra tadiavina rehefa manao safidy. Tsy milaza izany hoe iza amin' ireo zavatra ireo no manana ilay toetra, saingy tsy mety ho lehibe noho ny aotra izany fiangambana izany raha tsy misy iray amin' izy ireo, fara fahakeliny, manana ilay toetra.

Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fanjohian-kevitra milaza fa «mety ho marina» ny teôrema iray, izany hoe fanjohian-kevitra mampiseho famantarana fa mety ho marina, ny fanaporofoana mampiasa fiangambana. Ny fikarohana mikasika ny vinavinan' i Collatz dia mampiseho ny elanelana misy eo amin' ny toa fahamarinan' ny fanambarana iray sy ny fanaporofoana tena izy, ary toy izany koa ny fandavana ny vinavinan' i Mertens. Tsy mihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny mpahay matematika fa fanaporofoana matematika tena izy ny porofo mampiasa fiangambana momba ny toetran' ny zavatra iray voafaritra. Na izany aza, nisy mpahay matematika sy filôzôfy vitsivitsy nanohana ny hevitra fa misy karazana porofo mampiasa fiangambana, fara fahakeliny, izay mitovy lanja amin' ny fanaporofoana matematika tena izy, toy ny algôritman' i Rabin mampiasa kisendrasendra hitsapana raha isa tsy azo tsinjaraina ny isa iray.&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Philip J. (1972), ''Fidelity in Mathematical Discourse: Is One and One Really Two?'' ''American Mathematical Monthly'' 79:252–63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fallis, Don (1997), ''The Epistemic Status of Probabilistic Proof.'' ''Journal of Philosophy'' 94:165–86.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny fanisana ===
Ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fanisana dia mametraka ny fitovian' ny fanehoana matematika samihafa amin' ny fampisehoana fa manisa zavatra iray ihany amin' ny fomba samihafa ireo fanehoana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Chewi, Sinho; Wan, Alvin. [https://math.berkeley.edu/~hhao/teaching/N55%20Summer%202024/CombProofs3.pdf ''Combinatorial Proofs'']. Nojerena: April 14, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika no ampiasaina ny fifampiakoana eo amin' ny vondrona roa, izany hoe fampifanandrifiana izay mampifandray ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona iray amin' ny singa tokana ao amin' ny iray hafa ary mifamadika amin' izany, mba hampisehoana fa mitovy ny fanehoana ny isan' ny singa ao amin' ireo vondrona roa ireo. Fomba hafa koa ny fanisana amin' ny fomba roa: manome fanehoana matematika roa samihafa ho an' ny isan' ny singa ao amin' ny vondrona iray ihany izany, ka mampiseho indray fa mitovy ireo fanehoana roa ireo.

=== Fanaporofoana fisiana tsy manome fomba hitadiavana ohatra ===
Ny fanaporofoana fisiana tsy manome fomba hitadiavana ohatra dia mametraka fa misy zavatra matematika manana toetra iray, nefa tsy manazava ny fomba ahitana izany zavatra izany.&lt;ref&gt;Weisstein, Eric W. [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/NonconstructiveProof.html ''Nonconstructive Proof'']. mathworld.wolfram.com. Amin' ny teny anglisy (en). Nojerena: 2026-04-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izany no miendrika fanaporofoana amin' ny fampisehoana fifanipahana, ka porofoina fa tsy mety ho tsy misy ilay zavatra. Ny fanaporofoana amin' ny fanorenana kosa dia mametraka fa misy zavatra iray voafaritra, amin' ny fanomezana fomba ahitana azy. Ity ohatra malaza amin' ny fanaporofoana tsy manome fomba hitadiavana ohatra ity dia mampiseho fa misy [[Isa tsivoasaina|isa tsivoasaina]] roa ''a'' sy ''b'' ka [[Isa voasaina|isa voasaina]] ny &lt;math&gt;a^b&lt;/math&gt;. Ampiasain' io fanaporofoana io ny maha-tsivoasaina ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, izay efa nisy fanaporofoana tsotra fantatra hatramin' ny andron' i Euclid, fa tsy ampiasainy kosa ny maha-tsivoasaina ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;: marina io filazana farany io, saingy tsy fanaporofoana miainga amin' ny fahalalana matematika fototra ihany no manaporofo azy.
:Na isa voasaina ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;, ka efa tratra ny tanjona rehefa raisina hoe &lt;math&gt;a=b=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;; na isa tsivoasaina ny &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;, ka azo raisina hoe &lt;math&gt;a=\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt; sy &lt;math&gt;b=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. Amin' ity tranga faharoa ity dia azo ny &lt;math&gt;\left (\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}}\right )^{\sqrt{2}}=\sqrt{2}^{2}=2&lt;/math&gt;, izay isa voasaina manana endrika &lt;math&gt;a^b.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Porofo ara-statistika amin' ny matematika madio ===
Azo ampiasaina amin' ny heviny ara-teknika na amin' ny fiteny andavanandro ny teny hoe «porofo ara-statistika» amin' ny sehatry ny matematika madio, toy izay mahakasika ny kriptôgrafia, ny andian-tsinga miovaova amin' ny fomba misavorovoro (''chaotic series''), ary ny teôrian' ny isa mampiasa fiangambana na ny teôrian' ny isa mampiasa fanadihadiana matematika.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;in number theory and commutative algebra... in particular the statistical proof of the lemma.&quot; [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2686395]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whether constant π (i.e., pi) is normal is a confusing problem without any strict theoretical demonstration except for some ''statistical'' proof&quot;&quot; (Derogatory use.)[https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74282-1_78]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;these observations suggest a statistical proof of Goldbach's conjecture with very quickly vanishing probability of failure for large E&quot; [http://people.web.psi.ch/gassmann/eneseminare/abstracts/Goldbach1.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Mahalana kokoa no ampiasana azy hilazana fanaporofoana matematika ao amin' ny sampana atao hoe statistika matematika. Jereo koa ny fizarana «[[#Porofo ara-statistika mampiasa angona|Porofo ara-statistika mampiasa angona]]» etsy ambany.

=== Fanaporofoana ampian' ny solosaina ===
Hatramin' ny taonjato faharoapolo dia noheverina fa, araka ny foto-keviny, azon' ny mpahay matematika mahay iray hamarinina ny fanaporofoana rehetra mba hanamafisana ny fahamarinany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krantz&quot;&gt;[http://www.math.wustl.edu/~sk/eolss.pdf ''The History and Concept of Mathematical Proof''], Steven G. Krantz. 1. February 5, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina anefa ankehitriny ny fandaharana manaporofo teôrema ho azy amin' ny solosaina sy ny fitaovana solosaina manampy amin' ny fanaporofoana, mba hanaporofoana teôrema sy hanaovana kajy lava loatra ka tsy ho voamarin' ny olona iray na ekipan' olona; ohatra amin' ny fanaporofoana ampian' ny solosaina ny fanaporofoana voalohany ny teôreman' ny loko efatra. Misy mpahay matematika manahy fa mampisalasala ny fahamarinan' ireny fanaporofoana ampian' ny solosaina ireny ny mety hisian' ny hadisoana ao amin' ny fandaharana solosaina na ny hadisoana eo am-panatanterahana ny kajiny. Amin' ny fampiharana dia azo ahena ny mety hisian' ny hadisoana manafoana ny fahamarinan' ny fanaporofoana ampian' ny solosaina, amin' ny fampidirana fampiverenan-kajy hitiliana hadisoana sy fanamarinantenan' ny kajy, ary amin' ny famolavolana fomba fiasa sy fandaharana maro samy mahaleo tena. Tsy azo antoka tanteraka koa anefa ny tsy hisian' ny hadisoana rehefa olona no manamarina fanaporofoana, indrindra raha misy fiteny voajanahary ao amin' ilay fanaporofoana ary mitaky fahatakarana matematika lalina ny famantarana ireo fiheverana miafina sy fanjohian-kevitra diso mety ho ao anatiny.

== Fanambarana tsy azo tapahina avy amin' ny ankina voafaritra ==
Ny fanambarana iray izay sady tsy azo porofoina ho marina no tsy azo porofoina ho diso avy amin' ny vondron' ankina iray dia antsoina hoe fanambarana tsy azo tapahina raha ireo ankina ireo no iankinana. Ny ankina dia fitsipika fototra ekena tsy misy fanaporofoana. Ohatra amin' izany ny ankina momba ny hitsy mirazotra, izay tsy azo porofoina ho marina na ho diso avy amin' ireo ankina sisa amin' ny jeômetria eoklidiana.

Nasehon' ny mpahay matematika fa misy fanambarana maro izay sady tsy azo porofoina ho marina no tsy azo porofoina ho diso ao amin' ny ZFC (teôrian' ny vondrona Zermelo–Fraenkel miaraka amin' ny ankina momba ny fisafidianana), izay rafitra mahazatra ampiasaina amin' ny teôrian' ny vondrona eo amin' ny matematika, raha raisina ho fiheverana fa tsy misy fifanipahana ao amin' ny ZFC; jereo ny lisitry ny fanambarana tsy azo tapahina ao amin' ny ZFC.

Asehon' ny teôrema voalohan' i Gödel momba ny tsy fahafenoana fa rafitra ankina maro mahaliana amin' ny matematika no manana fanambarana tsy azo tapahina avy amin' ireo ankina ireo.

== Matematika mampiasa tombantombana sy traikefa ary matematika andrana ==

Tsy nampiasa fanaporofoana ny mpahay matematika tany am-boalohany toa an' i Eudoxus of Cnidus; kanefa, nanomboka tamin' i Euclid ka hatramin' ny fivoaran' ny fikarohana momba ny fototry ny matematika tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 sy nandritra ny taonjato faha-20, dia ampahany tena nilaina tamin' ny matematika ny fanaporofoana.&lt;ref&gt;David B. Mumford; Caroline Series; David Wright (2002). ''Indra's Pearls: The Vision of Felix Klein''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-35253-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina: &lt;q&gt;What to do with the pictures? Two thoughts surfaced: the first was that they were unpublishable in the standard way, there were no theorems only very suggestive pictures. They furnished convincing evidence for many conjectures and lures to further exploration, but theorems were coins of the realm and the conventions of that day dictated that journals only published theorems.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Noho ny fitomboan' ny herin' ny solosaina tamin' ny taompolo 1960, dia nanomboka nisy asa fikarohana lehibe nandinihana zavatra matematika ivelan' ny rafitra mifototra amin' ny fanaporofoana sy ny teôrema,&lt;ref&gt;[https://home.att.net/~fractalia/history.htm ''A Note on the History of Fractals'']. Rohy voalohany tsy mandeha (url-status=dead); [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215114618/https://home.att.net/~fractalia/history.htm tahiry], February 15, 2009. Teny nalaina: &lt;q&gt;Mandelbrot, working at the IBM Research Laboratory, did some computer simulations for these sets on the reasonable assumption that, if you wanted to prove something, it might be helpful to know the answer ahead of time.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tao anatin' ny matematika andrana.
Ny tanjon' ireo mpisava lalana nampiasa ireo fomba ireo dia ny hampidirana ny asa fikarohana ho ao anatin' ny rafitra mahazatra mifototra amin' ny fanaporofoana sy ny teôrema amin' ny farany. Anisan' izany, ohatra, ny fivoaran' ny jeômetria fraktaly tany am-boalohany,&lt;ref&gt;Nigel Lesmoir-Gordon (2000). [https://archive.org/details/introducingfract0000lesm ''Introducing Fractal Geometry'']. Icon Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84046-123-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana (url-access=registration). Teny nalaina: &lt;q&gt;...brought home again to Benoit [Mandelbrot] that there was a 'mathematics of the eye', that visualization of a problem was as valid a method as any for finding a solution. Amazingly, he found himself alone with this conjecture. The teaching of mathematics in France was dominated by a handful of dogmatic mathematicians hiding behind the pseudonym 'Bourbaki'...&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; izay tafiditra tao anatin' izany rafitra izany tokoa tatỳ aoriana.

== Hevitra mifandraika ==

=== Fanaporofoana an-tsary ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: Fanaporofoana an-tsary.

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny fomba fototra ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: Fanaporofoana amin' ny fomba fototra.

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny tsanganana roa ===
[[File:twocolumnproof.png|thumb|right|Fanaporofoana amin' ny tsanganana roa navoaka tamin' ny taona 1913]]

Fomba iray manokana andaminana fanaporofoana amin' ny tsanganana roa mifanila no matetika ampiasaina ho fanazaran-tena matematika amin' ny fampianarana ny fototry ny jeômetria any Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;Patricio G. Herbst. ''[https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42653/1/10649_2004_Article_5096042.pdf Establishing a Custom of Proving in American School Geometry: Evolution of the Two-Column Proof in the Early Twentieth Century]''. ''Educational Studies in Mathematics'', boky 49, laharana 3, 2002, pejy 283–312. DOI: &lt;nowiki&gt;10.1023/A:1020264906740&lt;/nowiki&gt;; hdl: &lt;nowiki&gt;2027.42/42653&lt;/nowiki&gt; (azo idirana maimaim-poana); S2CID: 23084607.&lt;/ref&gt; Soratana ho andalana mifanesy ao amin' ireo tsanganana roa ny fanaporofoana. Isaky ny andalana dia misy fanambarana ao amin' ny tsanganana ankavia, ary misy fanazavana fohy ao amin' ny tsanganana ankavanana mampiseho fa ilay fanambarana mifanandrify aminy ao amin' ny tsanganana ankavia dia ankina, izany hoe fitsipika fototra ekena tsy misy fanaporofoana, na fiheverana mialoha, na fanambarana azo tsoahina araka ny lojika avy amin' ireo fanambarana teo aloha. Matetika ny tsanganana ankavia no mitondra ny lohateny hoe « Fanambarana », ary ny tsanganana ankavanana kosa hoe « Antony ».&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Fisher Burns. ''[https://www.onemathematicalcat.org/Math/Geometry_obj/two_column_proof.htm Introduction to the Two-Column Proof]''. onemathematicalcat.org. Daty nijerena: October 15, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Porofo ara-statistika mampiasa angona ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: Porofo ara-statistika.

=== Fanaporofoana amin' ny lojika manatsoaka hevitra ankapobeny avy amin' ny tranga manokana sy fanadihadiana bayeziana ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: Lojika manatsoaka hevitra ankapobeny avy amin' ny tranga manokana; fanadihadiana bayeziana.

=== Ny fanaporofoana raisina ho zavatra ao an-tsaina ===
Lohahevitra mifandraika: Psikolôjisma (''psychologism''); fitenin' ny fisainana.

== Famaranana ny fanaporofoana ==

Indraindray dia soratana ny fanafohezana Q.E.D. (izay tokony hoporofoina) mba hanondroana ny faran' ny fanaporofoana. Fanafohezana ny teny latina hoe ''quod erat demonstrandum'' izany, izay midika hoe «izay tokony hoporofoina». Fomba hafa fampiasa kokoa ny fampiasana efamira na mahitsizoro, toy ny □ na ∎, izay fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''tombstone'' na «Halmos»; avy amin' ny anaran' i Paul Halmos io anarana faharoa io. Matetika, mandritra ny famelabelarana am-bava, dia milaza teny midika hoe «izay tokony haseho» ny mpamelabelatra rehefa manoratra ny «QED», «□» na «∎». Ao amin' ny Unicode dia misy tarehintsoratra natokana mazava ho an' ny «faran' ny fanaporofoana», dia ny U+220E (∎) &lt;small&gt;(220E(hex) = 8718(dec))&lt;/small&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==
* Fanaporofoana teôrema mandeha ho azy amin' ny solosaina
* Filazana fanaporofoana misy hadisoana ka tsy manamarina ny fehin-kevitra
* Lisitry ny fanaporofoana tsy feno
* Lisitry ny fanaporofoana lava
* Lisitry ny fanaporofoana matematika
* Fanaporofoana ny fisian' ny zavatra iray nefa tsy manome ohatra na fomba hanorenana azy
* Fampanekena fanambarana amin' ny fampitahorana fa tsy amin' ny fanaporofoana
* Fanadihadiana raha mijanona aorian' ny dingana voafetra ny fandaharan' solosaina iray
* Andrana tanterahina an-tsaina fa tsy amin' ny fampiharana mivantana
* ''What the Tortoise Said to Achilles''
* Fanaporofoana tsy mampahafantatra ny mpanamarina zavatra hafa ankoatra ny fahamarinan' ny fanambarana

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Pólya, G. (1954). ''Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning''. Princeton University Press. HDL: 2027/mdp.39015008206248 (azo vakina maimaim-poana). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780691080055&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Fallis, Don (2002). ''[http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1581/ What Do Mathematicians Want? Probabilistic Proofs and the Epistemic Goals of Mathematicians]''. ''Logique et Analyse'', 45: 373–88.
* Franklin, J.; Daoud, A. (2011). ''[http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/proofs.html Proof in Mathematics: An Introduction]''. Kew Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-646-54509-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Gold, Bonnie; Simons, Rogers A. (2008). ''Proof and Other Dilemmas: Mathematics and Philosophy''. MAA
* Solow, D. (2004). ''How to Read and Do Proofs: An Introduction to Mathematical Thought Processes''. Wiley. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-471-68058-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Velleman, D. (2006). ''How to Prove It: A Structured Approach''. Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-67599-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hammack, Richard (2018). ''[https://richardhammack.github.io/BookOfProof/ Book of Proof]''. Richard Hammack. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9894721-3-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/index.shtml Fanaporofoana matematika: tsotra, mahafinaritra ary tsy manaraka ny fitsipiky ny fanjohian-kevitra]
* Lesona momba ny fanaporofoana, ao anatin' ny taranja iray ao amin' ny Wikiversity.

[[:Sokajy:Matematika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roifotsy</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="610" sha1="f61rh1agznuk2urzn7winocjcuh388o" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''roifotsy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin'ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]) sy ''[[Rosaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Rosales]]):

* ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Celastraceae'') -- fantsimbala, fantsy, mangina, raifantaka, roifantaka, roifatara, roifotsy
* ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Tul.) Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''Celastraceae'') --  fantsy, fatsimbala, roifantaka, roifotsy
* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt; (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Gymnosporia]]''
* ''[[Rubus]]''</text>
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    <title>Voarointsaka</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:08:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="403" sha1="kn3twhob2q16vyfiq4fl6u4dkbi02ta" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voarointsaka''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]'' ao amin'ny filaharana [[Rosales]]:

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;(''[[Rosaceae]]'') --  roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka
* ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'') -- voarohitsaka, voaroimena, voarointsaka, voaroitanala 

== Jereokoa ==

* ''[[Rubus]]''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153656</id>
      <parentid>1153651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="416" sha1="3edonx5i9wlrurriiex1p93aicbqlqt" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''voarointsaka''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]'' ao amin'ny filaharana [[Rosales]]:

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;(''[[Rosaceae]]'') --  roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka
* ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Smith&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rosaceae]]'') -- voarohitsaka, voaroimena, voarointsaka, voaroitanala 

== Jereokoa ==

* ''[[Rubus]]''
* [[Voaroy]]</text>
      <sha1>3edonx5i9wlrurriiex1p93aicbqlqt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153658</id>
      <parentid>1153656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1153658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="bet57hbez0zzcj2jn8yjm3ofzc28s66" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA[[Rubus apetalus]]</text>
      <sha1>bet57hbez0zzcj2jn8yjm3ofzc28s66</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mimosa grandidieri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153661</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:09:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana Fabaceae</comment>
      <origin>1153661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="qwl5ybbl5yyianf9yfex6xxkzquwdxh" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Mimosa grandidieri''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. I Henri Ernest Baillon no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Ammn' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe  '''roipitiky''' na '''roy'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>qwl5ybbl5yyianf9yfex6xxkzquwdxh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153662</id>
      <parentid>1153661</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="561" sha1="d5g5cw1w22fg4s4obbia2kx318i5i1n" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Mimosa grandidieri''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. I Henri Ernest Baillon no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Ammn' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe  '''roipitiky''' na '''roy'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]
* [[Roipitiky]]: ''Mimosa grandidieri'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>d5g5cw1w22fg4s4obbia2kx318i5i1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roipitiky</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153663</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="422" sha1="4m55zvbprqo7d2bx0x9c3pgtbfxhjzy" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''roipitiky''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]):

* ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''Fabaceae'') --  roipitiky, roy
* ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'') -- roimena, roipitaka, roipitiky

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Acacia]]''
* ''[[Mimosa]]''
* ''[[Senegalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>4m55zvbprqo7d2bx0x9c3pgtbfxhjzy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsiremby</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="725" sha1="bej1twmzvbedpir3senjev3j5jofkl9" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''tsiremby''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]):

* ''[[Senegalia menabeensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Villiers &amp; Du Puy) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia menabeensis'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers &amp; Du Puy&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'') -- tsiremby
* ''[[Senegalia pervillei]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;.) (''Fabaceae'') -- roimena, tsiremby

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Acacia]]''
* ''[[Senegalia]]''
* [[Roimena]]: ''[[Senegalia pervillei]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>bej1twmzvbedpir3senjev3j5jofkl9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Tsinay kely</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153666</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:39:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370380104</comment>
      <origin>1153666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46617" sha1="gu7d2vvzc8jsl43pfbq9u1xdvh30ir0" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Tsinay kely
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[File:Tractus intestinalis intestinum tenue.svg|200px|alt=Tsinay kely sy ireo rafitra manodidina azy]]&lt;br /&gt;Tsinay kely sy ireo rafitra manodidina azy
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Anarana latina
| ''intestinum tenue''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Rafitra misy azy
| [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|Lalan-kanina mampitohy ny vava sy ny fivoahan' ny maloto]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Rafi-taova
| Rafi-pandevonan-kanina
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Lalan-dra mitondra ra avy amin' ny fo
| Lalan-dra ambony mpamatsy ny tsinay (''superior mesenteric artery''), lalan-dra mpamatsy ny ampahany afovoany amin' ny tsinay kely (''jejunal arteries''), lalan-dra mpamatsy ny ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay kely (''ileal arteries'')
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Lalan-dra mamerina ny ra
| Lalan-dra mitondra ny ra mankany amin' ny aty (''hepatic portal vein''), lalan-dra ambony manangona ny ra avy amin' ny tsinay (''superior mesenteric vein'')
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Fitatitra
| Vondron' ny vatan-sela mpitatitra ao amin' ny kibo (''celiac ganglia''), tadim-pitatitra mampifandray ny atidoha amin' ny taova anaty (''vagus'')&lt;ref&gt;Thomas M. Nosek. ''Essentials of Human Physiology''. Toko: [http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm Tahiry] tamin' ny 2016-03-24.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Lalan' ny ranoka mifandray amin' ny hery fiarovana (''lymph'')
| Lalan-dehibe itaterana izany ranoka izany avy amin' ny tsinay (''intestinal lymph trunk'')
|}

Ny '''tsinay kely''' (''small intestine'' na ''small bowel'' amin' ny teny anglisy) dia taova ao amin' ny lalan-kanin' ny olombelona, izay isehoan' ny ankabeazan' ny [[#Fitrohana|fitrohana]] ny otrikaina avy amin' ny sakafo, izany hoe ny fandalovan' ireo otrikaina ireo mamakivaky ny rindrin' ny tsinay.&lt;ref&gt;Elizabeth M. Fish; Karlie R. Shumway; Bracken Burns (2025). ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532263/ Physiology, Small Bowel]''. Ao amin' ny ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID (laharana famantarana ao amin' ny PubMed): 30335296. Nojerena tamin' ny 2025-10-25.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo anelanelan' ny [[Vavony|vavony]] sy ny tsinay lehibe no misy azy. Mandray ranon' afero sy ranoka avy amin' ny pankreasy (na fihary mamoaka ranoka fandevonan-kanina) amin' ny alalan' ny fantson' ny pankreasy izy mba hanampy amin' ny [[Fandevonan-kanina|fandevonan-kanina]]. Manodidina ny 6.5&amp;nbsp;m ny halavan' ny tsinay kely, ary miforiporitra imbetsaka izy mba ho tafiditra ao amin' ny kibo. Na dia lava kokoa noho ny tsinay lehibe aza izy, dia antsoina hoe tsinay kely satria kely kokoa ny savaivony.

Misy faritra telo miavaka ny tsinay kely: ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely (''duodenum''), ny ampahany afovoany amin' ny tsinay kely (''jejunum''), ary ny ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay kely (''ileum''). Ny ''duodenum'', izay fohy indrindra, no toerana anombohan' ny fanomanana ny fitrohana amin' ny alalan' ny tsirin-tambatsela madinika miendrika rantsantanana (''intestinal villi'').&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body Human body &amp;#124; Organs, Systems, Structure, Diagram, &amp; Facts &amp;#124; Britannica]''. www.britannica.com, 2025-09-24. Teny: anglisy (en). Nojerena tamin' ny 2025-10-25.&lt;/ref&gt; Miompana manokana amin' ny fitrohana ireo poti-potrik' otrikaina madinika efa nolevonin' ny [[Enzima|enzima]] (na akora mampandeha haingana fiovana simika) tao amin' ny ''duodenum'' ny ''jejunum''. Amin' ny alalan' ny fonony anatiny no anaovan' ny sela mpitroka otrikaina (''enterocytes'') izany. Ny asa lehibe indrindra ataon' ny ''ileum'' dia ny mitroka ny vitamina B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; (na karazana otrikaina ilain' ny vatana amin' ny fatra kely), ny sira ao amin' ny ranon' afero (''bile salts''), ary izay vokatry ny fandevonan-kanina tsy voatrokan' ny ''jejunum''.

== Firafitra ==

=== Habe ===
Mety hiova be ny halavan' ny tsinay kely, ka mety ho fohy hatramin' ny 3&amp;nbsp;m na lava hatramin' ny 10.5&amp;nbsp;m, arakaraka koa ny fomba fandrefesana ampiasaina.&lt;ref name=Di2016/&gt; Amin' ny olona velona, dia 3–5&amp;nbsp;m ny halavany mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;Gerard Tortora (2014). ''[https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat0000tort/page/913 Principles of Anatomy &amp; Physiology]''. USA: Wiley, pejy [https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat0000tort/page/913 913]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-118-34500-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina: &lt;q&gt;..its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Susan Standring (2016). ''Gray's Anatomy''. UK: Elsevier, pejy 1124. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina: &lt;q&gt;..and has a mean length of 5 metres (3 - 8.5 metres) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult (Tietelbaum et al 2013).&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Miankina amin' ny halavan' ny olona sy ny fomba fandrefesana azy ny halavan' ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=Di2016/&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia lava kokoa ny tsinay kelin' ny olona lava kokoa, ary lava kokoa ny refy azo aorian' ny fahafatesana sy rehefa foana ny tsinay.&lt;ref name=Di2016&gt;John K. DiBaise; Carol Rees Parrish; Jon S. Thompson (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GBhjDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 Short Bowel Syndrome: Practical Approach to Management]''. CRC Press, pejy 31. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4987-2080-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en (anglisy).&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;
|+ Fivelaran' ny tsinay kely amin' ny olon-dehibe, araka ny CT (fakana sary sosona amin' ny alalan' ny solosaina)&lt;ref name=&quot;JacobsRozenblit2007&quot;&gt;S.L. Jacobs; A. Rozenblit; Z. Ricci; J. Roberts; D. Milikow; V. Chernyak; E. Wolf (2007). ''Small bowel faeces sign in patients without small bowel obstruction''. ''Clinical Radiology'' 62(4): 353–357. ISSN: 0009-9260; DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2006.11.007; PMID: 17331829.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Savaivo !! Fivelarana
|-
| &lt;2.5&amp;nbsp;cm || Tsy mivelatra
|-
| 2.5-2.9&amp;nbsp;cm || Mivelatra kely
|-
| 3–4&amp;nbsp;cm || Mivelatra antonony
|-
| &gt;4&amp;nbsp;cm || Mivelatra be
|}
Manodidina ny 1.5&amp;nbsp;cm ny savaivony amin' ny zaza vao teraka rehefa mihoatra ny 35 herinandro ny taonan' ny vohoka,&lt;ref&gt;Debora Duro, Daniel Kamin (2007). ''Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation''. ''Colombia Médica'' 38(1).&lt;/ref&gt; ary 2.5–3&amp;nbsp;cm amin' ny olon-dehibe. Amin' ny sarin' ny kibo alaina amin' ny taratra X, dia heverina ho mivelatra tsy ara-dalàna ny tsinay kely rehefa mihoatra ny 3&amp;nbsp;cm ny savaivony.&lt;ref name=medscape&gt;Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/374962-overview Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging]''. Medscape. Nojerena tamin' ny 2017-02-07.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/abdo/abdomen_x-ray_abnormalities/pathology_small_bowel_obstruction Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern]''. radiologymasterclass.co.uk. Nojerena tamin' ny 2017-02-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny CT (fakana sary sosona amin' ny alalan' ny solosaina), dia heverina ho fivelarana tsy ara-dalàna ny savaivo mihoatra ny 2.5&amp;nbsp;cm.&lt;ref name=medscape/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GazelleGoldberg1994&quot;&gt;G S Gazelle; M A Goldberg; J Wittenberg; E F Halpern; L Pinkney; P R Mueller (1994). ''Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation.'' ''American Journal of Roentgenology'' 162(1): 43–47. ISSN: 0361-803X; DOI: 10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273687; fidirana amin' ny DOI: free (maimaim-poana); PMID: 8273687.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fitomboan' ny velarana ateraky ny valona, ny tsirin-tambatsela madinika miendrika rantsantanana (''villi'') ary ny tsiriny mbola madinika kokoa eo amin' ny velaran' ny sela (''microvilli''), dia 30&amp;nbsp;m² ny salan' ny velaran' ny fonony anatiny misy tsiranoka miaro (''mucosa'') ao amin' ny tsinay kelin' ny olombelona.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert F Helander; Lars Fändriks (2015). ''Surface area of the digestive tract – revisited''. ''Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology'' 49(6): 681–689. ISSN: 0036-5521; DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.898326; PMID: 24694282; S2CID: 11094705.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ampahany ===
[[File:Blausen 0817 SmallIntestine Anatomy.png|thumb|Kisary misy anaran' ny faritra amin' ny tsinay kely sy ny rafitra manodidina azy]]

Mizara ho ampahany telo araka ny firafiny ny tsinay kely.
* Ny '''ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely''' (''duodenum'') dia fohy, manana halava 20-25&amp;nbsp;cm, ary miendrika litera C.&lt;ref name=GRAYS2005&gt;Richard L. Drake; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). ''Gray's anatomy for students''. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, pejy 273. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny lohan' ny pankreasy (na fihary mamoaka ranoka fandevonan-kanina) izy io. Mandray ny fangaron' ny sakafo efa levona ampahany sy ny ranoka avy ao amin' ny vavony (''chyme'') izy, miaraka amin' ny ranoka fandevonan-kanina avy amin' ny pankreasy, izay misy enzima fandevonan-kanina (na akora mampandeha haingana ny fiovana simika amin' ny fandevonan-kanina), sy ny avy amin' ny [[Aty|aty]], dia ny ranon' afero. Ny enzima fandevonan-kanina no manapotika ny prôteinina, ary ny ranon' afero kosa mampiparitaka ny tavy ho poti-javatra madinika ao anaty ranoka ka mamorona vondrona molekiola bitika (''micelles''). Ao amin' ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely no misy ny fiharin' i Brunner, izay mamoaka tsiranoka manana toetra mifanohitra amin' ny asidra, be dity, ary misy bikarbonata (na akora manampy amin' ny fanafoanana ny asidra). Ireo tsiranoka ireo, miaraka amin' ny bikarbonata avy amin' ny pankreasy, dia manafoana ny asidra avy ao amin' ny vavony izay ao anatin' ilay fangaron-tsakafo.
* Ny '''ampahany afovoany amin' ny tsinay kely''' (''jejunum'') no mampitohy ny ''duodenum'' sy ny ''ileum''. Manodidina ny 2.5&amp;nbsp;m ny halavany, ary ahitana valona miendrika boribory sy tsirin-tambatsela madinika miendrika rantsantanana (''villi'') izay mampitombo ny velarany. Eto no itrohana ny vokatry ny fandevonan-kanina, dia ny siramamy sy ny asidra aminô ary ny asidra matavy, mba hiditra ao amin' ny ra mikoriana. Ny hozatra mampihantona ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely no manamarika ny sisin-tany mampisaraka ny ''duodenum'' sy ny ''jejunum''.
* Ny '''ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay kely''' (''ileum'') dia manodidina ny 3&amp;nbsp;m (9.8&amp;nbsp;ft) ny halavany, ary ahitana ''villi'' mitovy amin' ny ao amin' ny ''jejunum''. Ny vitamina B12 sy ny asidran' ny ranon' afero no tena trohany, miaraka amin' izay otrikaina hafa mbola tavela. Mifandray amin' ny ampahany voalohany miendrika kitapo (''cecum'') amin' ny tsinay lehibe ny ''ileum'', eo amin' ny fihaonan' ny ''ileum'' sy ny ''cecum''.

Ny fonony mampitohy ny tsinay amin' ny rindrin' ny kibo (''mesentery'') no mampihantona ny ''jejunum'' sy ny ''ileum'' ao amin' ny lavaka ao anaty kibo. Anisan' ny fonontselan' ny lava-kibo (''peritoneum'') ny ''mesentery''. Ao anatiny no mandalo ny lalan-dra mitondra ra avy amin' ny fo sy ny lalan-dra mamerina ra mankany amin' ny fo, ary koa ny lalan' ny ranoka amin' ny hery fiarovana (''lymph'') sy ny tadim-pitatitra.&lt;ref name=GRAYS2005C&gt;Richard L. Drake; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). ''Gray's anatomy for students''. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, pejy 271. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famatsiana ra ===
Ny lalan-dra lehibe misampana mankany amin' ny taova ao an-kibo (''celiac trunk'') sy ny lalan-dra ambony amin' ny ''mesentery'' mitondra ra avy amin' ny fo (''superior mesenteric artery'') no mamatsy ra ny tsinay kely. Samy sampan' ny aorta (na lalan-dra lehibe mivoaka avy amin' ny fo) izy roa ireo. Mandray ra avy amin' ny ''celiac trunk'', amin' ny alalan' ny lalan-dra ambony amin' ny pankreasy sy ny ''duodenum'', ny ''duodenum''; mandray ra avy amin' ny ''superior mesenteric artery'' koa izy, amin' ny alalan' ny lalan-dra ambany amin' ny pankreasy sy ny ''duodenum''. Samy manana sampana eo anoloana sy ao aoriana ireo lalan-dra roa ireo; mihaona eo amin' ny tsipika afovoany ireo sampana ireo ary mifamatotra ka mifandray ny lalan' ny ra. Ny ''jejunum'' sy ny ''ileum'' dia mandray ra avy amin' ny ''superior mesenteric artery''.&lt;ref name=GRAYS2005B&gt;Richard L. Drake; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). ''Gray's anatomy for students''. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, pejy 295–299. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mamorona andiana lalan-dra mifamatotra miendrika andohalambo ao anatin' ny ''mesentery'' ny sampan' ny ''superior mesenteric artery'', ary mety ho maromaro sosona ireo. Avy amin' ireo andohalambo akaiky indrindra ny ''ileum'' sy ny ''jejunum'' no miainga ny lalan-dra mahitsy (''vasa recta'') mankany amin' ireo taova ireo.&lt;ref name=GRAYS2005B /&gt;

=== Firafitra madinika hita amin' ny mikraoskaopy ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Rindrin' ny lalan-kanina.

[[File:Small intestine low mag.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sary nalaina tamin' ny mikraoskaopy mampiseho ny fonony anatiny (''mucosa'') amin' ny tsinay kely, ahitana ny tsirin-tambatsela miendrika rantsantanana (''villi'') sy ny fihary miendrika lavaka madinika antsoina hoe lavak' i Lieberkühn.]]
Mitovitovy ny endriky ny ampahany telo amin' ny tsinay kely rehefa jerena amin' ny mikraoskaopy, nefa misy fahasamihafana lehibe sasantsasany. Toy izao manaraka izao ny sosona mandrafitra ny tsinay:
[[File:Cross Section of a Small Intestine.png|thumb|Kisary maneho ny tsinay kely notapahina niampita, ahitana ny sosona 4 amin' ny rindriny.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Sosona !! Ampahany voalohany (''duodenum'') !! Ampahany afovoany (''jejunum'') !! Ampahany farany (''ileum'')
|-
| Fonony ivelany malama (''serosa'') || ''Serosa'' amin' ny fizarana voalohany; fonony ivelany mpampitohy (''adventitia'') amin' ny fizarana faha-2–faha-4 || Ara-dalàna || Ara-dalàna
|-
| Sosona hozatra ivelany (''muscularis externa'') || Sosona manaraka ny halavany sy sosona miendrika boribory, ka eo anelanelan' ireo no misy ny tambajotran-tadim-pitatitr' i Auerbach || Mitovy amin' ny ''duodenum'' || Mitovy amin' ny ''duodenum''
|-
| Sosona ao ambanin' ny fonony anatiny (''submucosa'') || Fiharin' i Brunner sy tambajotran-tadim-pitatitr' i Meissner ao ambanin' ny fonony anatiny || Tsy misy fiharin' i Brunner || Tsy misy fiharin' i Brunner
|-
| Fonony anatiny (''mucosa''): sosona hozatra ao aminy (''muscularis mucosae'') || Ara-dalàna || Ara-dalàna || Ara-dalàna
|-
| Fonony anatiny: sosona tambatsela mpampitohy (''lamina propria'') || Tsy misy vondron-tambatselan' i Peyer || Tsy misy vondron-tambatselan' i Peyer || Vondron-tambatsela amin' ny hery fiarovana antsoina hoe vondron-tambatselan' i Peyer
|-
| Fonony anatiny: sela mandrakotra ny atin' ny tsinay || Sela lava miendrika andry, milahatra sosona tokana. Ahitana sela miendrika kapoaka mpamoaka dity sy sela Paneth (na sela mpamoaka akora ao amin' ny lavaky ny fonony anatiny) || Mitovy amin' ny ampahany voalohany, fa lava ny tsirin-tambatsela miendrika rantsantanana amin' ny tsinay || Mitovy amin' ny ampahany voalohany, fa fohy ny tsirin-tambatsela miendrika rantsantanana amin' ny tsinay
|}

=== Fampiasana ny vaovao ao amin' ny fototarazo sy famokarana prôteinina ===
Ao amin' ny sela olombelona dia ampiasaina ny vaovao ao amin' ny fototarazo manodidina ny 20,000 izay mirakitra ny toromarika famokarana prôteinina, ary ampiasaina ao amin' ny ''duodenum'' ara-dalàna ny 70% amin' ireo fototarazo ireo.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/small+intestine The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas]''. www.proteinatlas.org. Nojerena tamin' ny 2017-09-26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mathias Uhlén; Linn Fagerberg; Björn M. Hallström; Cecilia Lindskog; Per Oksvold; Adil Mardinoglu; Åsa Sivertsson; Caroline Kampf; Evelina Sjöstedt (2015-01-23). ''Tissue-based map of the human proteome''. ''Science'' 347(6220), lahatsoratra laharana 1260419. Fiteny: en (anglisy). DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419; ISSN: 0036-8075; PMID: 25613900; S2CID: 802377.&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 300 amin' ireo fototarazo ireo no ampiasaina amin' ny fomba miavaka kokoa ao amin' ny ''duodenum'', ary vitsy dia vitsy ny fototarazo izay ao amin' ny tsinay kely ihany no ampiasaina. Ao amin' ny sela mpamokatra tsiranoka amin' ny fonony anatiny no amokarana ireo prôteinina manokana mifanaraka amin' izany, ohatra ny prôteinina mamatotra asidra matavy FABP6. Ny ankamaroan' ny fototarazo ampiasaina amin' ny fomba miavaka kokoa ao amin' ny tsinay kely dia ampiasaina ao amin' ny ''duodenum'' koa, ohatra ny FABP2 sy ny prôteinina DEFA6, izay hita ao amin' ny voamadinika misy akora havoakan' ny sela Paneth.&lt;ref&gt;Gabriela Gremel; Alkwin Wanders; Jonathan Cedernaes; Linn Fagerberg; Björn Hallström; Karolina Edlund; Evelina Sjöstedt; Mathias Uhlén; Fredrik Pontén (2015-01-01). ''The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling''. ''Journal of Gastroenterology'' 50(1): 46–57. Fiteny: en (anglisy). DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7; PMID: 24789573; ISSN: 0944-1174; S2CID: 21302849.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivoarana mandritra ny fiforonan' ny zaza ===
Jereo koa: Fivoaran' ny rafi-pandevonan-kanina mandritra ny fiforonan' ny zaza.

Mivoatra avy amin' ny ampahany afovoany amin' ny tsinay voalohan' ny zaza miforona (''midgut'') ao amin' ny fantson-tsinay voalohany miforona ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=LARSENS2009&gt;Gary C. Schoenwolf; Steven B. Bleyl; Philip R. Brauer; Philippa H. Francis-West (2009). Toko: ''Development of the Urogenital system''. Ao amin' ny ''Larsen's human embryology''. Fanontana: 4th. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, pejy 237. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny herinandro fahadimy amin' ny fiainan' ny zaza vao miforona, dia manomboka mihalava haingana dia haingana ny ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay kely, ka mamorona valona miendrika litera U antsoina hoe fiolahana voalohan' ny tsinay. Mihalava haingana loatra io fiolahana io ka tsy zakan' ny haben' ny kibo intsony, ary mivoaka amin' ny foitra. Amin' ny herinandro faha-10, dia miverina ao anaty kibo ilay fiolahana. Eo anelanelan' ny herinandro fahenina sy fahafolo, dia mihodina mifanohitra amin' ny fihodin' ny fanjaitran' ny famantaranandro ny tsinay kely, rehefa jerena avy eo anoloan' ny zaza miforona. Rehefa tafaverina ao anaty kibo izy, dia manao fihodinana fanampiny 180°. Io fizotran-javatra io no mampisy ny endrika miolikoliky ny tsinay lehibe.&lt;ref name=LARSENS2009 /&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Sobo 1906 399.png|Dingana voalohany amin' ny fivoaran' ny fantson-tsinay sy ny fonontselan' ny lava-kibo (''peritoneum''), jerena avy amin' ny ilany (kisary). Avy amin' ny ampahany voamarika hoe ''colon'' 1 no hiforonan' ny tsinay lehibe miakatra sy ny tsinay lehibe mitsivalana; avy amin' ny ''colon'' 2 kosa no hiforonan' ny tsinay lehibe midina sy ny ampahany miendrika S ary ny tsinay mahitsy.
File:Sobo 1906 400.png|Dingana faharoa amin' ny fivoaran' ny fantson-tsinay sy ny fonontselan' ny lava-kibo, jerena avy eo anoloana (kisary). Nesorina ny aty ary notapahina ny sosona roa amin' ny fonontselana (''ventral mesogastrium'', na ''lesser omentum''). Aseho amin' ny loko mainty ny lalan-dra, ary amin' ny loko somary mena ny fonontselan' ny lava-kibo.
File:Sobo 1906 401.png|Dingana fahatelo amin' ny fivoaran' ny fantson-tsinay sy ny fonontselan' ny lava-kibo, jerena avy eo anoloana (kisary). Mitovy amin' ny ao amin' ny [[:Image:Sobo 1906 400.png|sary 400]] ny fomba nanomanana azy.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Asa ==
Ny hozatra manidy ny fivoahan' ny vavony, antsoina hoe hozatra mpanidy pilôrika (na hozatra mifehy ny fisokafan' ny vavahady fivoahan' ny vavony; ''pyloric sphincter''), no mamela ny sakafo avy ao amin' ny vavony hiditra ao amin' ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely (''duodenum'') amin' ny alalan' ny vavahady fivoahan' ny vavony (''pylorus'').

=== Fandevonan-kanina ===
Ao amin' ny tsinay kely no mitranga ny ankamaroan' ny fandevonan-kanina amin' ny alalan' ny fiovana simika. Maro amin' ny enzima fandevonan-kanina (na akora mampandeha haingana ny fiovana simika amin' ny fandevonan-kanina; ''digestive enzymes'') miasa ao amin' ny tsinay kely no avoakan' ny pankreasy (na fihary mamoaka ranoka fandevonan-kanina; ''pancreas'') sy ny [[Aty|aty]], ary miditra ao amin' ny tsinay kely amin' ny alalan' ny fantsona mitondra ny ranokan' ny pankreasy (''pancreatic duct''). Miditra ao amin' ny tsinay kely ny enziman' ny pankreasy sy ny ranon' afero avy ao amin' ny kitapon' afero ho setrin' ny asan' ny hormonina mampivoaka ny ranokan' ny pankreasy sy ny ranon' afero (''cholecystokinin''). Io hormonina io, izany hoe akora simika mampita hafatra eo amin' ny taova, dia vokarina ho setrin' ny fisian' ny otrikaina. Ny hormonina mampivoaka bikarbonata (''secretin''), izay hormonina hafa vokarina ao amin' ny tsinay kely, dia misy fiantraikany fanampiny amin' ny pankreasy: mandrisika azy hamoaka bikarbonata (na akora mampihena ny asidra; ''bicarbonate'') ao amin' ny ''duodenum'' izy, mba hanala ny toetra asidran' ny ranoka avy ao amin' ny vavony izay mety hanimba.

Ny sokajy telo lehibe amin' ny otrikaina levonina dia ny [[Prôteinina|prôteinina]], ny [[Lipida|lipida]] (na akora matavy; ''lipids'') ary ny [[Gliosida|gliosida]] (na akora ahitana siramamy sy tavolo; ''carbohydrates''):
* Vaky ho peptida madinika (na rojo fohy misy asidra aminô mifamatotra; ''peptides'') sy asidra aminô (na singa mandrafitra ny prôteinina; ''amino acids'') ny prôteinina alohan' ny hitrohana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Silk DB (1974). ''Progress report. Peptide absorption in man''. ''Gut'', boky 15, laharana 6, pejy 494–501. DOI: 10.1136/gut.15.6.494; PMID: 4604970; PMC: 1413009.&lt;/ref&gt; Manomboka ao amin' ny vavony ny fanapahana azy amin' ny alalan' ny fiovana simika, ary mitohy ao amin' ny tsinay kely. Ny enzima mpamaky prôteinina (''proteolytic enzymes''), anisan' izany ny tripsina (na enzima manapaka prôteinina ho peptida; ''trypsin'') sy ny kimôtripsina (na enzima hafa manapaka prôteinina ho peptida; ''chymotrypsin''), dia avoakan' ny pankreasy ary manapaka ny prôteinina ho peptida madinika kokoa. Ny karbôksipeptidazy (''carboxypeptidase''), izay enzima avy amin' ny pankreasy ao amin' ny sisin' ny sela miendrika borosy (na faritra misy tsiriny madinika eo amin' ny velaran' ny sela; ''brush border''), dia manala asidra aminô iray isaky ny fanapahana. Ny aminôpeptidazy (na enzima manala asidra aminô eo amin' ny tendron' ny peptida; ''aminopeptidase'') sy ny dipeptidazy (na enzima manapaka peptida misy asidra aminô roa; ''dipeptidase'') dia manafaka ireo asidra aminô vokatra farany.
* Vaky ho [[Asidra matavy|asidra matavy]] (''fatty acids'') sy gliserôla (na akora mifamatotra amin' ny asidra matavy ao amin' ny tavy; ''glycerol'') ny lipida. Ny lipazy avy amin' ny pankreasy (na enzima mpamaky tavy; ''pancreatic lipase'') dia manapaka ny trigliserida (na tavy misy asidra matavy telo mifamatotra amin' ny gliserôla; ''triglycerides'') ho asidra matavy afaka sy mônôgliserida (na akora misy asidra matavy iray mifamatotra amin' ny gliserôla; ''monoglycerides''). Miasa miaraka amin' ny fanampian' ny sira ao amin' ny ranon' afero, izay avoakan' ny [[Aty|aty]] ary tehirizina ao amin' ny kitapon' afero, ny lipazy avy amin' ny pankreasy. Miraikitra amin' ny trigliserida ny siran' ny ranon' afero mba hanampy hanaparitaka azy ho piti-tavy madinika ao anaty rano (''emulsify''), ka manamora ny fahafahan' ny lipazy avy amin' ny pankreasy miasa aminy. Izany dia satria mety levona anaty rano ny lipazy, fa ny trigliserida matavy kosa tsy mifangaro amin' ny rano ary mirona hifanatona sy hiala amin' ny ranoka manodidina azy ao amin' ny tsinay. Aparitaky ny siran' ny ranon' afero ho piti-tavy madinika ao anatin' io ranoka io ny trigliserida, mandra-pahafahan' ny lipazy manapaka azy ho singa madinika kokoa izay afaka miditra ao amin' ny tsirin-tambatsela madinika miendrika rantsantanana (''villi'') mba hitrohana azy.
* Ny gliosida sasany dia vaky ho siramamy tsotra, na mônôsakarida (na siramamy misy singa tokana; ''monosaccharides''), toy ny [[Gliokôzy|gliokôzy]] (na karazana siramamy tsotra; ''glucose''). Ny amilazy avy amin' ny pankreasy (na enzima mpamaky gliosida; ''pancreatic amylase'') dia manapaka gliosida sasany, indrindra ny [[Tavolo|tavolo]], ho ôligôsakarida (na gliosida misy singa siramamy vitsivitsy mifamatotra; ''oligosaccharides''). Ny gliosida hafa kosa mandalo tsy levona mankany amin' ny tsinay lehibe, ka ny bakteria ao amin' ny tsinay no manohy mikarakara azy. Ny enzima eo amin' ny sisin' ny sela miendrika borosy no manohy ny asa. Ny lehibe indrindra amin' ireo dia ny dekstrinazy sy ny gliokoamilazy (na enzima manohy manapaka ny ôligôsakarida; ''dextrinase'' sy ''glucoamylase''). Anisan' ny enzima hafa eo amin' io sisin' ny sela io ny maltazy, ny sokrazy ary ny laktazy (na enzima mpamaky maltôzy, sokrôzy ary laktôzy; ''maltase'', ''sucrase'' ary ''lactase''). Tsy misy laktazy ny olon-dehibe sasany, ka tsy levona ao amin' ny tsinay keliny ny laktôzy (na siramamy misy singa roa mifamatotra; ''lactose'', izay ''disaccharide''), ary toy izany koa ny ankamaroan' ny pôlisakarida (na gliosida misy singa siramamy maro mifamatotra; ''polysaccharides''). Ny gliosida sasany, toy ny [[Selolôzy|selolôzy]] (na gliosida mandrafitra ny rindrin' ny selan' ny zavamaniry; ''cellulose''), dia tsy levona mihitsy, na dia ahitana singa [[Gliokôzy|gliokôzy]] maro aza. Izany dia satria gliokôzy amin' ny endrika beta (''beta-glucose'') no mandrafitra ny selolôzy, ka samy hafa amin' ny fatorana ao amin' ny tavolo, izay ahitana gliokôzy amin' ny endrika alpha (''alpha-glucose''), ny fatorana mampifandray ny mônôsakarida ao aminy. Tsy manana enzima manapaka ireo fatorana mampifandray ny gliokôzy amin' ny endrika beta ny olombelona; ny biby mpihinana zavamaniry sy ny bakteria ao amin' ny tsinay lehibe no manana izany fahafahana izany.

=== Fitrohana ===
Afaka miditra ao amin' ny lalan-dra ao anatin' ny rindrin' ny tsinay ny sakafo efa levona, amin' ny alalan' ny fiparitahan' ny akora avy amin' ny toerana be azy mankany amin' ny toerana vitsy azy (''diffusion'') na ny fitaterana mampiasa angovon' ny sela (''active transport''). Ao amin' ny tsinay kely no itrohana ny ankamaroan' ny otrikaina avy amin' ny sakafo nohanina. Ny fonony anatiny misy tsiranoka miaro (''mucosa'') ao amin' ny tsinay kely dia rakotry ny soson-tsela manarona ny atin' ny tsinay (''intestinal epithelium''), izay sosona tokana misy sela lavalava miendrika andry (''simple columnar epithelium''). Raha ny firafiny, dia misy ketrona na valona antsoina hoe valona miendrika boribory (''circular folds'') eo amin' ny fonony anatiny, ary heverina ho singa maharitra eo amin' io fonony io izy ireo. Samy hafa amin' ny ketrona mihelina (''rugae'') izy ireo, satria ireo ketrona ireo dia heverina ho tsy maharitra na mandalo ihany ka mamela ny rindrina hivelatra sy hihena. Avy eo amin' ny valona miendrika boribory no mipoitra ireo tsirin-tambatsela madinika miendrika rantsantanana izay tsy hita raha tsy amin' ny mikrôskôpy, antsoina hoe ''villi'' (teny [[Fiteny latina|latina]] izay adika hoe « volo misavoritaka », na « ''shaggy hair'' » amin' ny teny anglisy). Ny sela tsirairay ao amin' ny sosona manarona dia manana tsiriny miendrika rantsantanana koa, antsoina hoe tsiriny mbola madinika kokoa eo amin' ny velaran' ny sela (''microvilli''). Ny asan' ny valona miendrika boribory sy ny ''villi'' ary ny ''microvilli'' dia ny mampitombo ny velaran' ny faritra afaka mitroka otrikaina, sy ny mampihena ny otrikaina lasan' ny zavamananaina ao amin' ny tsinay.

Manakaiky ny velaran' ny tsirin-tambatsela tsirairay dia misy tambajotran' ny lalan-dra madinika (''capillaries'') sy lalan-dranoka madinika ao amin' ny rafitry ny hery fiarovana, antsoina hoe lalan-dranoka mpitroka tavy (''lacteals''). Ny sela manarona ireo tsirin-tambatsela ireo dia mitondra ny otrikaina avy ao amin' ny lavaka anatin' ny tsinay ho ao amin' ireo lalan-dra madinika, raha asidra aminô sy gliosida izany, ary ho ao amin' ireo lalan-dranoka mpitroka tavy, raha lipida. Ny akora voatroka dia entin' ny lalan-dra mankany amin' ny taova samihafa ao amin' ny vatana, izay ampiasana azy hananganana akora sarotra firafitra toy ny prôteinina ilain' ny vatana. Ny akora sisa tsy levona sy tsy voatroka kosa dia mandalo mankany amin' ny tsinay lehibe.

[[File:Absorption of glucose in the small intestine.svg|thumb|Fitrohana gliokôzy ao amin' ny tsinay kely]]

Ao amin' ny ampahany afovoany amin' ny tsinay kely (''jejunum'') no itrohana ny ankamaroan' ny otrikaina, afa-tsy ireto manaraka ireto:
* Ao amin' ny ''duodenum'' no itrohana ny [[Vy|vy]].
* Ao amin' ny ''duodenum'' sy ny ''jejunum'' no itrohana ny fôlaty (na vitamina B9; ''folate'').
* Ao amin' ny tendron' ny ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay kely (''terminal ileum'') no itrohana ny vitamina B12 sy ny siran' ny ranon' afero. Tsy voatrokan' ny ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay kely (''ileum'') ny vitamina B12 raha tsy efa mifamatotra amin' ny prôteinina ahafahan' io vitamina io hitrohana (''intrinsic factor'').
* Manerana ny tsinay kely no itrohana ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny fandalovan' ny rano amin' ny fonon-tsela manasaraka ranoka samy hafa fifantohan' ny akora levona (''osmosis''), ary ny [[Lipida|lipida]] kosa amin' ny alalan' ny fiparitahana tsy mampiasa angovon' ny sela (''passive diffusion'').
* Ny bikarbonatan' ny sôdiôma (na siran' ny sôdiôma misy bikarbonata; ''sodium bicarbonate'') dia trohina amin' ny alalan' ny fitaterana mampiasa angovon' ny sela sy ny fitaterana mitambatra (''co-transport'') amin' ny [[Gliokôzy|gliokôzy]] sy ny asidra aminô.
* Ny [[Froktôzy|froktôzy]] (na karazana siramamy tsotra; ''fructose'') dia trohina amin' ny alalan' ny fiparitahana ampian' ny prôteinina mpitatitra nefa tsy mampiasa angovon' ny sela (''facilitated diffusion'').

=== Anjara amin' ny hery fiarovana ===
Manohana ny [[Hery fiarovana|rafitry ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana]] ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.massgeneral.org/about/pressrelease.aspx?id=1533 ''Intestinal immune cells play an unexpected role in immune surveillance of the bloodstream'']. Mpamoaka: Massachusetts General Hospital. Daty: 13 December 2012. Nojerena tamin' ny 28 August 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181016130005/https://www.massgeneral.org/about/pressrelease.aspx?id=1533 Tahiry tamin' ny 16 October 2018].&lt;/ref&gt; Toa manampy ny rafitry ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana onenany ny fisian' ny zavamiaina bitika monina ao amin' ny tsinay (''gut flora'').
Ny vondron-tambatsela mpiaro antsoina amin' ny anaran' i Peyer (''Peyer's patches''), izay ao amin' ny ''ileum'', dia ampahany lehibe amin' ny rafitry ny hery fiarovana eo an-toerana ao amin' ny lalan-kanina. Anisan' ny rafitra mitondra ny ranokan' ny hery fiarovana (''lymphatic system'') izy ireo, ary toerana hakana santionan' ny antigena (na akora fantatry ny hery fiarovana; ''antigens'') avy amin' ny bakteria na zavamiaina bitika hafa mety hanimba ao amin' ny lalan-kanina, ka anehoana ireo antigena ireo amin' ny rafitry ny hery fiarovana avy eo.&lt;ref&gt;Canny, G. O.; McCormick, B. A. (2008). ''Bacteria in the Intestine, Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within?'' ''Infection and Immunity'', boky 76, laharana 8, pejy 3360–3373. ISSN: 0019-9567; DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00187-08; PMC: 2493210; PMID: 18474643.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lanjany eo amin' ny fitsaboana ==
Jereo koa ny aretin' ny lalan-kanina.

Taova be pitsiny ny tsinay kely, ka maro dia maro ny toe-pahasalamana mety hisy fiantraikany amin' ny fiasany. Voatanisa eto ambany ny sasany amin' ireo. Misy amin' ireo fahita matetika, ka mety hahatratra 10% ny olona tratra amin' ny fotoana iray eo amin' ny fiainany, fa ny hafa kosa dia tena tsy fahita firy.
* Fihitsohan' ny tsinay kely na aretina manakantsakana ny fivezivezen' ny ao anatiny
** Fihitsohan' ny tsinay noho ny diky voalohany amin' ny zaza vao teraka (''meconium ileus'')
** Fitsaharan' ny fivezivezen' ny ao anaty tsinay noho ny tsy fihetsehan' ny hozany (''paralytic ileus'')
** Fihodinan' ny tsinay manodidina ny tenany ka mampihitsoka azy (''volvulus'')
** Hernia (na fivoahan' ny taova amin' ny lavaka na faritra malemy amin' ny rindrina mitazona azy)
** Fidiran' ny ampahan-tsinay iray ao anatin' ny ampahany manaraka azy (''intussusception'')
** Fifampiraiketan' ny tambatsela izay misaraka amin' ny mahazatra (''adhesions'')
** Fihitsohana noho ny tsindry avy etỳ ivelany
** Fihitsohana noho ny vongan-javatra ao amin' ny lavaka anatiny amin' ny tsinay: zavatra vahiny, vongan-javatra tsy levona miangona (''bezoar''), na vato miforona ao amin' ny ranon' afero
* Areti-mifindra
** Giardiazy (na aretina vokatry ny katsentsitra ''Giardia''; ''giardiasis'')
** Askariazy (na aretina vokatry ny kankana ''Ascaris''; ''ascariasis'')
** Aretina mampihena ny fitrohana otrikaina any amin' ny faritra mafana (''tropical sprue'')
** Kankana fisaka miendrika fehy (''Diphyllobothrium latum'', ''Taenia solium'', ''Hymenolepis nana'')
** Kankana manana tendrony miendrika farango, ohatra ny ''Necator americanus'' sy ''Ancylostoma duodenale''
** Kankana boribory lavalava, ohatra ny ''Ascaris lumbricoides''
** Prôtôzôera hafa (na zavamiaina bitika manana sela iray), ohatra ny ''Cryptosporidium parvum'', ''Cyclospora cayetanensis'', ''Microsporidia'' ary ''Entamoeba histolytica''
** Aretina vokatry ny bakteria
*** ''Escherichia coli'' mamokatra poizina miasa ao amin' ny tsinay
*** ''Salmonella enterica''
*** ''Campylobacter''
*** ''Shigella''
*** ''Yersinia''
*** ''Clostridioides difficile'' (kolita, na fivontosan' ny tsinay lehibe, mifandray amin' ny fampiasana antibiotika; kolita misy fonony toa sarontambatsela eo amin' ny rindrina anatiny, na ''pseudomembranous colitis'')
*** ''Mycobacterium'' (''Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis'', sy ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' miparitaka amin' ny faritra maro amin' ny vatana)
*** Aretin' i Whipple (na aretina vokatry ny bakteria izay mety hanimba ny fitrohana otrikaina ao amin' ny tsinay)
*** ''Vibrio'' ([[Kôlerà|kôlerà]])
*** Tazo tifôida (''enteric fever''; ''Salmonella enterica'' var. typhi), sy tazo paratifôida, aretina mitovitovy amin' ny tifôida
*** ''Bacillus cereus''
*** ''Clostridium perfringens'' (fahafatesan' ny tambatsela miaraka amin' ny famokarana entona, na ''gas gangrene'')
** Aretina vokatry ny viriosy
*** ''Rotavirus''
*** ''Norovirus''
*** ''Astrovirus''
*** ''Adenovirus''
*** ''Calicivirus''
* Neoplasma (na fitomboan-tambatsela vaovao tsy ara-dalàna; homamiadana)
** Adenokarsinoma (na homamiadana avy amin' ny sela mamorona fihary)
** Karsinoida (na fivontosana avy amin' ny sela manana toetran' ny sela mpitatitra sy ny sela mpamokatra hôrmonina)
** GIST (na karazana fivontosana avy amin' ny sela manokana ao amin' ny rindrin' ny lalan-kanina; ''gastrointestinal stromal tumor'')
** Limfôma (na homamiadana avy amin' ny limfôsita, karazana sela amin' ny hery fiarovana)
** Sarkôma (na homamiadana avy amin' ny tambatsela mpanohana na mpampitohy)
** Leiomiôma (na fivontosana avy amin' ny hozatra malama)
** Fivontosana vokatry ny homamiadana niparitaka avy amin' ny faritra hafa amin' ny vatana, indrindra ny SCLC (na homamiadan' ny havokavoka misy sela madinika) na ny melanôma (na homamiadana avy amin' ny sela mpamokatra lokon' ny hoditra)
** Homamiadan' ny tsinay kely
* Toe-pahasalamana mifandray amin' ny fivoaran' ny taova, efa misy hatrany am-bohoka, na mifandray amin' ny fototarazo
** Fikatona tanteraka hatrany am-bohoka amin' ny lavaka anatiny amin' ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely, na amin' ny tsinay (''duodenal (intestinal) atresia'')
** Aretin' i Hirschsprung (na tsy fisian' ny sela mpitatitra sasany ao amin' ny ampahan-tsinay iray hatrany am-bohoka)
** Kitapo madinika mivoaka avy amin' ny rindrin' ny tsinay, antsoina hoe divertikilin' i Meckel
** Fahateren' ny lalan-kivoahan' ny vavony (''pyloric stenosis'')
** Tsy fitambaran' ny fantsona roa ao amin' ny pankreasy mandritra ny fivoarany (''pancreas divisum'')
** Fisian' ny tambatselan' ny pankreasy amin' ny toerana tsy mahazatra (''ectopic pancreas'')
** Kista, na kitapo mihidy, mifandray amin' ny ampahany fanampiny mitovy firafitra amin' ny tsinay (''enteric duplication cyst'')
** Fifamadihan' ny toeran' ny taova anatiny ankavia sy ankavanana (''situs inversus'')
** Fibrozy kistika (na aretina lovaina mahatonga tsiranoka matevina tsy ara-dalàna; ''cystic fibrosis'')
** Fihodinan' ny tsinay tsy araka ny mahazatra mandritra ny fivoarany (''malrotation'')
** Tsy fikatonan' ny lalan-kely mampitohy ny tatavia sy ny foitra mandritra ny fiainan' ny zaza ao an-kibo (''persistent urachus'')
** Fivoahan' ny taova ao an-kibo eo amin' ny foitra hatrany am-bohoka, mbola ao anaty kitapo manify (''omphalocele'')
** Fivoahan' ny tsinay amin' ny lavaka eo akaikin' ny foitra hatrany am-bohoka, tsy misy kitapo manarona azy (''gastroschisis'')
** Tsy fahampian' ny enzima manapaka siramamy ahitana singa roa (''disaccharidase''), toy ny laktazy, izay manapaka ny siramamy ao amin' ny ronono
** Tsy fahampian' ny fitrohana ny asidra ao amin' ny ranon' afero amin' ny endriny fototra (''primary bile acid malabsorption'')
** Sendrôman' i Gardner (na aretina lovaina ahitana fitomboan-tambatsela maro miendrika tsimoka ao amin' ny tsinay, miaraka amin' ny fivontosana amin' ny tambatsela hafa)
** FAP (na sendrôma lovaina ahitana fitomboan-tambatsela maro miendrika tsimoka avy amin' ny fihary ao amin' ny tsinay; ''familial adenomatous polyposis'')
* Toe-pahasalamana hafa
** [[Aretin'i Crohn|Aretin' i Crohn]] (na aretina mitaiza mampivonto ny lalan-kanina), sy ny aretin' ny tsinay mamaivay, izay sokajy ankapobeny kokoa
** Tiflita (na fivontosan' ny fiandohan' ny tsinay lehibe; ''typhlitis''), izany hoe kolita amin' ny olona vitsy neotrôfila, karazana sela fotsy amin' ny ra, izay mihena ny asan' ny hery fiarovany
** [[Aretin'ny seliaka|Aretina seliaka]] (na aretina manimba ny tsinay kely noho ny valin' ny hery fiarovana amin' ny glotena; ''sprue'' na ''non-tropical sprue'', anarana anavahana azy amin' ilay aretina antsoina hoe ''tropical sprue'')
** Iskemian' ny tsinay (na tsy fahampian' ny ra tonga any amin' ny tsinay; ''mesenteric ischemia'')
** Akora mandeha amin' ny lalan-dra ka mety hanentsina azy (''embolus'') na vongan-dra mivaingana miforona ao amin' ny lalan-dra (''thrombus''), ao amin' ny lalan-dra ambony mitondra ra avy amin' ny fo mankany amin' ny tsinay na ny lalan-dra ambony mamerina ny ra avy amin' ny tsinay
** Tsy fahatomombanan' ny fiforonan' ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny lalan-dra mitondra ra avy amin' ny fo sy ny lalan-dra mamerina ra mankany amin' ny fo (''arteriovenous malformation'')
** Sendrôma ateraky ny fivoahan' ny ao anaty vavony haingana loatra mankany amin' ny tsinay kely (''gastric dumping syndrome'')
** Sendrôman' ny fikorontanan' ny fiasan' ny tsinay (''irritable bowel syndrome'')
** Fery amin' ny fonony anatiny amin' ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely, vokatry ny asidra sy ny ranoka fandevonan-kanina (''duodenal (peptic) ulcers'')
** Fahaloahana mamaky ny rindrin' ny lalan-kanina (''gastrointestinal perforation'')
** Fiasan' ny fihary tiroida tafahoatra (''hyperthyroidism'')
** Divertikolita (na fivontosan' ny kitapo madinika mivoaka avy amin' ny rindrin' ny tsinay; ''diverticulitis'')
** Fahasimban' ny tsinay vokatry ny taratra (''radiation enteropathy''), izany hoe fivontosan' ny tsinay kely sy ny tsinay lehibe amin' ny endriny maharitra fotoana fohy (''acute'') na amin' ny endriny mitaiza, aorian' ny fitsaboana amin' ny taratra&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID: 24686268&quot;&gt;Hauer-Jensen, Martin; Denham, James; Andreyev, H Jervoise. ''Radiation enteropathy--pathogenesis, treatment and prevention''. ''Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology'', 11 (8), p. 470-9. Nature Portfolio, August 2014. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.46; PMID: 24686268; PMC: 4346191.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Kista ao amin' ny fonony mampitohy ny tsinay amin' ny rindrin' ny kibo (''mesenteric cysts'')
** Aretina vokatry ny mikraoba ao amin' ny fonony manarona ny atin' ny kibo sy ny taova ao anatiny
** Fivontosan' ny tambatsela ao ambadik' io fonony io miaraka amin' ny fiforonan' ny tambatsela matevina mihamafy (''sclerosing retroperitonitis'')
** Fitomboan' ny bakteria tafahoatra ao amin' ny tsinay kely
** [[Endometriozy]] (na fisian' ny tambatsela mitovy amin' ny fonony anatiny amin' ny tranonjaza any ivelan' ny tranonjaza; ''endometriosis'')

== Amin' ny biby hafa ==
Ahitana tsinay kely avokoa ny tetrapôda (na biby manana hazondamosina izay manana rantsam-batana efatra na taranaky ny biby nanana izany), ary ahitana azy koa ny trondro teleôsta (na trondro ao amin' ny vondrona lehibe iray amin' ny trondro manana taolana; ''teleosts''), na dia samy hafa be aza ny bikany sy ny halavany arakaraka ny karazam-biby. Somary fohy izy io amin' ny trondro teleôsta: mazàna dia manodidina ny iray sy sasany heny amin' ny halavan' ny vatan' ilay trondro. Matetika izy io no misy rafitra madinika maromaro miendrika kitapo, antsoina hoe ''pyloric caeca'', manaraka ny halavany. Manampy amin' ny fampitomboana ny velaran' ilay taova ampiasaina handevonana sakafo ireo. Tsy misy valva ileôsekaly (na valva eo amin' ny fihaonan' ny faran' ny tsinay kely sy ny fiandohan' ny tsinay lehibe) ny trondro teleôsta; ny fiafaran' ny soson-tsela anatiny mandray anjara amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ihany no manamarika ny sisin-tany eo amin' ny tsinay kely sy ny rektoma (na ampahany farany amin' ny tsinay lehibe).&lt;ref name=VB/&gt;

Misy foana kosa ny valva ileôsekaly amin' ny tetrapôda, ary misokatra mankany amin' ny kolôna (na ampahany lehibe amin' ny tsinay lehibe; ''colon'') izy io. Mazàna ny tsinay kely no lava kokoa amin' ny tetrapôda noho ny amin' ny trondro teleôsta. Vao mainka lava izy io amin' ny [[Biby mpihinana zavamaniry|biby mpihinana zavamaniry]], ary koa amin' ny biby mampinono sy ny [[Vorona|vorona]], izay ambony kokoa ny tahan' ny fiovan' ny akora sy ny fampiasana angovo ao amin' ny vatany noho ny an' ny [[Amphibia|amfibiana]] (na biby ao amin' ny vondrona misy ny sahona sy ny biby mpihavana aminy) na ny [[Reptilia|biby mandady]]. Amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina rehetra, dia misy valona tsy hita raha tsy amin' ny mikraoskaopy ny fonony anatiny amin' ny tsinay kely, ka mampitombo ny velarany. Amin' ny biby mampinono ihany anefa no mivoatra ho tsirin-tambatsela madinika miendrika rantsantanana tena izy (''villi'') ireo valona ireo.&lt;ref name=VB/&gt;

Na dia amin' ny olombelona aza, dia tsy dia mazava loatra ny sisin-tany eo amin' ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny tsinay kely (''duodenum''), ny ampahany afovoany (''jejunum''), ary ny ampahany farany (''ileum''). Rehefa miresaka ny firafitry ny vatan' ny biby hafa, dia na tsy raharahaina izany fanavahana izany, na faritana araka ny safidin' ny mpamaritra fotsiny amin' ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=VB&gt;Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). ''The Vertebrate Body''. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 349–353. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy misy tsinay kely azo avahana toy izany amin' ny trondro tsy teleôsta, toy ny [[Akio|antsantsa]], ny trondro ''sturgeon'', ary ny trondro manana havokavoka. Ny ampahany amin' ny tsinay anaovana ny fandevonan-kanina kosa dia mamorona '''tsinay misy valona anatiny miolikolika manodidina''', izay mampitohy ny vavony amin' ny rektoma. Amin' io karazana tsinay io, dia somary mahitsy ny tsinay mihitsy, saingy misy valona lava manaraka ny velarany anatiny sady miolikolika manodidina ny lavaka anatiny, ka mety hahatratra fihodinana am-polony maro indraindray. Io valona miasa ho valva io dia sady mampitombo be ny velaran' ny tsinay no mampahalava ny lalana lalovan' ny sakafo ao anatiny. Mitovy amin' ny fonony anatiny amin' ny tsinay kely amin' ny trondro teleôsta sy ny tetrapôda tsy mampinono ny fonony anatiny amin' io tsinay misy valona miolikolika io.&lt;ref name=VB/&gt;

Amin' ny trondro ''lamprey'', dia tena kely ilay valva miolikolika manodidina, izay mety ho noho ny sakafony tsy mitaky fandevonana firy. Tsy manana valva miolikolika toy izany mihitsy ny trondro ''hagfish''. Saika manerana ny halavan' ny tsinainy no isehoan' ny fandevonan-kanina, ary tsy mizara ho faritra samy hafa io tsinay io.&lt;ref name=VB/&gt;

== Fiarahamonina sy kolontsaina ==
Ao amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana sinoa, ny tsinay kely dia anisan' ny taova sokajina ho ''yang'', araka ny fanasokajiana ampiasaina ao amin' io fomba fitsaboana io.&lt;ref&gt;Roy Porter (mpandrindra ny boky), ''Medicine: A History of Healing: Ancient Traditions to Modern Practices''. [S.l.]: Diane Pub Co, 1997, tak. 104. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7567-5143-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sary fanampiny ==
Misy [[:Commons:Small intestine|haino aman-jery mifandraika amin' ny tsinay kely]] ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Sobo 1906 408.png|Tsinay kely eo amin' ny toerany ara-boajanahary, ary navalona niakatra ny valona lehibe amin' ny fonon' ny kibo (''greater omentum'').
File:Tissue layers of the small intestine (mucosa, submucosa &amp; muscularis).jpg|Sosona tambatsela: ny fonony anatiny misy tsiranoka miaro (''mucosa''), ny sosona eo ambanin' io fonony io (''submucosa''), ary ny sosona hozatra (''muscularis'').
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Boky sy lahatsoratra ==
* Sherwood, Lauralee (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GoMD0tpYgBkC Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective]'' (fanontana: Third). Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, pejy 768. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-534-46697-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Solomon et al. (2002) ''Biology'' Sixth Edition, Brooks-Cole/Thomson Learning &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-03-033503-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Townsend et al. (2004) ''Sabiston Textbook of Surgery'', Elsevier &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7216-0409-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G (2003). ''Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 1.'' ''Dig Dis Sci'', 48 (8), pejy 1546–64. S2CID: 37494914; PMID: 12924651; DOI: 10.1023/A:1024719925058.
* Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G (2003). ''Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 2.'' ''Dig Dis Sci'', 48 (8), pejy 1565–81. S2CID: 42442830; PMID: 12924652; DOI: 10.1023/A:1024724109128.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/small+intestine Tsinay kely] ao amin' ny [https://www.proteinatlas.org ''Human Protein Atlas''] (tahirin-kevitra momba ny proteinina ao amin' ny vatan' olombelona).

[[:Sokajy:Fahasalamana]]</text>
      <sha1>gu7d2vvzc8jsl43pfbq9u1xdvh30ir0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senegalia sakalava</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153667</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana Fabaceae</comment>
      <origin>1153667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="838" sha1="3igrqkycyjhnrz7nn1v2nuwiswnewb0" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Senegalia sakalava''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe roimena, roipitaka na roipitiky. ''Senegalia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno ary ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; no anarana nahafantarana azy io teo aloha. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Senegalia]]'' 
* [[Roimena]]: ''[[Senegalia pervillei]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;); ''Senegalia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>3igrqkycyjhnrz7nn1v2nuwiswnewb0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153668</id>
      <parentid>1153667</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T10:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="852" sha1="4dzc2lb6anuds4rwhdzncrdg6jmsptw" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Senegalia sakalava''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roimena''', '''roipitaka''' na '''roipitiky'''. ''Senegalia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno ary ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; no anarana nahafantarana azy io teo aloha. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Senegalia]]'' 
* [[Roimena]]: ''[[Senegalia pervillei]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth.) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia pervillei'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;); ''Senegalia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Senegalia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) Boatwr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Acacia sakalava'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;) (''Fabaceae'')</text>
      <sha1>4dzc2lb6anuds4rwhdzncrdg6jmsptw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Fifanandrifiana</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153670</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376137560</comment>
      <origin>1153670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49332" sha1="7h4f8wgd7yau3sy2a7q5uoqryp47btf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Asymmetric (PSF).svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Fifanandrifiana (ankavia) sy tsy fisian' ny fifanandrifiana (ankavanana).]]
[[File:Sphere symmetry group o.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Vondrona aljebrikan' ny fifanandrifiana aseho eo amin' ny sfera, izay manana fifanandrifiana mitovy amin' ny an' ny vatana ara-dalàna manana lafy telozoro valo. Ny faritra mavo no faritra fototra: ny famerenana azy amin' ny alalan' ireo fanovan' ny vondrona no mandrakotra ny sfera, ka tsy mifanindry ny atin' ireo faritra azo.]]
[[File:BigPlatoBig.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Endrika mitovitovy amin' ny ''fractal'' (endrika ahitana firafitra miverina amin' ny habeny samihafa), izay manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana, ary fitovian' ny endriky ny ampahany amin' ny an' ny manontolo na dia samy hafa habe aza. Ireo no endrika telon' ny fifanandrifiana asehony. Azo amin' ny alalan' ny fitsipika fizarazarana mampiasa karazam-pizarana voafetra isa io endrika io.]]

Ny '''Fifanandrifiana''', amin' ny fiainana andavanandro, dia ilazana ny fahatsapana fa mirindra sy mahafinaritra ny fifandanjana ary ny fifampitahan' ny haben' ny ampahany amin' ny zavatra iray. Ny teny anglisy hoe ''symmetry'' dia avy amin' ny teny grika taloha hoe ''summetría'' (« ''συμμετρία'' »), izay midika hoe fifanarahan' ny refy, fifampitahana araka ny tokony ho izy, ary fandaminana.&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/symmetry ''symmetry'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zee, A. (2007). ''Fearful Symmetry''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-13482-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hill, C. T.; Lederman, L. M. (2005). ''Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe''. Prometheus Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ohatra, nolazain' i Aristotle fa miendrika sfera ireo zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra. Nampifandraisiny tamin' ny filaminana voajanahary sy ny fahalavorarian' izao rehetra izao io refy jeômetriky ny fifanandrifiana voafaritra amin' ny fomba hentitra io.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny [[Matematika|matematika]] kosa, dia manana famaritana marina kokoa io teny io: matetika izy io no ilazana zavatra tsy miova rehefa ampiharina aminy ny fanovana sasany, toy ny fanisahana, ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, ny fampihodinana, na ny fanalehibeazana na fanakelenana amin' ny taha iray ihany. Na dia azo avahana aza indraindray ireo hevitra roa ireo, dia mifamatotra akaiky izy ireo ka dinihina miaraka ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity.

Azo dinihina eo amin' ny fandehanan' ny fotoana ny fifanandrifiana matematika; azo jerena amin' ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra ao amin' ny habaka koa izy io, amin' ny alalan' ny fanovana jeômetrika, na amin' ny karazana fanovana hafa amin' ny alalan' ny lefa matematika. Hita ho toetran' ny zavatra voafaritra amin' ny hevitra fa tsy vatana azo tsapain-tanana koa izy io, anisan' izany ny maodely ara-teôria, ny fiteny ary ny mozika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mainzer000&quot;&gt;Mainzer, Klaus (2005). ''Symmetry and Complexity: The Spirit and Beauty of Nonlinear Science''. World Scientific. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 981-256-192-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Mety ho zavatra ara-materialy ny zavatra manana fifanandrifiana, toy ny olona, ny kristaly, ny firakotra nozairina tamin' ny tapa-damba, ny taila fandrakofana gorodona, na ny molekiola. Mety ho rafitra voafaritra amin' ny hevitra fa tsy vatana azo tsapain-tanana koa izany, toy ny fampimirana matematika na ny filaharan' ny feo amin' ny mozika.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fomba fijery telo no andinihan' ity lahatsoratra ity ny fifanandrifiana: eo amin' ny [[Matematika|matematika]], anisan' izany ny fifanandrifiana ao amin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]], izay karazana fifanandrifiana mahazatra indrindra amin' ny olona maro; eo amin' ny siansa sy ny zavaboary; ary eo amin' ny zavakanto, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny maritrano, ny haikanto ary ny mozika.

Ny mifanohitra amin' ny fifanandrifiana dia ny tsy fisian' ny fifanandrifiana.

== Ao amin' ny matematika ==

=== Ao amin' ny jeômetria ===
[[File:The armoured triskelion on the flag of the Isle of Man.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana ampahatelon' ny fihodinana feno ny ''triskelion'', marika misy sampana telo.]]

