Wikipedia mgwiki https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fandraisana MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.4 first-letter Rakitra Manokana Dinika Mpikambana Dinika amin'ny mpikambana Wikipedia Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia Sary Dinika amin'ny sary MediaWiki Dinika amin'ny MediaWiki Endrika Dinika amin'ny endrika Fanoroana Dinika amin'ny fanoroana Sokajy Dinika amin'ny sokajy TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 4 6929 1153690 1152448 2026-11-11T13:18:09Z Hentasoava 41635 /* Loharano */ 1153690 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Fitsipika momban'ny fanovana ny fizarana "VAOVAO" : 0. Aza kitihana ity zavatra ity. 1. Apetraho ny daty nitrangan'ilay vaovao. 2. Ataovy amin'ny soramahia ny zava-nitranga. 3. Vaovao izay erak'izao tontolo izao hapetraka. EO AMBANY EO NY VAOVAO NO HAPETRAKA Tena iangaviana mba tsy ho eo alohan'ny soratra hoe "Azontsika tsirairay atao ny mametraka vaovao tsy mitongilana, tsy fampielezankevitra ary tsy mandainga eto" no apetraka ny vaovao; fitsipiky ny Wikipedia ny tsy fahazoana manao ny ranty media sosialy toy ny Facebook sy X, instagram na Tik-Tok ho loharanom-baovao. Tsy azo fafàna mihitsy ity soratra miloko volondavenona ity --> ----------------- Azontsika tsirairay atao ny mametraka vaovao tsy mitongilana, tsy fampielezankevitra ary tsy mandainga eto [[File:Hotel de ville de Limoges 18 octobre 2026 011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hotel de ville de Limoges 18 octobre 2026 011 (cropped)]] * [[21 Oktobra|21 oktobra]] [[2026]] - PHP2Shell na CVE-2026-109618 sy CVE-2026-109619, ireo lesoka tsikaritra tamin'ny arofenitra ara-pandrafetana PHP (anjotra) ka tsy maintsy mikojakoja sy manavao kinova izay mpiandraikitra ny tranonkala mba tsy harefo manoloana ny fanafihan'ny mpisovoka. * '''[[17 Oktobra|17 oktobra]] [[2026]]''' - May nisy nandoro nandritra ny fihetsiketsehan'ny mpianatra ny Lapan'ny Tanànan'i Limoges (Sary). * '''[[12 Oktobra|12 oktobra]] [[2026]]''' - Lokan'ny Bankin'i Soeda ho fahatsiarovana an'i [[Alfred Nobel]] nomena an'i '''[[Michael Woodford]]''' sy '''[[Robert Hall]]'''. * ny '''[[4 Oktobra|4 oktobra]] [[2026]] ka hatramin'ny [[9 Oktobra|9 oktobra]] [[2026]]''' nanomezana ireto '''[[loka Nobel]]''' ireto : ** Fandriampahalemana ho an'i '''[[Navanethem Pillay]]'''; ** Literatiora ho an'i '''[[Anne Carson]]''' ; ** Simia ho an'i '''[[Henri Kagan]]''' sy '''[[Kensō Soai]]''' ; ** Fizika ho an'i '''[[Francis Halzen]]''' ; ** Fitsaboana ho an'i '''[[Karl Deisseroth]]''', '''[[Peter Hegemann]]''' ary '''[[Georg Nagel]]'''. Indreto kosa ny tahiry: '''[[Wikipedia:Vaovao/2026/Jolay-septambra 2026|Jolay-septambra 2026]] * [[Wikipedia:Vaovao/2026/Mey 2026|Mey 2026]] * [[Wikipedia:Vaovao/2026/Avrily 2026|Avrily 2026]] * [[Wikipedia:Vaovao/2026/Marsa 2026|Marsa 2026]] * [[Wikipedia:Vaovao/2026|Tahiry 2026]] * [[Wikipedia:Vaovao/Febroary 2026 sy taloha|Teo aloha]]''' <noinclude> == Loharano == Concours de karaoké de Sakaraha Le Concours de karaoké de Sakaraha, également connu sous le slogan « Molia ze lavitsy » (« Que ceux qui sont loin rentrent au pays »), est le plus grand événement culturel et concours de chant et de danse organisé chaque année dans le district de Sakaraha, région Atsimo-Andrefana, à Madagascar. Histoire et origine Cet événement a été conçu et créé par Monsieur Depa (connu sous le nom d'Indépendance Lahimana), et a débuté en 2019. Ce concours a été spécialement mis en place pour repérer et révéler les enfants et les jeunes talentueux issus de chaque fokontany (quartier) de la localité. Déroulement et règlement • Calendrier annuel. Le concours se déroule chaque année durant le mois de décembre, et la grande finale a obligatoirement lieu le 30 décembre. • Catégories. La compétition comprend deux disciplines : le chant et la danse, cette dernière se pratiquant exclusivement en groupe de trois danseurs. • Récompenses. Les trois premiers lauréats de chaque catégorie (chant et danse) sont récompensés lors de la finale. Objectifs et portée de l'événement Au-delà d'une simple compétition, l'événement apporte une contribution majeure à la vie communautaire et au développement culturel de Sakaraha : • Rassembler la population. Il constitue un moment privilégié de rencontre pour tous les habitants et les natifs de Sakaraha, qui se réunissent pour soutenir et encourager les jeunes représentants de leurs quartiers respectifs. • Encourager le retour de la diaspora (« Molia ze lavitsy »). L'événement vise à inciter les natifs de Sakaraha résidant au loin, ou ceux ayant un attachement particulier à la ville, à revenir visiter leur terre natale durant les festivités de fin d'année. • Cohésion sociale et politique. Il s'agit du seul événement capable de fédérer toutes les couches sociales, amenant les personnalités politiques et les autorités locales de Sakaraha à assister et à soutenir l'initiative sans distinction. Évolution et bilan Depuis son lancement en 2019, six éditions ont déjà été organisées avec succès. La renommée de ce concours ne cesse de grandir d'année en année : • Une forte participation. Des centaines de jeunes prennent part chaque année aux épreuves de chant et de danse, un chiffre en constante augmentation. • L'événement numéro un. Il occupe la première place parmi les manifestations et festivités les plus populaires et les plus suivies de Sakaraha, devenant un rendez-vous incontournable attendu par tous chaque année. Raha efa vonona havoaka ao amin'ny Wikipedia ity lahatsoratra ity, dia afaka manome anao ny kaody Wikitexte mifanaraka aminy avy hatrany aho (misy ny lohateny sy ny Infobox). Tianao ve ny hanaovako izany ? {{reflist}} dl4tm3z37pktbmqr04s0sauzt1ftqxt 0 190068 1153790 1021755 2026-11-12T10:07:56Z ~2026-59452-40 41620 1153790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= Erving Lipofsky.jpg |anarana=Julius Erving |teraka=22 Febroary 1950 |maty= |firenena={{Etazonia}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpilalao basikety]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Julius Erving''' dia mpilalao basikety mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Etazonia]] teraka ny 22 Febroary 1950 tao [[New York]] == Jereo koa == {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:mpilalao basikety amerikanina]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1950]] 8mbcce05s8wtkc3vszywouig743hrab 0 198005 1153791 1086540 2026-11-12T10:09:47Z ~2026-59452-40 41620 1153791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary=2019 Lothar Matthäus.jpg |anarana=Lothar Matthäus |teraka=21 Martsa 1961 |maty= |firenena=[[Alemaina]], [[Brazila]] |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpilalao baolina kitra]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Lothar Herbert Matthäus''' dia mpilalao baolina kitra mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Alemaina]], [[Brazila]] teraka ny 21 Martsa 1961 ==Klioba== [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]], [[Bayern München]], [[Inter Milano]], == Jereo koa == * [[Biôgrafia]] [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:mpilalao baolina kitra alemainy]] [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1961]] [[Sokajy:Mpilalao baolina kitra nasionaly alemà]] 67wgdcxvf0ppobdl8nff684rhl32i5w 0 204160 1153792 1046709 2026-11-12T10:11:23Z ~2026-59452-40 41620 1153792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary=Gerd Backhaus (cropped).jpg |anarana=Gerd Backhaus |teraka=8 Septambra 1942 |maty= |firenena={{Alemaina}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpilalao baolina kitra]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Gerd Backhaus''' dia mpilalao baolina kitra mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Alemaina]] teraka ny 8 Septambra 1942 tao [[Alemaina]] == Jereo koa == {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:mpilalao baolina kitra alemainy]] k7wgkvoffbvlzd20lcp7ecdl9wbsif1 0 258978 1153788 962434 2026-11-12T09:04:42Z Andre Engels 36 Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Saint Albans]] 1153788 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Saint Albans]] diedfc38hfg8cn53wgjh1xfp7mm0yxu 0 265152 1153756 1144112 2026-11-12T02:53:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 1153756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu at Miss International 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jolene Marie Rotinsulu (2019)]] '''Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu''' ('''Jolene Marie''') (teraka tamin'ny [[15 Mey]], [[1996]]) dia mpihira pop [[Indonezia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://events.globallandscapesforum.org/new-york-2019/speaker/jolene-marie-rotinsulu/|title=Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu, Miss International Indonesia 2019|date= 9 fevriye 2019|website=events.globallandscapesforum.org}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardgoesto.com/miss-international-indonesia-2019-jolene-marie-rotinsulu/|title=Miss International Indonesia 2019 award goes to Jolene Marie Rotinsulu|publisher=AwardGoesTo|date=9 mas 2019|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324212055/http://awardgoesto.com/miss-international-indonesia-2019-jolene-marie-rotinsulu/|archive-date=2019-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.missitems.be/jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-verkozen-tot-miss-international-indonesia-2019/| title=Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu verkozen tot Miss International Indonesia 2019| date=9 fevriye 2019| website=missitems.be| accessdate=2019-10-26| archivedate=2019-03-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091721/https://www.missitems.be/jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-verkozen-tot-miss-international-indonesia-2019/}}</ref> Izy no mivoaka amin'ny '''Miss International Indonesia 2019'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2019/03/10/puteri-indonesia-2019-full-results/| title=Puteri Indonesia 2019 Full Results!|accessdate=9 fevriye 2019|website=thegreatpageantcommunity.com}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/jolene-marie-cholock-crowned-miss-international-indonesia-2019/eventshow/68332261.cms|title=Jolene Cholock crowned Miss International Indonesia 2019|work=The Times of India|date=9 mas 2019|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090100/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/jolene-marie-cholock-crowned-miss-international-indonesia-2019/eventshow/68332261.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Discography == ===Musik videos=== {| border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 92%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" | '''Taona''' || '''Lohateny''' || '''Andraikitra''' || '''Artista''' || '''Ref.''' |- | 2012 || [[:id:2012 Neng Nong Edition|Neng Neng Nong Neng (Ku Ingin Terus Lama Pacaran Disini)]]<br><small>''"I Want To Keep on Dating Here"''</small> || modely || [[:id:T.R.I.A.D|T.R.I.A.D]], [[:en:Ahmad Dhani|Ahmad Dhani]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sumsel.tribunnews.com/2019/02/21/foto-jolene-marie-cholock-diunggah-al-ghazali-bukan-kekasih-al-siapa-sosok-jolene-itu|title=Foto Jolene Marie Cholock Diunggah Al Ghazali, Bukan Kekasih Al, Siapa Sosok Jolene Itu?|work=sulsel.tribunnews.com|date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> |- | 2013 || [[:id:Realize|Selamat Malam Kekasihku]]<br><small>''"Goodnite My Lovers"''</small> || modely & mpiara-mihira || [[:id:Revo Marty|Revo Marty]] feat. <br>[[Jolene Marie Rotinsulu]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/therevo/song/12737995-selamat-malam-kekasihku-revo-marty|title=Revo Marthy ft Jolene Marie – Selamat Malam Kekasihku|work=reverbnation.com|date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> |- | 2013 || Kelelawar<br><small>''"Bat"''</small> || modely || T&I ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|title=20 Potret Jolene Marie Cholock Rotinsulu, pintar dan memesona|publisher=Brilio.net|date=September 10, 2019|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607155715/https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2013 || Sudahlah Aku Pergi<br><small>''"Let Me Go"''</small> || modely || Nobishi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-4460440/foto-mengenal-jolene-marie-wakil-sulut-yang-nyaris-menang-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Mengenal Jolene Marie, Wakil Sulut yang Nyaris Menang Puteri Indonesia 2019|publisher=Wolipop Detik|date=September 10, 2019|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124144024/https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-4460440/foto-mengenal-jolene-marie-wakil-sulut-yang-nyaris-menang-puteri-indonesia-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2013 || Asa Pasti<br><small>''"Sure for Sure"''</small> || modely || Nobishi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-4460440/foto-mengenal-jolene-marie-wakil-sulut-yang-nyaris-menang-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Mengenal Jolene Marie, Wakil Sulut yang Nyaris Menang Puteri Indonesia 2019|publisher=Wolipop Detik|date=September 10, 2019|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124144024/https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-4460440/foto-mengenal-jolene-marie-wakil-sulut-yang-nyaris-menang-puteri-indonesia-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Filmography== ===Movie=== {| border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" | '''Taona''' || '''Lohateny''' || '''Genre''' || '''Andraikitra''' || '''Famokarana horonantsary''' || '''Ref.''' |- | 2016 || [[:id:I am Hope|I AM HOPE]] || Reality-drama dedicated to cancer survivors || as Mia on Theater || Alkimia Production ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|title=20 Potret Jolene Marie Cholock Rotinsulu, pintar dan memesona|publisher=Brilio.net|date=September 10, 2019|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607155715/https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt5931390/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_ttfc_3|title=Jolene Marie taking part as Mia on theater part of the 'I AM HOPE' Movie|publisher=IMDb|date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> |- |} ===TV Filme=== {| border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" | '''Taona''' || '''Lohateny''' || '''Andraikitra''' || '''Famokarana horonantsary''' || '''Ref.''' |- | 2010 || [[:en:Para Pencari Tuhan|Para Pencari Tuhan (Season 4)]]<br><small>''"God's Seekers (Season 4)"''</small> || as Mary || [[:en:SCTV (Indonesia)|SCTV]] & [[:en:Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fimela.com/beauty-health/read/2978853/4-pelajaran-hidup-dari-sinetron-para-pencari-tuhan-jilid-11|title=Praa Pencari Tuhan (Season 4)|publisher=Fimela.com|date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> |- | 2012 || [[:en:Olga Syahputra|Mengejar Cinta Olga 5 (Story of Olga)]]<br><small>''"Chasing the Love of Olga 5 (Story of Olga)"''</small> || as Maricha (Icha)|| [[:en:RCTI|RCTI]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hitekno.com/internet/2019/07/09/160000/nostalgia-adegan-sinetron-jadul-olga-syahputra-ini-bikin-ngakak|title=Jolene Marie berduet dengan Olga Syahputra dalam Film Mengejar cinta Olga (lagi)|publisher=hitekno.com|date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> |- | 2012 || 4 Kembar, 2 Raksasa & Bunda Bidadari<br><small>''"4 Twins, 2 Giants & Mother of Angels"''</small> || as Bunda Bidadari || [[:en:Indosiar|Indosiar]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|title=20 Potret Jolene Marie Cholock Rotinsulu, pintar dan memesona|publisher=Brilio.net|date=September 10, 2019|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607155715/https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2014 || [[:id:Oh Ternyata|Oh Ternyata The Series – "Baby Ngepot"]]<br><small>''"Oh The Series – "Baby Ngepot"''</small> || as Jolene || [[:en:Trans TV|Trans TV]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/tv-news/2264683/inilah-7-program-baru-trans-tv-bulan-juni|title=Inilah 7 Program Baru Trans TV Bulan Juni|publisher=hot.detik.com|date=September 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>[www.filmywap.one/about/box-office/ Movies Box Office]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200712182826/filmywap.one/about/hollywood/ | Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu (March 30, 2021).]</ref> |- |} == Reference == {{reflist}} == Rohy ivelany == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.puteri-indonesia.com/ Puteri Indonesia Official Website] * [https://www.miss-international.org/en/ Miss International Official Website] * [http://www.instagram.com/joleneemarie] en Instagram * [http://www.facebook.com/jolene.m.rotinsulu] en [[Facebook]] * [http://www.twitter.com/joleneemarie] en [[Twitter]] * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm8414853/ Jolene Maria] Jolene Marie IMDb website {{DEFAULTSORT:Rotinsulu, Jolene Marie Cholock}} {{vangovango}} pq029uuvt66y1vzont6o8nvsn0ad9is 0 279902 1153750 1153144 2026-11-11T21:39:13Z ~2026-59580-54 41625 /* Ny natao hoe Zanadralambo */ 1153750 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''Andrianamboninolona''' dia [[andriana]] [[merina]], taranak' [[Andrianamboninolona]], zana-drahalahin-dray no rafozan' ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]]. Iray amin’ ireo antanantohatr’ andriana fito nisy tao Imerina talohan’ ny taona 1896 izany. Atao hoe '''Zanakambony''' koa izy ireo”. Antanantohatr' andriana eo anelanelan' ny [[Andriandranando]] sy ny [[Andriatompokoindrindra|Andriantompokoindrindra]] ny Andrianamboninolona. Tato aoriana dia nantsoina ho [[Andrianteloray]] ny Andriandranando sy ny Andriantompokoindrindra ary ny Andrianamboninolona. == Ny firazananan' ny taranak' Andrianamboninolona == Ny zanaka amam-paran’ Andrianamboninolona dia tsy Andrianamboninolona avokoa ny firazanany. === Ireo nanaiky hatao hoe Andrianamboninolona === ==== Ny taranak' ireo zanakalahin' Andrianamboninolona tamin-dRafotsindrindramanjaka ==== Ny taranak’ ireo zanakalahin’ Andrianamboninolona tamin-dRafotsindrindramanjaka, dia ny terak’ Andriantomponarivo sy ny terak’ Andriafakazaka. Ny terak’ Andriantomponarivo nitoetra tao Ambohitrombihavana, Ambohitrandriananahary akaikin’ i [[Alasora|Alasora,]] Kilonjy, Ambonisoa, [[Fieferana]] ary ny vohitra miaraka aminy toa an’ Ambohitriniandriana, Ambohipiainana, Andranomanjaka, Viliahazo, sns dia nataon-dRalambo ho Andrianamboninolona ny firazanany. Ary izay Andrianamboninolona avy eo ka nafindra monina na nifindra monina dia mbola Andrianamboninolona avokoa no firazanany. ==== Ny tarana-dRalambo sy Ratsitohininamanjaka ==== Ny tarana-dRalambo sy Ratsitohininamanjaka, izay zanakavavin’ Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka no sady renin’ny mpanjaka Andrianjaka, dia tsy mba natao ho Andrianamboninolona fa nataon-dRalambo ho Zanadralambo amin’Andrianjaka ny firazanany. Andrianjaka sy ny doriany kosa izay tato aoriana nosokajian’ Andriamasinavalona ho terak’ Ifohiloha dia nizara ho antanantohatra Zanakandriana, zazamarolahy ary [[andriamasinavalona]]. ==== Ny taranak' Andrianamboninolona sy Rabefaravolamanjaka ==== Ny taranak’ Andrianamboninolona sy Rabefaravolamanjaka andriambavin’ Ambohidrabiby, izay zanakavavin-dRabiby mpanjaka, dia tsy mba natao ho Andrianamboninolona ny firazanany. Nataon-dRabiby, ary nampanarahany an’i Ralambo izany teniny izany mba ho tanteraka, ho “Zanakandriana mandrakizay mahazo manjaka” afohezina hoe Andriandoriamanjaka ireo taranaka ireo. Anefa ireo Andriandoriamanjaka tompon’ Ambohibe akaikin' Ambohibeloma ao avaratr' Arivonimamo any Imamo dia mitonona ho Andrianamboninolona ihany. === Ny tsy nanaiky ny hatao ho Andrianamboninolona === ==== Ny tsy nanaiky ny hatao ho Andrianamboninolona ==== Fa nisy koa teo [[Alasora]] (sa Ambohitrandriananahary?) zafin’ Andriamananitany, na taranak’ Andrianamboninolona avy amin’ Andriantomponarivo lahimatoa hoy ny [[lovantsofina]] hafa, no tsy nanaiky ny nanaovan-dRalambo azy ho Andrianamboninolona ny firazanany fa nanasokajy ny tenany ho “Zanakandriana mahazo manjaka”, koa ny anaran’ izy ireo aza dia nasiany hoe “manjaka” dia Andrianonimanjakatany, Ramanjaka sy Ramanalinarivo mianadahy izany. Koa nandao an’ i Alasora izy ireo tamin’ ny nanjakan-dRalambo ary nianatsimo tany [[Betsileo]] koa tonga mpanjaka voalohany tao Andratsay. Ary izy ireo dia tsy mitonon-tena ho Andrianamboninolona mihitsy mandraka ankehitriny fa Zanakandriana no firazanany hatrizay ka hatramin' ny niakaran' [[Andrianampoinimerina]] teo amin' ny fanjakana na dia taranak’ Andriamananitany aza izy ireo. ==== Ny natao hoe Zanadralambo ==== Fa ny Zana-dRambavy, izay [[Masindray]] atsimon’Ambohimanambola no toerana nipoirany, na dia zanaka nateraky ny mpanjaka Ralambo sy Ratomponivololona zanak’ Andrianamboninolona aza i Rambavy, dia tsy mba natao ho Andrianamboninolona ny firazanany fa nataon’ Andrianampoinimerina ho “[[Zanadralambo]]” izy ireo. ==== Ireo mitonona ho Andrianamboninolona ==== Ny terak’ Andriamitondra rahalahin’ Andrianamboninolona dia nitonona fa Andrianamboninolona no firazanany anefa ny lovantsofina hafa dia milaza fa na dia neken’ ny mpanjaka nifandimby aza ny maha-taranak’ Andriamananitany ny terak’ Andriamitondra dia tsy nomena ny firazanana Andrianamboninolona izy ireo saingy natao ho manan-tantara, koa izy ireo ihany no mahazo mikasika ny taolambalo anaty trano masina aty Imerina nanomboka tamin’ Andrianampoinimerina. Misy kosa ny tera-dRalambo izay milaza fa tsy Zanadralambo ny firazanany fa Andrianamboninolona dia ny sasany amin’ ny terak’ i Manandriana izany. === Ny toerana ahitana ny Andrianamboninolona === ==== Ao Ambohitrandriananahary sy Ambohitrombihavana ==== Tamin’ ny nanjakan’ [[Andriamanelo]] (talohan’ ny taona 1575) dia teo Ambohitrandriananahary akaikin’ i [[Alasora]], teo amin’ Andriamananitany rainy, no nonina i [[Andrianamboninolona]]. Rehefa novonoin’ ny mpanjaka Andriamanelo moa i Andriamananitany rahalahiny dia nandositra niala teo Ambohitrandriananahary-Alasora i Andrianamboninolona ka nifindra nonina teo Analamanitra nantsoina hoe Ambohitralantenina. Tato aoriana dia nomen’ Andriamanelo ho zara-tanin’ Andrianamboninolona, ankoatra an’ Ambohitrandriananahary akaikin’ i Alasora, i Ambohitralantenina saingy niova ny anarany ary lasa hoe Ambohitrombihavana. Teo Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka vadiny no nonina ary maro no teraka teo ireo zanany. Ao Ambohitrombihavana ihany no nafenina i Andrianamboninolona ary maro ireo taranany sy andriana havany no nafenina ao koa, "ity vohitra ity dia omby havana" hoy izy ka izany no nahatonga ireo sokajin’ andriana hafa ankoatran’ny Andrianamboninolona lasa maro nanorim-ponenana, nifangaro tamin’ny tompon-tanàna ary nafenina teo. Nisy fotoana anefa Andrianamboninolona nitoetra tamin-dRabefaravolamanjaka sy ireo zanany hafa teo Ambohitrandriananahary avaratr’ Ambohidrabiby, koa izy Andrianamboninolona no nanao io anaram-bohitra eo avaratr’ Ambohidrabiby io ho fitadidiana ny maha iray io vohitra io amin’ Ambohitrandriananahary akaikin’ i Alasora izay zara-taniny ihany. ==== Hatreo Ambohitrombihavana ka hatrany Kilonjy sy Ankorombe ==== Rehefa lasa vadin-dRalambo i Ratsitohininamanjaka Ratompokoandriambavy zanak’ Andrianamboninolona tamin-dRafotsindrindramanjaka dia nitarin-dRalambo ny zara-tanin’ Andrianamboninolona rafozan-dahiny ka ankoatr’ Ambohitrandriananahary akaikin’ i Alasora sy Ambohitrombihavana, dia nomen-dRalambo an’ Andrianamboninolona rafozany ny tampon-tanety mitomandavana hatreo Ambohitrombihavana mianavaratra hatrany Kilonjy sy ny manodidina. Araka izany, teo anelanelan' ny zara-tanin' ny [[Andriandranando]] sy ny zara-tanin' ny [[Andriantompokoindrindra (foko)|Andriantompokoindrindra]] no nisy ny zara-tanin' ny Andrianamboninolona. Teo amin’ ny lapan’ Ambohidrabiby renivohim-panjakany kosa anefa no namponenin-dRalambo i Ratsitohininamanjaka vadiny sy ny zanany (fa rehefa lehibe nahasaraka ireo zana-dRatsitohininamanjaka vao napetrany tamin’ ny vohitra hafa). Teo Ambohidrabiby koa, amin’ ny faritra avaratry ny lapany, no namponenin-dRalambo noho ny antony manokana ireo [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] zanak’ Andrianamboninolona tamin-dRabefaravolamanjaka ary ry Andriantomponarivo mirahalahy anadahin-dRatsitohininamanjaka izay zanak’ Andrianamboninolona tamin-dRafotsindrindramanjaka. Ireo anadahin-dRatsitohininamanjaka ireo moa dia tsy nahazo zara-tany teo Ambohidrabiby (anefa Ratsitohininamanjaka dia nafenina teo Ambohidrabiby rehefa niamboho). Nony tato aoriana dia nafindran-dRalambo avy eo Ambohidrabiby honina amin’ ny zara-tanin’ Andrianamboninolona i Andriantomponarivo mirahalahy sy ny fianakaviany. Tamin’ izany dia i Andriantomponarivo lahimatoan’ Andrianamboninolona tamin-dRafotsindrindramanjaka, no napetra-dRalambo teo Kilonjy sy Ambonisoa izay faritra avaratra indrindra amin’ ny zara-tanin’ Andrianamboninolona. Ny rahalahin’ Andriantomponarivo kosa dia ny teo Ambohitriniandriana, Ambohitrombihavana sy Ambohitrandriananahary. Nisy tamin’ny terak’ Andriantomponarivo anefa no tsy nanaiky ho eo Kilonjy fa nonina teo Ambohitrandriananahary akaikin’ i Alasora. Andriantomponarivo sy ny taranany vitsivitsy anefa tsy nonina ela teo Kilonjy fa nidina tety ambany andrefana teo Ankorombe ka nonina tanteraka teo (anefa izy dia nafenina ao Kilonjy ihany rehefa niamboho). Fa ny zanany roa lahy natao hoe Andrianolonantonandriana sy Andriandranotolo tsy mba nanaraka azy teo Ankorombe fa nijanona nonina teo Kilonjy. Marihina anefa fa tato aoriana, nisy tamin’ ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin’ ny vohitra Kilonjy no lasan’ ny Zanadralambo. Nisy taranak’ Andriatomponarivo niaraka nonina tamin’ Andriatomponarivo teo Ankorombe anefa no efa nanorim-pasana teo Ankorombe koa nisy tamin’ izy ireo no niala teo Ankorombe ka lasa nifindra monina nianavaratra koa natao ho Ankorokely no anaran’ ny vohitra misy azy any avaratra io ho fahatsiarovany an’ Ankorombe. Tamin’ Andriambelomasina kosa dia nidina avy eo Kilonjy ireo zanaka amam-paran’ Andriantomponarivo dia ny terak’ Andriantompomanarivo sy ny terak’ Andriandranofolo koa nijanona sy nanorim-ponenana teo Ankorombe, izay novaina anarana tamin’ io fidinana io ary lasa hoe Fiaferana. ==== Faritr' Antananarivo ==== Tamin’ ny nanjakan’ [[Andriamasinavalona]] sy [[Andrianampoinimerina]] dia nisy tamin’ ireo Andrianamboninolona no nahazo zara-tany teo Antananarivo dia ny faritra avaratr’ Ambohitantely ao antsinanan’ Andohalo, teo Antsakaviro sy Antanimora, ny faritra antsinanan’ i Faravohitra hatreo Ampandrana ka hatrany Ampasandratsarahoby, teo Ambohimanga, teo Anosimanjaka, tao atsimon’ Ambohibao Atsimo, teo Amboniloha, Ankadindramamy, Imerimandroso, Ambohinime, Isoavinimerina, ary amin’ny faritra maro hafa. == Ny asan' ny Andrianamboninolona == Ny Andrianamboninolona dia navanana tamin’ny [[tenona]] landy. Ny Andrianamboninolona koa dia nanana [[Sampy (malagasy)|sampy]] natao hoe “Rabehaza”, iray amin’ ny sampy 12 masina ka teo Kilonjy no notezaina io sampy io hatramin’ ny nandoroana ny sampy masina. Ary farany, ny lehibe indrindra dia tsy amin’ ny maha-mpanjaka an-dRalambo rainy akory no nahazoan’ Andrianjaka nanjaka nandimby an-dRalambo fa avy amin-dRatsitohininamanjaka reniny. Arak’ izany, raha saika mpampita hasina no anjaran’ ny vehivavy vadin’ ny mpanjaka taty Imerina, i Ratsitohininamanjaka zanaka vavin’ Andrianamboninolona kosa dia niavaka satria dia ny fanjakana no nampitainy tamin’ Andrianjaka zanany raha nanambady an-dRalambo izy. == Jereo koa == * [[Zanakandriana]] * [[Andriantompokoindrindra (foko)|Andriantompokoindrindra]] * [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] * [[Andriandranando]] * [[Zanadralambo]] * [[Zanadralambo amin' Andrianjaka]] * [[Zazamarolahy]] * [[Andriamasinavalona (foko)|Andriamasinavalona]] * [[Andriantompokoindrindra (foko)|Andriantompokoindrindra]] * [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] kcf5c5iwohrql6z0rbm581hjevwfvwg 0 279975 1153709 1010697 2026-11-11T15:05:36Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153709 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Roipitiky]] snrgrpb7shcoxs9jqn6keme3fc6yxpc 0 279977 1153711 1153677 2026-11-11T15:59:38Z Thelezifor 15140 1153711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy. * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibelahy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibevavy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' <small>Jacq</small>.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>.; * [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg. 1936</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). == Jereo koa == * [[Robontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''[[Roibontsy|Acacia morondavensis]]'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] - [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] almur6sdgkun9lyuf2mrap4kuc5x6u9 1153713 1153711 2026-11-11T16:03:51Z Thelezifor 15140 1153713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy. * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibelahy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibevavy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' <small>Jacq</small>.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>.; * [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg. 1936</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum|Roindambo]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). == Jereo koa == * [[Robontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''[[Roibontsy|Acacia morondavensis]]'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] - [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] l0quib0sfv83zuy90umqdznwz8ys1dl 1153717 1153713 2026-11-11T16:08:52Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1153717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy. * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibelahy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Roibevavy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' <small>Jacq</small>.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>.; * [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg. 1936</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum|Roindambo]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). == Jereo koa == * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]]: ''[[Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''[[Senegalia rovumae|Acacia morondavensis]]'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] - [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] 9al2lxdgquu9808qy6qkqx61z6x8lwq 1153735 1153717 2026-11-11T18:44:23Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1153735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy. * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibelahy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibevavy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' <small>Jacq</small>.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>.; * [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg. 1936</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum|Roindambo]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). == Jereo koa == * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]]: ''[[Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''[[Senegalia rovumae|Acacia morondavensis]]'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] - [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] 1mzg9gi3nhglvcdbvdw6kktsr3vvtzj 1153736 1153735 2026-11-11T18:56:27Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1153736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- roipitiky, roy. * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') -- akasia, roy, roivazaha, kasia, tsorofotra. * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibelahy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibevavy]]: ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roifantaka]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]''); ''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]'' <small>Jacq</small>.; ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>.; * [[Roimemy]]: ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roimbazaha]]: ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg. 1936</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum|Roindambo]]: ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]] na [[roitsokina]]: ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * [[Roipitiky]]: ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). == Jereo koa == * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]]: ''[[Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''[[Senegalia rovumae|Acacia morondavensis]]'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''). * ''[[Acanthaceae]] -'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] -'' ''[[Celastraceae]] -'' ''[[Fabaceae]] -'' ''[[Malvaceae]] -'' ''[[Mimosaceae]] - [[Rosaceae]] -'' ''[[Rutaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''- [[Barleria]] - [[Biancaea]] - [[Caesalpinia]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Chaetachme]] - [[Dichrostachys]] - [[Gymnosporia]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Mimosa]] - [[Sabdariffa]] - [[Senegalia]] - [[Smilax]] -'' ''[[Rubus]] - [[Toddalia]] - [[Vachellia]] - [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] hjb4l8eth8xhjrk53cb1bo4wb6vuygm 1153739 1153736 2026-11-11T19:38:32Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1153739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" na "ro-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibelahy]], [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibevavy]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ** ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ** ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roifantaka]]: ** ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') ** ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimemy]]: ** ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimbazaha]]: ** ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum|Roindambo]]: ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]]: ** ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') * [[Roitsokina]]: ** ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roipitiky]]: ** ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acanthaceae]] –'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] – [[Cannabaceae]] – [[Celastraceae]] – [[Fabaceae]] – [[Malvaceae]] – [[Mimosaceae]] – [[Rosaceae]] – [[Rutaceae]] – [[Smilacaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''– [[Barleria]] – [[Biancaea]] – [[Caesalpinia]] – [[Carissa]] – [[Chaetachme]] – [[Dichrostachys]] – [[Gymnosporia]] – [[Hibiscus]] – [[Mimosa]] – [[Rubus]] – [[Sabdariffa]] –'' ''[[Senegalia]] – [[Smilax]] – [[Toddalia]] – [[Vachellia]] – [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] qqyvt3gk3o8g6lv6bpecymgdrzzpg3r 1153745 1153739 2026-11-11T20:11:46Z Thelezifor 15140 1153745 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" na "ro-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibelahy]], [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibevavy]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ** ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ** ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roifantaka]]: ** ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') ** ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimemy]]: ** ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimbazaha]]: ** ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum|Roindambo]]: ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]]: ** ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') * [[Roitsokina]]: ** ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roipitiky]]: ** ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acanthaceae]] –'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] – [[Cannabaceae]] – [[Celastraceae]] – [[Fabaceae]] – [[Malvaceae]] – [[Mimosaceae]] – [[Rosaceae]] – [[Rutaceae]] – [[Smilacaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''– [[Barleria]] – [[Biancaea]] – [[Caesalpinia]] – [[Carissa]] – [[Chaetachme]] – [[Dichrostachys]] – [[Gymnosporia]] – [[Hibiscus]] – [[Mimosa]] – [[Rubus]] – [[Sabdariffa]] –'' ''[[Senegalia]] – [[Smilax]] – [[Toddalia]] – [[Vachellia]] – [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] cu6knnpqm540p9wbwthj4oz26ow241c 1153771 1153745 2026-11-12T07:51:41Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight et Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" na "ro-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibelahy]], [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibevavy]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ** ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ** ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roifantaka]]: ** ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') ** ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimemy]]: ** ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimbazaha]]: ** ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roindambo]]: ** ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''Smilacaceae'') ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]]: ** ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') * [[Roitsokina]]: ** ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roipitiky]]: ** ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acanthaceae]] –'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] – [[Cannabaceae]] – [[Celastraceae]] – [[Fabaceae]] – [[Malvaceae]] – [[Mimosaceae]] – [[Rosaceae]] – [[Rutaceae]] – [[Smilacaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''– [[Barleria]] – [[Biancaea]] – [[Caesalpinia]] – [[Carissa]] – [[Chaetachme]] – [[Dichrostachys]] – [[Gymnosporia]] – [[Hibiscus]] – [[Mimosa]] – [[Rubus]] – [[Sabdariffa]] –'' ''[[Senegalia]] – [[Smilax]] – [[Toddalia]] – [[Vachellia]] – [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] 6bhk5dbhv3rv82owknvs9mamyx9n5n1 1153772 1153771 2026-11-12T07:56:10Z Thelezifor 15140 1153772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg|vignette|388x388px|''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' na ''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']] Ny '''roy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany, ny ankamaroany dia [[hazobotry]] madinidinika misy [[tsilo]], indrindra fa ny karazana holazaina manaraka eto. Momba ny fisian' ny tsilo ny fototra ara-kevitra fonosin' io teny hoe "roy" io. Tsy manondro karazan-javamaniry tokana izy io sady fampiasa matetika amin' ny kamban-teny koa (roibe, roimainty, roitsokina, sns.). Ao amin' ny fianakaviana bôtanika samihafa ny karazana lazaina amin' io anarana io: ''[[Rutaceae]]'', ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ary ''[[Cannabaceae]]''. Ao ny karazana teratany toy ny ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (''Rutaceae''), ny ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (''Apocynaceae''), ny ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' (''Fabaceae''), ny ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' (atao hoe ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' teo aloha) (''Cannabaceae''). Ao koa ny arazana nampidirina toy ny ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' (atao hoe ''Acacia farnesiana'' teo aloha) (''Fabaceae''). == Anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy == === Karazan-javamaniry atao hoe "roy" === [[Sary:Carissa_spinarum_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7615.jpg|vignette|275x275px|''[[Carissa spinarum]]'']]Atao hoe "roy" ireto karazan-javamaniry manaraka ireto: * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa edulis var. horrida'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (''← Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]'' <small>(L.) Wight & Arn.</small> (''← Acacia farnesiana'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') === Karazan-javamaniry manana anarana misy ny teny hoe "roi-" na "ro-" === Indreto kosa ny karazana zavamaniry manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] manomboka amin' ny hoe "roi-" na "ro-", izay mety hantsoina hoe "roy" fotsiny. * [[Roibe]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibelahy]], [[Sabdariffa partita|Roibevavy]]: ** ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (''←'' ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F. D. Wilson</small>; ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' <small>Hochr.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') * [[Senegalia rovumae|Robontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsy]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibokida]], [[Senegalia rovumae|Roibontsika]]: ** ''[[Roibontsy|Senegalia rovumae]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>R.Vig.</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roidambo]]: ** ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roifantaka]]: ** ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]'') ** ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') ** ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]'') ** ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimemy]]: ** ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roimbazaha]]: ** ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (''←'' ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.; ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roindambo]]: ** ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''Smilacaceae'') ** ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen</small> (''←'' ''Toddalia asiatica'' (L.) <small>Lam</small>.) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Rointsokina]] na [[Roitsokina]]: ** [[Barleria prionitis subsp. prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis|Barleria prionitis]]'' [[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis|subsp. ''madagascariensis'']] <small>Benoist</small> ) (''[[Acanthaceae]]'') ** ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Senegalia sakalava|Roipitaka]]: ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Roipitiky]]: ** ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ** ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (''←'' ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acanthaceae]] –'' ''[[Apocynaceae]] – [[Cannabaceae]] – [[Celastraceae]] – [[Fabaceae]] – [[Malvaceae]] – [[Mimosaceae]] – [[Rosaceae]] – [[Rutaceae]] – [[Smilacaceae]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' ''– [[Barleria]] – [[Biancaea]] – [[Caesalpinia]] – [[Carissa]] – [[Chaetachme]] – [[Dichrostachys]] – [[Gymnosporia]] – [[Hibiscus]] – [[Mimosa]] – [[Rubus]] – [[Sabdariffa]] –'' ''[[Senegalia]] – [[Smilax]] – [[Toddalia]] – [[Vachellia]] – [[Zanthoxylum]]'' * ''[[Rotra]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] hj62ly0lori4mwp3ymry7qnflynz0ca 0 279978 1153726 1153638 2026-11-11T18:18:58Z Thelezifor 15140 1153726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius Jardín botánico de Valencia (1).JPG|vignette|Roibe (''Hibiscus diversifolius'')|416x416px]] Ny '''''Sabdariffa diversifolia''''' dia [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', misy voniny mitapelaka miloko mavo, ny tahony dia misy [[tsilo]] maromaro maranitra, misy tsiratsiraka ny hodiny, mirefy 1 hatramin' ny 2 m ny haavony. Anarana nahafantarana azy taloha koa ny hoe '''''Hibiscus diversifolius.''''' == Ny anarany == === Amin' ny teny malagasy === Araka ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]'' dia indreto ny anaran' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe: '''azoampela''', '''dingombalala''', '''hazoampela''', '''kiliarivo''', '''pingombalala''', '''rangodrambalala''', '''roibe''', '''roimainty''', '''saroso''', '''sarosoala''', '''sondrarajaza''', '''sondraranjaza''', '''sondraranjazamaosy''', '''tsirangorangombalala''', '''tsotso''', '''tsotsy''' ary '''voaroibe'''.[[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius flower.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Vonin-droibe|ankavia]] === Ara-tsiansa === ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> no anarana ara-tsiasa fenon' ilay zavamaniry. Indreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafan,tarana azy taloha: * ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small> * ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' subsp. ''genuinus'' <small>Hochr.</small> * ''Hibiscus ficulneus'' <small>Cav.</small> * ''Hibiscus paludosus'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Hibiscus scaber'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Hibiscus persicifolius'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small> * ''Hibiscus biflorus'' <small>A.Spreng.</small> * ''Hibiscus macularis'' <small>E.Mey. ex Harv.</small> * ''Hibiscus decaisneanus'' <small>Schimp. ex Hochr.</small> * ''Hibiscus berberidifolius'' <small>Cufod.</small> == Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana == [[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (14895821563).jpg|vignette|241x241px|Vonin-droibe]]Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'': * ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''diversifolia'' * ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' subsp. ''rivularis'' <small>(Bremek. & Oberm.) ined.</small> Ny ovan-karazana ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' dia atao hoe kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo ary tsotsona. Kely ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius var. partitus'' raha maniry amin' ny tany karankaina ka atao hoe roibelahy, fa lehibe kosa izy raha maniry amin' ny tany mando ka antsoina hoe roibevavy. == Fampiasana == Amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] malagasy dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[traotraoka]] ([[sita]]) ny roibe. == Faritra aniriany == [[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius kz1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|ankavia|Ravin' ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' ]] Hita any amin' ny faritr' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Filipina]], any amin' ny [[nosin' i Pasifika]] maro, any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Galapagos, any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], any amin' ny vondro-nosy Norfolk ary koa any amin' ny fanjakan' i New South Wales sy any [[Queensland]] (samy any [[Aostralia]]) ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''. Misy ny tsy fitovian-kevitra momba ny faritra niaviany. Ny loharanom-baovao sasany dia mihevitra azy io ho aty [[Afrika]] ihany, ary fa nampidirina ka lasa mety tsara any an-toeran-kafa; nefa heverina ho teratany any Zelandy Vaovao sy any Aostralia. == Toerana tiany aniriana == Hita any amin' ny faritra iva sy feno honahona ny ''Hibiscus diversifolius''; aty [[Afrika]] dia mety ho hita an-tanety na akaikin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy, fa any amin' ny kôntinanta hafa rehetra dia any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka ihany no misy azy. Ity fitsinjarana ity, miaraka amin' ny porofo jenômika, dia milaza fa avy aty Afrika izy io, ary nanjanaka ny kôntinanta hafa lavitra tamin' ny alalan' ny fanaparitahan' ny rano masira. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Hibiscus]]'' * ''[[Sabdariffa]]'' * [[Voaroy]] * [[Azoampela]]: ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small> ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') * [[Roibe]]: ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (Malvaceae) * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small> ) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small>; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Sarosoala]]: [[Hibiscus vitifolius|''Hibiscus vitifolius'' var. ''heterotrichus'']] (''Malvaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small> ) (''Malvaceae'') * [[Sondraranjaza]]: ''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]'' <small>Medik</small>. (← ''Hibiscus abelmoschus'' <small>L.</small>) (''Malvaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small> ) (''Malvaceae'') * [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''Sabdariffa diversifolia'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small> ) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' <small>Cav.</small> (''Malvaceae'') 8xq2sh6xv1dq7rkv0fpzmzgu32g7n73 0 279979 1153732 1153633 2026-11-11T18:41:00Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153732 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa partita]] gv51f3ku70o9hhh08cegm0j9oghimcp 0 279980 1153733 1153634 2026-11-11T18:42:00Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153733 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Sabdariffa partita]] gv51f3ku70o9hhh08cegm0j9oghimcp 0 279981 1153718 1137895 2026-11-11T16:19:22Z Thelezifor 15140 1153718 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia rovumae''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', hazo mirefy 6 hatramin' ny 7 m izay manana sampana sy rantsana misy tsilo. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''mogoga''', '''ribontsy''', '''robantsy''', '''robontsy''', '''rohibontsy''', '''roibokida''', '''roibontsika''', '''roibontsy''' ary '''roinosy'''. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Acacia morondavensis''''' na '''''Acacia rovumae'''''. Miendrika bola miloko fotsy ny voniny. Mitovy amin'ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]] ny voany. Amin' ny ala maina maniry amin' ny tany fasehana manakaiky mitohy mankany amin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy. Tsy maniry amin' ny tany misy sokay ity zavamaniry ity. Teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Ahitana azy koa ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] sy ny manodidina ([[Kenià]], [[Môzambika]], [[Tanzania]], [[Sômalia]]) sy ao [[Afrika]]. Any amin' ny faritra atsimo eto Madagasikara dia azo atao sakafon' ny [[osy]], azo anaovana hazo hanaovana fanorenana, na anaovana [[arina]] ny robontsy. Ahitana azy betsaka ny manodidina ny farihy [[Farihin' i Tsimanampetsotsa|Tsimanampetsotsa]]. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] pyw4pw90x9wpofh5xd8gruoz8ctk9wc 1153720 1153718 2026-11-11T17:36:41Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy ivelany 1153720 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia rovumae''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', hazo mirefy 6 hatramin' ny 7 m izay manana sampana sy rantsana misy tsilo. Mitovy amin'ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]] ny voany. Amin' ny ala maina maniry amin' ny tany fasehana manakaiky mitohy mankany amin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy. Tsy maniry amin' ny tany misy sokay ity zavamaniry ity. Teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Ahitana azy koa ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] sy ny manodidina ([[Kenià]], [[Môzambika]], [[Tanzania]], [[Sômalia]]) sy ao [[Afrika]]. Any amin' ny faritra atsimo eto Madagasikara dia azo atao sakafon' ny [[osy]], azo anaovana hazo hanaovana fanorenana, na anaovana [[arina]] ny robontsy. Ahitana azy betsaka ny manodidina ny farihy [[Farihin' i Tsimanampetsotsa|Tsimanampetsotsa]]. ''Senegalia rovumae'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''mogoga''', '''ribontsy''', '''robantsy''', '''robontsy''', '''rohibontsy''', '''roibokida''', '''roibontsika''', '''roibontsy''' ary '''roinosy'''. Miendrika bola miloko fotsy ny voniny. Indreto koa ny anarana efa nampiasaina hiantsoana ny : * ''Acacia rovumae'' Oliv. * ''Acacia chrysothrix'' Taub. * ''Acacia macalusoi'' Mattei. * ''Acacia morondavensis'' Drake. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' == Rohy ivelany == '''Sary''' * "[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77131651-1/images ''Senegalia rovumae'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>]", ''Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew'' – POWO * "[https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/fabac.