Manana fifanandrifiana ny endrika na zavatra jeômetrika iray raha azo zaraina ho ampahany roa na maromaro mitovy tanteraka, izay voalamina araka ny filaharana voafaritra.&lt;ref&gt;E. H. Lockwood, R. H. Macmillan, ''Geometric Symmetry'', London: Cambridge Press, 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Midika izany fa manana fifanandrifiana ny zavatra iray raha misy fanovana mamindra ny ampahany tsirairay aminy nefa tsy manova ny endriny amin' ny ankapobeny. Ny fomba nandaminana ireo ampahany, na ny karazana fanovana ampiharina, no mamaritra ny karazana fifanandrifiana:

* Manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra ny zavatra iray, izay antsoina koa hoe fifanandrifiana amin' ny hitsy na amin' ny fitaratra, raha misy hitsy mamakivaky azy, na lemaka raha ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo, ka mizara azy ho ampahany roa izay sarin' ny iray amin' ny fitaratra ny iray hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Hermann Weyl, ''Symmetry'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982; nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1952. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-02374-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana ny zavatra iray raha azo ahodina manodidina teboka raikitra, na manodidina hitsy raha ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo, nefa tsy miova ny endriny amin' ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref&gt;Singer, David A. (1998), [https://archive.org/details/geometryplanefan0000sing ''Geometry: Plane and Fancy''], Springer Science &amp; Business Media. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanisahana ny zavatra iray raha azo anisahana, izany hoe afindra amin' ny halavirana iray ihany ny teboka rehetra aminy, nefa tsy miova ny endriny amin' ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref&gt;Stenger, Victor J. (2000) sy Mahou Shiro (2007), ''Timeless Reality'', Prometheus Books. Indrindra ny toko 12. Tsy mitaky fahalalana teknika manokana.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanisahana sy fihodinana miaraka ny zavatra iray raha azo anisahana sady ahodina ao amin' ny habaka manana refy telo, manaraka hitsy iray antsoina hoe hitsy anaovana fanisahana sy fihodinana miaraka.&lt;ref&gt;Bottema, O, and B. Roth, ''Theoretical Kinematics,'' Dover Publications (September 1990).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanalehibeazana na fanakelenana ny zavatra iray raha tsy miova endrika rehefa halehibeazina na hakelenina.&lt;ref&gt;Tian Yu Cao, ''Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Field Theory'', Cambridge University Press, p.154-155.&lt;/ref&gt; Maneho karazana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanalehibeazana na fanakelenana koa ny fraktaly, satria mitovy endrika amin' ny ampahany lehibe kokoa aminy ny ampahany madinika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gouyet&quot;&gt;Jean-François Gouyet, ''Physics and fractal structures'', Paris/New York: Masson Springer, 1996. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-387-94153-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anisan' ny fifanandrifiana hafa ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra arahina fanisahana, ary ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana ampiarahina amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/rotoreflection+axis Rotoreflection Axis], TheFreeDictionary.com; nojerena tamin' ny 2019-11-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny lojika ===

Manana fifanandrifiana ny fifandraisana mampifandray singa roa ''R'' = ''S'' × ''S'' raha, ho an' ny singa ''a'' sy ''b'' rehetra ao amin' ny ''S'', dia marina koa ny ''Rba'' isaky ny marina ny ''Rab''.&lt;ref&gt;Josiah Royce, Ignas K. Skrupskelis (2005), ''The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce: Logic, loyalty, and community (Google eBook)'', Fordham Univ Press, p. 790.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, manana fifanandrifiana ny fifandraisana hoe «mitovy taona amin' ny», satria raha mitovy taona amin' i Mary i Paul, dia mitovy taona amin' i Paul koa i Mary.

Ao amin' ny lojika momba ny fanambarana, anisan' ny mpampitohy ara-lojika mampifandray fanambarana roa sady manana fifanandrifiana ny «sy» (∧, na &amp;), ny «na» (∨, na |), ary ny «raha ary raha ihany» (↔), fa tsy manana izany fifanandrifiana izany kosa ny mpampitohy «raha» (→).&lt;ref&gt;Alice Gao (2019), [https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~a23gao/cs245_f19/slides/lec02_prop_syntax_nosol.pdf ''Propositional Logic: Introduction and Syntax''], University of Waterloo — School of Computer Science; nojerena tamin' ny 2019-11-12.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny mpampitohy ara-lojika hafa manana fifanandrifiana ny fandavana ny «sy» (''nand'', antsoina koa hoe ''not-and'', na ⊼), ny «na» izay manilika ny fahamarinan' ireo fanambarana roa miaraka (''xor'', na fandavana ny «raha ary raha ihany», atao koa hoe ''not-biconditional'', na ⊻), ary ny fandavana ny «na» (''nor'', antsoina koa hoe ''not-or'', na ⊽).

=== Sampana hafa amin' ny matematika ===

Raha itarina ny hevitra momba ny fifanandrifiana jeômetrika tao amin' ny zana-pizarana teo aloha, dia azo lazaina fa manana fifanandrifiana manoloana asa matematika iray voafaritra ny zavatra matematika iray, raha mitahiry toetra iray amin' ilay zavatra io asa io rehefa ampiharina aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Christopher G. Morris (1992), ''Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology'', Gulf Professional Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt; Mamorona vondrona aljebrika ny vondron' ireo asa mitahiry toetra iray voafaritra amin' ilay zavatra.

Amin' ny ankapobeny, samy manana ny karazana fifanandrifiana mifanaraka aminy ny karazana rafitra tsirairay ao amin' ny matematika. Anisan' ny ohatra ny lefa ankasa sy tsiankasa ao amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana, ny vondrona aljebrikan' ny fifanakalozam-pilaharana rehetra ao amin' ny aljebra ankapobeny, ny vohoka mitovy amin' ny tsimbadiny ao amin' ny aljebra mizotra, ary ny vondrona aljebrika Galois ao amin' ny teôria Galois. Ao amin' ny statistika, miseho amin' ny fizaram-piangambana misy fifanandrifiana koa izany, ary amin' ny fandrefesana ny tsy fifanandrifian' ny fizarana, izany hoe ny tsy fisian' ny fifanandrifiana amin' ireo fizarana.&lt;ref&gt;Petitjean, M., ''Chirality and Symmetry Measures: A Transdisciplinary Review'', ''Entropy'', 2003, volume 5, issue 3, pages 271–312 (see section 2.9). DOI: [https://doi.org/10.3390/e5030271 10.3390/e5030271] (azo vakina malalaka); bibcode: 2003Entrp...5..271P.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eo amin' ny siansa sy ny natiora ==

Mifandray amin' izany koa ny lamina hita eo amin' ny natiora.

=== Eo amin' ny fizika ===

Lohahevitra mifandray mivantana amin' izany ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny fizika.

Ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny fizika dia nitarina hevitra ka ilazana ny tsy fiovana rehefa iharan' ny fanovana iray, na inona na inona karazan' izany fanovana izany; anisan' ny ohatra ny fanovana fangitra na inona na inona.&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Costa; Gianluigi Fogli. ''Symmetries and Group Theory in Particle Physics: An Introduction to Space-Time and Internal Symmetries''. Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2012, p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanjary iray amin' ny fitaovana mahomby indrindra amin' ny fizika teôrika io hevitra io, satria hita fa saika avy amin' ny fifanandrifiana avokoa ny lalàn' ny natiora. Izany anjara asany izany no nanosika an' i PW Anderson, nahazo ny loka Nobel, hanoratra tao amin' ny lahatsorany be mpamaky ''More is Different'', tamin' ny 1972, hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Fanitarana kely fotsiny ny filazana fa ny fizika dia fandalinana ny fifanandrifiana.»&lt;ref&gt;P.W. Anderson. [http://robotics.cs.tamu.edu/dshell/cs689/papers/anderson72more_is_different.pdf ''More is Different'']. ''Science'', 177 (4047), 1972, pp. 393–396. DOI: 10.1126/science.177.4047.393; PMID: 17796623; bibcode: 1972Sci...177..393A; S2CID: 34548824.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandray amin' izany ny teôreman' i Noether, izay milaza, amin' ny endriny nohamoraina be, fa isaky ny misy fifanandrifiana matematika mitohy dia misy habetsahana mifanandrify aminy izay tsy miova mandritra ny fizotran-javatra, toy ny angovo na ny habetsahan' ny fihetsehana; «fikorianana mahafeno lalàna fitahirizana» no filazana azy tamin' ny voambolana nampiasain' i Noether tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noether&quot;&gt;Yvette Kosmann-Schwarzbach. ''The Noether theorems: Invariance and conservation laws in the twentieth century''. Springer-Verlag, 2010. Andiany: Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-387-87867-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo koa ny fanasokajian' i Wigner, izay milaza fa ny fifanandrifian' ny lalàn' ny fizika no mamaritra ny toetran' ireo singa bitika hita eo amin' ny natiora.&lt;ref&gt;E. P. Wigner. ''On unitary representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group''. ''Annals of Mathematics'', 40 (1), 1939, pp. 149–204. DOI: 10.2307/1968551; MR: 1503456; bibcode: 1939AnMat..40..149W; JSTOR: 1968551; S2CID: 121773411.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny fifanandrifiana lehibe eo amin' ny fizika ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanovana mitohy sy ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanovana misaraka eo amin' ny habaka-fotoana; ny fifanandrifiana anaty ananan' ny singa bitika; ary ilay antsoina hoe ''supersymmetry'', izay fifanandrifiana mampifandray karazana singa bitika, ao amin' ny teôria fizika.

=== Eo amin' ny biôlôjia ===

Mifandray amin' izany koa ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny biôlôjia sy ny fifanandrifian' ny tarehy.

[[File:Chance and a Half, Posing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Biby maro no manana fifanandrifiana manakaiky ny an' ny sary amin' ny fitaratra, na dia matetika aza no tsy mifanandrify ny fandaminana ny taova anatiny.]]
Eo amin' ny biôlôjia, ny hevitra momba ny fifanandrifiana dia ampiasaina indrindra hilazana mazava ny endriky ny vatana. Ny biby manana fifanandrifian' ny ilany roa, anisan' izany ny olombelona, dia manana ilany mifanandrify, na dia tsy lavorary aza izany, manoloana ny lemaka sagitaly (na lemaka manasaraka ny vatana ho antsasany havia sy havanana).&lt;ref&gt;James W. Valentine. [http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=802620&amp;referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d802620 ''Bilateria'']. AccessScience. Nojerena: 29 May 2013. Rohy maty araka ny loharano; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118213208/http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=802620&amp;referURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessscience.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fid%3D802620 tahiry: 18 January 2008].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny biby mihetsika manaraka fitodihana iray dia tsy maintsy manana lafy ambony sy ambany, faran' ny vatana misy ny loha sy faran' ny vatana misy ny rambo, ka noho izany manana havia sy havanana. Manana asa manokana ny loha, izay misy ny vava sy ny taovam-pandrenesana, ary manana fifanandrifian' ny ilany roa ny vatana mba hahafahany mihetsika, miaraka amin' ny hozatra sy ny singa ao amin' ny taolam-batana izay milahatra tsiroaroa mifanandrify; matetika anefa no tsy mifanandrify hatrany ny taova anatiny.&lt;ref&gt;Hickman, Cleveland P.; Roberts, Larry S.; Larson, Allan. [http://biocongroup.eu/DA/Calendario_files/Bilateria.pdf ''Animal Diversity (Third Edition)'']. McGraw-Hill, 2002. ''Chapter 8: Acoelomate Bilateral Animals'', p. 139. Nojerena: October 25, 2012. Rohy maty araka ny loharano; [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517212058/http://biocongroup.eu/DA/Calendario_files/Bilateria.pdf tahiry: May 17, 2016].&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny zavamaniry sy ny biby miraikitra amin' ny toerana iray, toy ny anemôna an-dranomasina, no manana fifanandrifiana manodidina foibe na fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana. Mety amin' izy ireo izany, satria mety ho avy amin' ny fitodihana rehetra ny sakafo na ny loza mandrahona azy. Hita amin' ny ekinôderma, vondrom-biby misy ny kintan-dranomasina, ny sokina an-dranomasina ary ny lilia an-dranomasina, ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana ampahadimin' ny fihodinana feno.&lt;ref&gt;Stewart, Ian. ''What Shape is a Snowflake? Magical Numbers in Nature''. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 2001, pp. 64–65.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ampiasaina tahaka ny eo amin' ny fizika koa ny hevitra momba ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny biôlôjia, izany hoe ilazana ny toetran' ny zavatra dinihina, anisan' izany ny fifandraisany sy ny fifampiantraikany. Anisan' ny toetra mampiavaka ny fivoaran' ny zavamananaina ny fiovan' ny fifanandrifiana izay mifanandrify amin' ny fipoiran' ny ampahany vaovao sy ny fomba fiasa sy fihetsehana vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;Giuseppe Longo; Maël Montévil. [https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783642359378 ''Perspectives on Organisms: Biological time, Symmetries and Singularities'']. Springer, 2016. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-662-51229-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiteny: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Maël Montévil; Matteo Mossio; Arnaud Pocheville; Giuseppe Longo. [https://www.academia.edu/27942089 ''Theoretical principles for biology: Variation'']. ''Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology'', 122 (1), 2016, pp. 36–50. Andiany: From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005; PMID: 27530930; S2CID: 3671068.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny simia ===

Lohahevitra mifandray mivantana amin' izany ny fifanandrifian' ny môlekiola.

Manan-danja eo amin' ny [[Simia|simia]] ny fifanandrifiana satria fototra iorenan' ny saika fifampiantraikana manokana rehetra eo amin' ny môlekiola eo amin' ny natiora izy. Izany dia miseho amin' ny fifampiantraikan' ny môlekiola voajanahary na nataon' olombelona izay tsy azo ampifanindrina amin' ny sariny amin' ny fitaratra, amin' ny rafitra biôlôjika manana izany toetra izany rahateo. Ny fifehezana ny fifanandrifian' ny môlekiola vokarin' ny fanamboarana akora simika ankehitriny dia manampy ny mpahay siansa hanolotra fitsaboana (na fandraisana fepetra hanasitranana na hanamaivanana aretina) izay manana voka-dratsy faran' izay kely (na vokatra tsy irina vokatry ny fitsaboana). Ny fahatakarana hentitra ny fifanandrifiana dia manazava ny zavatra fototra hita eo amin' ny simia kantika, ary eo amin' ny sehatra fampiharana toy ny fandalinana ny hazavana sy ny taratra ifandraisan' ny akora, sy ny fandalinana ny firafitry ny kristaly. Ny teôria sy ny fampiharana ny fifanandrifiana amin' ireo sehatry ny siansa fizika ireo dia miankina betsaka amin' ny sampan' ny matematika antsoina hoe teôrian' ny vondrona aljebrika.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe, John P; Peterson, Kirk. ''Quantum Chemistry''. Academic Press, fanontana: Third, 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-457551-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo amin' ny simia, ny fifanandrifian' ny zavatra na ny môlekiola iray dia faritana amin' ny alalan' ny fanovana mitahiry ny endriny. Ny fanovana mitahiry endrika dia asa mamindra ny môlekiola nefa mamela ny endriny ankapobeny tsy hiova. Misy karazany telo lehibe ireo fanovana ireo.

==== Fampihodinana ====

Ahodina manodidina hitsy iray an-tsaina, antsoina hoe hitsy fihodinana, ny môlekiola. Raha mitovy hatrany ny endriny aorian' izany fampihodinana izany, dia lazaina fa manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana izy. Ny hitsy fihodinana no zavatra jeômetrika ifotoran' io fanovana mitahiry endrika io.

==== Famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra ====

Amin' ity fanovana ity dia avadika manoloana velarana fisaka iray an-tsaina, toy ny fitaratra, ny môlekiola. Raha mitovy tanteraka amin' ny teo aloha ny sary azo amin' izany, dia manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra ilay môlekiola. Lemaka fifanandrifiana no zavatra jeômetrika ifotoran' io fanovana mitahiry endrika io.

==== Famadihana amin' ny teboka iray ====

Amin' ity fanovana ity, ny teboka tsirairay amin' ny môlekiola dia afindra mamakivaky teboka iray eo afovoany, ka apetraka amin' ny ilany mifanohitra, mitovy halavirana amin' io foibe io. Raha tsy miova ny endriky ny môlekiola aorian' izany, dia manana fifanandrifiana amin' ny famadihana amin' ny teboka izy. Foiben' ny famadihana, izany hoe teboka iray, no zavatra jeômetrika ifotoran' io fanovana mitahiry endrika io.

==== Fampihodinana sy hitsy fifanandrifiana ====

Matetika ny hitsy fihodinana dia marihina amin' ny C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;, ka ny n dia manondro ny isan' ny fiverenan' ny endriky ny môlekiola hitovy amin' ny endriny tany am-boalohany mandritra ny fihodinana feno 360°. Ny zoro ilaina isaky ny dingana dia 360°/n. Raha toa tsy miova ny endriky ny môlekiola rehefa ahodina amin' io zoro io izy, dia lazaina fa manana hitsy fifanandrifiana ahitana fiverenan' ny endrika in-n mandritra ny fihodinana feno, na hitsy manana laharana n. Ny fampihodinana indray mandeha ny môlekiola amin' ny 360°/n manodidina io hitsy io dia antsoina hoe fanovana C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;. Ohatra, raha toa tsy miova ny endriky ny môlekiola rehefa ahodina amin' ny 120° izy, dia manana hitsy C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; izy.

Ny fampihodinana amin' ny 360° dia mamela ny môlekiola hitovy tanteraka amin' ny teo alohan' ny fampihodinana. Amin' izany heviny izany, ny fihodinana feno dia mitovy vokatra amin' ny fampihodinana amin' ny 0°, izany hoe tsy nisy fiovana hita maso. Ao amin' ny voambolana momba ny fifanandrifiana, ny asa tsy manova na inona na inona dia antsoina hoe fanovana tsy manova ny singa, ary marihina amin' ny E. Misy amin' ny môlekiola rehetra io fanovana io, na inona na inona fifanandrifiana ananany, satria ny tsy fanaovana fanovana dia mamela ilay zavatra tsy hiova foana. Rehefa ahodina imbetsaka manodidina hitsy fifanandrifiana manana laharana n, dia ny famerenana in-n ny fampihodinana C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; no mamerina ny môlekiola amin' ny fitodihany tany am-boalohany. Toy izao no anehoana izany fifandraisana izany: C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; = E.

==== Famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra sy lemaka fifanandrifiana ====

Marihina amin' ny σ (sigma) io lemaka io. Misy karazana lemaka fitaratra samihafa, arakaraka ny fitodihany raha oharina amin' ilay môlekiola. Ny lemaka mitsangana (σ&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;) dia lemaka ahitana ny hitsy fihodinana lehibe, izany hoe ilay hitsy manana laharana ambony indrindra, na sanda n lehibe indrindra. Ny lemaka marindrano (σ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;) dia lemaka mifampijadona amin' ny hitsy fihodinana lehibe. Ny lemaka manasaraka ho roa mitovy ny zoro (σ&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;) dia lemaka mitsangana ahitana io hitsy lehibe io, sady manasaraka ho roa mitovy ny zoro eo anelanelan' ny hitsy C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; roa izay mifampijadona amin' ny hitsy lehibe.

Raha ampiharina indroa ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, dia miverina amin' ny toerany tany am-boalohany ilay môlekiola. Toy izao no anehoana izany: σ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = E.

==== Famadihana amin' ny teboka iray sy foibe fifanandrifiana ====

Marihina amin' ny i io fanovana io. Azo heverina ho fitambaran' ny fampihodinana amin' ny 180° arahina famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra manoloana lemaka mifampijadona amin' ny hitsy fihodinana (σ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;) ny famadihana amin' ny teboka iray. Ny fampiharana azy indroa dia mamerina ny môlekiola amin' ny firafiny tany am-boalohany: i&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = E.

=== Eo amin' ny psikôlôjia sy ny siansa momba ny rafi-pitatitra ===

Mifandray amin' izany koa ny fahitana sy ny fandraisan' ny saina izay hita.

Ho an' ny olombelona mijery zavatra iray, ny karazam-pifanandrifiana sasany dia misongadina kokoa noho ny hafa. Ny misongadina indrindra dia ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra manana hitsy mitsangana, toy izay hita amin' ny tarehin' olombelona. Nanao izany fanamarihana izany i Ernst Mach tao amin' ny bokiny ''The analysis of sensations'' (1897),&lt;ref&gt;Ernst Mach. ''Symmetries and Group Theory in Particle Physics: An Introduction to Space-Time and Internal Symmetries''. Open Court Publishing House, 1897.&lt;/ref&gt; ary izany dia midika fa ny fahatsapana ny fifanandrifiana dia tsy valin' ny saina ankapobeny amin' ny karazana lamina miverimberina rehetra. Ny fikarohana momba ny fitondran-tena sy ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra dia samy nanamafy ny fahatsapana manokana ny fifanandrifiana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, eo amin' ny olombelona sy ny biby hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Wagemans, J. [https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/207060 ''Characteristics and models of human symmetry detection'']. ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences'', 1 (9), 1997, pp. 346–352. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01105-4; PMID: 21223945; S2CID: 2143353.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fikarohana voalohany tao amin' ny psikôlôjia ''Gestalt'' (izay mandinika ny fandraisan' ny saina ny endrika ho iray manontolo) dia nanolo-kevitra fa ny fifanandrifian' ny ilany roa dia iray amin' ny antony lehibe mahatonga ny saina hanambatra izay hitany ho vondrona. Izany no antsoina hoe lalàn' ny fifanandrifiana. Nohamafisin' ny fikarohana maro ny anjara asan' ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny fanangonana izay hita ho vondrona sy ny fanavahana ny endrika amin' ny lafika. Haingana kokoa, ohatra, ny fahitana ny fifanandrifiana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra rehefa toetran' ny zavatra tokana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Bertamini, M. ''Sensitivity to reflection and translation is modulated by objectness''. ''Perception'', 39 (1), 2010, pp. 27–40. DOI: 10.1068/p6393; PMID: 20301844; S2CID: 22451173.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fikarohana momba ny fandraisan' ny olombelona izay tsapany sy ny fifandraisan' ny fanentanana ara-batana amin' ny fahatsapana dia nampiseho fa haingana sy mahomby ny fahitana ny fifanandrifiana, ary mahatohitra fanelingelenana. Ohatra, azo fantarina ny fifanandrifiana rehefa aseho mandritra ny 100 hatramin' ny 150 milisegondra ny sary iray.&lt;ref&gt;Barlow, H.B.; Reeves, B.C. ''The versatility and absolute efficiency of detecting mirror symmetry in random dot displays''. ''Vision Research'', 19 (7), 1979, pp. 783–793. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(79)90154-8; PMID: 483597; S2CID: 41530752.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fikarohana tatỳ aoriana mampiasa fakana sarin' ny atidoha dia nandrakitra ireo faritry ny atidoha miasa mandritra ny fahatsapana ny fifanandrifiana. Nampiasa fMRI (fakana sary amin' ny akon' andriamby hanaraha-maso ny fiasan' ny atidoha) i Sasaki sy ny mpiara-miasa aminy&lt;ref&gt;Sasaki, Y.; Vanduffel, W.; Knutsen, T.; Tyler, C.W.; Tootell, R. ''Symmetry activates extrastriate visual cortex in human and nonhuman primates''. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA'', 102 (8), 2005, pp. 3159–3163. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500319102 (azo vakina malalaka); PMID: 15710884; PMC: 549500; bibcode: 2005PNAS..102.3159S.&lt;/ref&gt; mba hampitahana ny valin' ny atidoha manoloana lamina misy teboka voalamina mifanandrify na teboka mipetraka kisendrasendra. Nahitana fiasana mafy ireo faritra ivelan' ny faritra voalohany misahana ny fahitana, ao amin' ny korteksa ôksipitaly (na sosona ivelany amin' ny tapany aorian' ny atidoha), fa tsy ny korteksa voalohany misahana ny fahitana (na faritra voalohany amin' io sosona io mandray ny fampahalalana hita maso). Anisan' ireo faritra ivelan' ny faritra voalohany ireo ny V3A, V4, V7 ary ny LOC (vondrom-paritra ôksipitaly an-tsisiny, na fitambaran' ny faritra amin' ny sisin' ny tapany aorian' ny atidoha). Ny fikarohana mandrefy ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra amin' ny alalan' ny famantarana elektrika dia nahita famantarana elektrika miiba miseho tara any amin' ny faritra aoriana, izay avy amin' ireo faritra ireo ihany.&lt;ref&gt;Makin, A.D.J.; Rampone, G.; Pecchinenda, A.; Bertamini, M. ''Electrophysiological responses to visuospatial regularity''. ''Psychophysiology'', 50 (10), 2013, pp. 1045–1055. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12082; PMID: 23941638.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia toa mandray anjara amin' ny fikirakirana ny fifanandrifiana hita maso ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny rafitra misahana ny fahitana, ary misy tambajotra mitovy amin' izay tompon' andraikitra amin' ny fahitana sy ny famantarana ny zavatra ireo faritra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Bertamini, M.; Silvanto, J.; Norcia, A.M.; Makin, A.D.J.; Wagemans, J. ''The neural basis of visual symmetry and its role in middle and high-level visual processing''. ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'', 132 (1), 2018, pp. 280–293. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13667 (azo vakina malalaka); PMID: 29604083; bibcode: 2018NYASA1426..111B; hdl: 11577/3289328 (azo vakina malalaka).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny samy olona ==
Ao amin' ny toe-javatra isan-karazany, ny olona dia mahita fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny samy olona, izany hoe fitoviana eo amin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Matetika koa izany no ahitana fifandanjana tsy misy fifanandrifiana. Anisan' izany ny fanombanana ny fifamaliana amin' ny fihetsika ataon' ny hafa, ny fahaizana mahatakatra sy miombona amin' ny fihetseham-pon' ny hafa, ny fangorahana, ny fialan-tsiny, ny fifanakalozan-kevitra, ny fanajana, ny rariny ary ny valifaty.

Ny fifandanjana azo amin' ny fandinihana (''reflective equilibrium'') dia fifandanjana mety ho tratra amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana sy fanitsiana mifamaly eo amin' ny foto-kevitra ankapobeny sy ny fitsarana momba ny tranga manokana.&lt;ref&gt;Daniels, Norman (2003-04-28). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/ ''Reflective Equilibrium'']. Zalta, Edward N. (tonian-dahatsoratra), ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054 1095-5054]. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/429049174 429049174].&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny pejy ''Symmetry'' ao amin' ny ''Emotional Competency'', ny fifandraisana misy fifanandrifiana dia mampita izao hevitra ara-pitondran-tena izao: «mitovy avokoa isika», fa ny fifandraisana tsy misy fifanandrifiana kosa dia mety hampita ny hoe: «miavaka aho; ambony noho ianao» (fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teny nalaina ireo). Araka io pejy io ihany, ny fifandraisan' ny samy mitovy sata, toy ireo mety hofehezin' ny fitsipika volamena (''Golden Rule''), dia mifototra amin' ny fifanandrifiana, fa ny fifandraisana mifototra amin' ny fahefana kosa dia mifototra amin' ny tsy fisian' ny fifanandrifiana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/symmetry.htm ''Emotional Competency'']: ''Symmetry''.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fanazavan' i P. Lutus, azo tazonina hatramin' ny ambaratonga iray ny fifandraisana misy fifanandrifiana amin' ny fampiasana paikady tsotra ao amin' ny teôrian' ny lalao, izay mandinika ny safidy ataon' ny mpandray anjara rehefa miankina amin' ny safidin' ny hafa ny vokatra azony. Hita amin' ny lalao tsy miova ny rafitra rehefa ampifamadihana ny mpilalao ireo paikady ireo, toy ny famaliana ny fihetsika nataon' ny mpilalao iray tamin' ny fihodinana teo aloha amin' ny fihetsika mitovy aminy (''tit for tat'').&lt;ref&gt;Lutus, P. (2008). [http://www.arachnoid.com/symmetry/details.html ''The Symmetry Principle'']. access-date: 28 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eo amin' ny zavakanto ==
Jereo koa ny matematika sy ny zavakanto.

Misy lisitry ny gazety ara-tsiansa sy ny taratasim-baovao fantatra fa miresaka, farafaharatsiny amin' ny ampahany, ny fifanandrifiana sy ny zavakanto.&lt;ref&gt;Bouissou, C.; Petitjean, M. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01782438v2/document ''Asymmetric Exchanges'']. ''Journal of Interdisciplinary Methodologies and Issues in Science'', 4, pp. 1–18. DOI: 10.18713/JIMIS-230718-4-1 (azo vakina malalaka). Jereo ny tovana 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny maritrano ===
Jereo koa ny matematika sy ny maritrano.

[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra views from around (85).JPG|thumb|Raha jerena avy eo amin' ny sisiny, dia manana fifanandrifian' ny ilany roa ny Taj Mahal; raha jerena avy any ambony, araka ny planiny, dia manana fifanandrifiana miverina inefatra ao anatin' ny fihodinana iray.]]

Hita amin' ny ambaratonga rehetra eo amin' ny maritrano ny fifanandrifiana: manomboka amin' ny endrika ivelany ankapoben' ny trano, toy ny katedraly gôtika sy ny White House, ka hatramin' ny fandaminana ny planin' ny rihana tsirairay sy ny famolavolana ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny trano, toy ny haingon-tsary amboarina amin' ny taila madinika atambatra. Mampiasa fifanandrifiana amin' ny fomba be pitsiny, na eo amin' ny firafiny na eo amin' ny haingony, ny trano silamo toy ny Taj Mahal sy ny moske Lotfollah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://members.tripod.com/vismath/kim/ Williams: Symmetry in Architecture]. Members.tripod.com (1998-12-31). Nojerena tamin' ny 2013-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/math-art-arch.shtml Aslaksen: Mathematics in Art and Architecture]. Math.nus.edu.sg. Nojerena tamin' ny 2013-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny trano môra toy ny Alhambra dia voaravaka lamina be pitsiny, izay amboarina amin' ny alalan' ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fanisahana sy ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, ary koa amin' ny fampihodinana.&lt;ref&gt;Derry, Gregory N. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk-xS6nABrYC&amp;pg=PA269 ''What Science Is and How It Works'']. Princeton University Press, pp. 269–. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-2311-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy nilaza fa ny mpanao maritrano ratsy ihany no miantehitra amin' ny «fandaminana mampifanandrify ny vongan-javatra, ny vongam-batana ary ny rafitra»; fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izany teny nindramina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunlap&quot;&gt;Dunlap, David W. (31 July 2009). [http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/behind-10/?_r=0 ''Behind the Scenes: Edgar Martins Speaks'']. ''New York Times''. Nojerena tamin' ny 11 November 2014. Teny nindramina amin' ny loharano tany am-boalohany: “My starting point for this construction was a simple statement which I once read (and which does not necessarily reflect my personal views): ‘Only a bad architect relies on symmetry; instead of symmetrical layout of blocks, masses and structures, Modernist architecture relies on wings and balance of masses.’&lt;/ref&gt; Ny maritrano môdernista kosa, nanomboka tamin' ny fomba iraisam-pirenena (''International style''), dia miantehitra amin' ny «elatry ny trano sy ny fifandanjan' ny vongam-batana», araka io filazana io ihany, izay nadika amin' ny teny malagasy eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunlap&quot; /&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny vilany tanimanga sy ny fitoeran-javatra metaly ===
[[File:Makingpottery.jpg|thumb|right|Mahazo fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana ny vilany tanimanga volavolaina eo amin' ny kodiaran' ny mpanefy tanimanga.]]

Efa nisy fifandraisana akaiky teo amin' ny fanefena tanimanga sy ny fifanandrifiana hatramin' ny niandohan' ny fampiasana kodiarana hanampiana amin' ny famolavolana fitoeran-javatra tanimanga. Ny zavatra tanimanga volavolaina amin' ny kodiarana dia mahazo fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana amin' ny zoro rehetra eo amin' ny endriky ny fizarana mitsivalana aminy, nefa mbola azo ovaina malalaka ny endriny manaraka ny haavony. Miainga amin' io endrika efa manana fifanandrifiana io ny mpanefy tanimanga, hatramin' ny andro fahiny, ka manampy lamina manova ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana mba hahazoana ny vokatra hita maso tadiaviny.

Tsy nanana ilay fifanandrifiana amin' ny fihodinana izay vokatry ny fanamboarana tanimanga amin' ny kodiarana ny fitoeran-javatra metaly narendrika sy narotsaka tao anaty lasitra. Nanome fahafahana mitovy anefa izy ireny handravahana ny vohony amin' ny lamina mahafinaritra ny mpampiasa azy. Ohatra, efa tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 talohan' i Kristy ny Sinoa fahiny no nampiasa lamina manana fifanandrifiana tamin' ny zavatra varahina firaka narotsany tao anaty lasitra. Ny fitoeran-javatra varahina firaka dia nahitana haingo fototra manana fifanandrifian' ny ilany roa sy haingo sisiny miverimberina amin' ny fanisahana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinavoc.com/arts/handicraft/bronze.htm The Art of Chinese Bronzes]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20031211185121/http://chinavoc.com/arts/handicraft/bronze.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 2003-12-11]. Chinavoc (2007-11-19). Nojerena tamin' ny 2013-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny karipetra sy ny lamba fanakonana gorodona ===
[[File:Farsh1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Karipetra persiana manana fifanandrifiana toy ny an' ny mahitsizoro.]]

Kolontsaina samihafa no manana fomban-drazana efa ela amin' ny fampiasana fifanandrifiana amin' ny lamina amin' ny karipetra sy ny lamba fanakonana gorodona. Nampiasa tsipika misongadina mampitohy zoro mifanatrika sy haingo mahitsizoro ny Amerindianina Navajo. Maro amin' ny karipetra tatsinanana no manana haingo afovoany be pitsiny mifanandrify toy ny sary anaty fitaratra, ary haingo sisiny izay mamerina lamina amin' ny fanisahana. Ny karipetra mahitsizoro dia mazàna manana ireo fifanandrifiana ananan' ny mahitsizoro: izany hoe ny haingo ao aminy dia mifanandrify amin' ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, manodidina ny mpiray mitsivalana sady manodidina ny mpiray mitsangana. Jereo koa ny lafiny jeômetrika amin' ny vondrona aljebrika Klein misy singa efatra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20010203155200/http://marlamallett.com/default.htm Marla Mallett Textiles &amp; Tribal Oriental Rugs]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://navajocentral.org/rugs.htm Dilucchio: Navajo Rugs]. Navajocentral.org (2003-10-26). Nojerena tamin' ny 2013-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny bodofotsy vita amin' ny tapa-damba atambatra ===
[[File:kitchen kaleid.svg|thumb|upright=0.65|Singa amin' ny bodofotsy vita amin' ny tapa-damba atambatra, manana lamina ''Kitchen kaleidoscope'' (lamina an-dakozia toy ny endrika hita ao anaty kaléidoskôpy).]]

Ny bodofotsy vita amin' ny tapa-damba atambatra dia amboarina amin' ny singa efamira, izay mazàna misy tapa-damba 9, 16 na 25 isanisany, ary matetika telozoro ny tapa-damba madinika tsirairay. Noho izany dia mora ampiharana ny fifanandrifiana io asa tanana io.&lt;ref&gt;[http://its.guilford.k12.nc.us/webquests/quilts/quilts.htm Quate: Exploring Geometry Through Quilts]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20031231031119/http://its.guilford.k12.nc.us/webquests/quilts/quilts.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 2003-12-31]. Its.guilford.k12.nc.us. Nojerena tamin' ny 2013-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny zavakanto sy ny asa tanana hafa ===
Jereo koa ny lamina jeômetrika silamo.

Miseho amin' ny famolavolana zavatra isan-karazany ny fifanandrifiana. Anisan' ny ohatra ny haingo vakana, ny fanaka, ny sary vita amin' ny fasika, ny haingo fatotra, ny saron-tava ary ny zavamaneno. Mitana anjara toerana fototra eo amin' ny zavakanton' i M.C. Escher ny fifanandrifiana, ary koa amin' ny fampiharana maro ny fandrakofana velarana amin' ny endrika mifanila tsy misy banga na fifanindriana. Hita amin' ny zavakanto sy ny asa tanana izany, toy ny taratasy fandravahana rindrina, ny haingo taila seramika toy ny haingo jeômetrika silamo, ny ''batik'' (fandokoana lamba ka saronana savoka ny faritra tsy tokony ho voadoko), ny ''ikat'' (fanenomana amin' ny kofehy efa nolokoina araka ny lamina), ny fanamboarana karipetra, ary ny lamina isan-karazany amin' ny lamba sy ny amboradara.&lt;ref&gt;Cucker, Felipe (2013). ''Manifold Mirrors: The Crossing Paths of the Arts and Mathematics''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–78, 83, 89, 103. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-72876-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ampiasaina amin' ny famolavolana famantarana an-tsary koa ny fifanandrifiana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.designmantic.com/how-to/how-to-design-a-perfect-logo How to Design a Perfect Logo with Grid and Symmetry].&lt;/ref&gt; Raha amboarina eo amin' ny harato misy tsipika mifampita ny famantarana, ary ampiasaina ny teôrian' ny fifanandrifiana, dia afaka mandamina ny asany ny mpamolavola, mamorona endrika manana na tsy manana fifanandrifiana, mamaritra ny elanelana eo amin' ny litera sy ny habetsahan' ny habaka tsy fenoin' ny endrika ilaina ao amin' ilay sary, ary mamaritra ny fomba hanasongadinana ny ampahany sasany amin' ny famantarana mba hampiavaka azy.

=== Eo amin' ny mozika ===
[[File:Major and minor triads, circles, dozenal.png|thumb|Ny fitambaram-peo telo majea (''major'') sy minea (''minor'') eo amin' ny bokotra fotsin' ny pianô dia mifanandrify manodidina ny D.]]

Tsy voafetra amin' ny zavakanto hita maso ny fifanandrifiana. Mahakasika lafiny maro amin' ny famoronana sy ny fahatsapana mozika ny anjara toerany eo amin' ny tantaran' ny mozika.

==== Firafitry ny mozika ====

Maro ny mpamoron-kira nampiasa ny fifanandrifiana ho fepetra mamaritra ny firafitry ny sanganasany. Ohatra amin' izany ny firafitra miendrika andohalambo, izay mivelatra eo afovoany ary miverina amin' ny filaharana mifamadika (ABCBA), nampiasain' i Steve Reich, Béla Bartók ary James Tenney. Teo amin' ny mozika klasika, i Johann Sebastian Bach dia nampiasa ny hevitra momba ny fifanandrifiana mifandray amin' ny fanovana ny filaharan' ny feo sy ny tsy fiovana eo ambanin' ny fanovana iray.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo ny ''Fugue No. 21'': [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc/ii21s.pdf PDF (endrika antontan-taratasy azo afindra)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20050913002304/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc/ii21s.pdf tahiry tamin' ny 2005-09-13]; na [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc/ii21.html Shockwave], [https://web.archive.org/web/20051026015256/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc/ii21.html tahiry tamin' ny 2005-10-26].&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Firafitry ny haavom-peo ====

Zava-dehibe koa ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny fananganana andiam-peo voalahatra sy fitambaram-peo. Ny mozika nentim-paharazana na ny mozika manana rafitra mifantoka amin' ny feo fototra iray dia voaforona amin' ny vondron' ny haavom-peo tsy manana fifanandrifiana, toy ny andiam-peo diatônika na ny fitambaram-peo majea. Lazaina fa tsy manana fitodihana na fahatsapana fandrosoana kosa ny andiam-peo na ny fitambaram-peo manana fifanandrifiana: anisan' izany ny andiam-peo izay tonô iray avokoa ny elanelan' ny feo mifanesy, ny fitambaram-peo telo misy tersa lehibe mifanesy (''augmented chord''), na ny fitambaram-peo septima nahena (''diminished-diminished seventh''). Tsy mazava tsara ny rafi-peo fototra na ny foibem-peo iorenan' ireo, ary tsy dia voafaritra ny anjara asany eo amin' ny rafitra diatônika. Na izany aza, nampiasa mpiray ifanandrifiana sy fiverimberenan' ny elanelam-peo iray, na ny iray amin' ireo, ny mpamoron-kira toa an' i Alban Berg, Béla Bartók ary George Perle. Mitovitovy amin' ny fampiasana rafi-peo fototra, na foibem-peo iorenan' ny mozika nefa tsy manaraka ny rafitra nentim-paharazana mifantoka amin' ny feo fototra iray, izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perle1992&quot;&gt;Perle, George (1992). ''Symmetry, the twelve-tone scale, and tonality''. ''Contemporary Music Review'', 6 (2), pp. 81–96. DOI: 10.1080/07494469200640151.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanazava toy izao i George Perle, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: «Ny C–E, D–F♯, [ary] Eb–G dia fisehoana samihafan' ny elanelam-peo iray ihany … ny karazana fitoviana hafa kosa … dia mifandray amin' ny mpiray ifanandrifiana. Ny C–E dia ao anatin' izao fianakavian' ny tsiroaroam-peo mifandray amin' ny fifanandrifiana izao:»&lt;ref name=&quot;Perle1992&quot; /&gt;

{|
|-
|D
| 
|D♯
| 
|'''E'''
| 
|F
| 
|F♯
| 
|G
| 
|G♯
|-
|D
| 
|C♯
| 
|'''C'''
| 
|B
| 
|A♯
| 
|A
| 
|G♯
|}

Noho izany, ankoatra ny maha ao anatin' ny fianakavian' ny elanelam-peo 4 azy, dia ao anatin' ny fianakavian' ny fitambarana 4 koa ny C–E, raha atao mitovy amin' ny 0 ny C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perle1992&quot; /&gt;

{|
|rowspan=3|+
|2
|
|3
|
|'''4'''
|
|5
|
|6
|
|7
|
|8
|-
|2
|
|1
| 
|'''0'''
|
|11
|
|10
|
|9
|
|8
|-
|4
|
|4
|
|4
|
|4
|
|4
|
|4
|
|4
|}

Manana fifanandrifiana ny fiverimberenan' ny elanelam-peo iray, ka tsy diatônika. Na izany aza, ny ampahany misy haavom-peo fito amin' ny C5 dia mamokatra ny andiam-peo majea diatônika. Ny C5 dia ny tsingerin' ny elanelam-peo kinta, izay mitovy feo amin' ny tsingerin' ny elanelam-peo karta na dia samy hafa fanoratana aza. Ny fifandimbiasan' ny fitambaram-peo miverina an-tsingerina, ao anatin' ny rafitra mifantoka amin' ny feo fototra, ao amin' ny sanganasan' ny mpamoron-kira rômantika toa an' i Gustav Mahler sy Richard Wagner, dia mampifandray izany amin' ny fifanesena an-tsingerin' ny haavom-peo ao amin' ny mozika tsy manaraka io rafitra io, nosoratan' ireo môdernista toa an' i Bartók, Alexander Scriabin, Edgard Varèse ary ny sekolin' i Vienna. Etsy ankilany, ireo fifandimbiasan' ny fitambaram-peo ireo dia manambara ny fiafaran' ny rafitra mifantoka amin' ny feo fototra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perle1992&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Perle1990&quot;&gt;Perle, George (1990). [https://archive.org/details/listeningcompose00perl ''The Listening Composer''] (voafetra ny fahazoana mamaky azy), p. [https://archive.org/details/listeningcompose00perl/page/n31 21]. University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-06991-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Quartet'', Op. 3 (1910) nosoratan' i Alban Berg angamba no sanganasa lava voalohany nifototra tsy tapaka tamin' ny fifandraisana manana fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny haavom-peo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perle1990&quot; /&gt;

==== Fitoviana ====

Ny filaharan' ny haavom-peo na ny vondron' ny kilasin' ny haavom-peo, izany hoe ireo feo heverina ho mitovy na dia samy hafa ôktava aza, dia manana fifanandrifiana mitsivalana raha tsy miova rehefa avadika avy any amin' ny farany mankany amin' ny fiandohana ny filaharany. Manana fifanandrifiana mitsangana kosa izy ireo raha tsy miova rehefa avadika ho fidinana ny fiakaran' ny elanelam-peo, ary ho fiakarana ny fidinany. Jereo koa ny gadona tsy manana fifanandrifiana.

=== Eo amin' ny fandinihana ny hatsarana ===
Jereo indrindra ny fifanandrifiana eo amin' ny hatsaran-tarehy hita maso.

Be pitsiny ny fifandraisan' ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny fandinihana ny hatsarana. Hitan' ny olona ho mahasarika ara-batana ny fifanandrifian' ny ilany roa amin' ny tarehy;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammer1994&quot;&gt;Grammer, K.; Thornhill, R. (1994). ''Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness''. ''Journal of Comparative Psychology'', Washington, D.C., 108 (3), pp. 233–42. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233. PMID: 7924253. S2CID: 1205083.&lt;/ref&gt; araka ireo loharano miresaka ny hatsaran-tarehy, dia manondro fahasalamana sy fahafaha-miaina sy miteraka mifandray amin' ny fototarazo izany.&lt;ref&gt;Rhodes, Gillian; Zebrowitz, Leslie A. (2002). ''Facial Attractiveness: Evolutionary, Cognitive, and Social Perspectives''. Ablex. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-56750-636-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2001&quot;&gt;Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., Tiddeman, B. P., Burt, D. M., &amp; Perrett, D. I. (2001). ''Facial symmetry and judgements of apparent health Support for a “‘ good genes ’” explanation of the attractiveness – symmetry relationship'', 22, 417–429.&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany anefa ny fironana hihevitra ny fifanandrifiana tafahoatra ho mahasorena na tsy mahaliana. Nanolo-kevitra i Rudolf Arnheim fa aleon' ny olona ny endrika manana fifanandrifiana sasantsasany, nefa mbola ampy fahasarotana hahatonga azy ho mahaliana.&lt;ref&gt;Arnheim, Rudolf (1969). [https://archive.org/details/visualthinking00rudo ''Visual Thinking''] (mila fisoratana anarana vao azo vakina). University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny literatiora ===
Hita amin' ny endrika maro eo amin' ny literatiora ny fifanandrifiana. Ohatra tsotra amin' izany ny soratra fohy izay mitovy vakiteny na atomboka avy eo aloha na atomboka avy any aoriana (''palindrome''). Mety hanana firafitra manana fifanandrifiana koa ny tantara, toy ny lamina misy fiakarana sy fidinana ao amin' ny ''Beowulf''.&lt;ref&gt;Jenny Lea Bowman (2009). [http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1925&amp;context=utk_gradthes ''Symmetrical Aesthetics of Beowulf'']. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Hajatena mampitovy, izany hoe fampiharana zavatra matematika iray amin' ny tenany izay mitahiry ny firafiny ary manana fampiharana mifamadika aminy izay mitahiry izany firafitra izany koa.
* Fitsipik' i Burnside momba ny fanisana
* Toetra tsy ahafahana mampifanindry zavatra iray amin' ny sariny amin' ny fitaratra amin' ny alalan' ny fanisahana sy fampihodinana azy (''chirality'')
* Lefa ankasa sy lefa tsiankasa
* Teboka tsy ovain' ny fampiharana rehetra ao amin' ny vondrona aljebrikan' ny fampiharana mitahiry halavirana ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana – ivon' ny fifanandrifiana
* Fitovian-toetra amin' ny fitodihana rehetra (''isotropy'')
* Filaharan' ny marika mitovy na vakina avy eo aloha na avy eo aoriana (''palindrome'')
* Fifanandrifian' ny habaka sy ny fotoana
* Fahavakisan' ny fifanandrifiana ho azy
* Fepetra manala ny vahaolana miverimberina noho ny fifanandrifiana
* Fifandraisana tsy miova rehefa ampifamadihana ireo singa roa
* Fifanandrifian' ny endrika vita amin' ny telozoro mitovy lafy sy habe mifamatotra amin' ny lafiny (''polyiamonds'')
* Fifanandrifian' ny endrika vita amin' ny efamira mitovy habe mifamatotra amin' ny lafiny (''polyominoes'')
* Vondrona aljebrikan' ny fanovana mitahiry ny endrika iray
* Vondrona aljebrikan' ny fifanandrifiana amin' ny lamina miverimberina eo amin' ny lemaka (''wallpaper group'')

== Fanamarihana fanazavana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry'', Mario Livio, Souvenir Press, 2006, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-285-63743-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://isa.symmetry.hu ''International Symmetry Association''] (Fikambanana iraisam-pirenena momba ny fifanandrifiana; ISA).
* Dutch: [http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/SYMMETRY/2DPTGRP.HTM ''Symmetry Around a Point in the Plane''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20040102035006/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/SYMMETRY/2DPTGRP.HTM tahiry] tamin' ny 2004-01-02).
* Chapman: [http://home.earthlink.net/~jdc24/symmetry.htm ''Aesthetics of Symmetry''].
* [http://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/~jablans/isis0.htm ''ISIS Symmetry''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090922133038/http://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/~jablans/isis0.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 2009-09-22).
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00776v8 ''Symmetry''], fifanakalozan-kevitra tao amin' ny BBC Radio 4 (onjam-peo), niarahana tamin' i Fay Dowker, Marcus du Sautoy ary Ian Stewart (''In Our Time'', 19 Aprily 2007).

[[:Sokajy:Matematika]]</text>
      <sha1>7h4f8wgd7yau3sy2a7q5uoqryp47btf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roimbazaha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302704</id>
    <redirect title="Biancaea decapetala" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153672</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Thelezifor dia namindra ny pejy [[Roimbazaha]] any amin'i [[Biancaea decapetala]] ary nanitsaka fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1153672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="et4bp3yeiql1fthijw5pr4jq9sizwi7" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Biancaea decapetala]]</text>
      <sha1>et4bp3yeiql1fthijw5pr4jq9sizwi7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Nederlandy</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153673</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:15:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384875452; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151979</comment>
      <origin>1153673</origin>
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      <text bytes="262021" sha1="2dgcu6hcnp6o4vscglwin3za9xnwi3v" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; clear:right; max-width:29em;&quot;
|+ Nederlandy
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''&lt;span lang=&quot;nl&quot;&gt;Nederland&lt;/span&gt;'' (amin' ny teny neerlandey)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|125px|alt=Sainan' i Nederlandy|link=]]&lt;br /&gt;Sainan' i Nederlandy&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Rijkswapen der Nederlanden.svg|95px|alt=Mari-piandrian' i Nederlandy|link=]]&lt;br /&gt;Mari-piandrian' i Nederlandy&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Netherlands.svg|95px|alt=Mari-piandrian' ny fanjakan' i Nederlandy]]&lt;br /&gt;Mari-piandrian' ny fanjakan' i Nederlandy
|-
! Teny filamatra
| ''Je maintiendrai'' (amin' ny teny frantsay; « Hihazona aho »)
|-
! Hiram-pirenena
| ''Wilhelmus'' (amin' ny teny neerlandey; « William »)&lt;br /&gt;[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|Hiram-pirenen' i Nederlandy]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:EU-Netherlands (orthographic projection).png|frameless|alt=Ny toerana misy ny ampahan' i Nederlandy ao Eorôpa eo amin' ny bolantany]]&lt;br /&gt;Ny ampahan' i Nederlandy ao Eorôpa eo amin' ny bolantany.&lt;br /&gt;[[File:EU-Netherlands.svg|frameless|alt=Ny toerana misy an' i Nederlandy ao Eorôpa]]&lt;br /&gt;Nederlandy ao Eorôpa: maitso antitra i Nederlandy, volondavenona antitra i Eorôpa, ary maitso tanora ny Vondrona Eorôpeana.&lt;br /&gt;[[File:BES islands location map.svg|frameless|alt=Ny toerana misy ny kaominin' i Nederlandy any Karaiba]]&lt;br /&gt;Ny kaominina any Karaiba.
|-
! Sata
| Firenena anisan' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy
|-
! Fanjakana manana fiandrianam-pirenena misy azy
| Fanjakan' i Nederlandy
|-
! Toerana ara-jeografia anondroana ny firenena
| 52° avaratra, 6° atsinanana
|-
! Renivohitra
| [[Amsterdam]]&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; name=&quot;central_cities&quot;&gt;I Amsterdam no renivohitra araka ny lalàm-panorenana, fa any Den Haag kosa no misy ny governemanta sy ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Tanàna lehibe indrindra
| [[Amsterdam]]
|-
! Toerana misy ny renivohitra
| 52° 22′ avaratra, 4° 53′ atsinanana
|-
! Toerana misy ny governemanta
| [[Den Haag]]&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; name=&quot;central_cities&quot; /&gt;
|-
! Fiteny ofisialy
| [[Fiteny neerlandey]]
|-
! Fiteny ofisialy any amin' ny faritra sasany
| Fiteny friziana andrefana, [[Fiteny papiamentô|fiteny papiamentô]], fiteny anglisy{{#tag:ref|Ankoatra ny fiteny neerlandey, dia fiteny ofisialy ao amin' ny kaominina manokan' i Saba sy Sint Eustatius ny fiteny anglisy; fiteny ofisialy ao amin' ny kaominina manokan' i Bonaire ny fiteny papiamentô; ary fiteny ofisialy ao amin' ny faritanin' i Friesland ny fiteny friziana andrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-and-recognised-languages&quot;&gt;date: 11 January 2016; title: ''Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/erkende-talen-nederland]; access-date: 27 December 2017; publisher: Rijksoverheid; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;|group=fanamarihana|name=co-official_languages}}
|-
! Fitenin' ny vitsy anisa
| Fiteny saksôna ambany ao Nederlandy, tenin' ny tanana neerlandey, [[Fiteny limborgiana|fiteny limborgiana]], fiteny rômany sinty, [[Fiteny idisy|fiteny idisy]]{{#tag:ref|Rehefa nankatoavin' ny governemanta neerlandey tamin' ny 1996 ny Sata Eorôpeana momba ny Fitenim-paritra na ny Fitenin' ny Vitsy Anisa, dia nekeny ho fitenim-paritra na fitenin' ny vitsy anisa tsy mifamatotra amin' ny faritra iray ny fiteny saksôna ambany ao Nederlandy, ny fiteny limborgiana, ny fiteny rômany sinty ary ny fiteny idisy.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-and-recognised-languages&quot;/&gt; Nahazo ny satan' ny fiteny ekena ny tenin' ny tanana neerlandey tamin' ny 1 Jolay 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;NGT&quot;&gt;date: 2021; title: ''Besluit van 24 juni 2021 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de Wet erkenning Nederlandse Gebarentaal''; url: [https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20210629/publicatie_inwerkingtreding/document3/f=/vlk1d0bzv6qf.pdf]; journal: Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; issn: 0920-2064; access-date: 1 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;|group=fanamarihana|name=recognised_languages}}
|-
! Anaran' ny mponina
| Nederlandey na neerlandey
|-
! Fiavian' ny mponina (2024)
|
* 72.0% [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|Nederlandey]]&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Tafiditra ao ireo mponina teraka tao Nederlandy izay samy teraka tao Nederlandy koa ny ray sy ny reniny.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 9.2% [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeana hafa]]
* 2.5% Tiorka
* 2.3% Marôkanina
* 2.0% Indônezianina
* 2.0% Sorinamianina
* 1.1% olona avy any [[Karaiba Neerlandey|Karaiba neerlandey]]
* 8.9% hafa&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs-2023&quot;&gt;date: March 2023; title: ''How many residents have origins outside the Netherlands''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-asiel-migratie-en-integratie/hoeveel-inwoners-hebben-een-herkomst-buiten-nederland]; access-date: 21 July 2023; website: opendata.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Fivavahana (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;&gt;date: 16 March 2026; title: ''Limburg is the only province where most people still identify as religious''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2026/11/limburg-is-the-only-province-where-most-people-still-identify-as-religious]; website: Statistics Netherlands.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
* 58% tsy manana fivavahana
* 28% kristianina
** 16% katôlika
** 12% prôtestanta
* 6% silamo
* 7% hafa
|-
! Rafitra fitondrana
| Fitondram-panjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana, mifototra amin' ny antenimiera, ao anatin' ny fanjakana tokana fa tsy federasiôna
|-
! Mpanjaka
| Willem-Alexander
|-
! Praiminisitra
| Rob Jetten
|-
! Solontena ao amin' ny [[Parlemanta Eoropeana|Antenimiera Eorôpeana]]
| Seza 31 ho an' ny faripifidianan' i Nederlandy
|-
! Fahefana mpanao lalàna
| ''States General'' (Antenimieram-panjakana)
|-
! Antenimiera ambony
| Antenimieran-doholona
|-
! Antenimiera ambany
| Antenimieran' ny Solombavambahoaka
|-
! Talohan' ny fahaleovantena
| Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' i Espaina
|-
! Fanambarana fandavana ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka
| 26 Jolay 1581
|-
! Fandriampahalemana tao Münster
| 30 Janoary 1648
|-
! Fanjakana Mitambatr' i Nederlandy
| 16 Martsa 1815
|-
! Andron' ny fanafahana
| 5 Mey 1945
|-
! Satan' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy
| 15 Desambra 1954
|-
! Fandaminana indray ny faritra any Karaiba
| 10 Oktobra 2010
|-
! Velaran-tany
| 41,865 km²&lt;ref&gt;date: 19 May 2015; title: ''Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? – Rijksoverheid.nl''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; name=&quot;area&quot;&gt;Io no velaran-tanin' i Nederlandy miaraka amin' ny faritaniny ampitan-dranomasina. Mirefy 41,543 kilometatra toradroa ny ampahan' i Nederlandy ao Eorôpa.&lt;/ref&gt;; 16,039 mi²&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-134
|-
! Ampahan' ny velaran-tany rakotry ny rano
| 18.41%&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt;
|-
! Toerana avo indrindra
| Mount Scenery: 870 m&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Any amin' ny ampahany any Karaiba izy io; mirefy 322.4 m (1057.7 ft) kosa ny haavon' i Vaalserberg, any amin' ny ampahany ao Eorôpa.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Isan' ny mponina tamin' ny fanisam-bahoaka (2026)
| ↑ Mitombo: 18,130,208&lt;ref name=&quot;2026Census&quot;&gt;date: 1 January 2026; title: ''CBS Population Netherlands''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisations/dashboard-population/population-counter#:~:text=At%20the%20beginning%20of%202026%2C%20the%20Netherlands%20had%2018%2C130%2C208%20inhabitants]; accessdate: 21 July 2026; publisher: Statistics Netherlands.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-70
|-
! Hakitroky ny mponina
| Mponina 541 isaky ny km²&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-26
|-
! GDP (harin-karena faobe), araka ny PPP (fampitahana ny fahefa-mividy), 2026
| ↑ Mitombo: $1.599 arivo miliara&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.NL&quot;&gt;date: 13 October 2026; title: ''World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition)''; url: [https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)]; access-date: 13 October 2026; website: www.imf.org; publisher: [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|International Monetary Fund]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-29. Amin' ity fampitahana ity dia raisina an-tsaina ny fahasamihafan' ny vidin-javatra sy ny fahefa-mividin' ny vola eo amin' ny firenena.
|-
! GDP araka ny fahefa-mividy, isam-batan' olona (2026)
| ↑ Mitombo: $88,202&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.NL&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-10
|-
! GDP amin' ny vidiny ankehitriny, tsy ahitsy araka ny fahefa-mividy (2026)
| ↑ Mitombo: $1.424 arivo miliara&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.NL&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-18
|-
! GDP tsy ahitsy araka ny fahefa-mividy, isam-batan' olona (2026)
| ↑ Mitombo: $78,535&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.NL&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-10
|-
! Fatra Gini, tondro fandrefesana ny tsy fitovian' ny fidiram-bola (2025)
| ↓ Mihena: 25.9&lt;ref name=&quot;eurogini&quot;&gt;title: ''Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey''; url: [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/71d8496b-2dca-4f4d-be26-5ca683f2e925?lang=en&amp;createdAt=2026-07-21T18:15:16Z]; access-date: 21 July 2026; website: ec.europa.eu; publisher: Eurostat.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! HDI (tondro momba ny fampandrosoana ny maha-olona), 2023
| ↑ Mitombo: 0.955&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;date: 6 May 2025; title: ''Human Development Report 2025''; url: [https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf]; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf]; archive-date: 6 May 2025; access-date: 6 May 2025; publisher: [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|United Nations Development Programme]]; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laharana faha-8
|-
! Vola
| [[Euro]] (€), kaody [[ISO 4217|EUR]]; dôlara amerikanina (US$), kaody [[ISO 4217|USD]]{{#tag:ref|Ny euro no ampiasaina any amin' ny ampahan' i Nederlandy ao Eorôpa; nisolo ny vola florina neerlandey izy tamin' ny 2002. Ny dôlara amerikanina kosa no ampiasaina any Nederlandy karibeanina; nisolo ny vola florina an' i Antilia neerlandey izy tamin' ny 2011.&lt;ref&gt;date: 30 September 2010; title: ''Wet geldstelsel BES''; url: [http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028551]; access-date: 11 January 2014; publisher: Dutch government.&lt;/ref&gt;|group=fanamarihana}}
|-
! Faritra ora
| UTC+01:00 (UTC: fotoana iraisana voarindra; CET: ora ao Eorôpa Afovoany); UTC−04:00 (AST: ora mahazatra any amin' ny faritr' i Atlantika)&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;CET sy CEST (ora amin' ny fahavaratra ao Eorôpa Afovoany) no ampiasaina any amin' ny ampahan' i Nederlandy ao Eorôpa, fa AST kosa no ampiasaina any Nederlandy karibeanina.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Ora amin' ny fahavaratra
| UTC+02:00 (CEST: ora amin' ny fahavaratra ao Eorôpa Afovoany); UTC−04:00 (AST)
|-
! Kaody antso an-telefaonina
| +31, +599&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;+599 no kaody antso an-telefaonina nomena an' i [[Antilia Neerlandey|Antilia neerlandey]], izay efa nofoanana. Mbola mampiasa ny +599&amp;nbsp;7 i Bonaire, ny +599&amp;nbsp;3 i Sint Eustatius, ary ny +599&amp;nbsp;4 i Saba, any Nederlandy karibeanina.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Tovana ambony indrindra amin' ny adiresy amin' ny aterineto
| .nl, .bq&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;.nl no tovana ambony indrindra fampiasa amin' ny adiresy amin' ny aterineto ho an' i Nederlandy. Ampiasaina koa ny .eu, izay iombonana amin' ny firenena hafa mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]]. Natokana ho an' i Nederlandy karibeanina ny .bq, saingy tsy ampiasaina.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Kaodin' ny firenena araka ny fenitra ISO 3166-1 (ISO: fikambanana iraisam-pirenena momba ny fanarahan-penitra)
| NLD, NL
|-
! Fanoratana ny daty
| dd-mm-yyyy (andro-volana-taona)&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Jereo ny fanoratana ny daty sy ny ora ao Nederlandy.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

I '''Nederlandy''', na '''Peibà''',&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;''Nederland'' amin' ny teny neerlandey; fanononana: &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ˈneːdərlɑnt]&lt;/span&gt;. [[File:Nl-Nederland.ogg|Fanononana ny hoe Nederland amin' ny teny neerlandey]]&lt;/ref&gt; izay fantatra koa amin' ny anarana tsy ofisialy hoe '''Holland''', dia firenena ao [[Eorôpa Avaratra-Andrefana|Eorôpa Avaratra Andrefana]], manana faritany ampitan-dranomasina ao [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Izy no lehibe indrindra amin' ireo firenena efatra mandrafitra ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 17 November 2017; title: ''Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden''; trans-title: ''Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands''; url: [https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002154/2017-11-17]; access-date: 11 July 2020; publisher: Government of the Netherlands; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana faritany roa ambin' ny folo sy kaominina manokana telo any ampitan-dranomasina i Nederlandy. Ny ampahany eoropeanina aminy dia manana sisin-tany an-tanety amin' i [[Alemaina]] any atsinanana sy amin' i [[Belzika]] any atsimo, ary morontsiraka any avaratra sy andrefana. Manana sisin-tany an-dranomasina iombonana amin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]], i Alemaina ary i Belzika ao amin' ny [[Ranomasina Avaratra]] izy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands boundaries in the North Sea''; url: [http://www.defensie.nl/english/topics/hydrography/contents/maritime-zones-and-boundaries/netherlands-boundaries-in-the-north-sea]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083824/http://www.defensie.nl/english/topics/hydrography/contents/maritime-zones-and-boundaries/netherlands-boundaries-in-the-north-sea]; archive-date: 19 August 2014; access-date: 15 August 2014; publisher: Ministry of Defence.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]] no fiteny ofisialy, ary fiteny ofisialy faharoa ao amin' ny faritanin' i Friesland ny teny friziana andrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-and-recognised-languages&quot;/&gt; Ny teny neerlandey, ny teny anglisy ary ny [[Fiteny papiamentô|teny papiamento]] no fiteny ofisialy any amin' ireo faritany any Karaiba.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-and-recognised-languages&quot;/&gt; Antsoina hoe [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|Nederlandey na Neerlandey]] ny olona avy any Nederlandy; ''Dutch'' no fiantsoana azy ireo amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Babbel.com; last2: GmbH; first2: Lesson Nine; title: ''Why Do We Call People From The Netherlands 'Dutch'?''; url: [https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-netherlands-holland-and-dutch]; access-date: 15 June 2025; website: Babbel Magazine; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;name&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Midika ara-bakiteny hoe «tany iva» ny hoe ''Netherlands'', ilazana ny haavo ambany sy ny vohon-tany fisaka ao aminy; ny 26 % amin' ny velaran-taniny dia ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina.&lt;ref name=&quot;schiermeier-2010&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ireo faritra ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina, izay antsoina hoe pôldera, dia vokatry ny fakana tany amin' ny rano izay nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cavendish_2003&quot;&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/howitworks09mars]; title: ''How it Works: Science and Technology''; publisher: Marshall Cavendish; year: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7614-7323-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: [https://archive.org/details/howitworks09mars/page/1208 1208]; url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandalo fivoarana lehibe teo amin' ny lafiny pôlitika sy toekarena ary kolontsaina ny Repoblika neerlandey; fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Vanim-potoana Volamenan' i Nederlandy izany vanim-potoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands – Dutch civilization in the Golden Age (1609–1713)''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands]; access-date: 10 November 2021; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' izany fotoana izany no nananganan' ireo orinasany misahana ny varotra, dia ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Atsinanana sy ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Andrefana, zanatany sy toby ara-barotra maro.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Dutch Republic &amp;#124; History &amp; Facts''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Dutch-Republic]; access-date: 10 November 2021; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of the Dutch Empire''; url: [http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=aa61]; access-date: 10 November 2021; website: historyworld.net.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy niandany i Nederlandy nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, nefa notafihin' i Alemaina nazi sy nofeheziny ara-tafika tamin' ny taona 1940, nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa; naharitra hatramin' ny fiafaran' ny ady tamin' ny taona 1945 izany fifehezana izany.

Mihoatra ny 18 tapitrisa ny mponina ao Nederlandy, ary 41 850 km² ny velaran-tany manontolo onenan' izy ireo, ka 33 500 km² amin' izany no tany maina. I Nederlandy no firenena faha-15 be hakitroky ny mponina indrindra eran-tany, ary olona 433 isaky ny kilometatra toradroa ny hakitroky ny mponina ao aminy. Na izany aza, izy no mpanondrana sakafo sy vokatry ny fambolena faharoa lehibe indrindra eran-tany raha ny sandan' ny vokatra no jerena, noho ny tany lonaka, ny toetrandro antonony, ny fambolena mamokatra betsaka amin' ny velaran-tany voafetra, ary ny fahaiza-mamorona.&lt;ref&gt;last: Reiley; first: Laura; title: ''Cutting-edge tech made this tiny country a major exporter of food''; url: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2022/netherlands-agriculture-technology/]; url-access: subscription; access-date: 23 November 2022; newspaper: Washington Post; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hollandtrade.com&quot;&gt;last: (RVO); first: Netherlands Enterprise Agency; date: 17 July 2015; title: ''Agriculture and food''; url: [http://www.hollandtrade.com/sector-information/agriculture-and-food/?bstnum=4909]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101082732/http://www.hollandtrade.com/sector-information/agriculture-and-food/?bstnum=4909]; archive-date: 1 January 2016; access-date: 26 August 2016; work: hollandtrade.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalgeographic.com&quot;&gt;date: September 2017; title: ''How the Netherlands Feeds the World''; url: [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/holland-agriculture-sustainable-farming]; url-access: subscription; access-date: 15 January 2020; publisher: [[National Geographic Society]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tanàna efatra lehibe indrindra dia i [[Amsterdam]], i [[Rotterdam]], i [[Den Haag]] ary i [[Utrecht]].&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Gemeentegrootte en stedelijkheid''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/classificaties/overig/gemeentegrootte-en-stedelijkheid]; access-date: 16 December 2019; publisher: CBS; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; I Amsterdam no tanàna be mponina indrindra sy renivohitra amin' ny anarany, na dia any Den Haag aza no misy ireo andrim-panjakana pôlitika lehibe eo amin' ny sehatra nasionaly.&lt;ref&gt;last: Dutch Wikisource; title: ''Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden''; trans-title: ''Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands''; url: [http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Grondwet_voor_het_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden]; access-date: 3 July 2013; at: [http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Nederlandse_grondwet/Hoofdstuk_2#Artikel_32 Chapter 2, Article 32]; language: nl; quote: ... de hoofdstad Amsterdam ....&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1848 i Nederlandy dia fanjakana entin' mpanjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana, manana rafitra parlemantera sy firafitra tokana fa tsy federaly. Efa fomba nisy hatry ny ela tao amin' ilay firenena ny fizarazarana ny olom-pirenena ho vondrona araka ny fivavahany sy ny finoany ara-pôlitika. Efa ela koa no nisy tao ny fifandeferana eo amin' ny fiarahamonina: natao ara-dalàna ny fivarotan-tena, izany hoe fanaovana firaisana ara-nofo takalon-karama, sy ny eotanasia (na fampitsaharana ny ain' olona iray mba hampitsaharana ny fijaliany), ary mitana pôlitika manome fahalalahana kokoa momba ny zava-mahadomelina izy. Navelan' i Nederlandy hifidy ny vehivavy tamin' ny taona 1919, ary izy no firenena voalohany nanao ho ara-dalàna ny fanambadian' ny olona mitovy fananahana tamin' ny taona 2001.&lt;ref&gt;date: 1 April 2001; title: ''Same-Sex Marriage Legalized in Amsterdam''; url: [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0104/01/sm.10.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221411/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0104/01/sm.10.html]; archive-date: 3 March 2016; access-date: 11 March 2016; publisher: [[CNN]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Firenena mandroso]] i Nederlandy; ny toekareny mandroso, izay mifototra amin' ny tsena sady mampifangaro ny sehatra tsy miankina sy ny fanjakana, dia faha-18 lehibe indrindra eran-tany, ary ny fidiram-bola isam-batan' olona ao aminy no faha-11 ambony indrindra maneran-tany. Any Den Haag no misy ny foiben' ny antenimieram-pirenena, ny filankevitry ny minisitra ary ny Fitsarana Tampony.&lt;ref&gt;author: Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the UN; title: ''General Information''; url: [http://netherlandsmission.org/article.asp?articleref=AR00000154EN&amp;categoryvalue=netherlands&amp;subcategoryvalue=nlgeneralinfo]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005025411/http://netherlandsmission.org/article.asp?articleref=AR00000154EN&amp;categoryvalue=netherlands&amp;subcategoryvalue=nlgeneralinfo]; archive-date: 5 October 2013; access-date: 26 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no be fivezivezen' entana indrindra ao Eorôpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200402-2_2021-11-25&quot;&gt;date: 2 April 2020; title: ''Rotterdam: the largest freight port in the EU''; url: [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200402-2]; accessdate: 25 November 2021; publisher: European Commission.&lt;/ref&gt; I Schiphol no seranam-piaramanidina be fivezivezena indrindra ao Nederlandy ary fahaefatra ao Eorôpa. Mpikambana mpanorina ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]], ny [[Faritra euro|faritra mampiasa ny euro]], ny G10 (Vondron' ny Folo), ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra|NATO (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra)]], ny OECD (Fikambanana ho an' ny Fiaraha-miasa sy ny Fampandrosoana ara-toekarena) ary ny [[Fikambanana eran-Tany momba ny Varotra|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Varotra]] i Nederlandy. Anisan' ny [[Fifanarahana Schengen|Faritra Schengen]] sy ny Firaisana Benelux, izay ivondronan' ny firenena telo, koa izy. Misy fikambanana iraisan' ny governemanta sy fitsarana iraisam-pirenena ao aminy, ka maro amin' ireo no any Den Haag.&lt;ref&gt;last: van Krieken; first: Peter J.; url: [https://archive.org/details/haguelegalcapita0000unse]; title: ''The Hague: Legal Capital of the World''; author2: David McKay; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-6704-185-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiavian' ny anarana ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ireo anarana iantsoana ny Tany Iva.

=== Nederlandy sy ny Tany Iva ===
Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny [[Fiteny rômana|fiteny nipoitra avy amin' ny teny latina]], ny anarana midika hoe « Tany Iva » (''Low Countries'') no ampiasaina amin' ny fomba ôfisialy iantsoana an' i Nederlandy.
Mitovitovy ny anaran-toerana ao amin' ireo firenena mandrafitra ny faritra antsoina hoe Tany Iva, dia i Nederlandy, i [[Belzika]] ary i [[Loksemborga]].
Manerana an' i Eorôpa, any amin' ny toerana iva, dia ampiasaina ny anaran-toerana misy ny hoe ''Neder'', ''Nieder'', ''Nedre'', ''Nether'', ''Lage(r)'' na ''Low(er)'' amin' ny [[Sampam-piteny jermanika|fiteny iray fiaviana ao amin' ny vondrona jermanika]], ary ny hoe ''Bas'' na ''Inferior'' amin' ny [[Fiteny rômana|fiteny nipoitra avy amin' ny teny latina]].
Nanavaka ireo faritany rômana roa ny [[Empira Rômana|Rômana]]: i Germania Inferior, tany amin' ny faritra ambany manaraka ny fikorianan' ny rano, izay ampahany amin' i Belzika sy Nederlandy ankehitriny, ary i Germania Superior, tany amin' ny faritra ambony manakaiky ny loharano.
Araka izany, raha ny Tany Iva sy Nederlandy no resahina, dia somary any amin' ny faritra ambany manaraka ny fikorianan' ny rano sy akaikin' ny ranomasina no misy io faritra « ambany kokoa » (''lower'') io, raha oharina amin' ny faritra ambony, dia i Germania Superior.
Niverina indray ny fiantsoana hoe « iva » (''low'') tao amin' ny anaran' ny faritanin' i Lower Lorraine, izay notarihin' ny dioka tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 sady nahafaoka ampahany lehibe tamin' ny Tany Iva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franks (Columbia Encyclopedia)&quot;&gt;year: 2013; title: ''Franks''; encyclopedia: Columbia Encyclopedia; publisher: Columbia University Press; url: [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Franks.aspx]; access-date: 1 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 5 September 2013; title: ''Lotharingia / Lorraine (Lothringen)''; url: [http://nobhist.narod.ru/lorraine.html]; access-date: 1 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiasa ny teny frantsay hoe ''les pays de par deçà'', izay midika hoe « ireo tany etỳ », ireo diokan' i Bourgogne mba hiantsoana ny Tany Iva.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockmansPrevenier2010&quot;&gt;author1: Wim Blockmans; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Foy9GGgdcgC&amp;q=duke+pays+de+par+deçà&amp;pg=PA85]; title: ''The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530''; author2: Walter Prevenier; date: 3 August 2010; publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8122-0070-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 85–.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny fifehezan' ny Habsburg, dia niova ho ''pays d'embas'', izay midika hoe « ireo tany ambany etỳ », izany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Elton; first1: Geoffrey Rudolph; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=59Pae06JSiUC&amp;q=The%20New%20Cambridge%20Modern%20History%3A%20Volume%202%2C%20The%20Reformation%2C%201520-1559&amp;pg=PA342]; title: ''The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520–1559''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 1990; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-34536-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nadika hoe ''Neder-landen'' izany tao amin' ny antontan-taratasy ôfisialy tamin' ny teny neerlandey tamin' izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lem&quot;&gt;last: Van der Lem; first: Anton; title: ''De Opstand in de Nederlanden 1555–1609;De landen van herwaarts over''; url: [http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/verhaal/Pages/verhaal01.aspx]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141427/http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/verhaal/Pages/verhaal01.aspx]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 11 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
Raha ny faritra voatondro kosa no jerena, dia nantsoina hoe ''Niderlant'' koa ny tany teo anelanelan' ny ony Meuse sy ny tapany ambany amin' ny ony [[Rhin|Rhine]], tamin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany.
Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-16, dia very tamin' ny anarana hoe « ''Low Countries'' » sy « ''Netherlands'' » ny heviny tany am-boalohany, izay fanondroana toerana miankina amin' ny toerana misy ny mpiteny, toy ny hoe « etỳ » na « ambany etỳ ».

=== Holland ===
Matetika no ampiasaina amin' ny fiteny andavanandro ny teny hoe ''[[Hôlandy|Holland]]'' mba hiantsoana ny firenena manontolo amin' ny anaran' ny ampahany aminy, ka hanondroana an' i Nederlandy amin' ny endriny ankehitriny, amin' ny fiteny maro,&lt;ref name=&quot;MoFA&quot;&gt;title: ''Holland or the Netherlands?''; url: [http://sweden.nlembassy.org/you-and-netherlands]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161027142541/http://sweden.nlembassy.org/you-and-netherlands]; archive-date: 27 October 2016; access-date: 15 December 2012; publisher: Dutch Embassy in Sweden.&lt;/ref&gt; anisan' izany ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Dale&quot;&gt;G. Geerts &amp; H. Heestermans, 1981, ''Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal. Deel I'', Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht, p 1105&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 11 May 2016; title: ''Nederland vs. Holland''; url: [https://www.holland.com/be_nl/toerisme/informatie/algemeen/nederland-vs-holland.htm]; access-date: 5 February 2023; website: holland.com; language: Dutch; quote: Wat is het verschil tussen Holland en Nederland? Nederland bestaat uit de 12 provincies, maar veel mensen gebruiken ook het woord Holland als ze het over Nederland hebben..&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny teny anglisy. Amin' ny fiteny sasany dia Holland no anarana ofisialy iantsoana an' i Nederlandy. Faritra ao anatin' i Nederlandy anefa i Holland, ary ahitana ireo faritany roa, dia i [[Noord-Holland|Holland Avaratra]] sy i [[Zuid-Holland|Holland Atsimo]]. Faritany iray ihany izy ireo taloha, ary talohan' izany dia ny faritany fehezin' ny kômta tao Holland, izay nahitana ampahany tamin' ny [[Utrecht (faritany)|faritanin' i Utrecht]] ankehitriny koa. Ny toerana lehibe nomena an' i Holland nandritra ny fiforonan' ny Repoblika nederlandey, ny Ady Valopolo Taona ary ireo ady anglisy-nederlandey tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 sy faha-18 no nahatonga ny anarana Holland hiantsoana ny firenena manontolo amin' ny anaran' ny ampahany aminy, fomba fiantsoana atao hoe ''pars pro toto''.&lt;ref&gt;date: 12 April 2008; title: ''Telegraph style book: places and peoples''; url: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/about-us/style-book/1435302/Telegraph-style-book-places-and-peoples.html]; access-date: 31 March 2014; work: The Daily Telegraph; location: London.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The BBC News Styleguide''; url: [http://www2.media.uoa.gr/lectures/linguistic_archives/academic_papers0506/notes/stylesheets_3.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227003642/http://www2.media.uoa.gr/lectures/linguistic_archives/academic_papers0506/notes/stylesheets_3.pdf]; archive-date: 27 February 2012; access-date: 31 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nederlandey maro no tsy manaiky ny iantsoana ilay firenena hoe ''Holland'' fa tsy hoe ''the Netherlands'', noho ny antony mitovitovy amin' izay mahatonga ny Valesa na ny Ekôsey maro tsy hanaiky ny iantsoana ny Fanjakana Mitambatra hoe Angletera.&lt;ref&gt;last: Oostendorp; first: Marc van; date: 1 June 2018; title: ''Nederland of Holland?''; url: [https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/06/nederland-of-holland/]; access-date: 1 September 2023; website: Neerlandistiek; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt; Indrindra indrindra, ireo avy any amin' ny faritra ivelan' i Holland no mihevitra fa tsy mety na tsy mampiseho araka ny tokony ho izy ny firenena ny fampiasana ny anarana Holland hiantsoana azy manontolo,&lt;ref name=&quot;MoFA&quot;/&gt; satria roa monja amin' ireo faritany roa ambin' ny folo no ao amin' ny faritr' i Holland, ary monina ao ny 38% amin' ny olom-pirenena nederlandey. Tamin' ny taona 2019 dia ny anarana ''the Netherlands'', fa tsy ''Holland'', no tian' ny governemanta nederlandey hampiasaina amin' ny fomba ofisialy rehefa niresaka momba ilay firenena.&lt;ref&gt;date: 31 December 2019; title: ''Wennen aan The Netherlands, want Holland bestaat niet langer''; url: [https://nos.nl/artikel/2316869-wennen-aan-the-netherlands-want-holland-bestaat-niet-langer]; access-date: 1 September 2023; website: nos.nl; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: margoD; date: 3 September 2020; title: ''Wat is het verschil tussen Holland en Nederland?''; url: [https://wheninholland.com/weetjes/het-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230901205312/https://wheninholland.com/weetjes/het-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland/]; archive-date: 1 September 2023; access-date: 1 September 2023; website: When in Holland; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Romano; first: Andrea; date: 7 January 2020; title: ''The Netherlands Will No Longer Be Called Holland''; url: [https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/netherlands-holland-official-name-change]; access-date: 5 February 2022; website: Travel + Leisure; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny vahoaka flamanda no mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Holland'' na ''Hollanders'' hiantsoana ny Nederlandey ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: September 2021; title: ''Het Vlaams woordenboek » hollander''; url: [https://www.vlaamswoordenboek.be/definities/term/hollander]; access-date: 12 September 2023; website: vlaamswoordenboek.be.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Nederlandey monina atsimon' ireo renirano lehibe (ny renirano Rhine sy Meuse, izay mamorona fetra voajanahary eo amin' ny kolontsaina, ny fiaraha-monina ary ny fivavahana) kosa dia mampiasa ireo teny ireo amin' ny heviny manambany&lt;ref name=&quot;ensie-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nos-2017&quot; /&gt; mba hiantsoana ny Nederlandey any avaratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ensie-2023&quot;&gt;title: ''HOLLANDER – de betekenis volgens Encyclopedie van Noord Brabant''; url: [https://www.ensie.nl/encyclopedie-van-noord-brabant/hollander]; access-date: 12 September 2023; website: ensie.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny faritanin' i Limburg, any atsimo, dia ampiasaina hiantsoana ny Nederlandey avy any amin' ireo faritany 11 hafa ilay teny.&lt;ref name=&quot;nos-2017&quot;&gt;date: 25 October 2017; title: ''Limburger vindt 'Hollander' bedreigender dan buitenlander''; url: [https://nos.nl/artikel/2199675-limburger-vindt-hollander-bedreigender-dan-buitenlander]; access-date: 12 September 2023; website: nos.nl; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny teny anglisy ''Dutch'' ===
Amin' ny teny anglisy, ny hoe ''Dutch'' dia ampiasaina ho mpamaritra milaza ny fifandraisana amin' i Nederlandy, ary ho [[Anaran'ny mponina|anarana iantsoana ny olona avy amin' io firenena io]]. Ny fototr' io teny io dia ny hoe ''&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;þiudiskaz'' tamin' ny teny jermanika niandohana, izay midika hoe «an' ny vahoaka» na «momba ny vahoaka», ary nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny latina ho ''Theodiscus''. Ny hoe ''&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;þiudiskaz'' no niavian' ny hoe ''&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;thiudisc'' tamin' ny teny neerlandey tranainy sy ny hoe ''þeodisc'' tamin' ny teny anglisy tranainy, izay midika hoe «olon-tsotra [[Vahoaka jermanika|jermanika]]» na «momba ny olon-tsotra jermanika».&lt;ref&gt;last1: Mallory; first1: J.&amp;nbsp;P.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC]; title: ''The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World''; last2: Adams; first2: D.&amp;nbsp;Q.; author-link2: Douglas Q. Adams; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2006; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-929668-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: US; access-date: 6 April 2016; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831164332/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC]; archive-date: 31 August 2021; url-status: live., p. 269.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina tamin' ny teny anglisy ny hoe ''Dutch'' tamin' ny voalohany mba hilazana izay mpiteny fiteny jermanika andrefana rehetra. Nihateritery tsikelikely ny hevitr' ilay teny, ka nanjary nilazana ireo vahoaka miteny fiteny jermanika andrefana izay nifandray be indrindra tamin' ny Anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;M. Philippa e.a. (2003–2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands [Duits]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Lohahevitra antsipiriany: Tantaran' i Nederlandy.

=== Talohan' ny tantara voasoratra (talohan' ny taona 800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) ===
Lohahevitra antsipiriany: Ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny tantara voasoratra tao Nederlandy.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;170&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
5500vc ex leg.jpg|I Nederlandy tamin' ny taona 5500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.
BronzAgeElp.png|Kolontsaina arkeôlôjika tao Nederlandy tamin' ny vanim-potoana nampiasana ny firaka mifototra amin' ny varahina (''Bronze Age'').
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Tany akaikin' i [[Maastricht]] no nahitana ny soritra tranainy indrindra navelan' ny olombelona ([[Olon' i Neanderthal|Neanderthal]]) tao Nederlandy, izay heverina fa efa nisy 250 000 taona teo ho eo.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Roebroeks; first1: Wil; last2: Sier; first2: Mark J.; last3: Nielsen; first3: Trine Kellberg; last4: Loecker; first4: Dimitri De; last5: Parés; first5: Josep Maria; last6: Arps; first6: Charles E. S.; last7: Mücher; first7: Herman J.; date: 7 February 2012; title: ''Use of red ochre by early Neandertals''; journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; volume: 109; issue: 6; pages: 1889–1894; bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.1889R; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112261109; issn: 0027-8424; pmc: 3277516; pmid: 22308348; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny kolontsaina arkeôlôjika resahina eto dia fanasokajiana mifototra amin' ny toetra itovian' ny fitaovana sy ny sisa tavela avy amin' ny fiainan' ny olona fahiny. Tamin' ny fiafaran' ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry dia nihaza [[Karibo|serfa any amin' ny faritra avaratra (''reindeer'')]] tamin' ny lefona tao amin' ilay faritra ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina Hamburg (13 000–10 000 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy). Mpifindrafindra monina izy ireo ary niaina tamin' ny faramparan' ny Paleôlitika ambony, izany hoe ny fizarana farany amin' ny vanim-potoana tranainin' ny fampiasana fitaovam-bato. Nampiasa [[Tsipìka (fitaovana)|tsipìka sy zana-tsipìka]] kosa ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina Ahrensburg (11 200–9500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy), izay tatỳ aoriana. Tao Drenthe no nahitana ny lakana tranainy indrindra eran-tany, izay avy amin' ireo foko nitovitovy tamin' ny kolontsaina Maglemosian tamin' ny taona 8000 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo, nandritra ny Mesôlitika, na ny vanim-potoana anelanelan' ny Paleôlitika sy ny Neôlitika.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Van Zeist; first1: W.; year: 1957; title: ''De steentijd van Nederland''; journal: Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak; volume: 75; pages: 4–11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nifamatotra akaiky tamin' ny renirano sy ny velaran-drano malalaka ny fiainan' ireo mponina tompontany mpihaza sy mpanangona sakafo avy amin' ny kolontsaina Swifterbant (taona 5600 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo), tamin' ny faramparan' ny Mesôlitika. Ireo mpihaza sy mpanangona sakafo ireo dia nivelona tamin' ny fihazana biby sy ny fanangonana sakafo avy amin' ny zavaboary. Nifandray tamin' ny kolontsaina Ertebølle tany amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Skandinavia ny kolontsainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kooijmans1998&quot;&gt;Louwe Kooijmans, L.P., &quot;[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/1108/171_060.pdf?sequence=1 Trijntje van de Betuweroute, Jachtkampen uit de Steentijd te Hardinxveld-Giessendam]&quot;, 1998, ''Spiegel Historiael'' 33, pp. 423–428&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny taona 4800 sy 4500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy dia nanomboka naka tahaka ny fiompiana biby nataon' ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina ''Linear Pottery'' teo akaikiny ny vahoaka Swifterbant; teo anelanelan' ny taona 4300 sy 4000 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy kosa izy ireo no nanomboka nandray ny fambolena.&lt;ref&gt;Volkskrant 24 August 2007 &quot;[http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article455140.ece/Prehistorische_akker_gevonden_bij_Swifterbant Prehistoric agricultural field found in Swifterbant, 4300–4000 BC] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090919141403/http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article455140.ece/Prehistorische_akker_gevonden_bij_Swifterbant https://web.archive.org/web/20090919141403/http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article455140.ece/Prehistorische_akker_gevonden_bij_Swifterbant]; daty: 19 September 2009)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina ''Funnelbeaker'' (4300–2800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) no nanangana ireo fasana goavambe naorina tamin' ny vato lehibe, izay hita ao Drenthe. Nisy fiovana haingana avy tamin' ny kolontsaina nivelona tamin' ny fambolena tao amin' ny ''Funnelbeaker'' ho amin' ny kolontsaina ''Corded Ware'', izay nivelona tamin' ny fiompiana biby teny amin' ny kijana ary niely nanerana an' i Eorôpa (taona 2950 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo). Tany atsimo-andrefana dia naharitra hatramin' ny fotoana efa nandrosoan' ny [[Neôlitika|Neôlitika, na vanim-potoana vaovao amin' ny fampiasana fitaovam-bato]], ny kolontsaina Seine–Oise–Marne, izay nifandray tamin' ny kolontsaina Vlaardingen (taona 2600 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo). Nosoloan' ny kolontsaina ''Corded Ware'' koa izy io tamin' ny farany.

Ny kolontsaina ''Bell Beaker'' (2700–2100 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy),&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Background to beakers: inquiries in regional cultural backgrounds to the Bell Beaker complex''; date: 2012; publisher: Sidestone; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-8890-084-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Fokkens; editor-first: Harry; location: Leiden; page: 131; editor-last2: Nicolis; editor-first2: Franco.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nifandimby tamin' ireo, no nampiditra ny fanefena varahina sy volamena ary, tatỳ aoriana, ny firaka mifototra amin' ny varahina (''bronze''). Nanokatra lalam-barotra iraisam-pirenena vaovao koa izy io, araka izay hita taratra amin' ireo zavatra vita tamin' ny varahina. Ny nahitana zavatra tsy fahita firy vita tamin' izany firaka izany dia toa manondro fa foibem-barotra i Drenthe nandritra ny vanim-potoana nampiasana ny firaka varahina (2000–800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy). Tao an-toerana dia nivoatra ho kolontsaina ''Barbed-Wire Beaker'' (2100–1800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) ny kolontsaina ''Bell Beaker'', ary tatỳ aoriana dia lasa kolontsaina Elp (1800–800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Fokkens; first1: Harry; title: ''The Periodisation of the Dutch Bronze Age: a Critical Review''; url: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19822/Fokkens_2001_The%20periodisation%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Bronze%20Age%20a%20critical%20review[1]_Redacted.pdf?sequence=1; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141442/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19822/Fokkens_2001_The%20periodisation%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Bronze%20Age%20a%20critical%20review%5b1%5d_Redacted.pdf?sequence=1]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 7 July 2017; website: Open Access Leiden University; publisher: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden.&lt;/ref&gt; Kolontsaina tamin' ny tapany afovoan' izany vanim-potoana izany izy io, ary niavaka tamin' ny vilany sy zavatra hafa vita tamin' ny tanimanga nodorana. Ny kolontsaina Hilversum (1800–800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy), izay nifandray taminy, kosa no nanjaka tany amin' ny faritra atsimo.

=== Ny Selta, ny foko jermanika ary ny Rômana (800 tal. J.K.–410 taor. J.K.) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy tany Eorôpa, [[Selta (vahoaka)|Selta]], [[Vahoaka jermanika|vahoaka jermanika]] ary Nederlandy tamin' ny vanim-potoana rômana.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 800 tal. J.K. dia nitombo ny herin' ny kolontsaina Hallstatt selta, izay anisan' ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy. Nitondra fanambinana ihany ny akora misy vy, izay hita nanerana ny tany. Nitety ny tanàna samihafa ny mpanefy, nitondra halimo sy vy ary nanamboatra fitaovana araka izay nangatahana taminy. Hita tao anaty dongon-tany fasana ny Fasan' ny Mpanjaka ao Oss (700 tal. J.K.); io dongon-tany io no lehibe indrindra amin' ny karazany any Eorôpa Andrefana.

Ny fihasimban' ny toetrandro tany Skandinavia, nanomboka tamin' ireo taona 850 tal. J.K. sy 650 tal. J.K., dia mety ho nanosika ny fifindra-monin' ny foko [[Vahoaka jermanika|jermanika]] avy any avaratra. Rehefa tapitra izany fifindra-monina izany, manodidina ny taona 250 tal. J.K., dia efa nipoitra ny vondrona lehibe vitsivitsy niavaka ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny.&lt;ref&gt;''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th edition, 22:641–642&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;&gt;de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger, ''Het verhaal van een taal'', Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27&lt;/ref&gt; Nonina tany amin' ny tapany avaratry ny Tany Iva ny Ingaevones, izay anisan' ny vondrona jermanika amin' ny faritry ny Ranomasina Avaratra. Avy tamin' izy ireo no nipoiran' ny Frisii sy ny [[Saksôna (vahoaka)|Saksôna]] voalohany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot; /&gt; Niely teny amin' ny tapany afovoany amin' i Rhin sy ny ony [[Weser]] kosa ny vondrona jermanika Weser–Rhine (na Istvaeones), ary nonina tany amin' ny Tany Iva atsimon' ireo ony lehibe. Avy tamin' ireo foko ireo no nipoiran' ny Franka saliana tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot; /&gt; Niely tamin' ny faritra midadasika ny kolontsaina La Tène [[Selta (vahoaka)|selta]] (nanomboka manodidina ny taona 450 tal. J.K. ka hatramin' ny fandresen' ny Rômana), ka anisan' izany ny faritra atsimon' ny Tany Iva. Misy manam-pahaizana mihevitra fa mety ho mbola nisy tao Nederlandy hatramin' ny vanim-potoana rômana aza ny vondrom-poko fahatelo nanana ny maha izy azy sy ny fiteniny manokana, izay sady tsy jermanika no tsy selta: ny kolontsaina Nordwestblock.&lt;ref&gt;Hachmann, Rolf, Georg Kossack and Hans Kuhn, ''Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten'', 1986, pp. 183–212&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendering&quot;&gt;Lendering, Jona, [https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm &quot;Germania Inferior&quot;] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161027034706/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20161027034706/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm]; daty: 27 October 2016), Livius.org. Retrieved 6 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Germania 70.svg|thumb|Ny sisin-tany nanaraka an' i Rhin, manodidina ny taona 70 taor. J.K.]]
Ilay mpahay jeografia Pytheas no mpanoratra voalohany nilazalaza ny morontsirak' i Holland sy Flanders. Nanoratra izy, manodidina ny taona 325 tal. J.K., fa tao amin' ireo faritra ireo, araka ny dikan-teny malagasy, dia « betsaka kokoa ny olona maty tamin' ny ady tamin' ny rano noho ny tamin' ny ady tamin' ny olombelona ».&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lendering; first1: Jona; title: ''The Edges of the Earth (3) – Livius''; url: [https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/the-edges-of-the-earth-1/the-edges-of-the-earth-3/]; access-date: 28 February 2019; website: livius.org.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny Ady tany Galia dia resin' ny [[Empira Rômana|tafika rômana]] notarihin' i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]] ny faritra atsimo sy andrefan' i Rhin, teo anelanelan' ny taona 57 tal. J.K. sy 53 tal. J.K.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendering&quot;/&gt; Nilazalaza foko selta roa lehibe nonina tao amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy ankehitriny i Caesar: ny Menapii sy ny Eburones. Teo ambany fitondran' i [[Aogosto|Augustus]] dia resin' ny Empira Rômana ny tany manontolo mandrafitra an' i Nederlandy ankehitriny, ary nampidiriny tao amin' ny faritanin' i Germania Antiqua tamin' ny taona 7 tal. J.K. Voatosika hiverina ho any an-dafin' i Rhin anefa ny Rômana taorian' ny Ady tao amin' ny Alan' i Teutoburg tamin' ny taona 9 taor. J.K.; manodidina ny taona 12 taor. J.K. dia nanjary sisin-tany avaratra naharitra ho an' i Rôma i Rhin. Nisy tanàna lehibe nipoitra tao [[Nijmegen]] sy Voorburg, teny amin' ny sisin-tany rômana nantsoina hoe Limes Germanicus. Ny faritra atsimon' ny Limes, izay anisan' i Gallia Belgica tany am-piandohana, dia lasa ampahan' i Germania Inferior. Ny faritra avaratr' i Rhin, izay nonenan' ny Frisii, dia nijanona ho ivelan' ny fifehezan' ny Rômana; ny foko jermanika Batavi sy Cananefates, izay nonina teny amin' ny sisin-tany, kosa dia nanompo tao amin' ny tafika rômana mpitaingin-tsoavaly.&lt;ref&gt;Roymans, Nico, ''Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire'', Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005, pp 226–227&lt;/ref&gt; Nikomy ny Batavi tamin' ny taona 69, saingy resy. Nitambatra tamin' ny foko hafa ny Batavi tatỳ aoriana ka nandrafitra ny fikambanan' ny Franka saliana, izay nipoitra ho vondrona nanana ny maha izy azy tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Previté-Orton&quot;&gt;Previté-Orton, Charles, ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. I, pp. 51–52, 151&lt;/ref&gt; Sady miseho ho mpiara-dia no miseho ho fahavalo ao amin' ny soratra rômana ny Franka saliana. Noteren' ny fikambanan' ny Saksôna avy any atsinanana izy ireo tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 mba hiampita an' i Rhin ka hiditra tao amin' ny faritanin' ny Rômana. Avy tamin' ny toby niorenany tany Flanders Andrefana sy ny faritra atsimoandrefan' i Nederlandy no nanaovany fanafihana fandrobana teny amin' ny andilan-dranomasin' i La Manche. Nampitsahatra ny fanoherana tamin' ny alalan' ny hery ara-tafika tao amin' ilay faritra ny tafika rômana, saingy tsy nandroaka ny Franka. Mbola natahorana izy ireo, farafahakeliny hatramin' ny andron' i [[Joliano (emperora)|Julian ilay Mpivadi-pinoana]] (358), rehefa navela hanorim-ponenana tao Texandria ny Franka saliana, ho mpiara-dia nanana fifanarahana sy adidy ara-tafika tamin' ny Rômana (''foederati'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Previté-Orton&quot;/&gt;

=== Vanim-potoana voalohany tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany (411–1000) ===
[[File:Frisia 716-la.svg|thumb|upright|Ny [[Franka (vahoaka)|Franka]], ny Frizianina (''Frisians'') ary ny [[Saksôna (vahoaka)|Saksôna]], manodidina ny taona 716 taor. J.K.]]
Taorian' ny firodanan' ny fitondrana rômana tao amin' ilay faritra, manodidina ny taona 406,&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000b&quot;&gt;last: Rietbergen; first: P. J. A. N.; title: ''A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day''; publisher: Bekking; year: 2000; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-6109-440-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 4th; location: Amersfoort; pages: 158; oclc: 52849131.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nanitatra ny taniny ho fanjakana maro ny Franka. Tamin' ireo taona 490 dia efa resin' i [[Clovis I]] sy nampiraisiny ho fanjakan' ny Franka tokana ireo tany rehetra ireo tao amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy, ary avy teo no nanohizany ny fandreseny tany [[Galia]]. Nandritra izany fanitarana izany dia nandray tsikelikely ny fiteny latina fampiasan' ny mponina teo an-toerana andavanandro ny Franka nifindra nianatsimo, tany amin' ny faritanin' i Frantsa ankehitriny sy ny tapany valôna amin' i Belzika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;/&gt; Nitombo ny elanelana ara-kolontsaina teo amin' izy ireo sy ny Franka nijanona tany amin' ny tanindrazany tany avaratra, izany hoe ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy sy Flanders. Ireto farany dia mbola niteny ny fitenin' ny Franka taloha, izay efa niova ho ''Old Low Franconian'', na fiteny neerlandey taloha, tamin' ny taonjato faha-9.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;/&gt; Niforona araka izany ny sisin-tany nanasaraka ny faritra nitenenana neerlandey sy ny faritra nitenenana frantsay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Blom; first: J. C. H.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=j10lCgAAQBAJ]; title: ''History of the Low Countries''; date: 30 June 2006; publisher: Berghahn Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84545-272-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 6–18; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Franks expansion.gif|thumb|left|Ny fanitaran' ny Franka ny taniny (481 hatramin' ny 870 taor. J.K.).]]
Tany avaratry ny Franka dia nihatsara ny toetry ny toetrandro, ary nandritra ny [[Fananiham-bohitra barbariana|vanim-potoan' ny fifindra-monin' ny vahoaka]] dia nanorim-ponenana teny amorontsiraka ny Angles, ny Jutes ary ny Frisii.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity&quot;&gt;last: Bazelmans; first: Jos; title: ''Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition''; publisher: Amsterdam University; year: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-8964-078-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor1-last: Derks; editor1-first: Ton; location: Amsterdam; publication-date: 2009; pages: 321–337; chapter: ''The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians''; access-date: 3 June 2017; editor2-last: Roymans; editor2-first: Nico; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fM_cmuhmSbIC&amp;pg=PA321]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194912/http://s393993344.online.de/ssoar/handle/document/27183]; archive-date: 30 August 2017; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro tamin' izy ireo no nanohy ny diany nankany Angletera ka nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe [[Anglô-Saksôna (vahoaka)|Anglô-Saksôna]], fa izay nijanona kosa dia nantsoina hoe Frizianina, ary ny fiteniny dia nantsoina hoe [[Fiteny frisiana|fitenin' ny Frizianina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity&quot;/&gt; Nitenenana izany fiteny izany ny morontsiraka atsimon' ny [[Ranomasina Avaratra]] manontolo. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 dia nipoitra ny Fanjakan' ny Frizianina (650–734), teo ambany fitondran' ny Mpanjaka Aldegisel sy ny Mpanjaka Redbad, ary i Traiectum (Utrecht) no foiben' ny fahefany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/ijzertijd/eeuw1ac/frisii.html Frisii en Frisiaevones, 25–08–02 (Dutch)] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003101550/http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/ijzertijd/eeuw1ac/frisii.html https://web.archive.org/web/20111003101550/http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/ijzertijd/eeuw1ac/frisii.html]; daty: 3 October 2011), Bertsgeschiedenissite.nl. Retrieved 6 October 2011&lt;/ref&gt; I Dorestad kosa dia toeram-barotra niroborobo.&lt;ref&gt;Willemsen, A. (2009), ''Dorestad. Een wereldstad in de middeleeuwen'', Walburg Pers, Zutphen, pp. 23–27, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5730-627-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlas&quot;&gt;last: MacKay; first: Angus; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=q50IyzCMQxgC&amp;q=dorestad&amp;pg=PA57]; title: ''Atlas of Medieval Europe''; author2: David Ditchburn; publisher: Routledge; year: 1997; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-01923-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 57.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny taona 600 sy 719 dia nifandrombaka mafy ny tanàna nanan-danja ara-paikady sy ny foibem-barotra tao amin' ny vinanin' i Rhine ny Fanjakan' ny Frizianina sy ny Empiran' ny Franka izay mbola nanitatra ny taniny. Tamin' ny taona 734, tao amin' ny Ady tao Boarn, dia resy ny Frizianina taorian' ny ady nifanesy tamin' ny Franka. Nahazo fankatoavana avy amin' ny Franka ilay misiônera anglô-saksôna Willibrord, ka nampiditra ny Frizianina ho amin' ny kristianisma sy nanorina ny arsidiôsezin' i Utrecht. Novonoin' ny Frizianina tamin' ny taona 754 anefa i Boniface, izay nandimby azy.

Nifehy ny ampahany lehibe tamin' i Eorôpa Andrefana ny Empira Karôlinjianina an' ny Franka. Tamin' ny taona 843 dia nozaraina telo izy io: Francia Atsinanana, Francia Afovoany ary Francia Andrefana. Lasa anisan' i Francia Afovoany ny ankamaroan' ny faritra misy an' i Nederlandy ankehitriny. Fanjakana malemy izy io, ka niharan' ny fizarazarana maro sy ny fikasan' ireo mpifanolo-bodirindrina aminy matanjaka kokoa haka ny taniny. Nahafaoka tany hatrany Frisia tany avaratra ka hatrany amin' ny Fanjakan' i Italia tany atsimo izy io. Manodidina ny taona 850 dia neken' i [[Lothair I]] tao Francia Afovoany ho mpitondra ny ankamaroan' i Frisia ilay Viking Rorik avy any Dorestad. Rehefa nozaraina i Francia Afovoany tamin' ny taona 855 dia lasan' i Lothair II ny tany tany avaratry ny [[Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa|Alpes]], ary nantsoina hoe Lotharingia izany tatỳ aoriana. Rehefa maty izy tamin' ny taona 869 dia nozaraina ho Lotharingia Ambony sy Lotharingia Ambany i Lotharingia. Ity farany dia nahafaoka ny faritra Tany Iva, izay lasa anisan' i Francia Atsinanana tamin' ny taona 870. Manodidina ny taona 879 dia nandroba ny tanin' ny Frizianina indray ny andiana Viking nanao dia fanafihana notarihin' i Godfrid, diokan' i Frisia. Raha nisy ny fanoherana ny Viking dia avy tamin' ny andriana teo an-toerana izany, ka nitombo lanja izy ireo vokatr' izany. Izany no nametraka ny fototry ny fivakisan' i Lotharingia Ambany ho fanjakana nanana fahaleovan-tena tamin' ny ampahany. Anisan' ireo andriana teo an-toerana ireo i Gerolf avy any Holland, izay nandray ny fahefana ho tompo tao Frisia, ary nifarana ny fitondran' ny Viking.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Lindisfarne raid I Facts, Summary, &amp; Significance''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/event/Lindisfarne-Raid]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 1 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vanim-potoana afovoan' ny Andro Antenatenany (1000–1384) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny foiben-tanàn-dehibe tao amin' ny Tany Iva.

[[File:Graftombe Ridder Arnold van der Sluijs.jpg|thumb|Fasana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany an' i Arnold van der Sluijs, mpiady ambony mitaingin-tsoavaly avy any Brabant]]

Nifehy ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny Tany Iva ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira Rômana Masina]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 sy faha-11, saingy tsy nahavita nitazona ny firaisana ara-politika. Novan' ireo andriana teo an-toerana nanana fahefana lehibe ho fanjakana azy manokana ny tanànany sy ny faritany notapahin' ny kônta ary ny faritany notapahin' ny dioka. Zara raha nahatsiaro ho nanana adidy tamin' ny emperora ireo fanjakana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Louis II &amp;#124; king of the East Franks''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-II-king-of-the-East-Franks]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Saika niady tsy an-kijanona i Holland, i Hainaut, i Flanders, i Gelre, i Brabant ary i Utrecht; na kosa, mifanohitra amin' izany, nanjary fanjakana samy hafa niara-nanana mpitondra iray izy ireo. Rehefa niitatra avy any Flanders sy Brabant ny fiorenan' ny Franka dia nanjary nampiasa ny fitenin' ny Franka tany amin' ny faritra iva tamin' ny andro taloha (''Old Low Franconian'', na fiteny neerlandey taloha) ilay faritra.

Nanomboka nihatsara ny toe-pambolena tamin' ny taonjato faha-11, ka nitarika ny fitomboan' ny mponina sy ny fanajariana tany tsy mbola nampiasaina nataon' ny tantsaha ary ny fitomboana tsy tapaka teo amin' ny varotra sy ny taozavatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000b&quot; /&gt; Nitombo ny tanàna nanodidina ny monasitera (toeram-ponenan' ny moanina) sy ny lapa mimanda, ary nanomboka niforona tao amin' ireny tanàna ireny ny saranga antonony nivelona tamin' ny varotra, indrindra tany Flanders sy Brabant. Nanomboka nividy zo manokana ho azy tamin' ny mpitondra fara tampony ny tanàna nanan-karena.

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 dia nanomboka nanala rano tamin' ny tany honahona tsy nisy mponina tany amin' ny faritra andrefan' i Nederlandy sy namboly izany ny tantsaha avy any Flanders sy Utrecht. Izany no nahafahan' ny faritanin' i Holland notapahin' ny kônta nisongadina ho foiben' ny fahefana. Niadiana nandritra ny Adin' ny Hook sy ny Cod, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1350 sy 1490, ny anaram-boninahitra hoe kôntan' i Holland. Ireo tanàna nirona kokoa tamin' ny fanovana no namorona ny vondrona Cod, fa ireo andriana nifikitra tamin' ny rafitra efa nisy kosa no namorona ny vondrona Hook. Nanasa an' i Philip the Good, diokan' i Bourgogne, mba handresy sy haka an' i Holland ireo andriana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2024; title: ''Hook and Cod wars''; url: [https://vanosnabrugge.org/hook-cod.htm]; access-date: 30 October 2025; website: van Osnabrugge Genealogy; quote: The Hook and Cod wars ... were fought over the title of count of Holland, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod fraction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland. The Hook fraction consisted for a large part of the conservative noblemen. [...] The result of these battles and especially of her defeat at the Battle of Brouwershaven, was that Jacqueline was allowed to retain the titles of countess of Hainaut and Holland, but that Philip would rule the county..&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Bourgogne, ny Habsburg ary ny Habsburg espaniôla (1384–1581) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Bourgogne, Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Habsburg ary Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' i Espaina.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; caption=&quot;Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Habsburg&quot;&gt;
File:Carlos V en Mühlberg, by Titian, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|''[[Carlos V, emperora rômana masina|Charles V]], tompon' i Nederlandy, tamin' ny Ady tao Mühlberg'' (1547), nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]]
File:Political map of the Low Countries (1350)-NL.svg|Ny Tany Iva tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-14
File:William I, Prince of Orange by Adriaen Thomasz. Key Rijksmuseum Amsterdam SK-A-3148.jpg|[[William the Silent|William I, andrianan' i Orange]], mpitarika ny Fikomiana Neerlandey, nataon' i Adriaen Thomasz. Key
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 1433, i Philip the Good dia nampiray teo ambany mpitondra iray ny ankamaroan' ireo tany nomena andriana hotapahiny tao amin' ilay faritra, izay niankina tamin' ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira Rômana Masina]] na tamin' i Frantsa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Fanjakana samy hafa niara-nanana mpitondra iray no rafitra nampiray azy ireo. Nifehy ny Tany Iva nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1384 ka hatramin' ny 1581 ny taranak' i Valois-Bourgogne sy ny [[Habsburg]] nandova azy ireo. Niaro ny tombontsoan' ny varotra neerlandey ireo mpitondra. Nandresy imbetsaka ny andian-tsambon' ny [[Ligy Hanseatika]] ny andian-tsambon' ny faritanin' i Holland notapahin' ny kônta. Nitombo i [[Amsterdam]], ary tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 dia nanjary seranan-tsambo lehibe indrindra tany Eorôpa ho an' ny varotra voamadinika avy tany amin' ny [[Faritra Baltika|faritra Baltika]]. Nizara voamadinika tany amin' ireo tanàn-dehibe tao Belzika, tany avaratr' i Frantsa ary tany Angletera i Amsterdam. Tena nilaina io varotra io satria tsy nahavita namokatra voamadinika ampy hamelomana ny tenany intsony i Holland. Noho ny fanalana rano tamin' ny tany dia nihena ny hatevin' ny [[Fompotra|sosona sisan-javamaniry tsy lo tanteraka]] tao amin' ireo tany mando sy honahona taloha, ka nidina ambany loatra ny haavony ary tsy azo notohizina intsony ny fanalana rano.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Low Countries &amp;#124; Facts, Map, &amp; History''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Low-Countries]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 31 May 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo ambany fitondran' i [[Carlos V, emperora rômana masina|Charles V]], avy amin' ny Habsburg, dia natambatra ho Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo ireo tany rehetra nomena andriana hotapahiny tao amin' ilay faritra. Tafiditra tao ny ankamaroan' i Belzika sy i Loksemborga ankehitriny, ary koa ny ampahany amin' i Frantsa sy i Alemaina. Tamin' ny taona 1568, teo ambany fitondran' i [[Philip II an'i Espaina|Philip II]], dia nanomboka ny Ady Valopolo Taona teo amin' ny Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo sy ilay mpitondra azy ireo avy tamin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla]]. Hita taratra ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny mpanoratra tantara iray neerlandey ny habibiana nasehon' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Toy izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:&lt;ref&gt;last: Motley; first: John; url: [https://archive.org/details/risedutchrepubl01motlgoog]; title: ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, Volume 2''; year: 1859; pages: [https://archive.org/details/risedutchrepubl01motlgoog/page/n33 25].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Imbetsaka no nahitana lehilahy nanantona ny rahalahiny ihany, izay azo babo tao amin' ny laharan' ny fahavalo... Tsy noheveriny ho olombelona intsony ny Espaniôla. Indray mandeha, tao Veer, dia nodidian' ny mpandidy iray ka nesoriny ny fon' ny babo espaniôla iray, nofantsihany teo amin' ny lohan-tsambo, ary nasainy nanatona sy nanaikitra izany ny mponina tao an-tanàna; maro no nanao izany tamim-pifaliana feno habibiana.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Niezaka nanafoana ny hetsika prôtestanta tao Nederlandy ny diokan' i Alba. Ny « Filankevitry ny Ra » teo ambany fahefany sy ny miaramila espaniôla dia « nandoro, nanakenda, nanapaka loha na nandevina velona » ny Nederlandey, raha adika ny teny ampiasaina ao amin' ny fitantarana. Naranty teny amoron-dalana ny faty mba hampihorohoroana ny mponina ka hanerena azy ireo hanaiky ny fahefana. Nirehareha i Alba fa nahafaty olona 18 600 tamin' ny fanamelohana ho faty;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count''; url: [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Ne1566]; website: necrometrics.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Clodfelter; first1: Micheal; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ]; title: ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.''; date: 9 May 2017; publisher: McFarland; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 16; language: en; access-date: 11 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; tsy tafiditra ao amin' io isa io ireo maty noho ny ady sy ny mosary.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sharp Hume; first: Martin Andrew; title: ''The Spanish People: Their Origin, Growth and Influence''; date: 1901; page: 372.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fahirano lehibe voalohany dia ny ezaka nataon' i Alba haka an' i Haarlem, mba hampisaraka an' i Holland ho antsasany roa. Naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny Desambra 1572 ka hatramin' ny fahavaratra nanaraka izany fahirano izany. Nilefitra ihany ny mponin' i Haarlem tamin' ny 13 Jolay, rehefa nampanantenaina fa tsy horobaina ny tanàna. Tsy vitan' i Don Fadrique anefa ny nitana izany fepetra izany, satria nikomy ny miaramilany, izay tezitra noho ny karama tsy voaloa sy ny toe-piainana nampahory nandritra ny fanafihana.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Arnade; first1: Peter J.; title: ''Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt''; page: 237.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 4 Novambra 1576, ny vondron-tafika espaniôla nantsoina hoe ''tercio'' dia naka an' i [[Antwerpen|Antwerp]] ka nandroba azy tamin' ny fomba ratsy indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Nederlandy. Nanohitra ny mponina saingy resy; olona 7 000 no maty ary trano 1 000 no nodorana.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Durant; first1: Will; title: ''The Age of Reason Begins: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Shakespeare, Bacon, Montaigne, Rembrandt, Galileo, and Descartes: 1558–1648''; last2: Durant; first2: Ariel; page: 451.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philip II of Spain berating William the Silent Prince of Orange by Cornelis Kruseman.jpg|thumb|[[Philip II an'i Espaina|Philip II, mpanjakan' i Espaina]], nanome tsiny an' i William of Orange tao Vlissingen, tamin' ny fotoana nialany tao Nederlandy tamin' ny taona 1559.]]
Nanaiky hiaraka tamin' i Utrecht sy [[William the Silent]] ny solontenan' i Brabant katôlika sy ny an' i Holland sy Zeeland prôtestanta, mba handroaka ny tafika espaniôla sy hanangana governemanta vaovao ho an' i Nederlandy. Voatery nanaiky izany tamin' ny voalohany i Don Juan of Austria, governora nisolo tena an' i Espaina, saingy niverina niady indray volana vitsivitsy tatỳ aoriana. Nitady fanampiana tamin' i [[Elizabeth I an'i Angletera|Elizabeth I]], mpanjakavavy prôtestantan' i Angletera, ny Nederlandey, saingy nitana ny fanekena nataony tamin' ny Espaniôla tao amin' ny Fifanarahana tao Bristol tamin' ny taona 1573 izy tamin' ny voalohany. Rehefa nitranga tao Gembloux ny ady lehibe nanaraka, tamin' ny taona 1578, dia nandresy mora foana ny tafika espaniôla.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gillespie; first1: Alexander; title: ''The Causes of War: Volume III: 1400 CE to 1650 CE''; date: 2017; publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing; page: 131.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny faharesena tao Gembloux, dia nihataka tamin' ireo mpikomy tany avaratra ireo fanjakana tany atsimo tao amin' ny Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo, tamin' ny alalan' ny Firaisan' i Arras tamin' ny taona 1579. Ho fanoherana izany, ireo faritany tao amin' ny antsasany avaratra tamin' ny Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo dia nanorina ny Firaisan' i Utrecht, izay nanekeny hifanohana amin' ny ady atao amin' ny Espaniôla.&lt;ref&gt;Motley, John Lothrop (1855). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&amp;pg=PA411 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III, Harper Bros.: New York, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt; Heverina ho fototra niorenan' i Nederlandy maoderina ny Firaisan' i Utrecht.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Union of Utrecht &amp;#124; European history''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Union-of-Utrecht]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Norobain' ny tafika espaniôla i Maastricht tamin' ny taona 1579, ka sivily maherin' ny 10 000 no novonoiny.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Nolan; first1: Cathal J.; title: ''The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 1''; date: 2006; publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group; page: 247.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 1581, ireo faritany tany avaratra dia nandany ny Lalàna fandavana ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka, fanambarana fahaleovan-tena izay nanesorany tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy an' i Philip II tsy ho mpitondra azy ireo intsony.&lt;ref&gt;Motley, John Lothrop (1855). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&amp;pg=PA508 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III, Harper Bros.: New York, p. 508.&lt;/ref&gt; Afaka nampiasa ny loharanon-kery tao amin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla]] i Philip mba hiadiana tamin' ireo mpikomy. Niombom-po tamin' ny tolona neerlandey i Elizabeth I, ka nandefa tafika nisy miaramila 7 600 hanampy azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Willson, David Harris (1972). ''History of England'', Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston: New York, p. 294.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifanandrina tamin' ny tafika espaniôla teo ambany fitarihan' ny diokan' i Parma tao Nederlandy ny tafika anglisy, tamin' ny alalan' ny fifandonana maromaro izay tsy nitondra vokatra nanapa-kevitra tamin' ny ankamaroany. Namatotra miaramila espaniôla maro tao amin' ireo ady ireo izany, ka nanome fotoana ny Nederlandey handamina indray ny fiarovany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1''; date: 2002; publisher: ABC-CLIO; page: 45.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitohy hatramin' ny taona 1648 ny ady, ka tamin' izay i Espaina, teo ambany fitondran' ny mpanjaka [[Philipp IV (Espaina)|Philip IV]], no nanaiky ny fahaleovan-tenan' ireo faritany fito tany avaratra-andrefana tao amin' ny Fandriampahalemana tao Münster.&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000b&quot; /&gt; Nanjary zanatany, raha ny zava-misy, ny ampahany tamin' ireo faritany tany atsimo, teo ambany fahefan' ilay empira vaovao izay nanana fitondrana repoblikana sady nifototra tamin' ny varotra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of Spain''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Spain]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Repoblika neerlandey (1581–1795) ===
Jereo koa: Fivoaran' ny empira mpanjanaka neerlandey.

[[File:Hendrick Avercamp - Winterlandschap met schaatsers bij de stad Kampen.jpg|thumb|left|''Winter landscape with skaters near the city of Kampen'' (Tontolo amin' ny ririnina misy olona mikorisa amin' ny ranomandry eo akaikin' ny tanànan' i Kampen), nataon' i Hendrick Avercamp tamin' ny taompolo 1620.]]
Taorian' ny fanambarana ny fahaleovan-tena, dia nikambana tao anatin' ny fiombonam-paritany iray i Holland, i Zeeland, i Groningen, i Friesland, i Utrecht, i Overijssel ary i Gelderland. Nanana fahaleovan-tena lehibe teo amin' ny fitantanana ny raharahany ireo faritany rehetra ireo, izay diokà, faritany teo ambany fahefan' ny tompo na kôntà. Samy nanana ny rafitra nitantana azy manokana izy ireo, nantsoina hoe ''States-Provincial'' (antenimieran' ny faritany). Ny governemantan' ilay fiombonam-paritany, izay nantsoina hoe ''States General'' (antenimiera iombonana), dia nanana ny foibeny tao Den Haag ary nahitana solontena avy amin' ny tsirairay tamin' ireo faritany fito. Anisan' ny repoblika ihany koa i Drenthe, faritra vitsy mponina, na dia tsy noheverina ho faritany misaraka aza. Ankoatra izany, nandritra ny Ady Valopolo Taona, dia nobodoin' ny repoblika ny tany teo ambany fitantanan' ny antenimiera iombonana tany Flanders, Brabant ary Limburg. Katôlika rômanina ny ankamaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ireo faritra ireo, ary tsy nanana rafitra fitondrana manokana ho azy izy ireo. Natao ho faritra mpanelanelana teo amin' ny repoblika sy i Nederlandy Atsimo, izay teo ambany fahefan' i Espaina, ireo tany ireo.&lt;ref&gt;last: Prak; first: Maarten; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XjTSBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA66]; title: ''The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age''; date: 22 September 2005; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-316-34248-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: en. p. 66&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Johannes Lingelbach 001.jpg|thumb|Ny kianja Dam ao [[Amsterdam]] tamin' ny 1656, nataon' i Johannes Lingelbach.]]
Nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamena neerlandey tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, dia nitombo ny herin' ny Repoblika neerlandey ka nanjary anisan' ireo firenena natanjaka indrindra teo amin' ny fitetezana an-dranomasina sy ny toekarena izy. Anisan' ireo nahazo fankasitrahana lehibe indrindra eran-tany ny siansa sy ny tafika ary ny zavakanto neerlandey, indrindra fa ny hosodoko. Tamin' ny 1650, dia nanana sambo mpitatitra entam-barotra miisa 16 000 ny Neerlandey.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Middle Colonies: New York''; url: [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114182245/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682]; archive-date: 14 January 2012; access-date: 14 January 2012. Digital History.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanangana zanatany sy toeram-barotra nanerana izao tontolo izao ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Atsinanana sy ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Andrefana. Nanomboka tamin' ny fanorenana an' i New Amsterdam tamin' ny 1624 ny fiorenan' ny Neerlandey tany Amerika Avaratra. Tany Afrika Atsimo, dia nanorim-ponenana tao amin' ny Zanatanin' i Cape izy ireo tamin' ny 1652. Naorina nanaraka ireo renirano maro tao amin' ny lemaka lonak' i Guyana ny zanatany neerlandey tany Amerika Atsimo, ka anisan' izany ny Zanatanin' i Surinam. Tany Azia, dia nametraka ny fisiany tany India, tany [[India Atsinanana Neerlandey]] (izay [[Indônezia]] ankehitriny), tany Formosa (izay [[Taioàna]] ankehitriny), ary tao Dejima, ilay hany toeram-barotra tandrefana tany Japàna, ny Neerlandey.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Dutch West India Company &amp;#124; Dutch trading company''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dutch-West-India-Company]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny firoboroboan' ny famokarana talohan' ny fivoaran' ny indostria, dia avy tamin' ny [[Empira Môgôly|Empira Mogoly]] tany India ny 50% tamin' ny lamba sy ny 80% tamin' ny landy nafarana tao amin' ilay empira neerlandey.&lt;ref name=&quot;tong&quot;&gt;author: Junie T. Tong; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA151]; title: ''Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets''; publisher: CRC Press; year: 2016; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-13522-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 151.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esposito&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&amp;pg=PT190]; title: ''The Islamic World: Past and Present''; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2004; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-516520-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor1: John L. Esposito; editor1-link: John L. Esposito; volume: 1; page: 174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nanda, J. N (2005). title: ''Bengal: the unique state''; publisher: Concept Publishing Company. p. 10.; year: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; quote: Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with..&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prakash&quot;&gt;Om Prakash, &quot;[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&amp;xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]&quot;, ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Storck, Four Days Battle.jpg|thumb|left|Ny Ady Efatra Andro nandritra ny Ady Anglisy sy Neerlandey Faharoa, tamin' ny 1–4 Jona 1666.]]
Maro ny mpahay tantaran' ny toekarena mihevitra an' i Nederlandy ho firenena voalohany nampihatra tanteraka ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny renivola sy ny fananan' olon-tsotra]]. Tany Eorôpa tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, dia tao aminy no nisy an' i Amsterdam, ilay tanànan' ny varotra nanankarena indrindra, sy ny tsenam-pifanakalozana taratasim-bola sy anjaram-pananana voalohany niasa maharitra. Ny fahaizan' ny mpivarotra namorona fomba vaovao no nitarika ny fisian' ny fiantohana sy ny tahirim-bola fisotroan-dronono. Niteraka toe-javatra toy ny fifandimbiasan' ny firoboroboana sy ny fitotongan' ny toekarena koa izany, ary ny fisondrotry ny vidin' ny fananana tafahoatra noho ny fividianana manantena tombony, izay voalohany eran-tany ka niseho tamin' ny firohotana hividy tolipa tamin' ny 1636–1637. Tao ihany koa i Isaac Le Maire, ilay voalohany eran-tany nanao varotra nikendry ny hampidina ny vidin' ny anjaram-pananana mba hahazoana tombony.&lt;ref&gt;author: Sayle, Murray; date: 5 April 2001; title: ''Japan Goes Dutch''; url: [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n07/murray-sayle/japan-goes-dutch]; magazine: London Review of Books; pages: 3–7; volume: 23; issue: 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1672, izay fantatra amin' ny tantara neerlandey amin' ny anarana hoe ''Rampjaar'' (Taonan' ny Loza), dia niara-nanafika ny Repoblika neerlandey i Frantsa, i Angletera ary fanjakana alemàna roa notarihin' ny eveka. Io no nanjary fantatra hoe Ady Frantsay sy Neerlandey. Teny an-dranomasina, dia nahavita nisakana ny tafika an-dranomasina anglisy sy frantsay tsy hanakana ny fifamoivoizana teny amin' ny morontsiraka andrefana ny repoblika. Teny an-tanety kosa, dia saika lasan' ny tafika frantsay sy alemàna nandroso avy any atsinanana ny repoblika manontolo. Nahavita nanova ny fizotran' ny ady anefa ny Neerlandey tamin' ny fampidirana rano handrakotra ny ampahany tamin' i Holland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp; Littlefield&quot;&gt;last1: Koopmans; first1: Joop W.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=GU-xCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=main+political+factions+dutch+society+18th+century&amp;pg=PA271]; title: ''Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands''; date: 5 November 2015; publisher: Rowman &amp; Littlefield; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4422-5593-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 233; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Nederlandse troepen tijdens de Slag bij Malplaquet (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tafika neerlandey tamin' ny Ady tao Malplaquet, tamin' ny 11 Septambra 1709.]]
Teo anelanelan' ny 1672 sy 1712, dia nifandona matetika tamin' i Frantsa ny repoblika, izay notarihin' i [[William III an'i Angletera|William III of Orange]] sy i Anthonie Heinsius. Antsoin' ny mpahay tantara sasany hoe Ady Efapolo Taona izany fifandonana izany. Nandritra ny Ady Sivy Taona sy ny Ady ho an' ny Fandimbiasana ny Satroboninahitra Espaniola, dia nitana toerana fototra tao amin' ireo fiaraha-mitantana nanohitra an' i Frantsa ny repoblika. Nahavita niaro an' i Nederlandy Espaniola ny Neerlandey tamin' ny farany, ary nanangana fiarovana nisakana ny fandrosoan' ny fahavalo tany. Nandray anjara lehibe tao amin' ilay firaisana nahavita nampitsahatra ny fanitaran-tanin' i Frantsa tany Eorôpa ny tafik' izy ireo. Tsy nanomboka indray izany fanitarana izany raha tsy tamin' ny 1792, niaraka tamin' ireo Adin' ny Revôlisiôna Frantsay.&lt;ref&gt;last: Van Nimwegen; first: Olaf; title: ''De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning''; publisher: Prometheus; year: 2020; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: nl; trans-title: ''The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King''; page: 354.&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, dia nahatonga ny repoblika tsy hanam-bola ampy handoavana ny trosany intsony ireo ady ireo, ary niteraka fahasimbana naharitra teo amin' ny andian-tsambo mpitatitra entam-barotra neerlandey. Na dia mbola ny Neerlandey aza no nanjaka ara-toekarena tany amin' ny Atsinanana Lavitra, dia i Britain no naka ny toerana voalohany teo amin' ny varotra sy ny hery an-dranomasina eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Elliott; first: John; title: ''The Road to Utrecht in Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013''; publisher: Routledge; year: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-909662-22-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Dadson; editor-first: Trevor; page: 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny 1590 sy 1713, dia anisan' ireo tafika lehibe sy nahay indrindra tany Eorôpa ny tafika neerlandey. Taorian' ny nifaranan' ny Ady ho an' ny Fandimbiasana ny Satroboninahitra Espaniola anefa, dia nampitombo be ny tafiny ireo fanjakana matanjaka hafa, toa an' i [[Prosia]], i Austria, i Britain ary i Rosia. Sahirana ny repoblika nanaraka ireo fiovana ireo, ka nanjary firenena nanana hery antonony tsikelikely. Nisy fotoana anefa nanitaran' ny mpahay tantara tafahoatra ny halehiben' izany fitotonganana izany, indrindra raha ny vanim-potoana hatramin' ny taompolo 1750 no dinihina.&lt;ref&gt;last: Israel; first: Jonathan; author-link: Jonathan Israel; title: ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806''; year: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-873072-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''Oxford History of Early Modern Europe''; pages: 985–986.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Repoblika Batavianina sy fanjakana (1795–1890) ===
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 dia nihena tamin' ny ankapobeny ny tanjaky ny Repoblika Neerlandey, izay nifaninana ara-toekarena tamin' i Angletera sady nisian' ny fifandrafiana naharitra teo amin' ireo ankolafy roa lehibe teo amin' ny fiarahamonina neerlandey: ny ''Staatsgezinden'', izay nanohana ny fitondrana repoblikana, sy ny ''Prinsgezinden'', izay nanohana ny ''stadtholder'' (mpitondra ambony tao amin' ny repoblika).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp; Littlefield&quot;/&gt; Noho ny fanohanana ara-tafika nomen' i Frantsa nandritra ny revolisiona, dia nanambara ny Repoblika Batavianina ireo repoblikana neerlandey tamin' ny 19 Janoary 1795. Naka tahaka ny Repoblika Frantsay io repoblika io, ka nahatonga an' i Nederlandy ho fanjakana tokana fehezin' ny fahefana foibe. Efa nandositra tany Angletera ny ''stadtholder'' William V avy any Orange. Teo anelanelan' ny 1806 sy 1810 dia natsangan' i Napoleon Bonaparte ny Fanjakan' i Hôlandy, fanjakana teo ambany fahefany izay notantanan' i Louis Bonaparte rahalahiny. Niezaka niaro ny tombontsoan' ny Neerlandey anefa ny Mpanjaka Louis Bonaparte fa tsy ny an' ny rahalahiny, ka noterena hametra-pialana tsy ho mpanjaka tamin' ny 1 Jolay 1810. Nandefa tafika ny emperora, ary lasa anisan' ny Empira Frantsay i Nederlandy hatramin' ny Novambra 1813, rehefa resy tamin' ny Ady tao Leipzig i Napoleon.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Van Der Burg; first1: Martijn; title: ''Napoleonic Governance in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany: Conquest, Incorporation, and Integration''; date: 19 January 2024; publisher: Springer; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-66658-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''War, Culture and Society, 1750 –1850''; pages: 1–22; chapter: ''Introduction: Napoleonic Governance and the Integration of Europe''; doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-66658-3_1; chapter-url: [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-66658-3_1].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Dutch Empire35.PNG|thumb|Sarintanin' ny empira mpanjanaka neerlandey. Maitso tanora: ireo faritany notantanan' ny Kompania Neerlandey an' i India Atsinanana, na niforona avy tamin' ireo faritany notantanany; maitso antitra: ireo an' ny Kompania Neerlandey an' i India Andrefana. Mavo kosa ireo faritany nobodoina tatỳ aoriana, nandritra ny taonjato faha-19.]]
Niverina tany Nederlandy tamin' ny 1813 i William Frederick, zanak' ilay ''stadtholder'' farany, ary nanambara ny tenany ho andriana manana fiandrianam-pirenena. Roa taona tatỳ aoriana dia nakamban' ny Kongresy tao Vienne tamin' ny faritra avaratr' i Nederlandy ny faritra atsimo, mba hamoronana firenena matanjaka teo amin' ny sisin-tany avaratr' i Frantsa. Nampiakarin' i Frederick ho fanjakana io Nederlandy Mitambatra io, ary nanambara ny tenany ho Mpanjaka William I izy tamin' ny 1815.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of France''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-France]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Lasa dioka lehiben' i Loksemborga koa i William, ho takalon' ireo tany nananany tany Alemaina, ary azo nolovain' ny taranany io anaram-boninahitra io. Nikomiana tamin' ny 1830 ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy, ary nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany ka lasa i Belzika; tamin' ny 1839 vao neken' ny faritra avaratr' i Nederlandy izany. Tapaka tamin' ny 1890 ny fikambanan' i Loksemborga sy Nederlandy teo ambany mpanjaka iray, rehefa maty tsy namela mpandova lahy mbola velona i William III. Ny lalàna momba ny fifandimbiasana izay nanilika ny vehivavy (''Salic law'') dia tsy namela an' i Wilhelmina mpanjakavavy, zanany vavy, ho diokesa lehiben' i Loksemborga.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''William I &amp;#124; king of The Netherlands''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-king-of-The-Netherlands]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 2 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahatonga an' i Nederlandy ho saika tsy hahaloa ny trosany intsony ny Revolisiona Belza sy ny Ady tao Java, tany amin' ny zanatany neerlandey tany India Atsinanana. Nampiharina anefa tamin' ny 1830 ny rafitra fambolena an-tery ho an' ny fanondranana: tany amin' ny zanatany neerlandey tany India Atsinanana dia tsy maintsy natokana hambolena voly ho an' ny governemanta, izay haondrana any ivelany, ny 20% n' ny tanin' ny vohitra. Nitondra harena goavana ho an' ny Neerlandey izany politika izany, ary nahafahan' ilay zanatany niantoka samirery ny filàny.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Belgium – Industrial Revolution, Belgian Revolution, and Unionist Coalition''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgium/The-Austrian-Netherlands]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Nofoanan' i Nederlandy ny fanandevozana tany amin' ny zanataniny tamin' ny 1863;&lt;ref&gt;Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 2:637&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny 1873 kosa vao afaka ireo olona nandevozina tany Surinam.&lt;ref&gt;date: 24 June 2013; title: ''Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition''; url: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/dutch-involvement-transatlantic-slave-trade-and-abolition]; work: ascleiden.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny ady lehibe sy ny vanim-potoana taoriany (1890–ankehitriny) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' i Nederlandy (1900–ankehitriny) sy Nederlandy tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.

Nitoetra ho tsy niandany nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany i Nederlandy. Anisan' ny antony ny naha-tena nilaina ny fanafarana entana nandalo tao Nederlandy mba hahafahan' i Alemaina nanohy niaina, mandra-panaovan' ny tafika an-dranomasina britanika fahirano an-dranomasina tamin' ny 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbenhuis&quot;&gt;Abbenhuis, Maartje M. (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5gMCfhUR6Y0C ''The Art of Staying Neutral'']. Amsterdam University Press, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5356-818-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Niova izany tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, rehefa nanafika an' i Nederlandy i Alemaina tamin' ny 10 Mey 1940. Nanery ny ankamaroan' ny tafika nederlandey hitolo-batana ny daroka baomba an' i Rotterdam.
Nandritra ny fibodoana dia nentina tany amin' ny toby famonoana olona nazi ny Jiosy nederlandey mihoatra ny 100 000;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''93 trains''; url: [http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/site1.2/English/KAMP/k08.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041207064440/http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/site1.2/English/KAMP/k08.html]; archive-date: 7 December 2004; access-date: 7 December 2004.. kampwesterbork.nl&lt;/ref&gt; vitsy monja tamin' izy ireo no tafavoaka velona.
Nalaina an-tery ny mpiasa nederlandey mba hanao asa an-terivozona tany Alemaina, novonoina ho valifaty noho ny fanafihana miaramila alemàna ny sivily nanohitra ny mpibodo, ary norobaina ny sakafo tany ambanivohitra.
Na dia nisy Nederlandey an' arivony nanao vivery ny ainy tamin' ny fanafenana Jiosy mba tsy ho hitan' ny mpibodo alemàna aza, dia nisy fasista nederlandey mihoatra ny 20 000 niditra tao amin' ny ''Waffen SS'' (sampana mitam-piadian' ny SS, na vondrona mpiambina nazi).&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Nederlanders in de Waffen-SS''; url: [http://www.waffen-ss.nl/main.php]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151202043232/http://www.waffen-ss.nl/main.php]; archive-date: 2 December 2015; access-date: 13 November 2015; website: waffen-ss.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ireo niara-niasa tamin' ny mpibodo teo amin' ny sehatra pôlitika dia mpikambana tao amin' ny NSB (Hetsika Nasionaly Sôsialista tao Nederlandy), izay antoko fasista sady hany antoko pôlitika ara-dalàna tao Nederlandy voabodo.
Tamin' ny 8 Desambra 1941 dia nanambara ady tamin' i Japàna ny governemanta nederlandey tany an-tsesitany tao Londres,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Kingdom of the Netherlands declares war with Japan''; url: [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html]; access-date: 2 October 2009; publisher: ibiblio.&lt;/ref&gt; saingy tsy afaka nisakana ny fibodoan' i Japàna an' i India Atsinanana Nederlandey.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
Olona mihoatra ny 20 000 no maty mosary nandritra ny mosary tao Nederlandy tamin' ny 1944–1945. Tamin' ny 1944–1945 dia nanafaka ny ampahany betsaka tamin' i Nederlandy ny Tafika Kanadianina Voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39141]; title: ''Video: Allies Set For Offensive''; publisher: Universal Newsreel; year: 1944; access-date: 21 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
Fotoana fohy taorian' ny andron' ny fandresena tany Eorôpa dia nanao ady fanjanahantany tamin' ny Repoblikan' i Indônezia vao niforona ny Nederlandey.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Sukarno &amp;#124; Indonesian Nationalist &amp; 1st President of Indonesia''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sukarno]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 17 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of the Netherlands''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-the-Netherlands]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany ====
Tamin' ny 1954 dia nanova ny rafitra pôlitika ny Satan' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy, vokatry ny fanerena iraisam-pirenena mba hanafoanana ny fanjanahantany. Lasa firenena mandrafitra ilay fanjakana i Surinam sy Curaçao sy ny faritra niankina taminy, izay zanatany nederlandey teo aloha. Efa nanambara ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny Aogositra 1945 i Indônezia. Nanaraka izany i [[Sorinama]] tamin' ny 1975. Anisan' ny mpikambana mpanorina ny Benelux sy ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra|NATO (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra)]] i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 4 January 2018; title: ''The Benelux''; url: [https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/benelux.html]; access-date: 21 November 2022; website: gouvernement.lu; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Member countries''; url: [https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm]; access-date: 21 November 2022; publisher: NATO; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taompolo 1950 dia lasa iray tamin' ireo firenena enina mpanorina ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eorôpeana i Nederlandy, taorian' ny nananganana ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eorôpeana momba ny Arintany sy ny Vy tamin' ny 1952, sy ny nananganana ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Ara-toekarena Eorôpeana ary ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eorôpeana momba ny Angovo Atômika tamin' ny 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;NL: EU member state&quot;&gt;date: 26 September 2012; title: ''The Netherlands: EU member state – European Union – Government.nl''; url: [https://www.government.nl/topics/european-union/the-netherlands-eu-member-state]; access-date: 21 November 2022; website: government.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1993 dia nampidirina tao amin' ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]] ny roa voalohany tamin' ireo vondrom-piarahamonina ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NL: EU member state&quot; /&gt;

Nampirisika ny fifindra-monina hivoaka ny firenena ny governemanta mba hampihenana ny hakitroky ny mponina, ka Nederlandey tokony ho 500 000 no nandao ny firenena taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands''; encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica Online; publisher: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; url: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409956/Netherlands]; access-date: 8 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
Vanim-potoanan' ny fiovana lehibe ara-piarahamonina sy ara-kolontsaina ny taompolo 1960 sy 1970, ka anisan' izany ny fihenana haingana ny fizarazarana ny fiarahamonina ho vondrona araka ny fivavahana sy ny firehana pôlitika. Nandà ny fomba amam-panao nentim-paharazana ny mpianatra sy ny tanora hafa ary nitaky fiovana teo amin' ny [[Zon'ny vehivavy|zon' ny vehivavy]], ny fiainana ara-nofo, ny fampihenana na fanafoanana ny fitaovam-piadiana ary ny olana momba ny tontolo iainana.
Nanomboka nampiasaina ny vola taratasy sy ny vola madinika [[Euro|eorô]] tamin' ny 2002. Tamin' ny 2010 dia noravana i [[Antilia Neerlandey]], taorian' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka natao isaky ny nosy.
Taorian' izany dia nampidirina ho kaominina manana sata manokana i Bonaire, i Sint Eustatius ary i Saba, izay antsoina miaraka hoe Nederlandy karibeanina.&lt;ref&gt;last: Grommé; first: Francisca; url: [https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/11e04fa0-02d7-49d6-a16b-a727a1d6c889]; title: ''Equaliberty in the Dutch Caribbean: Ways of Being Non/Sovereign''; year: 2021; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-9788-1870-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 101–117; chapter: ''&quot;Thinking, seeing, and doing like a kingdom: The making of Caribbean Netherlands statistics and the 'native Bonairian'''; doi: 10.36019/9781978818705-008; chapter-url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353121877].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jeografia ==
Jereo koa ny jeografian' i Nederlandy.

[[File:2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg|thumb|Sarintany mampiseho ny vohon-tany ao amin' ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy]]

Mirefy 41 543 km² ny velaran' ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy manontolo, ka tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny faritra rakotry ny rano; 33 481 km² kosa ny velaran-tany tsy rakotry ny rano. Mirefy 322 km² ny velaran' i Nederlandy karibeanina manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;author: Central Bureau of Statistics; year: 2009; title: ''Land – en tuinbouwcijfers''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/imported/documents/2009/36/2009-j29-pub.pdf]; access-date: 6 January 2018; publisher: Government of the Netherlands, Department of Publication and Information; page: 14; language: nl; issn: 1386-9566.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo anelanelan' ny laharam-pehintany 50° sy 54° N (avaratra), ary ny laharan-jarahasina 3° sy 8° E (atsinanana), no misy ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy.

Iva dia iva raha oharina amin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ny vohon-tanin' i Nederlandy, ary heverina ho firenena fisaka izy. Eo ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ny 26% eo ho eo amin' ny velaran-taniny,&lt;ref name=&quot;schiermeier-2010&quot;&gt;last1: Schiermeier; first1: Quirin; date: 5 July 2010; title: ''Few fishy facts found in climate report''; journal: Nature; volume: 466; issue: 170; pages: 170; bibcode: 2010Natur.466..170S; doi: 10.1038/466170a; pmid: 20613812; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; ary any amin' ireo faritra iva noho ny ranomasina ireo no monina ny 21% amin' ny mponiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;milrek&quot;&gt;title: ''Milieurekeningen 2008''; url: [http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/D2CE63F9-D210-4006-B68B-98BE079EA9B6/0/2008c167pub.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100215002601/http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/D2CE63F9-D210-4006-B68B-98BE079EA9B6/0/2008c167pub.pdf]; archive-date: 15 February 2010; access-date: 4 February 2010; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy havoana any atsimo-atsinanana, ka latsaky ny 322 m ny haavony eo amin' i Vaalserberg, ary misy tandavan-kavoana iva sasany koa any amin' ny faritra afovoany. Ny ankamaroan' ny faritra ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina dia vokatry ny fitrandrahana [[Fompotra|akora avy amin' ny zavamaniry tsy lo tanteraka any anaty heniheny]], na ny fanovana faritra rakotry ny rano ho tany azo ampiasaina. Hatramin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16, dia rafitra fanariana rano voarindra tsara, ahitana fefiloha, lakandrano ary toby misy paompy, no itazonana ireo velaran-tany lehibe atao hoe pôldera ho maina. Ireo pôldera ireo dia tany voahodidina fefiloha sy nakana rano mba ho azo ampiasaina.

Ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny firenena dia niforona tany am-boalohany avy amin' ny [[Vinanin-dranomasina|vavaranon']] ireo ony lehibe telo ao Eorôpa, dia i [[Rhin|Rhine]] (''Rijn''), i Meuse (''Maas'') ary i Scheldt (''Schelde''), ary avy amin' ireo [[Sakelidrano|sakeli-dranony]]. Ny atsimo-andrefan' i Nederlandy dia [[Hefaka|vinanin-drano]] iforonan-tany amin' ny fitobian' ny antsanga entin' ireo ony ireo, ka antsoina hoe vinanin' i Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt.&lt;ref&gt;last1: de Haas; first1: Tjalling; last2: van der Valk; first2: Lambertus; last3: Cohen; first3: Kim M.; last4: Pierik; first4: Harm Jan; last5: Weisscher; first5: Steven A. H.; last6: Hijma; first6: Marc P.; last7: van der Spek; first7: Ad J. F.; last8: Kleinhans; first8: Maarten G.; date: February 2019; title: ''Long-term evolution of the Old Rhine estuary: Unravelling effects of changing boundary conditions and inherited landscape''; journal: The Depositional Record; volume: 5; issue: 1; pages: 84–108; bibcode: 2019DepRe...5...84D; doi: 10.1002/dep2.56; issn: 2055-4877; pmc: 6743690; pmid: 31543980; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Nijlânnermolen Workum.jpg|thumb|Ny tontolo hita ao Workum, any Friesland]]

Zarain' ny ony Rhine sy Waal (sakeli-dranony lehibe indrindra) ary Meuse ho faritra avaratra sy atsimo ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy. Ireo ony ireo dia sakana voajanahary nampisaraka ireo tany nomen' ny tompo ambony hofehezin' ny olona iray ho takalon' ny fanompoana, ka niteraka fizarazarana ara-kolontsaina teo amin' ny tantara. Hita izany amin' ny toetra sasany amin' ny fanononana izay samy ahafantarana ny faritra amin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany amin' ireo antsoin' ny Nederlandey hoe « Ony Lehibe » (''de Grote Rivieren''). Ny ony IJssel, izay sampana lehibe iray hafa amin' i Rhine, dia mivarina ao amin' ny farihy IJssel, izay ilay Zuiderzee taloha (midika hoe « ranomasina atsimo »). Manasaraka faritra samy hafa fiteny koa io ony io: miteny amin' ny fitenim-paritra saksôna ambany ao Nederlandy ny mponina any avaratra-atsinanan' ilay ony, afa-tsy ny faritanin' i Friesland, izay manana ny fiteniny manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;international2000&quot;&gt;Welschen, Ad: Course ''Dutch Society and Culture'', International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2000–2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nosy ao Karaiba ===
Ao amin' ireo nosy [[Antilia Kely]] any Karaiba, dia manana sata maha-firenena mandrafitra ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy ireo faritanin' i Curaçao sy [[Aruba]] ary Sint Maarten. Faritany telo hafa kosa no mandrafitra an' i Nederlandy karibeanina, ary manana sata maha-kaominina manokana ireo. Manana sisin-tany an-dranomasina iraisana amin' i Anguilla, Curaçao, Frantsa (Saint Barthélemy), [[Santa-Kity-sy-Nevisy]], ireo Nosy Virijiny amerikanina ary [[Venezoela]] i Nederlandy karibeanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caribbean-Borders&quot;&gt;date: 15 November 2017; title: ''Maritime boundaries of the Caribbean part of the Kingdom''; url: [https://english.defensie.nl/topics/hydrography/maritime-limits-and-boundaries/maritime-boundaries-of-the-caribbean-part-of-the-kingdom]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251219090331/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/hydrography/maritime-limits-and-boundaries/maritime-boundaries-of-the-caribbean-part-of-the-kingdom]; archive-date: 19 December 2025; access-date: 5 August 2020; publisher: Ministry of Defence; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Manana toetrandro tropikaly ireo nosy ireo, ka mafana mandavantaona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Biasutti; first1: Michela; last2: Sobel; first2: Adam H.; last3: Camargo; first3: Suzana J.; last4: Creyts; first4: Timothy T.; date: 1 June 2012; title: ''Projected changes in the physical climate of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean''; url: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y]; journal: Climatic Change; language: en; volume: 112; issue: 3; pages: 819–845; bibcode: 2012ClCh..112..819B; doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y; issn: 1573-1480; s2cid: 8304158.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Kleine Bonaire-Underwater life(js).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Zavamananaina ambanin' ny rano ao Klein Bonaire]]
Ao anatin' io vondron-nosy io:
* I Bonaire dia anisan' ny ABC (vondron-nosy ao amin' ny Leeward Antilles), izay ao amin' ilay andian-nosy manamorona ny morontsirak' i [[Venezoela]]. Samy nandray anjara tamin' ny fiforonan' ny Leeward Antilles ny volkano sy ny haran-dranomasina.
* I Saba sy Sint Eustatius dia anisan' ny SSS (vondron-nosy ao amin' ny Leeward Islands). Any atsinanan' i [[Pôrtô-Rikô]] sy ireo Nosy Virijiny no misy azy ireo. Amin' ny fampiasana eo an-toerana ny teny frantsay sy espaniola sy [[Fiteny neerlandey|neerlandey]] ary anglisy, dia heverina ho anisan' ireo nosy antsoina hoe ''Windward Islands'' izy ireo. Amin' ny teny anglisy ampiasaina eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena anefa, dia nosy hafa any atsimo kokoa no tondroin' ny anarana hoe ''Windward Islands''. Avy amin' ny volkano ireo nosy roa ireo sady be havoana, ka kely ny tany mety amin' ny fambolena. Ny toerana avo indrindra dia ny tendrombohitra Scenery ao Saba, izay 870 m ny haavony. Io no toerana avo indrindra ao amin' ny firenena Nederlandy sy ao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy manontolo.

=== Firafitra sy fiforonan' ny tany ===
''Lahatsoratra fototra: Firafitra sy fiforonan' ny tanin' i Nederlandy.''

Ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i Nederlandy dia voaforon' ny akora niangona sy nipetraka teny amin' ny [[Hefaka|vavan' ny renirano]] sy teny amin' ny [[Morontsiraka|morontsiraka]], ary ny akora nentin' ny rivotra, nandritra ireo vanim-potoana mangatsiaka nitaran' ny ranomandry sy ireo vanim-potoana mafana kokoa nifanelanelana tamin' izy ireny, tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana ''Pleistocene''.&lt;ref name=&quot;international2000&quot; /&gt; Ny faritra andrefan' i Nederlandy dia voaforon' ny vavarano iombonan' ny ony Rhine sy Meuse. Any atsinanana kosa dia misy sisa tavela tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry farany, izay nifarana tokony ho 10 000 taona lasa izay. Rehefa nandroso avy any avaratra ny rakotra ranomandry mivelatra eo ambonin' ny kôntinenta, dia nanosika ho eo alohany ny antontan' akora natosika na napetraky ny ranomandry mihetsika (''moraine''). Nitsahatra tsy nandroso ilay rakotra ranomandry rehefa nandrakotra ny antsasany atsinanan' i Nederlandy. Rehefa nifarana ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry, dia nijanona teo ireo akora ireo ka namorona andalana havoana lava. Eo amin' ireo havoana ireo no naorina i [[Arnhem]] sy i [[Nijmegen]].&lt;ref&gt;last1: Wong; first1: Th.E.; title: ''Geology of the Netherlands''; last2: Batjes; first2: D.A.J.; last3: Jager; first3: J. de; publisher: KNAW; year: 2007; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-6984-481-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tondra-drano ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fifehezana ny tondra-drano ao Nederlandy; Lisitry ny tondra-drano ao Nederlandy; Fiakaran' ny ranomasina vokatry ny tafio-drivotra ao amin' ny Ranomasina Avaratra.

[[File:Christmas flood 1717.jpg|thumb|Nahatonga fahafatesan' olona an' arivony ny tondra-drano tamin' ny Krismasy 1717.]]

Niova be ny morontsirak' i Nederlandy nandritra ny taonjato maro noho ny loza voajanahary sy ny asa nataon' ny olombelona. Tamin' ny 14 Desambra 1287, dia namely an' i Nederlandy sy i Alemaina mpifanolo-bodirindrina taminy ny tondra-dranon' i Masimbavy Lucia, ka nahafaty olona maherin' ny 50 000; anisan' ny tondra-drano nandravarava indrindra voarakitra teo amin' ny tantara izany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1485002/Zuiderzee-floods Zuiderzee floods (Netherlands history)]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tondra-dranon' i Masimbavy Elizabeth tamin' ny 1421 sy ny tsy fahaiza-mitantana taorian' izany dia nandrava pôldera iray vao nohamainina, izany hoe tany iva voahodidina fefiloha sy nanalana rano. Nanjary lemaka tondraky ny rano arakaraka ny fisondrotana sy fidinan' ny ranomasina io tany io, dia i Biesbosch, izay manana velaran-tany 72 km². Ny tondra-drano avy amin' ny Ranomasina Avaratra tamin' ny 1953 dia nahatonga ny firodanan' ny fefiloha maromaro, izay natao hisakana ny fidiran' ny rano, tany atsimoandrefan' i Nederlandy; olona maherin' ny 1 800 no maty an-drano. Taorian' izany, ny governemanta nederlandey dia nametraka fandaharan' asa goavana, dia ny asa fiarovana ny delta amin' ny tondra-drano, mba hiarovana ny firenena amin' ny tondra-drano amin' ny hoavy. Naharitra maherin' ny 40 taona ny fanatanterahana izany mandra-pahavitany.&lt;ref&gt;Ronald Rietveld. [https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/dutch-delta-works-from-engineering-feat-to-cultural-statement ''Dutch Delta Works: from engineering feat to cultural statement'']. 8 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Netherlands compared to sealevel.svg|thumb|left|Sarintany mampiseho ireo faritra ao Nederlandy izay ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina.]]
Vao mainka nampitombo ny vokatry ny loza, tamin' ny lafiny sasany, ny asa nataon' ny olombelona. Nanalana rano ny honahona somary avo toerana mba hampiasana azy ho tany fambolena. Izany fanalana rano izany dia nampihena ny haben' ny sosona lonaka misy akora avy amin' ny zavamaniry mbola tsy lo tanteraka (''peat''), ka nampidina ny haavon' ny tany. Nampidinina ny haavon' ny rano ambanin' ny tany mba hanonerana izany, ka vao mainka nihena ny haben' ny sosona nisy io akora io tany ambany. Ankoatra izany, hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nohadina sy nohamainina io akora io mba hatao fandrehitra, ka vao mainka nampitombo ny olana. Nitohy ny fitrandrahana azy na dia tany amin' ny faritra dibo-drano aza, tamin' ny alalan' ny fangadiana sy fampiakarana azy avy ao ambanin' ny rano.&lt;ref&gt;''Netherlands: Fugros Ground Investigation Links Dutch Subsidence to Former Peat Extraction''. ''MENA Report''. 20 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Namorona fiarovana nifanesy hanakanana ny rano ny mponina mba hiarovana amin' ny tondra-drano. Tamin' ny arivo taona voalohany taorian' i Jesoa Kristy, dia teo ambonin' ny dongon-tany namboarina antsoina hoe ''terp'' no nanorenana vohitra sy trano fonenan' ny tantsaha. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny fefiloha ireny dongon-tany ireny tatỳ aoriana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 dia nanomboka nipoitra ireo sampan-draharaham-panjakana teo an-toerana nantsoina hoe ''waterschappen'' (sampan-draharaha misahana ny fitantanana ny rano) na ''hoogheemraadschappen'' (filankevitra ambony eo an-toerana). Ny asan' izy ireo dia ny nitazona ny haavon' ny rano sy niaro faritra iray amin' ny tondra-drano; mbola misy ireo sampan-draharaha ireo. Rehefa nihena ny haavon' ny tany, dia voatery nitarina ireo fefiloha ary natambatra ho rafitra iray mifamatotra. Efa nanomboka nampiasaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 ny milina ahodin' ny rivotra mba hampiakarana sy hampivoahana ny rano. Nampiasaina hanalana ny rano tao amin' ny farihy ireny milina ireny tatỳ aoriana, ka niforona ireo pôldera malaza.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.let.rug.nl/polders/boekje/history.htm Windmills in Dutch History]. Let.rug.nl. Rijks Universiteit Groningen. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705084250/http://www.let.rug.nl/polders/boekje/history.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 5 July 2017. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1932 dia vita ny Afsluitdijk (fefiloha fanakatonana), izay nanasaraka ny Zuiderzee teo aloha (Ranomasina Atsimo) tamin' ny Ranomasina Avaratra, ka namorona ny IJsselmeer. Tafiditra tao amin' ny asa lehibe kokoa tao Zuiderzee izany, izay nahazoana pôldera efatra avy amin' ny ranomasina, manana velaran-tany 2 500 km² raha atambatra.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/gemeentes/gem533nh.htm Kerngegevens gemeente Wieringermeer]. sdu.nl. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106163025/http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/gemeentes/gem533nh.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 6 January 2008. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/PROVINCIES/flevoland.htm Kerngegevens procincie Flevoland]. sdu.nl. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071226115958/http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/PROVINCIES/flevoland.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 26 December 2007. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fiarovana Delta ===
[[File:Karte der Bauwerke des Deltaprojekts.png|thumb|left|Ao amin' ny faritanin' i [[Zuid-Holland|Holland Atsimo]] sy [[Zelandy|Zeeland]] no misy ny Asa fiarovana Delta.]]

Taorian' ny loza tamin' ny 1953 dia naorina ny Asa fiarovana Delta, izay fitambaran' ny fotodrafitrasa maro mifameno manerana ny morontsirak' i Nederlandy. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1958 ilay tetikasa ary vita ny ankamaroany tamin' ny 1997, rehefa vita ny Maeslantkering. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia nisy tetikasa vaovao natomboka tsindraindray mba hanavaozana sy hanoloana ireo fotodrafitrasa ao amin' ny Asa fiarovana Delta. Ny hampihena ny mety hisian' ny tondra-drano ao Holland Atsimo sy [[Zelandy|Zeeland]] no tena tanjon' ny tetikasa Delta. Mba hanatrarana izany dia nasandratra ireo sakana lava namboarina hiarovana ny tany amin' ny fiakaran' ny rano (''dyke''): ireo manamorona ny ranomasina any ivelany, izay mahatratra 3 000 km ny halavany, sy ireo any anatiny ary manamorona ny lakandrano sy renirano, izay mahatratra 10 000 km ny halavany. Nakatona koa ireo vavarano mampifandray an' i Zeeland amin' ny ranomasina. Indraindray, ny fanombanana vaovao ny loza mety hitranga dia mampiseho olana izay mitaky fanamafisana fanampiny ireo sakana fiarovana ao amin' ny tetikasa Delta. Araka ny ''American Society of Civil Engineers'' (Fikambanana Amerikanin' ny Injeniera momba ny Fanorenana Fotodrafitrasa), dia anisan' ny zava-mahatalanjona fito amin' ny tontolo maoderina ny tetikasa Delta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 Seven Wonders] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305]; daty: 2 August 2010). Asce.org (19 July 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ireo firenena mety hiharan' ny voka-dratsy mafy indrindra avy amin' ny [[Fiovan' ny toetany|fiovan' ny toetrandro]] i Nederlandy. Tsy ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ihany no olana, fa mety hampihoatra ny rano amin' ny moron' ny renirano koa ny fiovaovan' ny toetrandro tsy araka ny mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;last: Nickerson; first: Colin; date: 5 December 2005; title: ''Netherlands relinquishes some of itself to the waters''; url: [http://archive.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/12/05/holland_goes_beyond_holding_back_the_tide/]; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630210923/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/12/05/holland_goes_beyond_holding_back_the_tide/]; archive-date: 30 June 2006; access-date: 10 October 2007; work: The Boston Globe.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Olsthoorn; first: A.A.; url: [http://de.scientificcommons.org/16816958]; title: ''Floods, flood management and climate change in The Netherlands''; author2: Richard S.J. Tol; date: February 2001; publisher: Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit; oclc: 150386158; access-date: 10 October 2007; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043234/http://de.scientificcommons.org/16816958]; archive-date: 22 October 2007; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Tol; first1: Richard S. J.; last2: van der Grijp; first2: Nicolien; last3: Olsthoorn; first3: Alexander A.; last4: van der Werff; first4: Peter E.; year: 2003; title: ''Adapting to Climate: A Case Study on Riverine Flood Risks in the Netherlands''; url: [http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/31872/1/158073.pdf]; journal: Risk Analysis; volume: 23; issue: 3; pages: 575–583; bibcode: 2003RiskA..23..575T; doi: 10.1111/1539-6924.00338; hdl: 1871/31872; pmid: 12836850; s2cid: 1054016.&lt;/ref&gt; Miomana mavitrika hiatrika ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina i Nederlandy. Namolavola drafitr' asa ny Vaomiera Delta mba hiatrehana ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina 1,10 m sy ny fidinan' ny haavon' ny tany 10 cm izay mitranga miaraka amin' izany. Tafiditra ao amin' ilay drafitra ny fanamafisana ireo fiarovana efa misy eny amorontsiraka, toy ny sakana namboarina sy ny [[Dongom-pasika|dongom-pasika]], mba hanampiana fiarovana mahatratra 1,30 m amin' ny haavo azon' ny rano tratrarina. Mba hiarovana ny firenena amin' ny tondra-drano avy amin' ny renirano, ny drafitra fanomezana toerana malalaka kokoa ho an' ny renirano dia manitatra ny toerana ahafahan' ny rano mikoriana, miaro ireo faritra lehibe onenan' ny mponina, ary mamela ireo tany tsy azo arovana ho difotry ny rano tsindraindray. Nafindra tany amin' ny toerana avo kokoa ireo mponina vitsy nonina tao amin' ireny faritra antsoina hoe faritra andraisana ny rano mihoatra ireny. Ny sasany tamin' ireo toerana nifindrany dia nasandratra ho ambonin' ny haavo antenaina ho tratran' ny tondra-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT021313&quot;&gt;author: Kimmelman, Michael; date: 13 February 2013; title: ''Going With the Flow''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/arts/design/flood-control-in-the-netherlands-now-allows-sea-water-in.html]; url-access: subscription; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130214132056/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/arts/design/flood-control-in-the-netherlands-now-allows-sea-water-in.html]; archive-date: 14 February 2013; access-date: 19 February 2013; newspaper: The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiovan' ny toetrandro ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fiovan' ny toetrandro ao Nederlandy.

Efa misy fiantraikany amin' i Nederlandy ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Niakatra mihoatra ny 2°C ny salan' ny mari-pana ao Nederlandy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1901 sy 2020.&lt;ref&gt;author: Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut; url: [https://cdn.knmi.nl/knmi/asc/klimaatsignaal21/KNMI_Klimaatsignaal21.pdf]; title: ''Klimaatsignaal 21: hoe het klimaat in Nederland snel verandert''; publisher: KNMI; year: 2021; location: De Bilt; pages: 11; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahatonga ny hain-tany sy ny fotoana mahamay be maharitra hitranga matetika kokoa ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Satria ampahany lehibe amin' ny tanin' i Nederlandy no faritra an-dranomasina novana ho tany azo ampiasaina, na tany hafa manakaiky ny haavon' ny ranomasina, dia tena mora iharan' ny voka-dratsin' ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ilay firenena.