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com MBG Images of Fabaceae in Madagascar]", ''Missouri Botanical Garden'' * "[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_name=Acacia%20rovumae Acacia rovumae]", ''iNaturalist'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] 0k9g20bjo3mxgytdvi0ci9ym7rbi3ys 1153721 1153720 2026-11-11T17:39:35Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana ara-tsiansa 1153721 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia rovumae''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', hazo mirefy 6 hatramin' ny 7 m izay manana sampana sy rantsana misy tsilo. Mitovy amin'ny an' ny [[tsaramaso]] ny voany. Amin' ny ala maina maniry amin' ny tany fasehana manakaiky mitohy mankany amin' ny morontsiraka no ahitana azy. Tsy maniry amin' ny tany misy sokay ity zavamaniry ity. Teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity. Ahitana azy koa ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] sy ny manodidina ([[Kenià]], [[Môzambika]], [[Tanzania]], [[Sômalia]]) sy ao [[Afrika]]. Any amin' ny faritra atsimo eto Madagasikara dia azo atao sakafon' ny [[osy]], azo anaovana hazo hanaovana fanorenana, na anaovana [[arina]] ny robontsy. Ahitana azy betsaka ny manodidina ny farihy [[Farihin' i Tsimanampetsotsa|Tsimanampetsotsa]]. ''Senegalia rovumae'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana ahafantarana azy matetika koa ny hoe ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>Drake.</small> Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''mogoga''', '''ribontsy''', '''robantsy''', '''robontsy''', '''rohibontsy''', '''roibokida''', '''roibontsika''', '''roibontsy''' ary '''roinosy'''. Miendrika bola miloko fotsy ny voniny. Indreto koa ny anarana efa nampiasaina hiantsoana ny''Senegalia rovumae'': * ''Acacia rovumae'' <small>Oliv.</small> * ''Acacia chrysothrix'' <small>Taub.</small> * ''Acacia macalusoi'' <small>Mattei.</small> * ''Acacia morondavensis'' <small>Drake.</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * ''[[Acacia]]'' == Rohy ivelany == '''Sary''' * "[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77131651-1/images ''Senegalia rovumae'' <small>(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>]", ''Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew'' – POWO * "[https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/fabac.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com MBG Images of Fabaceae in Madagascar]", ''Missouri Botanical Garden'' * "[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_name=Acacia%20rovumae Acacia rovumae]", ''iNaturalist'' [[Sokajy:Hazo]] bg6ch30odjdgw0yrf0vgwghjh1phiuw 0 279984 1153686 1153461 2026-11-11T12:32:52Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana ara-tsiansa 1153686 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roimemy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]): * ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (←''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small> (''Fabaceae'') -- manongo, roimbazaha, roimemy, roinaombalahy, roinombilahy, roinomby, tsiafakaombe, tsiafakomby * ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Fabaceae'') -- ahibelona, anakoaimatahepatsa, anakoe matahipantsika, anankoaimatahepatsa, finakanajaza, komemy, romemy, romena. == Ohabolana == * ''[[Vazimba|Vazimbalahy]] anaty roimemy: fofoin-ko faty vao ela velona''. == Rohy ivelany == * "[http://sysbio.univ-lille1.fr/fiche/mimosa-latispinosa ''Mimosa latispinosa'']", ''sysbio.univ-lille1.fr'' * "''[https://inaturalist.nz/taxa/486944-Mimosa-latispinosa Mimosa latispinosa]''", ''inaturalist.nz'' == Jereo koa == *[[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]] *[[Roipitika]] * [[Roibe]] * [[Roibontsy]] * [[Roifantaka]] * [[Roimainty]] * [[Roimena]] * [[Roimbazaha]] * [[Rointsokina]] * [[Roipitaka]] r7j52h6qxw0ul9fvvw46vqmb0f0xf0t 0 280041 1153774 1134308 2026-11-12T08:25:31Z Thelezifor 15140 1153774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Barleria prionitis (Porcupine flower) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9989.jpg|vignette|''Barleria prionitis''|292x292px]] Ny '''rointsokina''' na '''roitsokina''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amn' ny fianakviana ''[[Acanthaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Lamiales]]) sy ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * [[Barleria prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''madagascariensis'' <small>Benoist</small>) (''Acanthaceae'') -- rointsokina, roitsokina * ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- rointsokina, roitsokina, sarintsoa Samy tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ireo zavamaniry ireo. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Barleria]]'' * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] == Tahirin-kevitra == * ''[http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=12 Madagascar Catalogue]'' <small>[[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflora_page.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D12 Tahiry]]</small> : ''[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=220001533 Barleria prionitis]'' [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D12%26taxon_id%3D220001533 Tahiry]] belxisocz4drdek7dlrl0zj1m07sk56 0 280050 1153729 1153660 2026-11-11T18:30:48Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1153729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Rubus rosifolius1.JPG|vignette|347x347px|Voarohitsaka (''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'')]] [[Sary:Hibiscus diversifolius plant 1 NC.jpg|vignette|211x211px|Voaroibe (''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'')]] Ny '''voaroy''' dia [[zavamaniry]] isan-karazany fa tsy tokana, izay samy misy voany kely menamena, ka ny ankamaroany dia ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]'') sy ''[[Hibiscus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'') ary indraindray ''[[Morus]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Moraceae]]'').[[Sary:Morus-alba.jpg|vignette|220x220px|Voaroihazo (''[[Morus alba]]'')]] Indreto ny anaran-javamaniry amin' ny teny malagasy ahitana io teny hoe "voaroi-" io: * [[Hibiscus diversifolius|Voaroibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae'') * [[Morus alba|Voaroihazo]]: ''[[Morus alba]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') * [[Voarohitsaka]] na [[Rubus rosifolius|voaroitanala]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' <small>Smith</small> (''Rosaceae'') * [[Voaroimainty]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''Rosaceae''); ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Rosaceae'') * [[Rubus idaeus|Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Rosaceae'') * [[Rubus rosifolius|Voaroimena]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' <small>Smith</small> (''Rosaceae'') * [[Rubus apetalus|Voarointsaka]]: ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''Rosaceae'') * [[Rubus pauciflorus|Varointsilo]]: ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Rosaceae'') == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * ''[[Rubus]]'' * ''[[Hibiscus]]'' * ''[[Morus]]'' 3mgm4zp28ybo5dyy3vp0kmf37pnfok8 0 280054 1153730 1153655 2026-11-11T18:34:13Z Thelezifor 15140 1153730 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''voaroimainty''' dia zavaamaniry samihafa misy tsilo, samy ao amin' ny karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Rosaceae]]'' ary ao amin' ny filaharana [[Rosales]]: * ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka * ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' <small>Baker</small>; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty * ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty, voarointsilo '''Fanamarhana''' Karazan-javananiry samy hafa ny ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Baker</small> sy ny ''[[Rubus niveus|Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Wall. ex Lindl.</small> (→ ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>) izay samy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Rubus''. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''[[Rosaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small>; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' <small>Smith</small>; ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Rosaceae]]'') bgx2qw2vb4k2spm136wofjb0f749h8o 1153731 1153730 2026-11-11T18:37:04Z Thelezifor 15140 1153731 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''voaroimainty''' dia zavaamaniry samihafa misy tsilo, samy ao amin' ny karazana ''[[Rubus]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Rosaceae]]'' ary ao amin' ny filaharana [[Rosales]]: * ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''Rosaceae'') -- roifotsy, roimainty, roina, voaroimainty, voarointsaka * ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' <small>Baker</small>; (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty * ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Rosaceae'') -- roimainty, voaroimainty, voarointsilo '''Fanamarhana''' Karazan-javananiry samy hafa ny ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Baker</small> sy ny ''[[Rubus niveus|Rubus pauciflorus]]'' <small>Wall. ex Lindl.</small> (→ ''[[Rubus niveus]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>) izay samy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Rubus''. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Voaroy]] * [[Roifotsy]]: ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''[[Rosaceae]]'') * [[Roimainty]]: ''[[Dichrostachys tenuifolia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small>; ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Rubus myrianthus]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' (''[[Rosaceae]]''); ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Voaroimbazaha]]: ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' <small>Smith</small>; ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Rosaceae]]'') enl47956uhkcnvaklsrhy6ix1cc38iw 0 291699 1153688 1153671 2026-11-11T12:44:24Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 011205-0119 Caesalpinia decapetala.jpg|vignette|374x374px|''Biancaea decapetala'']] Ny '''''Biancaea decapetala''''' dia karazana zavamaniry trôpikaky mamony, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Karazana hazomadinika maniry avy any [[India]] izy io. Amn' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''manongo''', '''roimbazaha''', '''roimemy''', '''roinaombalahy''', '''roinombilahy''', '''roinomby''', '''tsiafakaombe''', ary '''tsiafakomby'''. ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' <small>(Roth)Alston</small>. Karazana hazomadinika misy tsilo sy mamony voninkazo mavo izy io. == Anarana ara-tsiansa == Ireto ny anarany ara-tsiansa hafa ahafantarana azy: * ''Biancaea sepiaria'' <small>(Roxb.) Tod.</small> * ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' <small>(Roth) Alston, 1931</small> * ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' var. ''japonica'' <small>(Sieb. & Zucc.)</small> * ''Reichardia decapetala'' <small>Roth</small> == Karazana nampidirina == Ny ''Biancaea decapetala'' dia nampidirina tany [[Fijy]], [[Polynésie française|Pôlinezia Frantsay]], [[Hawaii]], [[Kaledônia-Vaovao|Kaledônia Vaovao]], nosy Norfolk, [[Aostralia]], [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], [[Japàna|Japôna]], [[Kôrea]], [[Indônezia]], [[Malezia]], [[Filipina]], [[Tailandy]], [[Vietnamy]], [[Maorisy]], [[La Réunion]], Rodrigues, [[Kenià]] ary [[Afrika Atsimo]]. Lasa karazan-javamaniry manafika tena miteraka olana amin' ny toerana maro izy io. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Biancaea]]'' * ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' * ''[[Reichardia]]'' * [[Manongo (zavamaniry)]]: ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Dombeya borraginea]]'' <small>Hochr.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum decaryi]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small>; ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Roimemy]]: ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (←''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small> (''Fabaceae''); ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Fabaceae'') * [[Tsiafakomby]]: ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>); ''[[Caesalpinia hildebrandtii]]'' (<small>Vatke)Baill.</small> (← ''Mezoneurum hildebrandtii'' <small>Vatke Ined.</small>); ''[[Roimbazaha|Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small>) jhzlkhz1v583wylcz97a1a5t8oj66ck 1153689 1153688 2026-11-11T12:47:48Z Thelezifor 15140 1153689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 011205-0119 Caesalpinia decapetala.jpg|vignette|374x374px|''Biancaea decapetala'']] Ny '''''Biancaea decapetala''''' dia karazana zavamaniry trôpikaky mamony, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Karazana hazomadinika maniry avy any [[India]] izy io. Amn' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''manongo''', '''roimbazaha''', '''roimemy''', '''roinaombalahy''', '''roinombilahy''', '''roinomby''', '''tsiafakaombe''', ary '''tsiafakomby'''. ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' <small>(Roth)Alston</small>. Karazana hazomadinika misy tsilo sy mamony voninkazo mavo izy io. == Anarana ara-tsiansa == Ireto ny anarany ara-tsiansa hafa ahafantarana azy: * ''Biancaea sepiaria'' <small>(Roxb.) Tod.</small> * ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' <small>(Roth) Alston, 1931</small> * ''Caesalpinia decapetala'' var. ''japonica'' <small>(Sieb. & Zucc.)</small> * ''Reichardia decapetala'' <small>Roth</small> == Karazana nampidirina == Ny ''Biancaea decapetala'' dia nampidirina tany [[Fijy]], [[Polynésie française|Pôlinezia Frantsay]], [[Hawaii]], [[Kaledônia-Vaovao|Kaledônia Vaovao]], nosy Norfolk, [[Aostralia]], [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], [[Japàna|Japôna]], [[Kôrea]], [[Indônezia]], [[Malezia]], [[Filipina]], [[Tailandy]], [[Vietnamy]], [[Maorisy]], [[La Réunion]], Rodrigues, [[Kenià]] ary [[Afrika Atsimo]]. Lasa karazan-javamaniry manafika tena miteraka olana amin' ny toerana maro izy io. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Biancaea]]'' * ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' * ''[[Reichardia]]'' * [[Manongo (zavamaniry)]]: ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Dombeya borraginea]]'' <small>Hochr.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum decaryi]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small>; ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' <small>Baker</small>; ''[[Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Roimemy]]: ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (←''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small> (''Fabaceae''); ''[[Mimosa latispinosa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Fabaceae'') * [[Tsiafakomby]]: ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>); ''[[Caesalpinia hildebrandtii]]'' (<small>Vatke)Baill.</small> (← ''Mezoneurum hildebrandtii'' <small>Vatke Ined.</small>); ''Biancaea decapetala'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small>) 9qwmgkmyizag9r46oo83biqqp4ozkd5 0 291703 1153773 1125163 2026-11-12T08:23:45Z Thelezifor 15140 Zana-karazana 1153773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Barleria prionitis (Porcupine flower) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9989.jpg|vignette|''Barleria prionitis''|366x366px]] [[Sary:Barleria prionitis (Porcupine flower) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9993.jpg|vignette|Vonin' ny ''Barleria prionitis'']] Ny '''''Barleria prionitis''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Acanthaceae]]'', anisan' ireo antsoin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|Malagasy]] hoe "[[roy]]". == Zana-karazana == Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Barleria prionitis'': * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''angustissima'' <small>(Hochr.) Benoist</small> (← ''Barleria'' ''prionitis'' subsp. ''madagascariensis'') (hita eto [[Madagasikara]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''appressa'' <small>(Forssk.) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood</small> (← ''Barleria appressa'' <small>(Forssk.) Deflers</small>; ''Justicia appressa'' <small>Forssk.</small>) (hita any amin' ny [[Saikanosin' i Arabia]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' ''subsp. induta'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood</small> (← ''Barleria horrida'' <small>Buscal. & Muschl.</small>; ''Barleria induta'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>) (hita ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'' (hita amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any [[Azia]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''pubiflora'' <small>(Benth. ex Hohen.) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood</small> (hita any [[Azia Atsimo]]) Amin' ny teny malagasy dia atao hoe '''rointsokina''' na '''roitsokina''' ny anaran' ny zana-karazana ''Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis'' (→ ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''angustissima''), izay tsy misy afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]<ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Barl Barleria]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>. Misy mitovitovy karazana amin' ny ''Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis'' ny any [[Azia Atsimo]] sy ny faritra anelanelan' ny [[zana-pehintany]] atsy [[Afrika]]. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Barleria]]'' * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Rointsokina]] na [[Roitsokina]]: [[Barleria prionitis subsp. prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis|Barleria prionitis]]'' [[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis|subsp. ''madagascariensis'']] <small>Benoist</small>) (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') == Tahirin-kevitra == * ''[http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=12 Madagascar Catalogue]'' <small>[[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflora_page.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D12 Tahiry]]</small> : ''[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=220001533 Barleria prionitis]'' [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D12%26taxon_id%3D220001533 Tahiry]] s9waaxoeo6ybji5exz3mjopdx3uj3ve 1153780 1153773 2026-11-12T08:45:13Z Thelezifor 15140 Loharano 1153780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Barleria prionitis (Porcupine flower) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9989.jpg|vignette|''Barleria prionitis''|366x366px]] [[Sary:Barleria prionitis (Porcupine flower) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9993.jpg|vignette|Vonin' ny ''Barleria prionitis'']] Ny '''''Barleria prionitis''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Acanthaceae]]'', anisan' ireo antsoin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|Malagasy]] hoe "[[roy]]". == Zana-karazana == Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Barleria prionitis'': * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''angustissima'' <small>(Hochr.) Benoist</small> (← ''Barleria'' ''prionitis'' subsp. ''madagascariensis'') (hita eto [[Madagasikara]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''appressa'' <small>(Forssk.) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood</small> (← ''Barleria appressa'' <small>(Forssk.) Deflers</small>; ''Justicia appressa'' <small>Forssk.</small>) (hita any amin' ny [[Saikanosin' i Arabia]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' ''subsp. induta'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood</small> (← ''Barleria horrida'' <small>Buscal. & Muschl.</small>; ''Barleria induta'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>) (hita ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'' (hita amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any [[Azia]]) * ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''pubiflora'' <small>(Benth. ex Hohen.) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood</small> (hita any [[Azia Atsimo]]) Amin' ny teny malagasy dia atao hoe '''rointsokina''' na '''roitsokina''' ny anaran' ny zana-karazana ''Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis'' (→ ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''angustissima''), izay tsy misy afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]<ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Barl Barleria]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>. Misy mitovitovy karazana amin' ny ''Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis'' ny any [[Azia Atsimo]] sy ny faritra anelanelan' ny [[zana-pehintany]] atsy [[Afrika]]. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Barleria]]'' * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Rointsokina]] na [[Roitsokina]]: [[Barleria prionitis subsp. prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''[[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis|Barleria prionitis]]'' [[Barleria prionitis subsp. madagascariensis|subsp. ''madagascariensis'']] <small>Benoist</small>) (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') == Tahirin-kevitra == * ''[http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=12 Madagascar Catalogue]'' <small>[[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflora_page.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D12 Tahiry]]</small> : ''[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=220001533 Barleria prionitis]'' [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D12%26taxon_id%3D220001533 Tahiry]] == Loharano == bhmtxp09j3qoqok9udxzkv99u5micf5 0 291704 1153775 1134319 2026-11-12T08:32:31Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1153775 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]''. I [[Henri Perrier de la Bâthie]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. Atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe '''rointsokina''', '''roitsokina''', na '''sarintsoa''' ity zavamaniry ity. Karazana [[hazobotry]] na hazo madinika misy tsilo ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'', tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Maniry indrindra any amin' ny ala maina sy any amin' ny hivoka ary amin' ny morontsiraka izy io, ary mahazaka tsara ny tany mahantra otrikaina sy maina. == Famariparitana == Matetika misy tsilo ny sampan' ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''. Tsotra sy mifandimby na somary mifanohitra ny raviny, ary amin' ny ankapobeny henjana. Manopy maitso na fotsy ny voniny. Kapsiola ny voany izay misokatra rehefa matoy ka mamoaka vihim-boany izay matetika voahodidin' ny nofony miloko volomboasary na mena izay manintona ny vorna mpanaparitaka azy ireo. == Lanja ara-tontolo iainana == Ho an' ny tontolo iainana dia manana anjara toerana amin' ny fanamafisana ny tany sy manome loharan-tsakafo sy fialofana ho an' ny biby ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''. Tahaka ny zavamaniry hafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Gymnosporia]]'', dia mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo mikorontana izy ary afaka manampy amin' ny fanavaozana ny vonron-javamaniry eo an-toerana. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Rointsokina]] na Roitsokina: [[Barleria prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''madagascariensis'' <small>Benoist</small>) (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''[[Gymnosporia trigyna]]'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') == Rohy ivelany == * <small>"[https://identify.plantnet.org/oc/k-world-flora/species/Gymnosporia%20commiphoroides%20H.Perrier/data Gymnosporia commiphoroides]", ''identify.plantnet.org''</small> cz2k879fd4cvs7h9pon2l2epzbtzu30 1153781 1153775 2026-11-12T08:47:17Z Thelezifor 15140 1153781 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]''. I [[Henri Perrier de la Bâthie]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. Atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe '''rointsokina''', '''roitsokina''', na '''sarintsoa''' ity zavamaniry ity. Karazana [[hazobotry]] na hazo madinika misy tsilo ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'', tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Maniry indrindra any amin' ny ala maina sy any amin' ny hivoka ary amin' ny morontsiraka izy io, ary mahazaka tsara ny tany mahantra otrikaina sy maina. == Famariparitana == Matetika misy tsilo ny sampan' ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''. Tsotra sy mifandimby na somary mifanohitra ny raviny, ary amin' ny ankapobeny henjana. Manopy maitso na fotsy ny voniny. Kapsiola ny voany izay misokatra rehefa matoy ka mamoaka vihim-boany izay matetika voahodidin' ny nofony miloko volomboasary na mena izay manintona ny vorna mpanaparitaka azy ireo. == Lanja ara-tontolo iainana == Ho an' ny tontolo iainana dia manana anjara toerana amin' ny fanamafisana ny tany sy manome loharan-tsakafo sy fialofana ho an' ny biby ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''. Tahaka ny zavamaniry hafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Gymnosporia]]'', dia mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo mikorontana izy ary afaka manampy amin' ny fanavaozana ny vonron-javamaniry eo an-toerana. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Rointsokina]] na Roitsokina: [[Barleria prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''madagascariensis'' <small>Benoist</small>) (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''[[Gymnosporia pyria]]'' <small>(Willemet) Jordaan</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') == Rohy ivelany == * <small>"[https://identify.plantnet.org/oc/k-world-flora/species/Gymnosporia%20commiphoroides%20H.Perrier/data Gymnosporia commiphoroides]", ''identify.plantnet.org''</small> 7mk49onptaa90t602el0qvs8e39sz3s 1153782 1153781 2026-11-12T08:47:54Z Thelezifor 15140 1153782 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]''. I [[Henri Perrier de la Bâthie]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. Atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe '''rointsokina''', '''roitsokina''', na '''sarintsoa''' ity zavamaniry ity. Karazana [[hazobotry]] na hazo madinika misy tsilo ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'', tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Maniry indrindra any amin' ny ala maina sy any amin' ny hivoka ary amin' ny morontsiraka izy io, ary mahazaka tsara ny tany mahantra otrikaina sy maina. == Famariparitana == Matetika misy tsilo ny sampan' ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''. Tsotra sy mifandimby na somary mifanohitra ny raviny, ary amin' ny ankapobeny henjana. Manopy maitso na fotsy ny voniny. Kapsiola ny voany izay misokatra rehefa matoy ka mamoaka vihim-boany izay matetika voahodidin' ny nofony miloko volomboasary na mena izay manintona ny vorna mpanaparitaka azy ireo. == Lanja ara-tontolo iainana == Ho an' ny tontolo iainana dia manana anjara toerana amin' ny fanamafisana ny tany sy manome loharan-tsakafo sy fialofana ho an' ny biby ny ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides''. Tahaka ny zavamaniry hafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Gymnosporia]]'', dia mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo mikorontana izy ary afaka manampy amin' ny fanavaozana ny vonron-javamaniry eo an-toerana. == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Rointsokina]] na Roitsokina: [[Barleria prionitis|''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''prionitis'']] (''←'' ''Barleria prionitis'' subsp. ''madagascariensis'' <small>Benoist</small>) (''[[Acanthaceae]]''); ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''Gymnosporia commiphoroides'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''[[Gymnosporia pyria]]'' <small>(Willemet) Jordaan</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') == Rohy ivelany == * "[https://identify.plantnet.org/oc/k-world-flora/species/Gymnosporia%20commiphoroides%20H.Perrier/data Gymnosporia commiphoroides]", ''identify.plantnet.org'' 12tlxb5mfx0wn0ahexaypmgubefentt 0 294191 1153737 1153540 2026-11-11T19:01:02Z ~2026-59580-54 41625 /* Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra */ 1153737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona|anarana=Josefa Andrianaivoravelona|teraka=1 janoary 1835|toerana=Ambohitrombihavana|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpanoratra|asa hafa=Mpitandrina|maty=1 aogositra 1897}} == Fahazazana == Teraka ny 11 janoary 1835 tao [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] renivohitry ny Andrianamboninolona i Andriantseheno, izay niova anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona taty aoriana. Fotoana nampieritreritra tokoa tamin'izany satria sady zoma ny andro no mbola maizina atoandro ihany koa. Toa fambara mialoha ny fahamaizinana hitranga vetivety teo amin'ny fiainany ny fahitana taratra izany. Nanao [[kabary]] fandrarana ny fivavahana kristianina mantsy i [[Ranavalona I]] ny martsa 1835, izany hoe roa volana taorian'io fotoana io. Mpiandry ny omby aman'ondrin-draibeny izy teo amin'ny fahazazany. Maro ny asa fanao teny ambanivohitra izay nirotsahany toy ny taozavatra fanefena [[vilany tany]] sy ny fandrariana harona ary ny famolesana landy. Namorona tsilalao nahafinaritra hatrany izy nandritra izany ary fanaony ihany koa ny nitsiko zavamaneno. Ireny anjara raharaha sy ireny [[zavamaneno]] ireny no nanefy azy teo amin'ny fiatrehana ny fiainana taty aoriana. Tamin' ny taona 1845 dia nalain'ny zokiny hipetraka tany aminy izy ka nomeny anjara asa mpiandry raharaha sy mpitsena tao antsinanan-drova. Nianatra namaky teny sy nanoratra izy tamin'izany fa tsy nety nahay velively, hany ka nijanona tsy nianatra intsony. Nanonofy ny litera rehetra A hatramin'ny Z vita soratra fotsy teny amin'ny lanitra manga anefa izy tamin'ny taona 1846. Tadidiny tsara ny litera tsirairay ka nosoratany tamin'ny horona teo amin'ny feny sy ny ranjony ny abidy ary natanjozotrany hatrany amin'ny hato-tongony izany. Naka toky tamin'ny olona mihitsy ny lehilahy ny amin'ny fomba famakiana teny, hany ka nahavaky soratra ihany rehefa nikiry aoka izany. Nomena teny lavalava tamin'ny solaitra mikasika ny fivavahana izy hovakiny tamin'ny taona 1847. Nilentika tao am-pony mandra-maty anefa ny andian-teny voavakiny nanao hoe: "Aza manao ratsy fa mahatezitra Azy izany".(Andrianaivoravelona. J., 1921). Nivaro-tsavony teo Amboanonoka, toerana atsimo andrefan'ny [[Rova Manjakamiadana|rova]] izy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1848 sy 1851, na izany aza anefa dia nentin'Andriamanjato lehiben'ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] nanaraka azy izy ka nahazo vola tamin'ny fanoratana teny [[Andohalo]] sy [[Analakely]] ary [[Mahamasina]] satria tsara sady milamina ny sora-tanany. Tamin'ny taona 1852-1853 dia nanaraka an-jokiny tany [[Fianarantsoa]] indray izy nefa tsy nahazo vola fa nahazo aretina aza. Nivarotra enta-madinika tao Amboanonoka indray izy tamin'ny taona 1853-1855 nony tafaverina. Tonga fatra-pitia namaky soratra printy loatra i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tao anatin'ireo taona ireo ka satriny hamaky azy mandrakariva. Fitsimpinana taratasy teny rehetra teny, famakiana sy fandinihana izany no nataony aton-draharaha. Koa na dia tsy azony aza ny hevitry ny teny voalaza dia nangorakoraka ny fony; ary tsy fantany velively izay antony nahatonga izany. Araka ny fiheverany dia mety manakaiky ny fotoana hanehon'Andriamanitra azy ny teny famonjena ka ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]] no mampiomana ny fony handraisany izany am-pitiavana. Samy mety ho marina ireo hevitra ireo satria ny fanoratana tononkalo hajary hira sy ny [[Fitoriana ny Filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] no fanompoam-panahy maminy sy nampahery azy indrindra taty aoriana. Lovasoa navelany ho an'ny Fiangonana sy ny fiarahamonina malagasy izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra == [[Zazamarolahy]] avy any Antanetibe ambodin'Angavokely ny lafin-drainy. [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] avy any [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] kosa ny lafin-dreniny. Andrianavalonatomponiloharano (1746-1810) no razambeny izay voalaza fa naterak’i Ramorabe reniben' [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Mazava ho azy fa niara-belona tamin'Andrianampoinimerina ny fototra nipoirany. Razakandriantsilavo sy Rabodonavalona kosa no raibe sy reniben'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona avy amin-drainy. Nonina tao Ambohitrombihavana izy ireo sady nitondra ny foko tao. Efatra mianadahy no naterany, dia: Andrianavalona, Andriankolo, Andriantsalama ary Ravao. Andrianavalona no ray niteraka an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona; Razafimalala na Razafy kosa no reniny. Maro mpiray tampo izy ireo no naterak'izy mivady toa an-dRasoa, Rainivelo, Razandrina, Andrianambahy, Rainimiandrisoa na Rasoamaka mpitandrina tao Ambohitrabiby, Rangory, Rainibozaka na Andriantseheno izay novana anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona, Raketaka na Ranosy, Rainijaona manamboninahitra tany [[Fianarantsoa]], Rainiketamanga na Rafaralahy, Rafarandriana na Rasoafara, Rainizanabahiny na Rafaralahivahiny ary Rapatsa. Na dia nafenina tao Ambohitrombihavana aza i Razakandriantsilavo raibeny, taty aoriana dia nanao fanekena tamin'ny mpiray lova taminy i Andrianavalona rainy hoe: "Rasoamaka zanako no hitondra ny anaran'ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] any fa izaho tsy mahafoy an'Ambohitromby (Ambohitrombihavana) ka dia mangataka andro kely vao mody" (Andrianaivoravelona, 1921). Nony vita anefa ny fanekena dia tsy nitodi-doha tany akory i Rasoamaka satria tsy foiny indray koa ny fiainana tao Ambohitrombihavana. Tezitra ary ny mpiray lova tamin' Andrianavalona (Andriankolo, Andriantsalama sy Ravao) ka nilaza hoe: "Ny razana tsy tianao anefa ny fananan-drazana lasanao, ka dia alainay avokoa ny [[Fanandevozana teto Madagasikara|andevo]] rehetra tamin'Andrianavalonatomponiloharano sady lova tsy voazara rahateo ireo; koa izay mamelo-maso no tompony". Lasan'ny mpiray lova taminy avokoa ny andevon-drazana. Na izany aza dia mbola tsaroan'ny menakely tao [[Antanetibe]] ny hoe taranak' Andrianavalonatomponiloharano ihany koa izy ireo. Nony nitsidika tany i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona na ny sasany tamin'ny fianakaviana dia nitenenan’izy ireo mandrakariva hoe: "Zanaky ny Tomponay re!" === Ny Andrianambonolona === Tsara ihany ny manasongadina ny tantaran' ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] izay niavian'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona amin'izao fampahafantarana ny lalam-piainany izao. [[Andriamananitany]] zandrin' [[Andriamanelo]] no voalohany nalaza tamin'ny fanjakana tao Alasora (1567). Novonoin'ny vahoaka anefa izy noho ny fialonan-jokiny azy. Nandositra irery ny zanany lahy [[Andrianamboninolona]] ary nonina tao Ambohitralantenina ka tonga razan'ny foko tao. Mba tsy hanovana ny hafatry ny razana ny amin'ny fifandimbiasana eo anivon'ny fanjakana manao hoe "Ny alakamisy an'Andriamanelo fa ny zoma an'Andriamananitany" (Andrianaivoravelona J., 1921) anefa dia nalain' Andriamanelo i Ratsitohinina izay novana ho Ratsitohininamanjaka, zanakavavin' Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka, ary nampanambadiany an-dRalambo zanany. Hoy indrindra izy tamin'izany: "Aza manary havana ianao fa aoka ho kibo omby havana". Taty aoriana dia [[Andrianjaka]] zana-dRatsitohininamanjaka tamin-d [[Ralambo]] no tonga mpanjaka nandimby an-drainy noho izy nahavonjy ny tafika niantsoana azy. Izy ilay mpanjaka nalaza nanorina an'[[Antananarivo]] sy nanao azy ho renivohitry ny fanjakana. Noho izany rehetra izany dia azo heverina fa Andrianamboninolona no loharanon'ny andriamanjaka maro nifandimby teto Imerina ary ny anaran' Ambohitrombihavana izay Ambohitralantenina fahizay dia avy amin'ny hoe "vohitry ny kibo omby havana". Tsikaritra fa anisan'ny foko fatra-piely indrindra amin'ny Nosy ny andrianamboninolona ankehitriny. === Ankohonana === Tamin'ny taona 1856 i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona no nampakatra an'i Nery Ravelonanahary, izay [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]], ho vady ary enina ambin'ny folo mianadahy no naterak'izy mivady: sivy lahy sy fito vavy: Raketamanga (1861-1862), Estera Ratavy Razanabelona (1863-1937), Josefa Raveloson (1865-1891), RazafinavalonaRainaivonambelona (1867-1868), Josefa Rakoto (1870-1882), Josefa Noa Rarinavalona (1871-1927), Josefa Rabetafika (1873-1955), Rakotovao (1875-1876), Jaona Rasolonaina (1876), Joseph Andrianaivoravelona (1877-1961), Rahantanavalona (1879-1953), Razafenatapea (1881-1949), Rasoarivelo (1883-1929), Ranerivelo (1885-1888), Ranarivelo (1887-1916), Julie Razananivo (1891-1917). Maromaro tamin'ny zanany lahy no tonga Mpitandrina toa an-drainy: Josefa Raveloson Evanjelistra, Josefa R. Rarinavalona Joseph Andrianaivoravelona. === Ny anarany === Hevitry ny anarana hoe "Josefa": anarana mamin'ny Jiosy sy ny Malagasy loatra ny hoe "Josefa". Misy olona roa ambin'ny folo no mitondra ny anarana hoe Josefa ao amin'ny [[Baiboly]]: dimy no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] ary olona fito samihafa no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]. Ny Malagasy ihany koa dia nankamamy izany anarana izany satria betsaka ny fantatra amin'ny fiantso hoe Rajosefa sy Josefa. Maro ny fomba jiosy mitovy amin'ny fomba malagasy toy ny fiovana anarana. Abrama lasa hoe Abrahama; Saray lasa Saraha taty aoriana. Miova anarana toy izany koa ny Malagasy an-dRanovona ho Rainitiaray, Mpitandrina tao Amparibe; Ramafadrahona niova ho Rainitrimo, Mpitandrina tao Avaratr'Andohalo ary Andriantseheno niova ho Andrianaivoravelona. '''Seheno''' Ny teny hoe Saheno niova ho Seheno dia ilazana olona tsy manana aretina fa salama sy finaritra avokoa ny vatany manontolo. Mitovy hevitra aminy hoe "salama" ny "seheno" saingy tsy fampiasa firy afa-tsy amin'ny anaran'olona ihany. Toy izao no anavahana ny teny hoe "salama" sy "seheno": ny "salama" dia ilazana toe-batana eo ho eo ihany na dia misy aretina mety mandalo aza; ny "seheno" kosa dia ilazana fahasalamana tanteraka eo amin'ny toe-batana. Fanakambanan-teny maro: Andriana + naivo + velona izany. Ilazana ny olona hajaina sy omen-kaja ny Andriana. Ny zanaka eo antenantenany na eo afovoany kosa fa nolazaina fa naivo. Ny Ra- indray dia marim-piantsoana ny lehilahy izay mitovy amin'ny hoe Andriamatoa. Ny velona indray dia firariantsoa atao amin'ny olona izay mievina. Tsy mifanalavitra ary mety ho tohin'ny anarana Andriantseheno ihany ny Andrianaivoravelona satria rehefa salama tanteraka ny olona dia azo antoka fa hateza ny fahavelomany. == Iraka == Raha tomorina ny tantara dia anisan'ny Kristiana nirahina hankany [[Fianarantsoa]] i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona noho ny fanenjehana. Niery ombieny ombieny izy teny an-dalana ary alina vao tonga tany Fianarantsoa. Tsy nanam-po an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mbola ho velona intsony anefa ny Kristiana fa efa nandre azy ho nosamborina ka novonoina. Tsy nampoizin'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ho nisy fiangonana tao Fianarantsoa. Namantana tao an-tranon-dRafaralahindroso mivady izay kristiana tany izy ka gaga nahita olona marobe tao an-tokantranon'izy ireo. Nony nahita azy anefa izy rehetra dia nifandrombaka niteny hoe:"velona ihany re velona ihany". Nifanitsy indrindra tamin'ny anarana hoe Andrianaivoravelona izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona niova ho kristiana == Tamin'ny taona 1856 dia niova lalana ary nanana toe-panahy tsy neken'ny fiarahamonina nisy azy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona satria nivily ho amin'ny fakana sy fampiasana [[ody]] mahery. Nasehony imason'olona mihitsy ny heriny sy ny fahaizany misorona. Nanjary [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] malaza sy [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]] ny lehilahy ary natahoran'ny olona noho ny hakingany tamin'io sehatra io. Voalaza fa mpampihorohoro ny kristiana mihitsy aza izy tamin'izany fotoana izany. Nampitady vady anefa i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tamin'ny taona 1856 rehefa avy nanaraka an-dRabodonandrianampoinimerina teny [[Tsinjoarivo]]. Raketaka na Nery zanak'Andriatsimangindy avy any Ambohimarina sy Rahasinina (Rafotsy Ratoa), vehivavy kristiana tsara toetra, efa voalaza tetsy aloha, no nanaiky azy. Noesoin'ny mpiara-monina anefa izy satria noheverina fa mpilalao ody sy mpanenjika fivavahana. Gaga anefa izy indray andro raha nahita ireo olona nipetraka tao amin'ny rafozany niondrika nivavaka mialoha ny hisakafoana. Teo anatrehan'izany dia tsy naharitra izy ka nanontany ny Testamenta hovakiny tamin'ireto rafozany. Tsy tananany intsony ny faniriany hany ka nosavainy ny tao ambanin'ny kidoron'ireto ray aman-dreny ireto. Nahita lahatsoratra fampianarana avy amin'ny voalaza tao amin'ny Soratra Masina (Rom.12, IKor 13; Efes 5:6) izy tamin'izany. Natahotra mafy iretsy rafozany sao hanaparitaka izany Andriantseheno. Novakiny soa aman-tsara anefa izany ary nampiova fo azy ka nahatonga ny fanoloran-tenany ho amin'ny [[batisa]]. Nahita izany fiovana izany ny manodidina toa an-dRafotsy Ratoa sy Rafaravavy ka nilaza hoe: "Isaorana anie Andriamanitra izay nifidy anao fa na dia tovolahy mahatahotra aza ianao dia nofidiny ho mpanompony". == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona misahana == Nanam-pifandraisana tamin'ny mpitondra izy: anisan'izany ny fampianarany ny mpitsoka mozika tao an-dRova, ny fifandraisana tamin'ny Mpanjala kristiana nifandimby sy tamin'ny Praiministra nifandimby. Voaporofo ihany koa fa nifanakaiky sy nifankahazo i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona sy [[Rakotondradama]]. Nisy ny bokim-pivavahana tonga avy tany an-dafy nentin'ny kristianina taty [[Antananarivo]] ary tratran'ny mpitsikilon-d[[Ranavalona I]]. Nomen'ny mpitsikilo an-dRakotondradama anefa izany mba hodorany saingy tsy nodoran'ny zanak'Andriana ny boky fa nomeny an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona. Ity farany indray avy eo no nanaparitaka azy tamin'ny kristiana tany am-pierena. Notendrena ho Tandapa roa ambin'ny folo voninahitra izy ary anisan'ny olom-pantatra indrindra tao an-dRova. Marihina fa ny Tandapa dia manam-boninahitra mahazo miditra ny Rova ambony na faritra misy an'i Tsarahafatra Mahitsiekafanjaka, Manampisoa. Rehefa tonga ny mpanjanan-tany dia nisy fanovana ny fomba fiasa tao an-dRova. Ireo olona akaiky ny mpitondra malagasy fahiny no niezahan'ny Frantsay nailika voalohany mba tsy hanelingelina azy. Ny famongorana ny fihetsiketsehan'ny [[Menalamba]] no tena tanjon'i Frantsa ka tsy nanavahana fa izay nahina dia naripaka avokoa. Voampanga ho nifampiraharaha sy nampitondra taratasy nahitana sonia JA tamin'ny Menalamba mantsy izy, saingy tsy izy velively no nanao izany. Teo anatrehan'izany dia nosamborina izy tamin'ny 24 febroary 1897. Noho ny fanelanelanan'i Pasitera Benjamin Escande tamin'ny mpitondra frantsay anefa dia tsy notsaraina hotifirina toa an'i Printsy Ramahatra sy [[Printsy Ratsimamanga|Ratsimamanga]] ary ny Governora [[Rainandriamampandry]] izy fa avy hatrany dia nalefa sesitany tany [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] any [[La Réunion]]. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mandala ny teny malagasy == Na dia efa voadika tamin'ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] aza ny [[Baiboly]] tamin'ny 21 jona 1835 dia mbola tsapan'ny misionera fa somary nikaviavia ny dikan-teny malagasy ary tokony ho nasiam-panitsiana. Baiboly tamin'ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] no nadika teny malagasy voalohany. Taty aoriana dia [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny latina|latina]] izay tany am-piandohana mihitsy no nalaina nandikana izany tamin'ny teny malagasy. Maro ny Malagasy sy ny vahiny nandray anjara tamin'ny fanitsiana ny Baiboly saingy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona irery no naharitra hatramin'ny farany (1873-1887). Nisy ny fanitsiana indroa nivoaka ka ny 28 oktobra 1885 ny voalohany ary 30 avrily 1887 kosa no vita ny fanitsiana faharoa. Nahefa be izy tamin'izany ary maro ny hevitra naposany tamin'ny fanitsiana ny teny malagasy tao amin'ny Baiboly. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona nandao == Tsy nazava loatra ny antony nahafatesan'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ny 1 aogositra 1897. Nambara mantsy ny fahalasanany tampoka. Toy izao no teniny farany ny alahady tamin'ny efatra ora maraina: "Ray ô! Raha tsy mbola vita ny asako, sitrano aho, rehefa ampy kosa izay, raiso aho ho any aminao". == Loharanon-kevitra == '''Boky''' * Andrianaivoravelona J.(1921). ''Tantaran'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona'' (sora-tanana) * Andrianaivoravelona, j. ''Akon'ny fo,'' Antananarivo, Imprimerie Ny Antsiva-Ambanidia == Loharano == 1.https://dacb.org/stories/madagascar/andrianaivoravelona-j/ 2.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-92-1.html 3.https://www.fjkm.mg/index.php/2019/08/12/andrianaivoravelona-j 4.https://gw.geneanet.org/aviavy?lang=fr&n=andrianaivoravelona&p=joseph 5.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-74-1-1.html 2gpy37akmv1c44bpbj25skeaimn4iy4 1153738 1153737 2026-11-11T19:03:31Z ~2026-59580-54 41625 /* Ny Andrianambonolona */ 1153738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona|anarana=Josefa Andrianaivoravelona|teraka=1 janoary 1835|toerana=Ambohitrombihavana|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpanoratra|asa hafa=Mpitandrina|maty=1 aogositra 1897}} == Fahazazana == Teraka ny 11 janoary 1835 tao [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] renivohitry ny Andrianamboninolona i Andriantseheno, izay niova anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona taty aoriana. Fotoana nampieritreritra tokoa tamin'izany satria sady zoma ny andro no mbola maizina atoandro ihany koa. Toa fambara mialoha ny fahamaizinana hitranga vetivety teo amin'ny fiainany ny fahitana taratra izany. Nanao [[kabary]] fandrarana ny fivavahana kristianina mantsy i [[Ranavalona I]] ny martsa 1835, izany hoe roa volana taorian'io fotoana io. Mpiandry ny omby aman'ondrin-draibeny izy teo amin'ny fahazazany. Maro ny asa fanao teny ambanivohitra izay nirotsahany toy ny taozavatra fanefena [[vilany tany]] sy ny fandrariana harona ary ny famolesana landy. Namorona tsilalao nahafinaritra hatrany izy nandritra izany ary fanaony ihany koa ny nitsiko zavamaneno. Ireny anjara raharaha sy ireny [[zavamaneno]] ireny no nanefy azy teo amin'ny fiatrehana ny fiainana taty aoriana. Tamin' ny taona 1845 dia nalain'ny zokiny hipetraka tany aminy izy ka nomeny anjara asa mpiandry raharaha sy mpitsena tao antsinanan-drova. Nianatra namaky teny sy nanoratra izy tamin'izany fa tsy nety nahay velively, hany ka nijanona tsy nianatra intsony. Nanonofy ny litera rehetra A hatramin'ny Z vita soratra fotsy teny amin'ny lanitra manga anefa izy tamin'ny taona 1846. Tadidiny tsara ny litera tsirairay ka nosoratany tamin'ny horona teo amin'ny feny sy ny ranjony ny abidy ary natanjozotrany hatrany amin'ny hato-tongony izany. Naka toky tamin'ny olona mihitsy ny lehilahy ny amin'ny fomba famakiana teny, hany ka nahavaky soratra ihany rehefa nikiry aoka izany. Nomena teny lavalava tamin'ny solaitra mikasika ny fivavahana izy hovakiny tamin'ny taona 1847. Nilentika tao am-pony mandra-maty anefa ny andian-teny voavakiny nanao hoe: "Aza manao ratsy fa mahatezitra Azy izany".