Laharana faha-4 ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana i Nederlandy raha ny habetsahan' ny entona mitazona hafanana ao amin' ny atmosfera avoaka isaky ny mponina no jerena,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''EEA greenhouse gases — data viewer — European Environment Agency''; url: [https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/greenhouse-gases-viewer]; access-date: 4 April 2023; newspaper: European Environment Agency; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; ka anisan' ny anton' izany ny habetsahan' ny omby ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economist&quot;&gt;title: ''The cucumber Saudis: how the Dutch got too good at farming''; url: [https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/23/the-cucumber-saudis-how-the-dutch-got-too-good-at-farming]; url-access: registration; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153856/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/23/the-cucumber-saudis-how-the-dutch-got-too-good-at-farming]; archive-date: 23 March 2023; access-date: 4 April 2023; newspaper: The Economist; issn: 0013-0613.&lt;/ref&gt; Antony maromaro mampiavaka azy no mibaiko ny fomba iatrehan' i Nederlandy ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Anisan' izany ny drafitra lehibe kokoa nataon' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana ho fanarenana ny toekarena sady miaro ny tontolo iainana manoloana ny COVID-19 (na aretin' ny kôrônaviriosy 2019), ary ny raharaham-pitsarana momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, dia ny raharaha nifandiran' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy sy ny fikambanana Urgenda. Niteraka adidy hametra ny fiovan' ny toetrandro tamin' ny alalan' ny fampihenana ny entona avoaka ho latsaka 25% noho ny habetsahany tamin' ny taona 1990 io raharaha io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;date: 20 December 2019; title: ''Netherlands climate change: Court orders bigger cuts in emissions''; url: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50864569]; language: English; newspaper: BBC.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;date: 20 December 2019; title: ''Activists cheer victory in landmark Dutch climate case''; url: [https://apnews.com/5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a]; language: English; newspaper: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2021, dia nihena 14% ny [[Etona mampihiboka hafanana|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; avoaka]] raha oharina amin' ny habetsahany tamin' ny taona 1990.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Hoe groot is onze broeikasgasuitstoot?''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-broeikasgassen/hoe-groot-is-onze-broeikasgasuitstoot-wat-is-het-doel-]; access-date: 9 July 2023; website: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hampihena 49% ny entona avoaka amin' ny taona 2030 no tanjon' ny governemanta nederlandey.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2019; title: ''Long-term strategy on climate mitigation – The Netherlands''; url: [https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Netherlands.pdf]; access-date: 16 May 2021; website: unfccc.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavaboary ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: Lisitry ny valan-javaboary nasionaly ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Relax - Flickr - Rob Oo.jpg|thumb|Ireo ''common seal'', biby mampinono an-dranomasina, eny akaikin' ny morontsirak' i Terschelling, nosy iray ao amin' ny ranomasina Wadden]]
Manana valan-javaboary nasionaly 21 i Nederlandy,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Home''; url: [https://nationaalpark.nl/]; access-date: 27 January 2023; website: Nationaal Park; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt; ary faritra voajanahary arovana an-jatony hafa. Ny ankamaroan' ireo dia an' ny ''Staatsbosbeheer'' (Fitantanana ny alam-panjakana), sampan-draharaham-pirenena misahana ny ala sy ny fiarovana ny zavaboary, sy an' ny ''Natuurmonumenten'' (Fikambanana miaro ny toerana voajanahary), fikambanana tsy miankina izay mividy sy miaro ary mitantana faritra voajanahary arovana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Over Natuurmonumenten''; url: [https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/over-natuurmonumenten]; website: Natuurmonumenten.&lt;/ref&gt; Manankarena amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina ny ranomasina Wadden any avaratra, izay ahitana tany fisaka eny amorontsiraka izay rakotry ny rano rehefa miakatra ny ranomasina ary miseho rehefa misintona izany, sy tany mando na dibo-drano. Anisan' ny toerana voajanahary ao amin' ny Lova Iraisam-pirenen' ny UNESCO (Sampan-draharahan' ny Firenena Mikambana misahana ny Fanabeazana sy ny Siansa ary ny Kolontsaina) izy io.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Wadden Sea''; url: [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1314/]; access-date: 27 January 2023; publisher: [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Eastern Scheldt, izay vavarano avaratra atsinanan' ny ony Scheldt fahiny, dia notendrena ho valan-javaboary nasionaly tamin' ny 2002. Izy io no lasa valan-javaboary nasionaly lehibe indrindra, manana velarana 370 km².

Raha ny fitsinjaran' ny zavamaniry araka ny faritra ara-jeografia no jerena, dia mizara eo amin' ny faritany ara-pitsinjaran' ny zavamaniry Atlantic European sy Central European ny tapany eoropeanin' i Nederlandy. Samy ao amin' ny faritra Circumboreal Region, ao anatin' ny vondrom-paritra lehibe Boreal Kingdom, ireo faritany ireo. Araka ny ''World Wide Fund for Nature'' (Tahirim-bola Maneran-tany ho an' ny Zavaboary), dia ao amin' ny faritra ara-tontolo iainana antsoina hoe Atlantic mixed forests (ala mifangaro atlantika) io faritra io. Ny faritra ara-tontolo iainana dia faritra iray manana toe-tontolo iainana sy vondron-javamananaina mampiavaka azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DinersteinOlson2017&quot;&gt;last1: Dinerstein; first1: Eric; last2: Olson; first2: David; last3: Joshi; first3: Anup; last4: Vynne; first4: Carly; last5: Burgess; first5: Neil D.; last6: Wikramanayake; first6: Eric; last7: Hahn; first7: Nathan; last8: Palminteri; first8: Suzanne; last9: Hedao; first9: Prashant; last10: Noss; first10: Reed; last11: Hansen; first11: Matt; last12: Locke; first12: Harvey; last13: Ellis; first13: Erle C; last14: Jones; first14: Benjamin; last15: Barber; first15: Charles Victor; display-authors: 1; year: 2017; title: ''An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm''; journal: BioScience; volume: 67; issue: 6; pages: 534–545; doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix014; issn: 0006-3568; pmc: 5451287; pmid: 28608869; doi-access: free; last16: Hayes; first16: Randy; last17: Kormos; first17: Cyril; last18: Martin; first18: Vance; last19: Crist; first19: Eileen; last20: Sechrest; first20: Wes; last21: Price; first21: Lori; last22: Baillie; first22: Jonathan E. M.; last23: Weeden; first23: Don; last24: Suckling; first24: Kierán; last25: Davis; first25: Crystal; last26: Sizer; first26: Nigel; last27: Moore; first27: Rebecca; last28: Thau; first28: David; last29: Birch; first29: Tanya; last30: Potapov; first30: Peter; last31: Turubanova; first31: Svetlana; last32: Tyukavina; first32: Alexandra; last33: de Souza; first33: Nadia; last34: Pintea; first34: Lilian; last35: Brito; first35: José C.; last36: Llewellyn; first36: Othman A.; last37: Miller; first37: Anthony G.; last38: Patzelt; first38: Annette; last39: Ghazanfar; first39: Shahina A.; last40: Timberlake; first40: Jonathan; last41: Klöser; first41: Heinz; last42: Shennan-Farpón; first42: Yara; last43: Kindt; first43: Roeland; last44: Lillesø; first44: Jens-Peter Barnekow; last45: van Breugel; first45: Paulo; last46: Graudal; first46: Lars; last47: Voge; first47: Maianna; last48: Al-Shammari; first48: Khalaf F.; last49: Saleem; first49: Muhammad.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1871 no nokapaina ireo ala voajanahary farany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Beekbergerwoud - Natuurgebied''; url: [https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/natuurgebieden/beekbergerwoud]; access-date: 13 June 2022; website: Natuurmonumenten; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Nambolena teo amin' ny tany rakotra kirihitra iva vokatry ny asan' ny olombelona sy teo amin' ny tany misy fasika afindran' ny rivotra, izay tany rakotra kirihitra iva niraofan' ny biby fiompy tafahoatra, ireo ala ireo (Veluwe). Tamin' ny 2019, dia 0.6/10 ny salan' isa azon' i Nederlandy tamin' ny tondro fandrefesana ny fahafenoan' ny toetra voajanaharin' ny tontolon' ny ala (''Forest Landscape Integrity Index''), ka laharana faha-169 eran-tany tamin' ny firenena 172 izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;FLII-Supplementary&quot;&gt;last1: Grantham; first1: H. S.; last2: Duncan; first2: A.; last3: Evans; first3: T. D.; last4: Jones; first4: K. R.; last5: Beyer; first5: H. L.; last6: Schuster; first6: R.; last7: Walston; first7: J.; last8: Ray; first8: J. C.; last9: Robinson; first9: J. G.; last10: Callow; first10: M.; last11: Clements; first11: T.; last12: Costa; first12: H. M.; last13: DeGemmis; first13: A.; last14: Elsen; first14: P. R.; last15: Ervin; first15: J.; display-authors: 1; year: 2020; title: ''Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material''; journal: Nature Communications; volume: 11; issue: 1; page: 5978; bibcode: 2020NatCo..11.5978G; doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3; issn: 2041-1723; pmc: 7723057; pmid: 33293507; doi-access: free; last16: Franco; first16: P.; last17: Goldman; first17: E.; last18: Goetz; first18: S.; last19: Hansen; first19: A.; last20: Hofsvang; first20: E.; last21: Jantz; first21: P.; last22: Jupiter; first22: S.; last23: Kang; first23: A.; last24: Langhammer; first24: P.; last25: Laurance; first25: W. F.; last26: Lieberman; first26: S.; last27: Linkie; first27: M.; last28: Malhi; first28: Y.; last29: Maxwell; first29: S.; last30: Mendez; first30: M.; last31: Mittermeier; first31: R.; last32: Murray; first32: N. J.; last33: Possingham; first33: H.; last34: Radachowsky; first34: J.; last35: Saatchi; first35: S.; last36: Samper; first36: C.; last37: Silverman; first37: J.; last38: Shapiro; first38: A.; last39: Strassburg; first39: B.; last40: Stevens; first40: T.; last41: Stokes; first41: E.; last42: Taylor; first42: R.; last43: Tear; first43: T.; last44: Tizard; first44: R.; last45: Venter; first45: O.; last46: Visconti; first46: P.; last47: Wang; first47: S.; last48: Watson; first48: J. E. M..&lt;/ref&gt; Miteraka olana ny fandotoana ateraky ny fitambarana simika misy azota be loatra eo amin' ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economist&quot; /&gt; Nihena 75% hatramin' ny taompolo 1990 ny isan' ny bibikely manidina ao Nederlandy, araka ny tatitra tamin' ny 2019.&lt;ref&gt;last: Malo; first: Paul; date: 18 November 2019; title: ''Les insectes sont bel et bien en train de disparaître''; trans-title: ''Insects are well and truly disappearing''; url: [https://www.consoglobe.com/insectes-disparaitre-cg]; website: consoglobe.com; language: fr.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governemanta sy pôlitika ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Pôlitikan' i Nederlandy.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Zijne Majesteit Koning Willem-Alexander met koningsmantel april 2013 (cropped).jpeg|Willem-Alexander, mpanjaka
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Efa fanjakana entin' ny mpanjaka voafehin' ny lalàm-panorenana i Nederlandy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1815, ary demôkrasia miorina amin' ny rafitra parlemantera nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1848. Lazaina ho fanjakana ifampizaran' ny vondrona samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny fahefana izy. Mampiavaka ny pôlitika sy ny fitondrana neerlandey ny fiezahana hahazoana marimaritra iraisana eken' ny maro amin' ny raharaha lehibe. Araka ny ''Global State of Democracy Indices'' (tondro momba ny toetry ny demôkrasia maneran-tany) sy ny ''Democracy Tracker'' (fitaovana fanaraha-maso ny demôkrasia), izay samy an' ny International IDEA (Ivontoerana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Demôkrasia sy ny Fanampiana amin' ny Fifidianana), dia eo amin' ny ambaratonga ambony ny vokatra azon' i Nederlandy amin' ny fandrefesana ny demôkrasia amin' ny ankapobeny. Misongadina amin' ny vokatra tsara azony ny fisoloan-tena ara-pôlitika, ka ao anatin' izany ny fisian' ny fitondram-panjakana voafidy sy ny zo hifidy mahafaoka ny sokajin' olom-pirenena samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands &amp;#124; The Global State of Democracy''; url: [https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/netherlands]; access-date: 6 October 2025; website: www.idea.int; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Global State of Democracy Indices &amp;#124; The Global State of Democracy''; url: [https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices]; access-date: 6 October 2025; website: www.idea.int.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Home &amp;#124; The Global State of Democracy''; url: [https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/]; access-date: 6 October 2025; website: www.idea.int.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2023, dia napetraky ny tondron' ny demôkrasia V-Dem (''Varieties of Democracy'', na «Karazam-pitondrana demôkratika») teo amin' ny laharana faha-17 eran-tany i Nederlandy raha ny demôkrasia mifototra amin' ny fifidianana no jerena.&lt;ref name=&quot;vdem_dataset&quot;&gt;last1: Coppedge; first1: Michael; last2: Gerring; first2: John; last3: Knutsen; first3: Carl Henrik; last4: Lindberg; first4: Staffan I.; last5: Teorell; first5: Jan; last6: Alizada; first6: Nazifa; last7: Altman; first7: David; last8: Bernhard; first8: Michael; last9: Cornell; first9: Agnes; last10: Fish; first10: M. Steven; last11: Gastaldi; first11: Lisa; last12: Gjerløw; first12: Haakon; last13: Glynn; first13: Adam; last14: Hicken; first14: Allen; last15: Hindle; first15: Garry; date: 2021; title: ''V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1''; journal: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project; doi: 10.23696/vdemds21; last16: Ilchenko; first16: Nina; last17: Krusell; first17: Joshua; last18: Lührmann; first18: Anna; last19: Maerz; first19: Seraphine F.; last20: Marquardt; first20: Kyle L.; last21: McMann; first21: Kelly; last22: Mechkova; first22: Valeriya; last23: Medzihorsky; first23: Juraj; last24: Paxton; first24: Pamela; last25: Pemstein; first25: Daniel; last26: Pernes; first26: Josefine; last27: von Römer; first27: Johannes; last28: Seim; first28: Brigitte; last29: Sigman; first29: Rachel; last30: Skaaning; first30: Svend-Erik; last31: Staton; first31: Jeffrey; last32: Sundström; first32: Aksel; last33: Tzelgov; first33: Eitan; last34: Wang; first34: Yi-ting; last35: Wig; first35: Tore; last36: Wilson; first36: Steven; last37: Ziblatt; first37: Daniel.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2022 kosa, dia teo amin' ny laharana fahasivy tamin' ny firenena demôkratika indrindra eran-tany izy araka ny ''Democracy Index'' (tondron' ny demôkrasia) an' ny ''The Economist''.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2023; title: ''Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine''; url: [https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf]; archive-date: 30 March 2023; access-date: 20 May 2023; website: [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]; page: 3; language: en-GB.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny mpanjaka no filoham-panjakana, ary ny Mpanjaka Willem-Alexander no mitana izany toerana izany. Araka ny lalàm-panorenana, dia voafetra ny fahefana mifamatotra amin' io toerana io noho ny andraikitra ara-pôlitika iantsorohan' ny minisitra. Ny governemanta, izay ahitana ny mpanjaka sy ny Filankevitry ny Minisitra, no mandrafitra ny fahefana mpanatanteraka. Io filankevitra io no rafitra ifampidinihan' ny kabinetra neerlandey. Matetika dia minisitra miisa 13 hatramin' ny 16 sy sekreteram-panjakana miovaova isa no mandrafitra ny kabinetra. Minisitra iray hatramin' ny telo no minisitra tsy miandraikitra ministera manokana. Ny praiminisitra no mitarika ny Filankevitry ny Minisitra, ary matetika izy no mpitarika ny antoko lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny fiaraha-mitantana. Izy dia ''primus inter pares'', izany hoe voalohany eo anivon' ireo mitovy sata aminy, ka tsy misy fahefana voafaritra mazava ananany mihoatra noho ny an' ny minisitra hafa. I Rob Jetten no praiminisitra nanomboka tamin' ny volana Febroary 2026.

[[File:Den Haag Binnenhof 02.jpg|thumb|Ny Binnenhof, toerana ivorian' ny antenimiera ambany sy ny antenimiera ambony ao amin' ny parlemanta.]]

Tompon' andraikitra eo anatrehan' ny parlemanta misy antenimiera roa ny kabinetra. Io parlemanta io, ny ''States General'' (Parlemantan' i Nederlandy), dia manana fahefana mpanao lalàna koa. Ny mpikambana 150 ao amin' ny Antenimieran' ny Solombavambahoaka, izay antenimiera ambany, dia fidina amin' ny fifidianana mivantana, amin' ny alalan' ny lisitry ny antoko ka zaraina mifanaraka amin' ny ampahan' ny vato azon' ny antoko tsirairay ny toerana. Isaky ny efa-taona no anaovana izany fifidianana izany, na aloha kokoa raha lavo ny kabinetra. Fidina mivantana isaky ny efa-taona koa ny ''States Provincial'' (antenimieran' ny faritany). Ny mpikambana ao amin' ireo antenimieran' ny faritany ireo no mifidy ny mpikambana 75 ao amin' ny Antenimieran-doholona, izay antenimiera ambony. Manana fahefana handà lalàna io antenimiera ambony io, saingy tsy afaka manitsy azy ireny.&lt;ref&gt;last: Zaken; first: Ministerie van Algemene; date: 12 October 2011; title: ''The House of Representatives and Senate – Parliament – Government.nl''; url: [https://www.government.nl/topics/parliament/senate-and-house-of-representatives]; website: government.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolontsaina pôlitika ===
Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: Antoko pôlitika ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Red-light district of Amsterdam by day. 2012.JPG|thumb|Ao De Wallen, faritra ao Amsterdam misy toeram-pivarotan-tena, no ahitana asa toy ny fivarotan-tena ara-dalàna, izay maneho ny kolontsaina pôlitika nederlandey sy ny fombany momba ny fandeferana.]]

Samy hakana hevitra ny sendikàn' ny mpiasa sy ny fikambanan' ny mpampiasa rehefa mamolavola pôlitika momba ny vola, ny toekarena ary ny fiarahamonina. Mihaona tsy tapaka amin' ny governemanta ao amin' ny Filankevitra momba ny Fiarahamonina sy ny Toekarena izy ireo.
Manana fomba nentim-paharazana momba ny fandeferana amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fiarahamonina i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Buruma; first: Ybo; date: 2007; title: ''Dutch Tolerance: On Drugs, Prostitution, and Euthanasia''; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/650185]; journal: Crime and Justice; volume: 35; issue: 1; pages: 73–113; doi: 10.1086/650185; issn: 0192-3234; jstor: 10.1086/650185; s2cid: 144295342; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia niova ho rafitra nizarazarana ny fiarahamonina ho vondrona ara-pivavahana samy misaraka io fomba nentim-paharazana momba ny fandeferana ara-pivavahana io: niara-nisy nefa samy nitokana ireo vondrona ara-pivavahana, ary teo amin' ny sehatry ny governemanta ihany no nifandraisany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kaplan; first: Benjamin J.; url: [https://brill.com/view/book/9789004353954/BP000009.xml]; title: ''&quot;Dutch&quot; Religious Tolerance: Celebration and Revision''; date: 5 September 2019; publisher: Brill; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-35395-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;
Voarakitra ao amin' ny pôlitika momba ny fanampiana ny any ivelany ny fiarovana ny zon' ny LGBTQ (vehivavy mirona amin' ny vehivavy, lehilahy mirona amin' ny lehilahy, olona mirona amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy, olona manana maha-lahy na maha-vavy tsy mifanaraka amin' izay nanondroana azy tamin' ny nahaterahany, ary olona mampiasa ny anarana hoe ''queer'' hilazana ny fironana ara-pananahany na ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy azy) sy ny zo momba ny fanalan-jaza (na fampitsaharana ny fitondrana vohoka).&lt;ref&gt;date: 18 November 2022; title: ''Feminist foreign policy explained''; url: [https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/11/18/feminist-foreign-policy-netherlands]; access-date: 8 September 2023; publisher: Government of the Netherlands.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy nisy antoko tokana nahazo ny ankamaroan' ny seza tao amin' ny antenimiera hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, ka voatery nanangana governemanta iraisan' ny antoko maromaro ny antoko pôlitika.
Hatramin' ny nanomezana zo hifidy ho an' ny lehilahy rehetra tamin' ny 1917, dia fianakaviana antoko pôlitika telo no nanjaka teo amin' ny rafitra pôlitika: ny demôkrata kristianina (izay ny CDA (Antso Demôkratika Kristianina) no misolo tena azy amin' izao fotoana izao), ny sôsialy-demôkrata (izay ny Pro (Nederlandy Mandroso) no misolo tena azy amin' izao fotoana izao), ary ny liberaly (izay ny VVD (Antokom-bahoaka ho an' ny Fahalalahana sy ny Demôkrasia) no misolo tena azy amin' izao fotoana izao).
Tamin' ny Novambra 2025, ny D66 (Demôkrata 66) tarihin' i Rob Jetten, antoko liberaly mirona amin' ny afovoany, no nandresy tamin' ny fifidianana ankapobeny, ka nahazo seza 26 tamin' ny 150 tao amin' ny Antenimieran' ny Solombavambahoaka.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Cokelaere; first1: Hanne; last2: Hartog; first2: Eva; date: 31 October 2025; title: ''Centrist D66 beats the far right to win Dutch election, national press agency announces''; url: [https://www.politico.eu/article/rob-jetten-geert-wilders-centrist-d66-wins-dutch-election/]; access-date: 16 November 2025; website: Politico.&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa tafatsangana ny governemantany tamin' ny Febroary 2026.&lt;ref&gt;date: 12 November 2025; title: ''Hans Wijers informateur namens D66, Sybrand Buma namens CDA''; trans-title: ''Hans Wijers informateur on behalf of D66, Sybrand Buma on behalf of the CDA''; url: [https://nos.nl/artikel/2590201-hans-wijers-informateur-namens-d66-sybrand-buma-namens-cda]; access-date: 16 November 2025; website: NOS; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fizarana ara-pitantanana ===
Jereo koa ny fizarana ara-pitantanana ao Nederlandy sy ny vondrona ara-panjakana ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Map provinces Netherlands-en.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|Faritany sy fari-piadidiana any Karaiba ao Nederlandy.]]

Mizara ho faritany 12 i Nederlandy, ary samy eo ambany fitarihan' ny solontenan' ny mpanjaka ireo faritany ireo. Mizara ho kaominina (''gemeenten'') ny faritany; nisy 342 ny kaominina tamin' ny 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS_code&quot;&gt;author: &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;; title: ''Gemeentelijke indeling op 1 januari 2023''; trans-title: ''Municipalities on 1 January 2021''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/classificaties/overig/gemeentelijke-indelingen-per-jaar/indeling-per-jaar/gemeentelijke-indeling-op-1-januari-2023]; access-date: 16 January 2023; work: CBS Classifications; publisher: CBS; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fari-piadidiana 21 momba ny rano, izay samy tantanan' ny filan-kevitra misahana ny rano (''waterschap'' na ''hoogheemraadschap''). Manana fahefana amin' ny raharaha momba ny fitantanana ny rano ao amin' ny fari-piadidiany avy ireo filan-kevitra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WATER&quot;&gt;title: ''De waterschappen''; url: [http://www.uvw.nl/de-waterschappen.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103064157/http://www.uvw.nl/de-waterschappen.html]; archive-date: 3 November 2013; access-date: 7 June 2013; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Mijn waterschap''; url: [https://www.waterschappen.nl/mijn-waterschap/]; access-date: 6 May 2021; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nisy talohan' ny niforonan' ny firenena ireo filan-kevitra misahana ny rano ireo, ary tamin' ny 1196 no niseho ny voalohany. Anisan' ny rafitra demôkratika tranainy indrindra mbola misy eto an-tany izy ireo. Isaky ny efa-taona no anaovana fifidianana mivantana ny mpikambana ao amin' ireo filan-kevitra ireo.

Ao anatin' i Baarle-Nassau dia misy faritra 22 an' i Belzika izay tafasaraka amin' ny ambin' ny tanin' io firenena io,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Baarle-Hertog and Baarle Nassau''; url: [http://www.exclave.eu/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4&amp;Itemid=10]; access-date: 21 November 2016; website: Exclave.eu.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ao anatin' ireo faritra ireo indray dia misy faritra valo an' i Nederlandy voahodidin' ny tanin' i Belzika.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+ Ny faritany 12; isan' ny mponina tamin' ny 2023
|-
! Faritany
! Renivohitra
! Tanàna be mponina indrindra
! Velaran-tany manontolo&lt;br /&gt;(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Oppervlakte''; url: [http://www.waarstaatjeprovincie.nl/Paginas/Ruimtelijke%20ordening/Oppervlakte.aspx]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210504021427/https://www.waarstaatjeprovincie.nl/Paginas/Ruimtelijke%20ordening/Oppervlakte.aspx]; archive-date: 4 May 2021; access-date: 10 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Velaran' ny tany maina&lt;br /&gt;(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;NL data&quot;&gt;date: 15 September 2022; title: ''Netherlands: Major Urban Centers''; url: [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/cities/]; access-date: 28 October 2023; website: City Population.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Isan' ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;NL data&quot;/&gt;
! Hakitroky ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(isaky ny km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| [[File:Flag of Drenthe.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Drenthe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Assen
| 2,680 || 2,633 || 502,051 || 191
|-
| [[File:Flag of Flevoland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Flevoland || Lelystad || [[Almere]]
| 2,412 || 1,410 || 444,701 || 315
|-
| [[File:Frisian flag.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Friesland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Leeuwarden
| 5,753 || 3,340 || 659,551 || 197
|-
| [[File:Flag of Gelderland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Gelderland]] || [[Arnhem]] || [[Nijmegen]]
| 5,136 || 4,960 || 2,133,708 || 430
|-
| [[File:Flag of Groningen.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Groningen || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Groningen
| 2,955 || 2,316 || 596,075 || 257
|-
| [[File:Flag of Limburg.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Limburg || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Maastricht]]
| 2,210 || 2,145 || 1,128,367 || 526
|-
| [[File:North Brabant-Flag.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Brabant Avaratra || 's-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch) || [[Eindhoven]]
| 5,082 || 4,902 || 2,626,210 || 536
|-
| [[File:Flag of North Holland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Noord-Holland|Holland Avaratra]] || Haarlem || [[Amsterdam]]
| 4,092 || 2,663 || 2,952,622 || 1,109
|-
| [[File:Flag of Overijssel.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Overijssel || Zwolle || [[Enschede]]
| 3,421 || 3,317 || 1,184,333 || 357
|-
| [[File:Flag of Zuid-Holland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Zuid-Holland|Holland Atsimo]] || [[Den Haag]] || [[Rotterdam]]
| 3,308 || 2,698 || 3,804,906 || 1,410
|-
| [[File:Utrecht (province)-Flag.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Utrecht
| 1,560 || 1,484 || 1,387,643 || 935
|-
| [[File:Flag of Zeeland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Zelandy]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Middelburg]]
| 2,933 || 1,780 || 391,124 || 220
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ampahany any Eorôpa
! 41,543 || 33,647 || 17,811,291 || 529
|}

Tsy tafiditra ao anatin' ireo faritany 12 ireo ny rafitra ara-pitantanana ao Nederlandy any Karaiba. Manana ny satan' ny ''openbare lichamen'', izany hoe vondrona ara-panjakana, ireo nosy ireo,&lt;ref name=&quot;WOLBES&quot;&gt;title: ''31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba''; url: [http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/31954_wet_openbare_lichamen]; access-date: 15 October 2010; publisher: Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal; language: nl; quote: De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. &lt;br /&gt;&quot;Through the establishment of the BES islands as public bodies, rather than communities, the BES islands' rules may deviate from the rules in the European part of the Netherlands. The Dutch legislation will be introduced gradually. The public bodies fall directly under the central government because they are not part of a province.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary antsoina hoe kaominina manokana.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+ Nederlandy any Karaiba; isan' ny mponina tamin' ny 2023
|-
! Nosy
! Renivohitra
! Velaran-tany&lt;br /&gt;(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;BES&quot;&gt;date: 23 July 2023; title: ''Caribbean Netherlands''; url: [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/caribbeannetherlands/]; access-date: 28 October 2023; website: City Population.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Isan' ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;BES&quot;/&gt;
! Hakitroky ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(isaky ny km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bonaire.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Bonaire || Kralendijk
| 288 || 24,090 || 84
|-
| [[File:Flag of Saba.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Saba || The Bottom
| 13 || 2,035 || 157
|-
| [[File:Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Sint Eustatius || Oranjestad
| 21 || 3,293 || 157
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nederlandy any Karaiba
! 322 || 29,418 || 91
|}

Ny tabilao manaraka kosa dia mitahiry ny antontanisa momba ireo faritany tamin' ny 2007.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+ Antontanisa momba ny faritany tamin' ny 2007
|-
! Saina
! Faritany
! Renivohitra
! Tanàna be mponina indrindra
! Velaran-tany (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;ProvArea&quot;&gt;url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&amp;DM=SLNL&amp;PA=70072ned&amp;D1=224&amp;D2=5-16&amp;D3=l&amp;HD=081103-1603&amp;HDR=T&amp;STB=G1,G2]; language: Dutch; publisher: Statistics Netherlands; year: 2007; accessdate: 2007-10-13; title: ''Regionale Kerncijfers Nederland''.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Isan' ny mponina&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&amp;DM=SLNL&amp;PA=03759ned&amp;D1=0&amp;D2=802-813&amp;D3=0&amp;D4=l&amp;HD=081103-1603]; language: Dutch; publisher: Statistics Netherlands; year: 2007; accessdate: 2007-10-13; title: ''Bevolking per regio naar leeftijd, geslacht en burgerlijke staat''.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Hakitroky ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(isaky ny km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| [[File:Flag Drenthe.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Drenthe]] || Drenthe || Assen || Assen&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ny tanàna mihitsy no resahina eto, fa tsy ny kaominina iray manontolo. Be mponina kokoa noho ny tanànan' i Emmen ny tanànan' i Assen, na dia be mponina kokoa noho ny kaomininan' i Assen aza ny kaomininan' i Emmen.&lt;/ref&gt; || 2 641 || 486 197 || 184
|-
| [[File:Flevolandflag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Flevoland]] || Flevoland || Lelystad || [[Almere]] || 1 417 || 374 424 || 264
|-
| [[File:Frisian flag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Friesland]] || Friesland || Leeuwarden || Leeuwarden || 3341 || 642 209 || 192
|-
| [[File:Flag of Gelderland.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Gelderland]] || [[Gelderland]] || [[Arnhem]] || [[Nijmegen]] || 4 971 || 1 979 059 || 398
|-
| [[File:Flag Groningen.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Groningen]] || Groningen || Groningen || Groningen || 2 333 || 573 614 || 246
|-
| [[File:NL-LimburgVlag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Limburg]] || Limburg || [[Maastricht]] || [[Maastricht]] || 2 150 || 1 127 805 || 525
|-
| [[File:North Brabant-Flag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Noord-Brabant]] || Noord-Brabant || Den Bosch || [[Eindhoven]] || 4 916 || 2 419 042 || 492
|-
| [[File:Flag North-Holland, Netherlands.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Noord-Holland]] || [[Noord-Holland]] || Haarlem || [[Amsterdam]] || 2 671 || 2 613 070 || 978
|-
| [[File:Flag Overijssel.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Overijssel]] || Overijssel || Zwolle || [[Enschede]] || 3 325 || 1 116 374 || 336
|-
| [[File:Utrecht (province)-Flag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht]] || 1 385 || 1 190 604 || 860
|-
| [[File:Flag of Zeeland.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Zelandy]] || [[Zelandy]] || [[Middelburg]] || [[Middelburg]] || 1 787 || 380 497 || 213
|-
| [[File:Flag Zuid-Holland.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Zuid-Holland]] || [[Zuid-Holland]] || [[Den Haag]]&lt;br /&gt;''(La Haye)'' || [[Rotterdam]] || 2 814 || 3 455 097 || 1228
|}

=== Fifandraisana amin' ny any ivelany ===
Jereo koa: Lisitry ny birao solontena diplaomatikan' i Nederlandy any ivelany sy Lisitry ny birao solontena diplaomatika ao Nederlandy.

[[File:TheHague PeacePalace 016 5771.jpg|thumb|Ny Lapan' ny Fandriampahalemana (''Vredespaleis''), ao [[Den Haag]].]]
Nampiavaka ny tantaran' ny politika ivelany narahin' i Nederlandy ny tsy fiandaniany. Araka ny ''Global Peace Index'' (tondro momba ny fandriampahalemana eran-tany) tamin' ny 2024, dia laharana faha-18 amin' ireo firenena milamina indrindra eran-tany i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''2024 Global Peace Index''; url: [https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa dia niditra ho mpikambana tao amin' ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maro i Nederlandy, ka misongadina indrindra amin' ireo ny UN (Firenena Mikambana), ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra|NATO]] (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra) ary ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana).

Mifototra amin' ny fanoloran-tena fototra efatra ny politika ivelany: ny fiaraha-miasan' ny firenena eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' i Atlantika, ny fampiraisana eorôpeana, ny fampandrosoana iraisam-pirenena ary ny lalàna iraisam-pirenena. Anisan' ny raharaha iraisam-pirenena mampisy adihevitra kokoa ny politika tsy dia hentitra momba ireo zava-mahadomelina heverina ho ambany kokoa ny loza aterany (''soft drugs'').&lt;ref&gt;date: 21 December 2022; title: ''Drug Kingpin Trial 'Ultimate Test' for Dutch Rule of Law''; url: [https://www.voanews.com/a/drug-kingpin-trial-ultimate-test-for-dutch-rule-of-law/6885306.html]; access-date: 18 July 2023; publisher: VOA; agency: Agence France-Presse.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola misy fiantraikany eo amin' ny fifandraisana amin' ny any ivelany ireo fifandraisana ara-tantara nolovain' i Nederlandy avy tamin' ny fanjanahany tany [[Indônezia]] sy [[Sorinama]]. Maro ny olona manana fiaviana avy amin' ireo firenena ireo no monina maharitra ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 6 December 2023; title: ''Suriname''; url: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107182748/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/]; archive-date: 7 January 2021; publisher: Central Intelligence Agency; via: CIA.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Indonesian political exiles in the Netherlands after 1965; Postcolonial nationalists in an era of transnationalism''; url: [https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&amp;context=wacana].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tafika ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tafika mitam-piadian' i Nederlandy.

[[File:HNLMS Holland.jpg|thumb|Sambo fisafoana an-dranomasina lavitra ny morontsiraka ao amin' ny sokajy ''Holland'', an' ny Tafika an-dranomasina mpanjakan' i Nederlandy.]]
[[File:Aankomst F-35 Leeuwarden-4.jpg|thumb|F-35 Lightning II an' ny Tafika an' habakabaka mpanjakan' i Nederlandy.]]

Anisan' ny tafika maharitra tranainy indrindra any Eorôpa ny an' i Nederlandy; natsangana voalohany tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 izany. Taorian' ny naharesy an' i Napoleon dia novana ho tafika mifototra amin' ny fanompoana miaramila an-tery ny tafika nederlandey. Niala tamin' ny tsy fiandaniany i Nederlandy tamin' ny 1948, rehefa nanao sonia ny Fifanarahan' i Bruxelles, ary anisan' ny mpikambana mpanorina ny NATO (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra) tamin' ny 1949. Noho izany dia anisan' ny herin' ny NATO tany Eorôpa nandritra ny [[Ady Mangatsiaka]] ny tafika nederlandey. Tamin' ny 1983 dia nafindra tamin' ny governemanta ny andraikitra ara-pombafomba maha-lehiben' ny tafika izay notanan' ny mpanjaka. Midika izany fa tsy manana andraikitra ara-miaramila ofisialy ny mpanjaka, izay loham-panjakana amin' ny anarana fotsiny.

Naato ny fanompoana miaramila an-tery tamin' ny 1996, ary novana indray ho tafika matihanina ny tafika nederlandey. Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990 dia nandray anjara tamin' ny Ady tany Bôsnia sy ny Ady tany Kosovo izany; nifehy faritany iray tany [[Iràka]] taorian' ny naharesy an' i [[Saddam Hussein]], ary nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tany Afganistàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vol. 21, No. 3, 429–458&quot;&gt;last: Dimitriu; first: George; author2: de Graaf; date: September 2010; title: ''The Dutch COIN Approach: Three years in Uruzgan''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/3091201]; journal: Small Wars &amp; Insurgencies; volume: 21; issue: 3; pages: 429–458; doi: 10.1080/09592318.2010.505471; hdl: 1887/16536; s2cid: 144724148; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Nankatoavin' i Nederlandy ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena maro momba ny lalàna mifehy ny ady, saingy tsy nanao sonia ny Fifanarahana momba ny Fandrarana ny Fitaovam-piadiana Nokleary nataon' ny UN (Firenena Mikambana) izy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 11 February 2019; title: ''Red Cross urges Netherlands to sign UN nuclear weapons ban''; url: [https://nltimes.nl/2019/02/11/red-cross-urges-netherlands-sign-un-nuclear-weapons-ban]; work: NL Times.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mizara ho sampana efatra ny tafika. Samy manomboka amin' ny teny hoe ''Koninklijke'', izay midika hoe «mpanjaka», ny anaran' ireo sampana ireo:
* ''Koninklijke Marine'' — KM (Tafika an-dranomasina mpanjakan' i Nederlandy), izay ahitana ny sampan-draharahan' ny fiaramanidin' ny tafika an-dranomasina sy ny vondron' ny miaramila an-dranomasina miady an-tanety;
* ''Koninklijke Landmacht'' — KL (Tafika an-tanety mpanjakan' i Nederlandy);
* ''Koninklijke Luchtmacht'' — KLu (Tafika mpanjakan' i Nederlandy an' habakabaka sy misahana ny habaka ivelan' ny Tany);
* ''Koninklijke Marechaussee'' — KMar (Zandarimaria mpanjakan' i Nederlandy), izay manao ny asan' ny pôlisy miaramila sy ny fanaraha-maso ny sisin-tany.

Nosokafana ho an' ny vehivavy ny sampan-draharahan' ny sambo mpisitrika tamin' ny 2017. Misokatra ho an' ny vehivavy koa ny ''Korps Commandotroepen'' (vondron-tafika ho an' ny iraka manokana), saingy saika tsy ho vitan' ny vehivavy ny ho tonga miaramila ao aminy noho ny fitakiana ara-batana avo dia avo mandritra ny fiofanana voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&amp;p=118 KCT. Official website of the Dutch Commando Foundation] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205094656/http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&amp;p=118 https://web.archive.org/web/20110205094656/http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&amp;p=118]; daty: 5 February 2011). Korpscommandotroepen.nl (14 April 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa olona maherin' ny 70 000 ny Minisiteran' ny Fiarovana nederlandey, ka sivily maherin' ny 20 000 sy miaramila maherin' ny 50 000 no ao anatin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Ministerie van defensie – Werken bij Defensie''; url: [http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/werken_bij_defensie]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811142105/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/werken_bij_defensie]; archive-date: 11 August 2011; access-date: 29 April 2010; publisher: Mindef.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toekarena ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Toekarenan' i Nederlandy.

[[File:Economic growth of the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Ny fiovan' ny GDP (harinkarena faobe) isam-batan' olona nandritra ny tantara, araka ny ''Our World in Data'' (angona momba izao tontolo izao).]]

Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-16 dia anisan' ny sehatra lehibe teo amin' ny toekarena ny fitaterana an-dranomasina, ny jono, ny fambolena, ny varotra ary ny banky. Ambony ny fahalalahana ara-toekarena ao Nederlandy. Anisan' ireo firenena mitana ny laharana voalohany ao amin' ny ''Global Enabling Trade Report'' (tatitra maneran-tany momba ny fanamorana ny varotra) izy, ka faharoa tamin' ny 2016. Ny ''International Institute for Management Development'' (Ivontoerana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fampandrosoana ny Fitantanana) any Soisa kosa dia nametraka ny toekareny ho fahadimy eran-tany amin' ny fahaiza-mifaninana tamin' ny 2017.&lt;ref&gt;date: 4 June 2017; title: ''The 2017 IMD World Competitiveness Ranking''; url: [http://www.imd.org/globalassets/wcc/docs/release-2017/2017-world_competitiveness_ranking.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170604200349/http://www.imd.org/globalassets/wcc/docs/release-2017/2017-world_competitiveness_ranking.pdf]; archive-date: 4 June 2017; access-date: 3 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ireo firenena lehibe ifanakalozany ara-barotra i Alemaina, i Belzika, ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, i Etazonia, i Frantsa, i Italia, ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina ary i Rosia.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt; Anisan' ireo firenena folo lehibe indrindra mpanondrana entana eran-tany i Nederlandy. Ny famokarana sakafo no sehatra indostrialy lehibe indrindra ao aminy. Anisan' ireo sehatra lehibe hafa ny famokarana akora simika, ny fanodinana metaly, ny fanamboarana milina sy fitaovana elektrika, ny varotra, ny tolotra ary ny fizahantany. Anisan' ireo orinasa neerlandey miasa iraisam-pirenena sady miasa ao Nederlandy ny Randstad NV, ny Heineken ary ny KLM (orinasam-pitaterana an' habakabaka); eo amin' ny tolotra ara-bola ny ING (orinasa misahana ny tolotra ara-bola), ny ABN AMRO (orinasa misahana ny tolotra ara-bola) ary ny Rabobank; eo amin' ny akora simika ny DSM (orinasa misahana ny akora simika) sy ny AKZO (orinasa misahana ny akora simika); eo amin' ny fanadiovana solitany ny Shell plc; eo amin' ny milina elektrônika ny Philips sy ny ASML (orinasa misahana ny milina elektrônika); ary eo amin' ny fitaovana famantarana toerana sy fitarihan-dalana amin' ny alalan' ny zanabolana ny TomTom.
[[File:Haven van Rotterdam 2023 (06).jpg|thumb|Ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no seranan-tsambo lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa.]]

Manana ny toekarena faha-17 lehibe indrindra eran-tany i Nederlandy raha ny GDP (harinkarena faobe), refesina amin' ny sandam-bola tsy ahitsy araka ny fahefa-mividy, no jerena. Faha-11 kosa izy raha io harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona io no jerena. Kely ny tsy fitovian' ny fidiram-bola, nefa somary lehibe ny tsy fitovian' ny harena ananana.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bavel; first1: Bas Van; last2: Frankema; first2: Ewout; date: 22 June 2017; title: ''Wealth Inequality in the Netherlands, c. 1950–2015. The Paradox of a Northern European Welfare State''; url: [https://tseg.nl/article/view/8184]; journal: TSEG: The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History; language: en; volume: 14; issue: 2; pages: 29–62; doi: 10.18352/tseg.916; issn: 2468-9068; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia faha-11 amin' ny harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona aza i Nederlandy, dia napetraky ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] (Tahirim-bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy) ho voalohany tamin' ireo firenena manankarena raha ny fiadanan' ny ankizy no jerena, tamin' ny 2007 sy tamin' ny 2013.&lt;ref&gt;last: Chai; first: Barbara; title: ''This is why Dutch kids are much happier than American children''; url: [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-dutch-kids-are-the-happiest-in-the-world-2017-04-05]; access-date: 3 August 2017; newspaper: Marketwatch.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 2007; title: ''Child Poverty in Perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries''; url: [http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190903184146/https://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf]; archive-date: 3 September 2019; access-date: 14 September 2007; publisher: UNICEF.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 2013; title: ''Child well-being in rich countries — UNICEF''; url: [https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf]; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Unicef-irc.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ho an' ny taona 2013, ny harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona tamin' ny sandam-bola tsy ahitsy araka ny fahefa-mividy dia 50 816 dôlara amerikana, ka faha-11 tamin' ny firenena 187 i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;FMI&quot;&gt;Fonds monétaire international, World Economic Outlook Database - [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx angona ho an'ny taona 2013.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' io taona io ihany, ny harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona rehefa ahitsy araka ny PPP (fampitahana ny vola araka ny fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy, izany hoe ny habetsahan' ny entana sy tolotra azo vidina) dia 46 440 dôlara, ka faha-12 tamin' ny firenena 187 izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;FMI&quot; /&gt;

Ho an' ny taona 2012 kosa, ny tondro momba ny fivoaran' ny olombelona dia 0,921 sady nitombo; tao amin' ny sokajy ambony be i Nederlandy ary faha-4 tamin' ny firenena 194.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDH&quot;&gt;title: ''Indicateurs internationaux de développement humain''; url: [http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/103106.html]; accessdate: 2015-05-10; archivedate: 2012-08-15; archiveurl: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815232311/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/103106.html].&lt;/ref&gt;

I Amsterdam no foiben' ny fitantanam-bola sy ny fandraharahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ez&quot;&gt;title: ''Amsterdam – Economische Zaken''; url: [http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&amp;page=6]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161807/http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&amp;page=6]; archive-date: 5 December 2008; access-date: 22 May 2008; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tsenam-bolan' i Amsterdam, na AEX (tsena ifanakalozana petra-bola sy taratasim-bola), izay ao anatin' ny Euronext, no tsenam-bola tranainy indrindra eran-tany sady anisan' ireo lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa. Amin' ny maha-iray amin' ireo firenena nanorina ny fampiasana ny [[Euro|eorô]] azy dia nosoloin' i Nederlandy io vola io ny volany taloha, ny ''gulden'', tamin' ny 1999, teo amin' ny fitanana kaonty. Any amin' ny ampahany karibeaninan' i Nederlandy kosa dia ny dôlara amerikana no ampiasaina.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Memorie van toelichting – Regels met betrekking tot het geldstelsel van de openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (Wet geldstelsel BES) – Parlementaire monitor''; url: [https://www.parlementairemonitor.nl/9353000/1/j9vvij5epmj1ey0/viahe0d72fyt]; access-date: 28 January 2023; website: parlementairemonitor.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny lahatsoratr' i Dirk Schindler navoakan' ny Oniversite Erasmus ao Rotterdam tamin' ny 28 Janoary 2022, i Nederlandy dia firenena mpanelanelana (''conduit country'') izay manampy amin' ny fampandalovana tombom-barotra avy any amin' ireo firenena be hetra mankany amin' ireo toerana manolotra hetra ambany na tombontsoa ara-ketra ho an' ny vola avy any ivelany (''tax havens'').&lt;ref&gt;last: Schindler; first: Dirk; date: 28 January 2022; title: ''Is the Netherlands Still a Tax Haven?''; url: [https://www.eur.nl/en/news/netherlands-still-tax-haven]; access-date: 2 April 2023; publisher: Erasmus University Rotterdam.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny ''Corporate Tax Haven Index'' (tondro fampitahana ireo toerana manolotra hetra ambany na tombontsoa ara-ketra ho an' ny orinasam-bahiny) tamin' ny 2021, navoakan' ny ''Tax Justice Network'' (tambajotra momba ny rariny ara-ketra), dia napetraka ho faha-4 lehibe indrindra eran-tany tamin' ireny toerana ireny i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;author: &lt;!--Not stated--&gt;; date: 2021; title: ''Corporate Tax Haven Index''; url: [https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/cthi/cthi-2021-results]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230402191029/https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/cthi/cthi-2021-results]; archive-date: 2 April 2023; access-date: 2 April 2023; publisher: Tax Justice Network.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:BlueEurozone.svg|thumb|left|Ao anatin' ny vondron' ny firenena mampiasa vola iray ihany, dia ny [[Faritra euro|faritra eorô]] (manga antitra), i Nederlandy, ary ao anatin' ny tsena iraisan' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana koa.]]
Manamora ny fidiran' i Nederlandy amin' ny tsena any amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra sy any Alemaina ny toerana misy azy; ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa. Anisan' ireo singa lehibe hafa amin' ny toekarena ny varotra iraisam-pirenena, ny banky ary ny fitaterana. Efa ela talohan' ireo firenena eoropeanina mpiara-miombon' antoka taminy i Nederlandy no nahomby tamin' ny fiatrehana ny olana momba ny fitantanam-bolam-panjakana sy ny fitomboan' ny asa izay nihitsoka. I Amsterdam no toerana fizahan-tany fahadimy be mpitsidika indrindra any Eorôpa, ka mandray mpitsidika iraisam-pirenena maherin' ny 4,2 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;42milvisitors&quot;&gt;title: ''Amsterdam en de wereld: Toerisme en congreswezen''; url: [http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?page=9&amp;menu=27]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215160103/http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?page=9&amp;menu=27]; archive-date: 15 February 2009; access-date: 15 February 2009.. ez.amsterdam.nl&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin' ny fanitarana ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana) dia maro ireo mpiasa mpifindra monina tonga ao Nederlandy avy any [[Eorôpa Afovoany]] sy Eorôpa Atsinanana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kreijger; first: Gilbert; date: 10 February 2012; title: ''Dutch allow Wilders' anti-Pole website, EU critical''; url: [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-dutch-immigrants-idUKTRE8191ML20120210]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101082733/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-dutch-immigrants-idUKTRE8191ML20120210]; archive-date: 1 January 2016; publisher: Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbola anisan' ireo firenena eoropeanina mitarika amin' ny fisarihana fampiasam-bola mivantana avy any ivelany i Nederlandy, izany hoe fampiasam-bola ahafahan' ny mpampiasa vola mandray anjara mivantana amin' ny fitantanana orinasa any amin' ny firenena hafa. Anisan' ireo firenena dimy lehibe indrindra mampiasa vola any Etazonia koa izy. Araka ny ''Global Competitiveness Report'' (tatitra momba ny fahaiza-mifaninana maneran-tany) tamin' ny 2013, navoakan' ny ''World Economic Forum'' (Sehatra Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Toekarena), dia fahaefatra eran-tany amin' ny fahaiza-mifaninana ny toekarenan' i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;wefcomp&quot;&gt;date: 5 September 2012; title: ''Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013''; url: [http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141210040419/http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness]; archive-date: 10 December 2014; access-date: 11 June 2013; publisher: World Economic Forum.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Angovo ===
[[File:Natural gas NL.png|thumb|Ireo faritra nomena zo hitrandrahana entona voajanahary ao Nederlandy. Ao Nederlandy no misy mihoatra ny 25% amin' ny tahirin' entona voajanahary rehetra ao amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana).&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Netherlands's Effort to Phase Out and Rationalise its Fossil-Fuel Subsidies''; url: [https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/publication/2020-OECD-IEA-review-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-in-the-Netherlands.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Wildervank natural gas field.jpg|thumb|Ny tahirin' entona Groningen, izay nanova ny toekarena nederlandey ny fahitana azy tamin' ny 1959, dia anisan' ny tahirin' entona voajanahary lehibe indrindra eran-tany.]]

Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1950 no nahitana tahirin' [[Etona voajanahary|entona voajanahary]] goavana, izay nitondra fidiram-bola be dia be nandritra ny am-polony taona maro. Nampiditra vola an-jatony miliara eorô tao amin' ny tetibolam-panjakana izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;vorige.nrc.nl&quot;&gt;date: 17 June 2009; title: ''The Dutch curse: how billions from natural gas went up in smoke''; url: [http://vorige.nrc.nl//international/article2274261.ece/The_Dutch_curse_how_billions_from_natural_gas_went_up_in_smoke]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000129/http://vorige.nrc.nl//international/article2274261.ece/The_Dutch_curse_how_billions_from_natural_gas_went_up_in_smoke]; archive-date: 21 December 2016; newspaper: NRC Handelsblad.&lt;/ref&gt; izany hoe manodidina ny 1.5% amin' ny GNP (tontalin' ny sandan' ny vokatra sy ny tolotra vokarin' ny mponina ara-toekarenan' ilay firenena, na ao anatiny na any ivelany). Nisy fiantraikany tsy nampoizina teo amin' ny fahafahan' ny sehatra hafa nifaninana anefa izany harem-be avy amin' ny angovo izany. Izany no nipoiran' ny teôria momba ny fahasimban' ny fahafahan' ny sehatra hafa mifaninana vokatry ny harena voajanahary (''Dutch disease'').&lt;ref name=&quot;vorige.nrc.nl&quot;/&gt; Ny Gasunie, izay an' ny fanjakana, no mitantana ny fitrandrahana ilay tahirin' entona; iarahan' ny fanjakana sy ny Royal Dutch Shell ary ny ExxonMobil kosa manararaotra ny entona vokarina. Niteraka horohoron-tany nanimba trano fonenana ny famokarana entona. Taorian' ny fanoherana mafy nataon' ny vahoaka, dia nanapa-kevitra ny governemanta fa hampitsahatra tsikelikely ny famokarana entona avy amin' io tahiry io.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/93f03b36-64a9-4366-9d5f-0261d73d68b3/The_Netherlands_2020_Energy_Policy_Review.pdf]; title: ''The Netherlands 2020: Energy Policy Review''; date: September 2020; publisher: International Energy Agency; page: 11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandroso be i Nederlandy teo amin' ny fanovana ny rafitra famokarana sy fampiasana angovo ho amin' ny toekarena izay voaonitra tanteraka amin' ny fanesorana karbônina avy amin' ny atmosfera ny famoahany izany. Noho ny fampiasana angovo mahomby kokoa, izay ahazoana vokatra mitovy amin' ny angovo kely kokoa, dia hita ny famantarana fa tsy voatery hiaraka hitombo amin' ny toekarena intsony ny filàna angovo. Nitombo avo roa heny ny ampahan' ny angovo avy amin' ny [[Angovo azo havaozina|loharano azo havaozina]] teo anelanelan' ny 2008 sy 2019, ka ny famokarana herinaratra amin' ny rivotra eny an-dranomasina sy ny famokarana herinaratra amin' ny masoandro amin' ny alalan' ny fitaovana eny an-tafontrano no tena nitombo betsaka. Mbola miankina betsaka amin' ny solika fôsily anefa i Nederlandy, ary maro ao aminy ireo indostria mandany angovo be sy mamoaka entona betsaka, ka tsy ho mora ny hampihenana na hanafoanana ny famoahan' izy ireo karbônina. Ny Fifanarahana momba ny toetrandro tamin' ny 2019 dia mamaritra ny politika sy ny fepetra hanohanana ny fanatrarana ireo tanjona momba ny toetrandro. Niaraha-namolavola azy io, ka nandray anjara tamin' izany ireo avy amin' ny sehatra samihafa manerana ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/93f03b36-64a9-4366-9d5f-0261d73d68b3/The_Netherlands_2020_Energy_Policy_Review.pdf]; title: ''The Netherlands 2020: Energy Policy Review''; date: September 2020; publisher: International Energy Agency; page: 3. [[File:CC BY icon.svg|50x50px|class=noviewer]] Nalaina avy tamin' ity loharano ity ny lahatsoratra; azo ampiasaina araka ny [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|fahazoan-dalana iraisam-pirenena Creative Commons 4.0 mitaky ny fanondroana ny loharano (''Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'')]] io loharano io.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2018, dia anisan' ny firenena nanana tahan' ny famoahana [[Etona karbônika|diôksida karbônina]] isam-batan' olona ambony indrindra tao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2018; title: ''Fossil CO2 emissions of all world countries – 2018 Report''; url: [https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/fossil-co2-emissions-all-world-countries-2018-report]; access-date: 21 October 2019; publisher: EU Science Hub.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fambolena sy fiompiana ary harena voajanahary ===
Mampiasa milina betsaka ny sehatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana ary mifantoka indrindra amin' ny fanondranana any ivelany. Manodidina ny 4% amin' ny Nederlandey miasa na mitady asa no miasa ao amin' io sehatra io, nefa mamokatra ambim-bokatra betsaka eo amin' ny indostrian' ny fanodinana sakafo izy ary mitondra ny 21% amin' ny tontalin' ny sandan' ny fanondranana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Factsheet Agri-food: Holland is a world-leading supplier of sustainable, healthy, agri-food products''; url: [https://www.hollandalumni.nl/files/documents/career/factsheets-key-sectors/factsheet-agri-food]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141804/https://www.hollandalumni.nl/files/documents/career/factsheets-key-sectors/factsheet-agri-food]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Hollandalumni.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny sandan' ny fanondranana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana no jerena, dia laharana voalohany ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana ary faharoa maneran-tany i Nederlandy, ka i Etazonia ihany no eo alohany.&lt;ref&gt;author: &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;; date: 23 August 2014; title: ''Farming in the Netherlands: Polder and wiser''; url: [https://www.economist.com/business/2014/08/23/polder-and-wiser]; url-access: registration; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180704000436/https://www.economist.com/business/2014/08/23/polder-and-wiser]; archive-date: 4 July 2018; access-date: 29 August 2014; newspaper: The Economist; location: Sevenum.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazoana 94.5&amp;nbsp;miliara eorô ny fanondranana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny taona 2019.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ministerie van Landbouw; first: Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit; date: 17 January 2020; title: ''Dutch agricultural exports worth €94.5 billion in 2019''; url: [https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2020/01/17/dutch-agricultural-exports-worth-%E2%82%AC94.5-billion-in-2019]; website: government.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Mba hampihenana ny fandotoana ateraky ny fambolena sy fiompiana, dia mametraka fetra hentitra amin' ny fahafaha-mamokatra eo amin' io sehatra io ny governemanta, ka niteraka ny hetsi-panoheran' ny mpamboly sy mpiompy nederlandey izany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Corder; first: Mike; date: 8 July 2022; title: ''Why are Dutch farmers protesting over emissions?''; url: [https://www.nujournal.com/news/agribusiness/2022/07/08/explainer-why-are-dutch-farmers-protesting-over-emissions/]; access-date: 8 July 2022; website: The Journal.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny vokatra aondran' i Nederlandy ny vokatry ny fambolena, indrindra ny voninkazo ''tulipe'', ary ny vokatry ny fiompiana, toy ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny ronono, anisan' izany ny fromazy, sy ny hena.

Mandalo ao amin' ilay firenena ny ampahatelon' ny [[Capsicum|sakay]], voatabia ary [[Kôkômbra|kôkômbra]] aondrana maneran-tany. Manondrana ny 7% amin' ny paoma maneran-tany i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;USDA Foreign Agriculture Service&quot; /&gt; Ny zavamaniry vao notapahina, ny voninkazo ary ny takamoam-boninkazo (taova mitahiry sakafo ahafahan' ny zavamaniry mitsiry) no mandrafitra ampahany lehibe amin' ny fanondranana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ka mahatratra ny roa ampahatelon' ny famokarana maneran-tany ireo vokatra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;USDA Foreign Agriculture Service&quot;&gt;title: ''Netherlands: Agricultural situation''; url: [http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118432.pdf#search=%22netherlands%20main%20agriculture%20export%20flowers%22]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070619213352/http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118432.pdf#search=%22netherlands%20main%20agriculture%20export%20flowers%22]; archive-date: 19 June 2007; access-date: 20 June 2007; publisher: USDA Foreign Agriculture Service.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2016, dia 0.8 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina ny fahafahan' ny tontolo iainana mamokatra loharanon-karena sy mandray ny fako (''biocapacity'') tao Nederlandy, ka 0.2 tamin' izany no natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Ny hektara maneran-tany dia fatra enti-mampitaha velarana araka ny salan' ny fahafaha-mamokatra biôlôjika maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;footprintdata&quot;&gt;title: ''Country Trends''; url: [http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=150&amp;type=BCpc,EFCpc]; access-date: 15 November 2019; publisher: Global Footprint Network.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny antsasaky ny fahafaha-mamokatra sy mandray fako maneran-tany, izay 1.6 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina, ihany ny an' i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lin; first1: David; last2: Hanscom; first2: Laurel; last3: Murthy; first3: Adeline; last4: Galli; first4: Alessandro; last5: Evans; first5: Mikel; last6: Neill; first6: Evan; last7: Mancini; first7: Maria Serena; last8: Martindill; first8: Jon; last9: Medouar; first9: Fatime-Zahra; last10: Huang; first10: Shiyu; last11: Wackernagel; first11: Mathis; date: 2018; title: ''Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018''; journal: Resources; language: en; volume: 7; issue: 3; pages: 58; bibcode: 2018Resou...7...58L; doi: 10.3390/resources7030058; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Etsy ankilany anefa, tamin' ny taona 2016, dia 4.8 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina, amin' ny salan' isa, ny fahafaha-mamokatra sy mandray fako nampiasain' ny Nederlandey; izany no velarana ara-tontolo iainana takin' ny fanjifany (''ecological footprint''). Vokatr' izany, dia nisy tsy fahampiana teo amin' ny fahafahan' ny tontolo iainana mamokatra loharanon-karena sy mandray ny fako tao Nederlandy, izay nahatratra 4.0 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina tamin' ny taona 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;footprintdata&quot; /&gt;

=== Fitaterana ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fitaterana ao Nederlandy.''

Nitombo tsy an-kijanona nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1950 ny fivezivezena an-dalana, ary mihoatra ny 200 miliara km isan-taona ny halaviran-dalana vita,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''SWOV Fact sheet &amp;#124; Mobility on Dutch roads''; date: July 2013; publisher: SWOV – Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research; location: Leidschendam, the Netherlands; url: [http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Mobility.pdf]; access-date: 7 July 2014; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100415044922/http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Mobility.pdf]; archive-date: 15 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; ka amin' ny fiara no anaovana ny telo ampahefatr' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201215.pdf]; title: ''New Drivers in Mobility: What Moves the Dutch in 2012 and Beyond?''; last1: Waard; first1: Jan van der; last2: Jorritsma; first2: Peter; last3: Immers; first3: Ben; date: October 2012; publisher: OECD International Transport Forum; location: Delft, the Netherlands; access-date: 7 July 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117223717/http://internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201215.pdf]; archive-date: 17 January 2013; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny dia rehetra no atao amin' ny fiara, 25% amin' ny bisikileta, 20% an-tongotra ary 5% amin' ny fitateram-bahoaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;/&gt;

==== Fitaterana an-dalana ====
[[File:A1-Hoog Buurlo.jpg|thumb|right|Ny lalambe A1, ao [[Gelderland]].]]

Anisan' ny firenena manana halavan-dalana betsaka indrindra isaky ny 100 km² amin' ny velaran-taniny i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;author: &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;; date: 2014; title: ''Road density (km of road per 100 sq. km of land area) &amp;#124; Data &amp;#124; Table''; url: [http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.ROD.DNST.K2?order=wbapi_data_value_2011%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&amp;sort=desc]; access-date: 7 July 2014; publisher: The World Bank.&lt;/ref&gt; Somary betsaka ny fampiasana fiara mandeha amin' ny herinaratra ao Nederlandy, noho ny pôlitika lavitra ezaka napetraky ny governemanta momba ny fotodrafitrasa famahanana herinaratra sy ny tombontsoa ara-ketra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Rietmann; first1: Nele; title: ''The Governance of Smart Transportation Systems: Towards New Organizational Structures for the Development of Shared, Automated, Electric and Integrated Mobility''; last2: Lieven; first2: Theo; date: 2019; publisher: Springer International Publishing; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-319-96526-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Finger; editor-first: Matthias; series: ''The Urban Book Series''; place: Cham; pages: 125–145; language: en; chapter: ''A Comparison of Policy Measures Promoting Electric Vehicles in 20 Countries''; doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96526-0_7; access-date: 26 January 2023; editor2-last: Audouin; editor2-first: Maxime; chapter-url: [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96526-0_7]; s2cid: 158767268.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2019, manodidina ny 30% amin' ny toby famahanana herinaratra rehetra tao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana no tao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 4 November 2019; title: ''Een kwart van de laadpalen in de EU staat in Nederland''; trans-title: ''A quarter of the recharging stations in the EU is in the Netherlands''; url: [https://fd.nl/economie-politiek/1323217/kwart-laadpalen-in-eu-staat-in-nederland-fce1caCY0804]; access-date: 3 May 2021; newspaper: Fd.nl; language: Dutch.&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, ny fiara vaovao amidy ao no manana salan' isa ambany indrindra amin' ny famoahana CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (diôksida karbonina) ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana.&lt;ref&gt;date: September 2019; title: ''Making the transition to zero-emission mobility: 2019 progress report''; url: [https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_progress_report_2019.pdf]; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: ACEA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitateram-bahoaka ====
[[File:NSR - Sprinter Lighttrain (SLT) - Wieldrechtse Zeedijk - Dordrecht (22087244596).jpg|thumb|Lamasininam-paritra tantanan' ny ''Nederlandse Spoorwegen'' (Lalamby Nederlandey).]]

Manodidina ny 13% amin' ny halaviran-dalana rehetra vita no atao amin' ny fitateram-bahoaka, ka amin' ny lamasinina ny ankamaroan' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;/&gt; Somary matevina ihany koa ny tambajotran-dalamby, izay misy zotra mirefy 3 013 km.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2012; title: ''CIA World Factbook &amp;#124; Field listing: Railways''; url: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2121.html#nl]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124715/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2121.html#nl]; archive-date: 13 May 2009; access-date: 7 July 2014; publisher: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitaterana mpandeha no tena ifantohan' io tambajotra io, izay mampifandray ny tanàn-dehibe rehetra ary misy gara mihoatra ny 400. Matetika ny fandalovan' ny lamasinina: roa isan' ora amin' ny zotra tsy dia be mpampiasa,&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Gara 11 monja no tsy andalovan' ny lamasinina indroa isan' ora farafahakeliny mandritra ny andro fiasana.&lt;/ref&gt; roa ka hatramin' ny efatra isan' ora amin' ny salan' isa, ary hatramin' ny valo isan' ora amin' ny zotra be mpampiasa indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;date: 21 June 2017; title: ''NS to up frequency of Amsterdam to Eindhoven trains to six an hour – DutchNews.nl''; url: [http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2017/06/ns-to-up-frequency-of-amsterdam-to-eindhoven-trains/]; access-date: 8 December 2017; work: DutchNews.nl; language: en-GB.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny tambajotran-dalamby ny HSL-Zuid, lalamby ho an' ny lamasinina haingam-pandeha eo anelanelan' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i Amsterdam sy ny sisin-tanin' i Belzika, izay ampiasain' ny lamasinina avy any Paris sy London mankany Nederlandy.

==== Fivezivezena amin' ny bisikileta ====
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fivezivezena amin' ny bisikileta ao Nederlandy.''

[[File:Bike entrance Rotterdam Central Station.jpg|thumb|right|Lalana fandalovan' ny bisikileta ao amin' ny gara Rotterdam Centraal.]]

Fomba fivezivezena fahita manerana ny firenena ny fampiasana bisikileta. Saika mitovy ny halaviran-dalana vita amin' ny bisikileta sy amin' ny lamasinina.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;/&gt; Tombanana ho manana bisikileta 18 tapitrisa farafahakeliny ny Nederlandey,&lt;ref&gt;last: (RVO); first: Netherlands Enterprise Agency; date: 17 July 2015; title: ''Holland Publications''; url: [http://www.hollandtrade.com/media/features/feature-stories/?bstnum=4960]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031010/http://www.hollandtrade.com/media/features/feature-stories/?bstnum=4960]; archive-date: 24 September 2015; access-date: 26 August 2016; work: hollandtrade.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author1: Wedia; title: ''Cycling in the Netherlands''; url: [https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/cycling-netherlands]; newspaper: Iamexpat.&lt;/ref&gt; izany hoe mihoatra ny iray isaky ny mponina ary avo roa heny noho ny isan' ny fiarakodia mandeha eny an-dalana, izay manodidina ny 9 tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CBS Statline''; url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/]; website: opendata.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2013, ny ''European Cyclists' Federation'' (Federasiônan' ny Mpampiasa Bisikileta Eorôpeana) dia nametraka an' i Nederlandy sy [[Danemarka]] ho firenena manamora indrindra ny fivezivezena amin' ny bisikileta ao Eorôpa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''European Cyclists' Federation – The first EU wide ECF Cycling Barometer launched''; url: [http://www.ecf.com/news/the-first-eu-wide-ecf-cycling-barometer-launched/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151023/http://www.ecf.com/news/the-first-eu-wide-ecf-cycling-barometer-launched/]; archive-date: 14 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Mivelatra ny fotodrafitrasa ho an' ny bisikileta. Manamorona ireo lalana be fifamoivoizana dia misy lalana natokana ho an' ny bisikileta, manodidina ny 35 000&amp;nbsp;km ny halavany, izay voasaraka ara-batana amin' ny fivezivezen' ny fiarakodia.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CROW Fietsberaad''; url: [http://www.fietsberaad.nl/index.cfm?lang=nl&amp;section=nieuws&amp;mode=newsArticle&amp;repository=The+Netherlands+boast+almost+35.000+km+of+cycling+paths]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140717230921/http://www.fietsberaad.nl/index.cfm?lang=nl&amp;section=nieuws&amp;mode=newsArticle&amp;repository=The+Netherlands+boast+almost+35.000+km+of+cycling+paths]; archive-date: 17 July 2014; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Fietsberaad.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny sampanan-dalana be fifamoivoizana no misy jiro fandrindrana ny fifamoivoizana natokana ho an' ny bisikileta. Misy toerana lehibe fiantsonan' ny bisikileta, indrindra ao afovoan-tanàna sy eny amin' ny gara.&lt;ref&gt;date: 20 April 2023; title: ''How the Dutch Mastered Bike Parking at Train Stations''; url: [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-20/how-the-dutch-investment-in-bike-parking-paid-off]; website: Bloomberg.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitaterana an-drano ====
Ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no lehibe indrindra ao Eorôpa sady lehibe indrindra ivelan' i Azia Atsinanana. Manamora be ny fifandraisany amin' ny faritra an-tanety ifandraisan' ilay seranana ara-barotra any ambony rano ny ony Meuse sy Rhine. Tamin' ny taona 2022, i Rotterdam no seranan-tsambo mikarakara entana anaty kaontenera fahafolo lehibe indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2022; title: ''Lloyd's List One Hundred Ports 2022''; url: [https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/-/media/lloyds-list/images/top-100-ports-2022/top100ports2022_ebook.pdf?rev=bc3fa2a77e134864bcc7dde4518e07d9&amp;hash=D54445A74F150E76C09174D21AB1ABA5]; access-date: 23 January 2023; website: Lloyd's List.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny indostria simika mampiasa akora avy amin' ny solitany, ny fikarakarana entana ankapobeny ary ny famindrana entana avy amin' ny fitaovam-pitaterana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa no asa fototra ao. Toerana lehibe andalovan' ny akora betsaka tsy voafono tsirairay ilay seranana, ary toerana ifandimbiasan' ny fitaterana eo anelanelan' ny kôntinenta eorôpeana sy ny any ampitan-dranomasina. Ny Volkeraksluizen, eo anelanelan' i Rotterdam sy Antwerp, no rafitra vavahadin-drano fampandalovana sambo lehibe indrindra amin' ny fitaterana anaty tanety raha ny fivezivezena refesina amin' ny taonina no jerena. Tamin' ny taona 2007 no vita ny Betuweroute, lalamby fitaterana entana haingana avy any Rotterdam mankany Alemaina. Ny seranan-tsambon' i Amsterdam no fahefatra lehibe indrindra ao Eorôpa.
Ny andian-tsambon' i Nederlandy ampiasaina amin' ny fitaterana amin' ny renirano sy lakandrano anaty tanety no lehibe indrindra ao Eorôpa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Nederland heeft grootste binnenvaartvloot van Europa''; trans-title: ''The Netherlands has largest inland shipping fleet of Europe''; url: [https://seaport-magazine.nl/nederland-heeft-grootste-binnenvaartvloot-van-europa/]; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: Seaport Magazine; language: Dutch.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny sambo fitaterana mpandeha ny tambajotran-tsambo fiampitana ao Amsterdam, ary ny sambo mpitatitra iombonana sy ny sambo taksỳ ao Rotterdam.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Public transport in Amsterdam''; url: [https://www.iamsterdam.com/en/travel-stay/getting-around/public-transport-in-amsterdam]; access-date: 3 August 2023; website: I amsterdam; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''About the Waterbus – Waterbus''; url: [https://www.waterbus.nl/en/about-the-waterbus]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152112/https://www.waterbus.nl/en/about-the-waterbus]; archive-date: 3 August 2023; access-date: 3 August 2023; website: waterbus.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitaterana an' habakabaka ====
Ny seranam-piaramanidina Schiphol, any atsimo-andrefan' i Amsterdam, no seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena fototra ao amin' ny firenena, ary fahefatra be mpandeha indrindra ao Eorôpa raha ny isan' ny mpandeha no jerena. I Schiphol no foibe fototra ifanohizan' ny sidin' ny KLM (kaompaniam-pitaterana an' habakabaka nederlandey), ilay kaompaniam-pitaterana an' habakabaka misolo tena ny firenena, izay tranainy indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kirkliauskaite; first: Kristina; date: 19 July 2020; title: ''What is the oldest airline in the world?''; url: [https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-oldest-airlines/index.html]; access-date: 22 December 2020; website: AeroTime.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2016, dia nandray mpandeha 70 tapitrisa ny seranam-piaramanidina tantanan' ny ''Royal Schiphol Group'' (vondrona mpitantana seranam-piaramanidina Schiphol).&lt;ref name=&quot;NOS Schiphol64&quot;&gt;date: 9 January 2017; title: ''Bijna 64 miljoen—zo veel passagiers zag Schiphol nog nooit''; trans-title: ''Almost 64 million—Schiphol never saw so many passengers''; url: [http://nos.nl/artikel/2152140-bijna-64-miljoen-zo-veel-passagiers-zag-schiphol-nog-nooit.html]; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170109153121/http://nos.nl/artikel/2152140-bijna-64-miljoen-zo-veel-passagiers-zag-schiphol-nog-nooit.html]; archive-date: 9 January 2017; access-date: 9 January 2017; website: NOS; publisher: Nederlandse Omroep Stichting; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Iraisam-pirenena avokoa ny fifamoivoizana an' habakabaka, ary mampifandray an' i Schiphol amin' ny toerana mihoatra ny 300 maneran-tany ny sidina, izay betsaka noho ny an' ny seranam-piaramanidina eorôpeana hafa rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''What you would like to know''; url: [https://www.schiphol.nl/nl/route-development/pagina/amsterdam-airport-schiphol-airport-facts/]; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: Schiphol.&lt;/ref&gt; Foibe lehibe ifanohizan' ny fitaterana entana ihany koa ilay seranam-piaramanidina, izay nikarakara entana 1,44 tapitrisa taonina tamin' ny taona 2020.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''71% of cargo tonnage transported by full freighters''; url: [https://www.annualreportschiphol.com/trafficreview2020/cargo#figures-by-airport]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210906153751/https://www.annualreportschiphol.com/trafficreview2020/cargo#figures-by-airport]; archive-date: 6 September 2021; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: Schiphol.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena madinika kokoa ao na akaikin' i Eindhoven, Rotterdam, Maastricht ary Groningen. Tena ilaina amin' i Nederlandy any Karaiba ny fitaterana an' habakabaka, ary samy manana ny seranam-piaramanidiny ny nosy rehetra. Anisan' izany ny ao Saba, izay manana ny lalana fipetrahana sy fiaingan' ny fiaramanidina fohy indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 25 February 2018; title: ''Saba Island Airport''; url: [https://sabaisland.net/airport/]; access-date: 3 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mponina ==
Ny lahatsoratra antsipiriany dia ny Mponina ao Nederlandy. Jereo koa ny [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|vahoaka neerlandey]].

[[File:Nederlandse supporters tijdens Wereld Kampioenschappen voetbal 1974, Bestanddeelnr 254-9518.jpg|thumb|Olona neerlandey tamin' ny 1974.]]
Tombanana ho 18 080 943 ny isan' ny mponina tao Nederlandy tamin' ny Jona 2025.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Population dynamics – month and year''; url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/83474ENG/table?ts=1712804860730]; access-date: 1 August 2025; website: www.opendata.cbs.nl; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny hakitroky ny mponina no jerena, dia faha-6 any Eorôpa izy ary faha-33 maneran-tany, ka misy mponina 424 isaky ny kilometatra toradroa. Saika nitombo avo roa heny ny isan' ny mponina teo anelanelan' ny 1900 sy 1950, avy amin' ny 5,1 tapitrisa ho 10 tapitrisa. Mbola nitombo izany teo anelanelan' ny 1950 sy 2000, ka nahatratra 15,9 tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&amp;PA=37556ENG&amp;D1=0-44,53-60&amp;D2=1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91,101&amp;LA=EN&amp;VW=T CBS Statline – Population; history]. Birao foiben' ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy. Nojerena tamin' ny 8 Martsa 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Novambra 2014 kosa dia 16 902 103 ny isan' ny mponina.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm Main indicators of the Netherlands] (Tahiry Wayback: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330214048/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm 20160330214048]; rohy niandohana: [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm])'', CBS&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tahan' ny fiterahana (na isan' ny zaza isaky ny vehivavy) dia 1,39 tamin' ny 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;&gt;title: ''Worldbank– Netherlands''; url: [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=NL]; access-date: 18 May 2026; publisher: [[Central Intelligence Agency]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ambony izany raha oharina amin' ny any amin' ny firenena eoropeanina maro hafa, saingy ambany noho ny zaza 2,1 isaky ny vehivavy ilaina amin' ny fanoloana voajanahary ny mponina.&lt;ref&gt;author: Max Roser; date: 2014; title: ''Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries''; url: [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&amp;country=ITA]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&amp;country=ITA]; archive-date: 7 August 2018; access-date: 7 May 2019; work: Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny firenena ahitana mponina antitra indrindra maneran-tany i Nederlandy, ka 42,7 taona ny taona ananan' ny mponina amin' ny salan' isa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt; Lava ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainana antenaina]] (na ny taona antenaina hiainan' ny zaza vao teraka amin' ny salan' isa): 84,3 taona ho an' ny zazavavy ary 79,7 taona ho an' ny zazalahy, araka ny tombana tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt; Raha sokajina araka ny zom-pirenena ny olona, dia ny Neerlandey no lava vatana indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science 2015-04-07&quot;&gt;last: Enserink; first: Martin; date: 7 April 2015; title: ''Did natural selection make the Dutch the tallest people on the planet?''; url: [https://www.science.org/content/article/did-natural-selection-make-dutch-tallest-people-planet]; access-date: 9 April 2015; newspaper: [[Science (gazetiboky)|Science]]; location: Amsterdam.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2009 dia 1,81 m ny halavan' ny vatan' ny lehilahy amin' ny salan' isa, ary 1,67 m ny an' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Reported health and lifestyle''; url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&amp;DM=SLNL&amp;PA=03799&amp;D1=242,254,267-270&amp;D2=0-17&amp;HD=081103-1603&amp;HDR=T.&amp;STB=G1]; access-date: 12 August 2012; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1850 sy ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 2000, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 5 ft sy 4 in ho eo amin' ny 6 ft ny halavan' ny vatan' ny tovolahy amin' ny salan' isa.&lt;ref&gt;last: Fogel; first: Robert; title: ''The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700—2100''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 2004; pages: 41; language: English.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tahan' ny fifindra-monina dia olona 1,9 isaky ny mponina 1 000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny mponina dia [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|Neerlandey]] raha ny fiaviana ara-poko, izany hoe ny fiaviana amin' ny vondrom-bahoaka, no jerena. Tamin' ny 2022 dia 74,8 % no Neerlandey, 8,3 % no Eoropeanina hafa, 2,4 % no Tiorka, 2,4 % no Marôkanina, 2,0 % no Indônezianina, 2,0 % no Sorinamianina, ary 8,1 % no hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs-2023&quot;/&gt; Eo amin' ny 150 000 ka hatramin' ny 200 000 amin' ny olona monina ao Nederlandy no olona monina ivelan' ny fireneny niaviany (''expatriates''). Ao Amsterdam sy Den Haag ary ny manodidina azy ireo no tena ifantohan' izy ireo, ka mahaforona efa ho 10 % amin' ny mponin' ireo tanàna ireo.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Expats in Nederland''; url: [http://www.verhurenaanexpats.nl/verhuren-aan-expats/expats-de-feiten/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019004614/http://www.verhurenaanexpats.nl/verhuren-aan-expats/expats-de-feiten/]; archive-date: 19 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Feiten en cijfers over immigratie – Pagina 5''; url: [http://www.onsamsterdam.nl/tijdschrift/jaargang-2011/1158-nummer-11-12-november-december-2011.html?start=4]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025728/http://www.onsamsterdam.nl/tijdschrift/jaargang-2011/1158-nummer-11-12-november-december-2011.html?start=4]; archive-date: 18 June 2018; access-date: 30 June 2014; work: Ons Amsterdam.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo vondrom-bahoaka vitsy an' isa manana isa lehibe ao amin' ilay firenena ny Frizianina, izay miisa 700 000, ny [[Jiosy]], izay miisa 41 000–45 000, ary ny Roma sy ny Sinti, izay miisa 40 000.&lt;ref&gt;date: 19 June 2015; title: ''Netherlands - World Directory of Minorities &amp; Indigenous Peoples''; url: [https://minorityrights.org/country/netherlands/].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Grote drukte zomercarnaval Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Saika ny antsasaky ny mponina ao [[Rotterdam]] no manana fiaviana avy amin' ny fifindra-monina.]]
Araka ny Eurostat (Biraon' ny antontanisa ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana), dia 1,8 tapitrisa ny mponina teraka tany ivelany tamin' ny 2010, izany hoe 11,1 % amin' ny mponina manontolo. Amin' ireo, 1,4 tapitrisa (8,5 % amin' ny mponina manontolo) no teraka tany ivelan' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana, ary 0,43 tapitrisa (2,6 % amin' ny mponina manontolo) no teraka tany amin' ny firenena hafa mpikambana ao aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Vasileva, Katya (2011) [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120128101046/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF https://web.archive.org/web/20120128101046/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF]; daty: 28 January 2012), Eurostat, Statistics in focus vol. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2022 dia nisy mponina 4,4 tapitrisa izay teraka tany ivelany ny ray na ny reniny, fara fahakeliny.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Immigration, emigration, and migration balance in the Netherlands from 1995 to 2022''; url: [https://www.statista.com/statistics/525434/netherlands-total-immigration-total-emigration-and-migration-balance/]; publisher: Statista Research Department.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2006, dia mihoatra ny antsasaky ny tanora tao Amsterdam sy Rotterdam no nanana fiaviana tsy tandrefana.&lt;ref&gt;date: August 2006; title: ''Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2006/31/half-of-young-big-city-dwellers-have-non-western-background]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930090706/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2006/31/half-of-young-big-city-dwellers-have-non-western-background]; archive-date: 30 September 2019; access-date: 15 March 2017; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS).&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana Neerlandey na taranaky ny Neerlandey ny vondron' ny mpifindra monina manerana izao tontolo izao, indrindra any Afrika Atsimo sy Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;author: American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau; title: ''Census 2006 ACS Ancestry estimates''; url: [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_%2526amp%253B-_lang%253Den%2526amp%253B-_caller%253Dgeoselect%2526amp%253B-format%253D]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110428095854/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&amp;amp%3B-_lang=en&amp;amp%3B-_caller=geoselect&amp;amp%3B-format=]; archive-date: 28 April 2011; access-date: 29 April 2010; publisher: Factfinder.census.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/49.htm South Africa – Afrikaans Speakers]. ''Library of Congress.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny Randstad no misy ireo tanàna efatra lehibe indrindra: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag ary Utrecht. Manana mponina eo amin' ny 8,2 tapitrisa io faritra io,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CBS Statline''; url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/03759ned/table?dl=DA8F]; website: opendata.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; ka izy no faritra an-tanàn-dehibe faha-5 be mponina indrindra any Eorôpa. Araka ny Birao foiben' ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy, tamin' ny 2015 dia 28 % amin' ny mponina neerlandey no nanana fidiram-bola azo ampiasaina mihoatra ny 45 000 euro; tsy tafiditra ao amin' izany ny fandaniana momba ny fitsaboana na ny fanabeazana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CBS – Income distribution – Extra''; url: [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/inkomen-bestedingen/cijfers/extra/inkomensverdeling.htm]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930184435/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/inkomen-bestedingen/cijfers/extra/inkomensverdeling.htm]; archive-date: 30 September 2015; access-date: 15 September 2015; website: www.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tanàna sy kaominina ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Amsterdam airphoto.jpg|[[Amsterdam]]. Loharano: sampan-draharaha momba ny tsangambato sy ny arkeôlôjia ao Amsterdam (''Bureau Monumenten &amp; Archeologie'').
File:RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg|[[Rotterdam]]
File:Skyline Den Haag.JPG|[[Den Haag]]
File:Domuitzicht8.jpg|[[Utrecht]]
File:Hoogbouw Eindhoven.jpg|[[Eindhoven]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Ireto ny kaominina lehibe indrindra ao Nederlandy raha ny isan' ny mponina tamin' ny 1 Janoary 2024 no jerena, araka ny Birao foiben' ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1574365385886]; title: ''CBS Statline''; website: opendata.cbs.nl; date: 1 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Kaominina lehibe indrindra ao Nederlandy, 1 Janoary 2024
! Laharana !! Anarana !! Faritany !! Isan' ny mponina
|-
| 1 || [[Amsterdam]] || [[Noord-Holland]] || 931 298
|-
| 2 || [[Rotterdam]] || [[Zuid-Holland]] || 670 610
|-
| 3 || [[Den Haag]] || [[Zuid-Holland]] || 566 221
|-
| 4 || [[Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || 374 238
|-
| 5 || [[Eindhoven]] || Noord-Brabant || 246 417
|-
| 6 || Groningen || Groningen || 243 768
|-
| 7 || [[Tilburg]] || Noord-Brabant || 229 836
|-
| 8 || [[Almere]] || Flevoland || 226 500
|-
| 9 || [[Breda]] || Noord-Brabant || 188 078
|-
| 10 || [[Nijmegen]] || [[Gelderland]] || 187 049
|-
| 11 || [[Apeldoorn]] || [[Gelderland]] || 168 211
|-
| 12 || Haarlem || [[Noord-Holland]] || 167 636
|-
| 13 || [[Arnhem]] || [[Gelderland]] || 167 632
|-
| 14 || Haarlemmermeer || [[Noord-Holland]] || 163 128
|-
| 15 || Amersfoort || [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || 161 852
|-
| 16 || [[Enschede]] || Overijssel || 161 738
|-
| 17 || Zaanstad || [[Noord-Holland]] || 161 389
|-
| 18 || 's-Hertogenbosch || Noord-Brabant || 160 757
|-
| 19 || Zwolle || Overijssel || 133 141
|-
| 20 || Leeuwarden || Friesland || 128 810
|}

=== Fiteny ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fiteny ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Foreign languages Netherlands, 2005.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|alt=Kisary mampiseho ny fahalalana fiteny vahiny ao Nederlandy.|Fahalalana fiteny vahiny ao Nederlandy teo amin' ny mponina 15 taona no ho miakatra, tamin' ny taona 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Angona nalaina tamin' ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana. [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf ebs_243_en.pdf] (europa.eu)&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|fiteny neerlandey]] no fiteny ôfisialy, ary ny ankamaroan' ny mponina no miteny azy. Ny fitenim-paritr' i Brabant sy ny fitenim-paritr' i Holland no fitenim-paritra be mpampiasa indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Hoeveel dialecten heeft het Nederlands? &amp;#124; Taalcanon''; url: [http://www.taalcanon.nl/vragen/hoeveel-dialecten-heeft-het-nederlands/]; access-date: 23 April 2014; publisher: Taalcanon.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra ny teny neerlandey, dia ekena ho fiteny ôfisialy faharoa ao amin' ny faritanin' i Friesland, any avaratra, ny fiteny friziana tandrefana. Fryslân no anaran' io faritany io amin' ny teny friziana tandrefana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Talen in Nederland – Erkende talen''; url: [http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/talen-in-nederland]; access-date: 12 August 2014; publisher: rijksoverheid.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Manana sata ara-dalàna amin' ny fifanoratana amin' ny fitondram-panjakana ao amin' io faritany io ny teny friziana tandrefana. Misy fiteny dimy hafa arovan' ny Sata Eoropeanina momba ny Fitenim-paritra na ny Fitenin' ny Vitsy Anisa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Languages''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/erkende-talen/erkende-talen-in-nl]; access-date: 24 August 2026; website: Rijksoverheid.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny voalohany amin' ireo fitenim-paritra ekena ireo dia ny fiteny saksona ambany, izay antsoina hoe ''Nedersaksisch'' amin' ny teny neerlandey. Ahitana fitenim-paritra maromaro ao amin' ny fiteny alemàna ambany izy io, izay ampiasaina any avaratra sy atsinanan' i Nederlandy, toy ny Tweants ao amin' ny faritr' i Twente sy ny Drents ao amin' ny faritanin' i Drenthe.

Ekena ho fitenim-paritra ny [[Fiteny limborgiana|fiteny limborgiana]]. Ahitana ireo endriky ny vondrom-pitenim-paritra Meuse-Rhenish ampiasaina ao Nederlandy izy io, ary ampiasaina ao Limburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;international2000&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny taona 1996 no nekena ho fiteny tsy voafaritra amin' ny faritany iray ny [[Fiteny idisy|fiteny idisy]] sy ny [[Fiteny rômany|fiteny rômany]].&lt;ref name=&quot;conventions-1996&quot;&gt;&quot;The Kingdom of the Netherlands further declares that the principles enumerated in Part II of the Charter will be applied to the Lower-Saxon languages used in the Netherlands, and, in accordance with Article 7, paragraph 5, to Yiddish and the Romanes languages.&quot; [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&amp;CM=8&amp;DF=23/01/05&amp;CL=ENG&amp;VL=1 Netherlands: Declaration contained in the instrument of acceptance, deposited on 2 May 1996 – Or. Engl.] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&amp;CM=8&amp;DF=23%2F01%2F05&amp;CL=ENG&amp;VL=1 https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&amp;CM=8&amp;DF=23%2F01%2F05&amp;CL=ENG&amp;VL=1]; daty: 22 May 2012), List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages&lt;/ref&gt; Manana sata ara-dalàna ao amin' ny kaominina manana sata manokana, dia i Saba sy Sint Eustatius, ny teny anglisy. Be mpampiasa ao amin' ireo nosy ireo izy io. Manana sata ara-dalàna ao Bonaire kosa ny [[Fiteny papiamentô|fiteny papiamentô]].&lt;ref name=&quot;conventions-1996&quot; /&gt;

Efa hatry ny ela no fanaon' ny olona ao Nederlandy ny mianatra fiteny vahiny, ary voarakitra ao amin' ny lalàna mifehy ny fampianarana izany. Manodidina ny 90 % amin' ny mponina rehetra no mahay mifampiresaka amin' ny teny anglisy, ny 70 % amin' ny teny alemàna, ary ny 29 % amin' ny teny frantsay.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''European Union survey''; url: [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070128095746/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf]; archive-date: 28 January 2007; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Ec.europa.eu.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy maintsy ampianarina any amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa rehetra ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid&quot;&gt;title: ''Foreign languages in secondary education''; url: [http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-het-aanbod-aan-vreemde-talen-in-de-onderbouw-van-het-voortgezet-onderwijs-vo.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429185145/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-het-aanbod-aan-vreemde-talen-in-de-onderbouw-van-het-voortgezet-onderwijs-vo.html]; archive-date: 29 April 2011; access-date: 3 May 2010; work: Wat is het aanbod aan vreemde talen in de onderbouw van het voortgezet onderwijs (vo)?; publisher: Rijksoverheid; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa amin' ny ambaratonga ambany, antsoina hoe vmbo (fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa fanomanana amin' ny fanofanana arakasa), dia tsy maintsy ianarana mandritra ny roa taona voalohany koa ny fiteny vahiny iray mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny, ankoatra ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schedule of the Central Exams of 2009&quot;&gt;[https://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8 Schedule of the Central Exams of 2009] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820060030/http://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8 https://web.archive.org/web/20160820060030/http://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8]; daty: 20 August 2016), Examenblad&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa amin' ny ambaratonga ambony kokoa, dia ny havo (fampianarana ankapobeny ambaratonga faharoa ambony) sy ny vwo (fampianarana fanomanana amin' ny fianarana eny amin' ny oniversite), dia tsy maintsy ianarana ny fahaizana mampiasa fiteny vahiny roa mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny, ankoatra ny teny anglisy. Ankoatra ny teny anglisy, dia ny teny frantsay sy alemàna no fiteny vahiny mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny ampianarina mahazatra. Afaka manolo ny iray amin' ireo anefa ny sekoly, ka mampianatra teny sinoa, espaniôla, rosiana, italiana, [[Fiteny tiorka|tiorka]] na [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Examenblad talen vwo 2019&quot;&gt;[https://www.examenblad.nl/item/talen/2019?sectorid=vg41h1h4i9qe Examenblad talen, vwo in 2019] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211152/https://www.examenblad.nl/item/talen/2019?sectorid=vg41h1h4i9qe https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211152/https://www.examenblad.nl/item/talen/2019?sectorid=vg41h1h4i9qe]; daty: 3 April 2023), Examenblad&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, dia mampianatra ny teny friziana tandrefana ny sekoly ao Friesland ary manao fanadinana amin' io fiteny io.&lt;ref&gt;author: Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties; date: 14 July 2020; title: ''De Friese taal – Erkende talen – Rijksoverheid.nl''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/de-friese-taal]; access-date: 8 January 2023; website: rijksoverheid.nl; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahana ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fivavahana ao Nederlandy.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fivavahana lazain' ny mponina ao Nederlandy fa misy azy ireo (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;/&gt;
! Fivavahana na tsy fananana fivavahana
! Isan-jaton' ny mponina
|-
| Tsy manana fivavahana || 58%
|-
| Katôlika || 16%
|-
| Prôtestanta || 12%
|-
| Miozolmana || 6%
|-
| Fivavahana hafa || 7%
|}
[[File:Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam (50383493366).jpg|thumb|Ny Bazilikan' i Masindahy Nikolà, izay miara-mitondra ny satan' ny katedraly amin' ny fiangonana iray hafa, ao [[Amsterdam]].]]

Nanjaka teo amin' ny fiainana ara-pivavahana tao amin' ny faritra misy an' i Nederlandy ankehitriny ireo endrika samihafan' ny kristianisma nandritra ny 1 200 taona mahery.&lt;ref&gt;Milis, L.J.R., &quot;''A Long Beginning: The Low Countries Through the Tenth Century''&quot; in J.C.H. Blom &amp; E. Lamberts ''History of the Low Countries'', pp. 6–18, Berghahn Books, 1999. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84545-272-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-16 dia tena natanjaka tao amin' ilay faritra ny prôtestantisma (kalvinisma).&lt;ref&gt;last: Israel; first: Jonathan; author-link: Jonathan Israel; title: ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806''; year: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-873072-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''Oxford History of Early Modern Europe''; pages: 361–395.&lt;/ref&gt; Kristianina ny ankamaroan' ny mponina hatramin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Creationism&quot;&gt;last: Numbers; first: Ronald L.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuhBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=netherlands+protestant+country&amp;pg=PA65]; title: ''Creationism in Europe''; publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press; year: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781421415628&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola betsaka aza ny karazam-pivavahana misy ao, dia nihena ny fanarahana fivavahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2021&quot;&gt;title: ''What are the major religions? – The Netherlands in numbers 2021''; url: [https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-netherlands-in-numbers-2021/what-are-the-major-religions/]; access-date: 15 September 2022; website: CBS; language: en,nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2025, araka ny sampan-draharaham-pirenena momba ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy, dia 58% amin' ny mponina no tsy manana fivavahana, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny ''Humanistisch Verbond'' (Firaisana humanista, na fikambanana mampifantoka ny fomba fijeriny amin' ny olombelona). Ny Katôlika dia 16% amin' ny mponina, ary ny Prôtestanta dia 12%. Ny Miozolmana kosa dia 6%, ary ireo mpanaraka sampam-piangonana kristianina hafa sy fivavahana hafa, toy ny jodaisma, ny [[Bodisma|bodisma]] ary ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]], no 7% ambiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;/&gt; Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny loharano hafa tamin' ny taona 2015 anefa, dia betsaka noho ny Katôlika ny Prôtestanta.&lt;ref&gt;last1: De Groot; first1: Kees; year: 2019; title: ''The Challenge of a Church Going into Liquidation''; journal: Irish Theological Quarterly; volume: 84; issue: 4; pages: 409–423; doi: 10.1177/0021140019872340; s2cid: 220161067; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

Natanjaka ara-tantara ny katôlisisma tao amin' ireo faritany atsimo, dia i Brabant Avaratra sy i Limburg, ary misy mponina mihevitra ny Fiangonana Katôlika ho fototry ny maha izy azy ara-kolontsaina. Hita izany, ohatra, amin' ny fankalazana ny karnavaly ao amin' ilay faritra. Ny prôtestantisma dia ahitana fiangonana maro manaraka fomba amam-panao samihafa. Ny lehibe indrindra amin' ireo dia ny Fiangonana Prôtestanta ao Nederlandy (PKN, Fiangonana Prôtestanta ao Nederlandy), izay fiangonana vokatry ny firaisan' ny fiangonana samihafa, sady manana fironana kalvinista sy [[Loteranisma|loterana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS 2009&quot;&gt;date: 15 October 2010; title: ''Kerkelijke gezindte en kerkbezoek; vanaf 1849; 18 jaar of ouder''; url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=37944&amp;D1=0-5,10&amp;D2=29-40&amp;VW=T].&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona tamin' ny taona 2004 izy io, rehefa nitambatra ny Fiangonana Nohavaozina Neerlandey, ny Fiangonana Nohavaozina ao Nederlandy, ary ny Fiangonana Loterana Evanjelika iray izay kely kokoa. Tsy niditra tao amin' ny PKN kosa ny fiangonana kalvinista maromaro mifikitra amin' ny fampianarana nentim-paharazana, sy ny fiangonana maromaro manaiky fandikana malalaka kokoa ny fampianarana. Na dia nanjary vitsy anisa aza ny Kristianina ao Nederlandy, dia misy faritra antsoina hoe ''Bible Belt'', izany hoe faritra mampifandray ireo toerana izay mbola matanjaka ny finoana prôtestanta mifikitra amin' ny fampianarana nentim-paharazana. Manomboka any [[Zelandy|Zeeland]] ka hatrany amin' ny tapany avaratry ny faritanin' i Overijssel izy io. Araka ny antontanisa, ireo faritra ao amin' io ''Bible Belt'' io koa no manana ny tahan' ny fiterahana ambony indrindra sy ny mponina tanora indrindra ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Waar wonen de meeste jongeren en ouderen?''; url: [https://www.allianzdirect.nl/blog/jongste-oudste-Nederlanders/]; access-date: 25 August 2025; website: Allianz Direct; language: nl-NL; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250929163259/https://www.allianzdirect.nl/blog/jongste-oudste-Nederlanders/]; archive-date: 29 September 2025; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Andro tsy fiasana manerana ny firenena ny fety kristianina maromaro: ny Krismasy, ny Paska, ny [[Pentekôsta]] ary ny [[Fiakaran' i Kristy any an-danitra|Niakaran' i Jesoa any an-danitra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;beleven-2010&quot;&gt;title: ''Feestdagen Nederland''; url: [http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland]; access-date: 27 January 2010; publisher: Beleven.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny [[Silamo|silamo]] no fivavahana faharoa lehibe indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;/&gt; Nitombo nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1960 ny mponina miozolmana, noho ny fahatongavan' ny mpiasa mpifindra monina maro avy any [[Tiorkia]] sy [[Marôka]], ary koa avy any Sorinama sy Indônezia. Nandritra ny taompolo 1990 dia tonga ny mpitsoa-ponenana miozolmana avy any amin' ny firenena toa an' i [[Bôsnia-Herzegôvina]], [[Iràna]], [[Iràka]], [[Sômalia]] ary [[Afganistàna]].&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland''; url: [http://www.scp.nl/publicaties/boeken/9037702597/Godsdienstige_veranderingen.pdf]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070125142251/http://www.scp.nl/publicaties/boeken/9037702597/Godsdienstige_veranderingen.pdf]; archive-date: 25 January 2007; access-date: 17 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2000 dia nitombo ny fifantohana tamin' ny resaka fivavahana, indrindra noho ny foto-kevitra mahery fihetsika mifototra amin' ny fandikana ny silamo.&lt;ref&gt;Knippenberg, Hans &quot;''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''&quot; edited by Knippenberg published by Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5589-248-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;, pages 102–104&lt;/ref&gt;

Manana mpanaraka eo amin' ny 215 000 eo ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]], izany hoe mihoatra kely ny 1% amin' ny mponina. Ny ankamaroan' ireo dia olona avy any Sorinama manana fiaviana indiana. Misy vondrona mpifindra monina hindoa maro avy any India sy [[Srilanka]], ary misy koa olona avy any amin' ny tontolo tandrefana manaraka hetsika ara-pivavahana vaovao miompana amin' ny hindoisma, toy ny Hare Krishna. Tombanana ho 250 000 ny Bodista na ny olona liana dia liana amin' io fivavahana io, ka olona avy amin' ny foko neerlandey no tena betsaka amin' izy ireo. Eo anelanelan' ny 30 000 sy 63 000 ny Jiosy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 7 April 2022; title: ''How many Jews live in The Netherlands?''; url: [https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-the-netherlands]; access-date: 20 November 2023; website: jpr.org.uk; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miantoka ny fahalalahana amin' ny fampianarana ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Nederlandy. Midika izany fa mahazo famatsiam-bola mitovy avy amin' ny fanjakana ny sekoly rehetra manaraka ny fepetra ankapobeny momba ny kalitao. Tafiditra amin' izany ireo sekoly aorin' ny vondrona ara-pivavahana mifototra amin' ny foto-pinoany, indrindra ny sekoly katôlika sy prôtestanta.

[[File:De grootste kathedraal van Nederland, de Sint Janskathedraal in 's-Hertogenbosch.jpg|thumb|Ny Katedralin' i Masindahy Joany ao 's-Hertogenbosch.]]
Araka ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny Desambra 2014, dia sambany tao Nederlandy no betsaka kokoa ny tsy mino ny fisian' Andriamanitra (25%) noho ny mino ny fisian' Andriamanitra (17%). Ny ambin' ny mponina kosa dia ireo mihevitra fa tsy fantatra na misy Andriamanitra na tsia (31%; ''agnostic''), na ireo mino fa misy hery na zava-misy ambony kokoa nefa tsy mamaritra mazava hoe inona izany (27%; ''ietsistic'').&lt;ref name=&quot;trouw.nl&quot;&gt;last1: van Beek; first1: Marije; date: 16 January 2015; title: ''Ongelovigen halen de gelovigen in''; url: [http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5091/Religie/article/detail/3830831/2015/01/16/Ongelovigen-halen-de-gelovigen-in.dhtml]; access-date: 21 April 2015; work: Dossier Relige; publisher: der Verdieping Trouw.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2015, dia 82% no nilaza fa tsy mbola nandeha tany am-piangonana mihitsy na saika tsy nandeha mihitsy, ary 59% no nilaza fa tsy mbola nandeha tany am-piangonana mihitsy. Ny 24% kosa dia nihevitra ny tenany ho tsy mino ny fisian' Andriamanitra, ka fiakarana 11% izany raha oharina amin' ny fanadihadiana teo aloha natao tamin' ny taona 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;BerntsA&quot;&gt;last1: Bernts; first1: Tom; title: ''God in Nederland 1966–2015''; last2: Berghuijs; first2: Joantine; date: 2016; publisher: Ten Have; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-259-0524-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fikarohana natao tamin' ny taona 2015, dia nitsahatra ilay fitomboana nantenaina teo amin' ny fiainana ara-panahy. Tamin' ny taona 2006 dia 40% tamin' ireo namaly ny fanadihadiana no nihevitra ny tenany ho manana fiainana ara-panahy, fa nidina ho 31% izany tamin' ny taona 2015. Nandritra io fe-potoana io ihany dia nihena avy amin' ny 36% ho 28% ny ampahan' ireo mino fa misy hery ambony kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;nos.nl&quot;&gt;date: 13 March 2016; title: ''Hoe God (bijna) verdween uit Nederland''; url: [http://nos.nl/artikel/2092498-hoe-god-bijna-verdween-uit-nederland.html]; access-date: 3 April 2016; publisher: NOS.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanabeazana ===
Tsy maintsy mianatra ny ankizy eo anelanelan' ny 5 sy 16 taona ao amin' ny rafi-panabeazana ao Nederlandy. Raha mbola tsy nahazo ny diplaoma farany ambany takina izy, izany hoe HAVO (fampianarana ankapobeny ambaratonga faharoa manomana ny fidirana amin' ny fampianarana ambony arakasa), VWO (fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa manomana ny fidirana amin' ny oniversite mifantoka amin' ny fikarohana), na MBO (fampianarana arakasa ambaratonga antonony) amin' ny ambaratonga 2 na ambony, dia mbola tsy maintsy manatrika fampianarana mandra-pahazoany izany diplaoma izany na mandra-pahatongany amin' ny faha-18 taonany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 10 July 2020; title: ''Leerplicht en kwalificatieplicht''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/leerplicht/leerplicht-en-kwalificatieplicht]; access-date: 9 June 2021; website: Rijksoverheid.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny salan' isa, dia mianatra amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga voalohany ny ankizy manomboka amin' ny faha-4 ka hatramin' ny faha-12 taonany. Misy kilasy valo io ambaratonga io, ary tsy voatery hanatrika ny kilasy voalohany ny ankizy. Ny vokatry ny fitsapana ny fahaiza-manaon' ny mpianatra, ny tolo-kevitry ny mpampianatra azy ao amin' ny kilasy fahavalo, ary ny hevitry ny ray aman-dreniny na ny mpiahy azy no iorenan' ny fisafidianana ny iray amin' ireo lalam-pianarana telo lehibe ao amin' ny fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa.

[[File:Utrecht-Uithof, from CambridgeLaan 01.jpg|thumb|Ny ivon-toerana ara-tsiansa ''Utrecht Science Park'' an' ny Oniversiten' i Utrecht. Tranomboky ilay trano eo afovoany.]]
Misy kilasy efatra ny VMBO (fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa manomana ny fianarana arakasa), ary mizara ho ambaratonga maromaro. Ny fahavitana soa aman-tsara ny VMBO dia ahazoana diplaoma arakasa ambaratonga ambany izay ahafahana miditra amin' ny MBO. Ny MBO dia fampianarana miompana indrindra amin' ny fanofanana amin' ny asa azo ampiharina na amin' ny fahazoana diplaoma arakasa. Afaka mangataka hiditra amin' ny HBO (fampianarana ambony arakasa) ny mpianatra manana ny taratasy fanamarinam-pahavitana ny MBO. Misy kilasy dimy ny HAVO, ary ahafahana miditra amin' ny HBO izany. Ny HBO dia oniversite manome fampianarana arakasa, mifantoka amin' ny siansa ampiharina, ary manome diplaoma voalohany amin' ny fampianarana ambony miompana amin' ny asa (''bachelor''); mitovitovy amin' ny diplaoma amin' ny fampianarana ambony ara-teknika ireo diplaoma ireo. Ahafahana miditra amin' ny rafi-pampianarana eny amin' ny oniversite ny diplaoma HBO. Misy kilasy enina ny VWO, izay ahitana ny ''atheneum'' sy ny ''gymnasium'', ary manomana ny mpianatra hiditra amin' ny oniversite mifantoka amin' ny fikarohana. Manolotra fianarana hahazoana ny diplaoma voalohany amin' ny fampianarana ambony (''bachelor'') mandritra ny telo taona ny oniversite, arahin' ny fianarana mandritra ny iray na roa taona hahazoana ny diplaoma amin' ny ambaratonga manaraka izany (''master''). Aorian' io dia mbola azo tohizana amin' ny fianarana hahazoana ny diplaoma dôktôrà.

Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mpiasa tsy manana toerana raikitra ao amin' ny oniversite ny olona manomana ny diplaoma dôktôrà. Ny sekoly sy ny oniversite rehetra dia vatsian' ny fanjakana vola sy tantanany, afa-tsy ny sekoly ara-pivavahana. Manodidina ny 2 000 euro isan-taona ny saram-pianarana eny amin' ny oniversite ho an' ny mpianatra avy ao Nederlandy sy avy amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana), ary 15 000 euro ho an' ny mpianatra avy any ivelan' ny EU.&lt;ref&gt;date: 26 January 2022; title: ''The cost of studying at a university in the Netherlands''; url: [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/advice/cost-studying-university-netherlands]; website: Student.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahasalamana ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fahasalamana ao Nederlandy.
[[File:Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Natuurkundige te Delft Rijksmuseum SK-A-957.jpeg|thumb|upright=.8|Sarin' i [[Antoni van Leeuwenhoek|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] (1632–1723), fantatra ho rain' ny mikrôbiôlôjia (na siansa mandinika ny zavamananaina bitika)]]
[[File:Meander MC noordzijde 1.JPG|thumb|Hopitalim-panjakana iray ao Amersfoort]]
Tamin' ny 2016 dia nitazona ny laharana voalohany tao amin' ny ''Euro Health Consumer Index'' (tondro eoropeanina momba ny tolotra raisin' ny mpampiasa ny sampan-draharaham-pahasalamana) isan-taona i Nederlandy. Mampitaha ny rafitra ara-pahasalamana ao Eorôpa io tondro io, ary nahazo isa 916 tamin' ny isa 1 000 ambony indrindra azo tratrarina i Nederlandy. Anisan' ny firenena telo voalohany izy tao amin' ny tatitra tsirairay navoaka nanomboka tamin' ny 2005. Raha ireo tondro fanombanana 48, toy ny zon' ny marary sy ny fampahalalana omena azy, ny fahazoana mampiasa ny tolotra, ny fisorohana ary ny vokatry ny fitsaboana, no jerena, dia nitana ny laharana voalohany teo amin' ny firenena eoropeanina 37 i Nederlandy nandritra ny enin-taona nisesy.&lt;ref name=&quot;healthpowerhouse.com&quot;&gt;title: ''Health Care System's Indexes and reports''; url: [https://healthpowerhouse.com/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220304194538/https://healthpowerhouse.com/]; archive-date: 4 March 2022; access-date: 26 August 2016; website: Health Consumer Powerhouse.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laharana voalohany i Nederlandy tamin' ny fanadihadiana iray tamin' ny 2009 izay nampitaha ny rafitra ara-pahasalamana tany Etazonia, Aostralia, Kanada, Alemaina ary Zelandy Vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;date: 23 June 2010; title: ''U.S. scores dead last again in healthcare study''; url: [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65M0SU20100623]; publisher: Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Toward Higher-Performance Health Systems: Adults' Health Care Experiences In Seven Countries, 2007''; url: [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/26/6/w717.full.pdf+html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120110040524/http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/26/6/w717.full.pdf+html]; archive-date: 10 January 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny ''Health Consumer Powerhouse'' (fikambanana mandinika ny tolotra ara-pahasalamana ho an' ny mpampiasa azy), dia manana fahalalahana lehibe ny marary amin' ny fisafidianana ny toerana hividianany fiantohana ara-pahasalamana sy ny toerana hahazoany fitsaboana. Ifampidinihan' ny marary sy ny matihanina ara-pahasalamana ny fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;healthpowerhouse.com&quot;/&gt;
Ao amin' ny famaritan' i J.M. Boot tamin' ny 2011 dia voalaza fa mizara telo ny fitsaboana: misy ny fitsaboana somatika (na fitsaboana mikasika ny vatana) sy ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina (na fitsaboana mikasika ny fahasalaman' ny saina), ary avahana koa ny fitsaboana mikendry ny fanasitranana ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy (''cure'') sy ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana maharitra (''care''). Ny dokoteran' ny fianakaviana (''huisartsen'', izay mitovitovy amin' ny mpitsabo ankapobeny, na dokotera tsy voafetra amin' ny sampam-pitsaboana manokana iray) no mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ny ambaratonga voalohany. Tsy maintsy ampandalovin' ny mpitsabo iray ao amin' ny ambaratonga voalohany ny marary vao afaka miditra amin' ny ambaratonga faharoa sy fahatelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boot&quot;&gt;J.M. Boot, 'De Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg', Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny tatitra tamin' ny 2023 navoakan' ny ''World Economic Forum'' (Sehatra Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Toekarena), dia mahomby ny rafitra ara-pahasalamana raha ampitahaina amin' ny an' ny firenena tandrefana hafa,&lt;ref&gt;year: 2023; title: ''THE NETHERLANDS - Sustainability and Resilience in the Dutch Health System''; url: [https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_PHSSR_Netherlands_Report_2023.pdf]; access-date: 30 October 2025; publisher: World Economic Forum.&lt;/ref&gt; saingy, araka ny ''Boston Consulting Group'' (vondrona mpanolo-tsaina momba ny fitantanana ao Boston) tamin' ny 2011, dia tsy izy no mahazo vokatra tsara indrindra raha oharina amin' ny vola lany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCG&quot;&gt;Boston Consulting Group, 'Zorg voor Waarde', 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rafitra roa sosona no mamatsy vola ny fitsaboana. Ny fitsaboana maharitra, indrindra ireo mitaky fijanonana saika maharitra any amin' ny hopitaly, sy ny fandaniana mifandray amin' ny fahasembanana, toy ny ho an' ny seza misy kodiarana, dia iantohan' ny fiantohana tsy maintsy ananana izay eo ambany fifehezan' ny fanjakana. Tamin' ny 2009 dia io fiantohana io no niantoka ny 27% tamin' ny fitambaran' ny fandaniana ara-pahasalamana.&lt;ref name=&quot;statline.cbs.nl&quot;&gt;date: 20 May 2010; title: ''Zorgrekeningen; uitgaven (in lopende en constante prijzen) en financiering''; url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=71914ned&amp;D1=37-43&amp;D2=a&amp;HDR=G1&amp;STB=T&amp;VW=T]; access-date: 16 May 2011; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek: StatLine; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny loharanom-bola hafa nandoavana ny fitsaboana tamin' izany ny hetra (14%), ny vola naloan' ny marary mivantana avy amin' ny volany manokana (9%), ny fiantohana ara-pahasalamana fanampiny tsy voatery raisina (4%) ary loharano hafa samihafa (4%).&lt;ref name=&quot;statline.cbs.nl&quot;/&gt;

Ao amin' ny famaritana ny rafitra navoakan' ny minisiteran' ny Fahasalamana tamin' ny 2010, dia tsy maintsy ananana ny fiantohana ara-pahasalamana, ary endrika fiantohana roa voafaritry ny lalàna no miantoka ny fitsaboana ao Nederlandy:
* ''Zorgverzekeringswet'', na ZVW (lalàna momba ny fiantohana ara-pahasalamana), izay matetika antsoina hoe fiantohana fototra, no miantoka ny fitsaboana mahazatra.
* ''Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten'', na AWBZ (lalàna ankapobeny momba ny fandaniana manokana vokatry ny aretina), no miantoka ny fitsaboana ataon' ny mpitsabo mpanampy sy ny fikarakarana maharitra.

Araka io famaritana io, dia ny fanjakana no mampiditra ho azy ny mponina ao amin' ny fiantohana AWBZ, fa ny tsirairay kosa tsy maintsy mividy ny fiantohana fototra ho an' ny tenany. Maningana amin' izany ireo latsaky ny 18 taona, izay tafiditra ho azy ao amin' ny fiantohan' ny ray aman-dreniny. Tsy maintsy manolotra fiantohana ahitana andiana fitsaboana efa voafaritra ny orinasa mpiantoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;minvws.nl&quot;&gt;date: 18 February 2010; title: ''Together healthy, fit and resilient''; url: [http://www.minvws.nl/en/themes/health-insurance-system/]; access-date: 26 August 2016; work: minvws.nl; publisher: Ministerie van Volksgezondheid.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2009 dia io fiantohana io no niantoka ny 41% tamin' ny fitambaran' ny fandaniana ara-pahasalamana.&lt;ref name=&quot;statline.cbs.nl&quot;/&gt;
Ao amin' io famaritana ny rafitra io, dia tsy maintsy manolotra fiantohana iraisana ho an' ny olona rehetra mihoatra ny 18 taona ny mpiantoka, na firy taona izy na manao ahoana ny fahasalamany; tsy ara-dalàna ny mandà fangatahana hiditra amin' izany fiantohana izany na ny mametraka fepetra manokana. Ny mpampiasa no miantsoroka ny 50% amin' ny famatsiam-bola ho an' ny fiantohana ny fitsaboana rehetra ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy, ny olona iantohana no miantsoroka ny 45%, ary ny fanjakana ny 5%. Mahazo fanampiana handoavana ny saram-piantohany ireo manana fidiram-bola ambany. Ny saram-piantohana aloan' ny olona iantohana izay voalazan' ny Zorgwijzer dia manodidina ny €135 isam-bolana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Expat health insurance''; url: [https://www.zorgwijzer.nl/faq/expats]; website: Zorgwijzer.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kolontsaina ==
Jereo ny lahatsoratra lehibe: Kolontsain' i Nederlandy.

=== Soatoavina nederlandey ===
Jereo ny lahatsoratra lehibe: Fomba amam-panao sy fitsipi-pahalalam-pomba nederlandey.

Araka ny filazalazan' i Colin White sy Laurie Boucke, dia reharehan' ny Nederlandey ny lova ara-kolontsainy, ny tantarany manankarena eo amin' ny zavakanto, ary ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny raharaha iraisam-pirenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colin White 1995&quot;&gt;Colin White &amp; Laurie Boucke (1995). ''The UnDutchables: An observation of the Netherlands, its culture and its inhabitants'' (3rd Ed.). White-Boucke Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny filazalazan' i P. J. A. N. Rietbergen, ny fomba fijery manjaka dia ny fiheverana ny firenena ho sady mandefitra amin' ny fahasamihafana no misokatra amin' ny vahoaka sy kolontsaina avy amin' ny lafivalon' izao tontolo izao; amin' ny dikan-teny malagasy, dia «sady mandefitra no misokatra amin' izao tontolo izao».&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000a&quot;&gt;last: Rietbergen; first: P. J. A. N.; title: ''A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day''; publisher: Bekking; year: 2000; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-6109-440-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 4th; location: Amersfoort; pages: 155–156; oclc: 52849131.&lt;/ref&gt; Maneho ny rehareham-pireneny noho ny famadihana ny faritra rakotry ny ranomasina sy ny honahona ho tany azo ampiasaina ny ohabolana nederlandey iray izay voatanisa ao amin' ny bokin' i Fred Feddes; izao no dikan-teniny malagasy: «Andriamanitra no namorona izao tontolo izao, fa ny Nederlandey no namorona an' i Nederlandy.»&lt;ref&gt;quoted in Fred Feddes, ''A Millennium of Amsterdam: Spatial History of a Marvelous City''. Bussum: Thoth Publishers 2012, p.9 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9068685954&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Koningsdag 2017 Amstel.jpg|thumb|Nederlandey manao akanjo volomboasary mankalaza ny Fetin' ny Mpanjaka any Amsterdam tamin' ny taona 2017]]
Voalaza ho misokatra sy mivantana ny fomba fifandraisana nederlandey, mifantoka amin' ny tena zava-dehibe fa tsy amin' ny resaka na fombafomba tsy ilaina; ampiarahina amin' izany ny tsy fifikirana amin' ny fomba ôfisialy sy ny fanarahana ny fitsipika fototra momba ny fitondran-tena. Ao amin' ny ''Dealing with the Dutch'', dia manoratra izao i Jacob Vossestein, araka ny dikan-teny malagasy: «Ny fiheverana nederlandey momba ny fitovian' ny olona dia ny hoe mitovy ny olona, indrindra eo amin' ny lafiny môraly; izany no mahatonga ny fihetsiky ny Nederlandey manoloana ny ambaratongam-pahefana sy ny toerana ara-tsosialy ho somary manjavozavo.»&lt;ref&gt;J. Vossenstein, ''Dealing with the Dutch'', 9789460220791.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny famaritan' i Rietbergen, dia anisan' ireo firenena any Eorôpa izay tsy ibahanan' ny fivavahana indrindra eo amin' ny fiainam-bahoaka i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000a&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazalazan' i Jos Becker sy Joep De Hart, dia heverina amin' ny ankapobeny ho raharahan' ny tsirairay ny fivavahana ao Nederlandy, ka tsy tokony hampielezina ampahibemaso, na dia mbola resahina matetika aza izy io.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Becker; first1: Jos; last2: De Hart; first2: Joep; title: ''Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland, Verschuivingen in de binding met de kerken en de christelijke traditie''; url: [http://www.scp.nl/dsresource?objectid=6e36ffc5-45eb-4b33-bc88-eb7b99083527]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141120/https://www.scp.nl/dsresource?objectid=6e36ffc5-45eb-4b33-bc88-eb7b99083527]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 7 July 2017; website: SCP; publisher: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau Den Haag.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto, maritrano ary filôzôfia ===
Jereo ny lahatsoratra momba ny zavakanto neerlandey, ny maritrano ao Nederlandy ary ny literatiora amin' ny teny neerlandey.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
File:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Sary hosodoko Netherlandish Proverbs nataon' i Pieter Bruegel the Elder|''Netherlandish Proverbs'', sanganasan' ilay mpanakanto avy any Brabant Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
File:Bulb Fields.jpg|alt=Sary hosodoko Flower Beds in Holland nataon' i Vincent van Gogh|''Flower Beds in Holland'', sanganasan' ilay mpanakanto avy any Brabant [[Vincent van Gogh]].
File:20220525.Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.-011.jpg|alt=Ny tranombakoka Rijksmuseum ao Amsterdam|Ny ''Rijksmuseum'' (Tranombakoky ny Fanjakana) ao Amsterdam.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Maro ny mpanao hosodoko nalaza tao Nederlandy. Tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia anisan' ny mpisava lalana lehibe i [[Jérôme Bosch|Hieronymus Bosch]] sy i Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Niroborobo ny Repoblika Neerlandey nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamenan' i Nederlandy, ary niroborobo koa ny hetsika ara-javakanto tao aminy. Anisan' ireo mpahay hosodoko neerlandey nantsoina hoe ''Dutch Masters'', izay niasa nandritra io vanim-potoana tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 io, i [[Rembrandt]], i [[Johannes Vermeer]], i Jan Steen ary i Jacob van Ruisdael. Anisan' ny mpanao hosodoko malaza tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20 kosa i [[Vincent van Gogh]] sy i [[Piet Mondrian]].

Niroborobo ny literatiora nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamenan' i Nederlandy, ka i Joost van den Vondel sy i P. C. Hooft no mpanoratra nalaza indrindra. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nanoratra ny ''Max Havelaar'' i Multatuli, boky momba ny fampijaliana ny tompon-tany tany amin' ireo India Atsinanana Neerlandey. Ny ''Diary of a Young Girl'' nosoratan' i [[Anne Frank]] no boky amin' ny teny neerlandey nadika tamin' ny fiteny hafa betsaka indrindra. Anisan' ny mpanoratra lehibe hafa tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 i Harry Mulisch, i Jan Wolkers, i Hella Haasse, i Willem Frederik Hermans, i Cees Nooteboom ary i Gerard Reve.

Ahitana fomba fanorenana samihafa ao Nederlandy. Teo anelanelan' ny taona 950 sy 1250 no nanorenana trano tamin' ny fomba maritrano ''Romanesque''. Nanomboka nampiasaina tamin' ny taona 1230 tany ho any kosa ny fomba maritrano gôtika (''Gothic''). Nanana varavarankely lehibe sy andohalambo maranitra tendro ireo trano gôtika, ary voaravaka be. Nipoitra niaraka tamin' ny fisandratan' ny fanjakan' i Brabant, izay notarihin' ny dioka, ny fomba maritrano gôtikan' i Brabant, ary niely nanerana ireo faritany teo ambany fahefan' i Bourgogne. Any andrefana no tena ahitana ny maritrano barôka neerlandey (1525–1630) sy ny fomba fanorenana maka tahaka ny maritrano grika sy rômanina fahiny, na ''classicism'' (1630–1700). Anisan' ny fomba fanorenana hafa ny ''Art Nouveau'', ny maritrano manasongadina ny fanehoana fihetseham-po (''Expressionism''), ny ''De Stijl'', ny maritrano manaraka ny fomba nentim-paharazana (''Traditionalism'') ary ny maritrano mampiharihary ny akora sy ny rafitry ny trano (''Brutalism'').&lt;ref&gt;title: ''NETHERLANDS''; url: [http://architecture-history.org/schools/NETHERLANDS.html]; website: architecture-history.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Filôzôfa neerlandey malaza i [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] sy i [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]. Ilay mpahay siansa [[Christian Huygens|Christiaan Huygens]] no nahita an' i Titan, volan' ny planeta [[Satiorna (planeta)|Saturn]], nanohana ny hevitra fa miendrika onja ny fielezan' ny hazavana, namorona ny famantaranandro fehezin' ny zavatra mihantona mivezimberina, ary mpahay fizika voalohany nampiasa fanehoana fifandraisana ara-matematika amin' ny alalan' ny marika. I [[Antoni van Leeuwenhoek|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] no voalohany nandinika sy namariparitra ny [[Zavamananaina bitika|zavamananaina misy sela tokana]] tamin' ny mikrôskôpy, fitaovana fanitarana ny sarin' ny zavatra bitika. Nanjary tandindon' i Nederlandy, indrindra ho an' ny mpizaha tany, ny milina misy elatra ahodin' ny rivotra, ny [[Tolipàna|voninkazo ''tulip'']], ny kiraro hazo, ny fromazy ary ny rongony.&lt;ref&gt;last1: van Gorp; first1: Bouke; last2: Béneker; first2: Tine; date: 1 April 2007; title: ''Holland as other place and other time: alterity in projected tourist images of the Netherlands''; journal: GeoJournal; volume: 68; issue: 4; pages: 293–305; bibcode: 2007GeoJo..68..293V; doi: 10.1007/s10708-007-9085-9; s2cid: 129230373; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mozika ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mozika ao Nederlandy.

Manana fomban-drazana maro eo amin' ny mozika i Nederlandy. Antsoina hoe ''Levenslied'', izay midika hoe «Hiran' ny fiainana», ny karazana mozika nederlandey nentim-paharazana. Tsotra mazàna ny feon-kira sy ny gadon' ireo hira ireo, ary tsotra koa ny firafiny, izay ahitana andininy sy fiverenana. Mety ho maivana ny lohaheviny, saingy matetika izy ireny no manaitra fihetseham-po, ka miresaka fitiavana, fahafatesana ary fahatsapana ho manirery. Anisan' ny zavamaneno fototra ampiasaina amin' ny ''levenslied'' ny zavamaneno nentim-paharazana toy ny angorodao sy ny orgà mekanika misy varingarina mihodina, na dia maro aza ny mpanakanto mampiasa fitaovana elektronika mamorona feon-javamaneno sy gitara tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy.

Nipoitra tamin' ny taompolo 1960 ny mozika nederlandey maoderina amin' ny karazana ''rock'', izay mampiasa indrindra gitara elektrika sy gadona mavesa-danja, ary ''pop'', izay natao hanintona mpihaino betsaka (''Nederpop''). Nanana fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ireo ny mozika be mpitia avy any Etazonia sy Britaina. Nahita fahombiazana iraisam-pirenena ny tarika toa an' i Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, Pussycat, George Baker Selection ary Focus. Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1980 dia nihamaro ny mpitendry sy mpihira ''pop'' nanomboka nampiasa ny teny neerlandey tamin' ny asany, ka anisan' ny nanosika azy ireo ny fahombiazana lehibe azon' ny tarika Doe Maar.

[[File:Coldplay perform &quot;Up&amp;Up&quot;, Amsterdam Arena, June 2016 (5).jpg|thumb|Johan Cruyff Arena, toerana lehibe indrindra fanaovana fampisehoana mozika ao Nederlandy.]]
Mahita fahombiazana iraisam-pirenena ireo tarika ankehitriny manao ''symphonic metal'', karazana mozika mampifangaro ny ''metal'', izay sampan' ny ''rock'' manana feo mahery sy mavesatra, amin' ny singa avy amin' ny mozikan' ny ôrkesitra. Anisan' ireo tarika ireo i Epica, Delain, ReVamp, The Gathering, Asrai, Autumn, Ayreon ary Within Temptation. Mahita fahombiazana iraisam-pirenena koa i Caro Emerald, mpihira ''jazz'', izay mozika manome toerana lehibe ny famoronana eo am-pitendrena, sy ''pop''. Mpandray anjara asaina sady be mpitia amin' ireo fetiben' ny mozika ''metal'' lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa ny tarika ''metal'' toa an' i Hail of Bullets, God Dethroned, Izegrim, Asphyx, Textures, Heidevolk ary Slechtvalk. Anisan' ny mpanakanto malaza ao an-toerana amin' izao fotoana izao ny mpihira ''pop'' Anouk; Ilse DeLange, mpihira ''country pop'', izay mampifangaro ny ''pop'' amin' ny ''country'', mozika avy amin' ny fomban-drazana ambanivohitra amerikanina; ny tarika Rowwen Hèze, izay manao mozika miainga amin' ny fomban-drazam-bahoaka sady mihira amin' ny fitenim-paritra [[Fiteny limborgiana|limborgiana]]; ny tarika ''rock'' BLØF; ary ny mpanakanto roa miaraka Nick &amp; Simon.

Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1990 dia niara-nitambatra ny mozika ''house'' nederlandey sy belza, izay karazana mozika elektronika fandihizana manana gadona miverimberina tsy tapaka, tao amin' ny tetikasa ''Eurodance'' 2 Unlimited. Ny ''Eurodance'' dia karazana mozika elektronika fandihizana eoropeanina. Nahalafo raki-peo 18 tapitrisa ireo mpihira roa ao amin' ilay tarika,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''2 Unlimited &amp;#124; Biography &amp;#124; AllMusic''; url: [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/2-unlimited-mn0000431439/biography]; access-date: 30 June 2014; website: AllMusic.&lt;/ref&gt; ka izy ireo no mpanakanto nederlandey nahomby indrindra teo amin' ny mozika hatramin' izao. Mbola be mpitia ho mozika faneva amin' ny hetsika ara-panatanjahantena any Etazonia ny hira toy ny ''Get Ready for This''. Tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1990 dia nivoatra tanteraka ny ''rap'' sy ''hip-hop'' amin' ny teny neerlandey (''Nederhop''). Ny ''rap'' dia fanononana teny manaraka gadona, ary anisan' ny mozika ''hip-hop'' izany. Nanjary be mpitia tany Nederlandy sy Belzika io mozika io.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990 dia nanjary be mpitia naneran-tany ny mozika elektronika fandihizana nederlandey, na EDM (mozika elektronika fandihizana), tamin' ny endriny maro samihafa. Avy any Nederlandy ny sasany amin' ireo DJ (mpifantina sy mpampifangaro mozika voarakitra) malaza indrindra eran-tany amin' ny mozika fandihizana, anisan' izany i Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Dash Berlin, Julian Jordan, Nicky Romero, W&amp;W, Don Diablo, Ummet Ozcan, Headhunterz, Sander van Doorn ary Afrojack. Samy efa napetraka teo amin' ny laharana voalohany eran-tany tao amin' ny filaharana ''DJ Mag Top 100 DJs'' ireo efatra voatanisa voalohany. Ny ''Amsterdam Dance Event'', na ADE (Hetsika momba ny mozika fandihizana ao Amsterdam), no fihaonambe lohalaharana eran-tany momba ny mozika elektronika, sady fetibe lehibe indrindra atao any amin' ny toeram-pandihizana ho an' ireo sampana maro samihafa amin' ny mozika elektronika maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Amsterdam Dance Event''; url: [http://www.local-life.com/amsterdam/articles/amsterdam-dance-event]; work: local-life.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 12 October 2012; title: ''The international Dance industry assembles in Amsterdam next week''; url: [http://www.dutchdailynews.com/the-international-dance-industry-assembles-in-amsterdam-next-week/]; work: Dutch Daily News.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin' ny ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]]'', fifaninanana hira Eurovision, i Nederlandy hatramin' ny andiany voalohany tamin' ny taona 1956, ary nandresy in-dimy.

Eo amin' ny mozika klasika, mpamoron-kira nederlandey malaza tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sy faha-17 i Jan Sweelinck, ary anisan' ny mpamoron-kira klasika nederlandey ankehitriny fanta-daza indrindra i Louis Andriessen. Mpitarika ôrkesitra sy mpitendry orgà ary mpitendry zavamaneno misy fitendry sy tady tsongoina (''harpsichord'') nederlandey ekena eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena i Ton Koopman sy Gustav Leonhardt.

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
Lohahevitra an-tsipiriany: Sarimihetsika ao Nederlandy sy Fahitalavitra ao Nederlandy.

Nisy sarimihetsika, indrindra ireo notarihin' i Paul Verhoeven, izay naely sy nahazo fankasitrahana teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, toy ny ''Turkish Delight'' (''Turks Fruit'', 1973), ''Soldier of Orange'' (''Soldaat van Oranje'', 1977), ''Spetters'' (1980), ary ''The Fourth Man'' (''De Vierde Man'', 1983). Avy eo i Verhoeven dia nitarika sarimihetsika lehibe tao Hollywood, toy ny ''RoboCop'' (1987), ''Total Recall'' (1990), ary ''Basic Instinct'' (1992), ary niverina tamin' ny sarimihetsika neerlandey tamin' ny ''Black Book'' (''Zwartboek'', 2006).&lt;ref&gt;last: Luck; first: Richard; date: 6 April 2022; title: ''God of shock: the weird and challenging career of Paul Verhoeven''; url: [https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/the-weird-and-challenging-career-of-paul-verhoeven/]; website: The New European.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tale fantatra hafa i [[Jan de Bont]], [[Anton Corbijn]], Dick Maas, [[Fons Rademakers]], Alex van Warmerdam, ary ireo mpanao sarimihetsika fanadihadiana Bert Haanstra sy [[Joris Ivens]]. Nanjary fantatra eran-tany tamin' ny taona 2004 i [[Theo van Gogh]], rehefa novonoin' i Mohammed Bouyeri tao Amsterdam taorian' ny nitarihany ny sarimihetsika fohy ''Submission''.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2 November 2004; title: ''Gunman kills Dutch film director''; url: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3974179.stm]; via: news.bbc.co.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tale misahana ny fakana sary amin' ny sarimihetsika i Hoyte van Hoytema, Rogier Stoffers, Theo van de Sande ary Robby Müller. Anisan' ireo mpilalao sarimihetsika nahitam-pahombiazana teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena i [[Famke Janssen]], Carice van Houten,&lt;ref&gt;last: Slater; first: Lydia; date: 10 April 2012; title: ''Euro star: Carice van Houten''; url: [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/euro-star-carice-van-houten-6757545.html]; website: Evening Standard.&lt;/ref&gt; Rutger Hauer,&lt;ref name=&quot;elsevier&quot;&gt;last: Hahn; first: Bram; date: 7 October 2015; title: ''1973 – Monique van de Ven: Voor altijd Olga''; url: [https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/cultuur/article/2015/10/1973-monique-van-de-ven-voor-altijd-olga-2698674W/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190726013056/https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/cultuur/article/2015/10/1973-monique-van-de-ven-voor-altijd-olga-2698674W/]; archive-date: 26 July 2019; access-date: 26 July 2019; website: Elsevier Weekblad; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeroen Krabbé]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimesArticle1&quot;&gt;last: Elias; first: Justine; date: 15 November 1998; title: ''Famke Janssen; Transformations As a Way of Life, Not Just on Screen''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/15/movies/holiday-films-up-coming-famke-janssen-transformations-way-life-not-just-screen.html]; access-date: 16 October 2011; newspaper: The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sylvia Kristel]], Michiel Huisman, Sylvia Hoeks, Marwan Kenzari ary Carel Struycken.

Mandroso ny tsenan' ny fahitalavitra ao Nederlandy, izay ahitana mpampita fandaharana ara-barotra sy an' ny daholobe. Saika alefa miaraka amin' ny feony tany am-boalohany sy dikanteny an-tsoratra foana ny fandaharana fahitalavitra avy any ivelany, ary toy izany koa ny tafatafa izay amin' ny fiteny vahiny ny valin-teny. Ny fandaharana vahiny natao ho an' ny ankizy ihany no soloina feo amin' ny fiteny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaGanahl2013&quot;&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=chXSFH-gzVMC&amp;pg=PA101 Webcasting Worldwide: Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium]''. Routledge; 2013. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-24977-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 101–103.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny endrika sy ny rafitra manokana iorenan' ny fandaharana, mbamin' ny zo hampiasa sy hamokatra azy ireny, no tena aondran' i Nederlandy eo amin' ny sehatry ny fahitalavitra. Anisan' ny niavaka tamin' izany ny Endemol, vondron' orinasa mpamokatra fandaharana fahitalavitra niasa teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, naorin' ireo Nederlandey mpandraharaha nanankarena sy nanana fahefana teo amin' ny sehatry ny haino aman-jery, dia i John de Mol sy Joop van den Ende. Namorona sy nitantana fandaharana narafitra tamin' ny endrika iray nampiasaina tany amin' ny firenena samihafa maneran-tany ny Endemol sy ireo orinasa feheziny: fandaharana manaraka ny fiainan' ny mpandray anjara, fifaninanana fahaizana, ary lalao ifaninanana. Anisan' izany ny ''Big Brother'' sy ''Deal or No Deal''.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''John de Mol''; url: [https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-de-mol/]; website: Forbes.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitambatra tamin' ny Shine Group ny Endemol tamin' ny taona 2015, ary novidin' ny Banijay tamin' ny taona 2020.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Kanter; first1: Jake; date: 1 July 2020; title: ''Banijay Group's $2.2BN Endemol Shine Group Takeover Approved By European Commission''; url: [https://deadline.com/2020/07/banijay-group-endemol-shine-group-takeover-approved-by-european-commission-1202974883/].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakafo sy fomba fahandro ===
[[File:Hutspot met stooflap op bord.JPG|thumb|''Hutspot'' sy henan' omby nandrahoina ela tamin' ny saosy, naroso anaty lovia]]
Tsotra sady tsy be pitsiny ny sakafo sy fomba fahandro neerlandey, ary ahitana ronono sy vokatra maro avy aminy. Mofo misy zavatra apetraka eo amboniny no mahazatra amin' ny sakafo maraina sy ny sakafo antoandro; azo isafidianana koa ny sakafo vita amin' ny voamadinika. Araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana, dia ovy sy hena ary legioma no sakafo hariva. Be gliosida, izany hoe otrikaina ahitana ny siramamy sy ny tavolo, ary be tavy izany sakafo izany, ka nifanaraka tamin' ny filàna ara-tsakafon' ireo mpiasa izay namolavola ny firenena tamin' ny kolontsainy. Niova izany fomba fisakafo izany nandritra ny taonjato faha-20, ka nitombo ny sakafo avy amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa; hita any amin' ny tanàn-dehibe ny ankamaroan' ny fomba fahandro maneran-tany. Tany am-piandohan' ny taona 2014, dia nametraka an' i Nederlandy ho firenena manana ny sakafo be otrikaina indrindra, betsaka indrindra ary mahasoa indrindra ho an' ny fahasalamana ny Oxfam.&lt;ref&gt;last: Reaney; first: Patricia; date: 14 January 2014; title: ''Netherlands is country with most plentiful, healthy food: Oxfam''; url: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-countries-idUSBREA0E01S20140115]; access-date: 1 September 2014; publisher: Reuters U.S.; location: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Good Enough to Eat – Media Briefing''; date: 14 January 2013; publisher: Oxfam America; location: Boston, MA; url: [http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf]; access-date: 1 September 2014; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808001149/http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf]; archive-date: 8 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Manavaka karazam-paritra telo amin' ny fomba fahandro neerlandey ireo mpanoratra momba ny sakafo ankehitriny: ny any avaratra-atsinanana, ny any andrefana ary ny any atsimo.

Any avaratra-atsinanana, dia nahatonga ny fomba fahandro ho fantatra amin' ny sakafo misy hena ny fanombohan' ny fambolena midadasika tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18. Nahabetsaka ny biby hazaina sy ny fiompiana ny fahavitsian' ny toeram-pambolena, na dia ahitana trondro betsaka aza ny sakafo eny akaikin' ny morontsiraka. Anisan' ny saosisy mampiavaka ny faritra ny ''metworst'' sy ny ''rookworst'', izay matetika hanina miaraka amin' ny ''stamppot'' na ny ''hutspot'', sakafo misy ovy sy legioma nopotsehina, na koa amin' ny ''zuurkool'' (laisoa navela hikombona ka ho marikivy). Anisan' ny mofo any ny mofo mafy vita amin' ny voamadinika ''rye'', ny mofomamy ary ny bisky. Faritra amorontsiraka ahitana tany iva rakotra ahitra i Friesland, ka mamokatra fromazy tahaka ny any andrefana. Betsaka ny bisky vokarina, ary be dibera sy siramamy izy ireny. Ny zava-pisotro misy alikaola nentim-paharazana dia ny labiera karazana ''lager'', izay mazava loko sady be alikaola, sy ny ''Jenever'', izay toaka mahery misy hanitry ny zavamaniry ''juniper'' ary nanjary fantatra tany Angletera tamin' ny anarana hoe ''gin''. Avy amin' io faritra io ny ''Advocaat'', zava-pisotro mamy misy alikaola, matevina sady malefaka toy ny fanosotra, vita amin' ny atody sy siramamy ary ''brandy'' (toaka azo avy amin' ny fanasitiliana divay).&lt;ref&gt;last: Rinsky; first: Laura Halpin; url: [https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins]; title: ''The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional''; author2: Glenn Rinsky; publisher: John Wiley &amp; Sons; year: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-00955-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: Hoboken, N.J.; page: [https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins/page/n12 3]; oclc: 173182689; url-access: limited.&lt;/ref&gt;

Any andrefana, dia nahatonga ny faritra ho fantatra amin' ny ronono sy ny vokatra avy aminy ny habetsahan' ny rano sy ny tany lemaka rakotra ahitra. Anisan' izany ny fromazy malaza toy ny ''Gouda'', ny ''Leyden'' (fromazy nasiana zava-manitra ''cumin''), ary ny ''Edam'' (izay atao boribory madinika araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana), ary koa ny ''Leerdammer'' sy ny ''Beemster''. I Zaanstreek, faritra mifanila aminy ao North Holland, kosa dia efa fantatra hatramin' ny taonjato faha-16 amin' ny ''mayonnaise'' (saosy atody sy menaka) sy ny [[Voantsinapy|saosy voan-tsinapy misy voany manontolo]]. Heverina ho mampiavaka io faritra io ny ''karnemelk'' (ranon-dronono sisa tavela rehefa namboarina ny dibera). Misy betsaka sady mampiavaka ny faritra ny hazan-dranomasina toy ny trondro ''herring'' nalona mba hanomezana tsiro azy, ny akorandriaka ''mussel'', ny amalona, ny akorandriaka ''oyster'' ary ny patsabe.

Fantatra amin' ny mofomamy be tavy na siramamy, ny lasopy, ny hena andrahoina ela amin' ny saosy ary ny sakafo legioma ny fomba fahandro any atsimon' i Nederlandy. Io irery no faritra neerlandey namolavola fomba fahandro be pitsiny sy voakaly. Betsaka ny mofomamy, izay matetika be famenoana toy ny fanosotra avy amin' ny ronono, na fanosotra vita amin' ny ronono sy atody, na voankazo. Anisan' ny mofomamy mampiavaka azy ny ''vlaai'', ny ''moorkop'' ary ny ''bossche bol''. Betsaka koa ny karazan-mofo masira; ny tena be mpitia dia ny ''worstenbroodje'', mofo kely misy saosisy vita amin' ny henan' omby nototoina, izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe «mofo saosisy». Ny labiera no zava-pisotro misy alikaola mampiavaka ny faritra, ary maro ny marika eo an-toerana, manomboka amin' ny ''Trappist'' ka hatramin' ny ''Kriek''.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Internationale Vereniging Trappist – Westvleteren''; url: [https://www.trappist.be/en/products/beers/westvleteren/]; website: trappist.be.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fromazy ====
Jereo koa ny lisitry ny fromazy neerlandey.

Fantatra amin' ny famokarana fromazy i Nederlandy, ka misy karazany fantatra maneran-tany, toy ny ''Gouda'', ny ''Edam'' ary ny ''Leyden''. Mbola misy tsenan' ny fromazy araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana any amin' ny tanàna toa an' i Alkmaar, Gouda ary Edam.&lt;ref&gt;date: 13 March 2025; title: ''Dutch cheese varieties: the comprehensive (and cheesy) guide''; url: [https://dutchreview.com/culture/dutch-cheese-varieties/]; access-date: 24 September 2025; website: dutchreview.com/; language: en-GB.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanatanjahantena ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fanatanjahantena ao Nederlandy.

[[File:NED-DEN Euro 2012 (10).jpg|thumb|Ireo mpilalao baolina kitra neerlandey malaza [[Arjen Robben]] sy [[Robin van Persie]], nandritra ny lalaon' ny ekipam-pirenen' i Nederlandy tamin' ny ekipam-pirenen' i Danemarka, tao amin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 2012.]]

Olona manodidina ny 4,5 tapitrisa no voasoratra anarana ao amin' ny iray amin' ireo kliobam-panatanjahantena miisa 35 000 ao amin' ilay firenena. Manodidina ny roa ampahatelon' ny mponina 15 ka hatramin' ny 75 taona no manao fanatanjahantena isan-kerinandro.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Sport in Nederland''; url: [http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925042514/http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm]; archive-date: 25 September 2008; access-date: 21 August 2012; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Baolina kitra|baolina kitra]] no fanatanjahantena iarahan' ny ekipa be mpitia indrindra, arahin' ny ''hockey'' amin' ny bozaka, izay ikapohana baolina amin' ny tapa-kazo, sy ny voleibola. Ny tenisy, ny fanatanjahan-tena mampiseho fahaiza-mifehy ny vatana (''gymnastics''), ary ny ''golf'', izay ikapohana baolina kely hampidirana azy ao anaty lavaka, no fanatanjahantena telo be mpanao indrindra amin' ireo lalaovina isam-batan' olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sport&quot;&gt;date: 24 July 2006; title: ''Ledental sportbonden opnieuw gestegen''; url: [http://www.sport.nl/content/nieuwsartikelen/nocnsf/223198?channel=nocnsf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311002950/http://www.sport.nl/content/nieuwsartikelen/nocnsf/223198]; archive-date: 11 March 2008; access-date: 1 June 2016; website: sport.nl; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 ny fandaminana ny fanatanjahantena. Natsangana ny federasiona ho an' ny fanatanjahantena samihafa, nampitoviana ny fitsipi-dalao, ary niforona ny kliobam-panatanjahantena. Natsangana tamin' ny 1912 ny Komity Ôlimpika Nasionalin' i Nederlandy.

Laharana faharoa ny ekipam-pirenena amin' ny baolina kitra tamin' ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany tamin' ny 1974, 1978 ary 2010, ary nandresy tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 1988. Ao amin' ny lisitr' ireo mpilalao baolina kitra 50 sangany indrindra hatramin' izay nataon' ny gazetiboky ''Sports Illustrated'', dia Neerlandey i [[Johan Cruyff]] (laharana faha-5), [[Marco van Basten]] (faha-19), [[Ruud Gullit]] (faha-25) ary [[Johan Neeskens]] (faha-36).&lt;ref&gt;date: 21 May 2019; title: ''The 50 Greatest Footballers of All Time''; url: [https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/05/21/50-greatest-footballers-all-time]; magazine: Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt; Laharana faharoa ny ekipam-pirenena vehivavy amin' ny baolina kitra tamin' ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany tamin' ny 2019, ary nandresy tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 2017. Nandresy in-9 tamin' ireo fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany 15 ny ekipam-pirenena vehivavy neerlandey amin' ny ''hockey'' amin' ny bozaka. Nandresy in-24 tamin' ireo fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa 33 ny ekipam-pirenen' i Nederlandy amin' ny lalao baolina amin' ny kibay (''baseball''). Nandresy tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 1995 sy ny World Grand Prix tamin' ny 2007 ny ekipam-pirenena vehivavy amin' ny voleibola.

Nahazo medaly 266 tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika amin' ny fahavaratra sy 110 tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika amin' ny ririnina i Nederlandy. Nandresy tamin' ny Vuelta a Espana tamin' ny 1979, ny Tour de France tamin' ny 1980, ary ny fiadiana ny ho tompondaka eran-tany nokarakarain' ny UCI (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena misahana ny bisikileta) tamin' ny 1985 i Joop Zoetemelk. Nandresy tamin' ny Tour de France tamin' ny 1968 i Jan Janssen, ary tamin' ny Giro d'Italia tamin' ny 2017 i Tom Dumoulin. I Max Verstappen, izay mpamily tanora indrindra nanomboka nandray anjara sy nandresy hazakazaka tao amin' ny Formula 1, no Neerlandey voalohany nandresy tamin' ny Grand Prix sy nahazo ny anaram-boninahitra ho tompondaka eran-tany ho an' ny mpamily Formula One. Nandresy in-15 tamin' ireo fifaninanana K-1 World Grand Prix 19 ny Neerlandey mpanao ady totohondry sy daka (''kickboxing'') amin' ny K-1.

== Jereo koa ==
* Topimaso momba an' i Nederlandy

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Loharano ===
* last: Elliott; first: John; title: ''The Road to Utrecht in Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013''; publisher: Routledge; year: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-909662-22-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Dadson; editor-first: Trevor.
* last: Israel; first: Jonathan; author-link: Jonathan Israel; title: ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806''; year: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-873072-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''Oxford History of Early Modern Europe''.
* last: Schama; first: Simon; author-link: Simon Schama; title: ''Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813''; publisher: Alfred A. Knopf; year: 1977; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0394485164&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: New York.
* last: Van Nimwegen; first: Olaf; title: ''De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning''; publisher: Prometheus; year: 2020; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: nl; trans-title: ''The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King''.

=== Boky fandalinana fanampiny ===
==== Jeografia sy ny tontolo iainana ====
* Burke, Gerald L. ''The making of Dutch towns: A study in urban development from the 10th–17th centuries'' (1960)
* Lambert, Audrey M. ''The Making of the Dutch Landscape: An Historical Geography of the Netherlands'' (1985); mifantoka amin' ny tantaran' ny fanovana faritra rakotry ny rano ho tany azo ampiasaina.
* Meijer, Henk. ''Compact geography of the Netherlands'' (1985)
* Riley, R. C., and G. J. Ashworth. ''Benelux: An Economic Geography of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg'' (1975) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131120085304/http://www.questia.com/read/85882918/benelux-an-economic-geography-of-belgium-the-netherlands azo vakina an-tserasera]

==== Tantara ====
* Paul Arblaster. ''A History of the Low Countries''. Palgrave Essential Histories Series New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 298 pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-4039-4828-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1998)
* Jonathan Israel. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806'' (1995)
* J. A. Kossmann-Putto and E. H. Kossmann. ''The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands'' (1987)

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Famaritana momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wiktionary'' (rakibolana).
* [[:c:Nederland|Rakitra momba an' i Nederlandy]] ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons'' (tahiry iombonan' ny rakitra).
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Netherlands Teny notsongaina momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikiquote'' (tahirin-teny notsongaina).
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Lahatsoratra momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikisource'' (tahirin-dahatsoratra).
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Boky fianarana momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikibooks'' (tahirim-boky fianarana).
* [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Loharanom-pianarana momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikiversity'' (tetikasa momba ny fianarana).
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands Torolalana ho an' ny dia any Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikivoyage'' (torolalana momba ny dia).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124437/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/netherlands.htm Nederlandy], avy amin' ny ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (tahirin' ny famoahan' ny governemanta ao amin' ny tranomboky).
* [http://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-page/the-netherlands/general-information ''I am Expat'' – Fampahalalana ankapobeny momba an' i Nederlandy].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17740800 Fampahafantarana an' i Nederlandy], avy amin' ny ''BBC News'' (sampam-baovao ao amin' ny BBC, orinasa britanika misahana ny fampielezam-peo sy ny fahitalavitra).
* [[:commons:Atlas of Netherlands|Fanangonan-tsarintany momba an' i Nederlandy]] ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons''.
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/47796 Angona ara-jeografia momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''OpenStreetMap'' (tetikasa sarintany malalaka).
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NL Vinavina fototra momba ny fivoaran' i Nederlandy], avy amin' ny ''International Futures'' (vinavina iraisam-pirenena momba ny hoavy).

=== Governemanta ===
* [http://www.government.nl/ Government.nl] – tranonkala ofisialin' ny governemanta neerlandey.
* [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/home/default.htm ''Statistics Netherlands''] (sampan-draharahan' i Nederlandy momba ny antontanisa), na CBS (birao foibe momba ny antontanisa) – tarehimarika fototra avy amin' ny birao neerlandey momba ny antontanisa.
* [http://www.statoids.com/unl.html Faritanin' i Nederlandy], ao amin' ny ''Statoids''.

=== Dia sy fizahantany ===
* [http://www.holland.com/ Holland.com] – tranonkala amin' ny teny anglisy an' ny biraon' i Nederlandy momba ny fizahantany.
* [https://www.nbtc.nl/en/site.htm ''Netherlands Board of Tourism &amp; Conventions''] (biraon' i Nederlandy momba ny fizahantany sy ny fivoriambe) – fikambanana miandraikitra ny fampahafantarana sy ny fampiroboroboana an' i Nederlandy ao amin' ny firenena sy any ivelany.

[[:sokajy:Firenenan'i Vondrona Eoropeanina]]
[[:sokajy:Nederlandy|*]]</text>
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      <text bytes="250407" sha1="7ryokuqi0efreb5q1dbykpq9md93etr" xml:space="preserve">I '''Nederlandy''', na '''Peibà''',&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;''Nederland'' amin' ny teny neerlandey; fanononana: &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ˈneːdərlɑnt]&lt;/span&gt;. [[File:Nl-Nederland.ogg|Fanononana ny hoe Nederland amin' ny teny neerlandey]]&lt;/ref&gt; izay fantatra koa amin' ny anarana tsy ofisialy hoe '''Holland''', dia firenena ao [[Eorôpa Avaratra-Andrefana|Eorôpa Avaratra Andrefana]], manana faritany ampitan-dranomasina ao [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Izy no lehibe indrindra amin' ireo firenena efatra mandrafitra ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 17 November 2017; title: ''Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden''; trans-title: ''Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands''; url: [https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002154/2017-11-17]; access-date: 11 July 2020; publisher: Government of the Netherlands; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana faritany roa ambin' ny folo sy kaominina manokana telo any ampitan-dranomasina i Nederlandy. Ny ampahany eoropeanina aminy dia manana sisin-tany an-tanety amin' i [[Alemaina]] any atsinanana sy amin' i [[Belzika]] any atsimo, ary morontsiraka any avaratra sy andrefana. Manana sisin-tany an-dranomasina iombonana amin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]], i Alemaina ary i Belzika ao amin' ny [[Ranomasina Avaratra]] izy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands boundaries in the North Sea''; url: [http://www.defensie.nl/english/topics/hydrography/contents/maritime-zones-and-boundaries/netherlands-boundaries-in-the-north-sea]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083824/http://www.defensie.nl/english/topics/hydrography/contents/maritime-zones-and-boundaries/netherlands-boundaries-in-the-north-sea]; archive-date: 19 August 2014; access-date: 15 August 2014; publisher: Ministry of Defence.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]] no fiteny ofisialy, ary fiteny ofisialy faharoa ao amin' ny faritanin' i Friesland ny teny friziana andrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-and-recognised-languages&quot;/&gt; Ny teny neerlandey, ny teny anglisy ary ny [[Fiteny papiamentô|teny papiamento]] no fiteny ofisialy any amin' ireo faritany any Karaiba.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-and-recognised-languages&quot;/&gt; Antsoina hoe [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|Nederlandey na Neerlandey]] ny olona avy any Nederlandy; ''Dutch'' no fiantsoana azy ireo amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Babbel.com; last2: GmbH; first2: Lesson Nine; title: ''Why Do We Call People From The Netherlands 'Dutch'?''; url: [https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-netherlands-holland-and-dutch]; access-date: 15 June 2025; website: Babbel Magazine; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;name&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Midika ara-bakiteny hoe «tany iva» ny hoe ''Netherlands'', ilazana ny haavo ambany sy ny vohon-tany fisaka ao aminy; ny 26 % amin' ny velaran-taniny dia ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina.&lt;ref name=&quot;schiermeier-2010&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ireo faritra ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina, izay antsoina hoe pôldera, dia vokatry ny fakana tany amin' ny rano izay nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cavendish_2003&quot;&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/howitworks09mars]; title: ''How it Works: Science and Technology''; publisher: Marshall Cavendish; year: 2003; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7614-7323-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: [https://archive.org/details/howitworks09mars/page/1208 1208]; url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandalo fivoarana lehibe teo amin' ny lafiny pôlitika sy toekarena ary kolontsaina ny Repoblika neerlandey; fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Vanim-potoana Volamenan' i Nederlandy izany vanim-potoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands – Dutch civilization in the Golden Age (1609–1713)''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands]; access-date: 10 November 2021; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' izany fotoana izany no nananganan' ireo orinasany misahana ny varotra, dia ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Atsinanana sy ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Andrefana, zanatany sy toby ara-barotra maro.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Dutch Republic &amp;#124; History &amp; Facts''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Dutch-Republic]; access-date: 10 November 2021; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of the Dutch Empire''; url: [http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=aa61]; access-date: 10 November 2021; website: historyworld.net.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy niandany i Nederlandy nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, nefa notafihin' i Alemaina nazi sy nofeheziny ara-tafika tamin' ny taona 1940, nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa; naharitra hatramin' ny fiafaran' ny ady tamin' ny taona 1945 izany fifehezana izany.

Mihoatra ny 18 tapitrisa ny mponina ao Nederlandy, ary 41 850 km² ny velaran-tany manontolo onenan' izy ireo, ka 33 500 km² amin' izany no tany maina. I Nederlandy no firenena faha-15 be hakitroky ny mponina indrindra eran-tany, ary olona 433 isaky ny kilometatra toradroa ny hakitroky ny mponina ao aminy. Na izany aza, izy no mpanondrana sakafo sy vokatry ny fambolena faharoa lehibe indrindra eran-tany raha ny sandan' ny vokatra no jerena, noho ny tany lonaka, ny toetrandro antonony, ny fambolena mamokatra betsaka amin' ny velaran-tany voafetra, ary ny fahaiza-mamorona.&lt;ref&gt;last: Reiley; first: Laura; title: ''Cutting-edge tech made this tiny country a major exporter of food''; url: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2022/netherlands-agriculture-technology/]; url-access: subscription; access-date: 23 November 2022; newspaper: Washington Post; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hollandtrade.com&quot;&gt;last: (RVO); first: Netherlands Enterprise Agency; date: 17 July 2015; title: ''Agriculture and food''; url: [http://www.hollandtrade.com/sector-information/agriculture-and-food/?bstnum=4909]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101082732/http://www.hollandtrade.com/sector-information/agriculture-and-food/?bstnum=4909]; archive-date: 1 January 2016; access-date: 26 August 2016; work: hollandtrade.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalgeographic.com&quot;&gt;date: September 2017; title: ''How the Netherlands Feeds the World''; url: [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/holland-agriculture-sustainable-farming]; url-access: subscription; access-date: 15 January 2020; publisher: [[National Geographic Society]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tanàna efatra lehibe indrindra dia i [[Amsterdam]], i [[Rotterdam]], i [[Den Haag]] ary i [[Utrecht]].&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Gemeentegrootte en stedelijkheid''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/classificaties/overig/gemeentegrootte-en-stedelijkheid]; access-date: 16 December 2019; publisher: CBS; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; I Amsterdam no tanàna be mponina indrindra sy renivohitra amin' ny anarany, na dia any Den Haag aza no misy ireo andrim-panjakana pôlitika lehibe eo amin' ny sehatra nasionaly.&lt;ref&gt;last: Dutch Wikisource; title: ''Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden''; trans-title: ''Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands''; url: [http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Grondwet_voor_het_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden]; access-date: 3 July 2013; at: [http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Nederlandse_grondwet/Hoofdstuk_2#Artikel_32 Chapter 2, Article 32]; language: nl; quote: ... de hoofdstad Amsterdam ....&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1848 i Nederlandy dia fanjakana entin' mpanjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana, manana rafitra parlemantera sy firafitra tokana fa tsy federaly. Efa fomba nisy hatry ny ela tao amin' ilay firenena ny fizarazarana ny olom-pirenena ho vondrona araka ny fivavahany sy ny finoany ara-pôlitika. Efa ela koa no nisy tao ny fifandeferana eo amin' ny fiarahamonina: natao ara-dalàna ny fivarotan-tena, izany hoe fanaovana firaisana ara-nofo takalon-karama, sy ny eotanasia (na fampitsaharana ny ain' olona iray mba hampitsaharana ny fijaliany), ary mitana pôlitika manome fahalalahana kokoa momba ny zava-mahadomelina izy. Navelan' i Nederlandy hifidy ny vehivavy tamin' ny taona 1919, ary izy no firenena voalohany nanao ho ara-dalàna ny fanambadian' ny olona mitovy fananahana tamin' ny taona 2001.&lt;ref&gt;date: 1 April 2001; title: ''Same-Sex Marriage Legalized in Amsterdam''; url: [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0104/01/sm.10.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221411/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0104/01/sm.10.html]; archive-date: 3 March 2016; access-date: 11 March 2016; publisher: [[CNN]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Firenena mandroso]] i Nederlandy; ny toekareny mandroso, izay mifototra amin' ny tsena sady mampifangaro ny sehatra tsy miankina sy ny fanjakana, dia faha-18 lehibe indrindra eran-tany, ary ny fidiram-bola isam-batan' olona ao aminy no faha-11 ambony indrindra maneran-tany. Any Den Haag no misy ny foiben' ny antenimieram-pirenena, ny filankevitry ny minisitra ary ny Fitsarana Tampony.&lt;ref&gt;author: Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the UN; title: ''General Information''; url: [http://netherlandsmission.org/article.asp?articleref=AR00000154EN&amp;categoryvalue=netherlands&amp;subcategoryvalue=nlgeneralinfo]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005025411/http://netherlandsmission.org/article.asp?articleref=AR00000154EN&amp;categoryvalue=netherlands&amp;subcategoryvalue=nlgeneralinfo]; archive-date: 5 October 2013; access-date: 26 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no be fivezivezen' entana indrindra ao Eorôpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200402-2_2021-11-25&quot;&gt;date: 2 April 2020; title: ''Rotterdam: the largest freight port in the EU''; url: [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200402-2]; accessdate: 25 November 2021; publisher: European Commission.&lt;/ref&gt; I Schiphol no seranam-piaramanidina be fivezivezena indrindra ao Nederlandy ary fahaefatra ao Eorôpa. Mpikambana mpanorina ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]], ny [[Faritra euro|faritra mampiasa ny euro]], ny G10 (Vondron' ny Folo), ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra|NATO (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra)]], ny OECD (Fikambanana ho an' ny Fiaraha-miasa sy ny Fampandrosoana ara-toekarena) ary ny [[Fikambanana eran-Tany momba ny Varotra|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Varotra]] i Nederlandy. Anisan' ny [[Fifanarahana Schengen|Faritra Schengen]] sy ny Firaisana Benelux, izay ivondronan' ny firenena telo, koa izy. Misy fikambanana iraisan' ny governemanta sy fitsarana iraisam-pirenena ao aminy, ka maro amin' ireo no any Den Haag.&lt;ref&gt;last: van Krieken; first: Peter J.; url: [https://archive.org/details/haguelegalcapita0000unse]; title: ''The Hague: Legal Capital of the World''; author2: David McKay; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-6704-185-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiavian' ny anarana ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ireo anarana iantsoana ny Tany Iva.

=== Nederlandy sy ny Tany Iva ===
Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny [[Fiteny rômana|fiteny nipoitra avy amin' ny teny latina]], ny anarana midika hoe « Tany Iva » (''Low Countries'') no ampiasaina amin' ny fomba ôfisialy iantsoana an' i Nederlandy.
Mitovitovy ny anaran-toerana ao amin' ireo firenena mandrafitra ny faritra antsoina hoe Tany Iva, dia i Nederlandy, i [[Belzika]] ary i [[Loksemborga]].
Manerana an' i Eorôpa, any amin' ny toerana iva, dia ampiasaina ny anaran-toerana misy ny hoe ''Neder'', ''Nieder'', ''Nedre'', ''Nether'', ''Lage(r)'' na ''Low(er)'' amin' ny [[Sampam-piteny jermanika|fiteny iray fiaviana ao amin' ny vondrona jermanika]], ary ny hoe ''Bas'' na ''Inferior'' amin' ny [[Fiteny rômana|fiteny nipoitra avy amin' ny teny latina]].
Nanavaka ireo faritany rômana roa ny [[Empira Rômana|Rômana]]: i Germania Inferior, tany amin' ny faritra ambany manaraka ny fikorianan' ny rano, izay ampahany amin' i Belzika sy Nederlandy ankehitriny, ary i Germania Superior, tany amin' ny faritra ambony manakaiky ny loharano.
Araka izany, raha ny Tany Iva sy Nederlandy no resahina, dia somary any amin' ny faritra ambany manaraka ny fikorianan' ny rano sy akaikin' ny ranomasina no misy io faritra « ambany kokoa » (''lower'') io, raha oharina amin' ny faritra ambony, dia i Germania Superior.
Niverina indray ny fiantsoana hoe « iva » (''low'') tao amin' ny anaran' ny faritanin' i Lower Lorraine, izay notarihin' ny dioka tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 sady nahafaoka ampahany lehibe tamin' ny Tany Iva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franks (Columbia Encyclopedia)&quot;&gt;year: 2013; title: ''Franks''; encyclopedia: Columbia Encyclopedia; publisher: Columbia University Press; url: [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Franks.aspx]; access-date: 1 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 5 September 2013; title: ''Lotharingia / Lorraine (Lothringen)''; url: [http://nobhist.narod.ru/lorraine.html]; access-date: 1 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiasa ny teny frantsay hoe ''les pays de par deçà'', izay midika hoe « ireo tany etỳ », ireo diokan' i Bourgogne mba hiantsoana ny Tany Iva.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockmansPrevenier2010&quot;&gt;author1: Wim Blockmans; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Foy9GGgdcgC&amp;q=duke+pays+de+par+deçà&amp;pg=PA85]; title: ''The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530''; author2: Walter Prevenier; date: 3 August 2010; publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8122-0070-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 85–.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny fifehezan' ny Habsburg, dia niova ho ''pays d'embas'', izay midika hoe « ireo tany ambany etỳ », izany.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Elton; first1: Geoffrey Rudolph; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=59Pae06JSiUC&amp;q=The%20New%20Cambridge%20Modern%20History%3A%20Volume%202%2C%20The%20Reformation%2C%201520-1559&amp;pg=PA342]; title: ''The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520–1559''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 1990; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-34536-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nadika hoe ''Neder-landen'' izany tao amin' ny antontan-taratasy ôfisialy tamin' ny teny neerlandey tamin' izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lem&quot;&gt;last: Van der Lem; first: Anton; title: ''De Opstand in de Nederlanden 1555–1609;De landen van herwaarts over''; url: [http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/verhaal/Pages/verhaal01.aspx]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141427/http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/verhaal/Pages/verhaal01.aspx]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 11 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
Raha ny faritra voatondro kosa no jerena, dia nantsoina hoe ''Niderlant'' koa ny tany teo anelanelan' ny ony Meuse sy ny tapany ambany amin' ny ony [[Rhin|Rhine]], tamin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany.
Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-16, dia very tamin' ny anarana hoe « ''Low Countries'' » sy « ''Netherlands'' » ny heviny tany am-boalohany, izay fanondroana toerana miankina amin' ny toerana misy ny mpiteny, toy ny hoe « etỳ » na « ambany etỳ ».