(Andrianaivoravelona. J., 1921). Nivaro-tsavony teo Amboanonoka, toerana atsimo andrefan'ny [[Rova Manjakamiadana|rova]] izy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1848 sy 1851, na izany aza anefa dia nentin'Andriamanjato lehiben'ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] nanaraka azy izy ka nahazo vola tamin'ny fanoratana teny [[Andohalo]] sy [[Analakely]] ary [[Mahamasina]] satria tsara sady milamina ny sora-tanany. Tamin'ny taona 1852-1853 dia nanaraka an-jokiny tany [[Fianarantsoa]] indray izy nefa tsy nahazo vola fa nahazo aretina aza. Nivarotra enta-madinika tao Amboanonoka indray izy tamin'ny taona 1853-1855 nony tafaverina. Tonga fatra-pitia namaky soratra printy loatra i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tao anatin'ireo taona ireo ka satriny hamaky azy mandrakariva. Fitsimpinana taratasy teny rehetra teny, famakiana sy fandinihana izany no nataony aton-draharaha. Koa na dia tsy azony aza ny hevitry ny teny voalaza dia nangorakoraka ny fony; ary tsy fantany velively izay antony nahatonga izany. Araka ny fiheverany dia mety manakaiky ny fotoana hanehon'Andriamanitra azy ny teny famonjena ka ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]] no mampiomana ny fony handraisany izany am-pitiavana. Samy mety ho marina ireo hevitra ireo satria ny fanoratana tononkalo hajary hira sy ny [[Fitoriana ny Filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] no fanompoam-panahy maminy sy nampahery azy indrindra taty aoriana. Lovasoa navelany ho an'ny Fiangonana sy ny fiarahamonina malagasy izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra == [[Zazamarolahy]] avy any Antanetibe ambodin'Angavokely ny lafin-drainy. [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] avy any [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] kosa ny lafin-dreniny. Andrianavalonatomponiloharano (1746-1810) no razambeny izay voalaza fa naterak’i Ramorabe reniben' [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Mazava ho azy fa niara-belona tamin'Andrianampoinimerina ny fototra nipoirany. Razakandriantsilavo sy Rabodonavalona kosa no raibe sy reniben'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona avy amin-drainy. Nonina tao Ambohitrombihavana izy ireo sady nitondra ny foko tao. Efatra mianadahy no naterany, dia: Andrianavalona, Andriankolo, Andriantsalama ary Ravao. Andrianavalona no ray niteraka an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona; Razafimalala na Razafy kosa no reniny. Maro mpiray tampo izy ireo no naterak'izy mivady toa an-dRasoa, Rainivelo, Razandrina, Andrianambahy, Rainimiandrisoa na Rasoamaka mpitandrina tao Ambohitrabiby, Rangory, Rainibozaka na Andriantseheno izay novana anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona, Raketaka na Ranosy, Rainijaona manamboninahitra tany [[Fianarantsoa]], Rainiketamanga na Rafaralahy, Rafarandriana na Rasoafara, Rainizanabahiny na Rafaralahivahiny ary Rapatsa. Na dia nafenina tao Ambohitrombihavana aza i Razakandriantsilavo raibeny, taty aoriana dia nanao fanekena tamin'ny mpiray lova taminy i Andrianavalona rainy hoe: "Rasoamaka zanako no hitondra ny anaran'ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] any fa izaho tsy mahafoy an'Ambohitromby (Ambohitrombihavana) ka dia mangataka andro kely vao mody" (Andrianaivoravelona, 1921). Nony vita anefa ny fanekena dia tsy nitodi-doha tany akory i Rasoamaka satria tsy foiny indray koa ny fiainana tao Ambohitrombihavana. Tezitra ary ny mpiray lova tamin' Andrianavalona (Andriankolo, Andriantsalama sy Ravao) ka nilaza hoe: "Ny razana tsy tianao anefa ny fananan-drazana lasanao, ka dia alainay avokoa ny [[Fanandevozana teto Madagasikara|andevo]] rehetra tamin'Andrianavalonatomponiloharano sady lova tsy voazara rahateo ireo; koa izay mamelo-maso no tompony". Lasan'ny mpiray lova taminy avokoa ny andevon-drazana. Na izany aza dia mbola tsaroan'ny menakely tao [[Antanetibe]] ny hoe taranak' Andrianavalonatomponiloharano ihany koa izy ireo. Nony nitsidika tany i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona na ny sasany tamin'ny fianakaviana dia nitenenan’izy ireo mandrakariva hoe: "Zanaky ny Tomponay re!" === Ny Andrianambonolona === Tsara ihany ny manasongadina ny tantaran' ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] izay niavian'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona amin'izao fampahafantarana ny lalam-piainany izao. [[Andriamananitany]] zandrin' [[Andriamanelo]] no voalohany nalaza tamin'ny fanjakana tao Alasora (1567). Novonoin'ny vahoaka anefa izy noho ny fialonan-jokiny azy. Nandositra irery ny zanany lahy [[Andrianamboninolona]] ary nonina tao Ambohitralantenina ka tonga razan'ny foko tao. Mba tsy hanovana ny hafatry ny razana ny amin'ny fifandimbiasana eo anivon'ny fanjakana manao hoe "Ny alakamisy an'Andriamanelo fa ny zoma an'Andriamananitany" (Andrianaivoravelona J., 1921) anefa dia nalain' Andriamanelo i Ratsitohinina izay novana ho Ratsitohininamanjaka, zanakavavin' Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka, ary nampanambadiany an-dRalambo zanany. Hoy indrindra izy tamin'izany: "Aza manary havana ianao fa aoka ho kibo omby havana". Taty aoriana dia [[Andrianjaka]] zana-dRatsitohininamanjaka tamin-d [[Ralambo]] no tonga mpanjaka nandimby an-drainy noho izy nahavonjy ny tafika niantsoana azy. Izy ilay mpanjaka nalaza nanorina an'[[Antananarivo]] sy nanao azy ho renivohitry ny fanjakana. Noho izany dia azo heverina ho Andrianamboninolona no loharanon'ny andriamanjaka maro nifandimby teto Imerina ary ny anaran' Ambohitrombihavana izay Ambohitralantenina fahizay dia avy amin'ny hoe "vohitry ny kibo omby havana". Tsikaritra fa anisan'ny foko fatra-piely indrindra amin'ny Nosy ny Andrianamboninolona ankehitriny. === Ankohonana === Tamin'ny taona 1856 i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona no nampakatra an'i Nery Ravelonanahary, izay [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]], ho vady ary enina ambin'ny folo mianadahy no naterak'izy mivady: sivy lahy sy fito vavy: Raketamanga (1861-1862), Estera Ratavy Razanabelona (1863-1937), Josefa Raveloson (1865-1891), RazafinavalonaRainaivonambelona (1867-1868), Josefa Rakoto (1870-1882), Josefa Noa Rarinavalona (1871-1927), Josefa Rabetafika (1873-1955), Rakotovao (1875-1876), Jaona Rasolonaina (1876), Joseph Andrianaivoravelona (1877-1961), Rahantanavalona (1879-1953), Razafenatapea (1881-1949), Rasoarivelo (1883-1929), Ranerivelo (1885-1888), Ranarivelo (1887-1916), Julie Razananivo (1891-1917). Maromaro tamin'ny zanany lahy no tonga Mpitandrina toa an-drainy: Josefa Raveloson Evanjelistra, Josefa R. Rarinavalona Joseph Andrianaivoravelona. === Ny anarany === Hevitry ny anarana hoe "Josefa": anarana mamin'ny Jiosy sy ny Malagasy loatra ny hoe "Josefa". Misy olona roa ambin'ny folo no mitondra ny anarana hoe Josefa ao amin'ny [[Baiboly]]: dimy no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] ary olona fito samihafa no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]. Ny Malagasy ihany koa dia nankamamy izany anarana izany satria betsaka ny fantatra amin'ny fiantso hoe Rajosefa sy Josefa. Maro ny fomba jiosy mitovy amin'ny fomba malagasy toy ny fiovana anarana. Abrama lasa hoe Abrahama; Saray lasa Saraha taty aoriana. Miova anarana toy izany koa ny Malagasy an-dRanovona ho Rainitiaray, Mpitandrina tao Amparibe; Ramafadrahona niova ho Rainitrimo, Mpitandrina tao Avaratr'Andohalo ary Andriantseheno niova ho Andrianaivoravelona. '''Seheno''' Ny teny hoe Saheno niova ho Seheno dia ilazana olona tsy manana aretina fa salama sy finaritra avokoa ny vatany manontolo. Mitovy hevitra aminy hoe "salama" ny "seheno" saingy tsy fampiasa firy afa-tsy amin'ny anaran'olona ihany. Toy izao no anavahana ny teny hoe "salama" sy "seheno": ny "salama" dia ilazana toe-batana eo ho eo ihany na dia misy aretina mety mandalo aza; ny "seheno" kosa dia ilazana fahasalamana tanteraka eo amin'ny toe-batana. Fanakambanan-teny maro: Andriana + naivo + velona izany. Ilazana ny olona hajaina sy omen-kaja ny Andriana. Ny zanaka eo antenantenany na eo afovoany kosa fa nolazaina fa naivo. Ny Ra- indray dia marim-piantsoana ny lehilahy izay mitovy amin'ny hoe Andriamatoa. Ny velona indray dia firariantsoa atao amin'ny olona izay mievina. Tsy mifanalavitra ary mety ho tohin'ny anarana Andriantseheno ihany ny Andrianaivoravelona satria rehefa salama tanteraka ny olona dia azo antoka fa hateza ny fahavelomany. == Iraka == Raha tomorina ny tantara dia anisan'ny Kristiana nirahina hankany [[Fianarantsoa]] i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona noho ny fanenjehana. Niery ombieny ombieny izy teny an-dalana ary alina vao tonga tany Fianarantsoa. Tsy nanam-po an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mbola ho velona intsony anefa ny Kristiana fa efa nandre azy ho nosamborina ka novonoina. Tsy nampoizin'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ho nisy fiangonana tao Fianarantsoa. Namantana tao an-tranon-dRafaralahindroso mivady izay kristiana tany izy ka gaga nahita olona marobe tao an-tokantranon'izy ireo. Nony nahita azy anefa izy rehetra dia nifandrombaka niteny hoe:"velona ihany re velona ihany". Nifanitsy indrindra tamin'ny anarana hoe Andrianaivoravelona izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona niova ho kristiana == Tamin'ny taona 1856 dia niova lalana ary nanana toe-panahy tsy neken'ny fiarahamonina nisy azy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona satria nivily ho amin'ny fakana sy fampiasana [[ody]] mahery. Nasehony imason'olona mihitsy ny heriny sy ny fahaizany misorona. Nanjary [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] malaza sy [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]] ny lehilahy ary natahoran'ny olona noho ny hakingany tamin'io sehatra io. Voalaza fa mpampihorohoro ny kristiana mihitsy aza izy tamin'izany fotoana izany. Nampitady vady anefa i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tamin'ny taona 1856 rehefa avy nanaraka an-dRabodonandrianampoinimerina teny [[Tsinjoarivo]]. Raketaka na Nery zanak'Andriatsimangindy avy any Ambohimarina sy Rahasinina (Rafotsy Ratoa), vehivavy kristiana tsara toetra, efa voalaza tetsy aloha, no nanaiky azy. Noesoin'ny mpiara-monina anefa izy satria noheverina fa mpilalao ody sy mpanenjika fivavahana. Gaga anefa izy indray andro raha nahita ireo olona nipetraka tao amin'ny rafozany niondrika nivavaka mialoha ny hisakafoana. Teo anatrehan'izany dia tsy naharitra izy ka nanontany ny Testamenta hovakiny tamin'ireto rafozany. Tsy tananany intsony ny faniriany hany ka nosavainy ny tao ambanin'ny kidoron'ireto ray aman-dreny ireto. Nahita lahatsoratra fampianarana avy amin'ny voalaza tao amin'ny Soratra Masina (Rom.12, IKor 13; Efes 5:6) izy tamin'izany. Natahotra mafy iretsy rafozany sao hanaparitaka izany Andriantseheno. Novakiny soa aman-tsara anefa izany ary nampiova fo azy ka nahatonga ny fanoloran-tenany ho amin'ny [[batisa]]. Nahita izany fiovana izany ny manodidina toa an-dRafotsy Ratoa sy Rafaravavy ka nilaza hoe: "Isaorana anie Andriamanitra izay nifidy anao fa na dia tovolahy mahatahotra aza ianao dia nofidiny ho mpanompony". == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona misahana == Nanam-pifandraisana tamin'ny mpitondra izy: anisan'izany ny fampianarany ny mpitsoka mozika tao an-dRova, ny fifandraisana tamin'ny Mpanjala kristiana nifandimby sy tamin'ny Praiministra nifandimby. Voaporofo ihany koa fa nifanakaiky sy nifankahazo i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona sy [[Rakotondradama]]. Nisy ny bokim-pivavahana tonga avy tany an-dafy nentin'ny kristianina taty [[Antananarivo]] ary tratran'ny mpitsikilon-d[[Ranavalona I]]. Nomen'ny mpitsikilo an-dRakotondradama anefa izany mba hodorany saingy tsy nodoran'ny zanak'Andriana ny boky fa nomeny an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona. Ity farany indray avy eo no nanaparitaka azy tamin'ny kristiana tany am-pierena. Notendrena ho Tandapa roa ambin'ny folo voninahitra izy ary anisan'ny olom-pantatra indrindra tao an-dRova. Marihina fa ny Tandapa dia manam-boninahitra mahazo miditra ny Rova ambony na faritra misy an'i Tsarahafatra Mahitsiekafanjaka, Manampisoa. Rehefa tonga ny mpanjanan-tany dia nisy fanovana ny fomba fiasa tao an-dRova. Ireo olona akaiky ny mpitondra malagasy fahiny no niezahan'ny Frantsay nailika voalohany mba tsy hanelingelina azy. Ny famongorana ny fihetsiketsehan'ny [[Menalamba]] no tena tanjon'i Frantsa ka tsy nanavahana fa izay nahina dia naripaka avokoa. Voampanga ho nifampiraharaha sy nampitondra taratasy nahitana sonia JA tamin'ny Menalamba mantsy izy, saingy tsy izy velively no nanao izany. Teo anatrehan'izany dia nosamborina izy tamin'ny 24 febroary 1897. Noho ny fanelanelanan'i Pasitera Benjamin Escande tamin'ny mpitondra frantsay anefa dia tsy notsaraina hotifirina toa an'i Printsy Ramahatra sy [[Printsy Ratsimamanga|Ratsimamanga]] ary ny Governora [[Rainandriamampandry]] izy fa avy hatrany dia nalefa sesitany tany [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] any [[La Réunion]]. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mandala ny teny malagasy == Na dia efa voadika tamin'ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] aza ny [[Baiboly]] tamin'ny 21 jona 1835 dia mbola tsapan'ny misionera fa somary nikaviavia ny dikan-teny malagasy ary tokony ho nasiam-panitsiana. Baiboly tamin'ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] no nadika teny malagasy voalohany. Taty aoriana dia [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny latina|latina]] izay tany am-piandohana mihitsy no nalaina nandikana izany tamin'ny teny malagasy. Maro ny Malagasy sy ny vahiny nandray anjara tamin'ny fanitsiana ny Baiboly saingy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona irery no naharitra hatramin'ny farany (1873-1887). Nisy ny fanitsiana indroa nivoaka ka ny 28 oktobra 1885 ny voalohany ary 30 avrily 1887 kosa no vita ny fanitsiana faharoa. Nahefa be izy tamin'izany ary maro ny hevitra naposany tamin'ny fanitsiana ny teny malagasy tao amin'ny Baiboly. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona nandao == Tsy nazava loatra ny antony nahafatesan'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ny 1 aogositra 1897. Nambara mantsy ny fahalasanany tampoka. Toy izao no teniny farany ny alahady tamin'ny efatra ora maraina: "Ray ô! Raha tsy mbola vita ny asako, sitrano aho, rehefa ampy kosa izay, raiso aho ho any aminao". == Loharanon-kevitra == '''Boky''' * Andrianaivoravelona J.(1921). ''Tantaran'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona'' (sora-tanana) * Andrianaivoravelona, j. ''Akon'ny fo,'' Antananarivo, Imprimerie Ny Antsiva-Ambanidia == Loharano == 1.https://dacb.org/stories/madagascar/andrianaivoravelona-j/ 2.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-92-1.html 3.https://www.fjkm.mg/index.php/2019/08/12/andrianaivoravelona-j 4.https://gw.geneanet.org/aviavy?lang=fr&n=andrianaivoravelona&p=joseph 5.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-74-1-1.html d71nuz5p4a2w1kfjfjnd9oawo71b0l7 1153801 1153738 2026-11-12T11:49:38Z ~2026-59580-54 41625 /* Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra */ 1153801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona|anarana=Josefa Andrianaivoravelona|teraka=1 janoary 1835|toerana=Ambohitrombihavana|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpanoratra|asa hafa=Mpitandrina|maty=1 aogositra 1897}} == Fahazazana == Teraka ny 11 janoary 1835 tao [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] renivohitry ny Andrianamboninolona i Andriantseheno, izay niova anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona taty aoriana. Fotoana nampieritreritra tokoa tamin'izany satria sady zoma ny andro no mbola maizina atoandro ihany koa. Toa fambara mialoha ny fahamaizinana hitranga vetivety teo amin'ny fiainany ny fahitana taratra izany. Nanao [[kabary]] fandrarana ny fivavahana kristianina mantsy i [[Ranavalona I]] ny martsa 1835, izany hoe roa volana taorian'io fotoana io. Mpiandry ny omby aman'ondrin-draibeny izy teo amin'ny fahazazany. Maro ny asa fanao teny ambanivohitra izay nirotsahany toy ny taozavatra fanefena [[vilany tany]] sy ny fandrariana harona ary ny famolesana landy. Namorona tsilalao nahafinaritra hatrany izy nandritra izany ary fanaony ihany koa ny nitsiko zavamaneno. Ireny anjara raharaha sy ireny [[zavamaneno]] ireny no nanefy azy teo amin'ny fiatrehana ny fiainana taty aoriana. Tamin' ny taona 1845 dia nalain'ny zokiny hipetraka tany aminy izy ka nomeny anjara asa mpiandry raharaha sy mpitsena tao antsinanan-drova. Nianatra namaky teny sy nanoratra izy tamin'izany fa tsy nety nahay velively, hany ka nijanona tsy nianatra intsony. Nanonofy ny litera rehetra A hatramin'ny Z vita soratra fotsy teny amin'ny lanitra manga anefa izy tamin'ny taona 1846. Tadidiny tsara ny litera tsirairay ka nosoratany tamin'ny horona teo amin'ny feny sy ny ranjony ny abidy ary natanjozotrany hatrany amin'ny hato-tongony izany. Naka toky tamin'ny olona mihitsy ny lehilahy ny amin'ny fomba famakiana teny, hany ka nahavaky soratra ihany rehefa nikiry aoka izany. Nomena teny lavalava tamin'ny solaitra mikasika ny fivavahana izy hovakiny tamin'ny taona 1847. Nilentika tao am-pony mandra-maty anefa ny andian-teny voavakiny nanao hoe: "Aza manao ratsy fa mahatezitra Azy izany".(Andrianaivoravelona. J., 1921). Nivaro-tsavony teo Amboanonoka, toerana atsimo andrefan'ny [[Rova Manjakamiadana|rova]] izy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1848 sy 1851, na izany aza anefa dia nentin'Andriamanjato lehiben'ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] nanaraka azy izy ka nahazo vola tamin'ny fanoratana teny [[Andohalo]] sy [[Analakely]] ary [[Mahamasina]] satria tsara sady milamina ny sora-tanany. Tamin'ny taona 1852-1853 dia nanaraka an-jokiny tany [[Fianarantsoa]] indray izy nefa tsy nahazo vola fa nahazo aretina aza. Nivarotra enta-madinika tao Amboanonoka indray izy tamin'ny taona 1853-1855 nony tafaverina. Tonga fatra-pitia namaky soratra printy loatra i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tao anatin'ireo taona ireo ka satriny hamaky azy mandrakariva. Fitsimpinana taratasy teny rehetra teny, famakiana sy fandinihana izany no nataony aton-draharaha. Koa na dia tsy azony aza ny hevitry ny teny voalaza dia nangorakoraka ny fony; ary tsy fantany velively izay antony nahatonga izany. Araka ny fiheverany dia mety manakaiky ny fotoana hanehon'Andriamanitra azy ny teny famonjena ka ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]] no mampiomana ny fony handraisany izany am-pitiavana. Samy mety ho marina ireo hevitra ireo satria ny fanoratana tononkalo hajary hira sy ny [[Fitoriana ny Filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] no fanompoam-panahy maminy sy nampahery azy indrindra taty aoriana. Lovasoa navelany ho an'ny Fiangonana sy ny fiarahamonina malagasy izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra == [[Zazamarolahy]] avy any Antanetibe ambodin'Angavokely ny lafin-drainy. [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] avy any [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] kosa ny lafin-dreniny. Andrianavalonatomponiloharano (1746-1810) no razambeny izay voalaza fa naterak’i Ramorabe reniben' [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Mazava ho azy fa niara-belona tamin'Andrianampoinimerina ny fototra nipoirany. Razakandriantsilavo sy Rabodonavalona kosa no raibe sy reniben'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona avy amin-drainy. Nonina tao Ambohitrombihavana izy ireo sady nitondra ny foko tao. Efatra mianadahy no naterany, dia: Andrianavalona, Andriankolo, Andriantsalama ary Ravao. Andrianavalona no ray niteraka an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona; Razafimalala na Razafy kosa no reniny. Maro mpiray tampo izy ireo no naterak'izy mivady toa an-dRasoa, Rainivelo, Razandrina, Andrianambahy, Rainimiandrisoa na Rasoamaka mpitandrina tao Ambohitrabiby, Rangory, Rainibozaka na Andriantseheno izay novana anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona, Raketaka na Ranosy, Rainijaona manamboninahitra tany [[Fianarantsoa]], Rainiketamanga na Rafaralahy, Rafarandriana na Rasoafara, Rainizanabahiny na Rafaralahivahiny ary Rapatsa. Na dia nafenina tao Ambohitrombihavana aza i Razakandriantsilavo raibeny, taty aoriana dia nanao fanekena tamin'ny mpiray lova taminy i Andrianavalona rainy hoe: "Rasoamaka zanako no hitondra ny anaran'ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] any Antanetibe fa izaho tsy mahafoy an'Ambohitromby (Ambohitrombihavana) ka dia mangataka andro kely vao mody" (Andrianaivoravelona, 1921). Nony vita anefa ny fanekena dia tsy nitodi-doha tany akory i Rasoamaka satria tsy foiny indray koa ny fiainana tao Ambohitrombihavana. Tezitra ary ny mpiray lova tamin' Andrianavalona (Andriankolo, Andriantsalama sy Ravao) ka nilaza hoe: "Ny razana tsy tianao anefa ny fananan-drazana lasanao, ka dia alainay avokoa ny [[Fanandevozana teto Madagasikara|andevo]] rehetra tamin'Andrianavalonatomponiloharano sady lova tsy voazara rahateo ireo; koa izay mamelo-maso no tompony". Lasan'ny mpiray lova taminy avokoa ny andevon-drazana. Na izany aza dia mbola tsaroan'ny menakely tao [[Antanetibe]] ny hoe taranak' Andrianavalonatomponiloharano ihany koa izy ireo. Nony nitsidika tany i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona na ny sasany tamin'ny fianakaviana dia nitenenan’izy ireo mandrakariva hoe: "Zanaky ny Tomponay re!" === Ny Andrianambonolona === Tsara ihany ny manasongadina ny tantaran' ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] izay niavian'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona amin'izao fampahafantarana ny lalam-piainany izao. [[Andriamananitany]] zandrin' [[Andriamanelo]] no voalohany nalaza tamin'ny fanjakana tao Alasora (1567). Novonoin'ny vahoaka anefa izy noho ny fialonan-jokiny azy. Nandositra irery ny zanany lahy [[Andrianamboninolona]] ary nonina tao Ambohitralantenina ka tonga razan'ny foko tao. Mba tsy hanovana ny hafatry ny razana ny amin'ny fifandimbiasana eo anivon'ny fanjakana manao hoe "Ny alakamisy an'Andriamanelo fa ny zoma an'Andriamananitany" (Andrianaivoravelona J., 1921) anefa dia nalain' Andriamanelo i Ratsitohinina izay novana ho Ratsitohininamanjaka, zanakavavin' Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka, ary nampanambadiany an-dRalambo zanany. Hoy indrindra izy tamin'izany: "Aza manary havana ianao fa aoka ho kibo omby havana". Taty aoriana dia [[Andrianjaka]] zana-dRatsitohininamanjaka tamin-d [[Ralambo]] no tonga mpanjaka nandimby an-drainy noho izy nahavonjy ny tafika niantsoana azy. Izy ilay mpanjaka nalaza nanorina an'[[Antananarivo]] sy nanao azy ho renivohitry ny fanjakana. Noho izany dia azo heverina ho Andrianamboninolona no loharanon'ny andriamanjaka maro nifandimby teto Imerina ary ny anaran' Ambohitrombihavana izay Ambohitralantenina fahizay dia avy amin'ny hoe "vohitry ny kibo omby havana". Tsikaritra fa anisan'ny foko fatra-piely indrindra amin'ny Nosy ny Andrianamboninolona ankehitriny. === Ankohonana === Tamin'ny taona 1856 i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona no nampakatra an'i Nery Ravelonanahary, izay [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]], ho vady ary enina ambin'ny folo mianadahy no naterak'izy mivady: sivy lahy sy fito vavy: Raketamanga (1861-1862), Estera Ratavy Razanabelona (1863-1937), Josefa Raveloson (1865-1891), RazafinavalonaRainaivonambelona (1867-1868), Josefa Rakoto (1870-1882), Josefa Noa Rarinavalona (1871-1927), Josefa Rabetafika (1873-1955), Rakotovao (1875-1876), Jaona Rasolonaina (1876), Joseph Andrianaivoravelona (1877-1961), Rahantanavalona (1879-1953), Razafenatapea (1881-1949), Rasoarivelo (1883-1929), Ranerivelo (1885-1888), Ranarivelo (1887-1916), Julie Razananivo (1891-1917). Maromaro tamin'ny zanany lahy no tonga Mpitandrina toa an-drainy: Josefa Raveloson Evanjelistra, Josefa R. Rarinavalona Joseph Andrianaivoravelona. === Ny anarany === Hevitry ny anarana hoe "Josefa": anarana mamin'ny Jiosy sy ny Malagasy loatra ny hoe "Josefa". Misy olona roa ambin'ny folo no mitondra ny anarana hoe Josefa ao amin'ny [[Baiboly]]: dimy no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] ary olona fito samihafa no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]. Ny Malagasy ihany koa dia nankamamy izany anarana izany satria betsaka ny fantatra amin'ny fiantso hoe Rajosefa sy Josefa. Maro ny fomba jiosy mitovy amin'ny fomba malagasy toy ny fiovana anarana. Abrama lasa hoe Abrahama; Saray lasa Saraha taty aoriana. Miova anarana toy izany koa ny Malagasy an-dRanovona ho Rainitiaray, Mpitandrina tao Amparibe; Ramafadrahona niova ho Rainitrimo, Mpitandrina tao Avaratr'Andohalo ary Andriantseheno niova ho Andrianaivoravelona. '''Seheno''' Ny teny hoe Saheno niova ho Seheno dia ilazana olona tsy manana aretina fa salama sy finaritra avokoa ny vatany manontolo. Mitovy hevitra aminy hoe "salama" ny "seheno" saingy tsy fampiasa firy afa-tsy amin'ny anaran'olona ihany. Toy izao no anavahana ny teny hoe "salama" sy "seheno": ny "salama" dia ilazana toe-batana eo ho eo ihany na dia misy aretina mety mandalo aza; ny "seheno" kosa dia ilazana fahasalamana tanteraka eo amin'ny toe-batana. Fanakambanan-teny maro: Andriana + naivo + velona izany. Ilazana ny olona hajaina sy omen-kaja ny Andriana. Ny zanaka eo antenantenany na eo afovoany kosa fa nolazaina fa naivo. Ny Ra- indray dia marim-piantsoana ny lehilahy izay mitovy amin'ny hoe Andriamatoa. Ny velona indray dia firariantsoa atao amin'ny olona izay mievina. Tsy mifanalavitra ary mety ho tohin'ny anarana Andriantseheno ihany ny Andrianaivoravelona satria rehefa salama tanteraka ny olona dia azo antoka fa hateza ny fahavelomany. == Iraka == Raha tomorina ny tantara dia anisan'ny Kristiana nirahina hankany [[Fianarantsoa]] i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona noho ny fanenjehana. Niery ombieny ombieny izy teny an-dalana ary alina vao tonga tany Fianarantsoa. Tsy nanam-po an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mbola ho velona intsony anefa ny Kristiana fa efa nandre azy ho nosamborina ka novonoina. Tsy nampoizin'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ho nisy fiangonana tao Fianarantsoa. Namantana tao an-tranon-dRafaralahindroso mivady izay kristiana tany izy ka gaga nahita olona marobe tao an-tokantranon'izy ireo. Nony nahita azy anefa izy rehetra dia nifandrombaka niteny hoe:"velona ihany re velona ihany". Nifanitsy indrindra tamin'ny anarana hoe Andrianaivoravelona izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona niova ho kristiana == Tamin'ny taona 1856 dia niova lalana ary nanana toe-panahy tsy neken'ny fiarahamonina nisy azy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona satria nivily ho amin'ny fakana sy fampiasana [[ody]] mahery. Nasehony imason'olona mihitsy ny heriny sy ny fahaizany misorona. Nanjary [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] malaza sy [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]] ny lehilahy ary natahoran'ny olona noho ny hakingany tamin'io sehatra io. Voalaza fa mpampihorohoro ny kristiana mihitsy aza izy tamin'izany fotoana izany. Nampitady vady anefa i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tamin'ny taona 1856 rehefa avy nanaraka an-dRabodonandrianampoinimerina teny [[Tsinjoarivo]]. Raketaka na Nery zanak'Andriatsimangindy avy any Ambohimarina sy Rahasinina (Rafotsy Ratoa), vehivavy kristiana tsara toetra, efa voalaza tetsy aloha, no nanaiky azy. Noesoin'ny mpiara-monina anefa izy satria noheverina fa mpilalao ody sy mpanenjika fivavahana. Gaga anefa izy indray andro raha nahita ireo olona nipetraka tao amin'ny rafozany niondrika nivavaka mialoha ny hisakafoana. Teo anatrehan'izany dia tsy naharitra izy ka nanontany ny Testamenta hovakiny tamin'ireto rafozany. Tsy tananany intsony ny faniriany hany ka nosavainy ny tao ambanin'ny kidoron'ireto ray aman-dreny ireto. Nahita lahatsoratra fampianarana avy amin'ny voalaza tao amin'ny Soratra Masina (Rom.12, IKor 13; Efes 5:6) izy tamin'izany. Natahotra mafy iretsy rafozany sao hanaparitaka izany Andriantseheno. Novakiny soa aman-tsara anefa izany ary nampiova fo azy ka nahatonga ny fanoloran-tenany ho amin'ny [[batisa]]. Nahita izany fiovana izany ny manodidina toa an-dRafotsy Ratoa sy Rafaravavy ka nilaza hoe: "Isaorana anie Andriamanitra izay nifidy anao fa na dia tovolahy mahatahotra aza ianao dia nofidiny ho mpanompony". == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona misahana == Nanam-pifandraisana tamin'ny mpitondra izy: anisan'izany ny fampianarany ny mpitsoka mozika tao an-dRova, ny fifandraisana tamin'ny Mpanjala kristiana nifandimby sy tamin'ny Praiministra nifandimby. Voaporofo ihany koa fa nifanakaiky sy nifankahazo i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona sy [[Rakotondradama]]. Nisy ny bokim-pivavahana tonga avy tany an-dafy nentin'ny kristianina taty [[Antananarivo]] ary tratran'ny mpitsikilon-d[[Ranavalona I]]. Nomen'ny mpitsikilo an-dRakotondradama anefa izany mba hodorany saingy tsy nodoran'ny zanak'Andriana ny boky fa nomeny an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona. Ity farany indray avy eo no nanaparitaka azy tamin'ny kristiana tany am-pierena. Notendrena ho Tandapa roa ambin'ny folo voninahitra izy ary anisan'ny olom-pantatra indrindra tao an-dRova. Marihina fa ny Tandapa dia manam-boninahitra mahazo miditra ny Rova ambony na faritra misy an'i Tsarahafatra Mahitsiekafanjaka, Manampisoa. Rehefa tonga ny mpanjanan-tany dia nisy fanovana ny fomba fiasa tao an-dRova. Ireo olona akaiky ny mpitondra malagasy fahiny no niezahan'ny Frantsay nailika voalohany mba tsy hanelingelina azy. Ny famongorana ny fihetsiketsehan'ny [[Menalamba]] no tena tanjon'i Frantsa ka tsy nanavahana fa izay nahina dia naripaka avokoa. Voampanga ho nifampiraharaha sy nampitondra taratasy nahitana sonia JA tamin'ny Menalamba mantsy izy, saingy tsy izy velively no nanao izany. Teo anatrehan'izany dia nosamborina izy tamin'ny 24 febroary 1897. Noho ny fanelanelanan'i Pasitera Benjamin Escande tamin'ny mpitondra frantsay anefa dia tsy notsaraina hotifirina toa an'i Printsy Ramahatra sy [[Printsy Ratsimamanga|Ratsimamanga]] ary ny Governora [[Rainandriamampandry]] izy fa avy hatrany dia nalefa sesitany tany [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] any [[La Réunion]]. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mandala ny teny malagasy == Na dia efa voadika tamin'ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] aza ny [[Baiboly]] tamin'ny 21 jona 1835 dia mbola tsapan'ny misionera fa somary nikaviavia ny dikan-teny malagasy ary tokony ho nasiam-panitsiana. Baiboly tamin'ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] no nadika teny malagasy voalohany. Taty aoriana dia [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny latina|latina]] izay tany am-piandohana mihitsy no nalaina nandikana izany tamin'ny teny malagasy. Maro ny Malagasy sy ny vahiny nandray anjara tamin'ny fanitsiana ny Baiboly saingy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona irery no naharitra hatramin'ny farany (1873-1887). Nisy ny fanitsiana indroa nivoaka ka ny 28 oktobra 1885 ny voalohany ary 30 avrily 1887 kosa no vita ny fanitsiana faharoa. Nahefa be izy tamin'izany ary maro ny hevitra naposany tamin'ny fanitsiana ny teny malagasy tao amin'ny Baiboly. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona nandao == Tsy nazava loatra ny antony nahafatesan'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ny 1 aogositra 1897. Nambara mantsy ny fahalasanany tampoka. Toy izao no teniny farany ny alahady tamin'ny efatra ora maraina: "Ray ô! Raha tsy mbola vita ny asako, sitrano aho, rehefa ampy kosa izay, raiso aho ho any aminao". == Loharanon-kevitra == '''Boky''' * Andrianaivoravelona J.(1921). ''Tantaran'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona'' (sora-tanana) * Andrianaivoravelona, j. ''Akon'ny fo,'' Antananarivo, Imprimerie Ny Antsiva-Ambanidia == Loharano == 1.https://dacb.org/stories/madagascar/andrianaivoravelona-j/ 2.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-92-1.html 3.https://www.fjkm.mg/index.php/2019/08/12/andrianaivoravelona-j 4.https://gw.geneanet.org/aviavy?lang=fr&n=andrianaivoravelona&p=joseph 5.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-74-1-1.html 4m1jpeo4wblm59r5m6bwx4lcvvzfyyh 1153802 1153801 2026-11-12T11:50:08Z ~2026-59580-54 41625 /* Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra */ 1153802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona|anarana=Josefa Andrianaivoravelona|teraka=1 janoary 1835|toerana=Ambohitrombihavana|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpanoratra|asa hafa=Mpitandrina|maty=1 aogositra 1897}} == Fahazazana == Teraka ny 11 janoary 1835 tao [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] renivohitry ny Andrianamboninolona i Andriantseheno, izay niova anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona taty aoriana. Fotoana nampieritreritra tokoa tamin'izany satria sady zoma ny andro no mbola maizina atoandro ihany koa. Toa fambara mialoha ny fahamaizinana hitranga vetivety teo amin'ny fiainany ny fahitana taratra izany. Nanao [[kabary]] fandrarana ny fivavahana kristianina mantsy i [[Ranavalona I]] ny martsa 1835, izany hoe roa volana taorian'io fotoana io. Mpiandry ny omby aman'ondrin-draibeny izy teo amin'ny fahazazany. Maro ny asa fanao teny ambanivohitra izay nirotsahany toy ny taozavatra fanefena [[vilany tany]] sy ny fandrariana harona ary ny famolesana landy. Namorona tsilalao nahafinaritra hatrany izy nandritra izany ary fanaony ihany koa ny nitsiko zavamaneno. Ireny anjara raharaha sy ireny [[zavamaneno]] ireny no nanefy azy teo amin'ny fiatrehana ny fiainana taty aoriana. Tamin' ny taona 1845 dia nalain'ny zokiny hipetraka tany aminy izy ka nomeny anjara asa mpiandry raharaha sy mpitsena tao antsinanan-drova. Nianatra namaky teny sy nanoratra izy tamin'izany fa tsy nety nahay velively, hany ka nijanona tsy nianatra intsony. Nanonofy ny litera rehetra A hatramin'ny Z vita soratra fotsy teny amin'ny lanitra manga anefa izy tamin'ny taona 1846. Tadidiny tsara ny litera tsirairay ka nosoratany tamin'ny horona teo amin'ny feny sy ny ranjony ny abidy ary natanjozotrany hatrany amin'ny hato-tongony izany. Naka toky tamin'ny olona mihitsy ny lehilahy ny amin'ny fomba famakiana teny, hany ka nahavaky soratra ihany rehefa nikiry aoka izany. Nomena teny lavalava tamin'ny solaitra mikasika ny fivavahana izy hovakiny tamin'ny taona 1847. Nilentika tao am-pony mandra-maty anefa ny andian-teny voavakiny nanao hoe: "Aza manao ratsy fa mahatezitra Azy izany".(Andrianaivoravelona. J., 1921). Nivaro-tsavony teo Amboanonoka, toerana atsimo andrefan'ny [[Rova Manjakamiadana|rova]] izy teo anelanelan' ny taona 1848 sy 1851, na izany aza anefa dia nentin'Andriamanjato lehiben'ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] nanaraka azy izy ka nahazo vola tamin'ny fanoratana teny [[Andohalo]] sy [[Analakely]] ary [[Mahamasina]] satria tsara sady milamina ny sora-tanany. Tamin'ny taona 1852-1853 dia nanaraka an-jokiny tany [[Fianarantsoa]] indray izy nefa tsy nahazo vola fa nahazo aretina aza. Nivarotra enta-madinika tao Amboanonoka indray izy tamin'ny taona 1853-1855 nony tafaverina. Tonga fatra-pitia namaky soratra printy loatra i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tao anatin'ireo taona ireo ka satriny hamaky azy mandrakariva. Fitsimpinana taratasy teny rehetra teny, famakiana sy fandinihana izany no nataony aton-draharaha. Koa na dia tsy azony aza ny hevitry ny teny voalaza dia nangorakoraka ny fony; ary tsy fantany velively izay antony nahatonga izany. Araka ny fiheverany dia mety manakaiky ny fotoana hanehon'Andriamanitra azy ny teny famonjena ka ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]] no mampiomana ny fony handraisany izany am-pitiavana. Samy mety ho marina ireo hevitra ireo satria ny fanoratana tononkalo hajary hira sy ny [[Fitoriana ny Filazantsara|fitoriana Filazantsara]] no fanompoam-panahy maminy sy nampahery azy indrindra taty aoriana. Lovasoa navelany ho an'ny Fiangonana sy ny fiarahamonina malagasy izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona manam-pototra == [[Zazamarolahy]] avy any Antanetibe ambodin'Angavokely ny lafin-drainy. [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] avy any [[Ambohitromby|Ambohitrombihavana]] kosa ny lafin-dreniny. Andrianavalonatomponiloharano (1746-1810) no razambeny izay voalaza fa naterak’i Ramorabe reniben' [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Mazava ho azy fa niara-belona tamin'Andrianampoinimerina ny fototra nipoirany. Razakandriantsilavo sy Rabodonavalona kosa no raibe sy reniben'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona avy amin-drainy. Nonina tao Ambohitrombihavana izy ireo sady nitondra ny foko tao. Efatra mianadahy no naterany, dia: Andrianavalona, Andriankolo, Andriantsalama ary Ravao. Andrianavalona no ray niteraka an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona; Razafimalala na Razafy kosa no reniny. Maro mpiray tampo izy ireo no naterak'izy mivady toa an-dRasoa, Rainivelo, Razandrina, Andrianambahy, Rainimiandrisoa na Rasoamaka mpitandrina tao Ambohitrabiby, Rangory, Rainibozaka na Andriantseheno izay novana anarana ho Josefa Andrianaivoravelona, Raketaka na Ranosy, Rainijaona manamboninahitra tany [[Fianarantsoa]], Rainiketamanga na Rafaralahy, Rafarandriana na Rasoafara, Rainizanabahiny na Rafaralahivahiny ary Rapatsa. Na dia nafenina tao Ambohitrombihavana aza i Razakandriantsilavo raibeny, taty aoriana dia nanao fanekena tamin'ny mpiray lova taminy i Andrianavalona rainy hoe: "Rasoamaka zanako no hitondra ny anaran'ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] any Antanetibe fa izaho tsy mahafoy an'Ambohitromby (Ambohitrombihavana) ka dia mangataka andro kely vao mody" (Andrianaivoravelona, 1921). Nony vita anefa ny fanekena dia tsy nitodi-doha tany akory i Rasoamaka satria tsy foiny indray koa ny fiainana tao Ambohitrombihavana. Tezitra ary ny mpiray lova tamin' Andrianavalona (Andriankolo, Andriantsalama sy Ravao) ka nilaza hoe: "Ny razana tsy tianao anefa ny fananan-drazana lasanao, ka dia alainay avokoa ny [[Fanandevozana teto Madagasikara|andevo]] rehetra tamin'Andrianavalonatomponiloharano sady lova tsy voazara rahateo ireo; koa izay mamelo-maso no tompony". Lasan'ny mpiray lova taminy avokoa ny andevon-drazana. Na izany aza dia mbola tsaroan'ny menakely tao [[Antanetibe]] ny hoe taranak' Andrianavalonatomponiloharano ihany koa izy ireo. Nony nitsidika tany i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona na ny sasany tamin'ny fianakaviana dia nitenenan’izy ireo mandrakariva hoe: "Zanaky ny Tomponay re!" === Ny Andrianambonolona === Tsara ihany ny manasongadina ny tantaran' ny [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]] izay niavian'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona amin'izao fampahafantarana ny lalam-piainany izao. [[Andriamananitany]] zandrin' [[Andriamanelo]] no voalohany nalaza tamin'ny fanjakana tao Alasora (1567). Novonoin'ny vahoaka anefa izy noho ny fialonan-jokiny azy. Nandositra irery ny zanany lahy [[Andrianamboninolona]] ary nonina tao Ambohitralantenina ka tonga razan'ny foko tao. Mba tsy hanovana ny hafatry ny razana ny amin'ny fifandimbiasana eo anivon'ny fanjakana manao hoe "Ny alakamisy an'Andriamanelo fa ny zoma an'Andriamananitany" (Andrianaivoravelona J., 1921) anefa dia nalain' Andriamanelo i Ratsitohinina izay novana ho Ratsitohininamanjaka, zanakavavin' Andrianamboninolona sy Rafotsindrindramanjaka, ary nampanambadiany an-dRalambo zanany. Hoy indrindra izy tamin'izany: "Aza manary havana ianao fa aoka ho kibo omby havana". Taty aoriana dia [[Andrianjaka]] zana-dRatsitohininamanjaka tamin-d [[Ralambo]] no tonga mpanjaka nandimby an-drainy noho izy nahavonjy ny tafika niantsoana azy. Izy ilay mpanjaka nalaza nanorina an'[[Antananarivo]] sy nanao azy ho renivohitry ny fanjakana. Noho izany dia azo heverina ho Andrianamboninolona no loharanon'ny andriamanjaka maro nifandimby teto Imerina ary ny anaran' Ambohitrombihavana izay Ambohitralantenina fahizay dia avy amin'ny hoe "vohitry ny kibo omby havana". Tsikaritra fa anisan'ny foko fatra-piely indrindra amin'ny Nosy ny Andrianamboninolona ankehitriny. === Ankohonana === Tamin'ny taona 1856 i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona no nampakatra an'i Nery Ravelonanahary, izay [[Andrianamboninolona (foko)|Andrianamboninolona]], ho vady ary enina ambin'ny folo mianadahy no naterak'izy mivady: sivy lahy sy fito vavy: Raketamanga (1861-1862), Estera Ratavy Razanabelona (1863-1937), Josefa Raveloson (1865-1891), RazafinavalonaRainaivonambelona (1867-1868), Josefa Rakoto (1870-1882), Josefa Noa Rarinavalona (1871-1927), Josefa Rabetafika (1873-1955), Rakotovao (1875-1876), Jaona Rasolonaina (1876), Joseph Andrianaivoravelona (1877-1961), Rahantanavalona (1879-1953), Razafenatapea (1881-1949), Rasoarivelo (1883-1929), Ranerivelo (1885-1888), Ranarivelo (1887-1916), Julie Razananivo (1891-1917). Maromaro tamin'ny zanany lahy no tonga Mpitandrina toa an-drainy: Josefa Raveloson Evanjelistra, Josefa R. Rarinavalona Joseph Andrianaivoravelona. === Ny anarany === Hevitry ny anarana hoe "Josefa": anarana mamin'ny Jiosy sy ny Malagasy loatra ny hoe "Josefa". Misy olona roa ambin'ny folo no mitondra ny anarana hoe Josefa ao amin'ny [[Baiboly]]: dimy no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] ary olona fito samihafa no ao amin'ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]. Ny Malagasy ihany koa dia nankamamy izany anarana izany satria betsaka ny fantatra amin'ny fiantso hoe Rajosefa sy Josefa. Maro ny fomba jiosy mitovy amin'ny fomba malagasy toy ny fiovana anarana. Abrama lasa hoe Abrahama; Saray lasa Saraha taty aoriana. Miova anarana toy izany koa ny Malagasy an-dRanovona ho Rainitiaray, Mpitandrina tao Amparibe; Ramafadrahona niova ho Rainitrimo, Mpitandrina tao Avaratr'Andohalo ary Andriantseheno niova ho Andrianaivoravelona. '''Seheno''' Ny teny hoe Saheno niova ho Seheno dia ilazana olona tsy manana aretina fa salama sy finaritra avokoa ny vatany manontolo. Mitovy hevitra aminy hoe "salama" ny "seheno" saingy tsy fampiasa firy afa-tsy amin'ny anaran'olona ihany. Toy izao no anavahana ny teny hoe "salama" sy "seheno": ny "salama" dia ilazana toe-batana eo ho eo ihany na dia misy aretina mety mandalo aza; ny "seheno" kosa dia ilazana fahasalamana tanteraka eo amin'ny toe-batana. Fanakambanan-teny maro: Andriana + naivo + velona izany. Ilazana ny olona hajaina sy omen-kaja ny Andriana. Ny zanaka eo antenantenany na eo afovoany kosa fa nolazaina fa naivo. Ny Ra- indray dia marim-piantsoana ny lehilahy izay mitovy amin'ny hoe Andriamatoa. Ny velona indray dia firariantsoa atao amin'ny olona izay mievina. Tsy mifanalavitra ary mety ho tohin'ny anarana Andriantseheno ihany ny Andrianaivoravelona satria rehefa salama tanteraka ny olona dia azo antoka fa hateza ny fahavelomany. == Iraka == Raha tomorina ny tantara dia anisan'ny Kristiana nirahina hankany [[Fianarantsoa]] i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona noho ny fanenjehana. Niery ombieny ombieny izy teny an-dalana ary alina vao tonga tany Fianarantsoa. Tsy nanam-po an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mbola ho velona intsony anefa ny Kristiana fa efa nandre azy ho nosamborina ka novonoina. Tsy nampoizin'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ho nisy fiangonana tao Fianarantsoa. Namantana tao an-tranon-dRafaralahindroso mivady izay kristiana tany izy ka gaga nahita olona marobe tao an-tokantranon'izy ireo. Nony nahita azy anefa izy rehetra dia nifandrombaka niteny hoe:"velona ihany re velona ihany". Nifanitsy indrindra tamin'ny anarana hoe Andrianaivoravelona izany. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona niova ho kristiana == Tamin'ny taona 1856 dia niova lalana ary nanana toe-panahy tsy neken'ny fiarahamonina nisy azy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona satria nivily ho amin'ny fakana sy fampiasana [[ody]] mahery. Nasehony imason'olona mihitsy ny heriny sy ny fahaizany misorona. Nanjary [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] malaza sy [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]] ny lehilahy ary natahoran'ny olona noho ny hakingany tamin'io sehatra io. Voalaza fa mpampihorohoro ny kristiana mihitsy aza izy tamin'izany fotoana izany. Nampitady vady anefa i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona tamin'ny taona 1856 rehefa avy nanaraka an-dRabodonandrianampoinimerina teny [[Tsinjoarivo]]. Raketaka na Nery zanak'Andriatsimangindy avy any Ambohimarina sy Rahasinina (Rafotsy Ratoa), vehivavy kristiana tsara toetra, efa voalaza tetsy aloha, no nanaiky azy. Noesoin'ny mpiara-monina anefa izy satria noheverina fa mpilalao ody sy mpanenjika fivavahana. Gaga anefa izy indray andro raha nahita ireo olona nipetraka tao amin'ny rafozany niondrika nivavaka mialoha ny hisakafoana. Teo anatrehan'izany dia tsy naharitra izy ka nanontany ny Testamenta hovakiny tamin'ireto rafozany. Tsy tananany intsony ny faniriany hany ka nosavainy ny tao ambanin'ny kidoron'ireto ray aman-dreny ireto. Nahita lahatsoratra fampianarana avy amin'ny voalaza tao amin'ny Soratra Masina (Rom.12, IKor 13; Efes 5:6) izy tamin'izany. Natahotra mafy iretsy rafozany sao hanaparitaka izany Andriantseheno. Novakiny soa aman-tsara anefa izany ary nampiova fo azy ka nahatonga ny fanoloran-tenany ho amin'ny [[batisa]]. Nahita izany fiovana izany ny manodidina toa an-dRafotsy Ratoa sy Rafaravavy ka nilaza hoe: "Isaorana anie Andriamanitra izay nifidy anao fa na dia tovolahy mahatahotra aza ianao dia nofidiny ho mpanompony". == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona misahana == Nanam-pifandraisana tamin'ny mpitondra izy: anisan'izany ny fampianarany ny mpitsoka mozika tao an-dRova, ny fifandraisana tamin'ny Mpanjala kristiana nifandimby sy tamin'ny Praiministra nifandimby. Voaporofo ihany koa fa nifanakaiky sy nifankahazo i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona sy [[Rakotondradama]]. Nisy ny bokim-pivavahana tonga avy tany an-dafy nentin'ny kristianina taty [[Antananarivo]] ary tratran'ny mpitsikilon-d[[Ranavalona I]]. Nomen'ny mpitsikilo an-dRakotondradama anefa izany mba hodorany saingy tsy nodoran'ny zanak'Andriana ny boky fa nomeny an'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona. Ity farany indray avy eo no nanaparitaka azy tamin'ny kristiana tany am-pierena. Notendrena ho Tandapa roa ambin'ny folo voninahitra izy ary anisan'ny olom-pantatra indrindra tao an-dRova. Marihina fa ny Tandapa dia manam-boninahitra mahazo miditra ny Rova ambony na faritra misy an'i Tsarahafatra Mahitsiekafanjaka, Manampisoa. Rehefa tonga ny mpanjanan-tany dia nisy fanovana ny fomba fiasa tao an-dRova. Ireo olona akaiky ny mpitondra malagasy fahiny no niezahan'ny Frantsay nailika voalohany mba tsy hanelingelina azy. Ny famongorana ny fihetsiketsehan'ny [[Menalamba]] no tena tanjon'i Frantsa ka tsy nanavahana fa izay nahina dia naripaka avokoa. Voampanga ho nifampiraharaha sy nampitondra taratasy nahitana sonia JA tamin'ny Menalamba mantsy izy, saingy tsy izy velively no nanao izany. Teo anatrehan'izany dia nosamborina izy tamin'ny 24 febroary 1897. Noho ny fanelanelanan'i Pasitera Benjamin Escande tamin'ny mpitondra frantsay anefa dia tsy notsaraina hotifirina toa an'i Printsy Ramahatra sy [[Printsy Ratsimamanga|Ratsimamanga]] ary ny Governora [[Rainandriamampandry]] izy fa avy hatrany dia nalefa sesitany tany [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] any [[La Réunion]]. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona mandala ny teny malagasy == Na dia efa voadika tamin'ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] aza ny [[Baiboly]] tamin'ny 21 jona 1835 dia mbola tsapan'ny misionera fa somary nikaviavia ny dikan-teny malagasy ary tokony ho nasiam-panitsiana. Baiboly tamin'ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] no nadika teny malagasy voalohany. Taty aoriana dia [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny latina|latina]] izay tany am-piandohana mihitsy no nalaina nandikana izany tamin'ny teny malagasy. Maro ny Malagasy sy ny vahiny nandray anjara tamin'ny fanitsiana ny Baiboly saingy i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona irery no naharitra hatramin'ny farany (1873-1887). Nisy ny fanitsiana indroa nivoaka ka ny 28 oktobra 1885 ny voalohany ary 30 avrily 1887 kosa no vita ny fanitsiana faharoa. Nahefa be izy tamin'izany ary maro ny hevitra naposany tamin'ny fanitsiana ny teny malagasy tao amin'ny Baiboly. == Josefa Andrianaivoravelona nandao == Tsy nazava loatra ny antony nahafatesan'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona ny 1 aogositra 1897. Nambara mantsy ny fahalasanany tampoka. Toy izao no teniny farany ny alahady tamin'ny efatra ora maraina: "Ray ô! Raha tsy mbola vita ny asako, sitrano aho, rehefa ampy kosa izay, raiso aho ho any aminao". == Loharanon-kevitra == '''Boky''' * Andrianaivoravelona J.(1921). ''Tantaran'i Josefa Andrianaivoravelona'' (sora-tanana) * Andrianaivoravelona, j. ''Akon'ny fo,'' Antananarivo, Imprimerie Ny Antsiva-Ambanidia == Loharano == 1.https://dacb.org/stories/madagascar/andrianaivoravelona-j/ 2.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-92-1.html 3.https://www.fjkm.mg/index.php/2019/08/12/andrianaivoravelona-j 4.https://gw.geneanet.org/aviavy?lang=fr&n=andrianaivoravelona&p=joseph 5.https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/sorapiainana/page-74-1-1.html jzloj7w7d3lbsvgis929pw4uie2fn81 0 294413 1153758 1147606 2026-11-12T04:32:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 1153758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ny zon'ireo olombelona LGBT any Eswatini''' Tsy ekena ara-dalàna ny zon’ny olona LGBT ao Eswatini. Araka ny nambaran’ny vondrona iray miaro ny zon’ny LGBT ao amin’io firenena io : Tsy misy lalàna mankatoa na miaiky ny fisian’ny olona LGBT, na miaro ny zo hanana fironana ara-pananahana sy maha-izy azy tsy heterosexuelle. Noho izany, tsy afaka maneho ampahibemaso ny fironany na ny maha-izy azy ireo ny olona LGBT, noho ny tahotra ho lavina sy ho tratran’ny fanavakavahana. Voarara amin’ny [[lalàna]] ny fiarahana amin’olona mitovy fananahana ao Eswatini, na dia tsy tena ampiharina amin’ny zava-misy andavanandro aza izany lalàna izany. Araka ny Tatitra momba ny [[Zon' olombelona|Zon’olombelona]] (Human Rights Practices Report) navoakan’ny Departemantan’ny Fanjakana Amerikana tamin’ny taona 2021, tsy mbola nisy fanenjehana ara-pitsarana na fisamborana natao manoloana ny fifandraisana ara-nofo nifanaovan’ny olona mitovy fananahana amin’ny fepetra ifanarahan’izy ireo.Manoloana ny fihetsika manavakavaka, fanararaotana ary indraindray herisetra mihitsy aza. Noho izany antony izany dia maro amin’izy ireo no tsy miteny mivantana momba ny maha izy azy, miafina, na mifindra monina any Afrika Atsimo. Miatrika tahan’ny aretina VIH avo ihany koa ny olona LGBTIQ+, ary i Eswatini no manana tahan’ny fiparitahan’ny VIH avo indrindra manerantany, amin’ny 27%-n’ny [[mponina]] voan’ny aretina<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre= UNAIDS|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/swaziland|consulté le=2025-07-02}}</ref>. Na dia izany aza, malalaka kokoa ny fandeferan’ny Eswatini amin’ny resaka LGBTIQ+ raha oharina amin’ny ankamaroan’ny firenena afrikanina<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=HERE ARE THE MOST AND LOEST TOLERANT COUNTRIES|url=https://www.undispatch.com/here-are-the-most-and-least-tolerant-countries-in-africa/|consulté le=2025-07-02}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.undispatch.com/here-are-the-most-and-least-tolerant-countries-in-africa/ |date=20190605004445 }}</ref> Tamin’ny volana jona 2018 no notanterahina ny diaben’ny rehareha voalohany tao amin’ilay firenena <ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Swaziland Eswatini LGBT pride parade|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/africa/swaziland-eswatini-lgbt-pride-parade/index.html|consulté le=2025-07-02}}</ref>. ==Lalàna mikasika ny firaisana ara-nofo== Heloka bevava ny fanaovana firaisana amin’ny alalan’ny fivontosana amin’ny fivaviana (sodomie) araka ny andininy faha-252(1) ao amin’ny Lalàm-panorenan’ny Fanjakan’i Eswatini. Ity lalàna ity dia avy amin’ny fitsipika sy fotokevitra ao amin’ny [[Lalàna]] Romanina-Holandey, izay nampiharina tany [[Esoatiny|Eswatini]] nanomboka ny 22 Febroary 1907. Ireo fitsipika sy lalàna ireo dia mbola mihatra hatramin’ny 6 Septambra 1968, andro nahazoan’i Eswatini ny fahaleovantenany, ary ampiharina amin’ny anarana hoe “common law of Eswatini” (lalàna iraisana ao Eswatini)<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=CONSTITUTION SWAZILAND 2005|url=http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SZ/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SWAZILAND%202005.pdf|consulté le=2025-07-02}} {{Wayback|url=http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SZ/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SWAZILAND%202005.pdf |date=20110930082058 }}</ref>. Ny fanitsakitsahana ity lalàna ity dia mety hiteraka sazy famonoana ho faty, na sazy hafa maivana kokoa, arakaraka ny fanapahan-kevitry ny fitsarana. Hatramin’ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20, ny fitsarana any [[Afrika Atsimo]] dia nanasokajy ny sodomie ho toy ny<ref name=":0">{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=reports 2003|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/safrica/safriglhrc0303-07.htm|consulté le=2025-07-02}}</ref>: ''« unlawful and intentional sexual relations per anum between two human males. »'' ''« [[Firaisana ara-nofo]] amin’ny alalan’ny fivalanana, natao am-piheverana nefa tsy ara-dalàna, teo amin’ny lehilahy roa»'' Ity famaritana voafetra ity dia namela an-kilabao ireo karazana firaisana hafa izay nantsoina hoe ''firaisana ara-nofo mifanohitra amin’ny natiora sy voarara'', ary noheverina ho heloka mifanohitra amin’ny natiora. Tafiditra amin’izany, fara fahakeliny, ireo firaisana ara-nofo teo amin’ny [[lehilahy]] roa na dia tsy nisy fidirana amin’ny alalan’ny fivalanana aza<ref name=":0" />. Satria tsy mazava loatra ny common law momba io lafiny io, ary toa tsy nahitana firy akory ny fiheverana fa tafiditra ao anatin’izany ny fihetsika ara-nofo teo amin’ny vehivavy samy vehivavy. Tsy fantatra mazava koa raha nisy fiantraikany tamin’ny common law an’i Eswatini ireo fivoarana ara-dalàna tany Afrika Atsimo. Ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex (ILGA) dia milaza fa mitovy amin’ny famaritana an’ny any Afrika Atsimo ny famaritana ny sodomie ao amin’ilay firenena, ary heverina ho ara-dalàna ny firaisana ara-nofo ataon’ny olona mitovy fananahana <ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Statehomophobia|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611181908/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf|consulté le=2025-07-03}}</ref>. Ny hany fomba hanafoanana ny lalàna momba ny sodomie eo amin’ny firenena dia ny fandalovana amin’ny alalan’ny fitsarana. Tamin’ny volana Jona 2019, taorian’ny fanafoanana ny lalàna momba ny sodomie tao Botswana, dia nisy lahatsoratra an-gazety (éditorial) nanao antso tamin’i Eswatini mba hanao toy izany koa. Na izany aza anefa, dia notsindrian’ilay lahatsoratra fa misy fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin’ireo firenena roa i Botswana dia [[Demôkrasia|demokrasia]], raha i Eswatini kosa dia fanjakana mpanjaka tanteraka, manana tatitra ratsy momba ny [[Zon' olombelona|zon’olombelona]] ary mandrara tanteraka ny antoko politika ka vitsy dia vitsy ny vintana hisian’ny fifanakalozan-kevitra sy adihevitra momba izany <ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Botswana: Time for Swaziland to Follow Botswana's Lead and Decriminalise Gay Sex|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906130413.html|consulté le=2025-07-03}}</ref>. Tsy ampiharina amin’ny tena fiainana ny lalàna momba ny sodomie. Naverin’ny minisiteran’ny fitsarana imbetsaka fa tsy politikan’izy ireo ny manenjika olona manao firaisana ara-nofo an-tsitrapo amin’ny mitovy fananahana. Na izany aza, naneho fitsikerana ity fomba fiasa ity ny fikambanana mpiaro ny zon’ny olona LGBTIQ+, nilaza fa: ''« To us, it sounds like holding a gun and saying your policy is not to shoot »''; ''« Ho anay, toa mitovy amin’ny fitanana basy nefa milaza fa ny politikanareo dia tsy mba mitifitra »''. Ity àry ny fandikan-teny amin'ny teny malagasy: Taorian’ny fandavana ny lalàna manohitra ny sodomia tao Botswana tamin’ny volana jona 2019, dia nisy lahatsoratra navoakan’ny tranonkalam-baovao momba ny zon’olombelona Swazi Media Commentary, izay naverina navoakan’ny AllAfrica, niantso an’i Eswatini mba hanao toy izany koa. Na izany aza, nanamarika ilay lahatsoratra fa misy fahasamihafana eo amin’ireo firenena roa ireo: demôkrasia i Botswana, raha monarkia feno fahefana kosa i Eswatini, ka tsy dia ahiana loatra ny hisian’ny fiovana tahaka izany ao Eswatini. Nilaza ilay mpanoratra, Richard Rooney, fa ambany ny fenitra amin’ny resaka zon’olombelona ao Eswatini, ary voarara ny antoko politika. Vokatr’izany, heveriny fa tsy dia misy vintana loatra ny hisian’ny adihevitra sy fifanakalozan-kevitra tahaka ny tany Botswana<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=all'Africa|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906130413.html|consulté le=2025-07-05}}</ref>. Malaza ho manohitra mafy ny fanafoanana ny lalàna manohitra ny sodomia ny mpanjakan’ny fanjakana, ary voalaza fa nilaza izy fa ny fiarahana ara-nofo amin’ny mitovy fananahana dia ''satanika''<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Swaziland gouvernement reaches out to gay|url=http://www.mambaonline.com/2012/02/20/swaziland-government-reaches-out-to-gays/|consulté le=2025-07-05}}</ref>.Satria tsy maintsy manome alalana aloha ny mpanjaka vao azo ampiharina ny lalàna rehetra lany ao amin’ny parlemanta, dia heverina fa ny fitsarana no toerana mety indrindra hanafoanana ilay lalàna <ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Eswatini cite from wikipedia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_LGBT_en_Eswatini#cite_ref-beast3_17-0|consulté le=2025-07-05}}</ref>. ==Fankatoavana ny fifandraisana ara-pitiavana eo amin’ny olona mitovy fananahana== Tsy misy fankatoavana ara-dalàna ny fifandraisana amin’ny olona mitovy fananahana<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Swaziland told to légalise prostitution gay|url=http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?view=article&catid=38%3Atravel-tips&id=1742%3Aswaziland-told-to-legalise-prostitution-gay-marriage&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=18|consulté le=2025-07-11}}</ref>. ==Fananganan-janaka== Tsy mahazo manangana zaza ho an'ny tenany ny mpivady mitovy fananahana. Fa kosa, ny ray aman-dreny manangana zaza mitovy amin’ny lalàna (heterosekswela) dia afaka ho tokana,manambady na misaraka <ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=cuntry information|url=https://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=swaziland|consulté le=2025-07-11}} {{Wayback|url=https://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=swaziland |date=20130215120131 }}</ref>. ==Fiarovana amin’ny fanavakavahana== Tamin’ny taona 2012, nolavin’i Mgwagwa Gamedze, Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny tao Eswatini, ny antson’ny vondrona manokana ao amin’ny Firenena Mikambana misahana ny raharaha LGBTIQ+ mba hametrahana lalàna hiarovana ny olona LGBTIQ+<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=observer,govt to decide on gay|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/news/59355-govt-to-decide-on-gay-relationships.html|consulté le=2025-07-11}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/news/59355-govt-to-decide-on-gay-relationships.html |date=20170223104220 }}</ref>. Nilaza i Gamedze fa vitsy loatra ny olona pelaka monina ao Eswatini ka tsy mendrika hanaovana ezaka manokana izany. ==Loharano== <references /> [[Sokajy:Zon'olombelona]] gcvqm5b3azacpli437hfv0qhdeip4rn 0 295207 1153759 1150984 2026-11-12T04:49:00Z CommonsDelinker 112 Removing [[:c:File:JORDY.jpg|JORDY.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 4 November 2026. 1153759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= |anarana=Carlos Jordy |teraka= 8 Febroary 1982 |maty= |firenena={{Brazila}} |toerana= [[Niterói]] |mpiaraka= |asa=* [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Carlos Roberto Jordy Coelho de Mattos''' (teraka 8 Febroary 1982), na '''Carlos Jordy''', dia solombavambahoaka breziliana ao amin'ny fanjakan'i {{Rio de Janeiro}}. Voafidy tamin’ny taona 2018 izy. Teraka tao Niterói izy ary mpikambana ao amin'ny [[Partido Liberal|Antoko Liberaly]] (PL).<ref>[https://www.carlosjordy.com.br/biografia Offical site]</ref> == Résultats électoraux == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Année ! Élection ! Parti ! Candidat ! Votes ! % ! Résultat ! |- | 2016 | Municipale de [[Niteroi]] | | Conseiller Municipal | 2.388 | | voafidy | <ref>(pt) [https://hubpolitico.com.br/perfil/carlosjordy/eleicoes hubpolitico.com.br]</ref> |- | 2018 | [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Parti social-libéral (Brésil)|PSL]] | Député fédéral | 204.048 | | voafidy | |- | 2022 | [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Partido Liberal |PL]] | Député fédéral | 114.587 | | voafidy | |- | 2024 | Municipale de [[Niteroi]] | [[Partido Liberal|PL]] | Maire | 116.796 | | tsy voafidy (2ième) |<ref>(pt) [https://hubpolitico.com.br/perfil/carlosjordy/eleicoes hubpolitico.com.br]</ref> |} == Distinctions == * [[Sary:BRA Ordem de Rio Branco Grande Oficial BAR.svg|50x50px|BRA Ordem de Rio Branco Gra-Cruz BAR]] Grand officier de l'ordre de Rio Branco ({{Brazila}}). Anti-kominista izy ary mpiara-dia amin'ny filoha teo aloha mpandala ny nentin-drazana [[Jair Bolsonaro]]. {{commonscat}} {{CLEFDETRI:Jordy, Carlos}} [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika breziliana]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1982]] [[Sokajy:solombavambahoaka breziliana]] [[sokajy:Partido Liberal]] 6zwq0s6jvc2wk501uur2r2u6avv05pf 0 295709 1153710 1137075 2026-11-11T15:55:36Z Thelezifor 15140 Jereo koa 1153710 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Antidesma madagascariense''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Phyllanthaceae]]'', izay hita eto [[Madagasikara]], ao [[Maorisy]], ao [[La Réunion]] ary ao [[Kômôro]]. Maniry any amin' ny alan' ny toerana manana haambo antonony (ala trôpikaly mando na ala antenatenany) ny ''Antidesma madagascariense'', eo anelanelan' ny 100&nbsp;m sy 1&nbsp;600&nbsp;m, arakaraka ny toerana misy azy. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia fantatra indrindra amin' ny hoe '''baronala''', '''taindalitra''', '''varana''' na '''varona'''. Matetika izy io no hita ao amin' ny sosona faharoa amin' ny ala, any amin' ny kirihitr' ala na faritra tetezamita eo anelanelan' ny ala mikitroka sy ny faritra malalaka kokoa. Taloha izy io dia nohevarina ho anisan' ny ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'' (tao amin' ny ''Phyllanthoideae''). == Ovan-karazana == Misy ovan-karazana roa ny ''Antidesma madagascariense'': * ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''hildebrandtii'' (← ''Antidesma hildebrandtii'' <small>Pax & K.Hoffm</small>) -- varona, varonala * ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''madagascariense'' (← ''Antidesma petiolare'' <small>Tul.</small>, ''Antidesma petiolare'' var. ''brachyscyphum'' <small>(Baker) Leandri</small>) -- hoditrovy, menavony, mizorotany, taindalitra, tambavy, varodalitra, voafony, voalongo, voamoroma, voantaindalitra, voarona, vofona, vona, voromorona == Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy == Indreto ny anarana ahafantarana ny ''Antidesma madagascariense'' sy ny ovan-karazany amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]: '''baronala''', '''hazondrano''', '''hoditrovivavy''', '''hoditrovy''', '''menavony''', '''mizorotany''', '''taindalitra''', '''varana''', '''varodalitra''', '''varona''', '''varonala''', '''voafony''', '''voalongo''', '''voamoroma''', '''voantaindalitra''', '''voarona''', '''vofona''', '''vona''', '''voromorona'''. == Fampiasana == Ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] ny ravin' ny ''Antidesma madagascariense'' notanehina: * ampiasaina amin' ny fitantanana ny [[glisemia]] ho an' ny olona voan' ny [[diabeta]] (indraindray ampiarahina amin' ny hodiny); * itsaboana ny [[fivalanan-dra]]; * itsaboana ny [[albiminina]] ao amin' ny [[amany]]; * itsaboana ny [[angorosy]] (ampiarahina amin' ny ravin-javamaniry hafa toy ny voafotsy (''[[Aphloia theiformis]]'') na ny roindambo (''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' na ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]''); * ampihenana ny [[fanaviana]]; * itsaboana ny hoditra misy areti-mihanaka (miaraka amin' ny hodiny, iandroana na apetaka); * itsaboana ny [[rohana]] sy ny fanaintainan' ny vatana (miaraka amin' ny hodiny). == Jereo koa == * ''[[Antidesma]]'' * [[Raokandro]] * [[Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] * [[Taindalitra (zavamaniry)|Taindalitra]]''':''' ''[[Setaria pallide-fusca]]'' <small>(Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.</small> (''[[Poaceae]]''); ''[[Antidesma petiolare]]'' <small>Tul.</small>; ''Antidesma madagascariense'' <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]'') * [[Varona]]: ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''hildebrandtii'' (← ''Antidesma hildebrandtii'' <small>Pax & K.Hoffm</small>) (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''Antidesma madagascariense'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Phyllanthaceae''); ''[[Timonius flavescens]]'' <small>(Jack.) Baker</small> (''[[Rubiaceae]]''); ''[[Cordia majungensis]]'' <small>Capuron Ined.</small> (''[[Boraginaceae]]'') * [[Varonala]]: ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''hildebrandtii'' (← ''Antidesma hildebrandtii'' <small>Pax & K.Hoffm</small>) (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''[[Cordia mairei]]'' <small>Humbert</small>; ''[[Cordia varo]]'' <small>Capuron Ined.</small> (''[[Boraginaceae]]'') * [[Hoditrovy]]: ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''madagascariense'' (← ''Antidesma petiolare'' <small>Tul.</small>, ''Antidesma petiolare'' var. ''brachyscyphum'' <small>(Baker) Leandri</small>) (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''[[Erythroxylum corymbosum]]'' <small>Boivin ex Baill.</small>(''[[Erythxylaceae]]''); ''[[Micronychia tsiramiramy]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small> var. ''oblongifolia'' <small>Capuron ined.</small> (''[[Anacardiaceae]]'') * [[Menavony]]: ''[[Acmella oleracea]]'' <small>(L.) R.K.Jansen</small> (←''Spilanthes acmella'' <small>(L.) L.</small>) (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Antidesma petiolatum]]'' ''<small>Airy Shaw</small>'' (← ''[[Antidesma petiolare]]'') (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''[[Lipotriche scandens]]'' <small>(Schum.) Orchard</small> (← ''Melanthera madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Paracarphalea kirondron]]'' <small>(Baill.) Razafim., Ferm, B.Bremer & Kårehed</small> (←''[[Carphalea kirondron]]'' <small>Baill</small>.) (''[[Rubiaceae]]''); ''[[Razafimandimbisonia humblotii]]'' <small>(Drake) Kainul. & B.Bremer</small> (← ''Alberta humblotii'') (''[[Rubiaceae]]'') * [[Tambavy (zavamaniry)]]: ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''madagascariense'' (← ''Antidesma petiolare'' <small>Tul.</small>, ''Antidesma petiolare'' var. ''brachyscyphum'' <small>(Baker) Leandri</small>) (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''[[Euphorbia hirta]]'' L. (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''). * [[Voarona]]: ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''madagascariense'' (← ''Antidesma petiolare'' <small>Tul.</small>, ''Antidesma petiolare'' var. ''brachyscyphum'' <small>(Baker) Leandri</small>) (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''[[Heritiera littoralis]]'' <small>Aiton</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''). * [[Tavaratra (zavamaniry)]]: ''Antidesma madagascariense'' var. ''madagascariense'' (← ''Antidesma petiolare'' <small>Tul.</small>, ''Antidesma petiolare'' var. ''brachyscyphum'' <small>(Baker) Leandri</small>) (''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''); ''[[Beilschmiedia madagascariensis]]'' <small>(Baill. ) Kosterm.</small> (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum arenarium]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum macrocalycinum]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Potameia chartacea]]'' <small>Kosterm</small>.; ''[[Potameia crassifolia]]'' <small>Kosterm</small>.; ''[[Potameia incisa]]'' <small>Kosterm</small>.; ''[[Potameia reticulata]]'' <small>Kosterm</small>.; ''[[Potameia rubra]]'' <small>Kosterm</small>. (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Ravensara perrieri]]'' <small>Dubard & Dop</small> (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Rhodolaena bakeriana]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (''[[Sarcolaenaceae]]'') 6qgytng120imdj7tl3z5y06ewwo19lv 0 296952 1153725 1153636 2026-11-11T18:14:47Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153725 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roibe''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]): * ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsy, voaroibe * ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''Malvaceae'') -- kiniavandy, rabe, roibe, roibelahy, roibevavy, roilo, tsotsona == Jereo koa == * ''[[Hibiscus]]'' * ''[[Sabdarifa]]'' et6yqtiswmtos3097gwmshhxv92n3aq 0 297825 1153767 1129853 2026-11-12T07:01:11Z Kent Wang 41272 Main facade of Sé Velha de Coimbra 51.jpg 1153767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|40|21|N|08|26|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Coimbra |velarantany =319.4 |faritany = |isam-ponina = 140.769 |firenena = {{Portogaly}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Main facade of Sé Velha de Coimbra 51.jpg |saina= Flag Coimbra.gif }} [[File:LocalCoimbra.svg|thumb|left|Coimbra]] '''Coimbra''' dia tanàna [[Portogaly|portogey]] ary renivohitry ny faritr'i Coimbra ary ny faritra Coimbra, ao amin'ny distrikan'i Coimbra. Io no sezan'ny kaominina Coimbra, izay manana velarantany 319.4 km2, 140.796 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Portogaly]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Portogaly]] fj5m7ybhauqsc1zmmwpavn1txivg8jp 0 297881 1153796 1153506 2026-11-12T10:46:10Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153796 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Carissa spinarum near Hyderabad W IMG 7615.jpg|vignette|400x400px|''Carissa spinarum'']] Ny '''''Carissa spinarum''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' izay teratany aty [[Afrika trôpikaly]] fa hita koa [[Azia trôpikaly]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any amin' ny sasany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]], indrindra fa any [[La Réunion]] izay manao azy ho zavamaniry arovana. [[Hazobotry]] misy [[tsilo]] izy io. Izy io dia maniry amin' ny toerana amorontsiraka somary maina izay miparitaka be aty Afrika. Any [[Kamerona]] dia hita any amin' ny hivoka sodaniana sy gineana izy io, ary koa any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka akaikin' ny ala manintsan-dravina. Anisan' ny anarana ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Carissa edulis'' sy ''Carissa pubescens''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''taolana''' na '''voakandrina'''. Hazobotry maro rantsana, maitso lalandava, be tsilo, 0,5 ka hatramin' ny 5 m ny haavony. Mamoaka lateksa fotsy mandronono tsy misy poizina ny taova rehetra amin' ilay zavamaniry. Maitso manjelanjelatra ny raviny, mifanohitra, mibikana atody na lela lefona ary 1–5 sm ny halavany. Mitondra tsilo 1 hatramin' ny 3 sm ny sampany. Manana sakany manodidina ny 1 sm ny voniny fotsy miendrika kintana. Maitso miendrika atody ny voany raha mbola manta, manana halava 1 hatramin' ny 2 sm, izay mivadika ho mainty na volomparasy antitra rehefa masaka. Mamorona fandrakofana matevina azo ampiasaina ho fefy velona izy io. == Famariparitana == === Ravina === [[Sary:Carissa ovata leaves.jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' mibikana atody]] Araka ny filazalazana bôtanika mahazatra, ny ravin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' dia tsotra, mifanohitra, misy lelany salavalava toa lela lefna na mibikan' atody manana halava ary 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm, ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia manana tangozany fohy. Izy ireo dia somary henjana, tsy misy volovolo sy manjelanjelatra, ary maitso antitra ny lokony, miaraka amin' ny kirany toa volom-borona tsy dia misongadina firy. Feno ny sisiny fa tsy misy mitapatapaka, ny tendrony dia boribory na somary maranitra kely. Ireo toetran-dravina ireo dia heverina fa mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina. === Voniny === [[Sary:Carissa edulis HabitusFlowers BotGard0906b.jpg|vignette|313x313px|''Carissa spinarum'' mamony]] Fotsy na fotsy mavokely, indraindray somary mavokely rehefa antitra, sady lahy no vavy, ary tena manitra ny vonin' ny ''Carissa spinarum''. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mivondrona ao amin' ny vondrom-bony lavalava mipoitra avy eo am-poto-dravina na eny an-tendrom-rantsana izy ireo. Manana vondron-dravimbony fohy misy sofiny dimy sy vondrom-pelambony miendrika fantsona miafara amin' ny felam-bony dimy matetika miolakolaka ho lasa bokotra ny voniny (toetra mampiavaka ny fianakaviana ''Apocynaceae''). Mipoitra ao anatin' ny vondrom-pelambony ny lahimbony dimy, ary ny vavimbony dia mipetraka eo ambony, izay lasa voa misy nofony malemy aty aoriana. Ny famony dia matetika mifandray amin' ny famindrana vovobony ataon' ny bibikely, indrindra ny bibikely mandeha amin' ny alina voasinton' ny hanitra. === Voa === [[Sary:Carissa spinosa vaaka Kambhalakonda Visakhapatnam.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'']] [[Sary:Carissa ovata fruit.jpg|vignette|220x220px|Voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'']] Nofosana, boribory na miendrika atody ny voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum''. Maitso izy ireo raha mbola manta, avy eo mivadika mena na volomparasy antitra, na volomparasy manopy mainty mihitsy aza, rehefa masaka. Mamy na somary makirana kely, ary misy vihim-voa vitsivitsy (2 hatramin' ny 4) ny nofony, izay be ranony, amin' ny ankapobeny. Azo hanina, na hanina eo no ho eo na voahodina ny voany, ary manana anjara toerana ara-tontolo iainana noho ny fiparitahan' ny amin' ny alalan' ny biby mihinana azy, indrindra fa ny vorona sy ny biby mampinono. == Fampiasa == Misy mampiasa ho fefy velona ny ''Carissa edulis''. Loharano fakan' ny tantely mamim-bony ity zavamaniry ity. Azo atao haingon-tanàna koa izy io. Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafom-biby sy amin' ny fitsaboana any [[Afrika Afovoany]] sy [[Afrika Andrefana]] izy io. Ny voany azo hanina dia ampiasaina hanamboarana kaonfitiora sy vinaingitra. Izy io dia ampiasaina hampivoahana ny kankana an-tsinay na anaty vavony ao amin' ny olombelona na ao amn' ny biby, ampiasaina koa amin' ny fitsaboana ny [[tazomoka]], hiadiana amin' ny fahasimban' ny nify, ny fivontosan' ny atoditarimo, ny aretim-bavony, ny [[sohika]], ny aretin' ny taovam-pananahana ary ny tsy fahafahana manao firaisana ara-nofo, ary koa amin' ny fanamboarana toaka sy zenevra (zavapisotro misy alikôla). == Anarana == === Arana ara-tsiansa === Ity lisitra manaraka ity dia manome ny anarana izay nametrahana ny ''Carissa spinarum'' tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Carissa]]''. Ankoatra izany, dia nomena anarana isan-karazany koa izy io, tao amin' ny ''Antura'' sy ''Arduina'' (samy anarana iantsoana ny ''Carissa'' ankehitriny), ary koa ''[[Azima]]'', ''[[Cabucala]]'', ''[[Chapelieria]]'', ''[[Damnacanthus]]'', ''[[Strychnos]]'', ''[[Carandas]]'', ary ''[[Jasminonerium]]''. ==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Antura'' ==== * ''Antura edulis'' <small>Forssk.</small> * ''Antura hadiensis'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small> ==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Arduina'' ==== * ''Arduina brownii'' <small>K.Schum.</small> * ''Arduina campenonii'' <small>Drake</small> * ''Arduina edulis'' <small>(Forssk.) Spreng.</small> * ''Arduina inermis'' <small>(Vahl) K.Schum.</small> * ''Arduina laxiflora'' <small>(Benth.) K.Schum.</small> * ''Arduina xylopicron'' <small>(Thouars) Baill.</small> ==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Azima'' ==== * ''Azima pubescens'' <small>Suess.</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Cabucala'' ==== * ''Cabucala brachyantha'' <small>Pichon</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Carandas'' ==== * ''Carandas edulis'' <small>(Forssk.) Hiern</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Carissa'' ==== * ''Carissa abyssinica'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa africana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Carissa axillaris'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Carissa brownii'' <small>F.Muell.</small> * ''Carissa campenonii'' <small>(Drake) Palacky</small> * ''Carissa candolleana'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> * ''Carissa carandas'' var. ''congesta'' <small>(Wight) Bedd.</small> * ''Carissa carandas'' var. ''paucinervia'' <small>(A.DC.) Bedd.</small> * ''Carissa cochinchinensis'' <small>Pierre ex Pit.</small> * ''Carissa comorensis'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small> * ''Carissa congesta'' <small>Wight</small> * ''Carissa coriacea'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Carissa cornifolia'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> * ''Carissa dalzellii'' <small>Bedd.</small> * ''Carissa densiflora'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Carissa diffusa'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Carissa dulcis'' <small>Schumach. & Thonn.</small> * ''Carissa edulis'' <small>(Forssk.) Vahl</small> * ''Carissa hirsuta'' <small>Roth</small> * ''Carissa horrida'' <small>Pichon</small> * ''Carissa inermis'' <small>Vahl</small> * ''Carissa lanceolata'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa laxiflora'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''Carissa macrophylla'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Carissa madagascariensis'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> * ''Carissa obovata'' <small>Markgr.</small> * ''Carissa oleoides'' <small>Markgr.</small> * ''Carissa ovata'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa paucinervia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Carissa pilosa'' <small>Schinz</small> * ''Carissa pubescens'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Carissa revoluta'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small> * ''Carissa richardiana'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> * ''Carissa scabra'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa sechellensis'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Carissa septentrionalis'' * ''Carissa suavissima'' <small>Bedd. ex Hook.f.</small> * ''Carissa tomentosa'' <small>A.Rich.</small> * ''Carissa villosa'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Carissa xylopicron'' <small>Thouars</small> * ''Carissa yunnanensis'' <small>Tsiang & P.T.Li</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Damnacanthus'' ==== * ''Damnacanthus esquirolii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Jasminonerium'' ==== * ''Jasminonerium densiflorum'' <small>(Baker) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium edule'' <small>(Forssk.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium inerme'' <small>(Vahl) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium laxiflorum'' <small>(Benth.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium madagascariense'' <small>(Thouars) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium ovatum'' <small>(R.Br.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium pubescens'' <small>(A.DC.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium sechellense'' <small>(Baker) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium tomentosum'' <small>(A.Rich.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium xylopicron'' <small>(Thouars) Kuntze</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Roy (zavamaniry)|Roy]] * ''[[Carissa]]'' * ''[[Azima]]'' * ''[[Cabucala]]'' * ''[[Chapelieria]]'' * ''[[Carandas]]'' * ''[[Damnacanthus]]'' * ''[[Strychnos]]'' * ''[[Jasminonerium]]'' * [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''Carissa spinarum'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' <small>Bojer ex Dunal</small> (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') * [[Fantsikakolahy]] * [[Fantsinakoho]] * [[Fatsinakoho]] * [[Fatsitokoho]] * [[Fantsy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Mokotrala]] * [[Roifantaka]] * [[Tambonana]] * [[Velivato]] * [[Voakandrina]] 99ytnzq2otzgr7uvrb3jkijad1c6iav 1153800 1153796 2026-11-12T11:12:39Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Carissa spinarum near Hyderabad W IMG 7615.jpg|vignette|400x400px|''Carissa spinarum'']] Ny '''''Carissa spinarum''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' izay teratany aty [[Afrika trôpikaly]] fa hita koa [[Azia trôpikaly]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any amin' ny sasany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]], indrindra fa any [[La Réunion]] izay manao azy ho zavamaniry arovana. [[Hazobotry]] misy [[tsilo]] izy io. Izy io dia maniry amin' ny toerana amorontsiraka somary maina izay miparitaka be aty Afrika. Any [[Kamerona]] dia hita any amin' ny hivoka sodaniana sy gineana izy io, ary koa any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka akaikin' ny ala manintsan-dravina. Anisan' ny anarana ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Carissa edulis'' sy ''Carissa pubescens'' ary ''Carissa madagascariensis''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fantsikahitra''', '''fantsikakolahy''', '''fantsikala''', '''fantsimbala''', '''fantsinakoholahy''', '''fantsy''', '''fatsitokoho''', '''fatsobala''', '''fatsy''', '''hazolahy''', '''hazomiarotena''', '''hendratra''', '''marofatika''', '''mokotrala''', '''monty''', '''orifataka''', '''taolana''', '''tsirimboalavo''', '''velivato''', ary '''voakandrina'''. Hazobotry maro rantsana, maitso lalandava, be tsilo, 0,5 ka hatramin' ny 5 m ny haavony. Mamoaka lateksa fotsy mandronono tsy misy poizina ny taova rehetra amin' ilay zavamaniry. Maitso manjelanjelatra ny raviny, mifanohitra, mibikana atody na lela lefona ary 1–5 sm ny halavany. Mitondra tsilo 1 hatramin' ny 3 sm ny sampany. Manana sakany manodidina ny 1 sm ny voniny fotsy miendrika kintana. Maitso miendrika atody ny voany raha mbola manta, manana halava 1 hatramin' ny 2 sm, izay mivadika ho mainty na volomparasy antitra rehefa masaka. Mamorona fandrakofana matevina azo ampiasaina ho fefy velona izy io. == Famariparitana == === Ravina === [[Sary:Carissa ovata leaves.jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' mibikana atody]] Araka ny filazalazana bôtanika mahazatra, ny ravin' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' dia tsotra, mifanohitra, misy lelany salavalava toa lela lefna na mibikan' atody manana halava ary 1 hatramin' ny 5 sm, ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia manana tangozany fohy. Izy ireo dia somary henjana, tsy misy volovolo sy manjelanjelatra, ary maitso antitra ny lokony, miaraka amin' ny kirany toa volom-borona tsy dia misongadina firy. Feno ny sisiny fa tsy misy mitapatapaka, ny tendrony dia boribory na somary maranitra kely. Ireo toetran-dravina ireo dia heverina fa mifanaraka amin' ny tontolo maina. === Voniny === [[Sary:Carissa edulis HabitusFlowers BotGard0906b.jpg|vignette|313x313px|''Carissa spinarum'' mamony]] Fotsy na fotsy mavokely, indraindray somary mavokely rehefa antitra, sady lahy no vavy, ary tena manitra ny vonin' ny ''Carissa spinarum''. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mivondrona ao amin' ny vondrom-bony lavalava mipoitra avy eo am-poto-dravina na eny an-tendrom-rantsana izy ireo. Manana vondron-dravimbony fohy misy sofiny dimy sy vondrom-pelambony miendrika fantsona miafara amin' ny felam-bony dimy matetika miolakolaka ho lasa bokotra ny voniny (toetra mampiavaka ny fianakaviana ''Apocynaceae''). Mipoitra ao anatin' ny vondrom-pelambony ny lahimbony dimy, ary ny vavimbony dia mipetraka eo ambony, izay lasa voa misy nofony malemy aty aoriana. Ny famony dia matetika mifandray amin' ny famindrana vovobony ataon' ny bibikely, indrindra ny bibikely mandeha amin' ny alina voasinton' ny hanitra. === Voa === [[Sary:Carissa spinosa vaaka Kambhalakonda Visakhapatnam.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'']] [[Sary:Carissa ovata fruit.jpg|vignette|220x220px|Voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum'']] Nofosana, boribory na miendrika atody ny voan' ny ''Carissa spinarum''. Maitso izy ireo raha mbola manta, avy eo mivadika mena na volomparasy antitra, na volomparasy manopy mainty mihitsy aza, rehefa masaka. Mamy na somary makirana kely, ary misy vihim-voa vitsivitsy (2 hatramin' ny 4) ny nofony, izay be ranony, amin' ny ankapobeny. Azo hanina, na hanina eo no ho eo na voahodina ny voany, ary manana anjara toerana ara-tontolo iainana noho ny fiparitahan' ny amin' ny alalan' ny biby mihinana azy, indrindra fa ny vorona sy ny biby mampinono. == Fampiasa == Misy mampiasa ho fefy velona ny ''Carissa edulis''. Loharano fakan' ny tantely mamim-bony ity zavamaniry ity. Azo atao haingon-tanàna koa izy io. Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafom-biby sy amin' ny fitsaboana any [[Afrika Afovoany]] sy [[Afrika Andrefana]] izy io. Ny voany azo hanina dia ampiasaina hanamboarana kaonfitiora sy vinaingitra. Izy io dia ampiasaina hampivoahana ny kankana an-tsinay na anaty vavony ao amin' ny olombelona na ao amn' ny biby, ampiasaina koa amin' ny fitsaboana ny [[tazomoka]], hiadiana amin' ny fahasimban' ny nify, ny fivontosan' ny atoditarimo, ny aretim-bavony, ny [[sohika]], ny aretin' ny taovam-pananahana ary ny tsy fahafahana manao firaisana ara-nofo, ary koa amin' ny fanamboarana toaka sy zenevra (zavapisotro misy alikôla). == Anarana == === Arana ara-tsiansa === Ity lisitra manaraka ity dia manome ny anarana izay nametrahana ny ''Carissa spinarum'' tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Carissa]]''. Ankoatra izany, dia nomena anarana isan-karazany koa izy io, tao amin' ny ''Antura'' sy ''Arduina'' (samy anarana iantsoana ny ''Carissa'' ankehitriny), ary koa ''[[Azima]]'', ''[[Cabucala]]'', ''[[Chapelieria]]'', ''[[Damnacanthus]]'', ''[[Strychnos]]'', ''[[Carandas]]'', ary ''[[Jasminonerium]]''. ==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Antura'' ==== * ''Antura edulis'' <small>Forssk.</small> * ''Antura hadiensis'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small> ==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Arduina'' ==== * ''Arduina brownii'' <small>K.Schum.</small> * ''Arduina campenonii'' <small>Drake</small> * ''Arduina edulis'' <small>(Forssk.) Spreng.</small> * ''Arduina inermis'' <small>(Vahl) K.Schum.</small> * ''Arduina laxiflora'' <small>(Benth.) K.Schum.</small> * ''Arduina xylopicron'' <small>(Thouars) Baill.</small> ==== Anarana ao amin' ny ''Azima'' ==== * ''Azima pubescens'' <small>Suess.</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Cabucala'' ==== * ''Cabucala brachyantha'' <small>Pichon</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Carandas'' ==== * ''Carandas edulis'' <small>(Forssk.) Hiern</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Carissa'' ==== * ''Carissa abyssinica'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa africana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Carissa axillaris'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Carissa brownii'' <small>F.Muell.</small> * ''Carissa campenonii'' <small>(Drake) Palacky</small> * ''Carissa candolleana'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> * ''Carissa carandas'' var. ''congesta'' <small>(Wight) Bedd.</small> * ''Carissa carandas'' var. ''paucinervia'' <small>(A.DC.) Bedd.</small> * ''Carissa cochinchinensis'' <small>Pierre ex Pit.</small> * ''Carissa comorensis'' <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small> * ''Carissa congesta'' <small>Wight</small> * ''Carissa coriacea'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Carissa cornifolia'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> * ''Carissa dalzellii'' <small>Bedd.</small> * ''Carissa densiflora'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Carissa diffusa'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Carissa dulcis'' <small>Schumach. & Thonn.</small> * ''Carissa edulis'' <small>(Forssk.) Vahl</small> * ''Carissa hirsuta'' <small>Roth</small> * ''Carissa horrida'' <small>Pichon</small> * ''Carissa inermis'' <small>Vahl</small> * ''Carissa lanceolata'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa laxiflora'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''Carissa macrophylla'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Carissa madagascariensis'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> * ''Carissa obovata'' <small>Markgr.</small> * ''Carissa oleoides'' <small>Markgr.</small> * ''Carissa ovata'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa paucinervia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Carissa pilosa'' <small>Schinz</small> * ''Carissa pubescens'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Carissa revoluta'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small> * ''Carissa richardiana'' <small>Jaub. & Spach</small> * ''Carissa scabra'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Carissa sechellensis'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Carissa septentrionalis'' * ''Carissa suavissima'' <small>Bedd. ex Hook.f.</small> * ''Carissa tomentosa'' <small>A.Rich.</small> * ''Carissa villosa'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Carissa xylopicron'' <small>Thouars</small> * ''Carissa yunnanensis'' <small>Tsiang & P.T.Li</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Damnacanthus'' ==== * ''Damnacanthus esquirolii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> ==== ''Anarana ao amin' ny Jasminonerium'' ==== * ''Jasminonerium densiflorum'' <small>(Baker) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium edule'' <small>(Forssk.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium inerme'' <small>(Vahl) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium laxiflorum'' <small>(Benth.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium madagascariense'' <small>(Thouars) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium ovatum'' <small>(R.Br.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium pubescens'' <small>(A.DC.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium sechellense'' <small>(Baker) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium tomentosum'' <small>(A.Rich.) Kuntze</small> * ''Jasminonerium xylopicron'' <small>(Thouars) Kuntze</small> == Jereo koa == * Vondron-karazana nametrahana ny ''Carissa spinarum'' teo aloha: ** ''[[Carissa]]'' ** ''[[Azima]]'' ** ''[[Cabucala]]'' ** ''[[Chapelieria]]'' ** ''[[Carandas]]'' ** ''[[Damnacanthus]]'' ** ''[[Strychnos]]'' ** ''[[Jasminonerium]]'' * Anarana malagasy itovian' ny ''Carissa spinarum'' amin' ny zavamaniry hafa: ** [[Fantsikahitra]] ** [[Fantsikakolahy]] ** [[Fantsikala]] ** [[Fantsinakoho]] ** [[Fatsinakoho]] ** [[Fantsinakoholahy]] ** [[Fatsitokoho]] ** [[Fantsy (zavamaniry)]] ** [[Hazolahy (zavamaniry)]] ** [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''Carissa spinarum'' <small>L.</small> (← ''Carissa madagascariensis'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' <small>Bojer ex Dunal</small> (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Rutaceae]]'') ** [[Hendratra (zavamaniry)]] ** [[Marofatika (zavamaniry)]] ** [[Mokotrala]] ** [[Monty (zavamaniry)]] ** [[Roifantaka]] ** [[Tambonana]] ** [[Tsirimboalavo]] ** [[Velivato]] ** [[Voakandrina]] lc8zktwp4vweovy0xc7pfpfd210srix 0 299399 1153693 1141549 2026-11-11T13:53:46Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitatra votoatiny 1153693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Caesalpinia bonduc flowers W IMG 6707.jpg|vignette|294x294px|Vonin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] Ny '''''Caesalpinia bonduc''''' dia karazana [[hazobotry]] mianika be tsilo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Caesalpinioideae]]'', any amin' ny faritra mafana. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fananomahery''', '''katra''', '''tsiafakomby''', na '''vatolalaka'''. Malaza ho zavamaniry fanao fanafody nentim-paharazana izy io, indrindra fa ny [[Ayurveda]], amin' ny fampiasana ny vihim-boany mafy, volondavenona, toa maso. ''Caesalpinia bonduc'' <small>(L.)Roxb.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. == Anarana hafa == Indreto koa ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa mbola ahafantarana ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'': * ''Caesalpinia gemina'' <small>Lour.</small> * ''Caesalpinia sogerensis'' <small>Baker f.</small> * ''Caesalpinia minus'' <small>Medik.</small> * ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>L.</small> * ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.)Fleming</small> * ''Caesalpinia grisebachiana'' <small>Kuntze</small> * ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.)Fleming</small> * ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>sensu auct.</small> * ''Caesalpinia cristata'' <small>Prowazek</small> == Famariparitana == [[Sary:Starr 080610-9543 Caesalpinia bonduc.jpg|vignette|278x278px|Ravina sy rantsan' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] Hazobotry manana rantsana lava miendrika vahy sy mianika na mandady ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc''. Raha misy tohana ifaharany dia mety hahatratra 5 ka hatramin' ny 6 m eo ho eo ny haavony. Miparitaka eo anivon' ny zavamaniry manodidina azy ny rantsany, ka indraindray mamorona kirihitra matevina sy mikitroka izay tsy azo idirana. Boribory toy ny varingarina ny tahony, misy rantsana maro izay matetika rakotra volo madinika rehefa mbola tanora. Rakotra tsilo mafy be izy ireo, mety ho mahitsy na miolaka ireo tsilo ireo, ary samy hafa habe, ka ireo tsilo ireo no tena mampiavaka ity zavamaniry ity. === Ravina === [[Sary:Caesalpinia bonduc leaves 1.jpg|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|Ravin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']]Mifandimby ny fipetraky ny ravin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'', izay fitambarana zana-dravina izay manao ambarato roa, izany hoe mizara ho sampana faharoa maromaro mivady, izay misy ravina kely eo aminy indray. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia 25 ka hatramin' ny 60 sm ny halavany, ary mety ho lava kokoa noho izany aza indraindray. Misy tsilo maro, izay matetika miolaka mankany aoriana, ny tangozan-dravina sy ny tahon-dravina lehibe. Matetika rakotra volo madinika ny lafin-dravina, indrindra rehefa mbola kely nefa mety ho lasa saika tsy misy volo intsony izy ireo rehefa mihalehibe. === Vony === [[Sary:Caesalpinia bonduc inflo.jpg|vignette|208x208px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] [[Sary:Caesalpinia bonduc - Fever Nut - Guilandina bonducella - Guilandina bonduc- grey nicker - nicker bean - knicker nut at Peravoor 2019 (6).jpg|ankavia|vignette|288x288px|Vonin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] Mivondrona ho sampaho ny vonin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'', matetika eo amin' ny tendron-drantsana na eo ampototry ny tangozan-dravina, ary indraindray misy sampany. Mety hahatratra hatramin' ny 35 sm ny halavan' izany. Kely somary madinika ny voniny izay maro dia maro, ary mifanakaiky tsara eo amin' ny tahon' ilay vondrom-bony. [[Sary:Caesalpinia bonduc - Fever Nut - Guilandina bonducella - Guilandina bonduc- grey nicker - nicker bean - knicker nut at Peravoor 2019 (35).jpg|vignette|269x269px|Vonin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] Ahitana [[ravimbony]] dimy, izay matetika misy volo sady miloko volontany, na eo amin' ny lafiny anatiny na eo amin' ny lafiny ivelany, ny [[vondron-dravimbony]]. Ahitana [[felambony]] dimy misaraka, miloko mavo na mavo manopy maitso, izay matetika manana halava mirefy 8 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny [[vondrom-pelambony]]. Ahitana [[lahimbony]] folo misaraka sady somary fohy ny taovam-panananahana lahy. Ahitana fihary atodinaina iray eo ambonin' ny faritra hafa amin' ny vony, sady rakotra volo henjana ny taovam-panananahana vavy. Endri-javatra iray mahaliana ny mety ho tsy fanan' ny vony iray afa-tsy taovam-pananahana lahy na vavy fotsiny: hita eo amin' ny vondrom-bony misaraka ny vony lahy sy ny vony vavy. === Voa === [[Sary:Aɖiku - caesalpinia bonduc.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Ravina sy voa antan' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] [[Pepa]] mafy toy ny nofon-kazo sady henjana sy mivohitra ary matetika lavalava miendrika atody na boribory lavalava ny voan' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc''. Rehefa matoy izy dia manana halava mirefy 4,5 hatramin' ny 8 sm eo ho eo, sy sakany 3,5 hatramin' ny 5,3 sm.[[Sary:Caesalpinia bonduc fruit W IMG 6698.jpg|vignette|207x207px|Pepan' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']]Rakotra tsilo maranitra sy mafy, izay mety hahatratra 9 mm eo ho eo, ny ivelany. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mahitsy ireo tsilo ireo ka mahatonga ny voa ho mora fantarina. Mivadika ho volontany ny voany rehefa matoy. Misokatra tara izy io rehefa maina mba hivoahan' ny vihim-boa. === Vihim-boa === [[Sary:Cayos pict089.jpg|vignette|207x207px|Pepa misokatra sy vihim-boan' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc''|ankavia]] [[Sary:Cayos pict088.jpg|vignette|207x207px|Pepa misokatra sy vihim-boan' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']]Matetika ahitana [[vihim-boa]] iray na roa, ary indraindray mety hahatratra hatramin' ny telo ny voa tsirairay eny amin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc''. Saika boribory na somary miendrika atody ny voany, sady somary lehibe, manana savaivo 1,5 ka hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo, izay tena mafy. Volondavenona na volondavenona manopy manga toa firaka na volondavenona somary maitso ny lokony, sady misy hodiny matevina sy mafy. == Faritra sy toerana ahitana azy == [[Sary:Starr-090623-1649-Caesalpinia bonduc-habit-Kaeleku-Maui (24967058525).jpg|vignette|Toerana rakotry ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] Any amin' ny morontsiraka sy akaiky morontsiraka amin' ny faritra trôpikaly ([[Afrika]], [[Azia]], [[Ôseania]]) no tena ahitana ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc''. Afaka mitsingevana ela ao anaty ranomasina ny vihim-boany nefa mbola afaka maniry ihany. == Fampiasana == [[Sary:Starr 080610-8398 Caesalpinia bonduc.jpg|ankavia|vignette|276x276px|Rantsana sy ravin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'']] Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ny faritra rehetra amin' ny ''Caesalpinia bonduc'' (fakany, hodiny, raviny, vihim-boany). Itsaboana ny tazo sy ny tazomoka izy. Ampiasaina koa ho an' ny fahasalaman' ny vehivavy: ao amin' ny fitsaboana [[Ayurveda]] dia ampiasaina ity zavamaniry ity mba hifehezana ny tsingerin' ny [[fadimbolana]] sy hanamaivanana ny aretin' ny [[fihary atodinaina]] misy kista ([[:fr:Syndrome_des_ovaires_polykystiques_(SOPK)|SOPK]]). Itsaboana ny aretin' ny [[fandevonan-kanina]] sy fanaintainana ary ny mamaivay koa izy io sady manala kankana an-tsinay. Eo am-pandinihana ny toetra izay afaka miady amin' ny [[diabeta]] sy amin' ny oksida ary amin' ny fivontosana mihitsy aza. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' * [[Katra (zavamaniry)]]: ''Caesalpinia bonduc'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''), ''[[Capparis spinosa]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Capparaceae]]'') * [[Tsiafakomby]]: ''Caesalpinia bonduc'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>); ''[[Caesalpinia hildebrandtii]]'' (<small>Vatke)Baill.</small> (← ''Mezoneurum hildebrandtii'' <small>Vatke Ined.</small>); ''[[Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small>) ok08vga8f83p17bm6793jb6yd15giuz 0 299401 1153696 1136987 2026-11-11T13:55:10Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1153696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Cayos pict089.jpg|vignette|330x330px|Katra (''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'')]] Ny teny malagasy hoe '''katra''' dia manana heviny maro: [[lalao]], [[zavamaneno]], [[Kojakoja an-dakozia|kojakojan-dakozia]], [[zavamaniry]], anisan' izany ireto: * Katra: karazan-daolao fanaon' ny vehivavy sy ny ankizy: misy lavaka boribory maromaro laha-droa mifanitsy, ka vato roa isan-davaka no atao aminy; afindra zaraina amin' ny lavaka tsirairay ireo ka misy fotoana ahazoan' ny mpilalao ny vaton' ny an-kilany mifanitsy amin' ny azy; izay mahatapitra ny vaton' ny anankiray aloha araka izany no mandresy<ref name=":0"><small>[[Régis Rajemisa Raolison|Rajemisa-Raolison Régis]], ''Rakibolana malagasy'', 1985</small></ref>. * Katra: korintsana vita amin' ny kapoaka na hoditra avy amin' ny tongotr' omby ka nasiana vato kely na voan-javatra madinika; fampiasa eo amin' ny dihy ny katra miaraka amin' ny zavamaneno hafa; ahontsankontsana koa izy atao fanairana ny fody na famporisihana ny omby rehefa manosy tanimbary<ref name=":0" />. * Katra: zavatra misy atiny vita amin' ny vakin' ny akoram-boanio atao fanovozana rano. * [[Katra (zavamaniry)|Katra]]: karazan-javamaniry: ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' (izay atao hoe fananomahery, tsiafakomby na vatolalaka koa) sy ''[[Capparis spinosa]]'' (izay atao hoe basy koa). == Jereo koa == * [[Kilalao]] * [[Lalao]] * ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' * ''[[Capparis]]'' == Loharano sy fanamarihana == s65qw0ra2y1r74zeh67tx71r24sy5zn 0 299402 1153692 1136989 2026-11-11T13:49:19Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Flowering caper plant.jpg|vignette|442x442px|''Capparis spinosa'' mamelana]] Ny '''''Capparis spinosa''''' dia karazana hazobotry maniry any amin' ny faritra manodidjna an' i [[Mediteranea]] ao amn' ny fianakaviana ''[[Capparaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''basy''' na '''katra'''. Zavamaniry mafy be sy mora maniry amin' ny tany tsy lonaka sy be vato izy io. Hita maniry anelanelan' ny vato amin' ny rindrina tranainy ity zavamaniry ity mbola tanora. Tsy maharitra mihoatra ny andro iray ny voniny lehibe sy mamerovero. == Famariparitana == Hazobotry misy rantsana lava, mikirozaroza, volondavenona ny ''Capparis spinosa'', mahatratra iray metatra na mihoatra ny halavany. === Ravina === [[Sary:კაპარი Capparis spinosa Kapernstrauch.JPG|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|Ravina sy vony tsy vaky amin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'']] Mifandimby, feno, tsotra, boribory na mibikan' atody, matevina, maitso volondavenona ny ravin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'' izay misy [[tsilo]] mifaingoka eo amin' ny fotony. === Vony === [[Sary:Caper Flower in Behbahan, Iran.jpg|vignette|210x210px|Vonin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'']] Mipoitra eo am-pototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] ary manana tangozany lava sy matevina ny voniny fotsy na indraindray mavokely, ary 50 hatramin' ny 70 mm ny halavany. Miisa efatra ny [[ravimbony]] mibikan' atody sy maitso, ary efatra ohany koa sy [[felambony]] mavokely somary mibikan' atod sady lehibe, ary lava ny lahimbony volomparasy maro izay mivoaka any ivelan' ny [[vondrom-pelambony]]. === Voa === [[Sary:Frutto di cappero con semi.jpg|ankavia|vignette|206x206px|Voan' ny ''Capparis spinosa'']] Miendrika atody, lehibe sy nofosana, hatramin' ny 50 mm ny halavany, entin' ny tangozany lava ny voan' ny ''Capparis spinosa''. == Tsinjara toerana == Ny ''Capparis spinosa'' dia fahita any amin' ny faritra manodidina an' i [[Ranomasina Mediteranea|Mediteranea]], ary hita koa avy any amin' ny morontsirak' i [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika|Atlantika]] ao amin' ny [[Vondronosy Canarias]] sy [[Marôka]] ka hatrany amin' ny [[Ranomasina Mainty]] any [[Krimea]] sy [[Armenia]], ary hatrany amin' ny [[Ranomasina Kaspiana|Ranomasina]] [[Ranomasina Kaspiana|Kaspiana]] any [[Iràna]]. Maniry any [[Afrika Avaratra]], any [[Afrika Atsinanana]], any [[Eorôpa]] mediteraneana, ary any [[Azia Andrefana]] izy io. Nentina any amin' ny firenena maro manana toetany mediteraneana toa an' i [[California]] ([[Etazonia]]) sy [[Aostralia]] izy io ary lasa maniry hoazy. == Zana-karazana == Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Capparis spinosa'': * ''Capparis spinosa'' var ''spinosa'' * ''Capparis spinosa'' var ''inermis'' * ''Capparis spinosa'' subsp. ''rupestris'' == Fampiasana == === Sakafo === [[Sary:Capers jar.jpg|vignette|230x230px|Kapra]] [[Sary:Kapernblaettersalat auf Rhodos.JPG|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|Ny ravin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'' dia atao salady any [[Nosy Rhodos|Rhodes]].]] Ambolena ny ny ''Capparis spinosa'' mba hahazoana ny felany mbola tsy misokatra, izay alona anaty vinaingitra hahazoana zavatra fanatsarana tsiron-tsakafo ao amin'ny nahandro mediteraneana ([[Kiprôsy|Kipra]] sy [[Italia]]). Ampiasaina amin' ny fandrahoan-tsakafo koa ny voany. === Fitsaboana === Ampiasaina ho fampihenana fanaintainana, hitsaboana aretina amin' ny vavony sy tsinay, ary ho fampamaniana ny hoditry ny ny ''Capparis spinosa''. Alaina amin' ny fararano sy hamainina hampiasaina any aoriana ny hodiny. Ampiasaina hanafangana ny fiasan' ny tsinay sy hanentanana ny fahazotoan-komana ny voniny mbola tsy vaky. Ampiasaina ety ivelan' ny vatana koa ity zavamaniry ity amin' ny fitsaboana ny areti-maso sy ho fisorohana ny [[katarakta]]. Ampiasaina ety ivelany mba hitsaboana ny kaikitry ny bibikely sy ny mangidihidy amin' ny hoditra ny raviny nahorona sy nohamandoina amin' ny rano kely na nokosehina. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Capparis]]'' * [[Katra (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''), ''[[Capparis spinosa]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Capparaceae]]'') k2q3yk87maunhimpdcjxbghfpmdbmlh 1153694 1153692 2026-11-11T13:54:18Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Flowering caper plant.jpg|vignette|442x442px|''Capparis spinosa'' mamelana]] Ny '''''Capparis spinosa''''' dia karazana hazobotry maniry any amin' ny faritra manodidjna an' i [[Mediteranea]] ao amn' ny fianakaviana ''[[Capparaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''basy''' na '''katra'''. Zavamaniry mafy be sy mora maniry amin' ny tany tsy lonaka sy be vato izy io. Hita maniry anelanelan' ny vato amin' ny rindrina tranainy ity zavamaniry ity mbola tanora. Tsy maharitra mihoatra ny andro iray ny voniny lehibe sy mamerovero. == Famariparitana == Hazobotry misy rantsana lava, mikirozaroza, volondavenona ny ''Capparis spinosa'', mahatratra iray metatra na mihoatra ny halavany. === Ravina === [[Sary:კაპარი Capparis spinosa Kapernstrauch.JPG|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|Ravina sy vony tsy vaky amin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'']] Mifandimby, feno, tsotra, boribory na mibikan' atody, matevina, maitso volondavenona ny ravin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'' izay misy [[tsilo]] mifaingoka eo amin' ny fotony. === Vony === [[Sary:Caper Flower in Behbahan, Iran.jpg|vignette|210x210px|Vonin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'']] Mipoitra eo am-pototry ny [[tangozan-dravina]] ary manana tangozany lava sy matevina ny voniny fotsy na indraindray mavokely, ary 50 hatramin' ny 70 mm ny halavany. Miisa efatra ny [[ravimbony]] mibikan' atody sy maitso, ary efatra ohany koa sy [[felambony]] mavokely somary mibikan' atod sady lehibe, ary lava ny lahimbony volomparasy maro izay mivoaka any ivelan' ny [[vondrom-pelambony]]. === Voa === [[Sary:Frutto di cappero con semi.jpg|ankavia|vignette|206x206px|Voan' ny ''Capparis spinosa'']] Miendrika atody, lehibe sy nofosana, hatramin' ny 50 mm ny halavany, entin' ny tangozany lava ny voan' ny ''Capparis spinosa''. == Tsinjara toerana == Ny ''Capparis spinosa'' dia fahita any amin' ny faritra manodidina an' i [[Ranomasina Mediteranea|Mediteranea]], ary hita koa avy any amin' ny morontsirak' i [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika|Atlantika]] ao amin' ny [[Vondronosy Canarias]] sy [[Marôka]] ka hatrany amin' ny [[Ranomasina Mainty]] any [[Krimea]] sy [[Armenia]], ary hatrany amin' ny [[Ranomasina Kaspiana|Ranomasina]] [[Ranomasina Kaspiana|Kaspiana]] any [[Iràna]]. Maniry any [[Afrika Avaratra]], any [[Afrika Atsinanana]], any [[Eorôpa]] mediteraneana, ary any [[Azia Andrefana]] izy io. Nentina any amin' ny firenena maro manana toetany mediteraneana toa an' i [[California]] ([[Etazonia]]) sy [[Aostralia]] izy io ary lasa maniry hoazy. == Zana-karazana == Indreto ny zana-karazan' ny ''Capparis spinosa'': * ''Capparis spinosa'' var ''spinosa'' * ''Capparis spinosa'' var ''inermis'' * ''Capparis spinosa'' subsp. ''rupestris'' == Fampiasana == === Sakafo === [[Sary:Capers jar.jpg|vignette|230x230px|Kapra]] [[Sary:Kapernblaettersalat auf Rhodos.JPG|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|Ny ravin' ny ''Capparis spinosa'' dia atao salady any [[Nosy Rhodos|Rhodes]].]] Ambolena ny ny ''Capparis spinosa'' mba hahazoana ny felany mbola tsy misokatra, izay alona anaty vinaingitra hahazoana zavatra fanatsarana tsiron-tsakafo ao amin'ny nahandro mediteraneana ([[Kiprôsy|Kipra]] sy [[Italia]]). Ampiasaina amin' ny fandrahoan-tsakafo koa ny voany. === Fitsaboana === Ampiasaina ho fampihenana fanaintainana, hitsaboana aretina amin' ny vavony sy tsinay, ary ho fampamaniana ny hoditry ny ny ''Capparis spinosa''. Alaina amin' ny fararano sy hamainina hampiasaina any aoriana ny hodiny. Ampiasaina hanafangana ny fiasan' ny tsinay sy hanentanana ny fahazotoan-komana ny voniny mbola tsy vaky. Ampiasaina ety ivelan' ny vatana koa ity zavamaniry ity amin' ny fitsaboana ny areti-maso sy ho fisorohana ny [[katarakta]]. Ampiasaina ety ivelany mba hitsaboana ny kaikitry ny bibikely sy ny mangidihidy amin' ny hoditra ny raviny nahorona sy nohamandoina amin' ny rano kely na nokosehina. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Capparis]]'' * [[Katra (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''[[Fabaceae]]''), ''Capparis spinosa'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Capparaceae]]'') re8h5rqa1ndrmgi1l40nl0h5nnrctwf 0 299406 1153687 1137003 2026-11-11T12:43:34Z Thelezifor 15140 Mpanoratra 1153687 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''tsiafakomby''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana fianakaviana ''[[Caesalpiniaceae]]'' na ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]''. Ireto izy ireo: * ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb</small><small>.