=== Holland ===
Matetika no ampiasaina amin' ny fiteny andavanandro ny teny hoe ''[[Hôlandy|Holland]]'' mba hiantsoana ny firenena manontolo amin' ny anaran' ny ampahany aminy, ka hanondroana an' i Nederlandy amin' ny endriny ankehitriny, amin' ny fiteny maro,&lt;ref name=&quot;MoFA&quot;&gt;title: ''Holland or the Netherlands?''; url: [http://sweden.nlembassy.org/you-and-netherlands]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161027142541/http://sweden.nlembassy.org/you-and-netherlands]; archive-date: 27 October 2016; access-date: 15 December 2012; publisher: Dutch Embassy in Sweden.&lt;/ref&gt; anisan' izany ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Dale&quot;&gt;G. Geerts &amp; H. Heestermans, 1981, ''Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal. Deel I'', Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht, p 1105&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 11 May 2016; title: ''Nederland vs. Holland''; url: [https://www.holland.com/be_nl/toerisme/informatie/algemeen/nederland-vs-holland.htm]; access-date: 5 February 2023; website: holland.com; language: Dutch; quote: Wat is het verschil tussen Holland en Nederland? Nederland bestaat uit de 12 provincies, maar veel mensen gebruiken ook het woord Holland als ze het over Nederland hebben..&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny teny anglisy. Amin' ny fiteny sasany dia Holland no anarana ofisialy iantsoana an' i Nederlandy. Faritra ao anatin' i Nederlandy anefa i Holland, ary ahitana ireo faritany roa, dia i [[Noord-Holland|Holland Avaratra]] sy i [[Zuid-Holland|Holland Atsimo]]. Faritany iray ihany izy ireo taloha, ary talohan' izany dia ny faritany fehezin' ny kômta tao Holland, izay nahitana ampahany tamin' ny [[Utrecht (faritany)|faritanin' i Utrecht]] ankehitriny koa. Ny toerana lehibe nomena an' i Holland nandritra ny fiforonan' ny Repoblika nederlandey, ny Ady Valopolo Taona ary ireo ady anglisy-nederlandey tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 sy faha-18 no nahatonga ny anarana Holland hiantsoana ny firenena manontolo amin' ny anaran' ny ampahany aminy, fomba fiantsoana atao hoe ''pars pro toto''.&lt;ref&gt;date: 12 April 2008; title: ''Telegraph style book: places and peoples''; url: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/about-us/style-book/1435302/Telegraph-style-book-places-and-peoples.html]; access-date: 31 March 2014; work: The Daily Telegraph; location: London.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The BBC News Styleguide''; url: [http://www2.media.uoa.gr/lectures/linguistic_archives/academic_papers0506/notes/stylesheets_3.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227003642/http://www2.media.uoa.gr/lectures/linguistic_archives/academic_papers0506/notes/stylesheets_3.pdf]; archive-date: 27 February 2012; access-date: 31 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nederlandey maro no tsy manaiky ny iantsoana ilay firenena hoe ''Holland'' fa tsy hoe ''the Netherlands'', noho ny antony mitovitovy amin' izay mahatonga ny Valesa na ny Ekôsey maro tsy hanaiky ny iantsoana ny Fanjakana Mitambatra hoe Angletera.&lt;ref&gt;last: Oostendorp; first: Marc van; date: 1 June 2018; title: ''Nederland of Holland?''; url: [https://neerlandistiek.nl/2018/06/nederland-of-holland/]; access-date: 1 September 2023; website: Neerlandistiek; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt; Indrindra indrindra, ireo avy any amin' ny faritra ivelan' i Holland no mihevitra fa tsy mety na tsy mampiseho araka ny tokony ho izy ny firenena ny fampiasana ny anarana Holland hiantsoana azy manontolo,&lt;ref name=&quot;MoFA&quot;/&gt; satria roa monja amin' ireo faritany roa ambin' ny folo no ao amin' ny faritr' i Holland, ary monina ao ny 38% amin' ny olom-pirenena nederlandey. Tamin' ny taona 2019 dia ny anarana ''the Netherlands'', fa tsy ''Holland'', no tian' ny governemanta nederlandey hampiasaina amin' ny fomba ofisialy rehefa niresaka momba ilay firenena.&lt;ref&gt;date: 31 December 2019; title: ''Wennen aan The Netherlands, want Holland bestaat niet langer''; url: [https://nos.nl/artikel/2316869-wennen-aan-the-netherlands-want-holland-bestaat-niet-langer]; access-date: 1 September 2023; website: nos.nl; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: margoD; date: 3 September 2020; title: ''Wat is het verschil tussen Holland en Nederland?''; url: [https://wheninholland.com/weetjes/het-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230901205312/https://wheninholland.com/weetjes/het-verschil-tussen-holland-en-nederland/]; archive-date: 1 September 2023; access-date: 1 September 2023; website: When in Holland; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Romano; first: Andrea; date: 7 January 2020; title: ''The Netherlands Will No Longer Be Called Holland''; url: [https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/netherlands-holland-official-name-change]; access-date: 5 February 2022; website: Travel + Leisure; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny vahoaka flamanda no mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Holland'' na ''Hollanders'' hiantsoana ny Nederlandey ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: September 2021; title: ''Het Vlaams woordenboek » hollander''; url: [https://www.vlaamswoordenboek.be/definities/term/hollander]; access-date: 12 September 2023; website: vlaamswoordenboek.be.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Nederlandey monina atsimon' ireo renirano lehibe (ny renirano Rhine sy Meuse, izay mamorona fetra voajanahary eo amin' ny kolontsaina, ny fiaraha-monina ary ny fivavahana) kosa dia mampiasa ireo teny ireo amin' ny heviny manambany&lt;ref name=&quot;ensie-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nos-2017&quot; /&gt; mba hiantsoana ny Nederlandey any avaratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ensie-2023&quot;&gt;title: ''HOLLANDER – de betekenis volgens Encyclopedie van Noord Brabant''; url: [https://www.ensie.nl/encyclopedie-van-noord-brabant/hollander]; access-date: 12 September 2023; website: ensie.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny faritanin' i Limburg, any atsimo, dia ampiasaina hiantsoana ny Nederlandey avy any amin' ireo faritany 11 hafa ilay teny.&lt;ref name=&quot;nos-2017&quot;&gt;date: 25 October 2017; title: ''Limburger vindt 'Hollander' bedreigender dan buitenlander''; url: [https://nos.nl/artikel/2199675-limburger-vindt-hollander-bedreigender-dan-buitenlander]; access-date: 12 September 2023; website: nos.nl; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny teny anglisy ''Dutch'' ===
Amin' ny teny anglisy, ny hoe ''Dutch'' dia ampiasaina ho mpamaritra milaza ny fifandraisana amin' i Nederlandy, ary ho [[Anaran'ny mponina|anarana iantsoana ny olona avy amin' io firenena io]]. Ny fototr' io teny io dia ny hoe ''&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;þiudiskaz'' tamin' ny teny jermanika niandohana, izay midika hoe «an' ny vahoaka» na «momba ny vahoaka», ary nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny latina ho ''Theodiscus''. Ny hoe ''&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;þiudiskaz'' no niavian' ny hoe ''&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;thiudisc'' tamin' ny teny neerlandey tranainy sy ny hoe ''þeodisc'' tamin' ny teny anglisy tranainy, izay midika hoe «olon-tsotra [[Vahoaka jermanika|jermanika]]» na «momba ny olon-tsotra jermanika».&lt;ref&gt;last1: Mallory; first1: J.&amp;nbsp;P.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC]; title: ''The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World''; last2: Adams; first2: D.&amp;nbsp;Q.; author-link2: Douglas Q. Adams; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2006; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-929668-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: US; access-date: 6 April 2016; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831164332/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC]; archive-date: 31 August 2021; url-status: live., p. 269.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina tamin' ny teny anglisy ny hoe ''Dutch'' tamin' ny voalohany mba hilazana izay mpiteny fiteny jermanika andrefana rehetra. Nihateritery tsikelikely ny hevitr' ilay teny, ka nanjary nilazana ireo vahoaka miteny fiteny jermanika andrefana izay nifandray be indrindra tamin' ny Anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;M. Philippa e.a. (2003–2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands [Duits]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Lohahevitra antsipiriany: Tantaran' i Nederlandy.

=== Talohan' ny tantara voasoratra (talohan' ny taona 800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) ===
Lohahevitra antsipiriany: Ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny tantara voasoratra tao Nederlandy.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;170&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
5500vc ex leg.jpg|I Nederlandy tamin' ny taona 5500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.
BronzAgeElp.png|Kolontsaina arkeôlôjika tao Nederlandy tamin' ny vanim-potoana nampiasana ny firaka mifototra amin' ny varahina (''Bronze Age'').
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Tany akaikin' i [[Maastricht]] no nahitana ny soritra tranainy indrindra navelan' ny olombelona ([[Olon' i Neanderthal|Neanderthal]]) tao Nederlandy, izay heverina fa efa nisy 250 000 taona teo ho eo.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Roebroeks; first1: Wil; last2: Sier; first2: Mark J.; last3: Nielsen; first3: Trine Kellberg; last4: Loecker; first4: Dimitri De; last5: Parés; first5: Josep Maria; last6: Arps; first6: Charles E. S.; last7: Mücher; first7: Herman J.; date: 7 February 2012; title: ''Use of red ochre by early Neandertals''; journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; volume: 109; issue: 6; pages: 1889–1894; bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.1889R; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112261109; issn: 0027-8424; pmc: 3277516; pmid: 22308348; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny kolontsaina arkeôlôjika resahina eto dia fanasokajiana mifototra amin' ny toetra itovian' ny fitaovana sy ny sisa tavela avy amin' ny fiainan' ny olona fahiny. Tamin' ny fiafaran' ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry dia nihaza [[Karibo|serfa any amin' ny faritra avaratra (''reindeer'')]] tamin' ny lefona tao amin' ilay faritra ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina Hamburg (13 000–10 000 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy). Mpifindrafindra monina izy ireo ary niaina tamin' ny faramparan' ny Paleôlitika ambony, izany hoe ny fizarana farany amin' ny vanim-potoana tranainin' ny fampiasana fitaovam-bato. Nampiasa [[Tsipìka (fitaovana)|tsipìka sy zana-tsipìka]] kosa ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina Ahrensburg (11 200–9500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy), izay tatỳ aoriana. Tao Drenthe no nahitana ny lakana tranainy indrindra eran-tany, izay avy amin' ireo foko nitovitovy tamin' ny kolontsaina Maglemosian tamin' ny taona 8000 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo, nandritra ny Mesôlitika, na ny vanim-potoana anelanelan' ny Paleôlitika sy ny Neôlitika.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Van Zeist; first1: W.; year: 1957; title: ''De steentijd van Nederland''; journal: Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak; volume: 75; pages: 4–11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nifamatotra akaiky tamin' ny renirano sy ny velaran-drano malalaka ny fiainan' ireo mponina tompontany mpihaza sy mpanangona sakafo avy amin' ny kolontsaina Swifterbant (taona 5600 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo), tamin' ny faramparan' ny Mesôlitika. Ireo mpihaza sy mpanangona sakafo ireo dia nivelona tamin' ny fihazana biby sy ny fanangonana sakafo avy amin' ny zavaboary. Nifandray tamin' ny kolontsaina Ertebølle tany amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Skandinavia ny kolontsainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kooijmans1998&quot;&gt;Louwe Kooijmans, L.P., &quot;[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/1108/171_060.pdf?sequence=1 Trijntje van de Betuweroute, Jachtkampen uit de Steentijd te Hardinxveld-Giessendam]&quot;, 1998, ''Spiegel Historiael'' 33, pp. 423–428&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny taona 4800 sy 4500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy dia nanomboka naka tahaka ny fiompiana biby nataon' ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina ''Linear Pottery'' teo akaikiny ny vahoaka Swifterbant; teo anelanelan' ny taona 4300 sy 4000 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy kosa izy ireo no nanomboka nandray ny fambolena.&lt;ref&gt;Volkskrant 24 August 2007 &quot;[http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article455140.ece/Prehistorische_akker_gevonden_bij_Swifterbant Prehistoric agricultural field found in Swifterbant, 4300–4000 BC] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090919141403/http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article455140.ece/Prehistorische_akker_gevonden_bij_Swifterbant https://web.archive.org/web/20090919141403/http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article455140.ece/Prehistorische_akker_gevonden_bij_Swifterbant]; daty: 19 September 2009)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ny vahoakan' ny kolontsaina ''Funnelbeaker'' (4300–2800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) no nanangana ireo fasana goavambe naorina tamin' ny vato lehibe, izay hita ao Drenthe. Nisy fiovana haingana avy tamin' ny kolontsaina nivelona tamin' ny fambolena tao amin' ny ''Funnelbeaker'' ho amin' ny kolontsaina ''Corded Ware'', izay nivelona tamin' ny fiompiana biby teny amin' ny kijana ary niely nanerana an' i Eorôpa (taona 2950 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo). Tany atsimo-andrefana dia naharitra hatramin' ny fotoana efa nandrosoan' ny [[Neôlitika|Neôlitika, na vanim-potoana vaovao amin' ny fampiasana fitaovam-bato]], ny kolontsaina Seine–Oise–Marne, izay nifandray tamin' ny kolontsaina Vlaardingen (taona 2600 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy teo ho eo). Nosoloan' ny kolontsaina ''Corded Ware'' koa izy io tamin' ny farany.

Ny kolontsaina ''Bell Beaker'' (2700–2100 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy),&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Background to beakers: inquiries in regional cultural backgrounds to the Bell Beaker complex''; date: 2012; publisher: Sidestone; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-8890-084-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Fokkens; editor-first: Harry; location: Leiden; page: 131; editor-last2: Nicolis; editor-first2: Franco.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nifandimby tamin' ireo, no nampiditra ny fanefena varahina sy volamena ary, tatỳ aoriana, ny firaka mifototra amin' ny varahina (''bronze''). Nanokatra lalam-barotra iraisam-pirenena vaovao koa izy io, araka izay hita taratra amin' ireo zavatra vita tamin' ny varahina. Ny nahitana zavatra tsy fahita firy vita tamin' izany firaka izany dia toa manondro fa foibem-barotra i Drenthe nandritra ny vanim-potoana nampiasana ny firaka varahina (2000–800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy). Tao an-toerana dia nivoatra ho kolontsaina ''Barbed-Wire Beaker'' (2100–1800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) ny kolontsaina ''Bell Beaker'', ary tatỳ aoriana dia lasa kolontsaina Elp (1800–800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy).&lt;ref&gt;last1: Fokkens; first1: Harry; title: ''The Periodisation of the Dutch Bronze Age: a Critical Review''; url: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19822/Fokkens_2001_The%20periodisation%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Bronze%20Age%20a%20critical%20review[1]_Redacted.pdf?sequence=1; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141442/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19822/Fokkens_2001_The%20periodisation%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Bronze%20Age%20a%20critical%20review%5b1%5d_Redacted.pdf?sequence=1]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 7 July 2017; website: Open Access Leiden University; publisher: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden.&lt;/ref&gt; Kolontsaina tamin' ny tapany afovoan' izany vanim-potoana izany izy io, ary niavaka tamin' ny vilany sy zavatra hafa vita tamin' ny tanimanga nodorana. Ny kolontsaina Hilversum (1800–800 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy), izay nifandray taminy, kosa no nanjaka tany amin' ny faritra atsimo.

=== Ny Selta, ny foko jermanika ary ny Rômana (800 tal. J.K.–410 taor. J.K.) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy tany Eorôpa, [[Selta (vahoaka)|Selta]], [[Vahoaka jermanika|vahoaka jermanika]] ary Nederlandy tamin' ny vanim-potoana rômana.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 800 tal. J.K. dia nitombo ny herin' ny kolontsaina Hallstatt selta, izay anisan' ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy. Nitondra fanambinana ihany ny akora misy vy, izay hita nanerana ny tany. Nitety ny tanàna samihafa ny mpanefy, nitondra halimo sy vy ary nanamboatra fitaovana araka izay nangatahana taminy. Hita tao anaty dongon-tany fasana ny Fasan' ny Mpanjaka ao Oss (700 tal. J.K.); io dongon-tany io no lehibe indrindra amin' ny karazany any Eorôpa Andrefana.

Ny fihasimban' ny toetrandro tany Skandinavia, nanomboka tamin' ireo taona 850 tal. J.K. sy 650 tal. J.K., dia mety ho nanosika ny fifindra-monin' ny foko [[Vahoaka jermanika|jermanika]] avy any avaratra. Rehefa tapitra izany fifindra-monina izany, manodidina ny taona 250 tal. J.K., dia efa nipoitra ny vondrona lehibe vitsivitsy niavaka ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny.&lt;ref&gt;''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th edition, 22:641–642&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;&gt;de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger, ''Het verhaal van een taal'', Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27&lt;/ref&gt; Nonina tany amin' ny tapany avaratry ny Tany Iva ny Ingaevones, izay anisan' ny vondrona jermanika amin' ny faritry ny Ranomasina Avaratra. Avy tamin' izy ireo no nipoiran' ny Frisii sy ny [[Saksôna (vahoaka)|Saksôna]] voalohany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot; /&gt; Niely teny amin' ny tapany afovoany amin' i Rhin sy ny ony [[Weser]] kosa ny vondrona jermanika Weser–Rhine (na Istvaeones), ary nonina tany amin' ny Tany Iva atsimon' ireo ony lehibe. Avy tamin' ireo foko ireo no nipoiran' ny Franka saliana tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot; /&gt; Niely tamin' ny faritra midadasika ny kolontsaina La Tène [[Selta (vahoaka)|selta]] (nanomboka manodidina ny taona 450 tal. J.K. ka hatramin' ny fandresen' ny Rômana), ka anisan' izany ny faritra atsimon' ny Tany Iva. Misy manam-pahaizana mihevitra fa mety ho mbola nisy tao Nederlandy hatramin' ny vanim-potoana rômana aza ny vondrom-poko fahatelo nanana ny maha izy azy sy ny fiteniny manokana, izay sady tsy jermanika no tsy selta: ny kolontsaina Nordwestblock.&lt;ref&gt;Hachmann, Rolf, Georg Kossack and Hans Kuhn, ''Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten'', 1986, pp. 183–212&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendering&quot;&gt;Lendering, Jona, [https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm &quot;Germania Inferior&quot;] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161027034706/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20161027034706/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm]; daty: 27 October 2016), Livius.org. Retrieved 6 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Germania 70.svg|thumb|Ny sisin-tany nanaraka an' i Rhin, manodidina ny taona 70 taor. J.K.]]
Ilay mpahay jeografia Pytheas no mpanoratra voalohany nilazalaza ny morontsirak' i Holland sy Flanders. Nanoratra izy, manodidina ny taona 325 tal. J.K., fa tao amin' ireo faritra ireo, araka ny dikan-teny malagasy, dia « betsaka kokoa ny olona maty tamin' ny ady tamin' ny rano noho ny tamin' ny ady tamin' ny olombelona ».&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lendering; first1: Jona; title: ''The Edges of the Earth (3) – Livius''; url: [https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/the-edges-of-the-earth-1/the-edges-of-the-earth-3/]; access-date: 28 February 2019; website: livius.org.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny Ady tany Galia dia resin' ny [[Empira Rômana|tafika rômana]] notarihin' i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]] ny faritra atsimo sy andrefan' i Rhin, teo anelanelan' ny taona 57 tal. J.K. sy 53 tal. J.K.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendering&quot;/&gt; Nilazalaza foko selta roa lehibe nonina tao amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy ankehitriny i Caesar: ny Menapii sy ny Eburones. Teo ambany fitondran' i [[Aogosto|Augustus]] dia resin' ny Empira Rômana ny tany manontolo mandrafitra an' i Nederlandy ankehitriny, ary nampidiriny tao amin' ny faritanin' i Germania Antiqua tamin' ny taona 7 tal. J.K. Voatosika hiverina ho any an-dafin' i Rhin anefa ny Rômana taorian' ny Ady tao amin' ny Alan' i Teutoburg tamin' ny taona 9 taor. J.K.; manodidina ny taona 12 taor. J.K. dia nanjary sisin-tany avaratra naharitra ho an' i Rôma i Rhin. Nisy tanàna lehibe nipoitra tao [[Nijmegen]] sy Voorburg, teny amin' ny sisin-tany rômana nantsoina hoe Limes Germanicus. Ny faritra atsimon' ny Limes, izay anisan' i Gallia Belgica tany am-piandohana, dia lasa ampahan' i Germania Inferior. Ny faritra avaratr' i Rhin, izay nonenan' ny Frisii, dia nijanona ho ivelan' ny fifehezan' ny Rômana; ny foko jermanika Batavi sy Cananefates, izay nonina teny amin' ny sisin-tany, kosa dia nanompo tao amin' ny tafika rômana mpitaingin-tsoavaly.&lt;ref&gt;Roymans, Nico, ''Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire'', Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005, pp 226–227&lt;/ref&gt; Nikomy ny Batavi tamin' ny taona 69, saingy resy. Nitambatra tamin' ny foko hafa ny Batavi tatỳ aoriana ka nandrafitra ny fikambanan' ny Franka saliana, izay nipoitra ho vondrona nanana ny maha izy azy tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Previté-Orton&quot;&gt;Previté-Orton, Charles, ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. I, pp. 51–52, 151&lt;/ref&gt; Sady miseho ho mpiara-dia no miseho ho fahavalo ao amin' ny soratra rômana ny Franka saliana. Noteren' ny fikambanan' ny Saksôna avy any atsinanana izy ireo tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 mba hiampita an' i Rhin ka hiditra tao amin' ny faritanin' ny Rômana. Avy tamin' ny toby niorenany tany Flanders Andrefana sy ny faritra atsimoandrefan' i Nederlandy no nanaovany fanafihana fandrobana teny amin' ny andilan-dranomasin' i La Manche. Nampitsahatra ny fanoherana tamin' ny alalan' ny hery ara-tafika tao amin' ilay faritra ny tafika rômana, saingy tsy nandroaka ny Franka. Mbola natahorana izy ireo, farafahakeliny hatramin' ny andron' i [[Joliano (emperora)|Julian ilay Mpivadi-pinoana]] (358), rehefa navela hanorim-ponenana tao Texandria ny Franka saliana, ho mpiara-dia nanana fifanarahana sy adidy ara-tafika tamin' ny Rômana (''foederati'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Previté-Orton&quot;/&gt;

=== Vanim-potoana voalohany tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany (411–1000) ===
[[File:Frisia 716-la.svg|thumb|upright|Ny [[Franka (vahoaka)|Franka]], ny Frizianina (''Frisians'') ary ny [[Saksôna (vahoaka)|Saksôna]], manodidina ny taona 716 taor. J.K.]]
Taorian' ny firodanan' ny fitondrana rômana tao amin' ilay faritra, manodidina ny taona 406,&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000b&quot;&gt;last: Rietbergen; first: P. J. A. N.; title: ''A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day''; publisher: Bekking; year: 2000; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-6109-440-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 4th; location: Amersfoort; pages: 158; oclc: 52849131.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nanitatra ny taniny ho fanjakana maro ny Franka. Tamin' ireo taona 490 dia efa resin' i [[Clovis I]] sy nampiraisiny ho fanjakan' ny Franka tokana ireo tany rehetra ireo tao amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy, ary avy teo no nanohizany ny fandreseny tany [[Galia]]. Nandritra izany fanitarana izany dia nandray tsikelikely ny fiteny latina fampiasan' ny mponina teo an-toerana andavanandro ny Franka nifindra nianatsimo, tany amin' ny faritanin' i Frantsa ankehitriny sy ny tapany valôna amin' i Belzika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;/&gt; Nitombo ny elanelana ara-kolontsaina teo amin' izy ireo sy ny Franka nijanona tany amin' ny tanindrazany tany avaratra, izany hoe ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy sy Flanders. Ireto farany dia mbola niteny ny fitenin' ny Franka taloha, izay efa niova ho ''Old Low Franconian'', na fiteny neerlandey taloha, tamin' ny taonjato faha-9.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;/&gt; Niforona araka izany ny sisin-tany nanasaraka ny faritra nitenenana neerlandey sy ny faritra nitenenana frantsay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verhaal&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Blom; first: J. C. H.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=j10lCgAAQBAJ]; title: ''History of the Low Countries''; date: 30 June 2006; publisher: Berghahn Books; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84545-272-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 6–18; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Franks expansion.gif|thumb|left|Ny fanitaran' ny Franka ny taniny (481 hatramin' ny 870 taor. J.K.).]]
Tany avaratry ny Franka dia nihatsara ny toetry ny toetrandro, ary nandritra ny [[Fananiham-bohitra barbariana|vanim-potoan' ny fifindra-monin' ny vahoaka]] dia nanorim-ponenana teny amorontsiraka ny Angles, ny Jutes ary ny Frisii.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity&quot;&gt;last: Bazelmans; first: Jos; title: ''Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition''; publisher: Amsterdam University; year: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-8964-078-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor1-last: Derks; editor1-first: Ton; location: Amsterdam; publication-date: 2009; pages: 321–337; chapter: ''The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians''; access-date: 3 June 2017; editor2-last: Roymans; editor2-first: Nico; chapter-url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fM_cmuhmSbIC&amp;pg=PA321]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194912/http://s393993344.online.de/ssoar/handle/document/27183]; archive-date: 30 August 2017; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro tamin' izy ireo no nanohy ny diany nankany Angletera ka nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe [[Anglô-Saksôna (vahoaka)|Anglô-Saksôna]], fa izay nijanona kosa dia nantsoina hoe Frizianina, ary ny fiteniny dia nantsoina hoe [[Fiteny frisiana|fitenin' ny Frizianina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity&quot;/&gt; Nitenenana izany fiteny izany ny morontsiraka atsimon' ny [[Ranomasina Avaratra]] manontolo. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 dia nipoitra ny Fanjakan' ny Frizianina (650–734), teo ambany fitondran' ny Mpanjaka Aldegisel sy ny Mpanjaka Redbad, ary i Traiectum (Utrecht) no foiben' ny fahefany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/ijzertijd/eeuw1ac/frisii.html Frisii en Frisiaevones, 25–08–02 (Dutch)] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003101550/http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/ijzertijd/eeuw1ac/frisii.html https://web.archive.org/web/20111003101550/http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/ijzertijd/eeuw1ac/frisii.html]; daty: 3 October 2011), Bertsgeschiedenissite.nl. Retrieved 6 October 2011&lt;/ref&gt; I Dorestad kosa dia toeram-barotra niroborobo.&lt;ref&gt;Willemsen, A. (2009), ''Dorestad. Een wereldstad in de middeleeuwen'', Walburg Pers, Zutphen, pp. 23–27, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5730-627-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlas&quot;&gt;last: MacKay; first: Angus; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=q50IyzCMQxgC&amp;q=dorestad&amp;pg=PA57]; title: ''Atlas of Medieval Europe''; author2: David Ditchburn; publisher: Routledge; year: 1997; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-01923-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 57.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny taona 600 sy 719 dia nifandrombaka mafy ny tanàna nanan-danja ara-paikady sy ny foibem-barotra tao amin' ny vinanin' i Rhine ny Fanjakan' ny Frizianina sy ny Empiran' ny Franka izay mbola nanitatra ny taniny. Tamin' ny taona 734, tao amin' ny Ady tao Boarn, dia resy ny Frizianina taorian' ny ady nifanesy tamin' ny Franka. Nahazo fankatoavana avy amin' ny Franka ilay misiônera anglô-saksôna Willibrord, ka nampiditra ny Frizianina ho amin' ny kristianisma sy nanorina ny arsidiôsezin' i Utrecht. Novonoin' ny Frizianina tamin' ny taona 754 anefa i Boniface, izay nandimby azy.

Nifehy ny ampahany lehibe tamin' i Eorôpa Andrefana ny Empira Karôlinjianina an' ny Franka. Tamin' ny taona 843 dia nozaraina telo izy io: Francia Atsinanana, Francia Afovoany ary Francia Andrefana. Lasa anisan' i Francia Afovoany ny ankamaroan' ny faritra misy an' i Nederlandy ankehitriny. Fanjakana malemy izy io, ka niharan' ny fizarazarana maro sy ny fikasan' ireo mpifanolo-bodirindrina aminy matanjaka kokoa haka ny taniny. Nahafaoka tany hatrany Frisia tany avaratra ka hatrany amin' ny Fanjakan' i Italia tany atsimo izy io. Manodidina ny taona 850 dia neken' i [[Lothair I]] tao Francia Afovoany ho mpitondra ny ankamaroan' i Frisia ilay Viking Rorik avy any Dorestad. Rehefa nozaraina i Francia Afovoany tamin' ny taona 855 dia lasan' i Lothair II ny tany tany avaratry ny [[Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa|Alpes]], ary nantsoina hoe Lotharingia izany tatỳ aoriana. Rehefa maty izy tamin' ny taona 869 dia nozaraina ho Lotharingia Ambony sy Lotharingia Ambany i Lotharingia. Ity farany dia nahafaoka ny faritra Tany Iva, izay lasa anisan' i Francia Atsinanana tamin' ny taona 870. Manodidina ny taona 879 dia nandroba ny tanin' ny Frizianina indray ny andiana Viking nanao dia fanafihana notarihin' i Godfrid, diokan' i Frisia. Raha nisy ny fanoherana ny Viking dia avy tamin' ny andriana teo an-toerana izany, ka nitombo lanja izy ireo vokatr' izany. Izany no nametraka ny fototry ny fivakisan' i Lotharingia Ambany ho fanjakana nanana fahaleovan-tena tamin' ny ampahany. Anisan' ireo andriana teo an-toerana ireo i Gerolf avy any Holland, izay nandray ny fahefana ho tompo tao Frisia, ary nifarana ny fitondran' ny Viking.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Lindisfarne raid I Facts, Summary, &amp; Significance''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/event/Lindisfarne-Raid]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 1 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vanim-potoana afovoan' ny Andro Antenatenany (1000–1384) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny foiben-tanàn-dehibe tao amin' ny Tany Iva.

[[File:Graftombe Ridder Arnold van der Sluijs.jpg|thumb|Fasana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany an' i Arnold van der Sluijs, mpiady ambony mitaingin-tsoavaly avy any Brabant]]

Nifehy ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny Tany Iva ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira Rômana Masina]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 sy faha-11, saingy tsy nahavita nitazona ny firaisana ara-politika. Novan' ireo andriana teo an-toerana nanana fahefana lehibe ho fanjakana azy manokana ny tanànany sy ny faritany notapahin' ny kônta ary ny faritany notapahin' ny dioka. Zara raha nahatsiaro ho nanana adidy tamin' ny emperora ireo fanjakana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Louis II &amp;#124; king of the East Franks''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-II-king-of-the-East-Franks]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Saika niady tsy an-kijanona i Holland, i Hainaut, i Flanders, i Gelre, i Brabant ary i Utrecht; na kosa, mifanohitra amin' izany, nanjary fanjakana samy hafa niara-nanana mpitondra iray izy ireo. Rehefa niitatra avy any Flanders sy Brabant ny fiorenan' ny Franka dia nanjary nampiasa ny fitenin' ny Franka tany amin' ny faritra iva tamin' ny andro taloha (''Old Low Franconian'', na fiteny neerlandey taloha) ilay faritra.

Nanomboka nihatsara ny toe-pambolena tamin' ny taonjato faha-11, ka nitarika ny fitomboan' ny mponina sy ny fanajariana tany tsy mbola nampiasaina nataon' ny tantsaha ary ny fitomboana tsy tapaka teo amin' ny varotra sy ny taozavatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000b&quot; /&gt; Nitombo ny tanàna nanodidina ny monasitera (toeram-ponenan' ny moanina) sy ny lapa mimanda, ary nanomboka niforona tao amin' ireny tanàna ireny ny saranga antonony nivelona tamin' ny varotra, indrindra tany Flanders sy Brabant. Nanomboka nividy zo manokana ho azy tamin' ny mpitondra fara tampony ny tanàna nanan-karena.

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 dia nanomboka nanala rano tamin' ny tany honahona tsy nisy mponina tany amin' ny faritra andrefan' i Nederlandy sy namboly izany ny tantsaha avy any Flanders sy Utrecht. Izany no nahafahan' ny faritanin' i Holland notapahin' ny kônta nisongadina ho foiben' ny fahefana. Niadiana nandritra ny Adin' ny Hook sy ny Cod, teo anelanelan' ny taona 1350 sy 1490, ny anaram-boninahitra hoe kôntan' i Holland. Ireo tanàna nirona kokoa tamin' ny fanovana no namorona ny vondrona Cod, fa ireo andriana nifikitra tamin' ny rafitra efa nisy kosa no namorona ny vondrona Hook. Nanasa an' i Philip the Good, diokan' i Bourgogne, mba handresy sy haka an' i Holland ireo andriana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2024; title: ''Hook and Cod wars''; url: [https://vanosnabrugge.org/hook-cod.htm]; access-date: 30 October 2025; website: van Osnabrugge Genealogy; quote: The Hook and Cod wars ... were fought over the title of count of Holland, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod fraction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland. The Hook fraction consisted for a large part of the conservative noblemen. [...] The result of these battles and especially of her defeat at the Battle of Brouwershaven, was that Jacqueline was allowed to retain the titles of countess of Hainaut and Holland, but that Philip would rule the county..&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Bourgogne, ny Habsburg ary ny Habsburg espaniôla (1384–1581) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Bourgogne, Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Habsburg ary Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' i Espaina.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; caption=&quot;Nederlandy teo ambany fahefan' ny Habsburg&quot;&gt;
File:Carlos V en Mühlberg, by Titian, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|''[[Carlos V, emperora rômana masina|Charles V]], tompon' i Nederlandy, tamin' ny Ady tao Mühlberg'' (1547), nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]]
File:Political map of the Low Countries (1350)-NL.svg|Ny Tany Iva tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-14
File:William I, Prince of Orange by Adriaen Thomasz. Key Rijksmuseum Amsterdam SK-A-3148.jpg|[[William the Silent|William I, andrianan' i Orange]], mpitarika ny Fikomiana Neerlandey, nataon' i Adriaen Thomasz. Key
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 1433, i Philip the Good dia nampiray teo ambany mpitondra iray ny ankamaroan' ireo tany nomena andriana hotapahiny tao amin' ilay faritra, izay niankina tamin' ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira Rômana Masina]] na tamin' i Frantsa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Fanjakana samy hafa niara-nanana mpitondra iray no rafitra nampiray azy ireo. Nifehy ny Tany Iva nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1384 ka hatramin' ny 1581 ny taranak' i Valois-Bourgogne sy ny [[Habsburg]] nandova azy ireo. Niaro ny tombontsoan' ny varotra neerlandey ireo mpitondra. Nandresy imbetsaka ny andian-tsambon' ny [[Ligy Hanseatika]] ny andian-tsambon' ny faritanin' i Holland notapahin' ny kônta. Nitombo i [[Amsterdam]], ary tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 dia nanjary seranan-tsambo lehibe indrindra tany Eorôpa ho an' ny varotra voamadinika avy tany amin' ny [[Faritra Baltika|faritra Baltika]]. Nizara voamadinika tany amin' ireo tanàn-dehibe tao Belzika, tany avaratr' i Frantsa ary tany Angletera i Amsterdam. Tena nilaina io varotra io satria tsy nahavita namokatra voamadinika ampy hamelomana ny tenany intsony i Holland. Noho ny fanalana rano tamin' ny tany dia nihena ny hatevin' ny [[Fompotra|sosona sisan-javamaniry tsy lo tanteraka]] tao amin' ireo tany mando sy honahona taloha, ka nidina ambany loatra ny haavony ary tsy azo notohizina intsony ny fanalana rano.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Low Countries &amp;#124; Facts, Map, &amp; History''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Low-Countries]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 31 May 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo ambany fitondran' i [[Carlos V, emperora rômana masina|Charles V]], avy amin' ny Habsburg, dia natambatra ho Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo ireo tany rehetra nomena andriana hotapahiny tao amin' ilay faritra. Tafiditra tao ny ankamaroan' i Belzika sy i Loksemborga ankehitriny, ary koa ny ampahany amin' i Frantsa sy i Alemaina. Tamin' ny taona 1568, teo ambany fitondran' i [[Philip II an'i Espaina|Philip II]], dia nanomboka ny Ady Valopolo Taona teo amin' ny Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo sy ilay mpitondra azy ireo avy tamin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla]]. Hita taratra ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny mpanoratra tantara iray neerlandey ny habibiana nasehon' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Toy izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:&lt;ref&gt;last: Motley; first: John; url: [https://archive.org/details/risedutchrepubl01motlgoog]; title: ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, Volume 2''; year: 1859; pages: [https://archive.org/details/risedutchrepubl01motlgoog/page/n33 25].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Imbetsaka no nahitana lehilahy nanantona ny rahalahiny ihany, izay azo babo tao amin' ny laharan' ny fahavalo... Tsy noheveriny ho olombelona intsony ny Espaniôla. Indray mandeha, tao Veer, dia nodidian' ny mpandidy iray ka nesoriny ny fon' ny babo espaniôla iray, nofantsihany teo amin' ny lohan-tsambo, ary nasainy nanatona sy nanaikitra izany ny mponina tao an-tanàna; maro no nanao izany tamim-pifaliana feno habibiana.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Niezaka nanafoana ny hetsika prôtestanta tao Nederlandy ny diokan' i Alba. Ny « Filankevitry ny Ra » teo ambany fahefany sy ny miaramila espaniôla dia « nandoro, nanakenda, nanapaka loha na nandevina velona » ny Nederlandey, raha adika ny teny ampiasaina ao amin' ny fitantarana. Naranty teny amoron-dalana ny faty mba hampihorohoroana ny mponina ka hanerena azy ireo hanaiky ny fahefana. Nirehareha i Alba fa nahafaty olona 18 600 tamin' ny fanamelohana ho faty;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count''; url: [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Ne1566]; website: necrometrics.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Clodfelter; first1: Micheal; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ]; title: ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.''; date: 9 May 2017; publisher: McFarland; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 16; language: en; access-date: 11 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; tsy tafiditra ao amin' io isa io ireo maty noho ny ady sy ny mosary.&lt;ref&gt;last: Sharp Hume; first: Martin Andrew; title: ''The Spanish People: Their Origin, Growth and Influence''; date: 1901; page: 372.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fahirano lehibe voalohany dia ny ezaka nataon' i Alba haka an' i Haarlem, mba hampisaraka an' i Holland ho antsasany roa. Naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny Desambra 1572 ka hatramin' ny fahavaratra nanaraka izany fahirano izany. Nilefitra ihany ny mponin' i Haarlem tamin' ny 13 Jolay, rehefa nampanantenaina fa tsy horobaina ny tanàna. Tsy vitan' i Don Fadrique anefa ny nitana izany fepetra izany, satria nikomy ny miaramilany, izay tezitra noho ny karama tsy voaloa sy ny toe-piainana nampahory nandritra ny fanafihana.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Arnade; first1: Peter J.; title: ''Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt''; page: 237.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 4 Novambra 1576, ny vondron-tafika espaniôla nantsoina hoe ''tercio'' dia naka an' i [[Antwerpen|Antwerp]] ka nandroba azy tamin' ny fomba ratsy indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Nederlandy. Nanohitra ny mponina saingy resy; olona 7 000 no maty ary trano 1 000 no nodorana.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Durant; first1: Will; title: ''The Age of Reason Begins: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Shakespeare, Bacon, Montaigne, Rembrandt, Galileo, and Descartes: 1558–1648''; last2: Durant; first2: Ariel; page: 451.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philip II of Spain berating William the Silent Prince of Orange by Cornelis Kruseman.jpg|thumb|[[Philip II an'i Espaina|Philip II, mpanjakan' i Espaina]], nanome tsiny an' i William of Orange tao Vlissingen, tamin' ny fotoana nialany tao Nederlandy tamin' ny taona 1559.]]
Nanaiky hiaraka tamin' i Utrecht sy [[William the Silent]] ny solontenan' i Brabant katôlika sy ny an' i Holland sy Zeeland prôtestanta, mba handroaka ny tafika espaniôla sy hanangana governemanta vaovao ho an' i Nederlandy. Voatery nanaiky izany tamin' ny voalohany i Don Juan of Austria, governora nisolo tena an' i Espaina, saingy niverina niady indray volana vitsivitsy tatỳ aoriana. Nitady fanampiana tamin' i [[Elizabeth I an'i Angletera|Elizabeth I]], mpanjakavavy prôtestantan' i Angletera, ny Nederlandey, saingy nitana ny fanekena nataony tamin' ny Espaniôla tao amin' ny Fifanarahana tao Bristol tamin' ny taona 1573 izy tamin' ny voalohany. Rehefa nitranga tao Gembloux ny ady lehibe nanaraka, tamin' ny taona 1578, dia nandresy mora foana ny tafika espaniôla.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Gillespie; first1: Alexander; title: ''The Causes of War: Volume III: 1400 CE to 1650 CE''; date: 2017; publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing; page: 131.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny faharesena tao Gembloux, dia nihataka tamin' ireo mpikomy tany avaratra ireo fanjakana tany atsimo tao amin' ny Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo, tamin' ny alalan' ny Firaisan' i Arras tamin' ny taona 1579. Ho fanoherana izany, ireo faritany tao amin' ny antsasany avaratra tamin' ny Faritany Fito Ambin' ny Folo dia nanorina ny Firaisan' i Utrecht, izay nanekeny hifanohana amin' ny ady atao amin' ny Espaniôla.&lt;ref&gt;Motley, John Lothrop (1855). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&amp;pg=PA411 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III, Harper Bros.: New York, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt; Heverina ho fototra niorenan' i Nederlandy maoderina ny Firaisan' i Utrecht.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Union of Utrecht &amp;#124; European history''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Union-of-Utrecht]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Norobain' ny tafika espaniôla i Maastricht tamin' ny taona 1579, ka sivily maherin' ny 10 000 no novonoiny.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Nolan; first1: Cathal J.; title: ''The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 1''; date: 2006; publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group; page: 247.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 1581, ireo faritany tany avaratra dia nandany ny Lalàna fandavana ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka, fanambarana fahaleovan-tena izay nanesorany tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy an' i Philip II tsy ho mpitondra azy ireo intsony.&lt;ref&gt;Motley, John Lothrop (1855). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&amp;pg=PA508 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III, Harper Bros.: New York, p. 508.&lt;/ref&gt; Afaka nampiasa ny loharanon-kery tao amin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla]] i Philip mba hiadiana tamin' ireo mpikomy. Niombom-po tamin' ny tolona neerlandey i Elizabeth I, ka nandefa tafika nisy miaramila 7 600 hanampy azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Willson, David Harris (1972). ''History of England'', Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston: New York, p. 294.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifanandrina tamin' ny tafika espaniôla teo ambany fitarihan' ny diokan' i Parma tao Nederlandy ny tafika anglisy, tamin' ny alalan' ny fifandonana maromaro izay tsy nitondra vokatra nanapa-kevitra tamin' ny ankamaroany. Namatotra miaramila espaniôla maro tao amin' ireo ady ireo izany, ka nanome fotoana ny Nederlandey handamina indray ny fiarovany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1''; date: 2002; publisher: ABC-CLIO; page: 45.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitohy hatramin' ny taona 1648 ny ady, ka tamin' izay i Espaina, teo ambany fitondran' ny mpanjaka [[Philipp IV (Espaina)|Philip IV]], no nanaiky ny fahaleovan-tenan' ireo faritany fito tany avaratra-andrefana tao amin' ny Fandriampahalemana tao Münster.&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000b&quot; /&gt; Nanjary zanatany, raha ny zava-misy, ny ampahany tamin' ireo faritany tany atsimo, teo ambany fahefan' ilay empira vaovao izay nanana fitondrana repoblikana sady nifototra tamin' ny varotra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of Spain''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Spain]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Repoblika neerlandey (1581–1795) ===
Jereo koa: Fivoaran' ny empira mpanjanaka neerlandey.

[[File:Hendrick Avercamp - Winterlandschap met schaatsers bij de stad Kampen.jpg|thumb|left|''Winter landscape with skaters near the city of Kampen'' (Tontolo amin' ny ririnina misy olona mikorisa amin' ny ranomandry eo akaikin' ny tanànan' i Kampen), nataon' i Hendrick Avercamp tamin' ny taompolo 1620.]]
Taorian' ny fanambarana ny fahaleovan-tena, dia nikambana tao anatin' ny fiombonam-paritany iray i Holland, i Zeeland, i Groningen, i Friesland, i Utrecht, i Overijssel ary i Gelderland. Nanana fahaleovan-tena lehibe teo amin' ny fitantanana ny raharahany ireo faritany rehetra ireo, izay diokà, faritany teo ambany fahefan' ny tompo na kôntà. Samy nanana ny rafitra nitantana azy manokana izy ireo, nantsoina hoe ''States-Provincial'' (antenimieran' ny faritany). Ny governemantan' ilay fiombonam-paritany, izay nantsoina hoe ''States General'' (antenimiera iombonana), dia nanana ny foibeny tao Den Haag ary nahitana solontena avy amin' ny tsirairay tamin' ireo faritany fito. Anisan' ny repoblika ihany koa i Drenthe, faritra vitsy mponina, na dia tsy noheverina ho faritany misaraka aza. Ankoatra izany, nandritra ny Ady Valopolo Taona, dia nobodoin' ny repoblika ny tany teo ambany fitantanan' ny antenimiera iombonana tany Flanders, Brabant ary Limburg. Katôlika rômanina ny ankamaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ireo faritra ireo, ary tsy nanana rafitra fitondrana manokana ho azy izy ireo. Natao ho faritra mpanelanelana teo amin' ny repoblika sy i Nederlandy Atsimo, izay teo ambany fahefan' i Espaina, ireo tany ireo.&lt;ref&gt;last: Prak; first: Maarten; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=XjTSBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA66]; title: ''The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age''; date: 22 September 2005; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-316-34248-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: en. p. 66&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Johannes Lingelbach 001.jpg|thumb|Ny kianja Dam ao [[Amsterdam]] tamin' ny 1656, nataon' i Johannes Lingelbach.]]
Nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamena neerlandey tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, dia nitombo ny herin' ny Repoblika neerlandey ka nanjary anisan' ireo firenena natanjaka indrindra teo amin' ny fitetezana an-dranomasina sy ny toekarena izy. Anisan' ireo nahazo fankasitrahana lehibe indrindra eran-tany ny siansa sy ny tafika ary ny zavakanto neerlandey, indrindra fa ny hosodoko. Tamin' ny 1650, dia nanana sambo mpitatitra entam-barotra miisa 16 000 ny Neerlandey.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Middle Colonies: New York''; url: [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114182245/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682]; archive-date: 14 January 2012; access-date: 14 January 2012. Digital History.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanangana zanatany sy toeram-barotra nanerana izao tontolo izao ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Atsinanana sy ny Kompania Neerlandey ho an' i India Andrefana. Nanomboka tamin' ny fanorenana an' i New Amsterdam tamin' ny 1624 ny fiorenan' ny Neerlandey tany Amerika Avaratra. Tany Afrika Atsimo, dia nanorim-ponenana tao amin' ny Zanatanin' i Cape izy ireo tamin' ny 1652. Naorina nanaraka ireo renirano maro tao amin' ny lemaka lonak' i Guyana ny zanatany neerlandey tany Amerika Atsimo, ka anisan' izany ny Zanatanin' i Surinam. Tany Azia, dia nametraka ny fisiany tany India, tany [[India Atsinanana Neerlandey]] (izay [[Indônezia]] ankehitriny), tany Formosa (izay [[Taioàna]] ankehitriny), ary tao Dejima, ilay hany toeram-barotra tandrefana tany Japàna, ny Neerlandey.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Dutch West India Company &amp;#124; Dutch trading company''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dutch-West-India-Company]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny firoboroboan' ny famokarana talohan' ny fivoaran' ny indostria, dia avy tamin' ny [[Empira Môgôly|Empira Mogoly]] tany India ny 50% tamin' ny lamba sy ny 80% tamin' ny landy nafarana tao amin' ilay empira neerlandey.&lt;ref name=&quot;tong&quot;&gt;author: Junie T. Tong; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA151]; title: ''Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets''; publisher: CRC Press; year: 2016; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-13522-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; page: 151.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esposito&quot;&gt;url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&amp;pg=PT190]; title: ''The Islamic World: Past and Present''; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2004; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-516520-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor1: John L. Esposito; editor1-link: John L. Esposito; volume: 1; page: 174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nanda, J. N (2005). title: ''Bengal: the unique state''; publisher: Concept Publishing Company. p. 10.; year: 2005; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; quote: Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with..&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prakash&quot;&gt;Om Prakash, &quot;[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&amp;xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]&quot;, ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Storck, Four Days Battle.jpg|thumb|left|Ny Ady Efatra Andro nandritra ny Ady Anglisy sy Neerlandey Faharoa, tamin' ny 1–4 Jona 1666.]]
Maro ny mpahay tantaran' ny toekarena mihevitra an' i Nederlandy ho firenena voalohany nampihatra tanteraka ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny renivola sy ny fananan' olon-tsotra]]. Tany Eorôpa tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, dia tao aminy no nisy an' i Amsterdam, ilay tanànan' ny varotra nanankarena indrindra, sy ny tsenam-pifanakalozana taratasim-bola sy anjaram-pananana voalohany niasa maharitra. Ny fahaizan' ny mpivarotra namorona fomba vaovao no nitarika ny fisian' ny fiantohana sy ny tahirim-bola fisotroan-dronono. Niteraka toe-javatra toy ny fifandimbiasan' ny firoboroboana sy ny fitotongan' ny toekarena koa izany, ary ny fisondrotry ny vidin' ny fananana tafahoatra noho ny fividianana manantena tombony, izay voalohany eran-tany ka niseho tamin' ny firohotana hividy tolipa tamin' ny 1636–1637. Tao ihany koa i Isaac Le Maire, ilay voalohany eran-tany nanao varotra nikendry ny hampidina ny vidin' ny anjaram-pananana mba hahazoana tombony.&lt;ref&gt;author: Sayle, Murray; date: 5 April 2001; title: ''Japan Goes Dutch''; url: [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n07/murray-sayle/japan-goes-dutch]; magazine: London Review of Books; pages: 3–7; volume: 23; issue: 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1672, izay fantatra amin' ny tantara neerlandey amin' ny anarana hoe ''Rampjaar'' (Taonan' ny Loza), dia niara-nanafika ny Repoblika neerlandey i Frantsa, i Angletera ary fanjakana alemàna roa notarihin' ny eveka. Io no nanjary fantatra hoe Ady Frantsay sy Neerlandey. Teny an-dranomasina, dia nahavita nisakana ny tafika an-dranomasina anglisy sy frantsay tsy hanakana ny fifamoivoizana teny amin' ny morontsiraka andrefana ny repoblika. Teny an-tanety kosa, dia saika lasan' ny tafika frantsay sy alemàna nandroso avy any atsinanana ny repoblika manontolo. Nahavita nanova ny fizotran' ny ady anefa ny Neerlandey tamin' ny fampidirana rano handrakotra ny ampahany tamin' i Holland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp; Littlefield&quot;&gt;last1: Koopmans; first1: Joop W.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=GU-xCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=main+political+factions+dutch+society+18th+century&amp;pg=PA271]; title: ''Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands''; date: 5 November 2015; publisher: Rowman &amp; Littlefield; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4422-5593-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 233; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Nederlandse troepen tijdens de Slag bij Malplaquet (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tafika neerlandey tamin' ny Ady tao Malplaquet, tamin' ny 11 Septambra 1709.]]
Teo anelanelan' ny 1672 sy 1712, dia nifandona matetika tamin' i Frantsa ny repoblika, izay notarihin' i [[William III an'i Angletera|William III of Orange]] sy i Anthonie Heinsius. Antsoin' ny mpahay tantara sasany hoe Ady Efapolo Taona izany fifandonana izany. Nandritra ny Ady Sivy Taona sy ny Ady ho an' ny Fandimbiasana ny Satroboninahitra Espaniola, dia nitana toerana fototra tao amin' ireo fiaraha-mitantana nanohitra an' i Frantsa ny repoblika. Nahavita niaro an' i Nederlandy Espaniola ny Neerlandey tamin' ny farany, ary nanangana fiarovana nisakana ny fandrosoan' ny fahavalo tany. Nandray anjara lehibe tao amin' ilay firaisana nahavita nampitsahatra ny fanitaran-tanin' i Frantsa tany Eorôpa ny tafik' izy ireo. Tsy nanomboka indray izany fanitarana izany raha tsy tamin' ny 1792, niaraka tamin' ireo Adin' ny Revôlisiôna Frantsay.&lt;ref&gt;last: Van Nimwegen; first: Olaf; title: ''De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning''; publisher: Prometheus; year: 2020; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: nl; trans-title: ''The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King''; page: 354.&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, dia nahatonga ny repoblika tsy hanam-bola ampy handoavana ny trosany intsony ireo ady ireo, ary niteraka fahasimbana naharitra teo amin' ny andian-tsambo mpitatitra entam-barotra neerlandey. Na dia mbola ny Neerlandey aza no nanjaka ara-toekarena tany amin' ny Atsinanana Lavitra, dia i Britain no naka ny toerana voalohany teo amin' ny varotra sy ny hery an-dranomasina eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Elliott; first: John; title: ''The Road to Utrecht in Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013''; publisher: Routledge; year: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-909662-22-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Dadson; editor-first: Trevor; page: 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny 1590 sy 1713, dia anisan' ireo tafika lehibe sy nahay indrindra tany Eorôpa ny tafika neerlandey. Taorian' ny nifaranan' ny Ady ho an' ny Fandimbiasana ny Satroboninahitra Espaniola anefa, dia nampitombo be ny tafiny ireo fanjakana matanjaka hafa, toa an' i [[Prosia]], i Austria, i Britain ary i Rosia. Sahirana ny repoblika nanaraka ireo fiovana ireo, ka nanjary firenena nanana hery antonony tsikelikely. Nisy fotoana anefa nanitaran' ny mpahay tantara tafahoatra ny halehiben' izany fitotonganana izany, indrindra raha ny vanim-potoana hatramin' ny taompolo 1750 no dinihina.&lt;ref&gt;last: Israel; first: Jonathan; author-link: Jonathan Israel; title: ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806''; year: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-873072-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''Oxford History of Early Modern Europe''; pages: 985–986.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Repoblika Batavianina sy fanjakana (1795–1890) ===
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 dia nihena tamin' ny ankapobeny ny tanjaky ny Repoblika Neerlandey, izay nifaninana ara-toekarena tamin' i Angletera sady nisian' ny fifandrafiana naharitra teo amin' ireo ankolafy roa lehibe teo amin' ny fiarahamonina neerlandey: ny ''Staatsgezinden'', izay nanohana ny fitondrana repoblikana, sy ny ''Prinsgezinden'', izay nanohana ny ''stadtholder'' (mpitondra ambony tao amin' ny repoblika).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp; Littlefield&quot;/&gt; Noho ny fanohanana ara-tafika nomen' i Frantsa nandritra ny revolisiona, dia nanambara ny Repoblika Batavianina ireo repoblikana neerlandey tamin' ny 19 Janoary 1795. Naka tahaka ny Repoblika Frantsay io repoblika io, ka nahatonga an' i Nederlandy ho fanjakana tokana fehezin' ny fahefana foibe. Efa nandositra tany Angletera ny ''stadtholder'' William V avy any Orange. Teo anelanelan' ny 1806 sy 1810 dia natsangan' i Napoleon Bonaparte ny Fanjakan' i Hôlandy, fanjakana teo ambany fahefany izay notantanan' i Louis Bonaparte rahalahiny. Niezaka niaro ny tombontsoan' ny Neerlandey anefa ny Mpanjaka Louis Bonaparte fa tsy ny an' ny rahalahiny, ka noterena hametra-pialana tsy ho mpanjaka tamin' ny 1 Jolay 1810. Nandefa tafika ny emperora, ary lasa anisan' ny Empira Frantsay i Nederlandy hatramin' ny Novambra 1813, rehefa resy tamin' ny Ady tao Leipzig i Napoleon.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Van Der Burg; first1: Martijn; title: ''Napoleonic Governance in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany: Conquest, Incorporation, and Integration''; date: 19 January 2024; publisher: Springer; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-66658-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''War, Culture and Society, 1750 –1850''; pages: 1–22; chapter: ''Introduction: Napoleonic Governance and the Integration of Europe''; doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-66658-3_1; chapter-url: [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-66658-3_1].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Dutch Empire35.PNG|thumb|Sarintanin' ny empira mpanjanaka neerlandey. Maitso tanora: ireo faritany notantanan' ny Kompania Neerlandey an' i India Atsinanana, na niforona avy tamin' ireo faritany notantanany; maitso antitra: ireo an' ny Kompania Neerlandey an' i India Andrefana. Mavo kosa ireo faritany nobodoina tatỳ aoriana, nandritra ny taonjato faha-19.]]
Niverina tany Nederlandy tamin' ny 1813 i William Frederick, zanak' ilay ''stadtholder'' farany, ary nanambara ny tenany ho andriana manana fiandrianam-pirenena. Roa taona tatỳ aoriana dia nakamban' ny Kongresy tao Vienne tamin' ny faritra avaratr' i Nederlandy ny faritra atsimo, mba hamoronana firenena matanjaka teo amin' ny sisin-tany avaratr' i Frantsa. Nampiakarin' i Frederick ho fanjakana io Nederlandy Mitambatra io, ary nanambara ny tenany ho Mpanjaka William I izy tamin' ny 1815.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of France''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-France]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Lasa dioka lehiben' i Loksemborga koa i William, ho takalon' ireo tany nananany tany Alemaina, ary azo nolovain' ny taranany io anaram-boninahitra io. Nikomiana tamin' ny 1830 ny faritra atsimon' i Nederlandy, ary nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany ka lasa i Belzika; tamin' ny 1839 vao neken' ny faritra avaratr' i Nederlandy izany. Tapaka tamin' ny 1890 ny fikambanan' i Loksemborga sy Nederlandy teo ambany mpanjaka iray, rehefa maty tsy namela mpandova lahy mbola velona i William III. Ny lalàna momba ny fifandimbiasana izay nanilika ny vehivavy (''Salic law'') dia tsy namela an' i Wilhelmina mpanjakavavy, zanany vavy, ho diokesa lehiben' i Loksemborga.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''William I &amp;#124; king of The Netherlands''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-king-of-The-Netherlands]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 2 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahatonga an' i Nederlandy ho saika tsy hahaloa ny trosany intsony ny Revolisiona Belza sy ny Ady tao Java, tany amin' ny zanatany neerlandey tany India Atsinanana. Nampiharina anefa tamin' ny 1830 ny rafitra fambolena an-tery ho an' ny fanondranana: tany amin' ny zanatany neerlandey tany India Atsinanana dia tsy maintsy natokana hambolena voly ho an' ny governemanta, izay haondrana any ivelany, ny 20% n' ny tanin' ny vohitra. Nitondra harena goavana ho an' ny Neerlandey izany politika izany, ary nahafahan' ilay zanatany niantoka samirery ny filàny.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Belgium – Industrial Revolution, Belgian Revolution, and Unionist Coalition''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgium/The-Austrian-Netherlands]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Nofoanan' i Nederlandy ny fanandevozana tany amin' ny zanataniny tamin' ny 1863;&lt;ref&gt;Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 2:637&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny 1873 kosa vao afaka ireo olona nandevozina tany Surinam.&lt;ref&gt;date: 24 June 2013; title: ''Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition''; url: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/dutch-involvement-transatlantic-slave-trade-and-abolition]; work: ascleiden.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny ady lehibe sy ny vanim-potoana taoriany (1890–ankehitriny) ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' i Nederlandy (1900–ankehitriny) sy Nederlandy tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.

Nitoetra ho tsy niandany nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany i Nederlandy. Anisan' ny antony ny naha-tena nilaina ny fanafarana entana nandalo tao Nederlandy mba hahafahan' i Alemaina nanohy niaina, mandra-panaovan' ny tafika an-dranomasina britanika fahirano an-dranomasina tamin' ny 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbenhuis&quot;&gt;Abbenhuis, Maartje M. (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5gMCfhUR6Y0C ''The Art of Staying Neutral'']. Amsterdam University Press, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5356-818-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
Niova izany tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, rehefa nanafika an' i Nederlandy i Alemaina tamin' ny 10 Mey 1940. Nanery ny ankamaroan' ny tafika nederlandey hitolo-batana ny daroka baomba an' i Rotterdam.
Nandritra ny fibodoana dia nentina tany amin' ny toby famonoana olona nazi ny Jiosy nederlandey mihoatra ny 100 000;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''93 trains''; url: [http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/site1.2/English/KAMP/k08.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041207064440/http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/site1.2/English/KAMP/k08.html]; archive-date: 7 December 2004; access-date: 7 December 2004.. kampwesterbork.nl&lt;/ref&gt; vitsy monja tamin' izy ireo no tafavoaka velona.
Nalaina an-tery ny mpiasa nederlandey mba hanao asa an-terivozona tany Alemaina, novonoina ho valifaty noho ny fanafihana miaramila alemàna ny sivily nanohitra ny mpibodo, ary norobaina ny sakafo tany ambanivohitra.
Na dia nisy Nederlandey an' arivony nanao vivery ny ainy tamin' ny fanafenana Jiosy mba tsy ho hitan' ny mpibodo alemàna aza, dia nisy fasista nederlandey mihoatra ny 20 000 niditra tao amin' ny ''Waffen SS'' (sampana mitam-piadian' ny SS, na vondrona mpiambina nazi).&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Nederlanders in de Waffen-SS''; url: [http://www.waffen-ss.nl/main.php]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151202043232/http://www.waffen-ss.nl/main.php]; archive-date: 2 December 2015; access-date: 13 November 2015; website: waffen-ss.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ireo niara-niasa tamin' ny mpibodo teo amin' ny sehatra pôlitika dia mpikambana tao amin' ny NSB (Hetsika Nasionaly Sôsialista tao Nederlandy), izay antoko fasista sady hany antoko pôlitika ara-dalàna tao Nederlandy voabodo.
Tamin' ny 8 Desambra 1941 dia nanambara ady tamin' i Japàna ny governemanta nederlandey tany an-tsesitany tao Londres,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Kingdom of the Netherlands declares war with Japan''; url: [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html]; access-date: 2 October 2009; publisher: ibiblio.&lt;/ref&gt; saingy tsy afaka nisakana ny fibodoan' i Japàna an' i India Atsinanana Nederlandey.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
Olona mihoatra ny 20 000 no maty mosary nandritra ny mosary tao Nederlandy tamin' ny 1944–1945. Tamin' ny 1944–1945 dia nanafaka ny ampahany betsaka tamin' i Nederlandy ny Tafika Kanadianina Voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39141]; title: ''Video: Allies Set For Offensive''; publisher: Universal Newsreel; year: 1944; access-date: 21 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
Fotoana fohy taorian' ny andron' ny fandresena tany Eorôpa dia nanao ady fanjanahantany tamin' ny Repoblikan' i Indônezia vao niforona ny Nederlandey.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Sukarno &amp;#124; Indonesian Nationalist &amp; 1st President of Indonesia''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sukarno]; access-date: 21 June 2023; date: 17 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''History of the Netherlands''; encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Britannica; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-the-Netherlands]; access-date: 21 June 2023; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany ====
Tamin' ny 1954 dia nanova ny rafitra pôlitika ny Satan' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy, vokatry ny fanerena iraisam-pirenena mba hanafoanana ny fanjanahantany. Lasa firenena mandrafitra ilay fanjakana i Surinam sy Curaçao sy ny faritra niankina taminy, izay zanatany nederlandey teo aloha. Efa nanambara ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny Aogositra 1945 i Indônezia. Nanaraka izany i [[Sorinama]] tamin' ny 1975. Anisan' ny mpikambana mpanorina ny Benelux sy ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra|NATO (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra)]] i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 4 January 2018; title: ''The Benelux''; url: [https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/benelux.html]; access-date: 21 November 2022; website: gouvernement.lu; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Member countries''; url: [https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm]; access-date: 21 November 2022; publisher: NATO; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taompolo 1950 dia lasa iray tamin' ireo firenena enina mpanorina ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eorôpeana i Nederlandy, taorian' ny nananganana ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eorôpeana momba ny Arintany sy ny Vy tamin' ny 1952, sy ny nananganana ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Ara-toekarena Eorôpeana ary ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eorôpeana momba ny Angovo Atômika tamin' ny 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;NL: EU member state&quot;&gt;date: 26 September 2012; title: ''The Netherlands: EU member state – European Union – Government.nl''; url: [https://www.government.nl/topics/european-union/the-netherlands-eu-member-state]; access-date: 21 November 2022; website: government.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1993 dia nampidirina tao amin' ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]] ny roa voalohany tamin' ireo vondrom-piarahamonina ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NL: EU member state&quot; /&gt;

Nampirisika ny fifindra-monina hivoaka ny firenena ny governemanta mba hampihenana ny hakitroky ny mponina, ka Nederlandey tokony ho 500 000 no nandao ny firenena taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands''; encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica Online; publisher: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; url: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409956/Netherlands]; access-date: 8 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
Vanim-potoanan' ny fiovana lehibe ara-piarahamonina sy ara-kolontsaina ny taompolo 1960 sy 1970, ka anisan' izany ny fihenana haingana ny fizarazarana ny fiarahamonina ho vondrona araka ny fivavahana sy ny firehana pôlitika. Nandà ny fomba amam-panao nentim-paharazana ny mpianatra sy ny tanora hafa ary nitaky fiovana teo amin' ny [[Zon'ny vehivavy|zon' ny vehivavy]], ny fiainana ara-nofo, ny fampihenana na fanafoanana ny fitaovam-piadiana ary ny olana momba ny tontolo iainana.
Nanomboka nampiasaina ny vola taratasy sy ny vola madinika [[Euro|eorô]] tamin' ny 2002. Tamin' ny 2010 dia noravana i [[Antilia Neerlandey]], taorian' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka natao isaky ny nosy.
Taorian' izany dia nampidirina ho kaominina manana sata manokana i Bonaire, i Sint Eustatius ary i Saba, izay antsoina miaraka hoe Nederlandy karibeanina.&lt;ref&gt;last: Grommé; first: Francisca; url: [https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/11e04fa0-02d7-49d6-a16b-a727a1d6c889]; title: ''Equaliberty in the Dutch Caribbean: Ways of Being Non/Sovereign''; year: 2021; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-9788-1870-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;; pages: 101–117; chapter: ''&quot;Thinking, seeing, and doing like a kingdom: The making of Caribbean Netherlands statistics and the 'native Bonairian'''; doi: 10.36019/9781978818705-008; chapter-url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353121877].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jeografia ==
Jereo koa ny jeografian' i Nederlandy.

[[File:2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg|thumb|Sarintany mampiseho ny vohon-tany ao amin' ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy]]

Mirefy 41 543 km² ny velaran' ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy manontolo, ka tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny faritra rakotry ny rano; 33 481 km² kosa ny velaran-tany tsy rakotry ny rano. Mirefy 322 km² ny velaran' i Nederlandy karibeanina manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;author: Central Bureau of Statistics; year: 2009; title: ''Land – en tuinbouwcijfers''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/imported/documents/2009/36/2009-j29-pub.pdf]; access-date: 6 January 2018; publisher: Government of the Netherlands, Department of Publication and Information; page: 14; language: nl; issn: 1386-9566.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo anelanelan' ny laharam-pehintany 50° sy 54° N (avaratra), ary ny laharan-jarahasina 3° sy 8° E (atsinanana), no misy ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy.

Iva dia iva raha oharina amin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ny vohon-tanin' i Nederlandy, ary heverina ho firenena fisaka izy. Eo ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ny 26% eo ho eo amin' ny velaran-taniny,&lt;ref name=&quot;schiermeier-2010&quot;&gt;last1: Schiermeier; first1: Quirin; date: 5 July 2010; title: ''Few fishy facts found in climate report''; journal: Nature; volume: 466; issue: 170; pages: 170; bibcode: 2010Natur.466..170S; doi: 10.1038/466170a; pmid: 20613812; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; ary any amin' ireo faritra iva noho ny ranomasina ireo no monina ny 21% amin' ny mponiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;milrek&quot;&gt;title: ''Milieurekeningen 2008''; url: [http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/D2CE63F9-D210-4006-B68B-98BE079EA9B6/0/2008c167pub.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100215002601/http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/D2CE63F9-D210-4006-B68B-98BE079EA9B6/0/2008c167pub.pdf]; archive-date: 15 February 2010; access-date: 4 February 2010; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy havoana any atsimo-atsinanana, ka latsaky ny 322 m ny haavony eo amin' i Vaalserberg, ary misy tandavan-kavoana iva sasany koa any amin' ny faritra afovoany. Ny ankamaroan' ny faritra ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina dia vokatry ny fitrandrahana [[Fompotra|akora avy amin' ny zavamaniry tsy lo tanteraka any anaty heniheny]], na ny fanovana faritra rakotry ny rano ho tany azo ampiasaina. Hatramin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16, dia rafitra fanariana rano voarindra tsara, ahitana fefiloha, lakandrano ary toby misy paompy, no itazonana ireo velaran-tany lehibe atao hoe pôldera ho maina. Ireo pôldera ireo dia tany voahodidina fefiloha sy nakana rano mba ho azo ampiasaina.

Ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny firenena dia niforona tany am-boalohany avy amin' ny [[Vinanin-dranomasina|vavaranon']] ireo ony lehibe telo ao Eorôpa, dia i [[Rhin|Rhine]] (''Rijn''), i Meuse (''Maas'') ary i Scheldt (''Schelde''), ary avy amin' ireo [[Sakelidrano|sakeli-dranony]]. Ny atsimo-andrefan' i Nederlandy dia [[Hefaka|vinanin-drano]] iforonan-tany amin' ny fitobian' ny antsanga entin' ireo ony ireo, ka antsoina hoe vinanin' i Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt.&lt;ref&gt;last1: de Haas; first1: Tjalling; last2: van der Valk; first2: Lambertus; last3: Cohen; first3: Kim M.; last4: Pierik; first4: Harm Jan; last5: Weisscher; first5: Steven A. H.; last6: Hijma; first6: Marc P.; last7: van der Spek; first7: Ad J. F.; last8: Kleinhans; first8: Maarten G.; date: February 2019; title: ''Long-term evolution of the Old Rhine estuary: Unravelling effects of changing boundary conditions and inherited landscape''; journal: The Depositional Record; volume: 5; issue: 1; pages: 84–108; bibcode: 2019DepRe...5...84D; doi: 10.1002/dep2.56; issn: 2055-4877; pmc: 6743690; pmid: 31543980; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Nijlânnermolen Workum.jpg|thumb|Ny tontolo hita ao Workum, any Friesland]]

Zarain' ny ony Rhine sy Waal (sakeli-dranony lehibe indrindra) ary Meuse ho faritra avaratra sy atsimo ny faritra eoropeanin' i Nederlandy. Ireo ony ireo dia sakana voajanahary nampisaraka ireo tany nomen' ny tompo ambony hofehezin' ny olona iray ho takalon' ny fanompoana, ka niteraka fizarazarana ara-kolontsaina teo amin' ny tantara. Hita izany amin' ny toetra sasany amin' ny fanononana izay samy ahafantarana ny faritra amin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany amin' ireo antsoin' ny Nederlandey hoe « Ony Lehibe » (''de Grote Rivieren''). Ny ony IJssel, izay sampana lehibe iray hafa amin' i Rhine, dia mivarina ao amin' ny farihy IJssel, izay ilay Zuiderzee taloha (midika hoe « ranomasina atsimo »). Manasaraka faritra samy hafa fiteny koa io ony io: miteny amin' ny fitenim-paritra saksôna ambany ao Nederlandy ny mponina any avaratra-atsinanan' ilay ony, afa-tsy ny faritanin' i Friesland, izay manana ny fiteniny manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;international2000&quot;&gt;Welschen, Ad: Course ''Dutch Society and Culture'', International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2000–2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nosy ao Karaiba ===
Ao amin' ireo nosy [[Antilia Kely]] any Karaiba, dia manana sata maha-firenena mandrafitra ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy ireo faritanin' i Curaçao sy [[Aruba]] ary Sint Maarten. Faritany telo hafa kosa no mandrafitra an' i Nederlandy karibeanina, ary manana sata maha-kaominina manokana ireo. Manana sisin-tany an-dranomasina iraisana amin' i Anguilla, Curaçao, Frantsa (Saint Barthélemy), [[Santa-Kity-sy-Nevisy]], ireo Nosy Virijiny amerikanina ary [[Venezoela]] i Nederlandy karibeanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caribbean-Borders&quot;&gt;date: 15 November 2017; title: ''Maritime boundaries of the Caribbean part of the Kingdom''; url: [https://english.defensie.nl/topics/hydrography/maritime-limits-and-boundaries/maritime-boundaries-of-the-caribbean-part-of-the-kingdom]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251219090331/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/hydrography/maritime-limits-and-boundaries/maritime-boundaries-of-the-caribbean-part-of-the-kingdom]; archive-date: 19 December 2025; access-date: 5 August 2020; publisher: Ministry of Defence; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Manana toetrandro tropikaly ireo nosy ireo, ka mafana mandavantaona.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Biasutti; first1: Michela; last2: Sobel; first2: Adam H.; last3: Camargo; first3: Suzana J.; last4: Creyts; first4: Timothy T.; date: 1 June 2012; title: ''Projected changes in the physical climate of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean''; url: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y]; journal: Climatic Change; language: en; volume: 112; issue: 3; pages: 819–845; bibcode: 2012ClCh..112..819B; doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y; issn: 1573-1480; s2cid: 8304158.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Kleine Bonaire-Underwater life(js).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Zavamananaina ambanin' ny rano ao Klein Bonaire]]
Ao anatin' io vondron-nosy io:
* I Bonaire dia anisan' ny ABC (vondron-nosy ao amin' ny Leeward Antilles), izay ao amin' ilay andian-nosy manamorona ny morontsirak' i [[Venezoela]]. Samy nandray anjara tamin' ny fiforonan' ny Leeward Antilles ny volkano sy ny haran-dranomasina.
* I Saba sy Sint Eustatius dia anisan' ny SSS (vondron-nosy ao amin' ny Leeward Islands). Any atsinanan' i [[Pôrtô-Rikô]] sy ireo Nosy Virijiny no misy azy ireo. Amin' ny fampiasana eo an-toerana ny teny frantsay sy espaniola sy [[Fiteny neerlandey|neerlandey]] ary anglisy, dia heverina ho anisan' ireo nosy antsoina hoe ''Windward Islands'' izy ireo. Amin' ny teny anglisy ampiasaina eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena anefa, dia nosy hafa any atsimo kokoa no tondroin' ny anarana hoe ''Windward Islands''. Avy amin' ny volkano ireo nosy roa ireo sady be havoana, ka kely ny tany mety amin' ny fambolena. Ny toerana avo indrindra dia ny tendrombohitra Scenery ao Saba, izay 870 m ny haavony. Io no toerana avo indrindra ao amin' ny firenena Nederlandy sy ao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy manontolo.

=== Firafitra sy fiforonan' ny tany ===
''Lahatsoratra fototra: Firafitra sy fiforonan' ny tanin' i Nederlandy.''

Ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i Nederlandy dia voaforon' ny akora niangona sy nipetraka teny amin' ny [[Hefaka|vavan' ny renirano]] sy teny amin' ny [[Morontsiraka|morontsiraka]], ary ny akora nentin' ny rivotra, nandritra ireo vanim-potoana mangatsiaka nitaran' ny ranomandry sy ireo vanim-potoana mafana kokoa nifanelanelana tamin' izy ireny, tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana ''Pleistocene''.&lt;ref name=&quot;international2000&quot; /&gt; Ny faritra andrefan' i Nederlandy dia voaforon' ny vavarano iombonan' ny ony Rhine sy Meuse. Any atsinanana kosa dia misy sisa tavela tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry farany, izay nifarana tokony ho 10 000 taona lasa izay. Rehefa nandroso avy any avaratra ny rakotra ranomandry mivelatra eo ambonin' ny kôntinenta, dia nanosika ho eo alohany ny antontan' akora natosika na napetraky ny ranomandry mihetsika (''moraine''). Nitsahatra tsy nandroso ilay rakotra ranomandry rehefa nandrakotra ny antsasany atsinanan' i Nederlandy. Rehefa nifarana ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry, dia nijanona teo ireo akora ireo ka namorona andalana havoana lava. Eo amin' ireo havoana ireo no naorina i [[Arnhem]] sy i [[Nijmegen]].&lt;ref&gt;last1: Wong; first1: Th.E.; title: ''Geology of the Netherlands''; last2: Batjes; first2: D.A.J.; last3: Jager; first3: J. de; publisher: KNAW; year: 2007; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-6984-481-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tondra-drano ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fifehezana ny tondra-drano ao Nederlandy; Lisitry ny tondra-drano ao Nederlandy; Fiakaran' ny ranomasina vokatry ny tafio-drivotra ao amin' ny Ranomasina Avaratra.

[[File:Christmas flood 1717.jpg|thumb|Nahatonga fahafatesan' olona an' arivony ny tondra-drano tamin' ny Krismasy 1717.]]

Niova be ny morontsirak' i Nederlandy nandritra ny taonjato maro noho ny loza voajanahary sy ny asa nataon' ny olombelona. Tamin' ny 14 Desambra 1287, dia namely an' i Nederlandy sy i Alemaina mpifanolo-bodirindrina taminy ny tondra-dranon' i Masimbavy Lucia, ka nahafaty olona maherin' ny 50 000; anisan' ny tondra-drano nandravarava indrindra voarakitra teo amin' ny tantara izany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1485002/Zuiderzee-floods Zuiderzee floods (Netherlands history)]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tondra-dranon' i Masimbavy Elizabeth tamin' ny 1421 sy ny tsy fahaiza-mitantana taorian' izany dia nandrava pôldera iray vao nohamainina, izany hoe tany iva voahodidina fefiloha sy nanalana rano. Nanjary lemaka tondraky ny rano arakaraka ny fisondrotana sy fidinan' ny ranomasina io tany io, dia i Biesbosch, izay manana velaran-tany 72 km². Ny tondra-drano avy amin' ny Ranomasina Avaratra tamin' ny 1953 dia nahatonga ny firodanan' ny fefiloha maromaro, izay natao hisakana ny fidiran' ny rano, tany atsimoandrefan' i Nederlandy; olona maherin' ny 1 800 no maty an-drano. Taorian' izany, ny governemanta nederlandey dia nametraka fandaharan' asa goavana, dia ny asa fiarovana ny delta amin' ny tondra-drano, mba hiarovana ny firenena amin' ny tondra-drano amin' ny hoavy. Naharitra maherin' ny 40 taona ny fanatanterahana izany mandra-pahavitany.&lt;ref&gt;Ronald Rietveld. [https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/dutch-delta-works-from-engineering-feat-to-cultural-statement ''Dutch Delta Works: from engineering feat to cultural statement'']. 8 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Netherlands compared to sealevel.svg|thumb|left|Sarintany mampiseho ireo faritra ao Nederlandy izay ambanin' ny haavon' ny ranomasina.]]
Vao mainka nampitombo ny vokatry ny loza, tamin' ny lafiny sasany, ny asa nataon' ny olombelona. Nanalana rano ny honahona somary avo toerana mba hampiasana azy ho tany fambolena. Izany fanalana rano izany dia nampihena ny haben' ny sosona lonaka misy akora avy amin' ny zavamaniry mbola tsy lo tanteraka (''peat''), ka nampidina ny haavon' ny tany. Nampidinina ny haavon' ny rano ambanin' ny tany mba hanonerana izany, ka vao mainka nihena ny haben' ny sosona nisy io akora io tany ambany. Ankoatra izany, hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nohadina sy nohamainina io akora io mba hatao fandrehitra, ka vao mainka nampitombo ny olana. Nitohy ny fitrandrahana azy na dia tany amin' ny faritra dibo-drano aza, tamin' ny alalan' ny fangadiana sy fampiakarana azy avy ao ambanin' ny rano.&lt;ref&gt;''Netherlands: Fugros Ground Investigation Links Dutch Subsidence to Former Peat Extraction''. ''MENA Report''. 20 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Namorona fiarovana nifanesy hanakanana ny rano ny mponina mba hiarovana amin' ny tondra-drano. Tamin' ny arivo taona voalohany taorian' i Jesoa Kristy, dia teo ambonin' ny dongon-tany namboarina antsoina hoe ''terp'' no nanorenana vohitra sy trano fonenan' ny tantsaha. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny fefiloha ireny dongon-tany ireny tatỳ aoriana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 dia nanomboka nipoitra ireo sampan-draharaham-panjakana teo an-toerana nantsoina hoe ''waterschappen'' (sampan-draharaha misahana ny fitantanana ny rano) na ''hoogheemraadschappen'' (filankevitra ambony eo an-toerana). Ny asan' izy ireo dia ny nitazona ny haavon' ny rano sy niaro faritra iray amin' ny tondra-drano; mbola misy ireo sampan-draharaha ireo. Rehefa nihena ny haavon' ny tany, dia voatery nitarina ireo fefiloha ary natambatra ho rafitra iray mifamatotra. Efa nanomboka nampiasaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 ny milina ahodin' ny rivotra mba hampiakarana sy hampivoahana ny rano. Nampiasaina hanalana ny rano tao amin' ny farihy ireny milina ireny tatỳ aoriana, ka niforona ireo pôldera malaza.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.let.rug.nl/polders/boekje/history.htm Windmills in Dutch History]. Let.rug.nl. Rijks Universiteit Groningen. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705084250/http://www.let.rug.nl/polders/boekje/history.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 5 July 2017. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1932 dia vita ny Afsluitdijk (fefiloha fanakatonana), izay nanasaraka ny Zuiderzee teo aloha (Ranomasina Atsimo) tamin' ny Ranomasina Avaratra, ka namorona ny IJsselmeer. Tafiditra tao amin' ny asa lehibe kokoa tao Zuiderzee izany, izay nahazoana pôldera efatra avy amin' ny ranomasina, manana velaran-tany 2 500 km² raha atambatra.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/gemeentes/gem533nh.htm Kerngegevens gemeente Wieringermeer]. sdu.nl. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106163025/http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/gemeentes/gem533nh.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 6 January 2008. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/PROVINCIES/flevoland.htm Kerngegevens procincie Flevoland]. sdu.nl. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071226115958/http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/PROVINCIES/flevoland.htm tahiry] tamin' ny 26 December 2007. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asa fiarovana Delta ===
[[File:Karte der Bauwerke des Deltaprojekts.png|thumb|left|Ao amin' ny faritanin' i [[Zuid-Holland|Holland Atsimo]] sy [[Zelandy|Zeeland]] no misy ny Asa fiarovana Delta.]]

Taorian' ny loza tamin' ny 1953 dia naorina ny Asa fiarovana Delta, izay fitambaran' ny fotodrafitrasa maro mifameno manerana ny morontsirak' i Nederlandy. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1958 ilay tetikasa ary vita ny ankamaroany tamin' ny 1997, rehefa vita ny Maeslantkering. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia nisy tetikasa vaovao natomboka tsindraindray mba hanavaozana sy hanoloana ireo fotodrafitrasa ao amin' ny Asa fiarovana Delta. Ny hampihena ny mety hisian' ny tondra-drano ao Holland Atsimo sy [[Zelandy|Zeeland]] no tena tanjon' ny tetikasa Delta. Mba hanatrarana izany dia nasandratra ireo sakana lava namboarina hiarovana ny tany amin' ny fiakaran' ny rano (''dyke''): ireo manamorona ny ranomasina any ivelany, izay mahatratra 3 000 km ny halavany, sy ireo any anatiny ary manamorona ny lakandrano sy renirano, izay mahatratra 10 000 km ny halavany. Nakatona koa ireo vavarano mampifandray an' i Zeeland amin' ny ranomasina. Indraindray, ny fanombanana vaovao ny loza mety hitranga dia mampiseho olana izay mitaky fanamafisana fanampiny ireo sakana fiarovana ao amin' ny tetikasa Delta. Araka ny ''American Society of Civil Engineers'' (Fikambanana Amerikanin' ny Injeniera momba ny Fanorenana Fotodrafitrasa), dia anisan' ny zava-mahatalanjona fito amin' ny tontolo maoderina ny tetikasa Delta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 Seven Wonders] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305]; daty: 2 August 2010). Asce.org (19 July 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ireo firenena mety hiharan' ny voka-dratsy mafy indrindra avy amin' ny [[Fiovan' ny toetany|fiovan' ny toetrandro]] i Nederlandy. Tsy ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ihany no olana, fa mety hampihoatra ny rano amin' ny moron' ny renirano koa ny fiovaovan' ny toetrandro tsy araka ny mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;last: Nickerson; first: Colin; date: 5 December 2005; title: ''Netherlands relinquishes some of itself to the waters''; url: [http://archive.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/12/05/holland_goes_beyond_holding_back_the_tide/]; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630210923/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/12/05/holland_goes_beyond_holding_back_the_tide/]; archive-date: 30 June 2006; access-date: 10 October 2007; work: The Boston Globe.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last: Olsthoorn; first: A.A.; url: [http://de.scientificcommons.org/16816958]; title: ''Floods, flood management and climate change in The Netherlands''; author2: Richard S.J. Tol; date: February 2001; publisher: Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit; oclc: 150386158; access-date: 10 October 2007; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043234/http://de.scientificcommons.org/16816958]; archive-date: 22 October 2007; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;last1: Tol; first1: Richard S. J.; last2: van der Grijp; first2: Nicolien; last3: Olsthoorn; first3: Alexander A.; last4: van der Werff; first4: Peter E.; year: 2003; title: ''Adapting to Climate: A Case Study on Riverine Flood Risks in the Netherlands''; url: [http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/31872/1/158073.pdf]; journal: Risk Analysis; volume: 23; issue: 3; pages: 575–583; bibcode: 2003RiskA..23..575T; doi: 10.1111/1539-6924.00338; hdl: 1871/31872; pmid: 12836850; s2cid: 1054016.&lt;/ref&gt; Miomana mavitrika hiatrika ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina i Nederlandy. Namolavola drafitr' asa ny Vaomiera Delta mba hiatrehana ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina 1,10 m sy ny fidinan' ny haavon' ny tany 10 cm izay mitranga miaraka amin' izany. Tafiditra ao amin' ilay drafitra ny fanamafisana ireo fiarovana efa misy eny amorontsiraka, toy ny sakana namboarina sy ny [[Dongom-pasika|dongom-pasika]], mba hanampiana fiarovana mahatratra 1,30 m amin' ny haavo azon' ny rano tratrarina. Mba hiarovana ny firenena amin' ny tondra-drano avy amin' ny renirano, ny drafitra fanomezana toerana malalaka kokoa ho an' ny renirano dia manitatra ny toerana ahafahan' ny rano mikoriana, miaro ireo faritra lehibe onenan' ny mponina, ary mamela ireo tany tsy azo arovana ho difotry ny rano tsindraindray. Nafindra tany amin' ny toerana avo kokoa ireo mponina vitsy nonina tao amin' ireny faritra antsoina hoe faritra andraisana ny rano mihoatra ireny. Ny sasany tamin' ireo toerana nifindrany dia nasandratra ho ambonin' ny haavo antenaina ho tratran' ny tondra-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT021313&quot;&gt;author: Kimmelman, Michael; date: 13 February 2013; title: ''Going With the Flow''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/arts/design/flood-control-in-the-netherlands-now-allows-sea-water-in.html]; url-access: subscription; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130214132056/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/arts/design/flood-control-in-the-netherlands-now-allows-sea-water-in.html]; archive-date: 14 February 2013; access-date: 19 February 2013; newspaper: The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiovan' ny toetrandro ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fiovan' ny toetrandro ao Nederlandy.

Efa misy fiantraikany amin' i Nederlandy ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Niakatra mihoatra ny 2°C ny salan' ny mari-pana ao Nederlandy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1901 sy 2020.&lt;ref&gt;author: Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut; url: [https://cdn.knmi.nl/knmi/asc/klimaatsignaal21/KNMI_Klimaatsignaal21.pdf]; title: ''Klimaatsignaal 21: hoe het klimaat in Nederland snel verandert''; publisher: KNMI; year: 2021; location: De Bilt; pages: 11; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahatonga ny hain-tany sy ny fotoana mahamay be maharitra hitranga matetika kokoa ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Satria ampahany lehibe amin' ny tanin' i Nederlandy no faritra an-dranomasina novana ho tany azo ampiasaina, na tany hafa manakaiky ny haavon' ny ranomasina, dia tena mora iharan' ny voka-dratsin' ny fiakaran' ny haavon' ny ranomasina ilay firenena.

Laharana faha-4 ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana i Nederlandy raha ny habetsahan' ny entona mitazona hafanana ao amin' ny atmosfera avoaka isaky ny mponina no jerena,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''EEA greenhouse gases — data viewer — European Environment Agency''; url: [https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/greenhouse-gases-viewer]; access-date: 4 April 2023; newspaper: European Environment Agency; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; ka anisan' ny anton' izany ny habetsahan' ny omby ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economist&quot;&gt;title: ''The cucumber Saudis: how the Dutch got too good at farming''; url: [https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/23/the-cucumber-saudis-how-the-dutch-got-too-good-at-farming]; url-access: registration; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153856/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/23/the-cucumber-saudis-how-the-dutch-got-too-good-at-farming]; archive-date: 23 March 2023; access-date: 4 April 2023; newspaper: The Economist; issn: 0013-0613.&lt;/ref&gt; Antony maromaro mampiavaka azy no mibaiko ny fomba iatrehan' i Nederlandy ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Anisan' izany ny drafitra lehibe kokoa nataon' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana ho fanarenana ny toekarena sady miaro ny tontolo iainana manoloana ny COVID-19 (na aretin' ny kôrônaviriosy 2019), ary ny raharaham-pitsarana momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, dia ny raharaha nifandiran' ny Fanjakan' i Nederlandy sy ny fikambanana Urgenda. Niteraka adidy hametra ny fiovan' ny toetrandro tamin' ny alalan' ny fampihenana ny entona avoaka ho latsaka 25% noho ny habetsahany tamin' ny taona 1990 io raharaha io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;date: 20 December 2019; title: ''Netherlands climate change: Court orders bigger cuts in emissions''; url: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50864569]; language: English; newspaper: BBC.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;date: 20 December 2019; title: ''Activists cheer victory in landmark Dutch climate case''; url: [https://apnews.com/5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a]; language: English; newspaper: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2021, dia nihena 14% ny [[Etona mampihiboka hafanana|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; avoaka]] raha oharina amin' ny habetsahany tamin' ny taona 1990.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Hoe groot is onze broeikasgasuitstoot?''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-broeikasgassen/hoe-groot-is-onze-broeikasgasuitstoot-wat-is-het-doel-]; access-date: 9 July 2023; website: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hampihena 49% ny entona avoaka amin' ny taona 2030 no tanjon' ny governemanta nederlandey.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2019; title: ''Long-term strategy on climate mitigation – The Netherlands''; url: [https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Netherlands.pdf]; access-date: 16 May 2021; website: unfccc.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavaboary ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: Lisitry ny valan-javaboary nasionaly ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Relax - Flickr - Rob Oo.jpg|thumb|Ireo ''common seal'', biby mampinono an-dranomasina, eny akaikin' ny morontsirak' i Terschelling, nosy iray ao amin' ny ranomasina Wadden]]
Manana valan-javaboary nasionaly 21 i Nederlandy,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Home''; url: [https://nationaalpark.nl/]; access-date: 27 January 2023; website: Nationaal Park; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt; ary faritra voajanahary arovana an-jatony hafa. Ny ankamaroan' ireo dia an' ny ''Staatsbosbeheer'' (Fitantanana ny alam-panjakana), sampan-draharaham-pirenena misahana ny ala sy ny fiarovana ny zavaboary, sy an' ny ''Natuurmonumenten'' (Fikambanana miaro ny toerana voajanahary), fikambanana tsy miankina izay mividy sy miaro ary mitantana faritra voajanahary arovana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Over Natuurmonumenten''; url: [https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/over-natuurmonumenten]; website: Natuurmonumenten.&lt;/ref&gt; Manankarena amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina ny ranomasina Wadden any avaratra, izay ahitana tany fisaka eny amorontsiraka izay rakotry ny rano rehefa miakatra ny ranomasina ary miseho rehefa misintona izany, sy tany mando na dibo-drano. Anisan' ny toerana voajanahary ao amin' ny Lova Iraisam-pirenen' ny UNESCO (Sampan-draharahan' ny Firenena Mikambana misahana ny Fanabeazana sy ny Siansa ary ny Kolontsaina) izy io.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Wadden Sea''; url: [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1314/]; access-date: 27 January 2023; publisher: [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Eastern Scheldt, izay vavarano avaratra atsinanan' ny ony Scheldt fahiny, dia notendrena ho valan-javaboary nasionaly tamin' ny 2002. Izy io no lasa valan-javaboary nasionaly lehibe indrindra, manana velarana 370 km².

Raha ny fitsinjaran' ny zavamaniry araka ny faritra ara-jeografia no jerena, dia mizara eo amin' ny faritany ara-pitsinjaran' ny zavamaniry Atlantic European sy Central European ny tapany eoropeanin' i Nederlandy. Samy ao amin' ny faritra Circumboreal Region, ao anatin' ny vondrom-paritra lehibe Boreal Kingdom, ireo faritany ireo. Araka ny ''World Wide Fund for Nature'' (Tahirim-bola Maneran-tany ho an' ny Zavaboary), dia ao amin' ny faritra ara-tontolo iainana antsoina hoe Atlantic mixed forests (ala mifangaro atlantika) io faritra io. Ny faritra ara-tontolo iainana dia faritra iray manana toe-tontolo iainana sy vondron-javamananaina mampiavaka azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DinersteinOlson2017&quot;&gt;last1: Dinerstein; first1: Eric; last2: Olson; first2: David; last3: Joshi; first3: Anup; last4: Vynne; first4: Carly; last5: Burgess; first5: Neil D.; last6: Wikramanayake; first6: Eric; last7: Hahn; first7: Nathan; last8: Palminteri; first8: Suzanne; last9: Hedao; first9: Prashant; last10: Noss; first10: Reed; last11: Hansen; first11: Matt; last12: Locke; first12: Harvey; last13: Ellis; first13: Erle C; last14: Jones; first14: Benjamin; last15: Barber; first15: Charles Victor; display-authors: 1; year: 2017; title: ''An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm''; journal: BioScience; volume: 67; issue: 6; pages: 534–545; doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix014; issn: 0006-3568; pmc: 5451287; pmid: 28608869; doi-access: free; last16: Hayes; first16: Randy; last17: Kormos; first17: Cyril; last18: Martin; first18: Vance; last19: Crist; first19: Eileen; last20: Sechrest; first20: Wes; last21: Price; first21: Lori; last22: Baillie; first22: Jonathan E. M.; last23: Weeden; first23: Don; last24: Suckling; first24: Kierán; last25: Davis; first25: Crystal; last26: Sizer; first26: Nigel; last27: Moore; first27: Rebecca; last28: Thau; first28: David; last29: Birch; first29: Tanya; last30: Potapov; first30: Peter; last31: Turubanova; first31: Svetlana; last32: Tyukavina; first32: Alexandra; last33: de Souza; first33: Nadia; last34: Pintea; first34: Lilian; last35: Brito; first35: José C.; last36: Llewellyn; first36: Othman A.; last37: Miller; first37: Anthony G.; last38: Patzelt; first38: Annette; last39: Ghazanfar; first39: Shahina A.; last40: Timberlake; first40: Jonathan; last41: Klöser; first41: Heinz; last42: Shennan-Farpón; first42: Yara; last43: Kindt; first43: Roeland; last44: Lillesø; first44: Jens-Peter Barnekow; last45: van Breugel; first45: Paulo; last46: Graudal; first46: Lars; last47: Voge; first47: Maianna; last48: Al-Shammari; first48: Khalaf F.; last49: Saleem; first49: Muhammad.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1871 no nokapaina ireo ala voajanahary farany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Beekbergerwoud - Natuurgebied''; url: [https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/natuurgebieden/beekbergerwoud]; access-date: 13 June 2022; website: Natuurmonumenten; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Nambolena teo amin' ny tany rakotra kirihitra iva vokatry ny asan' ny olombelona sy teo amin' ny tany misy fasika afindran' ny rivotra, izay tany rakotra kirihitra iva niraofan' ny biby fiompy tafahoatra, ireo ala ireo (Veluwe). Tamin' ny 2019, dia 0.6/10 ny salan' isa azon' i Nederlandy tamin' ny tondro fandrefesana ny fahafenoan' ny toetra voajanaharin' ny tontolon' ny ala (''Forest Landscape Integrity Index''), ka laharana faha-169 eran-tany tamin' ny firenena 172 izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;FLII-Supplementary&quot;&gt;last1: Grantham; first1: H. S.; last2: Duncan; first2: A.; last3: Evans; first3: T. D.; last4: Jones; first4: K. R.; last5: Beyer; first5: H. L.; last6: Schuster; first6: R.; last7: Walston; first7: J.; last8: Ray; first8: J. C.; last9: Robinson; first9: J. G.; last10: Callow; first10: M.; last11: Clements; first11: T.; last12: Costa; first12: H. M.; last13: DeGemmis; first13: A.; last14: Elsen; first14: P. R.; last15: Ervin; first15: J.; display-authors: 1; year: 2020; title: ''Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material''; journal: Nature Communications; volume: 11; issue: 1; page: 5978; bibcode: 2020NatCo..11.5978G; doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3; issn: 2041-1723; pmc: 7723057; pmid: 33293507; doi-access: free; last16: Franco; first16: P.; last17: Goldman; first17: E.; last18: Goetz; first18: S.; last19: Hansen; first19: A.; last20: Hofsvang; first20: E.; last21: Jantz; first21: P.; last22: Jupiter; first22: S.; last23: Kang; first23: A.; last24: Langhammer; first24: P.; last25: Laurance; first25: W. F.; last26: Lieberman; first26: S.; last27: Linkie; first27: M.; last28: Malhi; first28: Y.; last29: Maxwell; first29: S.; last30: Mendez; first30: M.; last31: Mittermeier; first31: R.; last32: Murray; first32: N. J.; last33: Possingham; first33: H.; last34: Radachowsky; first34: J.; last35: Saatchi; first35: S.; last36: Samper; first36: C.; last37: Silverman; first37: J.; last38: Shapiro; first38: A.; last39: Strassburg; first39: B.; last40: Stevens; first40: T.; last41: Stokes; first41: E.; last42: Taylor; first42: R.; last43: Tear; first43: T.; last44: Tizard; first44: R.; last45: Venter; first45: O.; last46: Visconti; first46: P.; last47: Wang; first47: S.; last48: Watson; first48: J. E. M..&lt;/ref&gt; Miteraka olana ny fandotoana ateraky ny fitambarana simika misy azota be loatra eo amin' ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Economist&quot; /&gt; Nihena 75% hatramin' ny taompolo 1990 ny isan' ny bibikely manidina ao Nederlandy, araka ny tatitra tamin' ny 2019.&lt;ref&gt;last: Malo; first: Paul; date: 18 November 2019; title: ''Les insectes sont bel et bien en train de disparaître''; trans-title: ''Insects are well and truly disappearing''; url: [https://www.consoglobe.com/insectes-disparaitre-cg]; website: consoglobe.com; language: fr.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governemanta sy pôlitika ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Pôlitikan' i Nederlandy.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Zijne Majesteit Koning Willem-Alexander met koningsmantel april 2013 (cropped).jpeg|Willem-Alexander, mpanjaka
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Efa fanjakana entin' ny mpanjaka voafehin' ny lalàm-panorenana i Nederlandy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1815, ary demôkrasia miorina amin' ny rafitra parlemantera nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1848. Lazaina ho fanjakana ifampizaran' ny vondrona samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny fahefana izy. Mampiavaka ny pôlitika sy ny fitondrana neerlandey ny fiezahana hahazoana marimaritra iraisana eken' ny maro amin' ny raharaha lehibe. Araka ny ''Global State of Democracy Indices'' (tondro momba ny toetry ny demôkrasia maneran-tany) sy ny ''Democracy Tracker'' (fitaovana fanaraha-maso ny demôkrasia), izay samy an' ny International IDEA (Ivontoerana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Demôkrasia sy ny Fanampiana amin' ny Fifidianana), dia eo amin' ny ambaratonga ambony ny vokatra azon' i Nederlandy amin' ny fandrefesana ny demôkrasia amin' ny ankapobeny. Misongadina amin' ny vokatra tsara azony ny fisoloan-tena ara-pôlitika, ka ao anatin' izany ny fisian' ny fitondram-panjakana voafidy sy ny zo hifidy mahafaoka ny sokajin' olom-pirenena samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Netherlands &amp;#124; The Global State of Democracy''; url: [https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/netherlands]; access-date: 6 October 2025; website: www.idea.int; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Global State of Democracy Indices &amp;#124; The Global State of Democracy''; url: [https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices]; access-date: 6 October 2025; website: www.idea.int.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Home &amp;#124; The Global State of Democracy''; url: [https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/]; access-date: 6 October 2025; website: www.idea.int.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2023, dia napetraky ny tondron' ny demôkrasia V-Dem (''Varieties of Democracy'', na «Karazam-pitondrana demôkratika») teo amin' ny laharana faha-17 eran-tany i Nederlandy raha ny demôkrasia mifototra amin' ny fifidianana no jerena.&lt;ref name=&quot;vdem_dataset&quot;&gt;last1: Coppedge; first1: Michael; last2: Gerring; first2: John; last3: Knutsen; first3: Carl Henrik; last4: Lindberg; first4: Staffan I.; last5: Teorell; first5: Jan; last6: Alizada; first6: Nazifa; last7: Altman; first7: David; last8: Bernhard; first8: Michael; last9: Cornell; first9: Agnes; last10: Fish; first10: M. Steven; last11: Gastaldi; first11: Lisa; last12: Gjerløw; first12: Haakon; last13: Glynn; first13: Adam; last14: Hicken; first14: Allen; last15: Hindle; first15: Garry; date: 2021; title: ''V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1''; journal: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project; doi: 10.23696/vdemds21; last16: Ilchenko; first16: Nina; last17: Krusell; first17: Joshua; last18: Lührmann; first18: Anna; last19: Maerz; first19: Seraphine F.; last20: Marquardt; first20: Kyle L.; last21: McMann; first21: Kelly; last22: Mechkova; first22: Valeriya; last23: Medzihorsky; first23: Juraj; last24: Paxton; first24: Pamela; last25: Pemstein; first25: Daniel; last26: Pernes; first26: Josefine; last27: von Römer; first27: Johannes; last28: Seim; first28: Brigitte; last29: Sigman; first29: Rachel; last30: Skaaning; first30: Svend-Erik; last31: Staton; first31: Jeffrey; last32: Sundström; first32: Aksel; last33: Tzelgov; first33: Eitan; last34: Wang; first34: Yi-ting; last35: Wig; first35: Tore; last36: Wilson; first36: Steven; last37: Ziblatt; first37: Daniel.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2022 kosa, dia teo amin' ny laharana fahasivy tamin' ny firenena demôkratika indrindra eran-tany izy araka ny ''Democracy Index'' (tondron' ny demôkrasia) an' ny ''The Economist''.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2023; title: ''Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine''; url: [https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf]; archive-date: 30 March 2023; access-date: 20 May 2023; website: [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]; page: 3; language: en-GB.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny mpanjaka no filoham-panjakana, ary ny Mpanjaka Willem-Alexander no mitana izany toerana izany. Araka ny lalàm-panorenana, dia voafetra ny fahefana mifamatotra amin' io toerana io noho ny andraikitra ara-pôlitika iantsorohan' ny minisitra. Ny governemanta, izay ahitana ny mpanjaka sy ny Filankevitry ny Minisitra, no mandrafitra ny fahefana mpanatanteraka. Io filankevitra io no rafitra ifampidinihan' ny kabinetra neerlandey. Matetika dia minisitra miisa 13 hatramin' ny 16 sy sekreteram-panjakana miovaova isa no mandrafitra ny kabinetra. Minisitra iray hatramin' ny telo no minisitra tsy miandraikitra ministera manokana. Ny praiminisitra no mitarika ny Filankevitry ny Minisitra, ary matetika izy no mpitarika ny antoko lehibe indrindra ao amin' ny fiaraha-mitantana. Izy dia ''primus inter pares'', izany hoe voalohany eo anivon' ireo mitovy sata aminy, ka tsy misy fahefana voafaritra mazava ananany mihoatra noho ny an' ny minisitra hafa. I Rob Jetten no praiminisitra nanomboka tamin' ny volana Febroary 2026.

[[File:Den Haag Binnenhof 02.jpg|thumb|Ny Binnenhof, toerana ivorian' ny antenimiera ambany sy ny antenimiera ambony ao amin' ny parlemanta.]]

Tompon' andraikitra eo anatrehan' ny parlemanta misy antenimiera roa ny kabinetra. Io parlemanta io, ny ''States General'' (Parlemantan' i Nederlandy), dia manana fahefana mpanao lalàna koa. Ny mpikambana 150 ao amin' ny Antenimieran' ny Solombavambahoaka, izay antenimiera ambany, dia fidina amin' ny fifidianana mivantana, amin' ny alalan' ny lisitry ny antoko ka zaraina mifanaraka amin' ny ampahan' ny vato azon' ny antoko tsirairay ny toerana. Isaky ny efa-taona no anaovana izany fifidianana izany, na aloha kokoa raha lavo ny kabinetra. Fidina mivantana isaky ny efa-taona koa ny ''States Provincial'' (antenimieran' ny faritany). Ny mpikambana ao amin' ireo antenimieran' ny faritany ireo no mifidy ny mpikambana 75 ao amin' ny Antenimieran-doholona, izay antenimiera ambony. Manana fahefana handà lalàna io antenimiera ambony io, saingy tsy afaka manitsy azy ireny.&lt;ref&gt;last: Zaken; first: Ministerie van Algemene; date: 12 October 2011; title: ''The House of Representatives and Senate – Parliament – Government.nl''; url: [https://www.government.nl/topics/parliament/senate-and-house-of-representatives]; website: government.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolontsaina pôlitika ===
Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: Antoko pôlitika ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Red-light district of Amsterdam by day. 2012.JPG|thumb|Ao De Wallen, faritra ao Amsterdam misy toeram-pivarotan-tena, no ahitana asa toy ny fivarotan-tena ara-dalàna, izay maneho ny kolontsaina pôlitika nederlandey sy ny fombany momba ny fandeferana.]]

Samy hakana hevitra ny sendikàn' ny mpiasa sy ny fikambanan' ny mpampiasa rehefa mamolavola pôlitika momba ny vola, ny toekarena ary ny fiarahamonina. Mihaona tsy tapaka amin' ny governemanta ao amin' ny Filankevitra momba ny Fiarahamonina sy ny Toekarena izy ireo.
Manana fomba nentim-paharazana momba ny fandeferana amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fiarahamonina i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;last: Buruma; first: Ybo; date: 2007; title: ''Dutch Tolerance: On Drugs, Prostitution, and Euthanasia''; url: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/650185]; journal: Crime and Justice; volume: 35; issue: 1; pages: 73–113; doi: 10.1086/650185; issn: 0192-3234; jstor: 10.1086/650185; s2cid: 144295342; url-access: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia niova ho rafitra nizarazarana ny fiarahamonina ho vondrona ara-pivavahana samy misaraka io fomba nentim-paharazana momba ny fandeferana ara-pivavahana io: niara-nisy nefa samy nitokana ireo vondrona ara-pivavahana, ary teo amin' ny sehatry ny governemanta ihany no nifandraisany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kaplan; first: Benjamin J.; url: [https://brill.com/view/book/9789004353954/BP000009.xml]; title: ''&quot;Dutch&quot; Religious Tolerance: Celebration and Revision''; date: 5 September 2019; publisher: Brill; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-35395-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;
Voarakitra ao amin' ny pôlitika momba ny fanampiana ny any ivelany ny fiarovana ny zon' ny LGBTQ (vehivavy mirona amin' ny vehivavy, lehilahy mirona amin' ny lehilahy, olona mirona amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy, olona manana maha-lahy na maha-vavy tsy mifanaraka amin' izay nanondroana azy tamin' ny nahaterahany, ary olona mampiasa ny anarana hoe ''queer'' hilazana ny fironana ara-pananahany na ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy azy) sy ny zo momba ny fanalan-jaza (na fampitsaharana ny fitondrana vohoka).&lt;ref&gt;date: 18 November 2022; title: ''Feminist foreign policy explained''; url: [https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/11/18/feminist-foreign-policy-netherlands]; access-date: 8 September 2023; publisher: Government of the Netherlands.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy nisy antoko tokana nahazo ny ankamaroan' ny seza tao amin' ny antenimiera hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, ka voatery nanangana governemanta iraisan' ny antoko maromaro ny antoko pôlitika.
Hatramin' ny nanomezana zo hifidy ho an' ny lehilahy rehetra tamin' ny 1917, dia fianakaviana antoko pôlitika telo no nanjaka teo amin' ny rafitra pôlitika: ny demôkrata kristianina (izay ny CDA (Antso Demôkratika Kristianina) no misolo tena azy amin' izao fotoana izao), ny sôsialy-demôkrata (izay ny Pro (Nederlandy Mandroso) no misolo tena azy amin' izao fotoana izao), ary ny liberaly (izay ny VVD (Antokom-bahoaka ho an' ny Fahalalahana sy ny Demôkrasia) no misolo tena azy amin' izao fotoana izao).
Tamin' ny Novambra 2025, ny D66 (Demôkrata 66) tarihin' i Rob Jetten, antoko liberaly mirona amin' ny afovoany, no nandresy tamin' ny fifidianana ankapobeny, ka nahazo seza 26 tamin' ny 150 tao amin' ny Antenimieran' ny Solombavambahoaka.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Cokelaere; first1: Hanne; last2: Hartog; first2: Eva; date: 31 October 2025; title: ''Centrist D66 beats the far right to win Dutch election, national press agency announces''; url: [https://www.politico.eu/article/rob-jetten-geert-wilders-centrist-d66-wins-dutch-election/]; access-date: 16 November 2025; website: Politico.&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa tafatsangana ny governemantany tamin' ny Febroary 2026.&lt;ref&gt;date: 12 November 2025; title: ''Hans Wijers informateur namens D66, Sybrand Buma namens CDA''; trans-title: ''Hans Wijers informateur on behalf of D66, Sybrand Buma on behalf of the CDA''; url: [https://nos.nl/artikel/2590201-hans-wijers-informateur-namens-d66-sybrand-buma-namens-cda]; access-date: 16 November 2025; website: NOS; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fizarana ara-pitantanana ===
Jereo koa ny fizarana ara-pitantanana ao Nederlandy sy ny vondrona ara-panjakana ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Map provinces Netherlands-en.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|Faritany sy fari-piadidiana any Karaiba ao Nederlandy.]]

Mizara ho faritany 12 i Nederlandy, ary samy eo ambany fitarihan' ny solontenan' ny mpanjaka ireo faritany ireo. Mizara ho kaominina (''gemeenten'') ny faritany; nisy 342 ny kaominina tamin' ny 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS_code&quot;&gt;author: &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;; title: ''Gemeentelijke indeling op 1 januari 2023''; trans-title: ''Municipalities on 1 January 2021''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/classificaties/overig/gemeentelijke-indelingen-per-jaar/indeling-per-jaar/gemeentelijke-indeling-op-1-januari-2023]; access-date: 16 January 2023; work: CBS Classifications; publisher: CBS; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fari-piadidiana 21 momba ny rano, izay samy tantanan' ny filan-kevitra misahana ny rano (''waterschap'' na ''hoogheemraadschap''). Manana fahefana amin' ny raharaha momba ny fitantanana ny rano ao amin' ny fari-piadidiany avy ireo filan-kevitra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WATER&quot;&gt;title: ''De waterschappen''; url: [http://www.uvw.nl/de-waterschappen.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103064157/http://www.uvw.nl/de-waterschappen.html]; archive-date: 3 November 2013; access-date: 7 June 2013; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Mijn waterschap''; url: [https://www.waterschappen.nl/mijn-waterschap/]; access-date: 6 May 2021; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nisy talohan' ny niforonan' ny firenena ireo filan-kevitra misahana ny rano ireo, ary tamin' ny 1196 no niseho ny voalohany. Anisan' ny rafitra demôkratika tranainy indrindra mbola misy eto an-tany izy ireo. Isaky ny efa-taona no anaovana fifidianana mivantana ny mpikambana ao amin' ireo filan-kevitra ireo.

Ao anatin' i Baarle-Nassau dia misy faritra 22 an' i Belzika izay tafasaraka amin' ny ambin' ny tanin' io firenena io,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Baarle-Hertog and Baarle Nassau''; url: [http://www.exclave.eu/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4&amp;Itemid=10]; access-date: 21 November 2016; website: Exclave.eu.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ao anatin' ireo faritra ireo indray dia misy faritra valo an' i Nederlandy voahodidin' ny tanin' i Belzika.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+ Ny faritany 12; isan' ny mponina tamin' ny 2023
|-
! Faritany
! Renivohitra
! Tanàna be mponina indrindra
! Velaran-tany manontolo&lt;br /&gt;(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Oppervlakte''; url: [http://www.waarstaatjeprovincie.nl/Paginas/Ruimtelijke%20ordening/Oppervlakte.aspx]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210504021427/https://www.waarstaatjeprovincie.nl/Paginas/Ruimtelijke%20ordening/Oppervlakte.aspx]; archive-date: 4 May 2021; access-date: 10 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Velaran' ny tany maina&lt;br /&gt;(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;NL data&quot;&gt;date: 15 September 2022; title: ''Netherlands: Major Urban Centers''; url: [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/cities/]; access-date: 28 October 2023; website: City Population.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Isan' ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;NL data&quot;/&gt;
! Hakitroky ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(isaky ny km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| [[File:Flag of Drenthe.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Drenthe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Assen
| 2,680 || 2,633 || 502,051 || 191
|-
| [[File:Flag of Flevoland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Flevoland || Lelystad || [[Almere]]
| 2,412 || 1,410 || 444,701 || 315
|-
| [[File:Frisian flag.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Friesland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Leeuwarden
| 5,753 || 3,340 || 659,551 || 197
|-
| [[File:Flag of Gelderland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Gelderland]] || [[Arnhem]] || [[Nijmegen]]
| 5,136 || 4,960 || 2,133,708 || 430
|-
| [[File:Flag of Groningen.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Groningen || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Groningen
| 2,955 || 2,316 || 596,075 || 257
|-
| [[File:Flag of Limburg.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Limburg || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Maastricht]]
| 2,210 || 2,145 || 1,128,367 || 526
|-
| [[File:North Brabant-Flag.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Brabant Avaratra || 's-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch) || [[Eindhoven]]
| 5,082 || 4,902 || 2,626,210 || 536
|-
| [[File:Flag of North Holland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Noord-Holland|Holland Avaratra]] || Haarlem || [[Amsterdam]]
| 4,092 || 2,663 || 2,952,622 || 1,109
|-
| [[File:Flag of Overijssel.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Overijssel || Zwolle || [[Enschede]]
| 3,421 || 3,317 || 1,184,333 || 357
|-
| [[File:Flag of Zuid-Holland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Zuid-Holland|Holland Atsimo]] || [[Den Haag]] || [[Rotterdam]]
| 3,308 || 2,698 || 3,804,906 || 1,410
|-
| [[File:Utrecht (province)-Flag.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Utrecht
| 1,560 || 1,484 || 1,387,643 || 935
|-
| [[File:Flag of Zeeland.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] [[Zelandy]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Middelburg]]
| 2,933 || 1,780 || 391,124 || 220
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ampahany any Eorôpa
! 41,543 || 33,647 || 17,811,291 || 529
|}

Tsy tafiditra ao anatin' ireo faritany 12 ireo ny rafitra ara-pitantanana ao Nederlandy any Karaiba. Manana ny satan' ny ''openbare lichamen'', izany hoe vondrona ara-panjakana, ireo nosy ireo,&lt;ref name=&quot;WOLBES&quot;&gt;title: ''31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba''; url: [http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/31954_wet_openbare_lichamen]; access-date: 15 October 2010; publisher: Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal; language: nl; quote: De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. &lt;br /&gt;&quot;Through the establishment of the BES islands as public bodies, rather than communities, the BES islands' rules may deviate from the rules in the European part of the Netherlands. The Dutch legislation will be introduced gradually. The public bodies fall directly under the central government because they are not part of a province.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary antsoina hoe kaominina manokana.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+ Nederlandy any Karaiba; isan' ny mponina tamin' ny 2023
|-
! Nosy
! Renivohitra
! Velaran-tany&lt;br /&gt;(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;BES&quot;&gt;date: 23 July 2023; title: ''Caribbean Netherlands''; url: [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/caribbeannetherlands/]; access-date: 28 October 2023; website: City Population.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Isan' ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;BES&quot;/&gt;
! Hakitroky ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(isaky ny km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bonaire.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Bonaire || Kralendijk
| 288 || 24,090 || 84
|-
| [[File:Flag of Saba.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Saba || The Bottom
| 13 || 2,035 || 157
|-
| [[File:Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Sint Eustatius || Oranjestad
| 21 || 3,293 || 157
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nederlandy any Karaiba
! 322 || 29,418 || 91
|}

Ny tabilao manaraka kosa dia mitahiry ny antontanisa momba ireo faritany tamin' ny 2007.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+ Antontanisa momba ny faritany tamin' ny 2007
|-
! Saina
! Faritany
! Renivohitra
! Tanàna be mponina indrindra
! Velaran-tany (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;ProvArea&quot;&gt;url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&amp;DM=SLNL&amp;PA=70072ned&amp;D1=224&amp;D2=5-16&amp;D3=l&amp;HD=081103-1603&amp;HDR=T&amp;STB=G1,G2]; language: Dutch; publisher: Statistics Netherlands; year: 2007; accessdate: 2007-10-13; title: ''Regionale Kerncijfers Nederland''.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Isan' ny mponina&lt;ref&gt;url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&amp;DM=SLNL&amp;PA=03759ned&amp;D1=0&amp;D2=802-813&amp;D3=0&amp;D4=l&amp;HD=081103-1603]; language: Dutch; publisher: Statistics Netherlands; year: 2007; accessdate: 2007-10-13; title: ''Bevolking per regio naar leeftijd, geslacht en burgerlijke staat''.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Hakitroky ny mponina&lt;br /&gt;(isaky ny km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| [[File:Flag Drenthe.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Drenthe]] || Drenthe || Assen || Assen&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ny tanàna mihitsy no resahina eto, fa tsy ny kaominina iray manontolo. Be mponina kokoa noho ny tanànan' i Emmen ny tanànan' i Assen, na dia be mponina kokoa noho ny kaomininan' i Assen aza ny kaomininan' i Emmen.&lt;/ref&gt; || 2 641 || 486 197 || 184
|-
| [[File:Flevolandflag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Flevoland]] || Flevoland || Lelystad || [[Almere]] || 1 417 || 374 424 || 264
|-
| [[File:Frisian flag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Friesland]] || Friesland || Leeuwarden || Leeuwarden || 3341 || 642 209 || 192
|-
| [[File:Flag of Gelderland.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Gelderland]] || [[Gelderland]] || [[Arnhem]] || [[Nijmegen]] || 4 971 || 1 979 059 || 398
|-
| [[File:Flag Groningen.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Groningen]] || Groningen || Groningen || Groningen || 2 333 || 573 614 || 246
|-
| [[File:NL-LimburgVlag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Limburg]] || Limburg || [[Maastricht]] || [[Maastricht]] || 2 150 || 1 127 805 || 525
|-
| [[File:North Brabant-Flag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Noord-Brabant]] || Noord-Brabant || Den Bosch || [[Eindhoven]] || 4 916 || 2 419 042 || 492
|-
| [[File:Flag North-Holland, Netherlands.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Noord-Holland]] || [[Noord-Holland]] || Haarlem || [[Amsterdam]] || 2 671 || 2 613 070 || 978
|-
| [[File:Flag Overijssel.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Overijssel]] || Overijssel || Zwolle || [[Enschede]] || 3 325 || 1 116 374 || 336
|-
| [[File:Utrecht (province)-Flag.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht]] || 1 385 || 1 190 604 || 860
|-
| [[File:Flag of Zeeland.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Zelandy]] || [[Zelandy]] || [[Middelburg]] || [[Middelburg]] || 1 787 || 380 497 || 213
|-
| [[File:Flag Zuid-Holland.svg|27px|alt=Sainan' i Zuid-Holland]] || [[Zuid-Holland]] || [[Den Haag]]&lt;br /&gt;''(La Haye)'' || [[Rotterdam]] || 2 814 || 3 455 097 || 1228
|}

=== Fifandraisana amin' ny any ivelany ===
Jereo koa: Lisitry ny birao solontena diplaomatikan' i Nederlandy any ivelany sy Lisitry ny birao solontena diplaomatika ao Nederlandy.

[[File:TheHague PeacePalace 016 5771.jpg|thumb|Ny Lapan' ny Fandriampahalemana (''Vredespaleis''), ao [[Den Haag]].]]
Nampiavaka ny tantaran' ny politika ivelany narahin' i Nederlandy ny tsy fiandaniany. Araka ny ''Global Peace Index'' (tondro momba ny fandriampahalemana eran-tany) tamin' ny 2024, dia laharana faha-18 amin' ireo firenena milamina indrindra eran-tany i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''2024 Global Peace Index''; url: [https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa dia niditra ho mpikambana tao amin' ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena maro i Nederlandy, ka misongadina indrindra amin' ireo ny UN (Firenena Mikambana), ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra|NATO]] (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra) ary ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana).

Mifototra amin' ny fanoloran-tena fototra efatra ny politika ivelany: ny fiaraha-miasan' ny firenena eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' i Atlantika, ny fampiraisana eorôpeana, ny fampandrosoana iraisam-pirenena ary ny lalàna iraisam-pirenena. Anisan' ny raharaha iraisam-pirenena mampisy adihevitra kokoa ny politika tsy dia hentitra momba ireo zava-mahadomelina heverina ho ambany kokoa ny loza aterany (''soft drugs'').&lt;ref&gt;date: 21 December 2022; title: ''Drug Kingpin Trial 'Ultimate Test' for Dutch Rule of Law''; url: [https://www.voanews.com/a/drug-kingpin-trial-ultimate-test-for-dutch-rule-of-law/6885306.html]; access-date: 18 July 2023; publisher: VOA; agency: Agence France-Presse.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola misy fiantraikany eo amin' ny fifandraisana amin' ny any ivelany ireo fifandraisana ara-tantara nolovain' i Nederlandy avy tamin' ny fanjanahany tany [[Indônezia]] sy [[Sorinama]]. Maro ny olona manana fiaviana avy amin' ireo firenena ireo no monina maharitra ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 6 December 2023; title: ''Suriname''; url: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107182748/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/]; archive-date: 7 January 2021; publisher: Central Intelligence Agency; via: CIA.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Indonesian political exiles in the Netherlands after 1965; Postcolonial nationalists in an era of transnationalism''; url: [https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&amp;context=wacana].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tafika ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tafika mitam-piadian' i Nederlandy.

[[File:HNLMS Holland.jpg|thumb|Sambo fisafoana an-dranomasina lavitra ny morontsiraka ao amin' ny sokajy ''Holland'', an' ny Tafika an-dranomasina mpanjakan' i Nederlandy.]]
[[File:Aankomst F-35 Leeuwarden-4.jpg|thumb|F-35 Lightning II an' ny Tafika an' habakabaka mpanjakan' i Nederlandy.]]

Anisan' ny tafika maharitra tranainy indrindra any Eorôpa ny an' i Nederlandy; natsangana voalohany tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 izany. Taorian' ny naharesy an' i Napoleon dia novana ho tafika mifototra amin' ny fanompoana miaramila an-tery ny tafika nederlandey. Niala tamin' ny tsy fiandaniany i Nederlandy tamin' ny 1948, rehefa nanao sonia ny Fifanarahan' i Bruxelles, ary anisan' ny mpikambana mpanorina ny NATO (Fikambanan' ny Fifanarahan' i Atlantika Avaratra) tamin' ny 1949. Noho izany dia anisan' ny herin' ny NATO tany Eorôpa nandritra ny [[Ady Mangatsiaka]] ny tafika nederlandey. Tamin' ny 1983 dia nafindra tamin' ny governemanta ny andraikitra ara-pombafomba maha-lehiben' ny tafika izay notanan' ny mpanjaka. Midika izany fa tsy manana andraikitra ara-miaramila ofisialy ny mpanjaka, izay loham-panjakana amin' ny anarana fotsiny.

Naato ny fanompoana miaramila an-tery tamin' ny 1996, ary novana indray ho tafika matihanina ny tafika nederlandey. Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990 dia nandray anjara tamin' ny Ady tany Bôsnia sy ny Ady tany Kosovo izany; nifehy faritany iray tany [[Iràka]] taorian' ny naharesy an' i [[Saddam Hussein]], ary nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tany Afganistàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vol. 21, No. 3, 429–458&quot;&gt;last: Dimitriu; first: George; author2: de Graaf; date: September 2010; title: ''The Dutch COIN Approach: Three years in Uruzgan''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/3091201]; journal: Small Wars &amp; Insurgencies; volume: 21; issue: 3; pages: 429–458; doi: 10.1080/09592318.2010.505471; hdl: 1887/16536; s2cid: 144724148; hdl-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Nankatoavin' i Nederlandy ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena maro momba ny lalàna mifehy ny ady, saingy tsy nanao sonia ny Fifanarahana momba ny Fandrarana ny Fitaovam-piadiana Nokleary nataon' ny UN (Firenena Mikambana) izy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 11 February 2019; title: ''Red Cross urges Netherlands to sign UN nuclear weapons ban''; url: [https://nltimes.nl/2019/02/11/red-cross-urges-netherlands-sign-un-nuclear-weapons-ban]; work: NL Times.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mizara ho sampana efatra ny tafika. Samy manomboka amin' ny teny hoe ''Koninklijke'', izay midika hoe «mpanjaka», ny anaran' ireo sampana ireo:
* ''Koninklijke Marine'' — KM (Tafika an-dranomasina mpanjakan' i Nederlandy), izay ahitana ny sampan-draharahan' ny fiaramanidin' ny tafika an-dranomasina sy ny vondron' ny miaramila an-dranomasina miady an-tanety;
* ''Koninklijke Landmacht'' — KL (Tafika an-tanety mpanjakan' i Nederlandy);
* ''Koninklijke Luchtmacht'' — KLu (Tafika mpanjakan' i Nederlandy an' habakabaka sy misahana ny habaka ivelan' ny Tany);
* ''Koninklijke Marechaussee'' — KMar (Zandarimaria mpanjakan' i Nederlandy), izay manao ny asan' ny pôlisy miaramila sy ny fanaraha-maso ny sisin-tany.

Nosokafana ho an' ny vehivavy ny sampan-draharahan' ny sambo mpisitrika tamin' ny 2017. Misokatra ho an' ny vehivavy koa ny ''Korps Commandotroepen'' (vondron-tafika ho an' ny iraka manokana), saingy saika tsy ho vitan' ny vehivavy ny ho tonga miaramila ao aminy noho ny fitakiana ara-batana avo dia avo mandritra ny fiofanana voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&amp;p=118 KCT. Official website of the Dutch Commando Foundation] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205094656/http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&amp;p=118 https://web.archive.org/web/20110205094656/http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&amp;p=118]; daty: 5 February 2011). Korpscommandotroepen.nl (14 April 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa olona maherin' ny 70 000 ny Minisiteran' ny Fiarovana nederlandey, ka sivily maherin' ny 20 000 sy miaramila maherin' ny 50 000 no ao anatin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Ministerie van defensie – Werken bij Defensie''; url: [http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/werken_bij_defensie]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811142105/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/werken_bij_defensie]; archive-date: 11 August 2011; access-date: 29 April 2010; publisher: Mindef.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toekarena ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Toekarenan' i Nederlandy.

[[File:Economic growth of the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Ny fiovan' ny GDP (harinkarena faobe) isam-batan' olona nandritra ny tantara, araka ny ''Our World in Data'' (angona momba izao tontolo izao).]]

Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-16 dia anisan' ny sehatra lehibe teo amin' ny toekarena ny fitaterana an-dranomasina, ny jono, ny fambolena, ny varotra ary ny banky. Ambony ny fahalalahana ara-toekarena ao Nederlandy. Anisan' ireo firenena mitana ny laharana voalohany ao amin' ny ''Global Enabling Trade Report'' (tatitra maneran-tany momba ny fanamorana ny varotra) izy, ka faharoa tamin' ny 2016. Ny ''International Institute for Management Development'' (Ivontoerana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fampandrosoana ny Fitantanana) any Soisa kosa dia nametraka ny toekareny ho fahadimy eran-tany amin' ny fahaiza-mifaninana tamin' ny 2017.&lt;ref&gt;date: 4 June 2017; title: ''The 2017 IMD World Competitiveness Ranking''; url: [http://www.imd.org/globalassets/wcc/docs/release-2017/2017-world_competitiveness_ranking.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170604200349/http://www.imd.org/globalassets/wcc/docs/release-2017/2017-world_competitiveness_ranking.pdf]; archive-date: 4 June 2017; access-date: 3 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ireo firenena lehibe ifanakalozany ara-barotra i Alemaina, i Belzika, ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, i Etazonia, i Frantsa, i Italia, ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina ary i Rosia.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt; Anisan' ireo firenena folo lehibe indrindra mpanondrana entana eran-tany i Nederlandy. Ny famokarana sakafo no sehatra indostrialy lehibe indrindra ao aminy. Anisan' ireo sehatra lehibe hafa ny famokarana akora simika, ny fanodinana metaly, ny fanamboarana milina sy fitaovana elektrika, ny varotra, ny tolotra ary ny fizahantany. Anisan' ireo orinasa neerlandey miasa iraisam-pirenena sady miasa ao Nederlandy ny Randstad NV, ny Heineken ary ny KLM (orinasam-pitaterana an' habakabaka); eo amin' ny tolotra ara-bola ny ING (orinasa misahana ny tolotra ara-bola), ny ABN AMRO (orinasa misahana ny tolotra ara-bola) ary ny Rabobank; eo amin' ny akora simika ny DSM (orinasa misahana ny akora simika) sy ny AKZO (orinasa misahana ny akora simika); eo amin' ny fanadiovana solitany ny Shell plc; eo amin' ny milina elektrônika ny Philips sy ny ASML (orinasa misahana ny milina elektrônika); ary eo amin' ny fitaovana famantarana toerana sy fitarihan-dalana amin' ny alalan' ny zanabolana ny TomTom.
[[File:Haven van Rotterdam 2023 (06).jpg|thumb|Ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no seranan-tsambo lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa.]]

Manana ny toekarena faha-17 lehibe indrindra eran-tany i Nederlandy raha ny GDP (harinkarena faobe), refesina amin' ny sandam-bola tsy ahitsy araka ny fahefa-mividy, no jerena. Faha-11 kosa izy raha io harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona io no jerena. Kely ny tsy fitovian' ny fidiram-bola, nefa somary lehibe ny tsy fitovian' ny harena ananana.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Bavel; first1: Bas Van; last2: Frankema; first2: Ewout; date: 22 June 2017; title: ''Wealth Inequality in the Netherlands, c. 1950–2015. The Paradox of a Northern European Welfare State''; url: [https://tseg.nl/article/view/8184]; journal: TSEG: The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History; language: en; volume: 14; issue: 2; pages: 29–62; doi: 10.18352/tseg.916; issn: 2468-9068; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia faha-11 amin' ny harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona aza i Nederlandy, dia napetraky ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy|UNICEF]] (Tahirim-bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy) ho voalohany tamin' ireo firenena manankarena raha ny fiadanan' ny ankizy no jerena, tamin' ny 2007 sy tamin' ny 2013.&lt;ref&gt;last: Chai; first: Barbara; title: ''This is why Dutch kids are much happier than American children''; url: [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-dutch-kids-are-the-happiest-in-the-world-2017-04-05]; access-date: 3 August 2017; newspaper: Marketwatch.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 2007; title: ''Child Poverty in Perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries''; url: [http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190903184146/https://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf]; archive-date: 3 September 2019; access-date: 14 September 2007; publisher: UNICEF.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 2013; title: ''Child well-being in rich countries — UNICEF''; url: [https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf]; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Unicef-irc.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ho an' ny taona 2013, ny harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona tamin' ny sandam-bola tsy ahitsy araka ny fahefa-mividy dia 50 816 dôlara amerikana, ka faha-11 tamin' ny firenena 187 i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;FMI&quot;&gt;Fonds monétaire international, World Economic Outlook Database - [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx angona ho an'ny taona 2013.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' io taona io ihany, ny harinkarena faobe isam-batan' olona rehefa ahitsy araka ny PPP (fampitahana ny vola araka ny fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy, izany hoe ny habetsahan' ny entana sy tolotra azo vidina) dia 46 440 dôlara, ka faha-12 tamin' ny firenena 187 izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;FMI&quot; /&gt;

Ho an' ny taona 2012 kosa, ny tondro momba ny fivoaran' ny olombelona dia 0,921 sady nitombo; tao amin' ny sokajy ambony be i Nederlandy ary faha-4 tamin' ny firenena 194.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDH&quot;&gt;title: ''Indicateurs internationaux de développement humain''; url: [http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/103106.html]; accessdate: 2015-05-10; archivedate: 2012-08-15; archiveurl: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815232311/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/103106.html].&lt;/ref&gt;

I Amsterdam no foiben' ny fitantanam-bola sy ny fandraharahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ez&quot;&gt;title: ''Amsterdam – Economische Zaken''; url: [http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&amp;page=6]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161807/http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&amp;page=6]; archive-date: 5 December 2008; access-date: 22 May 2008; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tsenam-bolan' i Amsterdam, na AEX (tsena ifanakalozana petra-bola sy taratasim-bola), izay ao anatin' ny Euronext, no tsenam-bola tranainy indrindra eran-tany sady anisan' ireo lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa. Amin' ny maha-iray amin' ireo firenena nanorina ny fampiasana ny [[Euro|eorô]] azy dia nosoloin' i Nederlandy io vola io ny volany taloha, ny ''gulden'', tamin' ny 1999, teo amin' ny fitanana kaonty. Any amin' ny ampahany karibeaninan' i Nederlandy kosa dia ny dôlara amerikana no ampiasaina.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Memorie van toelichting – Regels met betrekking tot het geldstelsel van de openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (Wet geldstelsel BES) – Parlementaire monitor''; url: [https://www.parlementairemonitor.nl/9353000/1/j9vvij5epmj1ey0/viahe0d72fyt]; access-date: 28 January 2023; website: parlementairemonitor.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny lahatsoratr' i Dirk Schindler navoakan' ny Oniversite Erasmus ao Rotterdam tamin' ny 28 Janoary 2022, i Nederlandy dia firenena mpanelanelana (''conduit country'') izay manampy amin' ny fampandalovana tombom-barotra avy any amin' ireo firenena be hetra mankany amin' ireo toerana manolotra hetra ambany na tombontsoa ara-ketra ho an' ny vola avy any ivelany (''tax havens'').&lt;ref&gt;last: Schindler; first: Dirk; date: 28 January 2022; title: ''Is the Netherlands Still a Tax Haven?''; url: [https://www.eur.nl/en/news/netherlands-still-tax-haven]; access-date: 2 April 2023; publisher: Erasmus University Rotterdam.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny ''Corporate Tax Haven Index'' (tondro fampitahana ireo toerana manolotra hetra ambany na tombontsoa ara-ketra ho an' ny orinasam-bahiny) tamin' ny 2021, navoakan' ny ''Tax Justice Network'' (tambajotra momba ny rariny ara-ketra), dia napetraka ho faha-4 lehibe indrindra eran-tany tamin' ireny toerana ireny i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;author: &lt;!--Not stated--&gt;; date: 2021; title: ''Corporate Tax Haven Index''; url: [https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/cthi/cthi-2021-results]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230402191029/https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/cthi/cthi-2021-results]; archive-date: 2 April 2023; access-date: 2 April 2023; publisher: Tax Justice Network.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:BlueEurozone.svg|thumb|left|Ao anatin' ny vondron' ny firenena mampiasa vola iray ihany, dia ny [[Faritra euro|faritra eorô]] (manga antitra), i Nederlandy, ary ao anatin' ny tsena iraisan' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana koa.]]
Manamora ny fidiran' i Nederlandy amin' ny tsena any amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra sy any Alemaina ny toerana misy azy; ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa. Anisan' ireo singa lehibe hafa amin' ny toekarena ny varotra iraisam-pirenena, ny banky ary ny fitaterana. Efa ela talohan' ireo firenena eoropeanina mpiara-miombon' antoka taminy i Nederlandy no nahomby tamin' ny fiatrehana ny olana momba ny fitantanam-bolam-panjakana sy ny fitomboan' ny asa izay nihitsoka. I Amsterdam no toerana fizahan-tany fahadimy be mpitsidika indrindra any Eorôpa, ka mandray mpitsidika iraisam-pirenena maherin' ny 4,2 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;42milvisitors&quot;&gt;title: ''Amsterdam en de wereld: Toerisme en congreswezen''; url: [http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?page=9&amp;menu=27]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215160103/http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?page=9&amp;menu=27]; archive-date: 15 February 2009; access-date: 15 February 2009.. ez.amsterdam.nl&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin' ny fanitarana ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana) dia maro ireo mpiasa mpifindra monina tonga ao Nederlandy avy any [[Eorôpa Afovoany]] sy Eorôpa Atsinanana.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kreijger; first: Gilbert; date: 10 February 2012; title: ''Dutch allow Wilders' anti-Pole website, EU critical''; url: [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-dutch-immigrants-idUKTRE8191ML20120210]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101082733/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-dutch-immigrants-idUKTRE8191ML20120210]; archive-date: 1 January 2016; publisher: Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbola anisan' ireo firenena eoropeanina mitarika amin' ny fisarihana fampiasam-bola mivantana avy any ivelany i Nederlandy, izany hoe fampiasam-bola ahafahan' ny mpampiasa vola mandray anjara mivantana amin' ny fitantanana orinasa any amin' ny firenena hafa. Anisan' ireo firenena dimy lehibe indrindra mampiasa vola any Etazonia koa izy. Araka ny ''Global Competitiveness Report'' (tatitra momba ny fahaiza-mifaninana maneran-tany) tamin' ny 2013, navoakan' ny ''World Economic Forum'' (Sehatra Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Toekarena), dia fahaefatra eran-tany amin' ny fahaiza-mifaninana ny toekarenan' i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;wefcomp&quot;&gt;date: 5 September 2012; title: ''Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013''; url: [http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141210040419/http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness]; archive-date: 10 December 2014; access-date: 11 June 2013; publisher: World Economic Forum.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Angovo ===
[[File:Natural gas NL.png|thumb|Ireo faritra nomena zo hitrandrahana entona voajanahary ao Nederlandy. Ao Nederlandy no misy mihoatra ny 25% amin' ny tahirin' entona voajanahary rehetra ao amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana).&lt;ref&gt;title: ''The Netherlands's Effort to Phase Out and Rationalise its Fossil-Fuel Subsidies''; url: [https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/publication/2020-OECD-IEA-review-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-in-the-Netherlands.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Wildervank natural gas field.jpg|thumb|Ny tahirin' entona Groningen, izay nanova ny toekarena nederlandey ny fahitana azy tamin' ny 1959, dia anisan' ny tahirin' entona voajanahary lehibe indrindra eran-tany.]]

Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1950 no nahitana tahirin' [[Etona voajanahary|entona voajanahary]] goavana, izay nitondra fidiram-bola be dia be nandritra ny am-polony taona maro. Nampiditra vola an-jatony miliara eorô tao amin' ny tetibolam-panjakana izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;vorige.nrc.nl&quot;&gt;date: 17 June 2009; title: ''The Dutch curse: how billions from natural gas went up in smoke''; url: [http://vorige.nrc.nl//international/article2274261.ece/The_Dutch_curse_how_billions_from_natural_gas_went_up_in_smoke]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000129/http://vorige.nrc.nl//international/article2274261.ece/The_Dutch_curse_how_billions_from_natural_gas_went_up_in_smoke]; archive-date: 21 December 2016; newspaper: NRC Handelsblad.&lt;/ref&gt; izany hoe manodidina ny 1.5% amin' ny GNP (tontalin' ny sandan' ny vokatra sy ny tolotra vokarin' ny mponina ara-toekarenan' ilay firenena, na ao anatiny na any ivelany). Nisy fiantraikany tsy nampoizina teo amin' ny fahafahan' ny sehatra hafa nifaninana anefa izany harem-be avy amin' ny angovo izany. Izany no nipoiran' ny teôria momba ny fahasimban' ny fahafahan' ny sehatra hafa mifaninana vokatry ny harena voajanahary (''Dutch disease'').&lt;ref name=&quot;vorige.nrc.nl&quot;/&gt; Ny Gasunie, izay an' ny fanjakana, no mitantana ny fitrandrahana ilay tahirin' entona; iarahan' ny fanjakana sy ny Royal Dutch Shell ary ny ExxonMobil kosa manararaotra ny entona vokarina. Niteraka horohoron-tany nanimba trano fonenana ny famokarana entona. Taorian' ny fanoherana mafy nataon' ny vahoaka, dia nanapa-kevitra ny governemanta fa hampitsahatra tsikelikely ny famokarana entona avy amin' io tahiry io.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/93f03b36-64a9-4366-9d5f-0261d73d68b3/The_Netherlands_2020_Energy_Policy_Review.pdf]; title: ''The Netherlands 2020: Energy Policy Review''; date: September 2020; publisher: International Energy Agency; page: 11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandroso be i Nederlandy teo amin' ny fanovana ny rafitra famokarana sy fampiasana angovo ho amin' ny toekarena izay voaonitra tanteraka amin' ny fanesorana karbônina avy amin' ny atmosfera ny famoahany izany. Noho ny fampiasana angovo mahomby kokoa, izay ahazoana vokatra mitovy amin' ny angovo kely kokoa, dia hita ny famantarana fa tsy voatery hiaraka hitombo amin' ny toekarena intsony ny filàna angovo. Nitombo avo roa heny ny ampahan' ny angovo avy amin' ny [[Angovo azo havaozina|loharano azo havaozina]] teo anelanelan' ny 2008 sy 2019, ka ny famokarana herinaratra amin' ny rivotra eny an-dranomasina sy ny famokarana herinaratra amin' ny masoandro amin' ny alalan' ny fitaovana eny an-tafontrano no tena nitombo betsaka. Mbola miankina betsaka amin' ny solika fôsily anefa i Nederlandy, ary maro ao aminy ireo indostria mandany angovo be sy mamoaka entona betsaka, ka tsy ho mora ny hampihenana na hanafoanana ny famoahan' izy ireo karbônina. Ny Fifanarahana momba ny toetrandro tamin' ny 2019 dia mamaritra ny politika sy ny fepetra hanohanana ny fanatrarana ireo tanjona momba ny toetrandro. Niaraha-namolavola azy io, ka nandray anjara tamin' izany ireo avy amin' ny sehatra samihafa manerana ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/93f03b36-64a9-4366-9d5f-0261d73d68b3/The_Netherlands_2020_Energy_Policy_Review.pdf]; title: ''The Netherlands 2020: Energy Policy Review''; date: September 2020; publisher: International Energy Agency; page: 3. [[File:CC BY icon.svg|50x50px|class=noviewer]] Nalaina avy tamin' ity loharano ity ny lahatsoratra; azo ampiasaina araka ny [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|fahazoan-dalana iraisam-pirenena Creative Commons 4.0 mitaky ny fanondroana ny loharano (''Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'')]] io loharano io.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2018, dia anisan' ny firenena nanana tahan' ny famoahana [[Etona karbônika|diôksida karbônina]] isam-batan' olona ambony indrindra tao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2018; title: ''Fossil CO2 emissions of all world countries – 2018 Report''; url: [https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/fossil-co2-emissions-all-world-countries-2018-report]; access-date: 21 October 2019; publisher: EU Science Hub.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fambolena sy fiompiana ary harena voajanahary ===
Mampiasa milina betsaka ny sehatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana ary mifantoka indrindra amin' ny fanondranana any ivelany. Manodidina ny 4% amin' ny Nederlandey miasa na mitady asa no miasa ao amin' io sehatra io, nefa mamokatra ambim-bokatra betsaka eo amin' ny indostrian' ny fanodinana sakafo izy ary mitondra ny 21% amin' ny tontalin' ny sandan' ny fanondranana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Factsheet Agri-food: Holland is a world-leading supplier of sustainable, healthy, agri-food products''; url: [https://www.hollandalumni.nl/files/documents/career/factsheets-key-sectors/factsheet-agri-food]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141804/https://www.hollandalumni.nl/files/documents/career/factsheets-key-sectors/factsheet-agri-food]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Hollandalumni.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny sandan' ny fanondranana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana no jerena, dia laharana voalohany ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana ary faharoa maneran-tany i Nederlandy, ka i Etazonia ihany no eo alohany.&lt;ref&gt;author: &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;; date: 23 August 2014; title: ''Farming in the Netherlands: Polder and wiser''; url: [https://www.economist.com/business/2014/08/23/polder-and-wiser]; url-access: registration; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180704000436/https://www.economist.com/business/2014/08/23/polder-and-wiser]; archive-date: 4 July 2018; access-date: 29 August 2014; newspaper: The Economist; location: Sevenum.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazoana 94.5&amp;nbsp;miliara eorô ny fanondranana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny taona 2019.&lt;ref&gt;last: Ministerie van Landbouw; first: Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit; date: 17 January 2020; title: ''Dutch agricultural exports worth €94.5 billion in 2019''; url: [https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2020/01/17/dutch-agricultural-exports-worth-%E2%82%AC94.5-billion-in-2019]; website: government.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Mba hampihenana ny fandotoana ateraky ny fambolena sy fiompiana, dia mametraka fetra hentitra amin' ny fahafaha-mamokatra eo amin' io sehatra io ny governemanta, ka niteraka ny hetsi-panoheran' ny mpamboly sy mpiompy nederlandey izany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Corder; first: Mike; date: 8 July 2022; title: ''Why are Dutch farmers protesting over emissions?''; url: [https://www.nujournal.com/news/agribusiness/2022/07/08/explainer-why-are-dutch-farmers-protesting-over-emissions/]; access-date: 8 July 2022; website: The Journal.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny vokatra aondran' i Nederlandy ny vokatry ny fambolena, indrindra ny voninkazo ''tulipe'', ary ny vokatry ny fiompiana, toy ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny ronono, anisan' izany ny fromazy, sy ny hena.

Mandalo ao amin' ilay firenena ny ampahatelon' ny [[Capsicum|sakay]], voatabia ary [[Kôkômbra|kôkômbra]] aondrana maneran-tany. Manondrana ny 7% amin' ny paoma maneran-tany i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;USDA Foreign Agriculture Service&quot; /&gt; Ny zavamaniry vao notapahina, ny voninkazo ary ny takamoam-boninkazo (taova mitahiry sakafo ahafahan' ny zavamaniry mitsiry) no mandrafitra ampahany lehibe amin' ny fanondranana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ka mahatratra ny roa ampahatelon' ny famokarana maneran-tany ireo vokatra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;USDA Foreign Agriculture Service&quot;&gt;title: ''Netherlands: Agricultural situation''; url: [http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118432.pdf#search=%22netherlands%20main%20agriculture%20export%20flowers%22]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070619213352/http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118432.pdf#search=%22netherlands%20main%20agriculture%20export%20flowers%22]; archive-date: 19 June 2007; access-date: 20 June 2007; publisher: USDA Foreign Agriculture Service.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2016, dia 0.8 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina ny fahafahan' ny tontolo iainana mamokatra loharanon-karena sy mandray ny fako (''biocapacity'') tao Nederlandy, ka 0.2 tamin' izany no natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Ny hektara maneran-tany dia fatra enti-mampitaha velarana araka ny salan' ny fahafaha-mamokatra biôlôjika maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;footprintdata&quot;&gt;title: ''Country Trends''; url: [http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=150&amp;type=BCpc,EFCpc]; access-date: 15 November 2019; publisher: Global Footprint Network.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny antsasaky ny fahafaha-mamokatra sy mandray fako maneran-tany, izay 1.6 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina, ihany ny an' i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Lin; first1: David; last2: Hanscom; first2: Laurel; last3: Murthy; first3: Adeline; last4: Galli; first4: Alessandro; last5: Evans; first5: Mikel; last6: Neill; first6: Evan; last7: Mancini; first7: Maria Serena; last8: Martindill; first8: Jon; last9: Medouar; first9: Fatime-Zahra; last10: Huang; first10: Shiyu; last11: Wackernagel; first11: Mathis; date: 2018; title: ''Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018''; journal: Resources; language: en; volume: 7; issue: 3; pages: 58; bibcode: 2018Resou...7...58L; doi: 10.3390/resources7030058; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt; Etsy ankilany anefa, tamin' ny taona 2016, dia 4.8 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina, amin' ny salan' isa, ny fahafaha-mamokatra sy mandray fako nampiasain' ny Nederlandey; izany no velarana ara-tontolo iainana takin' ny fanjifany (''ecological footprint''). Vokatr' izany, dia nisy tsy fahampiana teo amin' ny fahafahan' ny tontolo iainana mamokatra loharanon-karena sy mandray ny fako tao Nederlandy, izay nahatratra 4.0 hektara maneran-tany isaky ny mponina tamin' ny taona 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;footprintdata&quot; /&gt;

=== Fitaterana ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fitaterana ao Nederlandy.''

Nitombo tsy an-kijanona nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1950 ny fivezivezena an-dalana, ary mihoatra ny 200 miliara km isan-taona ny halaviran-dalana vita,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''SWOV Fact sheet &amp;#124; Mobility on Dutch roads''; date: July 2013; publisher: SWOV – Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research; location: Leidschendam, the Netherlands; url: [http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Mobility.pdf]; access-date: 7 July 2014; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100415044922/http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Mobility.pdf]; archive-date: 15 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; ka amin' ny fiara no anaovana ny telo ampahefatr' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;&gt;url: [http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201215.pdf]; title: ''New Drivers in Mobility: What Moves the Dutch in 2012 and Beyond?''; last1: Waard; first1: Jan van der; last2: Jorritsma; first2: Peter; last3: Immers; first3: Ben; date: October 2012; publisher: OECD International Transport Forum; location: Delft, the Netherlands; access-date: 7 July 2014; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117223717/http://internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201215.pdf]; archive-date: 17 January 2013; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny dia rehetra no atao amin' ny fiara, 25% amin' ny bisikileta, 20% an-tongotra ary 5% amin' ny fitateram-bahoaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;/&gt;

==== Fitaterana an-dalana ====
[[File:A1-Hoog Buurlo.jpg|thumb|right|Ny lalambe A1, ao [[Gelderland]].]]

Anisan' ny firenena manana halavan-dalana betsaka indrindra isaky ny 100 km² amin' ny velaran-taniny i Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;author: &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;; date: 2014; title: ''Road density (km of road per 100 sq. km of land area) &amp;#124; Data &amp;#124; Table''; url: [http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.ROD.DNST.K2?order=wbapi_data_value_2011%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&amp;sort=desc]; access-date: 7 July 2014; publisher: The World Bank.&lt;/ref&gt; Somary betsaka ny fampiasana fiara mandeha amin' ny herinaratra ao Nederlandy, noho ny pôlitika lavitra ezaka napetraky ny governemanta momba ny fotodrafitrasa famahanana herinaratra sy ny tombontsoa ara-ketra.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Rietmann; first1: Nele; title: ''The Governance of Smart Transportation Systems: Towards New Organizational Structures for the Development of Shared, Automated, Electric and Integrated Mobility''; last2: Lieven; first2: Theo; date: 2019; publisher: Springer International Publishing; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-319-96526-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Finger; editor-first: Matthias; series: ''The Urban Book Series''; place: Cham; pages: 125–145; language: en; chapter: ''A Comparison of Policy Measures Promoting Electric Vehicles in 20 Countries''; doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96526-0_7; access-date: 26 January 2023; editor2-last: Audouin; editor2-first: Maxime; chapter-url: [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96526-0_7]; s2cid: 158767268.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2019, manodidina ny 30% amin' ny toby famahanana herinaratra rehetra tao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana no tao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 4 November 2019; title: ''Een kwart van de laadpalen in de EU staat in Nederland''; trans-title: ''A quarter of the recharging stations in the EU is in the Netherlands''; url: [https://fd.nl/economie-politiek/1323217/kwart-laadpalen-in-eu-staat-in-nederland-fce1caCY0804]; access-date: 3 May 2021; newspaper: Fd.nl; language: Dutch.&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, ny fiara vaovao amidy ao no manana salan' isa ambany indrindra amin' ny famoahana CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (diôksida karbonina) ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana.&lt;ref&gt;date: September 2019; title: ''Making the transition to zero-emission mobility: 2019 progress report''; url: [https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_progress_report_2019.pdf]; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: ACEA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitateram-bahoaka ====
[[File:NSR - Sprinter Lighttrain (SLT) - Wieldrechtse Zeedijk - Dordrecht (22087244596).jpg|thumb|Lamasininam-paritra tantanan' ny ''Nederlandse Spoorwegen'' (Lalamby Nederlandey).]]

Manodidina ny 13% amin' ny halaviran-dalana rehetra vita no atao amin' ny fitateram-bahoaka, ka amin' ny lamasinina ny ankamaroan' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;/&gt; Somary matevina ihany koa ny tambajotran-dalamby, izay misy zotra mirefy 3 013 km.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2012; title: ''CIA World Factbook &amp;#124; Field listing: Railways''; url: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2121.html#nl]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124715/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2121.html#nl]; archive-date: 13 May 2009; access-date: 7 July 2014; publisher: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitaterana mpandeha no tena ifantohan' io tambajotra io, izay mampifandray ny tanàn-dehibe rehetra ary misy gara mihoatra ny 400. Matetika ny fandalovan' ny lamasinina: roa isan' ora amin' ny zotra tsy dia be mpampiasa,&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Gara 11 monja no tsy andalovan' ny lamasinina indroa isan' ora farafahakeliny mandritra ny andro fiasana.&lt;/ref&gt; roa ka hatramin' ny efatra isan' ora amin' ny salan' isa, ary hatramin' ny valo isan' ora amin' ny zotra be mpampiasa indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;date: 21 June 2017; title: ''NS to up frequency of Amsterdam to Eindhoven trains to six an hour – DutchNews.nl''; url: [http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2017/06/ns-to-up-frequency-of-amsterdam-to-eindhoven-trains/]; access-date: 8 December 2017; work: DutchNews.nl; language: en-GB.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny tambajotran-dalamby ny HSL-Zuid, lalamby ho an' ny lamasinina haingam-pandeha eo anelanelan' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i Amsterdam sy ny sisin-tanin' i Belzika, izay ampiasain' ny lamasinina avy any Paris sy London mankany Nederlandy.

==== Fivezivezena amin' ny bisikileta ====
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fivezivezena amin' ny bisikileta ao Nederlandy.''

[[File:Bike entrance Rotterdam Central Station.jpg|thumb|right|Lalana fandalovan' ny bisikileta ao amin' ny gara Rotterdam Centraal.]]

Fomba fivezivezena fahita manerana ny firenena ny fampiasana bisikileta. Saika mitovy ny halaviran-dalana vita amin' ny bisikileta sy amin' ny lamasinina.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD-ITF&quot;/&gt; Tombanana ho manana bisikileta 18 tapitrisa farafahakeliny ny Nederlandey,&lt;ref&gt;last: (RVO); first: Netherlands Enterprise Agency; date: 17 July 2015; title: ''Holland Publications''; url: [http://www.hollandtrade.com/media/features/feature-stories/?bstnum=4960]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031010/http://www.hollandtrade.com/media/features/feature-stories/?bstnum=4960]; archive-date: 24 September 2015; access-date: 26 August 2016; work: hollandtrade.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;author1: Wedia; title: ''Cycling in the Netherlands''; url: [https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/cycling-netherlands]; newspaper: Iamexpat.&lt;/ref&gt; izany hoe mihoatra ny iray isaky ny mponina ary avo roa heny noho ny isan' ny fiarakodia mandeha eny an-dalana, izay manodidina ny 9 tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CBS Statline''; url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/]; website: opendata.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2013, ny ''European Cyclists' Federation'' (Federasiônan' ny Mpampiasa Bisikileta Eorôpeana) dia nametraka an' i Nederlandy sy [[Danemarka]] ho firenena manamora indrindra ny fivezivezena amin' ny bisikileta ao Eorôpa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''European Cyclists' Federation – The first EU wide ECF Cycling Barometer launched''; url: [http://www.ecf.com/news/the-first-eu-wide-ecf-cycling-barometer-launched/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151023/http://www.ecf.com/news/the-first-eu-wide-ecf-cycling-barometer-launched/]; archive-date: 14 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Mivelatra ny fotodrafitrasa ho an' ny bisikileta. Manamorona ireo lalana be fifamoivoizana dia misy lalana natokana ho an' ny bisikileta, manodidina ny 35 000&amp;nbsp;km ny halavany, izay voasaraka ara-batana amin' ny fivezivezen' ny fiarakodia.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CROW Fietsberaad''; url: [http://www.fietsberaad.nl/index.cfm?lang=nl&amp;section=nieuws&amp;mode=newsArticle&amp;repository=The+Netherlands+boast+almost+35.000+km+of+cycling+paths]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140717230921/http://www.fietsberaad.nl/index.cfm?lang=nl&amp;section=nieuws&amp;mode=newsArticle&amp;repository=The+Netherlands+boast+almost+35.000+km+of+cycling+paths]; archive-date: 17 July 2014; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Fietsberaad.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny sampanan-dalana be fifamoivoizana no misy jiro fandrindrana ny fifamoivoizana natokana ho an' ny bisikileta. Misy toerana lehibe fiantsonan' ny bisikileta, indrindra ao afovoan-tanàna sy eny amin' ny gara.&lt;ref&gt;date: 20 April 2023; title: ''How the Dutch Mastered Bike Parking at Train Stations''; url: [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-20/how-the-dutch-investment-in-bike-parking-paid-off]; website: Bloomberg.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitaterana an-drano ====
Ny seranan-tsambon' i Rotterdam no lehibe indrindra ao Eorôpa sady lehibe indrindra ivelan' i Azia Atsinanana. Manamora be ny fifandraisany amin' ny faritra an-tanety ifandraisan' ilay seranana ara-barotra any ambony rano ny ony Meuse sy Rhine. Tamin' ny taona 2022, i Rotterdam no seranan-tsambo mikarakara entana anaty kaontenera fahafolo lehibe indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2022; title: ''Lloyd's List One Hundred Ports 2022''; url: [https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/-/media/lloyds-list/images/top-100-ports-2022/top100ports2022_ebook.pdf?rev=bc3fa2a77e134864bcc7dde4518e07d9&amp;hash=D54445A74F150E76C09174D21AB1ABA5]; access-date: 23 January 2023; website: Lloyd's List.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny indostria simika mampiasa akora avy amin' ny solitany, ny fikarakarana entana ankapobeny ary ny famindrana entana avy amin' ny fitaovam-pitaterana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa no asa fototra ao. Toerana lehibe andalovan' ny akora betsaka tsy voafono tsirairay ilay seranana, ary toerana ifandimbiasan' ny fitaterana eo anelanelan' ny kôntinenta eorôpeana sy ny any ampitan-dranomasina. Ny Volkeraksluizen, eo anelanelan' i Rotterdam sy Antwerp, no rafitra vavahadin-drano fampandalovana sambo lehibe indrindra amin' ny fitaterana anaty tanety raha ny fivezivezena refesina amin' ny taonina no jerena. Tamin' ny taona 2007 no vita ny Betuweroute, lalamby fitaterana entana haingana avy any Rotterdam mankany Alemaina. Ny seranan-tsambon' i Amsterdam no fahefatra lehibe indrindra ao Eorôpa.
Ny andian-tsambon' i Nederlandy ampiasaina amin' ny fitaterana amin' ny renirano sy lakandrano anaty tanety no lehibe indrindra ao Eorôpa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Nederland heeft grootste binnenvaartvloot van Europa''; trans-title: ''The Netherlands has largest inland shipping fleet of Europe''; url: [https://seaport-magazine.nl/nederland-heeft-grootste-binnenvaartvloot-van-europa/]; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: Seaport Magazine; language: Dutch.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny sambo fitaterana mpandeha ny tambajotran-tsambo fiampitana ao Amsterdam, ary ny sambo mpitatitra iombonana sy ny sambo taksỳ ao Rotterdam.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Public transport in Amsterdam''; url: [https://www.iamsterdam.com/en/travel-stay/getting-around/public-transport-in-amsterdam]; access-date: 3 August 2023; website: I amsterdam; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''About the Waterbus – Waterbus''; url: [https://www.waterbus.nl/en/about-the-waterbus]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152112/https://www.waterbus.nl/en/about-the-waterbus]; archive-date: 3 August 2023; access-date: 3 August 2023; website: waterbus.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitaterana an' habakabaka ====
Ny seranam-piaramanidina Schiphol, any atsimo-andrefan' i Amsterdam, no seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena fototra ao amin' ny firenena, ary fahefatra be mpandeha indrindra ao Eorôpa raha ny isan' ny mpandeha no jerena. I Schiphol no foibe fototra ifanohizan' ny sidin' ny KLM (kaompaniam-pitaterana an' habakabaka nederlandey), ilay kaompaniam-pitaterana an' habakabaka misolo tena ny firenena, izay tranainy indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;last: Kirkliauskaite; first: Kristina; date: 19 July 2020; title: ''What is the oldest airline in the world?''; url: [https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-oldest-airlines/index.html]; access-date: 22 December 2020; website: AeroTime.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2016, dia nandray mpandeha 70 tapitrisa ny seranam-piaramanidina tantanan' ny ''Royal Schiphol Group'' (vondrona mpitantana seranam-piaramanidina Schiphol).&lt;ref name=&quot;NOS Schiphol64&quot;&gt;date: 9 January 2017; title: ''Bijna 64 miljoen—zo veel passagiers zag Schiphol nog nooit''; trans-title: ''Almost 64 million—Schiphol never saw so many passengers''; url: [http://nos.nl/artikel/2152140-bijna-64-miljoen-zo-veel-passagiers-zag-schiphol-nog-nooit.html]; url-status: live; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170109153121/http://nos.nl/artikel/2152140-bijna-64-miljoen-zo-veel-passagiers-zag-schiphol-nog-nooit.html]; archive-date: 9 January 2017; access-date: 9 January 2017; website: NOS; publisher: Nederlandse Omroep Stichting; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Iraisam-pirenena avokoa ny fifamoivoizana an' habakabaka, ary mampifandray an' i Schiphol amin' ny toerana mihoatra ny 300 maneran-tany ny sidina, izay betsaka noho ny an' ny seranam-piaramanidina eorôpeana hafa rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''What you would like to know''; url: [https://www.schiphol.nl/nl/route-development/pagina/amsterdam-airport-schiphol-airport-facts/]; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: Schiphol.&lt;/ref&gt; Foibe lehibe ifanohizan' ny fitaterana entana ihany koa ilay seranam-piaramanidina, izay nikarakara entana 1,44 tapitrisa taonina tamin' ny taona 2020.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''71% of cargo tonnage transported by full freighters''; url: [https://www.annualreportschiphol.com/trafficreview2020/cargo#figures-by-airport]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210906153751/https://www.annualreportschiphol.com/trafficreview2020/cargo#figures-by-airport]; archive-date: 6 September 2021; access-date: 3 May 2021; website: Schiphol.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena madinika kokoa ao na akaikin' i Eindhoven, Rotterdam, Maastricht ary Groningen. Tena ilaina amin' i Nederlandy any Karaiba ny fitaterana an' habakabaka, ary samy manana ny seranam-piaramanidiny ny nosy rehetra. Anisan' izany ny ao Saba, izay manana ny lalana fipetrahana sy fiaingan' ny fiaramanidina fohy indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 25 February 2018; title: ''Saba Island Airport''; url: [https://sabaisland.net/airport/]; access-date: 3 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mponina ==
Ny lahatsoratra antsipiriany dia ny Mponina ao Nederlandy. Jereo koa ny [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|vahoaka neerlandey]].