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) -- fananomahery, katra, tsiafakomby, vatolalaka * ''[[Caesalpinia hildebrandtii]]'' (<small>Vatke)Baill.</small> (← ''Mezoneurum hildebrandtii'' <small>Vatke Ined.</small>) -- tsiafakomby, tsiafakaombe * ''[[Roimbazaha|Biancaea decapetala]]'' <small>(Roth) O. Deg.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia sepiaria'' <small>Roxb.</small>) -- manongo, roimbazaha, roimemy, roinaombalahy, roinombilahy, roinomby, tsiafakaombe, tsiafakomby == Jereo koa == * ''[[Biancaea]]'' * ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' * ''[[Mezoneurum]]'' 3ydodwhikzbk5nvs3qkiy565z6pu48v 0 301019 1153753 1147914 2026-11-12T01:47:54Z ~2026-60030-55 41642 /* Ny zava-nisy: */ 1153753 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''NY TANTARAN’NY LITERATIORA MALAGASY''' == === '''NY VANIM-POTOANA KRISTIANA''' '''1818 - 1896''' === ==== '''Ny zava-nisy:''' ==== Ny 23 aogositra 1818 tonga teto Madagasikara ireo Misionera anglisy, [[:fr:Thomas_Bevan|Thomas Bevan]] sy [[:fr:Thomas_Bevan|David Jones]], nitondra ny fivavahana Kristiana sy ny soratra. * 23 Mars 1823, namoahan’I [[:fr:Radama_Ier|Radama I]] didy, hanoratana ny teny Malagasy amin’ny abidy Latina. * Naorina ny Sekoly * Natsangana ny Fiangonana ary nahely ny fivavahana Kristiana * 1835 voadika tamin’ny teny malagasy ny Baiboly * Fanenjehin’I [[:fr:Ranavalona_Ire|RANAVALONA I]] ny fivavahana Kristiana sy fandroahana ny Misionera * 1837 nandefonana an-d[[Rafaravavy Rasalama|Rasalama maritiora]] * 1861 ny nivoahan’ny Gazety Malagasy voalohany, “Teny Soa Hanalan’andro” * 06 aogositra 1896 , lasa [[:fr:Colonie_de_Madagascar_et_dépendances|zanatany frantsay i Madagasikara]] ==== '''Ny tara-kevitra:''' ==== -          Fiheverana an’ Andriamanitra ho be fitiavana -          Malemy ny olombelona ka mila an’ Andriamanitra -          Fandalovana ny fiainana an-tany -          Fanantenana Paradisa -          Fahoriana noho ny fanenjehana -          Fangatahana fiarovana amin’ Andriamanitra -          Faharatsian’ny fiainana an-tany ==== '''Asa''' '''soratra''' ==== -          [[:fr:Colonie_de_Madagascar_et_dépendances|Tononkira maintimolaly]] -          Kaonseritra masina -          Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra -          Sombin-tantara voalohany: “[https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=095092234 Ny dian’ny mpivahiny]”, nadika tamin’ny tantara masina anglisy hoe: “Pilgrim’s Progress”. ==== '''Gazety''' ==== -             Teny soa (1861: Gazety voalohany) -              Ny Sakaizan’ny tanora -              Mpanolo-tsaina ==== '''MPANORATRA''' ==== -             [[:fr:Littérature_malgache|RAJAONAH (Tselatra)]] -             [https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1391?lang=en RAINISOA Ratsimandisa] -             [http://plateforme.education.mg/bibliotheque-numerique/course/view.php?id=87 Josoa RAMANISA] -             ANDRIANAIVORAVELONA Joseph.(Rainy) -             RAJAONARY -             Pasitera RABARY === '''NY VANIM-POTOANA  FAKAN-TAHAKA''' '''1896-1915''' === '''Ny zava-nisy:''' # 1912 nijoro ny [[:fr:Vy_Vato_Sakelika|VVS]] # 1914: Nipoaka ny [[:fr:Première_Guerre_mondiale|ady lehibe voalohany]] # 1915: Sarona ny fisian’ny VVS # Naely ny fironan-tsaina “Libérté de Pensée” # Nofoanana ny fampianarana teny malagasy  sy ny [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara|tantaran’i Madagasikara]]. # Napetrak’ i [[Joseph Simon Gallieni|Gallieni]] ny politika “zarazarao hanjakana” # Novaina ho 14 jolay ny fandroana # Nampidirina tao anatin’ny rafitra anjakan’ ny vola ny Malagasy # Niova ny rafitra nitondrana ny fampianarana (Teny frantsay no nentina nampianatra) ==== '''Ny tara-kevitra:''' ==== -          Fanindraindrana ny vazaha -          Fandrosoana -          Fananandratana ny siantsa -          Adin’ny mpino sy ny tsy mpino ==== '''Asasoratra''' ==== -          Tononkalo -          Sombin-tantara -          Tantara an-tsehatra ''Zefina sy Armand,'' RAJAONAH Tselatra : Tantara an-tsehatra malagasy voalohany -          Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra ==== '''Gazety''' ==== -          Teny soa -          Mpanolo-tsaina -          Mifoha I Madagasikara -          Ny masoandro -          Lakolosy volamena -          Ny Trompetra volamena -          Vaovao Frantsay Malagasy -          Basy vava ==== '''Ny mpanoratra''' ==== -          [http://plateforme.education.mg/bibliotheque-numerique/course/view.php?id=88 Radium Rhosalis (RAMAHOLIMIHASO)] -          Rabary -           Stella (Edouard ANDRIANJAFITRIMO) -          [https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1391?lang=en JUPITER na Justin RAINIZANABOLOLONA] -          [[Ny Avana Ramanantoanina|Ny Avana RAMANANTOANINA]] na Gasy kely -          Paraboles na Bolespara ( Rafanoharana) === '''Ny vanim-potoana  nahamoana ny literatiora''' '''(1915-1922)''' === Antony nahamoana ny literatiora: Nalefa  sesitany tany Comores ireo mpanoratra mpikambana  tao amin’ny VVS Vao niana-namindra  teo amin’ny fanoratana ireo mpanoratra zandriny Henjana  ny sivana an-gazety === '''Ny vanim-potoana  fiforetana anaty''' '''(1922-1929)''' === ==== '''Ny zava-nisy:''' ==== * Fahasahiranana ara-toekarena vokatry ny ady lehibe I * Tafaverina an-tanindrazana ireo sisa tsy maty tamin’ny ady sy ireo nalefanefax * sesitany * Tafaverina ihany koa ny mpanoratra natao sesitany * Nisy ireo aretina politika * Nisy ireo  loza voajanahary * Nisy ny fampiharana ny [[:fr:S.M.O.T.I.G.|SMOTIG]] * Nofoanana ireo  fampianarana tantara Malagasy ==== '''Ny tara-kevitra:''' ==== * Embona sy hanina * Fasana sy fahafatesana * Fahakambotiana * Alahelo * Fiainana feno fahoriana * Enji-dresin’ny fiainana ==== '''Asasoratra''' ''':''' ==== Tononkalo Sombin-tantara Tantara an-tsehatra Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra ==== '''Ny gazety:''' ==== Akon’ iarivo Takariva volafotsy Mazava Trompetra volamena Kalokalo tatsinana Tsara hafatra Ny mpandinika Telegrafy ==== '''Ny mpanoratra''' ''':''' ==== ===== '''Zokiny:''' ===== ''Ny avana RAMANATOANINA'' ''RAVELOJAONA'' ''Belzaboba,  (RATSIMISETA)'' ''JUPITER (Justin RAINIZANABOLOLONA)'' ''Stella (Edouard ANDRIANJAFITRIMO)''   ===== Zandriny: ===== ·         [https://www.interforum.fr/images/CNR/art/doc/a/a9deaa451b313638333931343439303333323138NONPUBLIE.epub Lys Ber ( Joseph Honoré RABEKOTO)] ·         [[:fr:Littérature_malgache|Rodlish  (Arthur RAZAKARIVONY)]] ·         [[Samuel Ratany|Tanicus (Samuel RATANY)]] ·         [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo|K. Verbal (Jean Joseph RABEARIVELO)]] ·         HARIOLEY (Elie RAHAROLAHY) === '''Ny vanim-potoana mitady ny very''' '''(1930 - 1945)''' === '''1.    Ny zava-nisy:''' ·         19 may 1929: fikambanam-be fitakiana voalohany ny fahaleovantena ·         29 Aprily 1931: notokanana ny [https://www.radiomadagasikara.com/ RNM] ·         1935 :  fankalazana ny faha zato taonan’ny nandika ny Baiboly Malagasy ·         1937:  faha zato taona ny nandefonana an- dRasalama ·         21 oktobra 1937: nambara tao amin’ny Gazety Fandrosoam-baovaoa fa “h''ita lany ny very”'' ·         31 oktobra 1938: fampodiana ny taolam-balon-d[[Ranavalona III]] ·         1939-1945: [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa|Ady lehibe II]] nandraisan’ny Malagasy anjara ·         Fitodihana amin’ny maha malagasy '''Ny tara-kevitra:''' ·         Tanana haolo ·         Fiverenana amin’ny tontolo ambanivohitra ·         Ny hatsaran-tarehy ·         Fiantorahana amin’ny hery tsy fantatra ·         Nofinofy ==== '''Asa soratra''' : ==== ·         Tononkalo ·         Sombin-tantara ·         Tantara an-tsehatra ·         Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra ===== '''Ny gazety:''' ===== ·         Vaovao Frantsay Malagasy ·         Kintan’ny maraina ·         Akon’ iarivo ·         Takariva volafotsy ·         Mazava ·         Trompetra volamena ·         Kalokalo tatsinana ·         Tsara hafatra ·         Ny mpandinika ·         Telegrafy '''Ny mpanoratra''' ·         Ny avana RAMANATOANINA ·         K. Verbal (Jean Joseph RABEARIVELO ·         RAJOELISOLO Charles ·         RAJHONSON ·         RAMAHOLIMIHASO ·         RAFANOHARANA ·         [[Jean Narivony|Jean NARIVONY]] ·         [[Ravelojaona (mpitandrina)|RAVELOJAONA]] ·         Belzaboba,  (RATSIMISETA) ·         JUPITER (Justin RAINIZANABOLOLONA) ·         Stella (Edouard ANDRIANJAFITRIMO)   ·         [[Dox (mpanoratra)|DOX]] ·         Paul Kambety (Rapatsalahy Paul Idealy Soa) ·         Charlotte RAZAFINIAINA ·         Lys Ber ( Joseph Honoré RABEKOTO) ·         [[Rodlish]]  (Arthur RAZAKARIVONY) ·         HARIOLEY (Elie RAHAROLAHY) === '''Ny vanim-potoana  fitakiana fahaleovan-tena na fanarenana1945 - 1960''' === '''Ny zava-nisy:''' ·         1945: nifarana ny ady lehibe II ·         1947 nanomboka ny fitakiana ny fahaleovantena ·          Maro ny antoko politika niforona : [[Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache|MDRM]]/[[Parti des déshérités de Madagascar|PADESM]]/[[Antokon' ny Kongresin' ny Fahaleovantenan' i Madagasikara|AKFM]]/[[Parti social démocrate malgache|PSD]]/[[Mouvement national pour l'indépendance de Madagascar|MONIMA]] ·          Sahirana tanteraka ny firenena Eropeana vokatry ny fahapotehana tamin’ny ady ·         Jona1955: Fampiharana ny “Lois cadres” na ny lalàna lasitra ·         28 Septambra 1958: Fitsapan-kevibahoaka nandresen’ny “Eny” ·         Fahaleovantenam-pirenena eo ambany firaisam-be frantsay ·         14 Okt1958 nijoro ny [[:fr:Première_République_(Madagascar)|Repoblika Malagasy voalohany]] ·         [[:fr:Indépendance_de_Madagascar|26 Jona 1960]]: nanambarana ampahabemaso ny fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara ==== ''' Ny tara-kevitra:''' ==== ·         Fitsikerana ny toe-tsaina voazanaka ·         Fanoherana ny fanjanahan-tany ·         Fitakiana ny fanahafahana ·         Fiantsoana ny olona ho tia tanindrazana ==== '''Asasoratra''' ''':''' ==== ·         Tononkalo ·         Sombin-tantara ·         Tantara an-tsehatra ·         Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra ·         Tantara foronina ==== '''Ny gazety''' ''':''' ==== ·         Gazetintsika ·         Vaovao Frantsay – Malagasy ·         Lakroan’I Madagasikara ·         Ny Sakaizan’ny tanora ·         Hehy ·         Fanasina ·         Kintan’ny maraina '''Ny mpanoratra''' ·         DOX ·         [http://plateforme.education.mg/bibliotheque-numerique/course/view.php?id=84 Michel ANDRIANJAFY] ·         Jean NARIVONY ·         [https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120884275.pdf RANDJAVOLA] ·         [[Eliza Freda]] ·         [[Fredy Jaofera|Fredy RAJAOFERA]] ·         RADO ·         [https://vetso.serasera.org/mpanoratra/ranja-zanamihoatra/tononkalo Randza ZANAMIHOATRA] ·         Ranomahery ([[Régis Rajemisa Raolison|Régis RAJEMISA RAOLISON]]) ·         Michel ANDRIANJAFY ·         [[Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy|Antoine de Padou RAHAJARIZAFY]] === '''Ny vanim-potoana saritsarim-pahaleovantena''' '''(1960 - 1972)''' === ==== '''Zava-misy teo amin’ny tantara''' ''':''' ==== Lafiny Politika ·         1960-1972: Repoblika voalohany ka [[Tsiranana Philibert|Philbert Tsiranana]] no Filoha ·         Antoko politika matanjaka tamin’izany ny PSD (Parti Social Democrate); ny AKFM (Antokon’ny  Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’I Madagasikara; ny MONIMA ( MOuvement National pour l’Independence de MAdagascar).   ·         Mbola tao anaty firaisam-be frantsay i Madagasikara. Nanohy ny politika nifandraisana tamin’i Frantsa ny mpitondra. ·         Aprily 1971 : nipoaka ny fihetseham-bahoaka tany atsimo notarihin’i [[Monja Jaona]] ·         13 may 1972: fihetsehem-bahoaka notarihin’ny mpianatra, nanohana azy ireo ny mpiasa ka nanao fitokonam-be. Teo amin’ny lafiny toe-karena ·         Azo an-taratasy ny fahaleovan-tena sady sarintsariny ihany izany; ·         Mbola voazanaka ara-toekarena sy ara-tsaina ny Malagasy ·         Tao anatin’ny “Accord de Cooperation” sy ny faribola “Franc” i Madagasikara. ·         Tranombarotra vaventy no nitantana ny fanangonam-bokatra sy ny fanaparitahana ny entam-barotra voahodina avy any ivelany: ny “[https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/entreprise/572073914 Compagnie Marseillaise]” sy ny “Compagnie Lyonnaise”, [[c:File:Société_Industrielle_et_Commerciale_de_l'Emyrne,_usine_de_Soanierana_(Tananarive,_Madagascar)._Mise_en_caisse_des_boîtes_de_conserve,_en_vue_de_leur_expédition_-_Geoffroy,_Pierre_-_btv1b101115315.jpg|SICE (Société Industrielle et Commerciale de l’Emyrne)]] ·         Noho izany, tsy nahaleo tena tamin’ny lafiny toe-karena i Madagasikara. ·         Nampiharina ny “Politikan’ny kibo”: nampidirana haitao vaovao teo amin’ny fambolena sy fiompiana, napetraka ny “Ferme d’ Etat” isam-paritany nefa tsy nahomby izany. Teo amin’ny fiarahamonina sy kolontsaina ·         Teo amin’ny fampianarana: teny enti-mampianatra ny teny frantsay; ·         Rafi-pampianarana voavolavolan’ny Frantsay no nampiharina; fampianarana nanjana-tsaina no nisy teto. ·         Oktobra 1961: natsangana ny Oniversite teto Madagasikara ·         Mbola vitsy ny Sekoly tany ambanivohitra. Ny renivohi-paritany sy ny tanan-dehibe vitsivitsy no nanana CEG sy Lycée. Nisy anefa ny sivana hany ka Sekoly miangatra, tsy mifanentana amin’ny zaza malagasy no teto. Vokany, betsaka ny tsy fitoviana teo amin’ny fiarahamonina. ==== '''Zava-misy teo amin’ny Literatiora''' ''':''' ==== Ny mpanoratra ·         '''Ireo hita teo aloha:''' DOX/ RP RAHAJARIZAFY/ RADO/ Régis Rajemisa RAOLISON/EDA/ Clarisse RATSIFANDRIHAMANANA/ René ANDRIARIMALALA na Ener LALANDY/ Randja ZANAMIHOATRA/ Fredy RAJAOFERA/ Jean Louis RANAIVOSON. ·         '''Ireo mpanoratra taty aoriana:''' [[Clarisse Ratsifandrihamanana|Clarisse RATSIFANDRIHAMANANA,]] RABENJA Salomon, Jeannot RATSIMBAZAFY Gazety''':''' ·         Vaovao Frantsay- Malagasy''',''' Maresaka, basivava, Imongo vaovao, Hehy, Madagascar Matin, Vaovao isan’andro, Andry, Tselatra, Lumière, Lakroan’I Madagasikara, Fanasina. Tara'''-'''kevitra nampiavaka ny vanim-potoana ·      Ny fahaleovan-tena ·      Ny fanoherana ny saritsarim-pahaleovan-tena izay ahatsapana fanjanahana ny toe-karena, fanjanahan-tsaina; fanjanahana amin’ny endriny vaovao sy ny tsy fitoviana; ny fanjakan’ny Imperialista. ·      Fanohizana ny fitadiavana ny very ahitana: -       Fitaomana ny olona hampijoro ny maha malagasy: teny, fomba amam-panao, toe-tsaina -       Fitaomana ny olona hamelo-maso ny tanindrazana, hiverina eny ambanivohitra. -       Fampahatsiahivana ny tolona teo aloha. ·      Fanabeazana ny vahoaka manoloana ny fandrosoana ==== '''Asa soritra''' ''':''' ==== ·         Tononkalo ·         Sombin-tantara ·         Tantara an-tsehatra ·         Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra ·         Tantara foronina ==== '''Tononkalo''' ''':''' ==== ''DINITRA, nosoratan’I RADO'' '''Tantara noforonina''' ''':''' ·         ''Ny fofombadiko, Ilay vohitry ny nofy,'' nosoratin’i EDA ·         ''Voromby, Sikajin’I Dadabe,'' nosoratin-dRANDRIAMIADANARIVO ·         ''Ny zanako,''nosoratin’ i Clarisse RATSIFANDRIHAMANANA ===== '''TONONKALO''' ''':''' ===== ''MAINTY AHO'' ''Moa ve iny haizina iny no mahamainty ito hoditro,'' ''Hampitombo ny hovitrovitro,'' ''Sa ny zezika noraisiko, nokiraiko andavanandro,'' ''Nololohaviko isan’andro?'' ''Tazako eto anelanelan’ito lamba rovidrovitra:'' ''Mainty aho, mainty ny hoditro'' ''Misy ra mba mena koa mamelona ny vontoatiko'' ''Mikoriana ato anatiko'' ''Misy noho mahatsiaro, hozatra miretsidretsika'' ''Hery velona mihetsika'' ''Misy taolana mijoro sy miraikitra aman-taho'' ''Saingy kosa…mainty aho'' Clarisse RATSIFANDRHAMANANA === '''Ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny :''' '''(1972 – 2000)''' === Azo zaraina ho zana-banim-potoana roa  araka ny fandinihana hita hatramin’izao ity vanim-potoana ity. -          1972-1991: Tolom-piavotana -          1991-2000: Fanalalahana ==== '''I.        TOLOM-PIAVOTANA (1972-1991)''' ==== ===== '''Zava-misy teo amin’ny tantara''' ===== ====== '''Lafiny Polotika''' ====== -   13 may 1972: fihetsiketsehana notarihin’ny mpianatra nanehoany ny tsy fankasitrahany ny politikam-pampianarany; fitokonam-be no nanohanan’ny mpiasa azy ireo. -   18 may 1972: natolotry ny Filoha Philbert TSIRANANA an’I [[Ramanantsoa Gabriel|Jenaraly Gabriel RAMANANTSOA]] ny fitondrana. Tapitra hatreo ny Repoblika I -   8 oktobra 1972: Fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka nanamafisan’ny Malagasy ny fanomezana fahefana feno ny Jeneraly RAMANANTSOA. Nisy tsy fifankahazoana teo amin’ny tafika. -   05 febroary 1975: natolotry ny Jeneraly RAMANATSOA ny [[Ratsimandrava Richard|Kolonely Richard RATSIMANDRAVA]] ny fahefana. -   11 febroary 1975: maty novonoin’ny olona ny Kolonely RATSIMANDRAVA. Nanomboka teo ny “Directoire Militaire” fitondra-miaramila. -   15 jona 1975: nofidin’ny Directoire Militaire hitondra ny tany sy ny Fanjakana ny [[Ratsiraka Didier|Capitaine de Fregate RATSIRAKA Didier Ignace.]] -   21 desambra 1975: lanieram-bahoaka ny fototra iorenan’ny [[Charles Ravoajanahary|Revolisiona Sosialista Malagasy]] voarakitry ny Boky mena. -   30 desambra 1975: nijoro ny Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy -   May 1991: nitaky ny hanovana ny lalam-panorenana sy hananganana ny Repoblika faha III ny vahoaka notarihin’ny mpanao politika sasantsasany. -   10 Aogositra 1991 : diabe nataon’ny vahoaka teny Iavoloha, izay namoizana ain’olona maro. -   31 oktobra 1991: fifanekena natao tao amin’ny PANORAMA izay namaranana ny fitokonam-be. '''''Teo amin’ny lafiny toe-karena'''''     Hita tamin’izany: ·         Ny fanavaozana ny “Fanekem-piaraha-miasa” tamin’ny Frantsay na ny “Accord de Cooperation”. ·         Ny fialana tamin’ny “[[:fr:Zone_franc|Zone Franc]]”. ·         Ny fananganana ny [https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/Mad162827.pdf SINPA] (Société d’ Intérêt National pour les Produits Agricoles) sy ny [https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/entreprise/352188676 SONACO] (Société Nationale pour le Commerce), sy ny, COTONA, SOTEMA, SIRAMA, HODIMA, SUMATEX, … ·         Ny fandraisana ho fananam-panjakana ireo Indostria vaventy toy ny SECREN () sy ny Indostria famokarana angovo toy ny JIRAMA, SOLIMA. ·         Ny fananganana ny BTM (Bankin’ny Tantsaha Mpamokatra). ·         Ny fananganana ny Koperativan’ny fambolena ho an’ny tantsaha mifanampy, toy PROCOPS (). ·         Ny fandraisana ho fananam-panjakana ireo kompania vaventy nisahana ny varotra ivelany: Compagnie Marseillaise, Compagnie Lyonnaise, SICE Tsy nandeha araka ny tokony ho izy anefa ny ankamaroan’ireny sehatr’asa sy orinasa ireny. '''''Teo amin’ny fiarahamonina sy kolontsaina''''' ·         Ny rafitra sosialisma no nitondrana ny tany sy ny fanjakana ·         Nampiharina ny famahoahana sy ny fanagasiana ny fampianarana tany amin’ny Sekoly Fanabeazana Fototra; teny malagasy sy teny frantsay tany amin’ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa sy Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Manokana ary teny frantsay tany amin’ny Ambaratonga ambony. ·         Nampitomboina ny toeram-pitsaboana, ·         Nitombo ny fahantrana sy ny tsy an’asa (ZOAM); niharihary bebe koa ny tsy fitovian’ny fari-piainana noho ny fidinan’ny vokatra malagasy teo amin’ny tsena iraisam-pirenena sy ny tsy fandehanan’ireo orinasam-panjakana ary ny fahasarotan’ny fitsinjarana ny vokatra. ·         Natao ny fanitsiana ara-drafitra nefa vao mainka nitombo ny fahasahiranana. '''Zava-misy teo amin’ny Literatiora''' Ny mpanoratra ·         '''Ireo hita teo aloha:''' izay mpikambana tao amin’ny UPEM ny ankamaroany: RAKOTOMALALA Rabarijaona, RAKOTOSON Emeralda, DOX, RP RAHAJARIZAFY, RADO, Régis Rajemisa RAOLISON, Celestin ANDRIAMANANTENA, Rafidy RAVELOMANANTSOA, Job RAKOTOJAONA, Lolo RAJONHS, Herizo ANDRIANAMPOIZINA, Andry ANDRAINA, Bernard RAVELOHARISON, Julie RAZZA, RANDRIAMAROZAKA, , RAKOTOARISON Harry Andriamanjato na RHA Nary. ·         '''Ireo mpanoratra taty aoriana:''', izay saika tao amin’ny FIVOY sy ny FARIBOLANA SANDRATRA: RAZAIARIMANANA Lydia na LYDIARY, RALAISAHOLIMANANA Louis Dominique na ILAY,  RAKOTOSOLO JOSEPH na Solofo José, Elie RAJAONARISON, Nalisoa RAVALITERA, RANOE, Niry SOLOSOA,.. Ny sehatra nanoratana GAZETY na GAZETY BOKY''':''' Maresaka, Basivava, Imongo vaovao, Hehy, Madagascar Matin, Midi Madagascar, DMD, Martioria vavolombelona, Feon’Imerina, Zoko, Vintsy, Omaly sy anio, Andry, Lakroan’i Madagasikara, Ny fahaleovan-tenan’i Madagasikara… Tara'''-'''kevitra nampiavaka ny vanim-potoana -          Fampitahana ny rafi-pitondrana -          Fampisehoana ireo zava-misy iainana izay niteraka ny fahadisoam-panantenana: -          Fahantrana ara-batana sy ara-tsaina -          Fahasarotan’ny fiainana sy fitadiavana asa -          Tsy fahamarinana amin’ny lafiny maro -          Fitaomana ny olona mba hitolona hanova rafitra, ny TTF (Tanindrazana Tolom-piavotana Fahafahana) -          Fiantsoana ny olona hiverina ho eny ambanivohitra. -          Fanoherana ny fanavakavaham-bolonkoditra ===== '''Asasoratra''' ===== ·         Tononkalo ·         Sombin-tantara ·         Tantara an-tsehatra ·         Tantara foronina ·         Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra Ohatra: ''Fanagasiana'' EDA ''Haisoratra sy Firenena'' RANDRIAMAROZAKA         === '''II.                  FANALALAHANA : 1991-2000''' === ==== '''Zava-misy teo amin’ny tantara''' ''':''' ==== Lafiny Polotika : * 1991: noho ny tsy fetezan-javatra isan-karazany teo amin’ny Fitondrana dia nisy fihetseham-bahoaka manerana ny Nosy. Niharihary izany tamin’ny fitokonana teny amin’ny “Kianjan’ny 13 may” Antananarivo. ·         10 aogositra 1991: nirohotra niaka-dapa teny Iavoloha, toerana misy ny Lapan’ny Filoha ny vahoaka nitokona. Naparitaky ny miaramilam-panjakana tamin’ny fitaovam-piadiana izy ireo; betsaka ny maty ary maro koa ny naratra. * Nanomboka teo dia niovaova ny mpitondra ary nokendrena ny hisian’ny “Fitondrana entim-bahoaka”. ·         12 martsa 1998: Fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka mikasika ny “Faritany mizaka tena” ka nahalany ny “Eny” Teo amin’ny lafiny toe-karena : ·         Nitatra ny fitrandrahan-karena samihafa, anisan’izany ny harena an-kibon’ny tany sy ny haza an-dranomasina. ·         Nampiharina teo amin’ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fomba isan-karazany hampiroboroboana azy. ·         Nandroso sy nivoatra ny famokarana taozavatra malagasy sy ny vokatry ny hairaha isan-karazany. ·         Fiorenan’ny orin’asa AFAKA HABA ·         Nitombo sy niroborobo ireo orinasa fanodinana sy seha-pamokarana ampiasana haitao vaovao. saingy tsy afa-mivelatra noho ny fibosesehan’ny ny entana avy any ivelany ka niteraka fahasahiranana ho an’ireo mpandraharaha malagasy. Teo amin’ny fiarahamonina sy kolontsaina : ·         Niseho saika isan-taona ny rivo-doza. ·         Nandripaka ny valala sy ny areti-mifindra toy ny Kôlera, ny Pesta, ny Gripa, ny SIDA… ·         Firoboroboan’ny fizahantany mba hampiditra vola vahiny amin’ny alalan’ny fiarovana tontolo iainana sy ny fisarihana amin’ny alalan’ireo “valan-javaboaary” vaovao. ·         Fampiroboroboana ny fambolem-bary sy ny taozavatra…. ·         Nipoitra ireo Oniversite tsy miankina sy ireo sampam-pianarana araka ny hairaha manofana mpianatra hiasa avy hatrany. ·         Firoboroboan’ny “Haino aman-jery tsy miankina” ·         Nisy ny fanampiana avy any ivelany ·         Nitombo ny fandaozana ny eny ambanivohitra ·         Nirongatra ny dahalo, nanjaka ny vaky trano sy ny fandrobana. ·         Nahazo vahana ny risoriso sy ny varo-maizina ary nitranga ny fangalarana taolam-paty ·         '''06 novambra 1995:''' may ny Rovan’i Manjakamiadana ·         Nampitomboina ny toeram-pitsaboana, natao koa ny fanarenana ireo orinasa sosialista ·         Nitontongana hatrany ny fari-piainan’ny ankamaroan’ny olona, vao mainka koa niharihary ny tsy fitoviana ary nitombo isa ireo 4-mi. ==== '''Zava-misy teo amin’ny Literatiora''' ''':''' ==== Ny mpanoratra ·         '''Ireo mpanoratra ao''' amin’ny HAVATSA-UPEM sy tao amin’ny FARIBOLANA SANDRATRA: Henri RAHAINGOSON (Di), Patrick Iharilanto ANDRIAMANGATIANA (IPA),  Georges ANDRIAMANANTENA (RADO), René ANDRIAMALALA (Ener LALANDY), Nirhy Lanto, RANAIVO Julien, Arsène ANDRIANARIVONY (Nérsea VONY), Esthér RANDRIAMAMONJY, Abeline Eléonore, RAZAFIARIVONY Wilson, RHA Nary, Georgette Ranivoarivelo Gabrielle( GRG)''',''' Iangotiana, Fredy RAJAOFERA, Solofo JOSE, Lydiary, Nalisoa RAVALITERA, RANOE, Manitra ADRIAMASINORO, RAMPANANA Raymond, ZO Maminirina, RABESAIKY Guillaume (OM-GUI), Riso LALASOA, Elie RAJAONARISON, Claude RANDRIANANTENAINA (Claura), Zo MAMINIRINA, NY EJA, TSITOHERY, TAHIRINTSOA, NOFY, AVELO Nidor, … ·         '''Ireo mpanoratra tantara an’onjam-peo:''' VAHANDANITRA, RANOHARISON Zanany, ARIKAOMISA Randria(RANDRIAMANANTENA Arséne) ·         '''Ireo mpanoratra hafa:''' RAZAFIARIJAONA Haingo Michél (Haingo), RAHOLDINA Ranaivo Herinantsoina (NAIVONANTSOINA Holdina), Mbato RAVALISON (FMTM), … Ny sehatra nanoratana ·         GAZETY na GAZETY BOKY''':''' Midi Madagascar; Express de Madagascar; Madagascar TRIBUNE; ny Gazetiko; Lakroan’i Madagasikara; MARESAKA, TELONOHOREFY; LE TARATASY; VALIHA sy AMBIOKA (gazety Literera)... ·         Haino aman-jery: Radio: RNM, DON BOSCO, ACCEM RADIO, Radio FAHAZAVANA, NY FEON’IMERINA, LAZAN’IARIVO, Radio MADA, FARIMBONA, TSIOKA VAO, RFV, CORAIL, … Fahitalavitra : TVM, MATV, RECCORD, TV PLUS, RAVINALA,  … Tara'''-'''kevitra nampiavaka ny vanim-potoana : ·      Ny fitiavana sy ny tontolony ·      Tsy fahatokisana ny mpanao politika izay nandiso fanantenana. ·      Tsy fisian’ny fahamarinana eo amin’ny sehatra maro ·      Fitomboan’ny fahantrana, firoboroboan’ny asan-dahalo, fandaozana ny eny ambanivohitra; fivezivezen’ny harem-pirenenna… sy filofosana hanarina izany. ·      Fahasimban’ny tontolo iainana sy ny fanarenana azy. ·      Fanarenana ny toe-tsaina: fampahafantarana ny maha malagasy sy ny haren-tsaina malagasy. ==== '''Asasoratra''' ''':''' ==== ·         Tononkalo ·         Sombin-tantara ·         Tantara an-tsehatra ·         Tantara foronina ·         Lahatsoratra famotopotoran-kevitra gbmod7kicjf6008bfkz856ylwzt5mtn 0 301179 1153757 1146811 2026-11-12T03:02:59Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena 1153757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Gardenology.org-IMG 0361 rbgs10dec.jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Iresine herbstii'']] Ny '''''Iresine''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] roa [[ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Caryophyllales]]. Ahitana karazana miisa 20 hatramin' ny 25 izay teratany any Amerika trôpikaly avokoa izy io. == Lisitry ny karazana == Tamin' ny Avrily 2022 ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dua nanaiky ireto karazana manaraka ireto: * ''Iresine ajuscana'' <small>Suess. & Beyerle</small> * ''Iresine alternifolia'' <small>S.Watson</small> * ''Iresine angustifolia'' <small>Euphrasén</small> * ''Iresine arbuscula'' <small>Uline & W.L.Bray</small> * ''Iresine arrecta'' <small>Standl.</small> * ''Iresine borschii'' <small>Zumaya & Flores Olv.</small> * ''Iresine cassiniiformis'' <small>S.Schauer</small> * ''Iresine chrysotricha'' <small>(Suess.) Borsch, Flores Olv. & Kai Müll.</small> * ''Iresine cubensis'' <small>Borsch, Flores Olv. & Kai Müll.</small> * ''[[Iresine diffusa]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> (← ''Iresine celosia, Iresine celosioides, Iresine canescens, Iresine paniculata'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small>, ''Iresine elongata'') * ''Iresine discolor'' <small>Greenm.</small> * ''Iresine domingensis'' <small>Urb.</small> * ''Iresine flavescens'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Iresine flavopilosa'' <small>Suess.</small> * ''Iresine hartmanii'' <small>Uline</small> * ''Iresine hebanthoides'' <small>Suess.</small> * ''[[Iresine herbstii]]'' <small>Hook. ex Lindl.</small> * ''Iresine heterophylla'' <small>Standl.</small> * ''Iresine interrupta'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''Iresine jaliscana'' <small>Uline & W.L.Bray</small> * ''Iresine latifolia'' <small>(M.Martens & Galeotti) Benth. & Hook.f.</small> * ''Iresine laurifolia'' <small>Suess.</small> * ''Iresine leptoclada'' <small>(Hook.f.) Henrickson & S.D.Sundb.</small> * ''Iresine nigra'' <small>Uline & W.L.Bray</small> * ''Iresine orientalis'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small> * ''Iresine palmeri'' <small>(S.Watson) Standl.</small> * ''Iresine pedicellata'' <small>Eliasson</small> * ''Iresine pringlei'' <small>S.Watson</small> * ''Iresine rhizomatosa'' <small>Standl.</small> * ''Iresine rotundifolia'' <small>Standl.</small> * ''Iresine rzedowskii'' <small>Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch</small> * ''Iresine schaffneri'' <small>S.Watson</small> * ''Iresine sousae'' <small>Zumaya, Borsch & Flores Olv.</small> * ''Iresine stricta'' <small>Standl.</small> * ''Iresine valdesii'' <small>Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch</small> === Napetraka eto taloha === * ''Aerva javanica'' <small>(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.</small> (← ''Iresine javanica'' <small>Burm.f.</small> na ''Iresine persica'' <small>Burm.f.</small>) * ''Hebanthe grandiflora'' <small>(Hook.) Borsch & Pedersen</small> (← ''Iresine grandiflora'' <small>Hook.</small>) * ''Pedersenia macrophylla'' <small>(R.E.Fr.) Holub</small> (← ''Iresine macrophylla'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>) * ''Pedersenia argentata'' <small>(Mart.) Holub</small> (← ''Iresine argentata'' <small>(Mart.) D.Dietr.</small> na ''Iresine elatior'' <small>Sieber ex Moq.</small>) * ''Pfaffia glomerata'' <small>(A.Spreng.) Pedersen</small> (← ''Iresine glomerata'' <small>A.Spreng.</small>) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Ny karazana hita eto [[Madagasikara]] dia nampidirina avy any ivelany avokoa: * ''[[Iresine diffusa]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> (← ''Iresine celosioides'' <small>L.</small> na ''[[Iresine lindenii]]'') -- belohalika * ''[[Iresine herbstii]]'' <small>Hook</small>. Karazana nafindra antoko: * ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' <small>(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.</small> (← ''Iresine persica'') lcp3k27hohaw3ifbw6khogmv7m0ivtq 0 301451 1153794 1147716 2026-11-12T10:20:43Z Thelezifor 15140 Filaharana 1153794 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''fatsinakoho''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * [[Carissa edulis|''Carissa edulis'' var. ''horrida'']] <small>(Pichon) Markgr.</small> (''Apocynaceae'') -- fatsinakoho, fatsinakoholahy, roy * [[Carissa edulis|''Carissa edulis'' var. ''subtrinervia'']] <small>Pichon</small> (''Apocynaceae'') -- dipatika, fantsimbala, fantsinakoho, fantsy, fatsimbala, fatsinakoho, fatsitokoho, mokotrala, roifantaka, tambonana, velivato * ''[[Gymnosporia linearis]]'' <small>(L. f.) Loes.</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- fatikakoho, fatsinakoho, filofilo, singilofotsy, tsingilo, tsingilofilo, tsingilofilofotsy, tsingilofoty, tsingolofilo == Jereo koa == * ''[[Carissa]]'' * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' 03zq669xn32aoyvbxw6m0u9wl73yop8 0 302197 1153754 1151670 2026-11-12T02:03:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 1153754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Evolvulus nummularius Kannur.jpg|vignette|340x340px|''Evolvulus nummularius'']] Ny '''''Evolvulus nummularius''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny ''[[Convolvulaceae]]''. Zavamaniry velona mandritra ny taona iray na mandritra ny taona maro izy io<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102674-2 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102674-2 |date=20261006121256 }}". ''Plants of the World Online''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 2025-09-16.</small></ref>. ''Evolvulus nummularius'' <small>(L.) L.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''kelihomandra'''<ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Evolvulus Evolvulus]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>. == Tsinjara toerana == Miparitaka manerana ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly io zavamaniry io, ka hita any amin' ny faritra midadasika ao [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]] sy ao [[Afrika Atsimo]] ary eto [[Madagasikara]]<ref><small>Schmelzer, G.H. & Bunyapraphatsara, N. 2001. "Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L." – In: van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. & Bunyaprabhatsara, N. (eds), ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia'' No. 12: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 2. Backhuys Publ., Leiden, Netherlands, 258-260</small></ref>. Heverina ho zavamaniry vahiny efa tafapetraka tsara izy io any [[Taioàna|Taiwan]] sy ao amin' ny Vondro-nosy Tiwi any [[Aostralia]]<ref><small>Iqbal IM, Shabbir A, Shabbir K, Barkworth ME, Firdaus-e-Bareen and Khan SM. (2020). "Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. (Convolvulaceae): a new alien plant record for Pakistan". ''BioInvasions Records''. 9(4): 702-711.</small></ref>. == Fampiasana == Ampiasaina ho fanafody mampitony maivana sy manala kankana io zavamaniry io<ref><small>Lakshminarayana, G. and Raju, A.J., 2017. "Reproductive biology and ecology of ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' and ''Evolvulus nummularius'' (''Convolvulaceae'')". ''Phytologia Balcanica'', 23(3).</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana indiana, dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny may, ny ratra vokatry ny fanapahana na ny fery, ary ny fanindronan' ny maingoka izy io, sady ampiasaina ho fanafody manala kankana ihany koa<ref><small>Iqbal IM, Shabbir A, Shabbir K, Barkworth ME, Firdaus-e-Bareen and Khan SM. (2020). "Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. (Convolvulaceae): a new alien plant record for Pakistan". ''BioInvasions Records''. 9(4): 702-711.</small></ref>. Ny fanadihadiana fitôsimika ny singa ao amin' ny faritra ambonin' ny tany amin' ny ''Evolvulus'' ''nummularius'' dia nahitana akora maro manana asa biôlôjika, toy ny β-sitôsterôla, ny gliokôsida, ny stigmasterôla, d-manitôla, asidra orsôlika, ary asidra ôleanôlika. Ankoatra izay, nisy akora telo vaovao, izay mbola tsy voalaza teo aloha, no nosarahina sy nofaritana ny firafiny tamin' ny alalan' ny fomba fiasa spektrôskôpika sy simika; anisan' izany ny akora avy amin' ny stigmastana sy avy amin' ny komarôila ary avy amin' ny orsana<ref><small>Sahu PK and Gupta S. (2014). "Medicinal plants of morning glory: Convolvulaceae Juss., of Central India (Madhya Pradesh & Chhattishgarh)". ''Biolife''. 2(2): 463-469.</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Evolvulus]]'' * [[Kelihomandra]]: ''[[Ethulia conyzoides]]'' <small>L. f.</small> (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''Evolvulus nummularius'' <small>(L.) L.</small> (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') == Loharano == 4z41uvya9n671putfs4w5ving4fs3r9 0 302671 1153755 1153598 2026-11-12T02:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 1153755 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''ideôlôjia''' dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, soatoavina na [[Finoana|finoana]] lazaina fa ananan' ny olona iray na vondron' olona, indrindra ireo ifikirana noho ny antony tsy mifototra fotsiny amin' ny finoana fa [[Fahalalana|fahalalana]] azo antoka no iorenany.<ref>last: Honderich; first: Ted; url: [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond]; Lohateny: ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press; Taona: 1995; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0</nowiki>; Pejy: 392.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''ideology''; url: [https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122517/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology]; Daty nitahirizana: 2020-02-11; website: Lexico.</ref> Ao anatin' izany, araka ny famaritan' i Maurice Cranston izay adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, dia «misongadina tahaka ny lafiny ara-teôria ny lafiny fampiharana».<ref>Cranston, Maurice. [1999] 2014. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society Tahiry] (date: 2020-06-09)" (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> Mifandray amin' ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao ny ideôlôjia, nefa samy hafa ireo. I Antoine Destutt de Tracy, izay avy amin' ny saranga andriana sady [[Filôzôfia|filôzôfa]] tao amin' ny hetsiky ny Fahazavana tany Frantsa, no namorona ilay teny; tamin' ny 1796 izy no namolavola izany ho «siansa momba ny hevitra» (raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy), mba hananganana rafitra ahitana hevitra mifototra amin' ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina.<ref name="Harper">Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of ideology.'' Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2026, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/ideology</ref> Ao amin' ny siansa pôlitika, dia ampiasaina amin' ny heviny milazalaza ny zava-misy ilay teny mba hanondroana ireo rafitry ny finoana ara-pôlitika.<ref name=":1" /> == Fiavian' ny teny == [[File:Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy.png|thumb|Namorona ny teny hoe ''ideology'' i Antoine Destutt de Tracy.]] Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideology'' dia avy amin' ny teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]] hoe ''idéologie''. Io teny frantsay io kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny fampiarahana ny teny grika hoe ''idéā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]'' », izay midika hoe hevitra na lamina; manakaiky ny hevitry ny hoe ''hevitra'' araka ny [[John Locke|fomba fisainan' i Locke]]) sy ny tovana hoe ''-logíā'' (amin' ny teny grika tranainy: « ''[[wikt:-λογῐ́ᾱ|-λογῐ́ᾱ]]'' », izay midika hoe fandalinana). Ilay mpandinika frantsay Destutt de Tracy no namorona azy tamin' ny 1796, ary tamin' ny voalohany dia ny siansa momba ny hevitra no notondroin' ny teny hoe ''ideology''. Tamin' ny 1907 anefa dia efa nahazo heviny vaovao ilay teny tamin' ny teny anglisy, ka nanondro rafitra ankapobeny ahitana finoana sy foto-pampianarana izay enti-mandika izao tontolo izao. Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana dia vao mainka nivelatra ny heviny, ka nanjary nanondro izay rafitra mirindra rehetra misy hevitra ara-pôlitika, ara-tsôsialy na ara-kolontsaina.<ref name="Harper" /> Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ideologue'' dia ilazana olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia iray. Misy heviny manambany io teny io, satria matetika izy io no ilazana olona miandany an-jambany, mafana fo fatratra, na mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny zavatra inoany.<ref>Lohateny: ''Definition of IDEOLOGUE''; Daty: 7 June 2026; url: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideologue].</ref> == Tantara == Tamin' ny taona 1796 no namolavolan' i [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] (1754–1836) ny teny hoe ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-kevitra mifandray aminy. Nanjary voafaritra mazava ny heviny fony izy tany am-ponja, nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra 1793 ka hatramin' ny Oktobra 1794, niandry ny fitsarana azy nandritra ny [[Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana]], izay naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny manodidina ny taona 1793 ka hatramin' ny Jolay 1794. Namaky ny sanganasan' i Locke sy Étienne Bonnot de Condillac izy fony nigadra.<ref>last1: Vincent; first1: Andrew; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&pg=PA1]; Lohateny: ''Modern Political Ideologies''; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: John Wiley & Sons; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1</nowiki>; Pejy: 1; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena: 7 May 2020; Daty nitahirizana: 3 August 2020; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&pg=PA1]; url-status: live.</ref> Nanantena ny hanorina fototra azo antoka ho an' ny siansa momba ny olombelona sy ny fitondran-tenany sy ny siansa pôlitika i Tracy, ka namorona ilay teny hilazana ny «siansa momba ny hevitra». Zavatra roa no nanaovany izany fototra: (1) ny fahatsapana iainan' ny olona rehefa mifandray amin' ny tontolon' ny zavatra azo tsapain-tanana izy; ary (2) ny hevitra miforona ao an-tsainy vokatry ny fahatsapana toy izany. Ho an' i Tracy, ny ideôlôjia dia filôzôfia manandratra ny fahalalahana, izay hiaro ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, ny fananana, ny tsena malalaka, ary ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana amin' ny alalan' ny lalàm-panorenana. Nambarany fa, amin' ireo lafin-javatra ireo, ny ideôlôjia no teny ankapobeny indrindra, satria tafiditra ao amin' ny «siansa momba ny hevitra» koa ny fandinihana ny fomba anehoana ireo hevitra sy ny fanatsoahan-kevitra avy aminy.<ref name="kennedy">last: Kennedy; first: Emmet; Daty: Jul–Sep 1979; Lohateny: ''"Ideology" from Destutt De Tracy to Marx''; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; Boky: 40; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 353–368; jstor: 2709242; doi: 10.2307/2709242.</ref> Araka ny fanazavana ara-tantara nataon' i [[Karl Mannheim]] momba ny fiovan' ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia, dia nipoitra ny heviny maoderina rehefa nampiasa azy i Napoleon niantsoana ireo mpanohitra azy hoe «ireo olona mifikitra mafy amin' ny ideôlôjia», araka ny dikanteny malagasy.<ref>last: Mannheim; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Utopia''; Daty: 1929; Pejy: 72.</ref> Tsy ela dia nadika tamin' ireo fiteny lehibe tany Eorôpa ny boky lehibe nosoratan' i Tracy, ''The Elements of Ideology'' (''Élémens d'idéologie'' amin' ny teny frantsay, navoaka tamin' ny 1804–1815). Tao anatin' ny taonjato taorian' ny namolavolan' i Tracy ny heviny, dia nifandimby nitondra hevitra tsara sy hevitra ratsy ny teny hoe ideôlôjia. Rehefa nanaraka fomba fijery nanohana ny famerenana ny lamina taloha ireo governemanta taorian' i Napoleon, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo mpandinika avy any Italia sy Espaina ary ireo mpandinika rosiana ilay foto-kevitra. Efa nanomboka niantso tena ho mpanohana ny fahalalahana ireo mpandinika ireo, ary niezaka namelona indray ny hetsika revôlisiônera tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1820. Anisan' izany ireo fikambanana Carbonari tany Frantsa sy Italia ary ireo mpikomy rosiana tamin' ny volana Desambra. Noraisin' i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) ilay hevitra ratsy nampiasain' i Napoleon, ka nampiasainy tao amin' ny asa sorany. Indray mandeha izy dia nilaza an' i Tracy hoe, araka ny dikanteny malagasy, «mpifikitra mafy amin' ny foto-pampianaran' ny saranga tompon' ny fananana, mangatsiaka ra toy ny trondro» (''fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär'' amin' ny teny alemàna).<ref>de Tracy, Antoine Destutt. [1801] 1817. ''Les Éléments d'idéologie'', (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in Mannheim, Karl. 1929. ''The problem of 'false consciousness.'<nowiki/>'' In ''Ideologie und Utopie''. 2nd footnote.</ref> Nihena tatỳ aoriana ny hevitra manaratsy nentin' ilay teny (tsingerin' ny fanoloana teny manaratsy amin' ny teny malefaka izay manjary manaratsy indray), ka nanjary teny tsy miandany ampiasaina amin' ny famakafakana ireo hevitra pôlitika samihafa sy ny fomba fijerin' ireo vondrona ara-tsôsialy izy.<ref>Eagleton, Terry (1991) ''Ideology: An Introduction'', Verso, p. 2</ref> Raha nampifandray ilay teny tamin' ny tolona eo amin' ny saranga sy ny fanjakazakana i Marx,<ref>Tucker, Robert C (1978). ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', W. W. Norton & Company, p. 3.</ref><ref>Marx, ''MER'', p. 154</ref> dia nisy kosa nihevitra azy ho ampahany tsy maintsy ilaina amin' ny fiasan' ny andrim-piarahamonina sy ny fampiraisana ny fiarahamonina.<ref>Susan Silbey, ''Ideology''. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology''.</ref> Mifanindran-dalana amin' ireo hevitra rosiana taorian' ny vanim-potoana sôvietika momba ny ideôlôjia tokana tsy manaiky hafa, izay hita ao amin' ny [[Mônôteisma|finoana an' Andriamanitra tokana]], ohatra, dia nandinika ny «fanitarana ara-ideôlôjia» (dikanteny malagasy) teo amin' ny tantaran' ny fivavahana sy ny pôlitika i Walter Brueggemann (1933–2025).<ref> last1: Brueggemann; first1: Walter; author-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last1: Brueggemann; editor-first1: Walter; editor-link1: Walter Brueggemann; editor-last2: Stroup; editor-first2: George W.; editor-link2: George Stroup; Daty: 1 January 1998; Fizarana: ''<nowiki/>'Exodus' in the Plural (Amos 9:7)''; Lohateny: ''Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World : in Honor of Shirley Guthrie''; url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0HRC46744C]; Toerana: Louisville, Kentucky; Mpamoaka: Westminster John Knox Press; Pejy: 16, 28; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 9780664257576</nowiki>; Daty nijerena: 6 January 2025; quote: [...] ideological extension of the 'onlyness' of Yahweh to include the 'onlyness' of Israel, which I shall term ''mono-ideology''. [...] As Deuteronomy is a main force for mono-ideology in ancient Judaism, so it is possible to conclude that Calvinism has been a primary force for mono-ideology in modern Christian history because of its insistence upon God's sovereignty, which is very often allied with socioeconomic-political hegemony.. </ref> == Famaritana sy famakafakana == Maro ny karazana ideôlôjia, anisan' izany ny ideôlôjia [[Pôlitika|ara-pôlitika]], ara-tsôsialy, [[Epistemôlôjia|momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]], ary [[Etika|momba ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena]]. Mirona amin' ny fiheverana ny ideôlôjia ho rafitra misy hevitra mifandrindra ny famakafakana tato ho ato. Miorina amin' ny fiheverana fototra vitsivitsy momba ny zava-misy io rafitra io, ary mety hisy na tsy hisy zava-misy manamarina ireo fiheverana ireo. Amin' ny alalan' io rafitra io, ny safidy ataon' ny olona hatrany, izay miankina amin' ny fomba fijeriny manokana, dia mahatonga ny hevitra hirindra sy hanaraka lamina miverimberina. Ireo hevitra ireo no toy ny voa iaingan' ny [[Fieritreretana|fisainana]] hafa miforona manodidina azy. Ny finoana ideôlôjia iray dia mety ho fanekena fotsiny tsy arahina fandraisana andraikitra, na mety hahatratra hatramin' ny fiarovana azy amin-kafanam-po. Ny famaritana sasany, toy ny an' i Manfred Steger sy Paul James, dia samy manantitrantitra ny fisian' ny lamina sy ny filazana ho marina izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra fa tsy voatery ho marina amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra. Izao no nosoratan' izy ireo, araka ny fandikana azy amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny ideôlôjia dia vondron-kevitra sy foto-kevitra manaraka lamina ary voavolavolan' ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy; anisan' izany ny fomba manokana anehoana ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona na vondrona arakaraka ny fahefana ananany. Ireo fandaminana ny foto-kevitra, izay toy ny sarintany, dia manampy ny olona hahita izay lalan-kizorany ao anatin' ny tontolo pôlitika be pitsiny misy azy, ary mitondra filazana ny amin' izay marina momba ny fiarahamonina. »<ref>James, Paul, and Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/4510893/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._4_Ideologies_of_Globalism_2010_ Tahiry] (date: 2020-04-29). London: Sage.</ref> Ny asa soratr' i George Walford sy Harold Walsby dia mandalina ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia mihitsy, fa tsy ideôlôjia manokana, amin' ny anarana hoe fandalinana mirindra ny ideôlôjia (''systematic ideology''). Miezaka mandinika ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia sy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy izy ireo. Fomba enina samy hafa nampiasana ny teny hoe ideôlôjia no faritan' i David W. Minar:<ref>last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–31; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991.</ref> # Fitambaran' ny hevitra sasantsasany manana karazam-botoaty voafaritra, izay mazàna momba ny fenitra mamaritra izay tokony ho izy. # Ny endrika na ny fandaminana ireo hevitra ao anatin' ny fitambarany, araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra ao anatiny. # Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina. # Ny anjara asan' ny hevitra eo amin' ny firafitry ny fikambanana iray. # Hevitra ampitaina izay mikendry ny handresy lahatra. # Ny sehatra isehoan' ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy. Ho an' i Willard A. Mullins, tokony havahana amin' ny hevitra mifandray aminy nefa samy hafa aminy ny ideôlôjia, dia ny sary an-tsaina momba ny fiarahamonina tonga lafatra sy ny angano ara-tantara, izany hoe fitantarana momba ny lasa manana heviny an' ohatra ho an' ny fiarahamonina. Araka ny famaritany, toetra fototra efatra no mandrafitra ny ideôlôjia:<ref>last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794.</ref> # Tsy maintsy manana hery mitaona ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana izy. # Tsy maintsy afaka mitarika ny fanombanana sy fitsaran' ny olona izy. # Tsy maintsy manome tari-dalana mankany amin' ny asa atao izy. # Tsy maintsy mirindra araka ny fifandraisan-kevitra izy, ka tsy mifanohitra ny hevitra ao anatiny. Mitanisa famaritana sasantsasany momba ny ideôlôjia i Terry Eagleton, ka tsy dia misy filaharana manokana arahina amin' ity lisitra ity:<ref name=":2">Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC&hl=en Tahiry] (date: 2021-06-01)''. Verso. <nowiki>ISBN 0-86091-319-8</nowiki>.</ref> # Ny fizotry ny famokarana hevitra ampitaina, famantarana ary soatoavina eo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy. # Fitambaran-kevitra mampiavaka vondrona na saranga ara-tsôsialy iray manokana. # Hevitra manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny. # Hevitra diso manampy amin' ny fanamarinana fahefana pôlitika manjaka iray ho ara-drariny. # Fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana hafatra izay aolana amin' ny fomba voarafitra. # Hevitra manome toerana ijoroan' ny olona amin' ny maha-mpahatsapa sy mpisaina azy, ka ahafahany mamantatra ny tenany sy mijery izao tontolo izao. # Fomba fisainana atosiky ny tombontsoa ara-tsôsialy. # Fisainana mampitovy ny zavatra amin' ny foto-kevitra na sokajy ankapobeny ampidirana azy, ka manilika izay mampiavaka azy (''identity thinking''). # Fiheveran-diso ilaina amin' ny fiainana na ny fiasan' ny fiarahamonina. # Ny fihaonan' ny lahateny sy ny fomba fandrafetana hevitra amin' ny fahefana. # Ny rafitra ahafahan' ireo olona mandray anjara eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, sady manana fahatsiarovan-tena, manome heviny ny tontolo misy azy. # Fitambaram-pinoana mikendry ny hitarika asa atao. # Ny fampifangaroana ny zava-misy araka ny teny ilazana azy sy ny zava-misy araka izay miseho amin' ny fahatsapana sy ny traikefa. # Ny fanidiana ny rafitry ny famantarana sy ny heviny ao anatin' ny hevitra raikitra, ka tsy isokafana amin' ny fandikana hafa (''semiotic closure'').<ref name=":2" /><sup class="reference">: 197</sup> # Ny rafitra tsy azo ialana izay iainan' ny tsirairay ny fifandraisany amin' ny firafitra ara-tsôsialy. # Ny dingana mamadika ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ho zava-misy raisina ho avy amin' ny natiora. Niantso ny hanaovana « fandinihana mitsikera ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia » (fandikana) i [[Christian Duncker]], filôzôfa alemàna.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110701015904/http://www.ideologieforschung.de/web/Christian_Duncker.html Christian Duncker]" (in German). ''Ideologie Forschung''. 2006.</ref> Tao amin' ny asa sorany, niezaka nametraka ny foto-kevitry ny ideôlôjia ho lohahevitra ivon' ny fandinihana izy, niaraka tamin' ny [[Epistemôlôjia|fandalinana ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy]] sy ny tantara, izay mifandray akaiky aminy. Nofaritany ho rafitra fanehoana ny ideôlôjia, ka ireo fanehoana ireo dia milaza mivantana na an-kolaka fa fahamarinana tanteraka tsy misy fepetra no asehony. === Fandikana araka ny marksisma === [[File:Karl Marx 001 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Milaza i [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] fa ampahany tsy afa-misaraka amin' ny rafitra ambony ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.]] Ao amin' ny famakafakan' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia rafitry ny fahatsiarovan-tena mipoitra avy amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena, izay maneho sy mampaharitra ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka.<ref>last1: Marx; first1: Karl; last2: Engels; first2: Friedrich; Daty: 1974; Lohateny: ''The German Ideology. [Students Edition]''; Fizarana: ''I. Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks''; Pejy: 64-68; Mpamoaka: Lawrence & Wishart; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 9780853152170</nowiki>.</ref> Ao amin' ny môdely marksista momba ny fiarahamonina, izay manavaka ny fototra ara-toekarena sy ny rafitra ambony, ny hoe fototra ara-toekarena dia manondro ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny olona amin' ny famokarana sy ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana, fa ny hoe rafitra ambony kosa dia manondro ny ideôlôjia manjaka, izany hoe ny rafitra ara-pivavahana sy ara-dalàna ary ara-pôlitika. Ny fototra ara-toekarenan' ny famokarana no mamaritra ny rafitra ambony ara-pôlitikan' ny fiarahamonina iray. Ny tombontsoan' ny saranga manjaka no mamaritra io rafitra ambony io sy ny toetran' ny ideôlôjia manamarina azy; vitany izany satria ny saranga manjaka no mifehy ny fitaovana enti-mamokatra. Ohatra, ao amin' ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana feôdaly, ny ideôlôjia ara-pivavahana no lafiny misongadina indrindra amin' ny rafitra ambony, fa ao amin' ny fandaminana kapitalista kosa dia ny ideôlôjia toy ny [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] sy ny demôkrasia sôsialy no manjaka. Noho izany dia lehibe ny anjara toeran' ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fanamarinana ny fiarahamonina iray sy amin' ny fampisafotofotoana ara-pôlitika ireo vondrona zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny, amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Ho an' i Marx, ny ideôlôjia dia mandrisika ny olona iray trandrahin' ny kapitalisma na zary vahiny amin' ny asany sy ny fiainam-piarahamoniny noho io rafitra io, mba hanohy hanohana azy na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany. Matetika io olona io no tsy mahatsapa fa misy soatoavina tanany izay nampisehoin' ny ideôlôjia ho zavatra voajanahary. Ao amin' ny bokiny hoe ''The Sublime Object of Ideology'', i Slavoj Žižek dia mitanisa an' i Marx manao hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy fantatr' izy ireo izany, nefa ataony ihany.» Izany no fomba fohy anehoany ny fahatsiarovan-tena diso ateraky ny ideôlôjia. Nisy fanazavana samihafa naroso. Mampiasa ny fanjakazakana ara-kolontsaina i [[Antonio Gramsci|Antonio Gramsci]] mba hanazavana ny antony ananan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia diso momba izay tena mahasoa azy indrindra. Nanambara i Marx hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny saranga izay manana ny fitaovana famokarana ara-materialy eo am-pelatanany dia mifehy koa, amin' izay fotoana izay ihany, ny fitaovana famokarana ara-tsaina.»<ref>last: Marx; first: Karl; Lohateny: ''"The German Ideology: Part I", The Marx-Engels Reader 2nd ed.''; Taona: 1978a; Mpamoaka: W.W. Norton & Company; Toerana: New York.</ref> Manan-danja amin' ny lafiny foto-kevitra eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny fahalalana sy ny fiarahamonina ilay famaritana marksista ny ideôlôjia ho fitaovana mampitohy ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy amin' ny famokarana azy indray,<ref>Eo amin' io taranja io dia misy adihevitra momba ny hevitry ny teny hoe ideôlôjia: fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, araka ny hevitra arovan' i Marx, sa kosa «toerana diso» misy ny fanambarana iray, izay marina raha raisina amin' izao fotsiny nefa tsy mifandraika amin' ny toe-javatra anaovana azy, araka ny hevitr' i [[Max Weber|Max Weber]]: last1: Buonomo; first1: Giampiero; Lohateny: ''Eleggibilità più ampia senza i paletti del peculato d'uso? Un'occasione (perduta) per affrontare il tema delle leggi ad personam''; Gazety: ''Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online''; Daty: 2005; url: [https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794]; Daty nitahirizana: 2016-03-24; via: Questia; url-access: subscription; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794].</ref> indrindra eo amin' ny asan' i Karl Mannheim, i Daniel Bell, i [[Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] ary ny hafa. Ankoatra izany, i Mannheim dia namolavola izany hevitra izany ka niala tamin' ny fiheverana marksista ny ideôlôjia izay «manontolo» nefa «manokana», nankany amin' ny fiheverana ara-ideôlôjia «ankapobeny» sy «manontolo». Io fiheverana io dia manaiky fa avy amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy ny ideôlôjia rehetra, anisan' izany ny [[Marksisma|marksisma]]; hevitra izay novolavolain' ilay mpandinika ny fiarahamonina [[Pierre Bourdieu|Pierre Bourdieu]] koa izany. Nampian' i Slavoj Žižek sy ireo tao amin' ny sekolin-kevitra tao Frankfurt talohany hevitra iray avy amin' ny fandinihana ny fiasan' ny saina mifantoka amin' ny lafiny tsy tsapan' ny tena (''psychoanalysis'') ilay «teôria ankapobeny» momba ny ideôlôjia: tsy ny hevitra tsapan' ny tena ihany no ao anatin' ny ideôlôjia, fa misy koa ny hevitra tsy tsapan' ny tena. Nilaza i Teun A. van Dijk hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny fampiasana [io teny io] andavanandro dia maneho hevitra ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny, ary mazàna manondro ny hevitr' olon-kafa izay miraikitra tsy mety miova, diso lalana, na miandany: isika no manana ny marina, fa izy ireo kosa no manana ideôlôjia. Izany heviny ratsy izany dia miverina hatrany amin' i Marx sy Engels, izay nihevitra ny ideôlôjia ho endriky ny “fahatsiarovan-tena diso”.»<ref name=":1">url: [http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Politics, Ideology, and Discourse''; last: van Dijk; first: T. A.; Daty: 2006; website: Discourse in Society; url-status: dead; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194631/http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf]; Daty nitahirizana: 2011-07-08; Daty nijerena: 2019-01-28.</ref> === Ideôlôjia sy ny entam-barotra (Debord) === Nilaza ilay Frantsay mpandinika teôria marksista [[Guy Debord|Guy Debord]], iray tamin' ny mpanorina ny ''Situationist International'' (Vondrona iraisam-pirenena sitiasiônista), fa rehefa lasa sokajy fototra amin' ny fiarahamonina ny entam-barotra, izany hoe rehefa tanteraka hatramin' ny farany ny dingan' ny famadihana zavatra ho entam-barotra, dia ny sary momba ny fiarahamonina aparitak' ny entam-barotra no manjaka amin' ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana. Izany sary izany dia maneho ny fiainana manontolo ho fitambaran' ny hevitra sy zavatra izay tsy manana sanda afa-tsy amin' ny maha-entam-barotra azo ifanakalozana azy araka ny sanda amin' ny fifanakalozana. Araka ny hevitr' i Debord, ny fanjakazakan' izany sary izany amin' ny fiainana manontolo dia mampihena ny fiarahamonina ho fanehoana fotsiny azy; izany no hevitra velabelariny ao amin' ny boky ''The Society of the Spectacle'' (izany hoe Ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny seho).<ref>Lohateny: ''The Society of the Spectacle''; Mpamoaka: Zone Books; author: Guy Debord; Taona: 1995.</ref> === Antony mampiray (Hoffer) === Nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa amerikanina Eric Hoffer ireo antony maromaro mampiray ny mpanaraka ideôlôjia iray:<ref name=":3">Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. Harper Perennial. p. 91, ''et seq.''</ref> # Fankahalana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Afaka mipoitra sy miely tsy misy [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] ny hetsiky ny vahoaka maro, nefa tsy afaka manao izany mihitsy raha tsy misy finoana [[Devoly|devoly]].»<ref name=":3" /> Araka ny filazany, vahiny no «devoly tena sahaza», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 93</sup> # Fakana tahaka: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Arakaraka ny maha-kely ny fahafaham-pontsika amin' ny maha-isika antsika no maha-lehibe ny faniriantsika hitovy amin' ny hafa… arakaraka ny tsy itokisantsika ny fahaizantsika mitsara sy ny vintantsika no maha-vonona kokoa antsika hanaraka ny ohatry ny hafa.»<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 101–2</sup> # Fandresen-dahatra: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahazotoan' ny mpanao fampielezan-kevitra hitaona olona hanaraka ny finoany na ny heviny dia avy amin' izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny: «fitadiavana fatratra zavatra mbola tsy hita, mihoatra noho ny faniriana hanome zavatra efa ananantsika».<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 110</sup> # Fanerena: milaza i Hoffer fa mifampiankina ny herisetra sy ny fifikirana tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra. Araka ny filazany, ny olona noterena hanaraka ny finoana [[Silamo|silamo]] na [[Kômonisma|kôminista]] dia manjary mifikitra tafahoatra amin' izany tahaka ireo nanery azy. Hoy izy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ilaina ny finoana ifikirana tafahoatra mba hitadiavana antony hanamarinana ny hakanosantsika.»<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 107–8</sup> # Fitarihana: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, tsy misy hetsika raha tsy misy mpitarika. Matetika ilay mpitarika no tsy maintsy miandry ela, mbola tsy miseho ho mpitarika, mandra-pahatongan' ny fotoana mety. Mitaky fanaovana sorona amin' izao fotoana izao izy mba hanamarinana ny fahitany hoavy mahatalanjona. Anisan' ny toetra sy fahaizana ilaina, araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, ny fahasahiana, ny tsy fahamenarana, ny finiavana tsy azo hozongozonina, ary ny faharesen-dahatra ifikirana tafahoatra; ny fankahalana mivaivay, ny hafetsena, ary ny fankafizana tandindona; ny fahaizana mampisy finoana jamba eo amin' ny vahoaka maro; ary ny fananana vondron' ny mpanampy mpitarika mahay.<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 112–4</sup> Araka ny filazany ihany, tsy azo ialana ny famitahana amin' ny filazana fahaizana na toetra tsy ananana, ary matetika ny mpitarika no maka tahaka ny sakaiza sy ny fahavalo, ka manao izay nantsoiny hoe, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «fanefena ny tena araka ny ohatra iray, ka izany irery no ifantohana». Tsy hitarika ny mpanaraka azy ho any amin' ilay «[[Tany Nampanantenaina|hoavy sambatra nampanantenaina]]» izy, hoy i Hoffer, fa hampiala azy ireo fotsiny «amin' ny maha-izy azy izay tsy tiany», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teniny.<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 116–9</sup> # Asa atao: araka ny filazan' i Hoffer, voasakana ny fisainana vaovao tsy manahaka ny hafa, ary ampirisihina ny firaisankina, raha atao variana hatrany amin' ny tetikasa lehibe, ny diabe, ny fikarohana ary ny asa indostrialy ny vahoaka maro.<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 120–1</sup> # Fiahiahiana: hoy i Hoffer, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Misy ny fitsabahana mikaroka ny raharahan' ny hafa sy ny fitsikilovana, ny fanaraha-maso amim-pihenjanana ary ny fahatsapana amim-pihenjanana fa arahi-maso ny tena.» Araka ny filazany, tsy misy manohitra izany tsy fifampitokisana tafahoatra izany, ary mampirisika ny fanarahana ny fenitra sy ny hevitry ny vondrona izany, fa tsy ny fanehoana hevitra manohitra.<ref name=":3" /><sup class="reference">: 124</sup> === Ronald Inglehart === I Ronald Inglehart, avy ao amin' ny ''University of Michigan'' (Oniversiten' i Michigan), no mpanoratra ny ''World Values Survey'' (fanadihadiana maneran-tany momba ny soatoavina). Araka ny fitantarana momba io fanadihadiana io, hatramin' ny 1980 dia nandrakitra ny toe-tsain' ny olona eo amin' ny fiarahamonina tany amin' ny firenena 100 izy io, ary ireo firenena ireo dia ahitana ny 90% amin' ny mponina maneran-tany. Maneho ny valiny fa azo inoana ny hisian' ny fifandraisana akaiky eo amin' ny toerana onenan' ny olona sy ny foto-pinoany ara-ideôlôjia. Araka ireo valiny ireo, any amin' ny faritra maro ao Afrika sy Azia Atsimo ary Afovoany Atsinanana, dia aleon' ny olona ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana ary tsy dia mandefitra amin' ny soatoavina liberaly, izay manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, izy ireo. Ny faritra prôtestanta ao Eorôpa kosa dia eo amin' ny tendrony mifanohitra amin' izany, ka mifikitra kokoa amin' ny foto-pinoana tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana sy amin' ny soatoavina liberaly. Araka io fitantarana io ihany, amin' ireo firenena manana fidiram-bola ambony, dia i Etazonia irery no miavaka amin' ny fifikirany amin' ny foto-pinoana nentim-paharazana, dia ny kristianisma amin' io tranga io. == Ideôlôjia pôlitika == Jereo koa: Lisitry ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Ao amin' ny fandalinana ny pôlitika, ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia fitambaran' ny filamatra, fitsipika, [[Foto-pampianarana|foto-pampianarana]], angano, na tandindona mifototra amin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena, izay ananan' ny hetsika ara-tsôsialy, andrim-piarahamonina, saranga, na vondron' olona lehibe iray. Manazava ny fomba tokony handaminana ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonina]] izany, ary manolotra drafitra ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ho an' ny fandaminana ara-tsôsialy iray. Mahakasika lafin-javatra maro samihafa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Anisan' izany, nefa tsy ireo ihany, ny [[Toekarena|toekarena]], ny [[Governemanta|fitondram-panjakana]], ny tontolo iainana, ny [[Fanabeazana|fanabeazana]], ny [[Fitsaboana|fitsaboana sy fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana]], ny lalàna mifehy ny asa, ny lalàna momba ny heloka, ny rafi-pitsarana, ny fiahiana ara-tsôsialy sy ny fanampiana ara-tsôsialy, ny pôlitikam-panjakana sy ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana, ny [[Pôlitika ivelany|pôlitika ivelany]], ny zo, ny fahalalahana sy ny adidy, ny maha-olom-pirenena, ny fifindra-monina mankany amin' ny firenena iray, ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]] sy ny maha-izy ny firenena, ny fitantanana ny tafika, ary ny [[Fivavahana|fivavahana]]. Misy lafiny roa ny ideôlôjia pôlitika: # Ny tanjona: ny fomba tokony handaminana ny fiarahamonina; # Ny fomba fiasa: ny lalana heverina ho mety indrindra hahatratrarana ilay fandaminana filamatra. Ny tena ifantohan' ny ideôlôjia pôlitika dia ny fomba fizarana ny fahefana sy ny tanjona tokony hampiasana izany fahefana izany. Misy antoko manaraka akaiky dia akaiky ideôlôjia iray, fa misy kosa mety haka aingam-panahy amin' ny ankapobeny avy amin' ny vondron' ideôlôjia mifandray, nefa tsy mandray manokana ny iray amin' ireo. Samy manana hevitra momba izay heveriny ho endri-pitondram-panjakana tsara indrindra ny ideôlôjia pôlitika tsirairay. Ohatra amin' izany ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia, na fitondrana miorina amin' ny fahefan' ny vahoaka]], ny fitaomana vahoaka amin' ny fampiasana ny fihetseham-pony (''demagogy''), ny [[Teôkrasia|fitondrana mifototra amin' ny fahefana ara-pivavahana]] (''theocracy''), ary ny [[Kalifata|kalifata, na fanjakana silamo tarihin' ny kalifa]], sy ny hafa. Manana hevitra momba ny halehiben' ny fahefan' ny fitondram-panjakana koa izy ireny, toy ny fanamafisana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra sy famerana ny fahalalahana (''authoritarianism''), ny fanomezana lanja voalohany ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay sy ny famerana ny fahefan' ny fanjakana (''libertarianism''), ary ny [[Federalisma|fizaram-pahefana eo amin' ny fitondrana foibe sy ireo fanjakana na vondrom-paritra mandrafitra ny firenena]] (''federalism''), sy ny hafa. Toy izany koa ny heviny momba izay rafitra ara-toekarena tsara indrindra, toy ny [[Kapitalisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananan' olon-tsotra ny fitaovam-pamokarana sy ny fitadiavana tombom-barotra]] (''capitalism''), na ny [[Sôsialisma|rafitra mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana]] (''socialism''), sy ny hafa. Indraindray, teny iray ihany no enti-manondro ny ideôlôjia iray sy ny iray amin' ny hevi-dehibe ao aminy. Ohatra, ny teny hoe ''socialism'' dia mety hanondro ilay rafitra ara-toekarena mifototra amin' ny fananana na fifehezana iombonana ny fitaovam-pamokarana, na koa ilay ideôlôjia manohana izany rafitra ara-toekarena izany. Taorian' ny taona 1991, maro ny mpandinika nilaza fa niaina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia ny olona,<ref>Bell, D. 2000. ''The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 393.</ref> ka, araka izany fomba fijery izany, tsy nahomby ireo ideôlôjia nampanantena famonjena sy nikendry ny hahafaoka ny lafin-javatra rehetra. Matetika io fomba fijery io no ampifandraisina amin' ny asa soratr' i Francis Fukuyama momba ny fiafaran' ny tantara.<ref>Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. ''The End of History and the Last Man''. New York: Free Press. p. xi.</ref> Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, i Nienhueser (2011) dia mihevitra fa mbola «mamokatra ideôlôjia» hatrany ny fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitantanana ny mpiasa sy ny fahaizany (fandikan-teny).<ref>last1: Nienhueser; first1: Werner; Daty: October 2011; Lohateny: ''Empirical Research on Human Resource Management as a Production of Ideology''; Gazety: ''Management Revue''; Mpamoaka: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG; Boky: 22; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 367–393; doi: 10.5771/0935-9915-2011-4-367; issn: 0935-9915; quote: [...] current empirical research in HRM is generating ideology.; doi-access: free; jstor: 41783697; s2cid: 17746690.</ref> Maro ny fomba naroso hanasokajiana ny ideôlôjia pôlitika. Afaka mamaritra ny tenany araka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny filaharan' ny firehana ara-pôlitika ny ideôlôjia, ohatra hoe ankavia, afovoany, na ankavanana. Azo avahana koa izy ireny araka ny raharaha tokana mety hanorenana azy, ohatra ny fiarovana ny fahalalahana sivily, ny fanohanana na fanoherana ny fampiraisana an' i Eorôpa, ary ny fanaovana ny rongony ho ara-dalàna. Azo avahana araka ny paikady pôlitika koa izy ireny, ohatra ny fanehoana ny vahoaka ho toherin' ny sangany sy ny filazana fa misolo tena ny vahoaka (''populism''), na ny fampifantohana ny fahefana amin' ny mpitondra iray (''personalism''). Sarotra anefa ny manasokajy ny ideôlôjia pôlitika noho ny fiankinan' ny famaritana hevitra amin' ny kolontsaina. Ny anarana hoe kônservatisma dia ilazana ny fifikirana amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy; ny liberalisma kosa manome lanja ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay; ary ny neoliberalisma mampiroborobo ny tsena malalaka sy ny famerana ny fandraisan' ny fanjakana anjara amin' ny toekarena. Ohatra amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fampiasana ireo anarana ireo ny fampitahana omen' i Leo P. Ribuffo (2011), izay milaza izao (fandikan-teny): «Izay antsoin' ny Amerikanina ankehitriny hoe kônservatisma dia antsoin' ny ampahany lehibe amin' izao tontolo izao hoe [[Liberalisma|liberalisma]] na neoliberalisma»; mety homena ny anarana hoe sôsialista ao Etazonia ny kônservativa ao [[Finlandy]], izany hoe olona mifikitra amin' ny lova sy ny rafitra efa misy ao amin' io firenena io.<ref>last: Ribuffo; first: Leo P.; author-link: Leo P. Ribuffo; Daty: January 2011; Lohateny: ''Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy''; url: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734]; Gazety: ''Historically Speaking''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 2–6; doi: 10.1353/hsp.2011.0013; issn: 1944-6438; s2cid: 144367661; url-access: subscription.</ref> Ny filôzôfa Michael Oakeshott dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia miorina amin' ny raharaha tokana ho «famintinana natao ho endrika voarafitra an' ilay heverina ho fototra iorenan' ny fahamarinana takatry ny saina ao anatin' ny lova nentim-paharazana» (fandikan-teny). Ankoatra izany, i Charles Blattberg dia manolotra fanazavana manavaka ny ideôlôjia pôlitika amin' ny [[Filôzôfia pôlitika|filôzôfia pôlitika, na fandinihana ny fototra sy ny anton' ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika]].<ref>last: Blattberg; first: Charles; Daty: 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies''; url: [https://philpapers.org/archive/BLAPPA-2.pdf]; url-status: live; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042926/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117]; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-06-01; Gazety: ''Public Affairs Quarterly''; Boky: 15; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 193–217; ssrn: 1755117; s2cid: 142824378; doi: 10.1515/9780773576636-002; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-7663-6</nowiki>.</ref> Araka ny hevitr' i Slavoj Žižek, ilay fiheverana mihitsy hoe efa nihoarana ny ideôlôjia dia mety hahafahan' ny endrik' ideôlôjia lalim-paka indrindra sy arahana an-jambany indrindra miasa. Karazana fahatsiarovan-tena diso momba ny toerana sy ny tombontsoan' ny tena eo amin' ny fiarahamonina izany, na fihetsika mody tsy matoky ny fahatsoram-pon' ny hafa (''false cynicism''). Natao hampahazo haja ny fomba fijerin' ny tena ho toy ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny zava-misy sady tsy mitanila izy io, amin' ny fisehoana ho manana fijery tsy matoky nefa tsy miandany, kanefa tsy izany akory. Raha tokony hanampy hiala amin' ny ideôlôjia izany fahadisoana izany, dia vao mainka mampitombo ny fifikirana amin' ny ideôlôjia iray efa misy, araka ny heviny. Antsoin' i Žižek hoe «fandrika pôstmôdernista» izany (fandikan-teny), izany hoe fandrika mifandraika amin' ny fomba fisainana manakiana ireo fanazavana sy soatoavina nolovaina tamin' ny môdernisma.<ref>last: Žižek; first: Slavoj; author-link: Slavoj Žižek; Lohateny: ''The Sublime Object of Ideology''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Verso; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84467-300-1</nowiki>; edition: 2nd; Toerana: London; Pejy: xxxi, 25–27.</ref> Efa nanolotra izany hevitra izany koa i Peter Sloterdijk tamin' ny taona 1988.<ref>last: Sloterdijk; first: Peter; Daty: 1988; Lohateny: ''Critique of Cynical Reason''; url: [https://archive.org/details/critiqueofcynica00slot]; url-access: registration; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota Press; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8166-1586-5</nowiki>.</ref> Nasehon' ny fikarohana fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny lova ara-pototarazo ny ampahany sasany amin' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny ideôlôjia pôlitikan' ny olona.<ref>last1: Bouchard; first1: Thomas J.; authorlink: Thomas J. Bouchard-Jr; authorlink2: Matt McGue; last2: McGue; first2: Matt; Taona: 2003; Lohateny: ''Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences''; url: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/neu.10160]; Gazety: ''Journal of Neurobiology''; Boky: 54; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 44–45; doi: 10.1002/neu.10160; pmid: 12486697; url-access: subscription.</ref><ref>Cloninger, et al. (1993).</ref><ref>last1: Eaves; first1: L. J.; authorlink2: Hans Eysenck; last2: Eysenck; first2: H. J.; Taona: 1974; Lohateny: ''Genetics and the development of social attitudes''; url: [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v249/n5454/abs/249288a0.html]; Gazety: ''Nature''; Boky: 249; Laharana: 5454; Pejy: 288–89; doi: 10.1038/249288a0; pmid: 4857324; bibcode: 1974Natur.249..288E; url-access: subscription.</ref><ref>Alford, John, Carolyn Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. ''[http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809045236/http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf Tahiry] (date: 2017-08-09). ''American Political Science Review'' 99(2):153–167.</ref><ref>last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; authorlink2: Sarah Medland; authorlink4: Andrew C. Heath; last2: Medland; first2: Sarah E.; last3: Morley; first3: Katherine I.; last4: Heath; first4: Andrew C.; last5: Martin; first5: Nicholas G.; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study''; url: [https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/contents/p/staff/Hatemi501Published.pdf]; Gazety: ''Behavior Genetics''; Boky: 37; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 435–448; doi: 10.1007/s10519-006-9138-8; pmid: 17221311.</ref><ref>last1: Hatemi; first1: Peter K.; authorlink: Pete Hatemi; last2: Hibbing; first2: J.; last3: Alford; first3: J.; last4: Martin; first4: N.; last5: Eaves; first5: L.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''Is there a 'party' in your genes?''; url: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258180337]; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 584–600; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327606; ssrn: 1276482.</ref><ref>last1: Settle; first1: Jaime E.; authorlink2: Christopher Dawes (author); authorlink3: James H. Fowler; last2: Dawes; first2: Christopher T.; last3: Fowler; first3: James H.; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The heritability of partisan attachment''; url: [http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/heritability_of_partisan_attachment.pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/heritability_of_partisan_attachment.pdf |date=20100616133630 }}; Gazety: ''Political Research Quarterly''; Boky: 62; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 601–13; doi: 10.1177/1065912908327607.</ref> === Ideôlôjia sy fanjakana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray. Rehefa lasa singa miely manerana ny fitondram-panjakana iray sady manjaka ao anatiny ny ideôlôjia pôlitika iray, dia azo lazaina fa fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray izany.<ref>url: [https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; Lohateny: ''Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz, Alfred Wayne Penn. Politics of Ideocracy''; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7914-2297-7</nowiki>; last1: Piekalkiewicz; first1: Jaroslaw; last2: Penn; first2: Alfred Wayne; Taona: 1995; Mpamoaka: State University of New York Press; Daty nijerena: 2020-08-27; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211428/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC6FAAAAMAAJ]; url-status: live.</ref> Mampiasa ny ideôlôjia amin' ny fomba samihafa ireo endri-pitondram-panjakana isan-karazany, ary tsy voafetra hatrany amin' ny pôlitika sy ny fiarahamonina izany fampiasana izany. Misy hevitra sy firehana ara-pisainana omena tombony na lavina raha oharina amin' ny hafa, arakaraka ny fifanarahan' izy ireo amin' ny lamina ara-tsôsialy manjaka na ny maha-mahasoa azy ireo an' io lamina io. Ao amin' ny ''The Anatomy of Revolution'', dia nilaza i Crane Brinton fa miparitaka ny ideôlôjia vaovao rehefa misy tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny fitondrana taloha.<ref>Brinton, Crane. 1938. "Chapter 2." ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.</ref> Araka ny filazalazany, mety hiverina mandritra ny revôlisiôna mihitsy izany fizotrany izany; noho izany, mety handresy ireo revôlisiônera manana firehana antonony kokoa ireo manana firehana mahery vaika toa an' i [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] sy i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]].<ref>Brinton, Crane. 1938. "Chapter 6." ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.</ref> Araka io filazalazan' i Brinton io ihany, dia tsy ela aorian' io dingana io no manaraka ny Thermidor, izany hoe ny fampitoniana ny hafanam-po revôlisiônera eo ambany fitarihan' ireo mifantoka amin' ny vokatra azo ampiharina toa an' i Napoleon sy i [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], izay mitondra ny «toe-draharaha mahazatra sy ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.<ref>Brinton, Crane. 1938. "Chapter 8." ''The Anatomy of Revolution''.</ref> Averin' i J. William Fulbright ny fifandimbiasan' ny dingana nofaritan' i Brinton, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe «olona mamolavola hevitra > olona mifikitra tafahoatra amin' ny finoana na hevitra > olona miroso amin' ny asa azo ampiharina».<ref>Fulbright, J. William. 1967. ''The Arrogance of Power''. ch. 3–7.</ref> Misy endrika mitovitovy amin' izany koa ao amin' ny ''The True Believer'' nosoratan' i Eric Hoffer.<ref>Hoffer, Eric. 1951. ''The True Believer''. ch. 15–17.</ref> == Ideôlôjia momba ny fahalalana sy ny fomba ahazoana azy == Na dia ampirisihina aza ny fandinihana mitsikera ny finoana efa misy, toy ny amin' ny teôria ara-tsiansa, dia mety hanakana ny fanolorana fanakianana, teôria na fanandramana sasany ny rafitra fandinihana na ny fomba fisainana manjaka. Ohatra manokana amin' ny siansa nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ideôlôjia ny ekôlôjia, na fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina eto an-tany samy izy sy amin' ny tontolo iainany. Noheverin' i James J. Gibson izay mpandinika ny fiasan' ny saina eo amin' ny fahatsapana fa ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona ny fifandraisana ara-tontolo iainana no fototry ny fahafantarana ny tena sy ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana mihitsy.<ref>last1: Gibson; first1: James J.; Lohateny: ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''; Daty: 1979; Mpamoaka: Taylor & Francis.</ref> Nanolotra fandalinana ny fahazoana sy fikirakirana fahalalana momba ny matematika (ny matematika dia fandalinana ny isa sy ny rafitra ary ny fifandraisany) i George Lakoff, mpahay teny. Ao anatin' izany fomba fandinihana izany dia hoheverina ho vokatra na zavatra ateraky ny fahatsapan' ny olombelona na dia ny hevitra fototra indrindra ao amin' ny aritmetika (fandalinana ny isa sy ny kajy atao aminy) aza; io fahatsapana io kosa dia tsy maintsy nivoatra tao anatin' ny tontolo iainana iray.<ref>last1: Lakoff; first1: George; Lohateny: ''Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics Into Being''; Daty: 2000; Mpamoaka: Basic Books.</ref> Toa nandray ny siansa momba ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany ho ideôlôjia miabo ny ekôlôjia lalina sy ny hetsika ankehitriny momba ny tontolo iainana, ary koa ny antoko mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, saingy amin' ny ambaratonga ambany kokoa ho an' ireto farany.<ref>last1: Madsen; first1: Peter; Lohateny: ''Deep Ecology''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; website: Britannica; Daty nijerena: 2021-04-10; Daty nitahirizana: 2021-04-13; Tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203553/https://www.britannica.com/topic/deep-ecology]; url-status: live.</ref> == Fanazavana avy amin' ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po == Maro ny fikarohana amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|haifisaina sy hetsi-po]] izay mandinika ny antony mahatonga ny ideôlôjia, ny vokany ary ny votoatiny.<ref name="Jost2009">last1: Jost; first1: John T.; author1-link: John Jost; last2: Federico; first2: Christopher M.; last3: Napier; first3: Jaime L.; Daty: January 2009; Lohateny: ''Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities''; Gazety: ''Annual Review of Psychology''; Boky: 60; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 307–337; doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600; pmid: 19035826.</ref><ref name="Schlenker2012">last1: Schlenker; first1: Barry R.; last2: Chambers; first2: John R.; last3: Le; first3: Bonnie M.; Daty: April 2012; Lohateny: ''Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction''; Gazety: ''Journal of Research in Personality''; Boky: 46; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 127–146; doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009.</ref><ref name="Saucier2000">last1: Saucier; first1: Gerard; author-link: Gerard Saucier; Daty: 2000; Lohateny: ''Isms and the structure of social attitudes.''; Gazety: ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''; Boky: 78; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 366–385; doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.366; pmid: 10707341.</ref> Nantsoin' i Althusser hoe «biby manana ideôlôjia» ny olombelona, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.<ref name=":4">last1: Greenberg; first1: Jeff; Lohateny: ''Handbook of experimental existential psychology''; last2: Koole; first2: Sander Leon; last3: Pyszczynski; first3: Thomas A.; Daty: 2004; Mpamoaka: Guilford Press; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1</nowiki>; Toerana: New York.</ref><sup class="reference">: 269</sup> Teôria maro no niezaka nanazava ny fisian' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fiarahamonin' olombelona.<ref name=":4" /><sup class="reference">: 269</sup> Araka ny hevitra natolotr' i Jost, Ledgerwood ary Hardin (2008), dia mety hiasa ho toy ny vondrom-panazavana efa voaomana mialoha ny ideôlôjia. Miparitaka izy ireny, araka io hevitra io, noho ireo antony fototra manosika ny olombelona hahatakatra izao tontolo izao, hisoroka ny fandrahonana ny fisian' ny olona, ary hitazona ireo fifandraisana amin' ny hafa izay sarobidy aminy.<ref name="jost2008">Jost, John T., Alison Ledgerwood, and Curtis D. Hardin. 2008. ''Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs.'' pp. 171–186 in ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 2.</ref> Araka ny fehin-kevitr' ireo mpanoratra, mety hampirona ny olona handray fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao izay manamarina ny rafitra misy ireo antony manosika ireo, amin' ny taha ambony tsy mifandanja amin' ny fandraisana fomba fijery hafa.<ref name=":5">author: Lee S. Dimin; Lohateny: ''Corporatocracy: A Revolution in Progress''; Taona: 2011; Pejy: 140.</ref> Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mifanaraka hevitra ny mpikaroka momba ny haifisaina sy hetsi-po fa toa misy itoviana ny toetra mampiavaka ny olona, ny toetra na mari-pandrefesana izay tsy mitovy amin' ny olona tsirairay, ny filàna ary ny finoana ara-ideôlôjia.<ref name=":5" /> Araka ny teôria momba ny finoana fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao (''just-world theory''), dia te hino ny olona fa ara-drariny izao tontolo izao mba hahatsapany fa voafehiny ny zava-mitranga ary voaaro izy ireo. Mamorona ideôlôjia izy ireo mba hitazonana izany finoana izany, ohatra amin' ny fanamarinana ny tsy fitoviana na ny zava-mitranga mampahory. Ny fitsikerana iray atao amin' ny fampiasana io teôria io ho hany fanazavana ny ideôlôjia dia ny hoe tsy manazava ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ideôlôjia samihafa izy io.<ref name=":4" /><sup class="reference">: 270–271</sup> Araka ny teôria momba ny fiatrehana ny tahotra ny fahafatesana (''terror management theory''), dia ampiasaina ho fomba fiarovan' ny saina ny ideôlôjia rehefa misy mandrahona ny fomba fijerin' ny olona ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao. Izany indray no miaro ny fiheveran' ny olona ny hasarobidin' ny tenany sady mampihena ny fahatsiarovany ny maha-mety maty azy. Asehon' ny porofo fa ny fampahatsiahivana mialoha ny olona ny maha-mety maty azy dia tsy mitarika azy hamaly izany amin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny ideôlôjia manokana iray, fa amin' ny ideôlôjia izay ao an-tsainy amin' io fotoana io kosa.<ref name=":4" /><sup class="reference">: 271</sup> Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy (''system justification theory''), dia mirona hiaro ny fiarahamonina misy ny olona, na dia mifanohitra amin' ny tombontsoany aza izany indraindray. Izany indray no mahatonga azy ireo hamorona fanazavana ara-ideôlôjia hanamarinana ny toe-javatra misy. Araka ny tohan-kevitr' i Jost, Fitzimmons ary Kay, dia avy amin' ny faniriana hitazona firindrana eo amin' ny fisainana (fahafahana misaina amin' ny fomba mitovitovy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana), ny faniriana hampihena ny tsy fahazoana antoka sy ny ezaka atao, ny fiheverana diso fa voafehin' ny tena ny zava-mitranga, ary ny tahotra ny fitoviana ny antony manosika hiaro ny rafitra efa misy.<ref name=":4" /><sup class="reference">: 272</sup> Araka ny teôria momba ny fanamarinana ny rafitra misy,<ref name="jost2008" /> dia maneho ireo dingana manosika ny fitondran-tena (izay tsy tsapan' ny olona) ny ideôlôjia, mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana fa maneho fisainana mahaleo tena sy tsy mitanila mandrakariva ny faharesen-dahatra ara-pôlitika.<ref name="jost2008" /> == Ny ideôlôjia sy ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina == === Teôria momba ny famantarana sy ny heviny === Araka ny voalazan' i Bob Hodge, mpandalina ny famantarana sy ny heviny (''semiotics''), dia toy izao manaraka izao izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy:<ref>Hodge, Bob. "[http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html# ''Ideology''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215511/http://www.semioticon.com/seo/I/ideology.html Tahiry] (date: 2008-09-05)." ''Semiotics Encyclopedia Online''. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</ref> <blockquote>Ny [ideôlôjia] dia manondro zavatra iray miray manontolo izay mampitambatra fitambarana hevitra saro-drafitra maro miaraka amin' ireo mpandray anjara ara-tsôsialy sy ireo dingana niteraka izany hevitra izany. Tsy misy teny hafa mahafaoka io zavatra io tsara tahaka ny hoe «ideôlôjia». Ny rafitra mamaritra izay azo raisina ho fahalalana (''episteme'') an' i [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] dia tery loatra sady miompana loatra amin' ny hevitra tsy mivaingana, ary tsy ampy ny lafiny ara-tsôsialy voarakony. Ny fandrafetana sy fampitana hevitra (''discourse'') lazainy, izay be mpampiasa satria mahafaoka ampahany amin' izay sahanin' ny ideôlôjia nefa vitsy kokoa ny hevitra fanampiny mifamatotra aminy, dia voafetra loatra amin' ny rafitra mampiasa teny. Ny fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao (''worldview'') dia mifantoka loatra amin' ny [[Metafizika|foto-kevitra momba ny fototry ny zava-misy]] (''metaphysical''), ary ny [[Fampielezan-kevitra|fampielezan-kevitra enti-mitaona olona]] (''propaganda'') kosa dia be loatra ny hevitra fanampiny mitondra fitsarana mifamatotra aminy. Na eo aza, na noho ny fifanoherana ao aminy aza, dia mbola manana anjara asa lehibe hatrany ny «ideôlôjia» eo amin' ny fandalinana ny famantarana sy ny heviny izay mitodika amin' ny fiainana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika.</blockquote> Nampiditra koa, vao haingana, ny famakafakana mifototra amin' ny fandalinana ny hevitry ny teny sy ny famantarana (''semantic analysis'') ho ao amin' ny fandalinana ny ideôlôjia ny mpanoratra toa an' i Michael Freeden. === Fandalinana ny fiarahamonina === Araka ny filazan' i John J. Macionis, ny [[Sôsiôlôjia|mpandinika ny fiarahamonina]] dia mamaritra ny ideôlôjia ho toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «finoana ara-kolontsaina enti-manamarina fandaminana sasany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, anisan' izany ireo endrika isehoan' ny tsy fitoviana».<ref name=":0">Lohateny: ''Sociology''; last: Macionis; first: John J.; Daty: 2010; Mpamoaka: Pearson Education; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-205-74989-8</nowiki>; edition: 13th; Toerana: Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pejy: 257; oclc: 468109511.</ref> Amin' io fomba fandinihana io, ny vondrona manjaka dia mampiasa ireo fitambaram-pinoana sy fomba fanao ara-kolontsaina ireo mba hanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana izay mitazona ny fahefany eo amin' ny fiarahamonina manoloana ireo vondrona tsy manjaka. Ampiasain' ny ideôlôjia ny rafitry ny tandindona ao amin' ny fiarahamonina iray mba handaminana ny fifandraisana ara-tsôsialy ho ambaratonga ambony sy ambany: omena toerana ambony ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy sasany, fa heverina ho ambany kosa ny maha-izy ara-tsôsialy hafa. Ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy lehibe ao amin' ny fiarahamonina, toy ny fampahalalam-baovao, ny fianakaviana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fivavahana, ny ideôlôjia manjaka ao aminy.<ref name=witt_2018>Lohateny: ''SOC 2018''; last: Witt; first: Jon; Mpamoaka: McGraw Hill; Taona: 2017; isbn: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-259-70272-3</nowiki>; edition: 5th; Toerana: [S.l.]; Pejy: 65; oclc: 968304061.</ref> Niova nanaraka ny fiovan' ny fiarahamonina nandritra ny tantara koa ireo ideôlôjia nanamarinana ny rafitry ny tsy fitoviana.<ref name=":0" /> Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny ideôlôjia eo amin' ny fandalinana ny fiarahamonina ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra]], ny fanavakavahana mifototra amin' ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy, ny fanamboniana ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy manoloana ny hafa, ny fanavakavahana ny olona manana fahasembanana, ary ny fametrahana ny kolontsain' ny tena ho ivon' ny fandinihana.<ref name=witt_2018 /> == Teny nalaina == * Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy mila…mino ideôlôjia isika. Ny hany ilaina dia ny hampivelaran' ny tsirairay amintsika ireo toetra tsara maha-olona ananany. Mahakasika ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainana ankehitriny ny filàna fahatsapana andraikitra manoloana ny olombelona rehetra.» — [[Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]<ref>Bunson, Matthew, ed. 1997. ''The Dalai Lama's Book of Wisdom''. Ebury Press. p. 180.</ref> * Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny asan' ny ideôlôjia dia ny mampiorina sy mampaharitra ny fanjakazakana amin' ny alalan' ny fanafenana ny tena zava-misy na ny fiheveran-diso momba izany.» — Sally Haslanger<ref>last1: Haslanger; first1: Sally; author1-link: Sally Haslanger; Taona: 2017; Lohateny: ''I – Culture and Critique''; Gazety: ''Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume''; Boky: 91; Pejy: 149–73; doi: 10.1093/arisup/akx001; doi-access: free; hdl: 1721.1/116882; hdl-access: free.</ref> * Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: «[N]y ideôlôjia iray dia tsy mitovy amin' ny hevitra tsotra, satria milaza ho manana na ny fanalahidy hahatakarana ny tantara, na ny vahaolana amin' ny “ankamantatr' izao rehetra izao” rehetra, na ny fahalalana lalina ireo lalàna miafina mihatra amin' izao rehetra izao, izay heverina fa mifehy ny natiora sy ny olombelona.» — Hannah Arendt<ref>Arendt, Hannah. 1968. ''The Origins of Totalitarianism.'' Harcourt. p. 159.</ref> == Jereo koa == * ''-ism'' – Tovana amin' ny teny anglisy * [[Finoana|Finoana]]: rafitry ny finoana * [[Tenim-pinoana|Dôgma]] – Finoana eken' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny vondrona iray tsy misy fametraham-panontaniana * [[Feminisma]] – Hetsika sy ideôlôjia isan-karazany ara-tsôsialy sy ara-pôlitika * Fitondram-panjakana anjakan' ny ideôlôjia iray – Fanjakana fehezin' ny ideôlôjia iray manokana * Lisitry ny ideôlôjia kôminista – Sekolim-pisainana momba ny fiarahamonina tsy misy saranga * Lisitry ny ideôlôjia mitondra anaran' olona * Ideôlôjiam-panjakana tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika * ''The Anatomy of Revolution'' – Bokin' i Crane Brinton tamin' ny 1938 * ''The True Believer'' – Bokin' i Eric Hoffer * ''World Values Survey'' (Fanadihadiana momba ny soatoavina maneran-tany) – Tetikasa fikarohana maneran-tany * Fomba fijery ankapobeny momba izao tontolo izao – Fomba fijery fototra mitarika ny fahazoana sy ny fikirakirana fahalalana eo amin' ny olona iray na ny fiarahamonina == Fanovozan-kevitra == <references/> === Boky sy lahatsoratra === * Althusser, Louis. [1970] 1971. ''Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses''. Ao amin' ny ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays''. Monthly Review Press <nowiki>ISBN 1-58367-039-4</nowiki>. * Belloni, Claudio. 2013. ''Per la critica dell’ideologia:'' ''Filosofia e storia in Marx.'' Milan: Mimesis. * [[Guy Debord|Debord, Guy]]. 1967 ''The Society of the Spectacle''. Bureau of Public Secrets 2014 (fanontana misy fanamarihana) * Duncker, Christian 2006. ''Kritische Reflexionen Des Ideologiebegriffes''. <nowiki>ISBN 1-903343-88-7</nowiki>. * —, mpandrindra ny famoahana. 2008. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213073427/http://ideologieforschung.de/web/Welcome.html Ideologiekritik Aktuell]''. ''Ideologies Today'' 1''.'' London. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84790-015-9</nowiki>. * Eagleton, Terry. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC Ideology: An Introduction]''. Verso. <nowiki>ISBN 0-86091-319-8</nowiki>. * Ellul, Jacques. [1965] 1973. ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes'', nadikan' i K. Kellen sy J. Lerner. New York: Random House. * Freeden, Michael. 1996. ''Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-829414-6</nowiki> * Feuer, Lewis S. 2010. ''Ideology and Ideologists.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers. * Gries, Peter Hays. 2014. ''The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Haas, Mark L. 2005. ''[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Clash-of-Ideologies-Middle-Eastern-Politics-and-American-Security-by-Mark-L-Haas.php The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989]''. Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8014-7407-8</nowiki>. * Hawkes, David. 2003. ''Ideology'' (fanontana faha-2). Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 0-415-29012-0</nowiki>. * James, Paul, sy Manfred Steger. 2010. [https://www.academia.edu/4510893 ''Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism'']. London: Sage. * Lukács, Georg. [1967] 1919–1923. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm History and Class Consciousness]'', nadikan' i R. Livingstone. Merlin Press. * Malesevic, Sinisa, sy Iain Mackenzie, mpandrindra ny famoahana. ''Ideology after Poststructuralism''. London: Pluto Press. * Mannheim, Karl. 1936. ''Ideology and Utopia.'' Routledge. * [[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]]. [1845–46] 1932. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm The German Ideology].'' * Minogue, Kenneth. 1985. ''Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology''. Palgrave Macmillan. <nowiki>ISBN 0-312-01860-6</nowiki>. * last1: Minar; first1: David W; Taona: 1961; Lohateny: ''Ideology and Political Behavior''; Gazety: ''Midwest Journal of Political Science''; Boky: 5; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 317–331; doi: 10.2307/2108991; jstor: 2108991. * last1: Mullins; first1: Willard A; Taona: 1972; Lohateny: ''On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science''; Gazety: ''American Political Science Review''; Boky: 66; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 498–510; doi: 10.2307/1957794; jstor: 1957794. * Ostrowski, Marius S. 2022. ''[https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 Ideology]''. Cambridge: Polity. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1509540730</nowiki>. * Owen, John. 2011. [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-clash-of-ideas-in-world-politics-john-owen.php ''The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010'']. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-14239-4</nowiki>. * Pinker, Steven. 2002. ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature''. New York: Penguin Group. <nowiki>ISBN 0-670-03151-8</nowiki>. * last1: Sorce Keller; first1: Marcello; Taona: 2007; Lohateny: ''Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences''; Gazety: ''Journal of Musicological Research''; Boky: 26; Laharana: 2–3; Pejy: 91–122; doi: 10.1080/01411890701361086. * last1: Steger; first1: Manfred B.; last2: James; first2: Paul; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies''; url: [https://www.academia.edu/4311113]; Gazety: ''Perspectives on Global Development and Technology''; Boky: 12; Laharana: 1–2; Pejy: 17–40; doi: 10.1163/15691497-12341240. * Verschueren, Jef. 2012. ''Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-69590-0</nowiki> == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html Torolalana handalinana ny ideôlôjia] [[Sokajy:Filôzôfia]] [[Sokajy:Politika]] 510mpfvawt5n2izjbksw260sshcnyi5 0 302675 1153707 1153571 2026-11-11T14:58:01Z Thelezifor 15140 1153707 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''voasarinalika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]): * ''[[Crotalaria aculeata]]'' <small>de Wild.</small> (''Fabaceae'') -- tsilomboasary, voasarimbiby, voasarinadibo, voasarinalika, voasarinamboa, voasarinikalavola * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen.</small> (← ''Toddalia asiatica'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small>) (''Rutaceae'') -- anakasina, anakatsimba, fanidy, kasimba, roikisimba, roimainty, roindambo, romainty, roy, voanalakely, voanginamboa, voasarikelinala, voasarikelinikalavola, voasarinalika, volotsaka == Jereo koa == * ''[[Crotalaria]]'' * ''[[Toddalia]]'' * ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' pplmiez34svyjmv95gmeuefp67wc73u 0 302693 1153722 1153627 2026-11-11T18:04:19Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153722 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''tsotsona''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakviana ''[[Amaryllidaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Asparagales]]) sy ''[[Malvaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malvales]]) * ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Amaryllidaceae'') -- kingatsa, sahonambo, tsotsona, vahondrano, vao, voangimboa * ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''Malvaceae'') -- azoampela, dingombalala, hazoampela, kiliarivo, pingombalala, rangodrambalala, roibe, roimainty, saroso, sarosoala, sondrarajaza, sondraranjaza, sondraranjazamaosy, tsirangorangombalala, tsotso, tsotsona, tsotsy, voaroibe * ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' <small>Cav.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- besofina, hafotrakanga, hafotsakanga, tsontsina, tsotsona == Jereo koa == * ''[[Crinum]]'' * ''[[Hibiscus]]'' * ''[[Pavonia]]'' * ''[[Sabdariffa]]'' moo6162jm7v8hou5af9ma4ezyz6tuut 0 302699 1153708 1153663 2026-11-11T15:04:36Z Thelezifor 15140 Tahirin-kevitra 1153708 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roipitiky''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]): * ''[[Mimosa grandidieri]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (''Fabaceae'') -- roipitiky, roy * ''[[Senegalia sakalava]]'' <small>(Drake) Boatwr.</small> (← ''Acacia sakalava'' <small>Drake</small>) (''Fabaceae'') -- roimena, roipitaka, roipitiky * ''[[Acacia bellula]]'' (''Fabaceae'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Mimosa]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' == Tahirin-kevitra == * Anthony E. Orchard & Annette J. G. Wilson: ''Flora of Australia: Mimosaceae Acacia'', Band 11, Teil 1: Mimosaceae, Acacia, Csiro Publishing, 2001, 673 Seiten <nowiki>ISBN 9780643057029</nowiki> * Clement, B.A., Goff, C.M., Forbes, T.D.A. ''Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia rigidula'', Phytochem. 1998, 49(5), 1377. * Du Puy, D.J. et al., 2002 ''The Leguminosae of Madagascar. RBG Kew.'' * LaFleur, Marni. (2012). ''Ecology of Lemur catta at the Tsimanampetsotsa National Park, Madagascar: Implications for female dominance and the evolution of lemur traits.'' * Ratovonamana, R. Y., Rajeriarison, C., Roger, E. & Ganzhorn, J. U. 2011. ''Phenology of different vegetation types in Tsimanampetsotsa National Park, south-western Madagascar''. Malagasy Nature, 5: 14-38 == Rohy ivelany == * Baobabs.com, [https://www.baobabs.com/Fiche2.php?Lang=fr&Ref=603 "Acacia bellula"] * Ehnopharmacologia.org, "[http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=6914 Acacia Bellula Drake]" o3h2oly7v8ak9wy5trw4lomc0a8cwes 2 302708 1153683 2026-11-11T11:59:20Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1383453774 1153683 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fampimirana momba ny elanelan' ny sanda mifanesy.'' Ao amin' ny [[Matematika|matematika]], ny '''fampimirana mielana''' dia fampimirana mampifandray lefa tsy fantatra iray na maromaro sy ny sintonany.<ref name="Zill2012">Dennis G. Zill. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pasKAAAAQBAJ&q=%22ordinary+differential%22 A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications]''. Cengage Learning, 15 March 2012. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-285-40110-2</nowiki>.