[[File:Nederlandse supporters tijdens Wereld Kampioenschappen voetbal 1974, Bestanddeelnr 254-9518.jpg|thumb|Olona neerlandey tamin' ny 1974.]]
Tombanana ho 18 080 943 ny isan' ny mponina tao Nederlandy tamin' ny Jona 2025.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Population dynamics – month and year''; url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/83474ENG/table?ts=1712804860730]; access-date: 1 August 2025; website: www.opendata.cbs.nl; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny hakitroky ny mponina no jerena, dia faha-6 any Eorôpa izy ary faha-33 maneran-tany, ka misy mponina 424 isaky ny kilometatra toradroa. Saika nitombo avo roa heny ny isan' ny mponina teo anelanelan' ny 1900 sy 1950, avy amin' ny 5,1 tapitrisa ho 10 tapitrisa. Mbola nitombo izany teo anelanelan' ny 1950 sy 2000, ka nahatratra 15,9 tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&amp;PA=37556ENG&amp;D1=0-44,53-60&amp;D2=1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91,101&amp;LA=EN&amp;VW=T CBS Statline – Population; history]. Birao foiben' ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy. Nojerena tamin' ny 8 Martsa 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Novambra 2014 kosa dia 16 902 103 ny isan' ny mponina.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm Main indicators of the Netherlands] (Tahiry Wayback: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330214048/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm 20160330214048]; rohy niandohana: [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm])'', CBS&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tahan' ny fiterahana (na isan' ny zaza isaky ny vehivavy) dia 1,39 tamin' ny 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;&gt;title: ''Worldbank– Netherlands''; url: [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=NL]; access-date: 18 May 2026; publisher: [[Central Intelligence Agency]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ambony izany raha oharina amin' ny any amin' ny firenena eoropeanina maro hafa, saingy ambany noho ny zaza 2,1 isaky ny vehivavy ilaina amin' ny fanoloana voajanahary ny mponina.&lt;ref&gt;author: Max Roser; date: 2014; title: ''Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries''; url: [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&amp;country=ITA]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&amp;country=ITA]; archive-date: 7 August 2018; access-date: 7 May 2019; work: Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny firenena ahitana mponina antitra indrindra maneran-tany i Nederlandy, ka 42,7 taona ny taona ananan' ny mponina amin' ny salan' isa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt; Lava ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainana antenaina]] (na ny taona antenaina hiainan' ny zaza vao teraka amin' ny salan' isa): 84,3 taona ho an' ny zazavavy ary 79,7 taona ho an' ny zazalahy, araka ny tombana tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot;/&gt; Raha sokajina araka ny zom-pirenena ny olona, dia ny Neerlandey no lava vatana indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science 2015-04-07&quot;&gt;last: Enserink; first: Martin; date: 7 April 2015; title: ''Did natural selection make the Dutch the tallest people on the planet?''; url: [https://www.science.org/content/article/did-natural-selection-make-dutch-tallest-people-planet]; access-date: 9 April 2015; newspaper: [[Science (gazetiboky)|Science]]; location: Amsterdam.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2009 dia 1,81 m ny halavan' ny vatan' ny lehilahy amin' ny salan' isa, ary 1,67 m ny an' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Reported health and lifestyle''; url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&amp;DM=SLNL&amp;PA=03799&amp;D1=242,254,267-270&amp;D2=0-17&amp;HD=081103-1603&amp;HDR=T.&amp;STB=G1]; access-date: 12 August 2012; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1850 sy ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 2000, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 5 ft sy 4 in ho eo amin' ny 6 ft ny halavan' ny vatan' ny tovolahy amin' ny salan' isa.&lt;ref&gt;last: Fogel; first: Robert; title: ''The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700—2100''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 2004; pages: 41; language: English.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tahan' ny fifindra-monina dia olona 1,9 isaky ny mponina 1 000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-worldfactbook-nl&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny mponina dia [[Neerlandey (vahoaka)|Neerlandey]] raha ny fiaviana ara-poko, izany hoe ny fiaviana amin' ny vondrom-bahoaka, no jerena. Tamin' ny 2022 dia 74,8 % no Neerlandey, 8,3 % no Eoropeanina hafa, 2,4 % no Tiorka, 2,4 % no Marôkanina, 2,0 % no Indônezianina, 2,0 % no Sorinamianina, ary 8,1 % no hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs-2023&quot;/&gt; Eo amin' ny 150 000 ka hatramin' ny 200 000 amin' ny olona monina ao Nederlandy no olona monina ivelan' ny fireneny niaviany (''expatriates''). Ao Amsterdam sy Den Haag ary ny manodidina azy ireo no tena ifantohan' izy ireo, ka mahaforona efa ho 10 % amin' ny mponin' ireo tanàna ireo.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Expats in Nederland''; url: [http://www.verhurenaanexpats.nl/verhuren-aan-expats/expats-de-feiten/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019004614/http://www.verhurenaanexpats.nl/verhuren-aan-expats/expats-de-feiten/]; archive-date: 19 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Feiten en cijfers over immigratie – Pagina 5''; url: [http://www.onsamsterdam.nl/tijdschrift/jaargang-2011/1158-nummer-11-12-november-december-2011.html?start=4]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025728/http://www.onsamsterdam.nl/tijdschrift/jaargang-2011/1158-nummer-11-12-november-december-2011.html?start=4]; archive-date: 18 June 2018; access-date: 30 June 2014; work: Ons Amsterdam.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo vondrom-bahoaka vitsy an' isa manana isa lehibe ao amin' ilay firenena ny Frizianina, izay miisa 700 000, ny [[Jiosy]], izay miisa 41 000–45 000, ary ny Roma sy ny Sinti, izay miisa 40 000.&lt;ref&gt;date: 19 June 2015; title: ''Netherlands - World Directory of Minorities &amp; Indigenous Peoples''; url: [https://minorityrights.org/country/netherlands/].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Grote drukte zomercarnaval Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Saika ny antsasaky ny mponina ao [[Rotterdam]] no manana fiaviana avy amin' ny fifindra-monina.]]
Araka ny Eurostat (Biraon' ny antontanisa ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana), dia 1,8 tapitrisa ny mponina teraka tany ivelany tamin' ny 2010, izany hoe 11,1 % amin' ny mponina manontolo. Amin' ireo, 1,4 tapitrisa (8,5 % amin' ny mponina manontolo) no teraka tany ivelan' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana, ary 0,43 tapitrisa (2,6 % amin' ny mponina manontolo) no teraka tany amin' ny firenena hafa mpikambana ao aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Vasileva, Katya (2011) [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120128101046/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF https://web.archive.org/web/20120128101046/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF]; daty: 28 January 2012), Eurostat, Statistics in focus vol. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2022 dia nisy mponina 4,4 tapitrisa izay teraka tany ivelany ny ray na ny reniny, fara fahakeliny.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Immigration, emigration, and migration balance in the Netherlands from 1995 to 2022''; url: [https://www.statista.com/statistics/525434/netherlands-total-immigration-total-emigration-and-migration-balance/]; publisher: Statista Research Department.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2006, dia mihoatra ny antsasaky ny tanora tao Amsterdam sy Rotterdam no nanana fiaviana tsy tandrefana.&lt;ref&gt;date: August 2006; title: ''Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background''; url: [https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2006/31/half-of-young-big-city-dwellers-have-non-western-background]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930090706/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2006/31/half-of-young-big-city-dwellers-have-non-western-background]; archive-date: 30 September 2019; access-date: 15 March 2017; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS).&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana Neerlandey na taranaky ny Neerlandey ny vondron' ny mpifindra monina manerana izao tontolo izao, indrindra any Afrika Atsimo sy Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;author: American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau; title: ''Census 2006 ACS Ancestry estimates''; url: [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_%2526amp%253B-_lang%253Den%2526amp%253B-_caller%253Dgeoselect%2526amp%253B-format%253D]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110428095854/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&amp;amp%3B-_lang=en&amp;amp%3B-_caller=geoselect&amp;amp%3B-format=]; archive-date: 28 April 2011; access-date: 29 April 2010; publisher: Factfinder.census.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/49.htm South Africa – Afrikaans Speakers]. ''Library of Congress.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny Randstad no misy ireo tanàna efatra lehibe indrindra: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag ary Utrecht. Manana mponina eo amin' ny 8,2 tapitrisa io faritra io,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CBS Statline''; url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/03759ned/table?dl=DA8F]; website: opendata.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; ka izy no faritra an-tanàn-dehibe faha-5 be mponina indrindra any Eorôpa. Araka ny Birao foiben' ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy, tamin' ny 2015 dia 28 % amin' ny mponina neerlandey no nanana fidiram-bola azo ampiasaina mihoatra ny 45 000 euro; tsy tafiditra ao amin' izany ny fandaniana momba ny fitsaboana na ny fanabeazana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''CBS – Income distribution – Extra''; url: [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/inkomen-bestedingen/cijfers/extra/inkomensverdeling.htm]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930184435/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/inkomen-bestedingen/cijfers/extra/inkomensverdeling.htm]; archive-date: 30 September 2015; access-date: 15 September 2015; website: www.cbs.nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tanàna sy kaominina ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Amsterdam airphoto.jpg|[[Amsterdam]]. Loharano: sampan-draharaha momba ny tsangambato sy ny arkeôlôjia ao Amsterdam (''Bureau Monumenten &amp; Archeologie'').
File:RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg|[[Rotterdam]]
File:Skyline Den Haag.JPG|[[Den Haag]]
File:Domuitzicht8.jpg|[[Utrecht]]
File:Hoogbouw Eindhoven.jpg|[[Eindhoven]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Ireto ny kaominina lehibe indrindra ao Nederlandy raha ny isan' ny mponina tamin' ny 1 Janoary 2024 no jerena, araka ny Birao foiben' ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;url: [https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1574365385886]; title: ''CBS Statline''; website: opendata.cbs.nl; date: 1 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Kaominina lehibe indrindra ao Nederlandy, 1 Janoary 2024
! Laharana !! Anarana !! Faritany !! Isan' ny mponina
|-
| 1 || [[Amsterdam]] || [[Noord-Holland]] || 931 298
|-
| 2 || [[Rotterdam]] || [[Zuid-Holland]] || 670 610
|-
| 3 || [[Den Haag]] || [[Zuid-Holland]] || 566 221
|-
| 4 || [[Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || 374 238
|-
| 5 || [[Eindhoven]] || Noord-Brabant || 246 417
|-
| 6 || Groningen || Groningen || 243 768
|-
| 7 || [[Tilburg]] || Noord-Brabant || 229 836
|-
| 8 || [[Almere]] || Flevoland || 226 500
|-
| 9 || [[Breda]] || Noord-Brabant || 188 078
|-
| 10 || [[Nijmegen]] || [[Gelderland]] || 187 049
|-
| 11 || [[Apeldoorn]] || [[Gelderland]] || 168 211
|-
| 12 || Haarlem || [[Noord-Holland]] || 167 636
|-
| 13 || [[Arnhem]] || [[Gelderland]] || 167 632
|-
| 14 || Haarlemmermeer || [[Noord-Holland]] || 163 128
|-
| 15 || Amersfoort || [[Utrecht (faritany)|Utrecht]] || 161 852
|-
| 16 || [[Enschede]] || Overijssel || 161 738
|-
| 17 || Zaanstad || [[Noord-Holland]] || 161 389
|-
| 18 || 's-Hertogenbosch || Noord-Brabant || 160 757
|-
| 19 || Zwolle || Overijssel || 133 141
|-
| 20 || Leeuwarden || Friesland || 128 810
|}

=== Fiteny ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fiteny ao Nederlandy.

[[File:Foreign languages Netherlands, 2005.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|alt=Kisary mampiseho ny fahalalana fiteny vahiny ao Nederlandy.|Fahalalana fiteny vahiny ao Nederlandy teo amin' ny mponina 15 taona no ho miakatra, tamin' ny taona 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Angona nalaina tamin' ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana. [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf ebs_243_en.pdf] (europa.eu)&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|fiteny neerlandey]] no fiteny ôfisialy, ary ny ankamaroan' ny mponina no miteny azy. Ny fitenim-paritr' i Brabant sy ny fitenim-paritr' i Holland no fitenim-paritra be mpampiasa indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Hoeveel dialecten heeft het Nederlands? &amp;#124; Taalcanon''; url: [http://www.taalcanon.nl/vragen/hoeveel-dialecten-heeft-het-nederlands/]; access-date: 23 April 2014; publisher: Taalcanon.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra ny teny neerlandey, dia ekena ho fiteny ôfisialy faharoa ao amin' ny faritanin' i Friesland, any avaratra, ny fiteny friziana tandrefana. Fryslân no anaran' io faritany io amin' ny teny friziana tandrefana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Talen in Nederland – Erkende talen''; url: [http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/talen-in-nederland]; access-date: 12 August 2014; publisher: rijksoverheid.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Manana sata ara-dalàna amin' ny fifanoratana amin' ny fitondram-panjakana ao amin' io faritany io ny teny friziana tandrefana. Misy fiteny dimy hafa arovan' ny Sata Eoropeanina momba ny Fitenim-paritra na ny Fitenin' ny Vitsy Anisa.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Languages''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/themas/overheid-en-democratie/erkende-talen/erkende-talen-in-nl]; access-date: 24 August 2026; website: Rijksoverheid.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny voalohany amin' ireo fitenim-paritra ekena ireo dia ny fiteny saksona ambany, izay antsoina hoe ''Nedersaksisch'' amin' ny teny neerlandey. Ahitana fitenim-paritra maromaro ao amin' ny fiteny alemàna ambany izy io, izay ampiasaina any avaratra sy atsinanan' i Nederlandy, toy ny Tweants ao amin' ny faritr' i Twente sy ny Drents ao amin' ny faritanin' i Drenthe.

Ekena ho fitenim-paritra ny [[Fiteny limborgiana|fiteny limborgiana]]. Ahitana ireo endriky ny vondrom-pitenim-paritra Meuse-Rhenish ampiasaina ao Nederlandy izy io, ary ampiasaina ao Limburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;international2000&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny taona 1996 no nekena ho fiteny tsy voafaritra amin' ny faritany iray ny [[Fiteny idisy|fiteny idisy]] sy ny [[Fiteny rômany|fiteny rômany]].&lt;ref name=&quot;conventions-1996&quot;&gt;&quot;The Kingdom of the Netherlands further declares that the principles enumerated in Part II of the Charter will be applied to the Lower-Saxon languages used in the Netherlands, and, in accordance with Article 7, paragraph 5, to Yiddish and the Romanes languages.&quot; [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&amp;CM=8&amp;DF=23/01/05&amp;CL=ENG&amp;VL=1 Netherlands: Declaration contained in the instrument of acceptance, deposited on 2 May 1996 – Or. Engl.] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&amp;CM=8&amp;DF=23%2F01%2F05&amp;CL=ENG&amp;VL=1 https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&amp;CM=8&amp;DF=23%2F01%2F05&amp;CL=ENG&amp;VL=1]; daty: 22 May 2012), List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages&lt;/ref&gt; Manana sata ara-dalàna ao amin' ny kaominina manana sata manokana, dia i Saba sy Sint Eustatius, ny teny anglisy. Be mpampiasa ao amin' ireo nosy ireo izy io. Manana sata ara-dalàna ao Bonaire kosa ny [[Fiteny papiamentô|fiteny papiamentô]].&lt;ref name=&quot;conventions-1996&quot; /&gt;

Efa hatry ny ela no fanaon' ny olona ao Nederlandy ny mianatra fiteny vahiny, ary voarakitra ao amin' ny lalàna mifehy ny fampianarana izany. Manodidina ny 90 % amin' ny mponina rehetra no mahay mifampiresaka amin' ny teny anglisy, ny 70 % amin' ny teny alemàna, ary ny 29 % amin' ny teny frantsay.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''European Union survey''; url: [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070128095746/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf]; archive-date: 28 January 2007; access-date: 3 August 2017; website: Ec.europa.eu.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy maintsy ampianarina any amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa rehetra ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid&quot;&gt;title: ''Foreign languages in secondary education''; url: [http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-het-aanbod-aan-vreemde-talen-in-de-onderbouw-van-het-voortgezet-onderwijs-vo.html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429185145/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-het-aanbod-aan-vreemde-talen-in-de-onderbouw-van-het-voortgezet-onderwijs-vo.html]; archive-date: 29 April 2011; access-date: 3 May 2010; work: Wat is het aanbod aan vreemde talen in de onderbouw van het voortgezet onderwijs (vo)?; publisher: Rijksoverheid; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa amin' ny ambaratonga ambany, antsoina hoe vmbo (fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa fanomanana amin' ny fanofanana arakasa), dia tsy maintsy ianarana mandritra ny roa taona voalohany koa ny fiteny vahiny iray mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny, ankoatra ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schedule of the Central Exams of 2009&quot;&gt;[https://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8 Schedule of the Central Exams of 2009] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820060030/http://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8 https://web.archive.org/web/20160820060030/http://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8]; daty: 20 August 2016), Examenblad&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa amin' ny ambaratonga ambony kokoa, dia ny havo (fampianarana ankapobeny ambaratonga faharoa ambony) sy ny vwo (fampianarana fanomanana amin' ny fianarana eny amin' ny oniversite), dia tsy maintsy ianarana ny fahaizana mampiasa fiteny vahiny roa mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny, ankoatra ny teny anglisy. Ankoatra ny teny anglisy, dia ny teny frantsay sy alemàna no fiteny vahiny mbola ampiasaina ankehitriny ampianarina mahazatra. Afaka manolo ny iray amin' ireo anefa ny sekoly, ka mampianatra teny sinoa, espaniôla, rosiana, italiana, [[Fiteny tiorka|tiorka]] na [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Examenblad talen vwo 2019&quot;&gt;[https://www.examenblad.nl/item/talen/2019?sectorid=vg41h1h4i9qe Examenblad talen, vwo in 2019] (Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211152/https://www.examenblad.nl/item/talen/2019?sectorid=vg41h1h4i9qe https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211152/https://www.examenblad.nl/item/talen/2019?sectorid=vg41h1h4i9qe]; daty: 3 April 2023), Examenblad&lt;/ref&gt; Ankoatra izany, dia mampianatra ny teny friziana tandrefana ny sekoly ao Friesland ary manao fanadinana amin' io fiteny io.&lt;ref&gt;author: Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties; date: 14 July 2020; title: ''De Friese taal – Erkende talen – Rijksoverheid.nl''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/de-friese-taal]; access-date: 8 January 2023; website: rijksoverheid.nl; language: nl-NL.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fivavahana ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fivavahana ao Nederlandy.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fivavahana lazain' ny mponina ao Nederlandy fa misy azy ireo (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;/&gt;
! Fivavahana na tsy fananana fivavahana
! Isan-jaton' ny mponina
|-
| Tsy manana fivavahana || 58%
|-
| Katôlika || 16%
|-
| Prôtestanta || 12%
|-
| Miozolmana || 6%
|-
| Fivavahana hafa || 7%
|}
[[File:Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam (50383493366).jpg|thumb|Ny Bazilikan' i Masindahy Nikolà, izay miara-mitondra ny satan' ny katedraly amin' ny fiangonana iray hafa, ao [[Amsterdam]].]]

Nanjaka teo amin' ny fiainana ara-pivavahana tao amin' ny faritra misy an' i Nederlandy ankehitriny ireo endrika samihafan' ny kristianisma nandritra ny 1 200 taona mahery.&lt;ref&gt;Milis, L.J.R., &quot;''A Long Beginning: The Low Countries Through the Tenth Century''&quot; in J.C.H. Blom &amp; E. Lamberts ''History of the Low Countries'', pp. 6–18, Berghahn Books, 1999. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84545-272-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-16 dia tena natanjaka tao amin' ilay faritra ny prôtestantisma (kalvinisma).&lt;ref&gt;last: Israel; first: Jonathan; author-link: Jonathan Israel; title: ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806''; year: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-873072-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''Oxford History of Early Modern Europe''; pages: 361–395.&lt;/ref&gt; Kristianina ny ankamaroan' ny mponina hatramin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Creationism&quot;&gt;last: Numbers; first: Ronald L.; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuhBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=netherlands+protestant+country&amp;pg=PA65]; title: ''Creationism in Europe''; publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press; year: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781421415628&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola betsaka aza ny karazam-pivavahana misy ao, dia nihena ny fanarahana fivavahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2021&quot;&gt;title: ''What are the major religions? – The Netherlands in numbers 2021''; url: [https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-netherlands-in-numbers-2021/what-are-the-major-religions/]; access-date: 15 September 2022; website: CBS; language: en,nl.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2025, araka ny sampan-draharaham-pirenena momba ny antontanisa ao Nederlandy, dia 58% amin' ny mponina no tsy manana fivavahana, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny ''Humanistisch Verbond'' (Firaisana humanista, na fikambanana mampifantoka ny fomba fijeriny amin' ny olombelona). Ny Katôlika dia 16% amin' ny mponina, ary ny Prôtestanta dia 12%. Ny Miozolmana kosa dia 6%, ary ireo mpanaraka sampam-piangonana kristianina hafa sy fivavahana hafa, toy ny jodaisma, ny [[Bodisma|bodisma]] ary ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]], no 7% ambiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;/&gt; Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny loharano hafa tamin' ny taona 2015 anefa, dia betsaka noho ny Katôlika ny Prôtestanta.&lt;ref&gt;last1: De Groot; first1: Kees; year: 2019; title: ''The Challenge of a Church Going into Liquidation''; journal: Irish Theological Quarterly; volume: 84; issue: 4; pages: 409–423; doi: 10.1177/0021140019872340; s2cid: 220161067; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

Natanjaka ara-tantara ny katôlisisma tao amin' ireo faritany atsimo, dia i Brabant Avaratra sy i Limburg, ary misy mponina mihevitra ny Fiangonana Katôlika ho fototry ny maha izy azy ara-kolontsaina. Hita izany, ohatra, amin' ny fankalazana ny karnavaly ao amin' ilay faritra. Ny prôtestantisma dia ahitana fiangonana maro manaraka fomba amam-panao samihafa. Ny lehibe indrindra amin' ireo dia ny Fiangonana Prôtestanta ao Nederlandy (PKN, Fiangonana Prôtestanta ao Nederlandy), izay fiangonana vokatry ny firaisan' ny fiangonana samihafa, sady manana fironana kalvinista sy [[Loteranisma|loterana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS 2009&quot;&gt;date: 15 October 2010; title: ''Kerkelijke gezindte en kerkbezoek; vanaf 1849; 18 jaar of ouder''; url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=37944&amp;D1=0-5,10&amp;D2=29-40&amp;VW=T].&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona tamin' ny taona 2004 izy io, rehefa nitambatra ny Fiangonana Nohavaozina Neerlandey, ny Fiangonana Nohavaozina ao Nederlandy, ary ny Fiangonana Loterana Evanjelika iray izay kely kokoa. Tsy niditra tao amin' ny PKN kosa ny fiangonana kalvinista maromaro mifikitra amin' ny fampianarana nentim-paharazana, sy ny fiangonana maromaro manaiky fandikana malalaka kokoa ny fampianarana. Na dia nanjary vitsy anisa aza ny Kristianina ao Nederlandy, dia misy faritra antsoina hoe ''Bible Belt'', izany hoe faritra mampifandray ireo toerana izay mbola matanjaka ny finoana prôtestanta mifikitra amin' ny fampianarana nentim-paharazana. Manomboka any [[Zelandy|Zeeland]] ka hatrany amin' ny tapany avaratry ny faritanin' i Overijssel izy io. Araka ny antontanisa, ireo faritra ao amin' io ''Bible Belt'' io koa no manana ny tahan' ny fiterahana ambony indrindra sy ny mponina tanora indrindra ao Nederlandy.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Waar wonen de meeste jongeren en ouderen?''; url: [https://www.allianzdirect.nl/blog/jongste-oudste-Nederlanders/]; access-date: 25 August 2025; website: Allianz Direct; language: nl-NL; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250929163259/https://www.allianzdirect.nl/blog/jongste-oudste-Nederlanders/]; archive-date: 29 September 2025; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Andro tsy fiasana manerana ny firenena ny fety kristianina maromaro: ny Krismasy, ny Paska, ny [[Pentekôsta]] ary ny [[Fiakaran' i Kristy any an-danitra|Niakaran' i Jesoa any an-danitra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;beleven-2010&quot;&gt;title: ''Feestdagen Nederland''; url: [http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland]; access-date: 27 January 2010; publisher: Beleven.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny [[Silamo|silamo]] no fivavahana faharoa lehibe indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs2025&quot;/&gt; Nitombo nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1960 ny mponina miozolmana, noho ny fahatongavan' ny mpiasa mpifindra monina maro avy any [[Tiorkia]] sy [[Marôka]], ary koa avy any Sorinama sy Indônezia. Nandritra ny taompolo 1990 dia tonga ny mpitsoa-ponenana miozolmana avy any amin' ny firenena toa an' i [[Bôsnia-Herzegôvina]], [[Iràna]], [[Iràka]], [[Sômalia]] ary [[Afganistàna]].&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland''; url: [http://www.scp.nl/publicaties/boeken/9037702597/Godsdienstige_veranderingen.pdf]; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070125142251/http://www.scp.nl/publicaties/boeken/9037702597/Godsdienstige_veranderingen.pdf]; archive-date: 25 January 2007; access-date: 17 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2000 dia nitombo ny fifantohana tamin' ny resaka fivavahana, indrindra noho ny foto-kevitra mahery fihetsika mifototra amin' ny fandikana ny silamo.&lt;ref&gt;Knippenberg, Hans &quot;''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''&quot; edited by Knippenberg published by Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-5589-248-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;, pages 102–104&lt;/ref&gt;

Manana mpanaraka eo amin' ny 215 000 eo ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]], izany hoe mihoatra kely ny 1% amin' ny mponina. Ny ankamaroan' ireo dia olona avy any Sorinama manana fiaviana indiana. Misy vondrona mpifindra monina hindoa maro avy any India sy [[Srilanka]], ary misy koa olona avy any amin' ny tontolo tandrefana manaraka hetsika ara-pivavahana vaovao miompana amin' ny hindoisma, toy ny Hare Krishna. Tombanana ho 250 000 ny Bodista na ny olona liana dia liana amin' io fivavahana io, ka olona avy amin' ny foko neerlandey no tena betsaka amin' izy ireo. Eo anelanelan' ny 30 000 sy 63 000 ny Jiosy.&lt;ref&gt;date: 7 April 2022; title: ''How many Jews live in The Netherlands?''; url: [https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-the-netherlands]; access-date: 20 November 2023; website: jpr.org.uk; language: en.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miantoka ny fahalalahana amin' ny fampianarana ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Nederlandy. Midika izany fa mahazo famatsiam-bola mitovy avy amin' ny fanjakana ny sekoly rehetra manaraka ny fepetra ankapobeny momba ny kalitao. Tafiditra amin' izany ireo sekoly aorin' ny vondrona ara-pivavahana mifototra amin' ny foto-pinoany, indrindra ny sekoly katôlika sy prôtestanta.

[[File:De grootste kathedraal van Nederland, de Sint Janskathedraal in 's-Hertogenbosch.jpg|thumb|Ny Katedralin' i Masindahy Joany ao 's-Hertogenbosch.]]
Araka ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny Desambra 2014, dia sambany tao Nederlandy no betsaka kokoa ny tsy mino ny fisian' Andriamanitra (25%) noho ny mino ny fisian' Andriamanitra (17%). Ny ambin' ny mponina kosa dia ireo mihevitra fa tsy fantatra na misy Andriamanitra na tsia (31%; ''agnostic''), na ireo mino fa misy hery na zava-misy ambony kokoa nefa tsy mamaritra mazava hoe inona izany (27%; ''ietsistic'').&lt;ref name=&quot;trouw.nl&quot;&gt;last1: van Beek; first1: Marije; date: 16 January 2015; title: ''Ongelovigen halen de gelovigen in''; url: [http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5091/Religie/article/detail/3830831/2015/01/16/Ongelovigen-halen-de-gelovigen-in.dhtml]; access-date: 21 April 2015; work: Dossier Relige; publisher: der Verdieping Trouw.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taona 2015, dia 82% no nilaza fa tsy mbola nandeha tany am-piangonana mihitsy na saika tsy nandeha mihitsy, ary 59% no nilaza fa tsy mbola nandeha tany am-piangonana mihitsy. Ny 24% kosa dia nihevitra ny tenany ho tsy mino ny fisian' Andriamanitra, ka fiakarana 11% izany raha oharina amin' ny fanadihadiana teo aloha natao tamin' ny taona 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;BerntsA&quot;&gt;last1: Bernts; first1: Tom; title: ''God in Nederland 1966–2015''; last2: Berghuijs; first2: Joantine; date: 2016; publisher: Ten Have; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-259-0524-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fikarohana natao tamin' ny taona 2015, dia nitsahatra ilay fitomboana nantenaina teo amin' ny fiainana ara-panahy. Tamin' ny taona 2006 dia 40% tamin' ireo namaly ny fanadihadiana no nihevitra ny tenany ho manana fiainana ara-panahy, fa nidina ho 31% izany tamin' ny taona 2015. Nandritra io fe-potoana io ihany dia nihena avy amin' ny 36% ho 28% ny ampahan' ireo mino fa misy hery ambony kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;nos.nl&quot;&gt;date: 13 March 2016; title: ''Hoe God (bijna) verdween uit Nederland''; url: [http://nos.nl/artikel/2092498-hoe-god-bijna-verdween-uit-nederland.html]; access-date: 3 April 2016; publisher: NOS.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanabeazana ===
Tsy maintsy mianatra ny ankizy eo anelanelan' ny 5 sy 16 taona ao amin' ny rafi-panabeazana ao Nederlandy. Raha mbola tsy nahazo ny diplaoma farany ambany takina izy, izany hoe HAVO (fampianarana ankapobeny ambaratonga faharoa manomana ny fidirana amin' ny fampianarana ambony arakasa), VWO (fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa manomana ny fidirana amin' ny oniversite mifantoka amin' ny fikarohana), na MBO (fampianarana arakasa ambaratonga antonony) amin' ny ambaratonga 2 na ambony, dia mbola tsy maintsy manatrika fampianarana mandra-pahazoany izany diplaoma izany na mandra-pahatongany amin' ny faha-18 taonany.&lt;ref&gt;date: 10 July 2020; title: ''Leerplicht en kwalificatieplicht''; url: [https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/leerplicht/leerplicht-en-kwalificatieplicht]; access-date: 9 June 2021; website: Rijksoverheid.nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny salan' isa, dia mianatra amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga voalohany ny ankizy manomboka amin' ny faha-4 ka hatramin' ny faha-12 taonany. Misy kilasy valo io ambaratonga io, ary tsy voatery hanatrika ny kilasy voalohany ny ankizy. Ny vokatry ny fitsapana ny fahaiza-manaon' ny mpianatra, ny tolo-kevitry ny mpampianatra azy ao amin' ny kilasy fahavalo, ary ny hevitry ny ray aman-dreniny na ny mpiahy azy no iorenan' ny fisafidianana ny iray amin' ireo lalam-pianarana telo lehibe ao amin' ny fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa.

[[File:Utrecht-Uithof, from CambridgeLaan 01.jpg|thumb|Ny ivon-toerana ara-tsiansa ''Utrecht Science Park'' an' ny Oniversiten' i Utrecht. Tranomboky ilay trano eo afovoany.]]
Misy kilasy efatra ny VMBO (fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa manomana ny fianarana arakasa), ary mizara ho ambaratonga maromaro. Ny fahavitana soa aman-tsara ny VMBO dia ahazoana diplaoma arakasa ambaratonga ambany izay ahafahana miditra amin' ny MBO. Ny MBO dia fampianarana miompana indrindra amin' ny fanofanana amin' ny asa azo ampiharina na amin' ny fahazoana diplaoma arakasa. Afaka mangataka hiditra amin' ny HBO (fampianarana ambony arakasa) ny mpianatra manana ny taratasy fanamarinam-pahavitana ny MBO. Misy kilasy dimy ny HAVO, ary ahafahana miditra amin' ny HBO izany. Ny HBO dia oniversite manome fampianarana arakasa, mifantoka amin' ny siansa ampiharina, ary manome diplaoma voalohany amin' ny fampianarana ambony miompana amin' ny asa (''bachelor''); mitovitovy amin' ny diplaoma amin' ny fampianarana ambony ara-teknika ireo diplaoma ireo. Ahafahana miditra amin' ny rafi-pampianarana eny amin' ny oniversite ny diplaoma HBO. Misy kilasy enina ny VWO, izay ahitana ny ''atheneum'' sy ny ''gymnasium'', ary manomana ny mpianatra hiditra amin' ny oniversite mifantoka amin' ny fikarohana. Manolotra fianarana hahazoana ny diplaoma voalohany amin' ny fampianarana ambony (''bachelor'') mandritra ny telo taona ny oniversite, arahin' ny fianarana mandritra ny iray na roa taona hahazoana ny diplaoma amin' ny ambaratonga manaraka izany (''master''). Aorian' io dia mbola azo tohizana amin' ny fianarana hahazoana ny diplaoma dôktôrà.

Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mpiasa tsy manana toerana raikitra ao amin' ny oniversite ny olona manomana ny diplaoma dôktôrà. Ny sekoly sy ny oniversite rehetra dia vatsian' ny fanjakana vola sy tantanany, afa-tsy ny sekoly ara-pivavahana. Manodidina ny 2 000 euro isan-taona ny saram-pianarana eny amin' ny oniversite ho an' ny mpianatra avy ao Nederlandy sy avy amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana), ary 15 000 euro ho an' ny mpianatra avy any ivelan' ny EU.&lt;ref&gt;date: 26 January 2022; title: ''The cost of studying at a university in the Netherlands''; url: [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/advice/cost-studying-university-netherlands]; website: Student.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahasalamana ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fahasalamana ao Nederlandy.
[[File:Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Natuurkundige te Delft Rijksmuseum SK-A-957.jpeg|thumb|upright=.8|Sarin' i [[Antoni van Leeuwenhoek|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] (1632–1723), fantatra ho rain' ny mikrôbiôlôjia (na siansa mandinika ny zavamananaina bitika)]]
[[File:Meander MC noordzijde 1.JPG|thumb|Hopitalim-panjakana iray ao Amersfoort]]
Tamin' ny 2016 dia nitazona ny laharana voalohany tao amin' ny ''Euro Health Consumer Index'' (tondro eoropeanina momba ny tolotra raisin' ny mpampiasa ny sampan-draharaham-pahasalamana) isan-taona i Nederlandy. Mampitaha ny rafitra ara-pahasalamana ao Eorôpa io tondro io, ary nahazo isa 916 tamin' ny isa 1 000 ambony indrindra azo tratrarina i Nederlandy. Anisan' ny firenena telo voalohany izy tao amin' ny tatitra tsirairay navoaka nanomboka tamin' ny 2005. Raha ireo tondro fanombanana 48, toy ny zon' ny marary sy ny fampahalalana omena azy, ny fahazoana mampiasa ny tolotra, ny fisorohana ary ny vokatry ny fitsaboana, no jerena, dia nitana ny laharana voalohany teo amin' ny firenena eoropeanina 37 i Nederlandy nandritra ny enin-taona nisesy.&lt;ref name=&quot;healthpowerhouse.com&quot;&gt;title: ''Health Care System's Indexes and reports''; url: [https://healthpowerhouse.com/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220304194538/https://healthpowerhouse.com/]; archive-date: 4 March 2022; access-date: 26 August 2016; website: Health Consumer Powerhouse.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laharana voalohany i Nederlandy tamin' ny fanadihadiana iray tamin' ny 2009 izay nampitaha ny rafitra ara-pahasalamana tany Etazonia, Aostralia, Kanada, Alemaina ary Zelandy Vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;date: 23 June 2010; title: ''U.S. scores dead last again in healthcare study''; url: [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65M0SU20100623]; publisher: Reuters.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Toward Higher-Performance Health Systems: Adults' Health Care Experiences In Seven Countries, 2007''; url: [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/26/6/w717.full.pdf+html]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120110040524/http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/26/6/w717.full.pdf+html]; archive-date: 10 January 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny ''Health Consumer Powerhouse'' (fikambanana mandinika ny tolotra ara-pahasalamana ho an' ny mpampiasa azy), dia manana fahalalahana lehibe ny marary amin' ny fisafidianana ny toerana hividianany fiantohana ara-pahasalamana sy ny toerana hahazoany fitsaboana. Ifampidinihan' ny marary sy ny matihanina ara-pahasalamana ny fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;healthpowerhouse.com&quot;/&gt;
Ao amin' ny famaritan' i J.M. Boot tamin' ny 2011 dia voalaza fa mizara telo ny fitsaboana: misy ny fitsaboana somatika (na fitsaboana mikasika ny vatana) sy ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina (na fitsaboana mikasika ny fahasalaman' ny saina), ary avahana koa ny fitsaboana mikendry ny fanasitranana ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy (''cure'') sy ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana maharitra (''care''). Ny dokoteran' ny fianakaviana (''huisartsen'', izay mitovitovy amin' ny mpitsabo ankapobeny, na dokotera tsy voafetra amin' ny sampam-pitsaboana manokana iray) no mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ny ambaratonga voalohany. Tsy maintsy ampandalovin' ny mpitsabo iray ao amin' ny ambaratonga voalohany ny marary vao afaka miditra amin' ny ambaratonga faharoa sy fahatelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boot&quot;&gt;J.M. Boot, 'De Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg', Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny tatitra tamin' ny 2023 navoakan' ny ''World Economic Forum'' (Sehatra Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Toekarena), dia mahomby ny rafitra ara-pahasalamana raha ampitahaina amin' ny an' ny firenena tandrefana hafa,&lt;ref&gt;year: 2023; title: ''THE NETHERLANDS - Sustainability and Resilience in the Dutch Health System''; url: [https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_PHSSR_Netherlands_Report_2023.pdf]; access-date: 30 October 2025; publisher: World Economic Forum.&lt;/ref&gt; saingy, araka ny ''Boston Consulting Group'' (vondrona mpanolo-tsaina momba ny fitantanana ao Boston) tamin' ny 2011, dia tsy izy no mahazo vokatra tsara indrindra raha oharina amin' ny vola lany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BCG&quot;&gt;Boston Consulting Group, 'Zorg voor Waarde', 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rafitra roa sosona no mamatsy vola ny fitsaboana. Ny fitsaboana maharitra, indrindra ireo mitaky fijanonana saika maharitra any amin' ny hopitaly, sy ny fandaniana mifandray amin' ny fahasembanana, toy ny ho an' ny seza misy kodiarana, dia iantohan' ny fiantohana tsy maintsy ananana izay eo ambany fifehezan' ny fanjakana. Tamin' ny 2009 dia io fiantohana io no niantoka ny 27% tamin' ny fitambaran' ny fandaniana ara-pahasalamana.&lt;ref name=&quot;statline.cbs.nl&quot;&gt;date: 20 May 2010; title: ''Zorgrekeningen; uitgaven (in lopende en constante prijzen) en financiering''; url: [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=71914ned&amp;D1=37-43&amp;D2=a&amp;HDR=G1&amp;STB=T&amp;VW=T]; access-date: 16 May 2011; publisher: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek: StatLine; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny loharanom-bola hafa nandoavana ny fitsaboana tamin' izany ny hetra (14%), ny vola naloan' ny marary mivantana avy amin' ny volany manokana (9%), ny fiantohana ara-pahasalamana fanampiny tsy voatery raisina (4%) ary loharano hafa samihafa (4%).&lt;ref name=&quot;statline.cbs.nl&quot;/&gt;

Ao amin' ny famaritana ny rafitra navoakan' ny minisiteran' ny Fahasalamana tamin' ny 2010, dia tsy maintsy ananana ny fiantohana ara-pahasalamana, ary endrika fiantohana roa voafaritry ny lalàna no miantoka ny fitsaboana ao Nederlandy:
* ''Zorgverzekeringswet'', na ZVW (lalàna momba ny fiantohana ara-pahasalamana), izay matetika antsoina hoe fiantohana fototra, no miantoka ny fitsaboana mahazatra.
* ''Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten'', na AWBZ (lalàna ankapobeny momba ny fandaniana manokana vokatry ny aretina), no miantoka ny fitsaboana ataon' ny mpitsabo mpanampy sy ny fikarakarana maharitra.

Araka io famaritana io, dia ny fanjakana no mampiditra ho azy ny mponina ao amin' ny fiantohana AWBZ, fa ny tsirairay kosa tsy maintsy mividy ny fiantohana fototra ho an' ny tenany. Maningana amin' izany ireo latsaky ny 18 taona, izay tafiditra ho azy ao amin' ny fiantohan' ny ray aman-dreniny. Tsy maintsy manolotra fiantohana ahitana andiana fitsaboana efa voafaritra ny orinasa mpiantoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;minvws.nl&quot;&gt;date: 18 February 2010; title: ''Together healthy, fit and resilient''; url: [http://www.minvws.nl/en/themes/health-insurance-system/]; access-date: 26 August 2016; work: minvws.nl; publisher: Ministerie van Volksgezondheid.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2009 dia io fiantohana io no niantoka ny 41% tamin' ny fitambaran' ny fandaniana ara-pahasalamana.&lt;ref name=&quot;statline.cbs.nl&quot;/&gt;
Ao amin' io famaritana ny rafitra io, dia tsy maintsy manolotra fiantohana iraisana ho an' ny olona rehetra mihoatra ny 18 taona ny mpiantoka, na firy taona izy na manao ahoana ny fahasalamany; tsy ara-dalàna ny mandà fangatahana hiditra amin' izany fiantohana izany na ny mametraka fepetra manokana. Ny mpampiasa no miantsoroka ny 50% amin' ny famatsiam-bola ho an' ny fiantohana ny fitsaboana rehetra ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy, ny olona iantohana no miantsoroka ny 45%, ary ny fanjakana ny 5%. Mahazo fanampiana handoavana ny saram-piantohany ireo manana fidiram-bola ambany. Ny saram-piantohana aloan' ny olona iantohana izay voalazan' ny Zorgwijzer dia manodidina ny €135 isam-bolana.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Expat health insurance''; url: [https://www.zorgwijzer.nl/faq/expats]; website: Zorgwijzer.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kolontsaina ==
Jereo ny lahatsoratra lehibe: Kolontsain' i Nederlandy.

=== Soatoavina nederlandey ===
Jereo ny lahatsoratra lehibe: Fomba amam-panao sy fitsipi-pahalalam-pomba nederlandey.

Araka ny filazalazan' i Colin White sy Laurie Boucke, dia reharehan' ny Nederlandey ny lova ara-kolontsainy, ny tantarany manankarena eo amin' ny zavakanto, ary ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny raharaha iraisam-pirenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colin White 1995&quot;&gt;Colin White &amp; Laurie Boucke (1995). ''The UnDutchables: An observation of the Netherlands, its culture and its inhabitants'' (3rd Ed.). White-Boucke Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny filazalazan' i P. J. A. N. Rietbergen, ny fomba fijery manjaka dia ny fiheverana ny firenena ho sady mandefitra amin' ny fahasamihafana no misokatra amin' ny vahoaka sy kolontsaina avy amin' ny lafivalon' izao tontolo izao; amin' ny dikan-teny malagasy, dia «sady mandefitra no misokatra amin' izao tontolo izao».&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000a&quot;&gt;last: Rietbergen; first: P. J. A. N.; title: ''A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day''; publisher: Bekking; year: 2000; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-6109-440-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;; edition: 4th; location: Amersfoort; pages: 155–156; oclc: 52849131.&lt;/ref&gt; Maneho ny rehareham-pireneny noho ny famadihana ny faritra rakotry ny ranomasina sy ny honahona ho tany azo ampiasaina ny ohabolana nederlandey iray izay voatanisa ao amin' ny bokin' i Fred Feddes; izao no dikan-teniny malagasy: «Andriamanitra no namorona izao tontolo izao, fa ny Nederlandey no namorona an' i Nederlandy.»&lt;ref&gt;quoted in Fred Feddes, ''A Millennium of Amsterdam: Spatial History of a Marvelous City''. Bussum: Thoth Publishers 2012, p.9 &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9068685954&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Koningsdag 2017 Amstel.jpg|thumb|Nederlandey manao akanjo volomboasary mankalaza ny Fetin' ny Mpanjaka any Amsterdam tamin' ny taona 2017]]
Voalaza ho misokatra sy mivantana ny fomba fifandraisana nederlandey, mifantoka amin' ny tena zava-dehibe fa tsy amin' ny resaka na fombafomba tsy ilaina; ampiarahina amin' izany ny tsy fifikirana amin' ny fomba ôfisialy sy ny fanarahana ny fitsipika fototra momba ny fitondran-tena. Ao amin' ny ''Dealing with the Dutch'', dia manoratra izao i Jacob Vossestein, araka ny dikan-teny malagasy: «Ny fiheverana nederlandey momba ny fitovian' ny olona dia ny hoe mitovy ny olona, indrindra eo amin' ny lafiny môraly; izany no mahatonga ny fihetsiky ny Nederlandey manoloana ny ambaratongam-pahefana sy ny toerana ara-tsosialy ho somary manjavozavo.»&lt;ref&gt;J. Vossenstein, ''Dealing with the Dutch'', 9789460220791.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny famaritan' i Rietbergen, dia anisan' ireo firenena any Eorôpa izay tsy ibahanan' ny fivavahana indrindra eo amin' ny fiainam-bahoaka i Nederlandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;rietbergen-2000a&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazalazan' i Jos Becker sy Joep De Hart, dia heverina amin' ny ankapobeny ho raharahan' ny tsirairay ny fivavahana ao Nederlandy, ka tsy tokony hampielezina ampahibemaso, na dia mbola resahina matetika aza izy io.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Becker; first1: Jos; last2: De Hart; first2: Joep; title: ''Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland, Verschuivingen in de binding met de kerken en de christelijke traditie''; url: [http://www.scp.nl/dsresource?objectid=6e36ffc5-45eb-4b33-bc88-eb7b99083527]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141120/https://www.scp.nl/dsresource?objectid=6e36ffc5-45eb-4b33-bc88-eb7b99083527]; archive-date: 10 October 2017; access-date: 7 July 2017; website: SCP; publisher: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau Den Haag.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto, maritrano ary filôzôfia ===
Jereo ny lahatsoratra momba ny zavakanto neerlandey, ny maritrano ao Nederlandy ary ny literatiora amin' ny teny neerlandey.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; perrow=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
File:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Sary hosodoko Netherlandish Proverbs nataon' i Pieter Bruegel the Elder|''Netherlandish Proverbs'', sanganasan' ilay mpanakanto avy any Brabant Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
File:Bulb Fields.jpg|alt=Sary hosodoko Flower Beds in Holland nataon' i Vincent van Gogh|''Flower Beds in Holland'', sanganasan' ilay mpanakanto avy any Brabant [[Vincent van Gogh]].
File:20220525.Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.-011.jpg|alt=Ny tranombakoka Rijksmuseum ao Amsterdam|Ny ''Rijksmuseum'' (Tranombakoky ny Fanjakana) ao Amsterdam.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Maro ny mpanao hosodoko nalaza tao Nederlandy. Tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia anisan' ny mpisava lalana lehibe i [[Jérôme Bosch|Hieronymus Bosch]] sy i Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Niroborobo ny Repoblika Neerlandey nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamenan' i Nederlandy, ary niroborobo koa ny hetsika ara-javakanto tao aminy. Anisan' ireo mpahay hosodoko neerlandey nantsoina hoe ''Dutch Masters'', izay niasa nandritra io vanim-potoana tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 io, i [[Rembrandt]], i [[Johannes Vermeer]], i Jan Steen ary i Jacob van Ruisdael. Anisan' ny mpanao hosodoko malaza tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20 kosa i [[Vincent van Gogh]] sy i [[Piet Mondrian]].

Niroborobo ny literatiora nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamenan' i Nederlandy, ka i Joost van den Vondel sy i P. C. Hooft no mpanoratra nalaza indrindra. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nanoratra ny ''Max Havelaar'' i Multatuli, boky momba ny fampijaliana ny tompon-tany tany amin' ireo India Atsinanana Neerlandey. Ny ''Diary of a Young Girl'' nosoratan' i [[Anne Frank]] no boky amin' ny teny neerlandey nadika tamin' ny fiteny hafa betsaka indrindra. Anisan' ny mpanoratra lehibe hafa tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 i Harry Mulisch, i Jan Wolkers, i Hella Haasse, i Willem Frederik Hermans, i Cees Nooteboom ary i Gerard Reve.

Ahitana fomba fanorenana samihafa ao Nederlandy. Teo anelanelan' ny taona 950 sy 1250 no nanorenana trano tamin' ny fomba maritrano ''Romanesque''. Nanomboka nampiasaina tamin' ny taona 1230 tany ho any kosa ny fomba maritrano gôtika (''Gothic''). Nanana varavarankely lehibe sy andohalambo maranitra tendro ireo trano gôtika, ary voaravaka be. Nipoitra niaraka tamin' ny fisandratan' ny fanjakan' i Brabant, izay notarihin' ny dioka, ny fomba maritrano gôtikan' i Brabant, ary niely nanerana ireo faritany teo ambany fahefan' i Bourgogne. Any andrefana no tena ahitana ny maritrano barôka neerlandey (1525–1630) sy ny fomba fanorenana maka tahaka ny maritrano grika sy rômanina fahiny, na ''classicism'' (1630–1700). Anisan' ny fomba fanorenana hafa ny ''Art Nouveau'', ny maritrano manasongadina ny fanehoana fihetseham-po (''Expressionism''), ny ''De Stijl'', ny maritrano manaraka ny fomba nentim-paharazana (''Traditionalism'') ary ny maritrano mampiharihary ny akora sy ny rafitry ny trano (''Brutalism'').&lt;ref&gt;title: ''NETHERLANDS''; url: [http://architecture-history.org/schools/NETHERLANDS.html]; website: architecture-history.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Filôzôfa neerlandey malaza i [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] sy i [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]. Ilay mpahay siansa [[Christian Huygens|Christiaan Huygens]] no nahita an' i Titan, volan' ny planeta [[Satiorna (planeta)|Saturn]], nanohana ny hevitra fa miendrika onja ny fielezan' ny hazavana, namorona ny famantaranandro fehezin' ny zavatra mihantona mivezimberina, ary mpahay fizika voalohany nampiasa fanehoana fifandraisana ara-matematika amin' ny alalan' ny marika. I [[Antoni van Leeuwenhoek|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] no voalohany nandinika sy namariparitra ny [[Zavamananaina bitika|zavamananaina misy sela tokana]] tamin' ny mikrôskôpy, fitaovana fanitarana ny sarin' ny zavatra bitika. Nanjary tandindon' i Nederlandy, indrindra ho an' ny mpizaha tany, ny milina misy elatra ahodin' ny rivotra, ny [[Tolipàna|voninkazo ''tulip'']], ny kiraro hazo, ny fromazy ary ny rongony.&lt;ref&gt;last1: van Gorp; first1: Bouke; last2: Béneker; first2: Tine; date: 1 April 2007; title: ''Holland as other place and other time: alterity in projected tourist images of the Netherlands''; journal: GeoJournal; volume: 68; issue: 4; pages: 293–305; bibcode: 2007GeoJo..68..293V; doi: 10.1007/s10708-007-9085-9; s2cid: 129230373; doi-access: free.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mozika ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mozika ao Nederlandy.

Manana fomban-drazana maro eo amin' ny mozika i Nederlandy. Antsoina hoe ''Levenslied'', izay midika hoe «Hiran' ny fiainana», ny karazana mozika nederlandey nentim-paharazana. Tsotra mazàna ny feon-kira sy ny gadon' ireo hira ireo, ary tsotra koa ny firafiny, izay ahitana andininy sy fiverenana. Mety ho maivana ny lohaheviny, saingy matetika izy ireny no manaitra fihetseham-po, ka miresaka fitiavana, fahafatesana ary fahatsapana ho manirery. Anisan' ny zavamaneno fototra ampiasaina amin' ny ''levenslied'' ny zavamaneno nentim-paharazana toy ny angorodao sy ny orgà mekanika misy varingarina mihodina, na dia maro aza ny mpanakanto mampiasa fitaovana elektronika mamorona feon-javamaneno sy gitara tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy.

Nipoitra tamin' ny taompolo 1960 ny mozika nederlandey maoderina amin' ny karazana ''rock'', izay mampiasa indrindra gitara elektrika sy gadona mavesa-danja, ary ''pop'', izay natao hanintona mpihaino betsaka (''Nederpop''). Nanana fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ireo ny mozika be mpitia avy any Etazonia sy Britaina. Nahita fahombiazana iraisam-pirenena ny tarika toa an' i Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, Pussycat, George Baker Selection ary Focus. Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1980 dia nihamaro ny mpitendry sy mpihira ''pop'' nanomboka nampiasa ny teny neerlandey tamin' ny asany, ka anisan' ny nanosika azy ireo ny fahombiazana lehibe azon' ny tarika Doe Maar.

[[File:Coldplay perform &quot;Up&amp;Up&quot;, Amsterdam Arena, June 2016 (5).jpg|thumb|Johan Cruyff Arena, toerana lehibe indrindra fanaovana fampisehoana mozika ao Nederlandy.]]
Mahita fahombiazana iraisam-pirenena ireo tarika ankehitriny manao ''symphonic metal'', karazana mozika mampifangaro ny ''metal'', izay sampan' ny ''rock'' manana feo mahery sy mavesatra, amin' ny singa avy amin' ny mozikan' ny ôrkesitra. Anisan' ireo tarika ireo i Epica, Delain, ReVamp, The Gathering, Asrai, Autumn, Ayreon ary Within Temptation. Mahita fahombiazana iraisam-pirenena koa i Caro Emerald, mpihira ''jazz'', izay mozika manome toerana lehibe ny famoronana eo am-pitendrena, sy ''pop''. Mpandray anjara asaina sady be mpitia amin' ireo fetiben' ny mozika ''metal'' lehibe indrindra any Eorôpa ny tarika ''metal'' toa an' i Hail of Bullets, God Dethroned, Izegrim, Asphyx, Textures, Heidevolk ary Slechtvalk. Anisan' ny mpanakanto malaza ao an-toerana amin' izao fotoana izao ny mpihira ''pop'' Anouk; Ilse DeLange, mpihira ''country pop'', izay mampifangaro ny ''pop'' amin' ny ''country'', mozika avy amin' ny fomban-drazana ambanivohitra amerikanina; ny tarika Rowwen Hèze, izay manao mozika miainga amin' ny fomban-drazam-bahoaka sady mihira amin' ny fitenim-paritra [[Fiteny limborgiana|limborgiana]]; ny tarika ''rock'' BLØF; ary ny mpanakanto roa miaraka Nick &amp; Simon.

Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1990 dia niara-nitambatra ny mozika ''house'' nederlandey sy belza, izay karazana mozika elektronika fandihizana manana gadona miverimberina tsy tapaka, tao amin' ny tetikasa ''Eurodance'' 2 Unlimited. Ny ''Eurodance'' dia karazana mozika elektronika fandihizana eoropeanina. Nahalafo raki-peo 18 tapitrisa ireo mpihira roa ao amin' ilay tarika,&lt;ref&gt;title: ''2 Unlimited &amp;#124; Biography &amp;#124; AllMusic''; url: [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/2-unlimited-mn0000431439/biography]; access-date: 30 June 2014; website: AllMusic.&lt;/ref&gt; ka izy ireo no mpanakanto nederlandey nahomby indrindra teo amin' ny mozika hatramin' izao. Mbola be mpitia ho mozika faneva amin' ny hetsika ara-panatanjahantena any Etazonia ny hira toy ny ''Get Ready for This''. Tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1990 dia nivoatra tanteraka ny ''rap'' sy ''hip-hop'' amin' ny teny neerlandey (''Nederhop''). Ny ''rap'' dia fanononana teny manaraka gadona, ary anisan' ny mozika ''hip-hop'' izany. Nanjary be mpitia tany Nederlandy sy Belzika io mozika io.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990 dia nanjary be mpitia naneran-tany ny mozika elektronika fandihizana nederlandey, na EDM (mozika elektronika fandihizana), tamin' ny endriny maro samihafa. Avy any Nederlandy ny sasany amin' ireo DJ (mpifantina sy mpampifangaro mozika voarakitra) malaza indrindra eran-tany amin' ny mozika fandihizana, anisan' izany i Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Dash Berlin, Julian Jordan, Nicky Romero, W&amp;W, Don Diablo, Ummet Ozcan, Headhunterz, Sander van Doorn ary Afrojack. Samy efa napetraka teo amin' ny laharana voalohany eran-tany tao amin' ny filaharana ''DJ Mag Top 100 DJs'' ireo efatra voatanisa voalohany. Ny ''Amsterdam Dance Event'', na ADE (Hetsika momba ny mozika fandihizana ao Amsterdam), no fihaonambe lohalaharana eran-tany momba ny mozika elektronika, sady fetibe lehibe indrindra atao any amin' ny toeram-pandihizana ho an' ireo sampana maro samihafa amin' ny mozika elektronika maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Amsterdam Dance Event''; url: [http://www.local-life.com/amsterdam/articles/amsterdam-dance-event]; work: local-life.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;date: 12 October 2012; title: ''The international Dance industry assembles in Amsterdam next week''; url: [http://www.dutchdailynews.com/the-international-dance-industry-assembles-in-amsterdam-next-week/]; work: Dutch Daily News.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara tamin' ny ''[[Eurovision Song Contest]]'', fifaninanana hira Eurovision, i Nederlandy hatramin' ny andiany voalohany tamin' ny taona 1956, ary nandresy in-dimy.

Eo amin' ny mozika klasika, mpamoron-kira nederlandey malaza tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sy faha-17 i Jan Sweelinck, ary anisan' ny mpamoron-kira klasika nederlandey ankehitriny fanta-daza indrindra i Louis Andriessen. Mpitarika ôrkesitra sy mpitendry orgà ary mpitendry zavamaneno misy fitendry sy tady tsongoina (''harpsichord'') nederlandey ekena eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena i Ton Koopman sy Gustav Leonhardt.

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
Lohahevitra an-tsipiriany: Sarimihetsika ao Nederlandy sy Fahitalavitra ao Nederlandy.

Nisy sarimihetsika, indrindra ireo notarihin' i Paul Verhoeven, izay naely sy nahazo fankasitrahana teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, toy ny ''Turkish Delight'' (''Turks Fruit'', 1973), ''Soldier of Orange'' (''Soldaat van Oranje'', 1977), ''Spetters'' (1980), ary ''The Fourth Man'' (''De Vierde Man'', 1983). Avy eo i Verhoeven dia nitarika sarimihetsika lehibe tao Hollywood, toy ny ''RoboCop'' (1987), ''Total Recall'' (1990), ary ''Basic Instinct'' (1992), ary niverina tamin' ny sarimihetsika neerlandey tamin' ny ''Black Book'' (''Zwartboek'', 2006).&lt;ref&gt;last: Luck; first: Richard; date: 6 April 2022; title: ''God of shock: the weird and challenging career of Paul Verhoeven''; url: [https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/the-weird-and-challenging-career-of-paul-verhoeven/]; website: The New European.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tale fantatra hafa i [[Jan de Bont]], [[Anton Corbijn]], Dick Maas, [[Fons Rademakers]], Alex van Warmerdam, ary ireo mpanao sarimihetsika fanadihadiana Bert Haanstra sy [[Joris Ivens]]. Nanjary fantatra eran-tany tamin' ny taona 2004 i [[Theo van Gogh]], rehefa novonoin' i Mohammed Bouyeri tao Amsterdam taorian' ny nitarihany ny sarimihetsika fohy ''Submission''.&lt;ref&gt;date: 2 November 2004; title: ''Gunman kills Dutch film director''; url: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3974179.stm]; via: news.bbc.co.uk.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tale misahana ny fakana sary amin' ny sarimihetsika i Hoyte van Hoytema, Rogier Stoffers, Theo van de Sande ary Robby Müller. Anisan' ireo mpilalao sarimihetsika nahitam-pahombiazana teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena i [[Famke Janssen]], Carice van Houten,&lt;ref&gt;last: Slater; first: Lydia; date: 10 April 2012; title: ''Euro star: Carice van Houten''; url: [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/euro-star-carice-van-houten-6757545.html]; website: Evening Standard.&lt;/ref&gt; Rutger Hauer,&lt;ref name=&quot;elsevier&quot;&gt;last: Hahn; first: Bram; date: 7 October 2015; title: ''1973 – Monique van de Ven: Voor altijd Olga''; url: [https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/cultuur/article/2015/10/1973-monique-van-de-ven-voor-altijd-olga-2698674W/]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190726013056/https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/cultuur/article/2015/10/1973-monique-van-de-ven-voor-altijd-olga-2698674W/]; archive-date: 26 July 2019; access-date: 26 July 2019; website: Elsevier Weekblad; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeroen Krabbé]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimesArticle1&quot;&gt;last: Elias; first: Justine; date: 15 November 1998; title: ''Famke Janssen; Transformations As a Way of Life, Not Just on Screen''; url: [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/15/movies/holiday-films-up-coming-famke-janssen-transformations-way-life-not-just-screen.html]; access-date: 16 October 2011; newspaper: The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sylvia Kristel]], Michiel Huisman, Sylvia Hoeks, Marwan Kenzari ary Carel Struycken.

Mandroso ny tsenan' ny fahitalavitra ao Nederlandy, izay ahitana mpampita fandaharana ara-barotra sy an' ny daholobe. Saika alefa miaraka amin' ny feony tany am-boalohany sy dikanteny an-tsoratra foana ny fandaharana fahitalavitra avy any ivelany, ary toy izany koa ny tafatafa izay amin' ny fiteny vahiny ny valin-teny. Ny fandaharana vahiny natao ho an' ny ankizy ihany no soloina feo amin' ny fiteny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaGanahl2013&quot;&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=chXSFH-gzVMC&amp;pg=PA101 Webcasting Worldwide: Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium]''. Routledge; 2013. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-24977-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 101–103.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny endrika sy ny rafitra manokana iorenan' ny fandaharana, mbamin' ny zo hampiasa sy hamokatra azy ireny, no tena aondran' i Nederlandy eo amin' ny sehatry ny fahitalavitra. Anisan' ny niavaka tamin' izany ny Endemol, vondron' orinasa mpamokatra fandaharana fahitalavitra niasa teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, naorin' ireo Nederlandey mpandraharaha nanankarena sy nanana fahefana teo amin' ny sehatry ny haino aman-jery, dia i John de Mol sy Joop van den Ende. Namorona sy nitantana fandaharana narafitra tamin' ny endrika iray nampiasaina tany amin' ny firenena samihafa maneran-tany ny Endemol sy ireo orinasa feheziny: fandaharana manaraka ny fiainan' ny mpandray anjara, fifaninanana fahaizana, ary lalao ifaninanana. Anisan' izany ny ''Big Brother'' sy ''Deal or No Deal''.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''John de Mol''; url: [https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-de-mol/]; website: Forbes.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitambatra tamin' ny Shine Group ny Endemol tamin' ny taona 2015, ary novidin' ny Banijay tamin' ny taona 2020.&lt;ref&gt;last1: Kanter; first1: Jake; date: 1 July 2020; title: ''Banijay Group's $2.2BN Endemol Shine Group Takeover Approved By European Commission''; url: [https://deadline.com/2020/07/banijay-group-endemol-shine-group-takeover-approved-by-european-commission-1202974883/].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakafo sy fomba fahandro ===
[[File:Hutspot met stooflap op bord.JPG|thumb|''Hutspot'' sy henan' omby nandrahoina ela tamin' ny saosy, naroso anaty lovia]]
Tsotra sady tsy be pitsiny ny sakafo sy fomba fahandro neerlandey, ary ahitana ronono sy vokatra maro avy aminy. Mofo misy zavatra apetraka eo amboniny no mahazatra amin' ny sakafo maraina sy ny sakafo antoandro; azo isafidianana koa ny sakafo vita amin' ny voamadinika. Araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana, dia ovy sy hena ary legioma no sakafo hariva. Be gliosida, izany hoe otrikaina ahitana ny siramamy sy ny tavolo, ary be tavy izany sakafo izany, ka nifanaraka tamin' ny filàna ara-tsakafon' ireo mpiasa izay namolavola ny firenena tamin' ny kolontsainy. Niova izany fomba fisakafo izany nandritra ny taonjato faha-20, ka nitombo ny sakafo avy amin' ny kolontsaina samihafa; hita any amin' ny tanàn-dehibe ny ankamaroan' ny fomba fahandro maneran-tany. Tany am-piandohan' ny taona 2014, dia nametraka an' i Nederlandy ho firenena manana ny sakafo be otrikaina indrindra, betsaka indrindra ary mahasoa indrindra ho an' ny fahasalamana ny Oxfam.&lt;ref&gt;last: Reaney; first: Patricia; date: 14 January 2014; title: ''Netherlands is country with most plentiful, healthy food: Oxfam''; url: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-countries-idUSBREA0E01S20140115]; access-date: 1 September 2014; publisher: Reuters U.S.; location: New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Good Enough to Eat – Media Briefing''; date: 14 January 2013; publisher: Oxfam America; location: Boston, MA; url: [http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf]; access-date: 1 September 2014; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808001149/http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf]; archive-date: 8 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Manavaka karazam-paritra telo amin' ny fomba fahandro neerlandey ireo mpanoratra momba ny sakafo ankehitriny: ny any avaratra-atsinanana, ny any andrefana ary ny any atsimo.

Any avaratra-atsinanana, dia nahatonga ny fomba fahandro ho fantatra amin' ny sakafo misy hena ny fanombohan' ny fambolena midadasika tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18. Nahabetsaka ny biby hazaina sy ny fiompiana ny fahavitsian' ny toeram-pambolena, na dia ahitana trondro betsaka aza ny sakafo eny akaikin' ny morontsiraka. Anisan' ny saosisy mampiavaka ny faritra ny ''metworst'' sy ny ''rookworst'', izay matetika hanina miaraka amin' ny ''stamppot'' na ny ''hutspot'', sakafo misy ovy sy legioma nopotsehina, na koa amin' ny ''zuurkool'' (laisoa navela hikombona ka ho marikivy). Anisan' ny mofo any ny mofo mafy vita amin' ny voamadinika ''rye'', ny mofomamy ary ny bisky. Faritra amorontsiraka ahitana tany iva rakotra ahitra i Friesland, ka mamokatra fromazy tahaka ny any andrefana. Betsaka ny bisky vokarina, ary be dibera sy siramamy izy ireny. Ny zava-pisotro misy alikaola nentim-paharazana dia ny labiera karazana ''lager'', izay mazava loko sady be alikaola, sy ny ''Jenever'', izay toaka mahery misy hanitry ny zavamaniry ''juniper'' ary nanjary fantatra tany Angletera tamin' ny anarana hoe ''gin''. Avy amin' io faritra io ny ''Advocaat'', zava-pisotro mamy misy alikaola, matevina sady malefaka toy ny fanosotra, vita amin' ny atody sy siramamy ary ''brandy'' (toaka azo avy amin' ny fanasitiliana divay).&lt;ref&gt;last: Rinsky; first: Laura Halpin; url: [https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins]; title: ''The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional''; author2: Glenn Rinsky; publisher: John Wiley &amp; Sons; year: 2009; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-00955-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: Hoboken, N.J.; page: [https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins/page/n12 3]; oclc: 173182689; url-access: limited.&lt;/ref&gt;

Any andrefana, dia nahatonga ny faritra ho fantatra amin' ny ronono sy ny vokatra avy aminy ny habetsahan' ny rano sy ny tany lemaka rakotra ahitra. Anisan' izany ny fromazy malaza toy ny ''Gouda'', ny ''Leyden'' (fromazy nasiana zava-manitra ''cumin''), ary ny ''Edam'' (izay atao boribory madinika araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana), ary koa ny ''Leerdammer'' sy ny ''Beemster''. I Zaanstreek, faritra mifanila aminy ao North Holland, kosa dia efa fantatra hatramin' ny taonjato faha-16 amin' ny ''mayonnaise'' (saosy atody sy menaka) sy ny [[Voantsinapy|saosy voan-tsinapy misy voany manontolo]]. Heverina ho mampiavaka io faritra io ny ''karnemelk'' (ranon-dronono sisa tavela rehefa namboarina ny dibera). Misy betsaka sady mampiavaka ny faritra ny hazan-dranomasina toy ny trondro ''herring'' nalona mba hanomezana tsiro azy, ny akorandriaka ''mussel'', ny amalona, ny akorandriaka ''oyster'' ary ny patsabe.

Fantatra amin' ny mofomamy be tavy na siramamy, ny lasopy, ny hena andrahoina ela amin' ny saosy ary ny sakafo legioma ny fomba fahandro any atsimon' i Nederlandy. Io irery no faritra neerlandey namolavola fomba fahandro be pitsiny sy voakaly. Betsaka ny mofomamy, izay matetika be famenoana toy ny fanosotra avy amin' ny ronono, na fanosotra vita amin' ny ronono sy atody, na voankazo. Anisan' ny mofomamy mampiavaka azy ny ''vlaai'', ny ''moorkop'' ary ny ''bossche bol''. Betsaka koa ny karazan-mofo masira; ny tena be mpitia dia ny ''worstenbroodje'', mofo kely misy saosisy vita amin' ny henan' omby nototoina, izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe «mofo saosisy». Ny labiera no zava-pisotro misy alikaola mampiavaka ny faritra, ary maro ny marika eo an-toerana, manomboka amin' ny ''Trappist'' ka hatramin' ny ''Kriek''.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Internationale Vereniging Trappist – Westvleteren''; url: [https://www.trappist.be/en/products/beers/westvleteren/]; website: trappist.be.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fromazy ====
Jereo koa ny lisitry ny fromazy neerlandey.

Fantatra amin' ny famokarana fromazy i Nederlandy, ka misy karazany fantatra maneran-tany, toy ny ''Gouda'', ny ''Edam'' ary ny ''Leyden''. Mbola misy tsenan' ny fromazy araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana any amin' ny tanàna toa an' i Alkmaar, Gouda ary Edam.&lt;ref&gt;date: 13 March 2025; title: ''Dutch cheese varieties: the comprehensive (and cheesy) guide''; url: [https://dutchreview.com/culture/dutch-cheese-varieties/]; access-date: 24 September 2025; website: dutchreview.com/; language: en-GB.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanatanjahantena ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fanatanjahantena ao Nederlandy.

[[File:NED-DEN Euro 2012 (10).jpg|thumb|Ireo mpilalao baolina kitra neerlandey malaza [[Arjen Robben]] sy [[Robin van Persie]], nandritra ny lalaon' ny ekipam-pirenen' i Nederlandy tamin' ny ekipam-pirenen' i Danemarka, tao amin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 2012.]]

Olona manodidina ny 4,5 tapitrisa no voasoratra anarana ao amin' ny iray amin' ireo kliobam-panatanjahantena miisa 35 000 ao amin' ilay firenena. Manodidina ny roa ampahatelon' ny mponina 15 ka hatramin' ny 75 taona no manao fanatanjahantena isan-kerinandro.&lt;ref&gt;title: ''Sport in Nederland''; url: [http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925042514/http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm]; archive-date: 25 September 2008; access-date: 21 August 2012; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Baolina kitra|baolina kitra]] no fanatanjahantena iarahan' ny ekipa be mpitia indrindra, arahin' ny ''hockey'' amin' ny bozaka, izay ikapohana baolina amin' ny tapa-kazo, sy ny voleibola. Ny tenisy, ny fanatanjahan-tena mampiseho fahaiza-mifehy ny vatana (''gymnastics''), ary ny ''golf'', izay ikapohana baolina kely hampidirana azy ao anaty lavaka, no fanatanjahantena telo be mpanao indrindra amin' ireo lalaovina isam-batan' olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;sport&quot;&gt;date: 24 July 2006; title: ''Ledental sportbonden opnieuw gestegen''; url: [http://www.sport.nl/content/nieuwsartikelen/nocnsf/223198?channel=nocnsf]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311002950/http://www.sport.nl/content/nieuwsartikelen/nocnsf/223198]; archive-date: 11 March 2008; access-date: 1 June 2016; website: sport.nl; language: nl.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 ny fandaminana ny fanatanjahantena. Natsangana ny federasiona ho an' ny fanatanjahantena samihafa, nampitoviana ny fitsipi-dalao, ary niforona ny kliobam-panatanjahantena. Natsangana tamin' ny 1912 ny Komity Ôlimpika Nasionalin' i Nederlandy.

Laharana faharoa ny ekipam-pirenena amin' ny baolina kitra tamin' ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany tamin' ny 1974, 1978 ary 2010, ary nandresy tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 1988. Ao amin' ny lisitr' ireo mpilalao baolina kitra 50 sangany indrindra hatramin' izay nataon' ny gazetiboky ''Sports Illustrated'', dia Neerlandey i [[Johan Cruyff]] (laharana faha-5), [[Marco van Basten]] (faha-19), [[Ruud Gullit]] (faha-25) ary [[Johan Neeskens]] (faha-36).&lt;ref&gt;date: 21 May 2019; title: ''The 50 Greatest Footballers of All Time''; url: [https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/05/21/50-greatest-footballers-all-time]; magazine: Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt; Laharana faharoa ny ekipam-pirenena vehivavy amin' ny baolina kitra tamin' ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany tamin' ny 2019, ary nandresy tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 2017. Nandresy in-9 tamin' ireo fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany 15 ny ekipam-pirenena vehivavy neerlandey amin' ny ''hockey'' amin' ny bozaka. Nandresy in-24 tamin' ireo fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa 33 ny ekipam-pirenen' i Nederlandy amin' ny lalao baolina amin' ny kibay (''baseball''). Nandresy tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondakan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 1995 sy ny World Grand Prix tamin' ny 2007 ny ekipam-pirenena vehivavy amin' ny voleibola.

Nahazo medaly 266 tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika amin' ny fahavaratra sy 110 tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika amin' ny ririnina i Nederlandy. Nandresy tamin' ny Vuelta a Espana tamin' ny 1979, ny Tour de France tamin' ny 1980, ary ny fiadiana ny ho tompondaka eran-tany nokarakarain' ny UCI (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena misahana ny bisikileta) tamin' ny 1985 i Joop Zoetemelk. Nandresy tamin' ny Tour de France tamin' ny 1968 i Jan Janssen, ary tamin' ny Giro d'Italia tamin' ny 2017 i Tom Dumoulin. I Max Verstappen, izay mpamily tanora indrindra nanomboka nandray anjara sy nandresy hazakazaka tao amin' ny Formula 1, no Neerlandey voalohany nandresy tamin' ny Grand Prix sy nahazo ny anaram-boninahitra ho tompondaka eran-tany ho an' ny mpamily Formula One. Nandresy in-15 tamin' ireo fifaninanana K-1 World Grand Prix 19 ny Neerlandey mpanao ady totohondry sy daka (''kickboxing'') amin' ny K-1.

== Jereo koa ==
* Topimaso momba an' i Nederlandy

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Loharano ===
* last: Elliott; first: John; title: ''The Road to Utrecht in Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013''; publisher: Routledge; year: 2014; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-909662-22-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;; editor-last: Dadson; editor-first: Trevor.
* last: Israel; first: Jonathan; author-link: Jonathan Israel; title: ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806''; year: 1995; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-873072-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;; series: ''Oxford History of Early Modern Europe''.
* last: Schama; first: Simon; author-link: Simon Schama; title: ''Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813''; publisher: Alfred A. Knopf; year: 1977; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0394485164&lt;/nowiki&gt;; location: New York.
* last: Van Nimwegen; first: Olaf; title: ''De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning''; publisher: Prometheus; year: 2020; isbn: &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; language: nl; trans-title: ''The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King''.

=== Boky fandalinana fanampiny ===
==== Jeografia sy ny tontolo iainana ====
* Burke, Gerald L. ''The making of Dutch towns: A study in urban development from the 10th–17th centuries'' (1960)
* Lambert, Audrey M. ''The Making of the Dutch Landscape: An Historical Geography of the Netherlands'' (1985); mifantoka amin' ny tantaran' ny fanovana faritra rakotry ny rano ho tany azo ampiasaina.
* Meijer, Henk. ''Compact geography of the Netherlands'' (1985)
* Riley, R. C., and G. J. Ashworth. ''Benelux: An Economic Geography of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg'' (1975) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131120085304/http://www.questia.com/read/85882918/benelux-an-economic-geography-of-belgium-the-netherlands azo vakina an-tserasera]

==== Tantara ====
* Paul Arblaster. ''A History of the Low Countries''. Palgrave Essential Histories Series New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 298 pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-4039-4828-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1998)
* Jonathan Israel. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806'' (1995)
* J. A. Kossmann-Putto and E. H. Kossmann. ''The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands'' (1987)

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Famaritana momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wiktionary'' (rakibolana).
* [[:c:Nederland|Rakitra momba an' i Nederlandy]] ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons'' (tahiry iombonan' ny rakitra).
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Netherlands Teny notsongaina momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikiquote'' (tahirin-teny notsongaina).
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Lahatsoratra momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikisource'' (tahirin-dahatsoratra).
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Boky fianarana momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikibooks'' (tahirim-boky fianarana).
* [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands Loharanom-pianarana momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikiversity'' (tetikasa momba ny fianarana).
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands Torolalana ho an' ny dia any Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''Wikivoyage'' (torolalana momba ny dia).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124437/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/netherlands.htm Nederlandy], avy amin' ny ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (tahirin' ny famoahan' ny governemanta ao amin' ny tranomboky).
* [http://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-page/the-netherlands/general-information ''I am Expat'' – Fampahalalana ankapobeny momba an' i Nederlandy].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17740800 Fampahafantarana an' i Nederlandy], avy amin' ny ''BBC News'' (sampam-baovao ao amin' ny BBC, orinasa britanika misahana ny fampielezam-peo sy ny fahitalavitra).
* [[:commons:Atlas of Netherlands|Fanangonan-tsarintany momba an' i Nederlandy]] ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons''.
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/47796 Angona ara-jeografia momba an' i Nederlandy] ao amin' ny ''OpenStreetMap'' (tetikasa sarintany malalaka).
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NL Vinavina fototra momba ny fivoaran' i Nederlandy], avy amin' ny ''International Futures'' (vinavina iraisam-pirenena momba ny hoavy).

=== Governemanta ===
* [http://www.government.nl/ Government.nl] – tranonkala ofisialin' ny governemanta neerlandey.
* [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/home/default.htm ''Statistics Netherlands''] (sampan-draharahan' i Nederlandy momba ny antontanisa), na CBS (birao foibe momba ny antontanisa) – tarehimarika fototra avy amin' ny birao neerlandey momba ny antontanisa.
* [http://www.statoids.com/unl.html Faritanin' i Nederlandy], ao amin' ny ''Statoids''.

=== Dia sy fizahantany ===
* [http://www.holland.com/ Holland.com] – tranonkala amin' ny teny anglisy an' ny biraon' i Nederlandy momba ny fizahantany.
* [https://www.nbtc.nl/en/site.htm ''Netherlands Board of Tourism &amp; Conventions''] (biraon' i Nederlandy momba ny fizahantany sy ny fivoriambe) – fikambanana miandraikitra ny fampahafantarana sy ny fampiroboroboana an' i Nederlandy ao amin' ny firenena sy any ivelany.

[[:sokajy:Firenenan'i Vondrona Eoropeanina]]
[[:sokajy:Nederlandy|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Toddalia asiatica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302706</id>
    <redirect title="Zanthoxylum asiaticum" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153680</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Toddalia asiatica]] ho [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1153680</origin>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="thc39rkjtefh7i5immz80j7ilqxeyc1" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chaetachme aristata</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153682</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T11:58:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Cannabaceae</comment>
      <origin>1153682</origin>
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      <text bytes="1746" sha1="enxh5h6453dwuat5yrqou4wnm5go4j4" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Chaetacme aristata, b, Krantzkloof Natuurreservaat.jpg|vignette|328x328px|''Chaetachme aristata'']]
Ny '''''Chaetachme aristata''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe  '''fanidy''', '''hidina''' na '''roy'''. ''Chaetachme aristata'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Ahafantarana azy koa ny anarana hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;. I Jules Émile Planchon no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany.
[[Sary:Chaetacme aristata, stam, Umhlanga-strandmeer NR.jpg|vignette|''Chaetachme aristata'']]
Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana azy io:

* ''Chaetachme serrata'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chaetachme microcarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Rendle&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chaetachme nitida'' &lt;small&gt;Planch. &amp; Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chaetachme meyeri'' &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chaetachme subdentata'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey. ex Planch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chaetachme appendiculata'' &lt;small&gt;E. Mey. ex Planch.&lt;/small&gt;

Marihina fa nosokajina tao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ulmaceae]]'' izy io taloha.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Chaetachme]]''
* [[Fanidy (zavamaniry)]]: ''Chaetachme aristata'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cannabaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Appelhans, Groppo &amp; J.Wen.&lt;/small&gt; (←  ''Toddalia asiatica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Rutaceae]]'')
* [[Hidina (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Aphananthe sakalava]]'' &lt;small&gt;J.-F.Leroy&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Cannabaceae]]''); ''Chaetachme aristata'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'')
* [[Roy (zavamaniry)]]</text>
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