</ref> Ny lefa dia fifandraisana mampifanaraka vokatra tokana amin' ny sanda tsirairay ampidirina; ny sintona kosa dia maneho ny tahan' ny fiovan' ny lefa eo amin' ny teboka iray raha miova ny sanda ampidirina. Amin' ny fampiharana, mazàna ny lefa no maneho habe ara-pizika, ny sintona no maneho ny tahan' ny fiovan' ireo habe ireo, ary ny fampimirana mielana no mamaritra ny fifandraisana eo amin' izy roa. Fahita amin' ny maodely matematika sy ny lalàna ara-tsiansa ny fifandraisana toy izany; noho izany dia mitana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny taranja maro ny fampimirana mielana, anisan' izany ny injenieria, ny [[Fizika|fizika]], ny siansan' ny toekarena ary ny biôlôjia. Ny fandinihana ny fampimirana mielana dia mifantoka indrindra amin' ny fandinihana ny vahaolany, izany hoe ny vondron' ny lefa mahafeno ny fampimirana tsirairay, sy ny toetran' ireo vahaolana ireo. Ny fampimirana mielana tsotra indrindra ihany no azo vahana amin' ny alalan' ny raikipohy maneho mivantana ny vahaolana; na izany aza dia azo fantarina ny toetra maro ananan' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana iray, na dia tsy kajiana marina aza ireo vahaolana ireo. Matetika, rehefa tsy misy raikipohy voaforona amin' ny asa sy lefa fantatra voafetra isa ahafahana maneho ny vahaolana, dia azo kajiana ny sanda manakaiky azy amin' ny alalan' ny solosaina. Maro ny fomba kajy isa novolavolaina mba hahitana vahaolana manana fari-pahamarinana voafaritra. Ny teôrian' ny rafitra dinamika, izany hoe ny rafitra miova arakaraka ny fotoana, dia manadihady ny lafiny momba ny toetran' ny vahaolana fa tsy ny sandany marina tsirairay, toy ny fomba fiovany amin' ny salanisa mandritra ny fe-potoana lava. == Tantara == Nipoitra niaraka tamin' ny famoronan' i Isaac Newton sy Gottfried Leibniz ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana ny fampimirana mielana. Tao amin' ny toko faha-2 amin' ny sanganasany tamin' ny 1671, ''Methodus fluxionum et Serierum Infinitarum'',<ref>Newton, Isaac. (c.1671). ''Methodus Fluxionum et Serierum Infinitarum'' (''The Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series''), published in 1736 [''Opuscula'', 1744, Vol. I. p. 66].</ref> dia nitanisa karazana fampimirana mielana telo i Newton: <math display=block>\begin{align} \frac {dy}{dx} &= f(x) \\[4pt] \frac {dy}{dx} &= f(x, y) \\[4pt] x_1 \frac {\partial y}{\partial x_1} &+ x_2 \frac {\partial y}{\partial x_2} = y \end{align}</math> Amin' ireo tranga rehetra ireo, ny <math>y</math> dia lefa tsy fantatra miankina amin' ny <math>x</math> (na amin' ny <math>x_1</math> sy <math>x_2</math>), izany hoe ny sandany dia miankina amin' ireo miova ireo; ny <math>f</math> kosa dia lefa efa nomena. Nahita vahaolana ho an' ireo ohatra ireo sy ny hafa izy tamin' ny fampiasana fitambaran-tsinga tsy manam-petra, izany hoe fitambarana izay tsy voafetra ny isan' ny singany. Nandinika koa ny tsy maha-tokana ny vahaolana izy, izany hoe ny mety hisian' ny vahaolana mihoatra ny iray. Tamin' ny 1695 no nanoloran' i Jacob Bernoulli ny fampimirana mielana Bernoulli.<ref>Bernoulli, Jacob (1695). ''Explicationes, Annotationes & Additiones ad ea, quae in Actis sup. de Curva Elastica, Isochrona Paracentrica, & Velaria, hinc inde memorata, & paratim controversa legundur; ubi de Linea mediarum directionum, alliisque novis''. ''Acta Eruditorum''.</ref> Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray izy io, ary toy izao ny endriny: <math display=block>y'+ P(x)y = Q(x)y^n\,</math> Ny taona nanaraka, izany hoe tamin' ny 1696, dia nahita vahaolana ho azy io i Leibniz tamin' ny fanatsorana azy.<ref>Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993). ''Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems''. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-540-56670-0</nowiki>.</ref> Teo amin' ny tantara, dia nandinika ny olana momba ny tady mihovitrovitra, toy ny tadin' ny zavamaneno, i Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Leonhard Euler, Daniel Bernoulli ary Joseph-Louis Lagrange.<ref>Frasier, Craig (July 1983). <i>Review of ''The evolution of dynamics, vibration theory from 1687 to 1742'', by John T. Cannon and Sigalia Dostrovsky</i>. ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', ''New Series'', boky 9, laharana 1. http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cfraser/vibration.pdf</ref><ref>Wheeler, Gerard F.; Crummett, William P. (1987). ''The Vibrating String Controversy''. ''Am. J. Phys.'', boky 55, laharana 1, pp. 33–37. DOI: 10.1119/1.15311. Bibcode: 1987AmJPh..55...33W.</ref><ref>Momba ny fitambarana manokana mirakitra lahatsoratra mpisava lalana 9 nosoratan' ireo mpanoratra telo, jereo ''[http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=38975&s_currency=EUR&c_sourcepage= First Appearance of the wave equation: D'Alembert, Leonhard Euler, Daniel Bernoulli. - the controversy about vibrating strings]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200209023122/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=38975&s_currency=EUR&c_sourcepage= Tahiry], 2020-02-09 (retrieved 13 Nov 2012). Herman HJ Lynge and Son.</ref><ref>Momba ny fandraisan' i Lagrange anjara tamin' ny fampimirana momba ny onjam-peo, jereo ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=D8GqhULfKfAC&pg=PA18 Acoustics: An Introduction to Its Physical Principles and Applications]''. Allan D. Pierce, Acoustical Soc of America, 1989; page 18.(retrieved 9 Dec 2012)</ref> Tamin' ny 1746, dia nahita ny fampimirana momba ny onja amin' ny refy iray i d’Alembert; tao anatin' ny folo taona taorian' izany kosa no nahitan' i Euler ny fampimirana momba ny onja amin' ny refy telo.<ref name="Speiser">Speiser, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9uf97reZZCUC&pg=PA191 Discovering the Principles of Mechanics 1600-1800]'', p. 191 (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008).</ref> Novolavolain' i Euler sy Lagrange nandritra ny taompolo 1750 ny fampimirana Euler–Lagrange, mifandray amin' ny fikarohan' izy ireo momba ny olana fitadiavana tsipika itovian' ny faharetan' ny fianjerana avy amin' ny teboka samihafa (''tautochrone''). Ny tanjon' io olana io dia ny hamantatra tsipika ara-jeômetria izay ahafahan' ny sombintsombin-javatra misy lanja mianjera manaraka azy ka tonga amin' ny teboka iray tsy miova toerana ao anatin' ny faharetana iray raikitra, na aiza na aiza ny teboka iaingany. Namaha io olana io i Lagrange tamin' ny 1755 ary nandefa ny vahaolana tany amin' i Euler. Samy nanohy namolavola ny fomba fiasan' i Lagrange izy roa, ary nampihatra izany tamin' ny mekanika, izay nitarika ho amin' ny famolavolana ny mekanikan' i Lagrange. Tamin' ny 1822, dia namoaka ny fikarohany momba ny fikorianan' ny hafanana tao amin' ny ''Théorie analytique de la chaleur'' (''The Analytic Theory of Heat'') i Fourier.<ref>Fourier, Joseph (1822). ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TDQJAAAAIAAJ Théorie analytique de la chaleur]''. Firmin Didot Père et Fils, Paris. Fiteny: fr (frantsay). OCLC: 2688081.</ref> Niorina tamin' ny lalàn' i Newton momba ny fihamangatsiahana ny fanjohian-keviny tao, izany hoe mifandanja mivantana amin' ny elanelana faran' izay kely eo amin' ny maripanan' ny molekiola roa mifanila ny fikorianan' ny hafanana eo amin' izy ireo. Tao amin' io boky io no nanoloran' i Fourier ny fampimirana momba ny hafanana, izay mamaritra ny fiparitahan' ny hafanana amin' ny alalan' ny fitarihana hafanana. Efa mahazatra ao amin' ny fandaharam-pianarana momba ny fizika matematika io fampimirana misy sintona ampahany io; ny sintona ampahany dia kajina amin' ny miova iray rehefa tazonina tsy miova ny miova hafa. == Ohatra == Ao amin' ny mekanika klasika, izany hoe ny fandalinana klasika ny fihetsehan' ny vatana sy ny hery miasa aminy, ny toerana sy ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny vatana iray rehefa mandeha ny fotoana no amaritana ny fihetsehany. Ny lalàn' i Newton dia ahafahana maneho ny fiovan' ireo miova ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fampimirana mielana, rehefa fantatra ny toerana sy ny hafainganam-pandehan' ilay vatana ary ny hery samihafa miasa aminy. Ny toerana misy ilay vatana, izay mbola tsy fantatra, no asehon' io fampimirana io ho lefan' ny fotoana, izany hoe ny toerana mifanaraka amin' ny fotoana tsirairay. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, azo vahana amin' ny endrika maneho mivantana ny lefa tadiavina io fampimirana mielana io, izay antsoina hoe fampimirana momba ny fihetsehana. Ohatra iray amin' ny fampiasana fampimirana mielana hanaovana maodelin' ny olana misy eo amin' ny tontolo tena izy ny famaritana ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny baolina latsaka mamakivaky ny rivotra, ka ny sinton' ny tany sy ny fanoheran' ny rivotra ihany no raisina ho misy fiantraikany aminy. Ny fanafainganan' ilay baolina mankany amin' ny tany dia mitovy amin' ny fanafainganana vokatry ny sinton' ny tany, analana ny tahan' ny fihenan' ny hafainganam-pandeha ateraky ny fanoheran' ny rivotra. Heverina ho tsy miova ny sinton' ny tany, ary azo aseho amin' ny maodely ho mifandanja mivantana amin' ny hafainganam-pandehan' ilay baolina ny fanoheran' ny rivotra, ka tsy miova ny tahan' izy roa ao amin' ilay maodely. Midika izany fa miankina amin' ny hafainganam-pandehan' ilay baolina ny fanafainganany, izay sintona amin' ny hafainganam-pandehany arakaraka ny fotoana, izany hoe tahan' ny fiovan' io hafainganam-pandeha io. Miankina amin' ny fotoana kosa ny hafainganam-pandehany. Ny fitadiavana ny hafainganam-pandeha ho lefan' ny fotoana dia mitaky ny famahana fampimirana mielana sy ny fanamarinana ny fahamarinan' izany. == Karazana == Azo sokajina amin' ny fomba maro samihafa ny fampimirana mielana. Ankoatra ny fanoritsoritana ny toetran' ny fampimirana, ireo sokajy ireo dia manampy amin' ny fisafidianana ny fomba hitadiavana vahaolana. Anisan' ny fanavahana fampiasa matetika ny hoe fampimirana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray sa fampimirana misy sintona ampahany ilay izy, mizotra sa tsy mizotra, ary manana singa tsy miankina amin' ny lefa tadiavina sy ny sintonany sa tsy manana izany. Tsy mahafaoka ny sokajy rehetra velively io lisitra io: misy toetra sy zana-tsokajy maro hafa izay mety hahasoa indrindra amin' ny toe-javatra manokana. === Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray === Ny ODE (fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray) dia fampimirana ahitana lefa tsy fantatra izay miankina amin' ny miova iray <math>x</math>, izay mandray isa tena na isa haro ho sandany, ny sintonan' io lefa io, ary lefa sasantsasany an' i <math>x</math> izay efa nomena. Ny lefa dia mampifandray sanda ampidirina amin' ny sanda vokatra iray voafaritra; ny sintona kosa dia maneho ny hafainganam-piovan' ny lefa manoloana ny fiovan' ny miova. Matetika ny lefa tsy fantatra no aseho amin' ny miova miankina, izay soratana matetika hoe <math>y</math>, satria ''miankina'' amin' i <math>x</math> izy. Izany no iantsoana matetika an' i <math>x</math> hoe miova mahaleo tenan' ny fampimirana. Ny teny anglisy hoe ''ordinary'' dia ampiasaina hanavahana azy amin' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, izay mety ahitana miova mahaleo tena mihoatra ny iray. Amin' ny ankapobeny, tsy azo aseho amin' ny raikipohy amboarina amin' ny fampiharana voafetra isa ireo asa kajy sy lefa voafaritra mialoha ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana. Noho izany dia fampiasa matetika amin' ny famahana azy amin' ny solosaina ny fomba kajy isa. === Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany === Ny PDE (fampimirana misy sintona ampahany) dia fampimirana mielana ahitana lefa tsy fantatra izay miankina amin' ny miova maromaro, sy ny sintona ampahany an' ireo lefa ireo. Ny sintona ampahany dia sintona alaina manoloana ny miova iray, nefa tazonina tsy miova ny miova hafa. Ampiasaina ny PDE handrafetana olana mahakasika lefa miankina amin' ny miova maromaro; ny vahaolana dia tadiavina amin' ny endrika raikipohy amboarina amin' ny fampiharana voafetra isa ireo asa kajy sy lefa voafaritra mialoha, na amin' ny maodely amin' ny solosaina mifanaraka amin' ilay olana. Azo ampiasaina hanoritsoritana trangan-javatra maro samihafa eo amin' ny natiora ny PDE, toy ny feo, ny hafanana, ny toetry ny vesatra elektrika tsy mihetsika, ny fifandraisan' ny herinaratra sy ny fihetsehana, ny fikorianan' ny ranoka na entona, ny fahafahan' ny vatana miverina amin' ny endriny rehefa mitsahatra ny hery nanova azy, na ny mekanika kantika. Na dia toa samy hafa aza ireo trangan-javatra ara-batana ireo, dia azo soratana amin' ny fomba matematika mitovitovy amin' ny alalan' ny PDE. Toy ny fampiasana matetika ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray ho maodelin' ny rafitra miova arakaraka ny fotoana manana refy iray, dia fampiasa matetika ho maodelin' ny rafitra manana refy maro ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. Ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany sy kisendrasendra dia fanitarana ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany mba hanaovana maodelin' ny kisendrasendra. === Fampimirana mielana mizotra === Ny fampimirana mielana mizotra dia fampimirana mielana izay mizotra manoloana ny lefa tsy fantatra sy ny sintonany: ambaratonga voalohany ihany no isehoan' ireo, ary tsy ampitomboina izy samy izy. Efa voavolavola tsara ny teôria momba azy ireo, ary amin' ny tranga maro dia azo aseho amin' ny alalan' ny horona ny vahaolany. Ny horona eto dia asa kajy mifandray amin' ny fitadiavana lefa iray avy amin' ny sintonany. Maro amin' ny fampimirana mielana hita amin' ny [[Fizika|fizika]] no mizotra, ohatra ny ODE manoritsoritra ny fahalovan' ny ataoma mamoaka taratra, sy ny PDE momba ny famindrana hafanana amin' ny alalan' ny fielezan' ny hafanana. Mitarika ho amin' ny lefa manokana ireo; azo faritana ho vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana mizotra ireny lefa ireny. Anisan' ny hevitra mifandraika amin' izany ny lefa vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana mizotra tsy manana singa tsy miankina, ary manana maromiantoana ho mpampitombo (''holonomic function''). Ny mpampitombo eto dia ny isa na lefa ampitomboina amin' ny lefa tadiavina na amin' ny sintonany; ny maromiantoana kosa dia fitambaran-tsinga misy miova asandratra amin' ny hery isa tsimivaky tsy miiba. === Fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra === Ny '''fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra''' dia fampimirana mielana izay tsy mizotra manoloana ny lefa tsy fantatra sy ny sintonany. Tsy ny maha-mizotra na tsia azy manoloana ny sanda ampidirina amin' ilay lefa no dinihina eto. Vitsy dia vitsy ny fomba ahazoana vahaolana marina ho an' ny fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra; ireo fomba fantatra dia mazàna miankina amin' ny fisian' ny fanovana manokana izay mitahiry ny endrik' ilay fampimirana. Mety haneho fihetsika tena sarotra mandritra ny elanelam-potoana lava ny fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra, izay mampiavaka ny fihetsika tena mora voakasiky ny fiovana madinika amin' ny fepetra am-piandohana (''chaos''). Na ny fanontaniana fototra momba ny fisian' ny vahaolana sy ny maha-tokana azy aza dia olana sarotra ho an' ny fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra. Heverina ho fandrosoana lehibe eo amin' ny teôria matematika ny famaliana azy amin' ny tranga manokana, ohatra ny olana momba ny fisian' ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana Navier–Stokes sy ny fahafahana maka sintona azy ireo imbetsaka. Kanefa, raha maneho araka ny tokony ho izy fizotran-javatra ara-batana misy heviny ilay fampimirana mielana, dia antenaina fa hanana vahaolana izy.<ref>William E. Boyce; Richard C. DiPrima. ''Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems''. John Wiley & Sons, 1967. Edition: 4th. p. 3.</ref> Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, azo soloina fampimirana mizotra manakaiky azy ny fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra. Voafetra ihany ny fepetra maha-manan-kery ireny fanakaikezana ireny. Ohatra, ny fampimirana momba ny rafitra mpihovitra araka ny lefa ''sine'' na ''cosine'' dia fanakaikezana ny fampimirana tsy mizotra momba ny zavatra mihantona mivily miverimberina (''pendulum''); manan-kery izany rehefa kely ny fiviliana faratampony amin' ny fihovitrovitra. Toy izany koa, rehefa hita ny teboka tsy miova na ny vahaolana tsy miova arakaraka ny fotoana amin' ny fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra, dia mitarika ho amin' ny fampimirana mielana mizotra ny fandinihana ny faharetan-toetrany rehefa misy fanelingelenana madinika. <span class="anchor" id="Second order"></span><span class="anchor" id="Order"></span> === Laharan' ny fampimirana sy ambaratongany === Ny '''laharan' ny fampimirana mielana''' dia ny laharana ambony indrindra amin' ny sintona an' ny lefa tsy fantatra izay miseho ao amin' ilay fampimirana. Ny laharan' ny sintona dia ny isan' ny fakana sintona misesy. Ohatra, raha sintona laharana voalohany ihany no hita ao amin' ny fampimirana, dia fampimirana mielana laharana voalohany izy; raha misy sintona laharana faharoa ao aminy, dia fampimirana mielana laharana faharoa izy, ary toy izany hatrany.<ref>Weisstein, Eric W. ''Ordinary Differential Equation Order.'' From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OrdinaryDifferentialEquationOrder.html</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160401070512/http://www.kshitij-iitjee.com/Maths/Differential-Equations/order-and-degree-of-a-differential-equation.aspx ''Order and degree of a differential equation'']. Rohy voamariky ny loharano fa nalain' olon-kafa ny tranonkala niaviany; accessed Dec 2015.</ref> Raha soratana ho fampimirana maromiantoana amin' ny lefa tsy fantatra sy ny sintonany izy, dia misy heviny roa, arakaraka ny sehatra ampiasana azy, ny '''ambaratongan' ny fampimirana mielana'''. Mety ho ny ambaratongan' ilay maromiantoana manoloana ny sintona manana laharana ambony indrindra an' ny lefa tsy fantatra izy;<ref>Elias Loomis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DTI4AQAAMAAJ Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus]''. Edition: revised. Harper & Bros., 1887. p. 247. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DTI4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247 Extract of page 247]</ref> mety koa ho ny ambaratonga manontolo manoloana ny lefa tsy fantatra sy ny sintonany, izany hoe ny lehibe indrindra amin' ny fitambaran' ny fanondro ao amin' ny singa tsirairay. Indrindra indrindra, ambaratonga voalohany amin' ireo heviny roa ireo ny fampimirana mielana mizotra. Ny fampimirana mielana tsy mizotra <math>y'+y^2=0</math> kosa dia ambaratonga voalohany amin' ny heviny voalohany, fa tsy amin' ny heviny faharoa. Matetika dia sintona laharana voalohany sy faharoa ihany no hita ao amin' ny fampimirana mielana manoritsoritra ny trangan-javatra voajanahary. Misy anefa ny maningana, toy ny fampimirana momba ny sosona manify, izay fampimirana misy sintona ampahany laharana fahefatra. === Fampimirana mizotra tsy manana singa tsy miankina === Ny fampimirana mielana mizotra dia lazaina hoe tsy manana singa tsy miankina (''homogeneous'') raha ahitana ny miova miankina na ny iray amin' ny sintonany ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ilay fampimirana. Raha tsy izany kosa, ka misy singa izay tsy ahitana na ilay miova miankina na sintona iray avy aminy, dia lazaina fa manana singa tsy miankina (''inhomogeneous'' na ''heterogeneous'') ilay fampimirana. Hita ao amin' ny zana-pizarana manaraka ny ohatra momba izany. === Ohatra === Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray ny vondrona voalohan' ny ohatra. Ao amin' ireo, <math>u</math> dia lefa tsy fantatra an' i <math>x</math>, ary <math>c</math> sy <math>\omega</math> dia sanda tsy miova izay heverina fa fantatra. Asehon' ireo ohatra ireo ny fahasamihafan' ny fampimirana mielana mizotra sy tsy mizotra, ary ny fahasamihafan' ny fampimirana tsy manana singa tsy miankina sy ny manana izany, araka ny famaritana etsy aloha. * Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray, mizotra, laharana voalohany, manana mpampitombo tsy miova, ary manana singa tsy miankina: <math display=block> \frac{du}{dx} = cu+x^2. </math> * Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray, mizotra, laharana faharoa, ary tsy manana singa tsy miankina: <math display=block> \frac{d^2u}{dx^2} - x\frac{du}{dx} + u = 0. </math> * Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray, mizotra, laharana faharoa, manana mpampitombo tsy miova, ary tsy manana singa tsy miankina, izay manoritsoritra ny rafitra mpihovitra araka ny lefa ''sine'' na ''cosine'': <math display=block> \frac{d^2u}{dx^2} + \omega^2u = 0. </math> * Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray, tsy mizotra, laharana voalohany: <math display=block> \frac{du}{dx} = u^2 + 4. </math> * Fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray, tsy mizotra noho ny lefa ''sine'', laharana faharoa, izay manoritsoritra ny fihetsehan' ny ''pendulum'' manana halavana <math>L</math>: <math display=block> L\frac{d^2u}{dx^2} + g\sin u = 0. </math> Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany kosa ny vondron' ny ohatra manaraka. Ny lefa tsy fantatra <math>u</math> dia miankina amin' ny miova roa, dia <math>x</math> sy <math>t</math>, na <math>x</math> sy <math>y</math>. * Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, mizotra, laharana voalohany, ary tsy manana singa tsy miankina: <math display=block> \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + t\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = 0. </math> * Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, mizotra, laharana faharoa, manana mpampitombo tsy miova, tsy manana singa tsy miankina, ary anisan' ny karazana eliptika (''elliptic''), dia ny fampimirana Laplace: <math display=block> \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2} = 0. </math> * Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, tsy mizotra, laharana fahatelo, dia ny fampimirana KdV (fampimirana Korteweg–De Vries): <math display=block> \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = 6u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial^3 u}{\partial x^3}. </math> == Fepetra am-piandohana sy fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny == Ny vahaolana ankapoben' ny fampimirana mielana laharana voalohany amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray dia misy sanda tsy miova iray, izay azo raisina ho sanda tsy miova avy amin' ny fanaovana horona. Toy izany koa, ny vahaolana ankapoben' ny ODE (fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray) laharana faha-<math>n</math> dia misy sanda tsy miova <math>n</math>. Mba hamaritana ny sandan' ireo sanda tsy miova ireo, dia tsy maintsy omena ny fepetra fanampiny. Raha maneho ny fotoana ny miova mahaleo tena, dia fepetra am-piandohana no endrik' izany fampahalalana izany. Ohatra, ho an' ny ODE laharana faharoa izay mamaritra ny fihetsehan' ny singa ara-batana iray, dia mazàna ny toeran' ilay singa sy ny hafainganam-pandehany amin' ny fotoana am-piandohana no fepetra am-piandohana. Ny ODE sy ny fepetra am-piandohana mifandray aminy no miaraka mamorona ny antsoina hoe olana misy fepetra am-piandohana. Raha maneho toerana ao amin' ny habaka kosa ny miova mahaleo tena, dia fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny no iantsoana ireo fepetra ireo amin' ny ankapobeny. Matetika izy ireo no faritana amin' ny sanda samihafan' ny miova mahaleo tena. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' izany ny fihetsehan' ny tady mihovotrovotra izay raikitra amin' ny tendrony roa. Amin' izany tranga izany, ny ODE sy ny fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny dia mitondra amin' ny olana misy fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny. Amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, ny hoe ''fepetra am-piandohana'' no ampiasaina mazàna rehefa omena amin' ny sanda iray ihany an' ny miova mahaleo tena ny fepetra, ary ny hoe ''fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny'' no ampiasaina rehefa faritana amin' ny sanda samihafan' ny miova mahaleo tena izy ireo. Na amin' ny tranga iray na amin' ny iray, dia tokony hitovy amin' ny laharan' ny fampimirana mielana ny isan' ny fepetra am-piandohana na ny fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny. == Fisian' ny vahaolana == Ho an' ny fampimirana mielana iray nomena, anisan' ny fanontaniana dinihina ny hoe misy vahaolana ve izy io, ary raha misy izany dia tokana ve ilay vahaolana. Ho an' ny olana misy fepetra am-piandohana izay ahitana fampimirana mielana laharana voalohany, ny teôreman' i Peano momba ny fisian' ny vahaolana dia manome andiana fepetra iray izay iantohana ny fisian' ny vahaolana. Raha omena teboka <math>(a, b)</math> iray ao amin' ny lemaka xy, dia faritana ny faritra mahitsizoro <math>Z</math>, ka <math>Z = [l, m]\times[n, p]</math> ary ao amin' ny atin' ny <math>Z</math> ny <math>(a, b)</math>. Raha omena ny fampimirana mielana <math display="inline">\frac{dy}{dx} = g(x, y)</math> sy ny fepetra hoe <math>y = b</math> rehefa <math>x = a</math>, dia misy vahaolana eo amin' ny manodidina iray ho an' io olana io raha mitohy eo amin' ny <math>Z</math> ny <math>g(x, y)</math>. Misy io vahaolana io eo amin' ny elanelana iray izay eo afovoany ny <math>a</math>. Mety tsy ho tokana ilay vahaolana. (Momba ny vokatra hafa, jereo ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray.) Ho an' ny olana misy fepetra am-piandohana laharana voalohany ihany anefa no azo ampiasana io vokatra io. Raisina kosa izao ny olana misy fepetra am-piandohana izay ahitana fampimirana mielana mizotra laharana <math>n</math>: <math display=block>f_{n}(x)\frac{d^n y}{dx^n} + \cdots + f_{1}(x)\frac{d y}{dx} + f_{0}(x)y = g(x)</math> miaraka amin' ny fepetra hoe <math display=block>\begin{align} y(x_{0}) &= y_{0}, & y'(x_{0}) &= y'_{0}, & y''(x_{0}) &= y''_{0}, & \ldots \end{align}</math> Raha tsy aotra na aiza na aiza eo amin' ny elanelana iray misy an' i <math>x_{0}</math> ny <math>f_{n}(x)</math>, ary mitohy eo amin' io elanelana io ny mpampitombo rehetra ao amin' ny <math>\{f_{0},f_{1},\ldots\}</math> sy ny <math>g</math>, dia misy ny vahaolana <math>y</math> ary tokana izany.<ref>Zill, Dennis G. (2001). ''A First Course in Differential Equations''. Fanontana faha-5. Brooks/Cole. <nowiki>ISBN 0-534-37388-7</nowiki>.</ref> == Hevitra mifandray == * Ny DDE (fampimirana mielana misy fiankinana amin' ny fotoana teo aloha) dia fampimirana momba ny lefa iray miankina amin' ny miova tokana, izay antsoina matetika hoe '''fotoana'''. Ny sintona, izay mandrefy ny tahan' ny fiovan' ilay lefa, amin' ny fotoana iray dia faritana amin' ny alalan' ny sandan' ilay lefa tamin' ny fotoana teo aloha. * Azo heverina ho mifanandrify amin' ny fampimirana mielana ny fampimirana misy horona an' ny lefa tsy fantatra: horona no ao amin' ilay fampimirana fa tsy sintona. * Ny IDE (fampimirana misy horona sy sintona) dia fampimirana mampitambatra ny toetran' ny fampimirana mielana sy ny fampimirana misy horona. * Ny SDE (fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra) dia fampimirana izay fizotra miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra no zavatra tsy fantatra tadiavina, fa tsy lefa tsy miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra. Ao amin' ilay fampimirana koa dia misy fizotra miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra efa fantatra, toy ny fizotra Wiener raha fampimirana momba ny fiparitahana (''diffusion equations'') no resahina. * Ny SPDE (fampimirana misy sintona ampahany sy kisendrasendra) dia fampimirana manitatra ny SDE mba hahitana fizotra maneho fiovaovana kisendrasendra arakaraka ny toerana sy ny fotoana (''space-time noise''). Ampiasaina amin' ny teôria mampihatra ny fitsipiky ny mekanika kvantika amin' ny saha ara-batana (''quantum field theory'') sy amin' ny fandalinana ny toetra ara-batan' ny rafitra amin' ny fomba statistika (''statistical mechanics'') izy io. * Ny fampimirana mampiasa mpiasa manitatra ny mpiasa mampiasa sintona, amin' ny habaka misy refin-kalavirana manokana (''ultrametric pseudo-differential equation''), dia ahitana isa ampiasana refin-kalavirana mifototra amin' ny herin' ny <math>p</math> (''p-adic numbers'') ao amin' ny habaka ''ultrametric''. Ao amin' io habaka io, ny halaviran' ny teboka roa dia tsy mihoatra ny lehibe indrindra amin' ny halaviran' ireo teboka ireo tsirairay avy amin' ny teboka fahatelo. Mampiasa mpiasa matematika manitatra ny mpiasa mampiasa sintona (''pseudo-differential operators''), fa tsy mpiasa mampiasa sintona mahazatra (''differential operators''), ny maodely matematika ahitana ireo fampimirana ireo. * Ny DAE (fampimirana mampifangaro singa misy sintona sy singa aljebrika) dia fampimirana mielana ahitana singa misy sintona sy singa aljebrika tsy misy sintona, ary omena amin' ny endrika tsy ametrahana mitokana ny sintona tadiavina eo amin' ny lafiny iray (''implicit form''). == Fifandraisana amin' ny fampimirana mampifandray sanda amin' ny teboka misaraka == Mifandray akaiky ny fampimirana mielana sy ny fampimirana mampifandray ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka misaraka (''difference equations''). Amin' ireto farany, sanda misaraka ihany no raisin' ny miova mahaleo tena, ary ny fampimirana dia mampifandray ny sandan' ny lefa tsy fantatra eo amin' ny teboka iray amin' ny sandany eo amin' ny teboka manodidina azy. Maro amin' ny fomba kajy isa ampiasaina amin' ny fampimirana mielana, toy ny fomban' i Euler, no mampiasa ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mampifandray ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka misaraka izay mifanandrify aminy mba hanakaikezana ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana. == Fampiharana == Ny fandinihana ny fampimirana mielana dia sehatra midadasika ao amin' ny matematika madio sy ny matematika ampiharina, ny [[Fizika|fizika]] ary ny injenieria. Samy mandinika ny toetran' ny fampimirana mielana isan-karazany ireo taranja ireo. Ny matematika madio dia mifantoka amin' ny fisian' ny vahaolana sy ny maha-tokana azy, fa ny matematika ampiharina kosa dia miompana amin' ny fitadiavana vahaolana, na mivantana na amin' ny alalan' ny fanakaikezana, sy amin' ny fandinihana ny toetran' ireo vahaolana ireo. Manana anjara toerana lehibe ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny fanehoana amin' ny maodely matematika saika ny dingana ara-pizika, ara-teknika na ara-biôlôjia rehetra, manomboka amin' ny fihetsehan' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra ka hatramin' ny famolavolana tetezana sy ny fifandraisan' ny nerôna (na selan-kozatra). Mety tsy hanana vahaolana azo aseho amin' ny raikipohy mampiasa asa matematika mahazatra voafetra isa ny fampimirana mielana ampiasaina hamahana olana eo amin' ny fiainana andavanandro. Azo kajina kosa ny fanakaikezan' ny vahaolana amin' ny alalan' ny fomba kajy isa. Maro amin' ny lalàna fototra ao amin' ny [[Fizika|fizika]] sy ny [[Simia|simia]] no azo aseho amin' ny endrika fampimirana mielana. Ao amin' ny biôlôjia sy ny siansan' ny toekarena, ny fampimirana mielana dia ampiasaina hanehoana amin' ny maodely matematika ny fihetsiky ny rafitra sarotra. Niara-nivoatra tamin' ireo siansa nipoiran' ny fampimirana sy nampiharana ny vokatra azo taminy ny teôria matematika momba ny fampimirana mielana tamin' ny voalohany. Na izany aza, mety hiteraka fampimirana mielana mitovy ny olana samihafa, na dia avy amin' ny sehatra ara-tsiansa tena samy hafa aza indraindray. Amin' izany, ny teôria matematika iorenan' ireo fampimirana ireo dia azo heverina ho foto-kevitra mampiray ireo tranga samihafa. Ohatra amin' izany ny fielezan' ny hazavana sy ny feo ao amin' ny atmosfera ary ny fielezan' ny onja eny ambonin' ny rano ao anaty dobo. Ireo rehetra ireo dia azo faritana amin' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany iray ihany, izay manana laharana faharoa, dia ny fampimirana momba ny onja. Izany no ahafahana mihevitra ny hazavana sy ny feo ho endriky ny onja, mitovy amin' ny onjan-drano mahazatra. Fampimirana misy sintona ampahany hafa manana laharana faharoa kosa, dia ny fampimirana momba ny hafanana, no mifehy ny fifindran' ny hafanana, izay novolavolain' i Joseph Fourier ny teôria momba azy. Maro ny dingan' ny fiparitahana (''diffusion'') izay toa samy hafa nefa io fampimirana io ihany no mamaritra azy. Mampiseho ny maha-zava-dehibe ny lohahevitra ny hamaroan' ny fampimirana mielana nomena anarana ao amin' ireo sehatra ara-tsiansa samihafa. Jereo ny lisitry ny fampimirana mielana nomena anarana. == Rindrankajy == Misy rindrankajy CAS (rindrankajy manao kajy amin' ny fanehoana ara-pamantarana) afaka mamaha fampimirana mielana. Ireto ny baiko ampiasaina amin' ireo rindrankajy lehibe: * Maple:<ref>''[https://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/Maple/view.aspx?path=dsolve dsolve - Maple Programming Help]''. www.maplesoft.com. Nojerena tamin' ny 2020-05-09.</ref> <code>dsolve</code> * Mathematica:<ref>''[https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DSolve.html DSolve - Wolfram Language Documentation]''. www.wolfram.com. Nojerena tamin' ny 2020-06-28.</ref> <code>DSolve[]</code> * Maxima:<ref>William F. Schelter (mpanoratra); Boris Gaertner (tonian-dahatsoratra). ''[https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/tutorial/en/gaertner-tutorial-revision/Pages/ODE0001.htm Differential Equations - Symbolic Solutions]''. ''The Computer Algebra Program Maxima - a Tutorial (in Maxima documentation on SourceForge)''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004221208/https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/tutorial/en/gaertner-tutorial-revision/Pages/ODE0001.htm Tahiry] tamin' ny 2022-10-04. Satan' ny URL voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: ''live''.</ref> <code>ode2(equation, y, x)</code> * SageMath:<ref>''[http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/tutorial/tour_algebra.html Basic Algebra and Calculus — Sage Tutorial v9.0]''. doc.sagemath.org. Nojerena tamin' ny 2020-05-09.</ref> <code>desolve()</code> * SymPy:<ref>''[https://docs.sympy.org/latest/modules/solvers/ode.html ODE]''. SymPy 1.11 documentation. 2022-08-22. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220926154502/https://docs.sympy.org/latest/modules/solvers/ode.html Tahiry] tamin' ny 2022-09-26. Satan' ny URL voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: ''live''.</ref> <code>sympy.solvers.ode.dsolve(equation)</code> * Xcas:<ref>''[http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/giac/cascmd_en.pdf Symbolic algebra and Mathematics with Xcas]''.</ref> <code>desolve(y'=k*y,y)</code> == Jereo koa == * Fampimirana mielana azo soratana amin' ny endrika <math>dF=0</math> ho an' ny lefa <math>F</math> iray (''exact differential equation'') * Fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka samihafa * Fepetra am-piandohana * Fampimirana misy horona an' ny lefa tsy fantatra * Fomba kajy isa ho an' ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray * Fomba kajy isa ho an' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany * Teôrema Picard–Lindelöf momba ny fisian' ny vahaolana sy ny maha-tokana azy * Fifandraisana mamaritra singa iray amin' ny alalan' ny singa teo aloha, fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe fampimirana momba ny elanelan' ny sanda mifanesy (''difference equation'') * Fampimirana mielana ao amin' ny habaka ankapobeny (''abstract differential equation'') * Rafi-pampimirana mielana ==Loharano== <references /> == Boky fanampiny == * Abbott, P.; Neill, Hugh (2003). ''[http://archive.org/details/calculus0000abbo Calculus]''. London; Chicago: Hodder & Stoughton Educational; Contemporary Books. Pejy 266–277. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-07-142128-7</nowiki>. * Blanchard, Paul (2006). ''[http://archive.org/details/studentsolutions0000blan Student Solutions Manual for Blanchard, Devaney, and Hall's Differential Equations]''. Fanontana faha-3. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-495-01461-4</nowiki>. * Boyce, William E.; DiPrima, Richard C.; Meade, Douglas B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SyaVDwAAQBAJ Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems]''. Fanontana faha-11. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-119-44376-6</nowiki>. * Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. (1955). ''[https://archive.org/details/theoryofordinary00codd Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations]''. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana. * Ince, E. L. (1956). ''Ordinary Differential Equations''. New York: Dover. * Johnson, W. (1913). ''[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=abv5010.0001.001 A Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations]''. John Wiley and Sons. Ao amin' ny [http://hti.umich.edu/u/umhistmath/ ''University of Michigan Historical Math Collection'']. * Polyanin, A. D.; Zaitsev, V. F. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eB7NBQAAQBAJ Handbook of Exact Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations]''. Fanontana faha-2. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. <nowiki>ISBN 1-58488-297-2</nowiki>. * Porter, Ronald I. (1978). ''[https://archive.org/details/furtherelementar0000port Further elementary analysis]''. Fanontana faha-4. London: Bell & Hyman. Toko ''XIX Differential Equations''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7135-1594-7</nowiki>. * Teschl, Gerald (2012). ''[https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~gerald/ftp/book-ode/ Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems]''. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-8328-0</nowiki>. * Zwillinger, Daniel (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7TiBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Handbook+of+Differential+Equations%22 Handbook of Differential Equations]''. Fanontana faha-2. Burlington: Elsevier Science. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4832-6396-0</nowiki>. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-03-differential-equations-spring-2010/video-lectures/ ''Lectures on Differential Equations''] — horonan-tsarin' ny ''Open CourseWare'' (fampianarana misokatra) avy amin' ny MIT (toeram-pampianarana namoaka ireo horonan-tsary). * [http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/de/de.aspx ''Online Notes / Differential Equations''] — Paul Dawkins, ''Lamar University'' (Oniversite Lamar). * [http://www.sosmath.com/diffeq/diffeq.html ''Differential Equations''] — ''S.O.S. Mathematics'' (tranonkala momba ny matematika; S.O.S. no fanafohezana ao amin' ny anarany). * [http://www.fioravante.patrone.name/mat/u-u/en/differential_equations_intro.htm ''Introduction to modeling via differential equations''] — fampidirana ny fanehoana amin' ny maodely matematika amin' ny alalan' ny fampimirana mielana, miaraka amin' ny fanamarihana mitsikera. * [http://user.mendelu.cz/marik/maw/index.php?lang=en&form=ode ''Mathematical Assistant on Web''] — fitaovana manao kajy ara-pamantarana amin' ny ODE (fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray), mampiasa Maxima. * [http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/en/solutions/ode.htm ''Exact Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations'']. * [http://www.hedengren.net/research/models.htm ''Collection of ODE and DAE models of physical systems''] — maodely MATLAB (rindrankajy ampiasaina amin' ireo maodely), izay maneho rafitra fizika amin' ny ODE sy DAE (fampimirana mampifangaro singa mielana sy aljebrika). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219003453/http://www.hedengren.net/research/models.htm Dika voatahiry tamin' ny 2008-12-19]. * [http://www.jirka.org/diffyqs/ ''Notes on Diffy Qs: Differential Equations for Engineers''] — boky fampianarana fampidirana ny fampimirana mielana, nosoratan' i Jiri Lebl avy ao amin' ny UIUC (toeram-pampianarana). * [http://www.khanacademy.org/math/differential-equations ''Khan Academy Video playlist on differential equations''] — lisitra horonan-tsarin' ny ''Khan Academy'' (akademia Khan), mirakitra ny lohahevitra ampianarina amin' ny taona voalohany amin' ny fianarana fampimirana mielana. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130607120716/http://math.rareinfos.com/category/courses/solutions-differential-equations/homogeneous-linear-systems/ ''MathDiscuss Video playlist on differential equations'']. [[:Sokajy:Matematika]] sv15xi754va9tje99ubqmphew16cudo 0 302709 1153684 2026-11-11T12:03:55Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153684 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''fanidy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny ''[[Cannabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Rosales]]) sy ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]): * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (← ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen.</small> (← ''Toddalia asiatica'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small>) (''[[Rutaceae]]'') -- anakasina, anakatsimba, fanidy, kasimba, roikisimba, roimainty, roindambo, romainty, roy, voanalakely, voanginamboa, voasarikelinala, voasarikelinikalavola, voasarinalika, volotsaka == Jereo koa == * ''[[Chaetachme]]'' * ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' b0jo8em1lv0t1gv1n5mgyhfpiizzk0w 0 302710 1153685 2026-11-11T12:07:43Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153685 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''hidina''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cannabaceae]]'' (filaharana ''[[Rosales]]''): * ''[[Aphananthe sakalava]]'' <small>J.-F.Leroy</small> (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- hidina * ''[[Chaetachme aristata]]'' <small>Planch.</small> (← ''Chaetachme madagascariensis'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Cannabaceae]]'') -- fanidy, hidina, roy == Jereo koa == * ''[[Aphananthe]]'' * ''[[Chaetachme]]'' 7z8c902627eilvq9qdnly5uflmgll5j 2 302711 1153691 2026-11-11T13:26:01Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1383924514 1153691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ybc7289-bw.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Takelaka tanimanga babilônianina YBC 7289 (tokony ho tamin' ny 1800–1600 talohan' ny vanim-potoana iraisana), miaraka amin' ny fanamarihana. Tarehimarika efatra amin' ny fanoratana isa mifototra amin' ny enimpolo no anakaikezana ny faka toradroan' ny roa, ka mitovy amin' ny fahamarinan' ny tarehimarika enina eo ho eo amin' ny fanoratana isa mifototra amin' ny folo izany. 1 + 24/60 + 51/60² + 10/60³ = 1.41421296...<ref>[http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html ''Photograph, illustration, and description of the root(2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection'']. Notsidihina: 2 October 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813054036/http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html Tahiry], 13 August 2012. Tsy mandeha intsony ny rohy niandohana araka ny loharano.</ref> Sary nalain' i [http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/ybc/ybc.html Bill Casselman]; takelaka ao amin' ny [http://www.yale.edu/nelc/babylonian.html ''Yale Babylonian Collection''] (tahirin-javatra babilônianina ao Yale).]] Ny '''fanadihadiana momba isa''' dia fandalinana ny algôritma, na dingana voalamina hanaovana kajy, ho an' ny olana amin' ny matematika momba ny habetsahana mitohy.<ref>Lloyd N. Trefethen. [https://worrydream.com/refs/Trefethen_1992_-_The_Definition_of_Numerical_Analysis.pdf ''The Definition of Numerical Analysis'']. ''Bulletin of the Institute for Mathematics and Applications''.</ref> Miova manana sanda isa tena na [[Isa haro|isa haro]] no voakasik' ireo algôritma ireo, mifanohitra amin' ny matematika momba ny zavatra misaraka. Matetika izy ireo no mampiasa fanakaikezana amin' ny alalan' ny isa, ankoatra ny fikirakirana fanehoana ara-pamantarana. Ampiharina amin' ny sehatra rehetra amin' ny injenieria sy ny siansa momba ny tontolo fizika ny fanadihadiana momba isa. Amin' ny taonjato faha-21 dia ampiharina koa amin' ny siansa momba ny aina sy ny siansa momba ny fiarahamonina izy, toy ny toekarena, ny fitsaboana, ny fandraharahana, ary hatramin' ny zavakanto aza. Ny fitomboan' ny herin' ny solosaina manao kajy dia nahafahana nampiasa fanadihadiana momba isa be pitsiny kokoa, ka namolavolana maodely matematika amin' ny antsipiriany sy mifanaraka amin' ny zava-misy eo amin' ny siansa sy ny injenieria. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray izay hita ao amin' ny mekanika momba ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, mba haminaniana ny fihetsehan' ny planeta, ny kintana ary ny vahindanitra; ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny kajy isa ampiasaina amin' ny fanadihadiana angona;<ref>James W. Demmel. ''Applied Numerical Linear Algebra''. 1997. DOI: 10.1137/1.9781611971446. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-389-3</nowiki>.</ref><ref>P.G. Ciarlet; B. Miara; J.M. Thomas. ''Introduction to numerical linear algebra and optimization''. Cambridge University Press, 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-32788-6</nowiki>. OCLC: 877155729.</ref><ref>Lloyd Trefethen; David Bau III. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Mou5YpRD_kC&pg=PR7 ''Numerical Linear Algebra'']. SIAM, 1997. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-361-9</nowiki>.</ref> ary ny fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra sy ny rojon' i Markov ampiasaina hanahafana ny fiasan' ny sela velona eo amin' ny fitsaboana sy ny biôlôjia. Ny rojon' i Markov dia fifandimbiasan' ny toe-javatra kisendrasendra izay miankina amin' ny toe-javatra ankehitriny ny mety ho toe-javatra manaraka, fa tsy amin' ny tantara lasa manontolo. Talohan' ny solosaina maoderina, matetika ny fomba kajy isa no niankina tamin' ny raikipohy nampiasaina tamin' ny kajy an-tanana mba hanombanana ny sandan' ny lefa eo anelanelan' ny teboka misy angona fantatra, ka angona avy amin' ny tabilao lehibe vita pirinty no nampiasaina. Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20 kosa dia ny solosaina no manao kajy ny sandan' ny lefa ilaina, nefa mbola ampiasaina amin' ny algôritman' ny rindrankajy ny maro amin' ireo raikipohy ireo.<ref name="20c">C. Brezinski; L. Wuytack. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dt3Z1yu2VxwC&pg=PP6 ''Numerical analysis: Historical developments in the 20th century'']. Elsevier, 2012. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-444-59858-5</nowiki>.</ref> Efa hita ao amin' ny asa soratra matematika tranainy indrindra ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny isa. Misy takelaka iray ao amin' ny ''Yale Babylonian Collection'' (tahirin-javatra babilônianina ao Yale), dia ny YBC 7289, izay manome fanakaikezana ny faka toradroan' ny roa amin' ny fanoratana isa mifototra amin' ny enimpolo. Io no halavan' ny tsipika mampitohy tendro roa mifanatrika ao amin' ny efamira manana lafy mirefy iray. Manohy io fomba fanao efa ela io ny fanadihadiana momba isa: fa tsy manome valiny marina tanteraka amin' ny endrika ara-pamantarana, izay avadika ho tarehimarika ary tsy azo ampiharina afa-tsy amin' ny fandrefesana ny zava-misy, dia vahaolana fanakaikezana izay tsy mihoatra ny fetra ambony voafaritra ny hadisoany no ampiasaina. == Fampiharana == Ny tanjona ankapoben' ny sehatry ny fanadihadiana momba isa dia ny hamolavola sy handinika fomba ahazoana vahaolana manakaiky ny tena izy nefa ampy fahitsiana ho an' ny olana sarotra isan-karazany. Tsy azo tanterahina amin' ny kajy ara-pamantarana ny famahana ny maro amin' ireo olana ireo: * Tena ilaina ny fomba kajy isa mandroso mba hahafahana manao vinavinan' ny toetrandro amin' ny kajy isa. * Ny fikajiana ny lalan' ny sambon-danitra dia mitaky famahana amim-pahitsiana amin' ny kajy isa ny rafi-pampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray. * Afaka manatsara ny fiarovana ny fiarany rehefa misy fifandonana ny orinasa mpanamboatra fiara amin' ny fanaovana tahaka ny fifandonan' ny fiara amin' ny solosaina. Ny votoatin' izany fanaovana tahaka izany dia ny famahana amin' ny kajy isa ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. Ny sintona ampahany dia alaina amin' ny miova iray rehefa tazonina tsy miova ireo miova hafa. * Eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitantanam-bola, ny tahirim-bola tsy miankina natokana hampiasam-bola sy ny andrim-pitantanam-bola hafa dia mampiasa fitaovana kajy ara-bola avy amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa. Izany dia ezaka hikajiana ny sandan' ny anjara renivola ao amin' ny orinasa sy ny fitaovana ara-bola miankina amin' ny sandan' ny fananana hafa amin' ny fomba marina kokoa noho ny an' ny mpandray anjara hafa eo amin' ny tsena.<ref>Stephen Blyth. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SXbcAAAAQBAJ ''An Introduction to Quantitative Finance'']. 2013. pejy VII.</ref> * Mampiasa algôritma be pitsiny, na filaharan-dingana kajy, hitadiavana ny safidy tsara indrindra ny kaompaniam-pitaterana an' habakabaka mba hamaritana ny vidin' ny tapakila, ny fiaramanidina sy ny ekipa hotendrena amin' ny sidina tsirairay ary ny solika ilaina. Raha ny tantaran' izany algôritma izany, dia tao amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana fomba handraisana fanapahan-kevitra mahomby, izay mifanindry ampahany amin' ity sehatra ity, no namolavolana azy. * Mampiasa rindranasa kajy isa ny orinasa fiantohana mba hanaovana fanadihadiana ny fiangambana, na ny mety hitrangan' ny zava-miseho, sy ny risika ara-bola mifandraika amin' ny fiantohana. == Tantara == Ny fanadihadiana momba isa dia efa nisy taonjato maro talohan' ny namoronana ny solosaina maoderina. Efa nampiasaina 2000 taona mahery lasa izay ny fanombanana mizotra ny sanda eo anelanelan' ny sanda fantatra, izany hoe amin' ny alalan' ny tsipika mahitsy. Maro tamin' ireo mpahay matematika lehibe fahiny no nifantoka tamin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa,<ref name="20c" /> araka ny hita amin' ny anaran' ireo algôritma manan-danja toy ny fomban' i Newton, ny maromiantoana Lagrange ampiasaina amin' ny fanombanana sanda eo anelanelan' ny sanda fantatra, ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss, na ny fomban' i Euler. Matetika no ampifandraisina amin' ny lahatsoratra nosoratan' i John von Neumann sy Herman Goldstine tamin' ny 1947 ny niandohan' ny fanadihadiana momba isa maoderina,<ref name="watson" /><ref>Adhemar Bultheel sy Ronald Cools (mpandrindra), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pKZpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 The Birth of Numerical Analysis]'', boky 10, World Scientific, 2010. <nowiki>ISBN 978-981-283-625-0</nowiki>.</ref> fa misy kosa mihevitra fa ny asan' i E. T. Whittaker tamin' ny 1912 no niandohany.<ref name="watson">G.A. Watson, ''[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/206717434.pdf The history and development of numerical analysis in Scotland: a personal perspective]'', ao amin' ny ''The Birth of Numerical Analysis'', World Scientific, 2010, p. 161–177. <nowiki>ISBN 9789814469456</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Handbook of Mathematical Functions, by Abramowitz and Stegun, cover.jpg|right|thumb|128px|Boky navoakan' ny NIST (Ivontoeram-pirenena momba ny fenitra sy ny teknolojia)]] Mba hanamorana ny kajy atao tanana dia namokatra boky lehibe mirakitra raikipohy sy tabilaon' angona, toy ny teboka ampiasaina amin' ny fanombanana sanda eo anelanelan' ny sanda fantatra sy ny fatran' ny lefa. Ho an' ny lefa sasany, dia matetika no natao hatramin' ny tarehimarika 16 na mihoatra aorian' ny faingo ny kajy tao amin' ireo tabilao ireo. Azo notadiavina tao ny sanda hampidirina ao amin' ireo raikipohy nomena, ka nahazoana fanombanana tena akaiky ny sandan' ny lefa sasany. Ny boky raisina ho boky fototra amin' io sehatra io dia ilay navoakan' ny NIST (Ivontoeram-pirenena momba ny fenitra sy ny teknolojia) sy nokarakarain' i Abramowitz sy Stegun: boky mihoatra ny 1000 pejy mirakitra raikipohy sy lefa fampiasa mahazatra maro dia maro, ary ny sandan' ireo lefa ireo amin' ny teboka maro. Tsy dia ilaina intsony ireo sandan' ny lefa ireo rehefa misy solosaina azo ampiasaina, nefa mbola mety ho tena ilaina ny lisitra lava misy ireo raikipohy. Novolavolaina ho fitaovana hanampiana ny kajy atao tanana koa ny milina fikajiana mekanika. Nivoatra ho solosaina elektronika ireo milina fikajiana ireo tamin' ny taompolo 1940, ary tamin' izany no nahitana fa azo ampiasaina amin' ny asa ara-pitantanana koa ireo solosaina ireo. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa koa anefa ny famoronana ny solosaina,<ref name="20c" /> satria nanjary azo natao ny kajy lava kokoa sy sarotra kokoa. Tamin' ny 1985 no nanombohan' ny ''Institute of Mathematics and its Applications'' (Ivontoerana momba ny matematika sy ny fampiharana azy) ny loka Leslie Fox ho an' ny fanadihadiana momba isa. == Hevi-dehibe == === Fomba mivantana sy fomba mamerina dingana hatrany === Ny fomba mivantana dia mikajy ny vahaolan' ny olana iray amin' ny dingana voafetra isa. Hanome ny valiny marina tanteraka ireo fomba ireo raha kajy amin' ny fahamarinan' isa tsy voafetra no ampiasaina. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' izany ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss, ny fomba fanoratana ny vohoka ho vokatry ny fampitomboana QR mba hamahana rafi-pampimirana mizotra, ary ny fomba mifindra eo amin' ny tendron' ny faritra mahafeno fepetra (''simplex method'') amin' ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra amin' ny fepetra mizotra. Amin' ny fampiharana anefa dia kajy amin' ny fahamarinan' isa voafetra no ampiasaina, ka fanakaikezana ny tena vahaolana no azo, raha toa ka tsy mampitombo be ny hadisoana madinika mandritra ny kajy ilay fomba. Tsy toy ny fomba mivantana kosa ny fomba mamerina dingana hatrany: tsy antenaina ho tapitra ao anatin' ny dingana voafetra isa izy ireo, na dia azo natao aza ny nampiasa fahamarinan' isa tsy voafetra. Miainga amin' ny sanda vinavinaina voalohany ireo fomba ireo, dia mamorona fanakaikezana mifandimby izay manatona ny vahaolana marina, nefa amin' ny fetra ihany no mitovy tanteraka amin' izany. Faritana ny fepetra itsapana io fanatonana fetra io, izay matetika mampiasa ny habetsahan' ny tsy fahatanterahan' ny fampimirana rehefa ampidirina ilay vahaolana fanakaikezana, mba hanapahana hevitra raha efa azo ny vahaolana heverina ho ampy fahamarinana. Na dia kajy amin' ny fahamarinan' isa tsy voafetra aza no ampiasaina, dia tsy hahatratra ny vahaolana ao anatin' ny dingana voafetra isa ireo fomba ireo amin' ny ankapobeny. Anisan' ny ohatra ny fomban' i Newton, ny fomba mizara elanelana ho roa mitovy, ary ny fomba mamerina dingana araka an' i Jacobi. Amin' ny fanaovana kajy amin' ny aljebran' ny vohoka, dia ilaina amin' ny ankapobeny ny fomba mamerina dingana hatrany rehefa lehibe ny olana.<ref>Y. Saad. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qtzmkzzqFmcC&pg=PR5 Iterative methods for sparse linear systems]''. SIAM, 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-534-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>L.A. Hageman; D.M. Young. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=se3YdgFgz4YC&pg=PR4 Applied iterative methods]''. Fanontana faharoa, Courier Corporation, 2012. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8284-0312-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>J.F. Traub. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=se3YdgFgz4YC&pg=PR4 Iterative methods for the solution of equations]''. Fanontana faharoa, American Mathematical Society, 1982. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8284-0312-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>A. Greenbaum. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVpvE4gWZwC&pg=PP6 Iterative methods for solving linear systems]''. SIAM, 1997. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-396-1</nowiki>.</ref> Matetika kokoa ny mampiasa fomba mamerina dingana hatrany noho ny fomba mivantana amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa. Misy fomba izay mivantana raha ny foto-keviny, nefa matetika ampiasaina toy ny tsy mivantana, ohatra ny GMRES (fomba ankapobeny mampihena ho faran' izay kely ny tsy fahatanterahan' ny fampimirana) sy ny fomba mampiasa zotra fikarohana izay voafidy tsy hifanelingelina araka ny vohoka ampiasaina (''conjugate gradient method''). Amin' ireo fomba ireo, dia lehibe loatra ny isan' ny dingana ilaina hahazoana ny vahaolana marina, ka ekena ny fanakaikezana, toy ny atao amin' ny fomba mamerina dingana hatrany. Ohatra iray ny fitadiavana ny habetsahana tsy fantatra <math>x</math> izay mahafeno ny fampimirana : <math>3x^3 + 4 = 28</math> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right" |+ Fomba mivantana |- | || <math>3x^3 + 4 = 28.</math> |- | Fanalana 4 || <math>3x^3 = 24.</math> |- | Fizarana amin' ny 3 || <math>x^3 = 8.</math> |- | Fitadiavana ny isa izay manome ny sanda rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny tenany indroa || <math>x = 2.</math> |} Ho an' ny fomba mamerina dingana hatrany, dia ampiharina amin' ny <math>f(x) = 3x^3 - 24</math> ny fomba mizara elanelana ho roa mitovy. Ny sanda voalohany dia <math> a = 0, b = 3, f(a) = -24, f(b) = 57</math>. {| style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable" |+ Fomba mamerina dingana hatrany |- ! ''a'' !! ''b'' !! Sanda eo afovoany !! ''f''(sanda eo afovoany) |- | 0 || 3 || 1.5 || &minus;13.875 |- | 1.5 || 3 || 2.25 || 10.17... |- | 1.5 || 2.25 || 1.875 || &minus;4.22... |- | 1.875 || 2.25 || 2.0625 || 2.32... |} Avy amin' io tabilao io dia azo tsoahina fa eo anelanelan' ny 1.875 sy 2.0625 ny vahaolana. Mety hamerina isa na inona na inona ao anatin' io elanelana io ilay algôritma, ka latsaky ny 0.2 ny hadisoana. === Fahatsapan' ny vahaolana amin' ny fiovan' ny angona === Ohatra amin' ny olana izay mety hampiova be ny vahaolana ny fanovana kely amin' ny angona ny fikajiana ny lefa <math>f(x) = 1/(x - 1)</math> eo akaikin' ny <math>x = 1</math>. Ny sandany dia ''f''(1.1) = 10 ary ''f''(1.001) = 1000: ny fiovan' ny ''x'' izay latsaky ny 0.1 dia miteraka fiovan' ny ''f''(''x'') izay manakaiky ny 1000. Noho izany, ny fikajiana ny ''f''(''x'') eo akaikin' ny ''x'' = 1 dia olana mora mahatsapa fiovana kely amin' ny angona. Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, ny fikajiana io lefa <math>f(x) = 1/(x - 1)</math> io eo akaikin' ny ''x'' = 10 dia ohatra amin' ny olana izay kely ihany ny fiovan' ny vahaolana rehefa kely ny fiovan' ny angona. Ohatra, ''f''(10) = 1/9 ≈ 0.111 ary ''f''(11) = 0.1: ny fiovana antonony amin' ny ''x'' dia miteraka fiovana antonony amin' ny ''f''(''x''). === Fanoloana olana mitohy amin' ny olana misy sanda misaraka === Indraindray koa dia tsy maintsy soloina olana misy sanda misaraka ny olana mitohy, ka fantatra fa manakaiky ny vahaolan' ilay olana mitohy ny vahaolan' ilay olana misy sanda misaraka. Izany no atao hoe fanoloana olana mitohy amin' ny olana misy sanda misaraka. Ohatra, lefa iray no vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana. Tsy maintsy aseho amin' ny angona voafetra isa io lefa io, ohatra amin' ny alalan' ny sandany eo amin' ny teboka voafetra isa ao amin' ny vondron' ny sanda azo ampidirina aminy, na dia vondrona manana fitohizana (''continuum'') aza io vondrona io. == Fiavian' ny hadisoana sy ny fifindrany mandritra ny kajy == :Fanazavana fanampiny: fifindrana sy fitomboan' ny hadisoana mandritra ny kajy. Ampahany lehibe amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa ny fandalinana ny hadisoana. Misy fomba maro mety hahatonga hadisoana eo amin' ny famahana olana iray. === Fanoloana isa amin' ny isa akaiky azo aseho === Ny hadisoana avy amin' ny fanoloana isa amin' ny isa akaiky azo aseho amin' ny fahamarinan' isa ampiasaina dia miseho satria tsy azo aseho marina avokoa ny isa tena rehetra amin' ny milina manana fitadidiana voafetra. Manana fitadidiana voafetra toy izany avokoa ny solosaina nomerika rehetra ampiasaina amin' ny tena fiainana. === Hadisoana avy amin' ny fanapahana kajy sy ny fanoloana olana mitohy amin' ny olana misy sanda misaraka === Misy hadisoana avy amin' ny fampijanonana dingana na ny fanapahana andian-kajy rehefa ajanona ny fomba mamerina dingana hatrany, na rehefa soloina fanakaikezana ny fomba fiasa matematika iray, ka tsy mitovy amin' ny vahaolana marina ny vahaolana fanakaikezana. Toy izany koa, miteraka hadisoana ny fanoloana olana mitohy amin' ny olana misy sanda misaraka, satria tsy mifanojo ny vahaolan' ilay olana misy sanda misaraka sy ny an' ilay olana mitohy. Ao amin' ilay ohatra teo aloha, izay nikajiana ny vahaolan' ny <math>3x^3+4=28</math>, dia manodidina ny 1.99 ny faka voakajy rehefa naverina impolo ny dingana. Noho izany, dia manodidina ny 0.01 ny hadisoana avy amin' ny fampijanonana ny dingana. Rehefa misy hadisoana miforona dia mifindra mandritra ny kajy izany. Ohatra, tsy marina tanteraka ny asa kajy + amin' ny solosaina. Vao mainka tsy marina tanteraka ny kajy toy ny <math>a+b+c+d+e</math>. Miteraka hadisoana avy amin' ny fanapahana kajy ny fanoloana fomba fiasa matematika iray amin' ny fanakaikezana. Mba hahitana marina ny horonan' ny lefa iray dia ilaina ny mitady ny fitambaran' ny velaran' ny faritra tsy manam-petra isa. Amin' ny kajy isa anefa dia ny fitambaran' ny velaran' ny faritra voafetra isa ihany no azo tadiavina, ka fanakaikezana ny vahaolana marina no azo. Toy izany koa, rehefa alaina ny sintonan' ny lefa iray dia manatona aotra ny dingana fiovana ampiasaina amin' izany; amin' ny kajy isa anefa dia sanda tsy aotra ihany no azo fidina ho an' io dingana fiovana io. === Faharetan' ny algôritma amin' ny hadisoana sy ny olana voafaritra tsara === Antsoina hoe maharitra amin' ny hadisoana mandritra ny kajy ny algôritma iray raha tsy mitombo ho lehibe lavitra mandritra ny kajy ny hadisoana iray, na inona na inona antony nahatonga azy.<ref name="stab">Higham (2002).</ref> Mitranga izany raha kely ny fahatsapan' ilay olana amin' ny fiovan' ny angona, izany hoe kely ihany ny fiovan' ny vahaolana rehefa kely ny fiovan' ny angona momba ilay olana.<ref name="stab" /> Mifanohitra amin' izany, raha lehibe ny fahatsapan' ilay olana amin' ny fiovan' ny angona, dia hitombo ho hadisoana lehibe izay hadisoana kely eo amin' ny angona.<ref name="stab" /> Na ny olana tany am-boalohany na ny algôritma ampiasaina hamahana azy dia samy mety ho kely na lehibe ny fahatsapany amin' ny fiovan' ny angona, ary mety hitranga avokoa ny fampiarahana ireo toetra ireo. Noho izany, ny algôritma mamaha olana izay kely ny fahatsapany amin' ny fiovan' ny angona dia mety haharitra na tsy haharitra amin' ny hadisoana mandritra ny kajy. Anisan' ny fahaiza-manao amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa ny fitadiavana algôritma maharitra amin' ny hadisoana mba hamahana olana matematika voafaritra tsara, izany hoe olana manana vahaolana tokana izay miankina mitohy amin' ny angona. == Sehatra ianarana == Misy sampana maro ao amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa. Ireto ny sasany amin' ireo lehibe indrindra. === Fikajiana ny sandan' ny lefa === {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 250px; clear: right; margin-left: 1em;" | Fanombanana sanda anelanelany: raha hita fa miova avy amin' ny 20 degre Celsius amin' ny 1:00 ho 14 degre amin' ny 3:00 ny maripana, dia ahazoana manatsoaka hevitra amin' ny fanombanana mizotra eo anelanelan' ireo angona ireo fa 17 degre izany amin' ny 2:00 ary 18.5 degre amin' ny 1:30 tolakandro. Fanombanana sanda ivelany: raha nitombo 5% isan-taona, raha atao salanisa, ny harin-karena faoben' ny firenena iray, ary 100 lavitrisa izany tamin' ny taon-dasa, dia azo tombanana amin' ny fanitarana io fironana io fa ho 105 lavitrisa amin' ity taona ity izany. [[File:Linear-regression.svg|right|100px|Hitsy mandalo amin' ny teboka 20]] Fitadiavana lefa manakaiky angona: amin' ny fanombanana fifandraisana mizotra amin' ny angona, raha omena teboka ''n'', dia kajina ny hitsy mandalo akaiky indrindra araka izay azo atao amin' ireo teboka ''n'' ireo. [[File:LemonadeJuly2006.JPG|right|100px|Ohatrinona ny vidin' ny ranom-boasary makirana iray vera?]] Fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra: heverina fa amidy amin' ny toeram-pivarotana ranom-boasary makirana ny zava-pisotro iray, ka $1.00 ny vera iray ary 197 vera no azo amidy isan' andro. Isaky ny miakatra $0.01 ny vidiny dia mihena iray vera ny habetsahana amidy isan' andro. Raha azo atao ny mitaky $1.485, dia io no hahazoana ny tombom-barotra ambony indrindra. Noho ny fepetra fa tsy maintsy aseho amin' ny isan-tsentima tsy mivaky ny vidiny anefa, dia samy ahazoana ny vola miditra ambony indrindra, dia $220.52 isan' andro, ny fivarotana ny vera iray amin' ny $1.48 na $1.49. [[File:Wind-particle.png|right|Manga ny fitodihan' ny rivotra, mainty ny lalana tena arahina, ary mena ny lalana araka ny fomban' i Euler]] Fampimirana mielana: raha apetraka ny fitaovana 100 mitsoka rivotra avy amin' ny tendron' ny efitra iray mankany amin' ny tendrony ilany, ary alatsaka ao anatin' izany rivotra izany ny volom-borona iray, dia hanaraka ny fikorianan' ny rivotra ilay volom-borona. Mety ho be pitsiny tokoa io fikorianana io. Fomba iray hanaovana fanakaikezana ny fandrefesana isan-tsegondra ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny rivotra eo akaikin' ilay volom-borona, ary ny fampandrosoana ilay volom-borona ao amin' ny fakana tahaka amin' ny kajy, toy ny hoe manaraka hitsy amin' io hafainganam-pandeha io mandritra ny iray segondra izy, vao refesina indray ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny rivotra. Izany no antsoina hoe fomban' i Euler hamahana fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray. |} Anisan' ny olana tsotra indrindra ny fikajiana ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka iray nomena. Tsy mahomby loatra indraindray ny fomba mivantana indrindra, dia ny fanoloana fotsiny ny miova ao amin' ny raikipohy amin' ilay isa. Ho an' ny maromiantoana, tsara kokoa ny mampiasa ny fomban' i Horner, satria mampihena ny isan' ny fampitomboana sy ny fanampiana ilaina izany. Amin' ny ankapobeny, zava-dehibe ny manombana sy mifehy ny hadisoana avy amin' ny fanoloana isa amin' ny isa akaiky azo aseho amin' ny fahamarinan' isa ampiasaina, izay ateraky ny kajy amin' ny faingo mitsingevana. === Fanombanana sanda anelanelany sy ivelany ary fitadiavana lefa manakaiky angona === Ny fanombanana sanda eo anelanelan' ny angona fantatra dia mamaha izao olana izao: raha fantatra ny sandan' ny lefa tsy fantatra iray amin' ny teboka maromaro, dia tadiavina ny sandan' io lefa io amin' ny teboka hafa eo anelanelan' ireo teboka nomena. Mitovitovy amin' izany ny fanombanana sanda any ivelan' ny elanelan' ny angona fantatra, saingy amin' ity indray mitoraka ity dia tadiavina ny sandan' ilay lefa tsy fantatra amin' ny teboka any ivelan' ireo teboka nomena.<ref>C. Brezinski; M.R. Zaglia (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGviBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 ''Extrapolation methods: theory and practice'']. Elsevier. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-08-050622-7</nowiki>.</ref> Mitovitovy amin' ireo koa ny fanadihadiana fitadiavana lefa manakaiky angona, nefa raisiny an-tsaina ny tsy fahamarinan' ny angona. Raha omena teboka maromaro sy fandrefesana ny sandan' ny lefa iray amin' ireo teboka ireo, izay misy hadisoana, dia azo tadiavina ilay lefa tsy fantatra. Fomba iray hanaovana izany ny fampihenana ny fitambaran' ny toradroan' ny hadisoana. === Famahana fampimirana sy rafitra fampimirana === Olana fototra iray hafa ny fikajiana ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana iray nomena. Matetika no avahana ny tranga roa, arakaraka ny maha-mizotra na tsia ilay fampimirana. Ohatra, mizotra ny fampimirana <math>2x+5=3</math>, fa tsy mizotra kosa ny <math>2x^2+5=3</math>. Ezaka maro no natao tamin' ny famolavolana fomba hamahana rafitra fampimirana mizotra. Anisan' ny fomba mivantana mahazatra, izany hoe ny fomba mampiasa fizarana vohoka ho vokatr' ny vohoka hafa, ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss, ny fizarana LU (ho vokatr' ny vohoka telozoro ambany sy telozoro ambony), ny fizarana Cholesky ho an' ny vohoka mitovy amin' ny tsimbadiny, na mitovy amin' ny tsimbadiny ampiarahina (''Hermitian''), sady manana endrika mifandraika aminy izay miabo ho an' ny vektera rehetra tsy aotra, ary ny fizarana QR (ho vokatr' ny vohoka Q sy R) ho an' ny vohoka tsy mitovy isan' ny andalana sy ny tsanganana. Ho an' ny rafitra lehibe dia matetika kokoa no fidina ny fomba mamerina dingana hatrany, toy ny fomban' i Jacobi, ny fomba Gauss–Seidel, ny fomba fanitsiana mifanesy mampitombo ny dingana, ary ny fomba mampiasa tari-piovana mifameno (''conjugate gradient method'').<ref>Magnus R. Hestenes; Eduard Stiefel (December 1952). [https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/049/jresv49n6p409_A1b.pdf ''Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear Systems'']. ''Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards'', 49 (6), pp. 409–. DOI: <nowiki>10.6028/jres.049.044</nowiki>.</ref> Azo amboarina amin' ny alalan' ny fizarazarana vohoka ho fitambaran' ny vohoka hafa ny fomba ankapobeny mamerina dingana hatrany. Ampiasaina hamahana fampimirana tsy mizotra ny algôritma mitady sanda mampiaotra lefa. Antsoina hoe fitadiavana fakan' ny lefa izany satria ny fakan' ny lefa dia sanda ampidirina aminy izay mahatonga ny vokany ho aotra. Raha azo alaina sintona ilay lefa ary fantatra ilay sintona, dia anisan' ny fomba be mpampiasa ny fomban' i Newton.<ref>J.A. Ezquerro Fernández; M.Á. Hernández Verón (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A3orDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 ''Newton's method: An updated approach of Kantorovich's theory'']. Birkhäuser. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-55976-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Peter Deuflhard (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=l20xK__HG_kC&pg=PP1 ''Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms'']. 2nd ed. ''Computational Mathematics'', vol. 35. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-540-21099-3</nowiki>.</ref> Teknika iray hafa hamahana fampimirana tsy mizotra ny fanakaikezana amin' ny rafitra mizotra. === Famahana olana momba ny sanda mampiavaka na ny sanda fanitaran' ny vohoka === Azo aseho amin' ny alalan' ny fizarana vohoka araka ny sanda mampiavaka azy, na araka ny sanda mandrefy ny fanitarana na fampihenana ataony amin' ny tari-dalana manokana (''singular value''), ny olana manan-danja maro. Ohatra, mifototra amin' ny fizarana vohoka araka ireo sanda fanitarana ireo ny algôritma fampihenana ny haben' ny angon-tsary amin' ny fanasarahana azy ho singa (''spectral image compression'').<ref>C.J. Ogden; T. Huff (1997). [http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/darnold/laproj/Fall97/Tammie/tammie.pdf ''The Singular Value Decomposition and Its Applications in Image Compression'']. ''Math 45''. College of the Redwoods. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925193348/http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/darnold/laproj/Fall97/Tammie/tammie.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 25 September 2006].</ref> Antsoina hoe fanadihadiana amin' ny singa fototra ny fitaovana mifanandrify amin' izany eo amin' ny statistika. === Fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra === Lohahevitra fototra: fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra amin' ny matematika. Amin' ny olana fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra dia tadiavina ny teboka izay ahazoan' ny lefa iray nomena ny sandany ambony indrindra na ambany indrindra. Matetika koa io teboka io no tsy maintsy mahafeno fepetra sasany. Mizara ho sampana maromaro indray ny sehatry ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra, arakaraka ny endrik' ilay lefa tadiavina hampitomboina na hampihenana indrindra sy ny fepetra tsy maintsy tanterahina. Ohatra, ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra amin' ny fepetra mizotra dia mahakasika ny tranga izay samy mizotra na ilay lefa kendrena na ireo fepetra. Fomba malaza ampiasaina amin' izany ny fomba fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra amin' ny fifindrana eo amin' ny tendron' ny faritra eken' ny fepetra (''simplex method''). Azo ampiasaina ny fomba misy mpampitombo Lagrange mba hanovana ny olana fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra misy fepetra ho olana fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra tsy misy fepetra fanampiny. === Fikajiana horona === Lohahevitra fototra: fanaovana horona amin' ny fanakaikezana isa. Ny fanaovana horona amin' ny fanakaikezana isa, izay antsoina koa indraindray hoe fikajiana horona voafaritra (''numerical quadrature''), dia mikendry ny hahitana ny sandan' ny horona amin' ny elanelana na vondrona voafaritra.<ref>P.J. Davis; P. Rabinowitz (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCKdqka0HAC&pg=PR5 ''Methods of numerical integration'']. Courier Corporation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-45339-2</nowiki>.</ref> Ny fomba be mpampiasa dia mampiasa iray amin' ny raikipohy Newton–Cotes, toy ny fomba mampiasa ny teboka afovoany na ny fomban' i Simpson, na mampiasa ny fanaovana horona araka ny fomba Gauss.<ref>Weisstein, Eric W. [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GaussianQuadrature.html ''Gaussian Quadrature'']. ''MathWorld''.</ref> Mifototra amin' ny paikady fizarana ny olana ho ampahany madinika hovahana misaraka ireo fomba ireo: zaraina ho horona amin' ny vondrona madinika kokoa ny horona amin' ny vondrona somary lehibe. Rehefa maro kokoa ny refy ka lasa mitaky asa kajy tafahoatra ireo fomba ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny fomba Monte Carlo, izay mampiasa santionany kisendrasendra, na ny fomba ''quasi-Monte Carlo'', izay mampiasa teboka voafantina araka ny lamina mampihena ny tsy fitovian' ny fiparitahany fa tsy santionany kisendrasendra. Jereo koa ny fanaovana horona amin' ny alalan' ny santionany kisendrasendra.<ref>John Geweke (1996). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574002196010179) ''15. Monte carlo simulation and numerical integration'']. Ao amin' ny ''Handbook of Computational Economics'', vol. 1, pp. 731–800. Elsevier. DOI: <nowiki>10.1016/S1574-0021(96)01017-9</nowiki>. <nowiki>ISBN 9780444898579</nowiki>.</ref> Raha somary maro ihany ny refy, dia azo ampiasaina ny fomba mampiasa harato misy teboka voafantina vitsivitsy. === Fampimirana mielana === Lohahevitra fototra: famahana amin' ny kajy isa ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray sy ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. Mahakasika ny fikajiana vahaolana amin' ny alalan' ny fanakaikezana ho an' ny fampimirana mielana koa ny fanadihadiana momba isa, na ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray izany na ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany.<ref>A. Iserles (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=M0tkw4oUucoC&pg=PR5 ''A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations'']. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-73490-5</nowiki>.</ref> Mba hamahana fampimirana misy sintona ampahany dia soloina amin' ny fampimirana misy sanda misaraka aloha ilay fampimirana, ka afindra ao anatin' ny zana-habaka manana refy voafetra.<ref>W.F. Ames (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KmjiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP7 ''Numerical methods for partial differential equations'']. 3rd ed. Academic Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-08-057130-0</nowiki>.</ref> Azo atao amin' ny fomba mampiasa singa voafetra izany,<ref>C. Johnson (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0IFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 ''Numerical solution of partial differential equations by the finite element method'']. Courier Corporation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-46900-3</nowiki>.</ref><ref>S. Brenner; R. Scott (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ServBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 ''The mathematical theory of finite element methods'']. 2nd ed. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4757-3658-8</nowiki>.</ref><ref>G. Strang; G.J. Fix (2018; nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1973). [https://archive.org/details/analysisoffinite0000stra ''An analysis of the finite element method'']. 2nd ed. Wellesley-Cambridge Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780980232783</nowiki>. OCLC: <nowiki>1145780513</nowiki>.</ref> amin' ny fomba mampiasa elanelan' ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka misaraka,<ref>J.C. Strikwerda (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbdt5XT25AsC&pg=PP5 ''Finite difference schemes and partial differential equations'']. 2nd ed. SIAM. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-793-8</nowiki>.</ref> na amin' ny fomba mampiasa hadiry voafetra, indrindra eo amin' ny injenieria.<ref>Randall LeVeque (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mfAfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 ''Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems'']. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-139-43418-8</nowiki>.</ref> Matetika no mampiasa teôrema avy amin' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy ny fanamarinana ara-teôria an' ireo fomba ireo. Izany dia mampody ilay olana ho famahana fampimirana aljebrika. == Rindrankajy == Lahatsoratra fototra mifandraika: lisitry ny rindrankajy fanaovana fanadihadiana momba isa; fampitahana ny rindrankajy fanaovana fanadihadiana momba isa; fiteny fandaharana solosaina ho an' ny fanadihadiana momba isa; lisitry ny tahirim-programa fanaovana kajy isa. Hatramin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20 dia ampiharina amin' ny fiteny fandaharana solosaina isan-karazany ny ankamaroan' ny algôritma. Ahitana fanangonana zana-programa isan-karazany ho an' ny olana momba ny kajy isa ny tahiry Netlib; amin' ny Fortran sy C no nanoratana ny ankamaroan' izany. Anisan' ny vokatra ara-barotra mampihatra algôritma fanaovana kajy isa maro samihafa ny tahirim-programa IMSL (tahirim-programa fanaovana kajy isa) sy NAG (''Numerical Algorithms Group'', na Vondrona momba ny algôritma fanaovana kajy isa). Rindrankajy malalaka azo ampiasaina ho solon' ireo kosa ny ''GNU Scientific Library'' (tahirim-programa siantifika GNU). Nandritra ny taona maro dia namoaka algôritma maro tao amin' ny gazetiny ''Applied Statistics'' ny ''Royal Statistical Society'' (Fikambanana Mpanjaka momba ny Antontanisa). [https://jblevins.org/mirror/amiller/#apstat Azo alaina eto ny kaodin' ireo zana-programa] AS (zana-programa avy amin' ny ''Applied Statistics''). Toy izany koa no nataon' ny ACM (''Association for Computing Machinery'', na Fikambanana momba ny milina fanaovana kajy) tao amin' ny gazetiny ''Transactions on Mathematical Software'': [https://jblevins.org/mirror/amiller/#toms azo alaina eto ny kaody] TOMS (kaody mifandraika amin' io gazety momba ny rindrankajy matematika io). Namoaka imbetsaka ny [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA476840.pdf ''Library of Mathematics Subroutines''] ny ''Naval Surface Warfare Center'' (Foibe momba ny ady an-dranomasina eny ambonin' ny rano); [https://jblevins.org/mirror/amiller/#nswc azo alaina eto ny kaody]. Misy rindrankajy maromaro fampiasa betsaka ho an' ny kajy isa, toy ny MATLAB,<ref>Quarteroni, A.; Saleri, F.; Gervasio, P. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_0m9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 ''Scientific computing with MATLAB and Octave'']. Fanontana faha-4. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-642-45367-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="gh">Gander, W.; Hrebicek, J. (mpandrindra ny boky, 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=di2qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 ''Solving problems in scientific computing using Maple and Matlab®'']. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-642-18873-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="bf">Barnes, B.; Fulford, G.R. (2011). ''Mathematical modelling with case studies: a differential equations approach using Maple and MATLAB''. Fanontana faha-2. CRC Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4200-8350-7</nowiki>. OCLC 1058138488.</ref> TK Solver, S-PLUS ary IDL (fiteny fandaharana solosaina),<ref>Gumley, L.E. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1d-tNpm_x4gC&pg=PR9 ''Practical IDL programming'']. Elsevier. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-08-051444-4</nowiki>.</ref> ary misy koa ny rindrankajy malalaka sy misokatra ny kaody azo ampiasaina ho solon' ireo, toy ny FreeMat, Scilab,<ref>Bunks, C.; Chancelier, J.P.; Delebecque, F.; Goursat, M.; Nikoukhah, R.; Steer, S. (2012). ''Engineering and scientific computing with Scilab''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4612-7204-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Thanki, R.M.; Kothari, A.M. (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VydaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ''Digital image processing using SCILAB'']. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-89533-8</nowiki>.</ref> GNU Octave (mitovitovy amin' ny Matlab), ary IT++ (tahirim-programa amin' ny C++). Misy koa ny fiteny fandaharana solosaina toy ny R<ref>Ihaka, R.; Gentleman, R. (1996). [https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/R-paper.pdf ''R: a language for data analysis and graphics'']. ''Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics'', boky 5, laharana 3, p. 299–314. DOI: <nowiki>10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713</nowiki>. S2CID 60206680.</ref> (mitovitovy amin' ny S-PLUS), Julia,<ref>Bezanson, Jeff; Edelman, Alan; Karpinski, Stefan; Shah, Viral B. (2017-01-01). [https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/141000671 ''Julia: A Fresh Approach to Numerical Computing'']. ''SIAM Review'', boky 59, laharana 1, p. 65–98. DOI: <nowiki>10.1137/141000671</nowiki>. arXiv: <nowiki>1411.1607</nowiki>. ISSN 0036-1445. HDL: <nowiki>1721.1/110125</nowiki> (azo jerena malalaka). S2CID 13026838.</ref> ary Python miaraka amin' ny tahirim-programa toy ny NumPy, SciPy<ref>Jones, E., Oliphant, T., &amp; Peterson, P. (2001). ''SciPy: Open source scientific tools for Python.''</ref><ref>Bressert, E. (2012). ''SciPy and NumPy: an overview for developers''. O'Reilly. <nowiki>ISBN 9781306810395</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Blanco-Silva, F.J. (2013). ''Learning SciPy for numerical and scientific computing''. Packt. <nowiki>ISBN 9781782161639</nowiki>.</ref> ary SymPy. Samy hafa be ny hafainganam-pandehan' ireo rindrankajy ireo: mazàna dia haingana ny asa kajy amin' ny vektera sy vohoka, fa mety hihoatra ny impolo kosa ny tahan' ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny fandaharana mamerimberina asa amin' ny skalera, arakaraka ny rindrankajy ampiasaina.<ref>[http://www.sciviews.org/benchmark/ ''Speed comparison of various number crunching packages'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005024002/http://www.sciviews.org/benchmark/ Tahiry voatahiry], 5 October 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.scientificweb.com/ncrunch/ncrunch5.pdf ''Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis'']. [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518062220/http://www.scientificweb.com/ncrunch/ncrunch5.pdf Tahiry voatahiry], 18 May 2016. Stefan Steinhaus, ScientificWeb.com.</ref> Maro koa ny rindrankajy manao kajy amin' ny fanehoana ara-pamantarana, toy ny Mathematica, no mandray soa amin' ny fisian' ny kajy azo ifidianana ny fahamarinan' isa, izany hoe azo fidina ny isan' ny tarehimarika ampiasaina hanehoana ny isa. Afaka manome vokatra marina kokoa izany.<ref>Maeder, R.E. (1997). [https://archive.org/details/programminginmat0000maed_l2m6 ''Programming in mathematica'']. Fanontana faha-3. Addison-Wesley. <nowiki>ISBN 9780201854497</nowiki>. OCLC 1311056676.</ref><ref>Wolfram, Stephen (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xny77v_QPkEC&pg=PR19 ''The MATHEMATICA® book, version 4'']. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57955-004-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Shaw, William T.; Tigg, Jason (1994). ''Applied Mathematica: Getting Started, Getting it Done''. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-201-54217-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marasco, A.; Romano, A. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iFRqemnmMqUC&pg=PR7 ''Scientific Computing with Mathematica: Mathematical Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations'']. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8176-4205-1</nowiki>.</ref> Azo ampiasaina hamahana olana tsotra mifandraika amin' ny fanadihadiana momba isa koa ny rindrankajy rehetra fanaovana tabilao kajy. Manana lefa fanaovana kajy an-jatony, anisan' izany ny ho an' ny vohoka, ohatra, ny Excel. Azo ampiasaina miaraka amin' ny fitaovana famahana olana efa tafiditra ao aminy, antsoina hoe ''solver'', ireo lefa ireo. == Jereo koa == * Mpanao fanadihadiana momba isa * Fanadihadiana ny algôritma * Teôrian' ny fanakaikezana * Siansa mampiasa kajy amin' ny solosaina * Fizika mampiasa kajy amin' ny solosaina * Loka Gordon Bell * Kajy amin' ny elanelan' isa mamaritra ny fetra misy ny sanda mety ho azo * Lisitry ny lohahevitra momba ny fanadihadiana momba isa * Fomba fanakaikezana amin' ny rafitra mizotra eo akaikin' ny teboka iray * Fanakaikezana ny sandan' ny sintona amin' ny kajy isa * ''Numerical Recipes'' * Kajy isa mampiasa fiangambana hanehoana ny tsy fahazoana antoka amin' ny valin' ny kajy * Kajy mampiaraka ny fikirakirana fanehoana ara-pamantarana sy ny fanakaikezana amin' ny isa * Kajy isa miaraka amin' ny fanamarinana hentitra ny fetry ny hadisoana == Fanamarihana == <references group="fanamarihana" /> == Loharano == === Fanononana === <references /> === Boky sy loharano nampiasaina === * Golub, Gene H.; Charles F. Van Loan (1986). ''Matrix Computations''. Fanontana faha-3. Johns Hopkins University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8018-5413-X</nowiki>. * Ralston Anthony; Rabinowitz Philips (2001). ''A First Course in Numerical Analysis''. Fanontana faha-2. Dover publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0486414546</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHigham2002"></span>Nicholas J. Higham (2002; nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1996). ''[https://archive.org/details/accuracystabilit0000high Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms]''. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. <nowiki>ISBN 0-89871-355-2</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy. * F. B. Hildebrand (1974). ''Introduction to Numerical Analysis''. Fanontana faha-2. McGraw-Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 0-07-028761-9</nowiki>. * David Kincaid sy Ward Cheney (2002). ''Numerical Analysis : Mathematics of Scientific Computing''. Fanontana faha-3. AMS. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-4788-6</nowiki>. * Jeffery J. Leader (2004). ''Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation''. Addison Wesley. <nowiki>ISBN 0-201-73499-0</nowiki>. * J.H. Wilkinson (1988; nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1965). ''[https://archive.org/details/algebraiceigenva0000wilk The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem]''. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-853418-1</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy. * W. Kahan (1972). ''A survey of error-analysis''. ''Info. Processing 71'', boky 2, pejy 1214–39; fihaonambe: ''Proc. IFIP Congress 71 in Ljubljana''. North-Holland. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7204-2063-0</nowiki>. OCLC 25116949. (Misy ohatra mampiseho ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fahamarinan' ny kajy.) * Lloyd N. Trefethen (2008). ''[http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/NAessay.pdf IV.21 Numerical analysis]''. Ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 Princeton Companion of Mathematics]'', natontan' i I. Leader, T. Gowers ary J. Barrow-Green, pejy 604–614. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2</nowiki>. == Rohy ivelany == === Gazety ara-tsiansa === *''Numerische Mathematik'', boky 1–..., [https://www.springer.com/mathematics/numerical+and+computational+mathematics/journal/211 Springer], 1959– **[http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN362160546 Boky 1–66, 1959–1994] (azo karohina ny ao anatiny; sary ny pejy). Amin' ny teny anglisy sy alemana. *''Journal on Numerical Analysis'', [https://epubs.siam.org/journal/sjnaam SINUM] (Gazety momba ny fanadihadiana momba isa), boky 1–..., SIAM (Fikambanana momba ny matematika ho an' ny indostria sy ny matematika ampiharina), 1964– === Lahatsoratra an-tserasera === *[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Numerical_analysis ''Numerical analysis''], ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics'', EMS Press, 2001 [1994]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905141405/http://www.nr.com/oldverswitcher.html ''Numerical Recipes''], William H. Press (fanontana teo aloha, maimaim-poana sady azo alaina). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm ''First Steps in Numerical Analysis''] (voatahiry), R.J.Hosking, S.Joe, D.C.Joyce, ary J.C.Turner. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170801213333/http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/CSEP/TEXTOC.html CSEP] (Tetikasa fanabeazana momba ny siansa mifototra amin' ny kajy amin' ny solosaina; ''Computational Science Education Project''), ''U.S. Department of Energy'' (Departemantan' ny Angovo ao Etazonia), voatahiry tamin' ny 2017-08-01. *[https://dlmf.nist.gov/3 ''Numerical Methods''], toko 3 ao amin' ny ''Digital Library of Mathematical Functions''. *[https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~cbm/aands/page_875.htm ''Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation and Integration''], toko 25 ao amin' ny ''Handbook of Mathematical Functions'' (Abramowitz sy Stegun). *[https://fncbook.com/ Tobin A. Driscoll sy Richard J. Braun: ''Fundamentals of Numerical Computation''] (dika an-tserasera maimaim-poana). === Fitaovam-pianarana an-tserasera === *[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/fdl/people/sd103/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page ''Numerical Methods''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090728181209/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/fdl/people/sd103/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page voatahiry tamin' ny 28 July 2009]), Stuart Dalziel, ''University of Cambridge'' (Oniversiten' i Cambridge). *[https://www2.math.upenn.edu/~wilf/DeturckWilf.pdf ''Lectures on Numerical Analysis''], Dennis Deturck sy Herbert S. Wilf, ''University of Pennsylvania'' (Oniversiten' i Pennsylvania). *[http://johndfenton.com/Lectures/Numerical-Methods/Numerical-Methods.pdf ''Numerical methods''], John D. Fenton, ''University of Karlsruhe'' (Oniversiten' i Karlsruhe). *[http://www-teaching.physics.ox.ac.uk/computing/NumericalMethods/NMfP.pdf ''Numerical Methods for Physicists''], Anthony O’Hare, ''Oxford University'' (Oniversiten' i Oxford). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm ''Lectures in Numerical Analysis''] (voatahiry), R. Radok, ''Mahidol University'' (Oniversite Mahidol). *[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-993j-introduction-to-numerical-analysis-for-engineering-13-002j-spring-2005/ ''Introduction to Numerical Analysis for Engineering''], Henrik Schmidt, ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' (Ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony momba ny teknolojia ao Massachusetts). *[http://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/ ''Numerical Analysis for Engineering''], D. W. Harder, ''University of Waterloo'' (Oniversiten' i Waterloo). *[https://www.math.umd.edu/~diom/courses/AMSC466/Levy-notes.pdf ''Introduction to Numerical Analysis''], Doron Levy, ''University of Maryland'' (Oniversiten' i Maryland). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310212643/http://math.fullerton.edu/mathews/n2003/NumericalUndergradMod.html ''Numerical Analysis - Numerical Methods''] (voatahiry), John H. Mathews, ''California State University Fullerton'' (Oniversitem-panjakan' i California ao Fullerton). [[:Sokajy:Matematika]] 6bnxmctqe15urmpo9q0f13hfp4g23jp 0 302712 1153695 2026-11-11T13:54:43Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153695 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''katra''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Capparaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Brassicales]]) sy ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]): * ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Caesalpinia bonducella'' <small>(L.) Fleming</small>) (''Fabaceae'') -- * ''[[Capparis spinosa]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Capparaceae'') -- == Jereo koa == * ''[[Caesalpinia]]'' * ''[[Capparis]]'' b1mmfdkjqev52y6sg5w11v77gbnt1r5 2 302713 1153697 2026-11-11T13:59:17Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384418286; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1113445 1153697 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Momba ny empira ity lahatsoratra ity. Ho an' ny kalifata nifandray taminy, jereo ny [[Kalifata Ôtômana|Kalifata Ôtômàna]].'' {| class="wikitable" |+ Empira Ôtômàna |- ! colspan="2" | Fanjakana Ôtômàna Ambony<br />''Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOs̱mānīye'' (amin' ny soratra niandohany: دولت عليه عثمانیه) |- ! Fotoana nisiany | Tokony ho 1299–1922 |- ! Saina sy mari-panjakana | <gallery> File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|alt=Sainan' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1844–1922|Saina (1844–1922). File:Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire (1882–1922).svg|alt=Mari-panjakan' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1882–1922|Mari-panjakana (1882–1922). </gallery> |- ! Teny filamatra | ''Devlet-i Ebed-müddet'' (amin' ny soratra niandohany: دولت ابدمدت), « Ny Fanjakana Mandrakizay ».<ref>McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (20 October 2015). [https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439 ''Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States'']. ''Atlantic Journal of Communication'', 23 (5), p. 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. ISSN 1545-6870. S2CID 146299650. Notsidihina tamin' ny 24 March 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151026/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439 Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023]. Mbola niasa ny URL; mila famandrihana ny fidirana.</ref> |- ! Hiram-pirenena | Nisy maromaro: * ''Mahmudiye Marşı'' (1829–1839, 1918–1922). [[File:Mahmudiye Marşı.ogg]] Loharano: nationalanthems.info. * ''Mecidiye Marşı'' (1839–1861). [[File:Mecidiye Marşı.ogg]] * ''Aziziye Marşı'' (1861–1876). * ''Hamidiye Marşı'', novana (1876–1909). [[File:Hamidiye_Marşı.ogg]] * ''Reşadiye Marşı'' (1909–1918). [[File:Marche_de_sa_Majesté_Impériale_Le_Sultan_Mohammed_V._par_Italo_Selvelli.ogg]] |- ! Sarintany | <gallery> File:OttomanEmpire1481.png|alt=Sarintanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1481|Ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1481. Mpamorona: Chamboz sur Wikipedia Anglisy. File:OttomanEmpire1566.png|alt=Sarintanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1566|Ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1566. Mpamorona: Chamboz. File:OttomanEmpireMain.png|alt=Sarintanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1683|Ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1683. Mpamorona: Chamboz sur Wikipedia Anglisy. File:OttomanEmpire1739.png|alt=Sarintanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1739|Ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1739. Mpamorona: Chamboz. File:OttomanEmpire1914.png|alt=Sarintanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1914|Ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1914. Mpamorona: Chamboz. </gallery> |- ! Sata | Empira |- ! Renivohitra | * Söğüt (tokony ho 1299–1331).<ref name="Shaw-13">Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (1977). ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey''. Cambridge University Press, boky I, p. 13. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8</nowiki>.</ref> * [[Nikea|Nicaea]] ([[İznik]]) (1331–1335).<ref>[[#CITEREFAtasoyRaby1989|Atasoy sy Raby (1989)]], p. 19–20.</ref> * Prousa ([[Bursa]]) (1335–taompolo 1360). * Adrianople ([[Edirne]]) (taompolo 1360–1453).{{#tag:ref|Dikan-teny avy amin' ny ''İslâm Ansiklopedisi'': « Mbola iadian-kevitra ny fotoana nandresen' ny Ôtômàna ity toerana ity; daty samihafa no naroso momba izany, toy ny 1361, 1362, 1367 ary 1369. Amin' ireo dia misongadina ny hevitra fa azo tamin' ny 1361 i Edirne, vokatry ny politika fandresena voalamina nataon' i Murad sy Lala Şahin, raha mbola velona i Orhan Gazi. Voalaza koa anefa fa mety ho taorian' ny 1366 (1369) ny fandresena, araka ny tononkalo fisaonana iray mampiseho fa mbola tao Edirne tamin' izany andraikitra izany hatramin' ny 1366 i Polykarpos, arsevekan' ilay tanàna. »<ref>Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib (1988–2016). [https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/edirne ''Edirne'']. ''TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.)'' (amin' ny teny tiorka). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} * [[Kônstantinôpôlisy]] ([[Istanbul]]) (1453–1922).{{#tag:ref|Tamin' ny fiteny tiorka ôtômana, anarana samihafa no nahafantarana ilay tanàna, anisan' izany ny ''Ḳosṭanṭīnīye'' (قسطنطينيه), izay nosoloina tovana arabo ny tovana hoe ''-polis'', ny ''Istanbul'' (استنبول), ary ny ''Islambol'' (اسلامبول, midika ara-bakiteny hoe « feno finoana silamo »); jereo ny anaran' i Istanbul. Tsy nampiasaina intsony tamin' ny teny tiorka ny hoe ''Ḳosṭanṭīnīye'' taorian' ny fanambaràna ny Repoblikan' i Torkia tamin' ny 1923.<ref name="Edhemp286">Edhem, Eldem. ''Istanbul''. Ao amin' ny Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (mpamoaka), ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''. Infobase, 21 May 2010, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA286 286]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.”</ref> Taorian' ny nifindran' i Torkia tamin' ny soratra latina tamin' ny 1928,<ref><span id="CITEREFShawShaw1977b"></span>Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b). ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', boky ''2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780511614972</nowiki>. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614972.</ref> dia nangataka tamin' ny masoivoho sy ny orinasa vahiny ny fitondrana tiorka tamin' ny 1930 mba hampiasa ny hoe ''Istanbul'', ka nekena betsaka teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena io anarana io.<ref> * [[#CITEREFShawShaw1977b|Shaw sy Shaw (1977b)]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA386 386], volume 2. * Robinson, Richard D. (1963). ''The First Turkish Republic''. Harvard University Press, boky 2, p. 298 (amin' ny teny anglisy). <nowiki>ISBN 0674304500</nowiki>. * Society (4 March 2014). [http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar28/istanbul-not-constantinople ''Mar 28, 1930 CE: Istanbul, not Constantinople'']. National Geographic Resource Library. National Geographic Society (amin' ny teny anglisy). Notsidihina tamin' ny 28 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210345/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar28/istanbul-not-constantinople/ Tahiry tamin' ny 2019-01-14]. Satan' ny URL tao amin' ny loharano: deviated. </ref>|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! Fiteny ôfisialy | [[Fiteny tiorka ôtômana]] |- ! Fiteny hafa | * [[Fiteny arabo|Arabo]].{{#tag:ref|Fiteny nampiasaina tamin' ny litorjia, tamin' ny fanamboarana vola madinika, ary tamin' ny asa soratra siantifika.<ref>Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin (2024-10-28). [https://books.google.com/books?id=inMhEQAAQBAJ&dq=science+language+in+ottoman+empire&pg=PT63 ''Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire: Western Influence, Local Institutions, and the Transfer of Knowledge'']. Taylor & Francis (amin' ny teny anglisy). <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-040-24461-6</nowiki>.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} * [[Fiteny persana|Persana]].{{#tag:ref|Nampiasaina tao an-dapa, tamin' ny fifandraisana diplômatika, ny tononkalo, ny fanoratana tantara ary ny asa soratra. Nampianarina tany amin' ny sekolim-panjakana izy io, ary natao taranja azo nofidina na nampirisihina hianarana tany amin' ny ''madrasa'' sasany, izany hoe sekoly silamo.<ref>Inan, Murat Umut. ''Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World''. Ao amin' ny Green, Nile (mpamoaka), ''The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca''. University of California Press, 2019, p. 88–89. Teny nalaina: “As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.”</ref><ref>Tezcan, Baki. ''Ottoman Historical Writing''. Ao amin' ny Rabasa, José (mpamoaka), ''The Oxford History of Historical Writing'', boky ''3: 1400–1800''. Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 192–211. Teny nalaina: “Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.”</ref><ref>Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cOAzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 ''The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760 – c. 1870'']. Brill, p. 30 (amin' ny teny anglisy). <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5</nowiki>. Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151110/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOAzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref><ref>Fortna, B. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Bh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 ''Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic'']. Springer, p. 50. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools&nbsp;...” Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221021205028/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Bh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 Tahiry tamin' ny 21 October 2022]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref><ref>Spuler, Bertold (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&pg=PA68 ''Persian Historiography and Geography'']. Pustaka Nasional, p. 68. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery 'Hasht Bihist', or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers&nbsp;...” Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151032/https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&pg=PA68 Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref><ref>Fetvacı, Emine (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=f67qIxJrpTMC&pg=PA31 ''Picturing History at the Ottoman Court'']. Indiana University Press, p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.” Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221021205027/https://books.google.com/books?id=f67qIxJrpTMC&pg=PA31 Tahiry tamin' ny 21 October 2022]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref><ref>Yarshater, Ehsan (Ehsan Yarshater); Melville, Charles (Charles P. Melville) (mpamoaka, 2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s6SmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359 ''Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature'']. Bloomsbury, boky 10, p. 437. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.” Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221021205027/https://books.google.com/books?id=s6SmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359 Tahiry tamin' ny 21 October 2022]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref><ref>Inan, Murat Umut. ''Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World''. Ao amin' ny Green, Nile (Nile Green, mpamoaka), ''The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca''. University of California Press, 2019, p. 92 (note 27). Teny nalaina: “Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–169.”</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} * [[Fiteny grika|Grika]].{{#tag:ref|Teo anivon' ny vondrom-piarahamonina miteny grika; notenenin' ny soltana sasany koa.|group=fanamarihana}} * Chagatai.{{#tag:ref|Nampiasaina tamin' ny didim-panjakana tamin' ny taonjato faha-15.<ref>Ayşe Gül Sertkaya. ''Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı''. Ao amin' ny György Hazai (mpamoaka), ''Archivum Ottomanicum'', boky 20, 2002, p. 114–115. Teny nalaina: “As a result, we can claim that ''Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı'' was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (''bitig'') and firmans (''yarlığ'') sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.” [https://books.google.com/books?id=h11pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22As+a+result%2C+we+can%22 Loharano]. Notsidihina tamin' ny 23 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221024132428/https://books.google.com/books?id=h11pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22As+a+result,+we+can%22 Tahiry tamin' ny 24 October 2022]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} * [[Fiteny frantsay|Frantsay]].{{#tag:ref|Fiteny vahiny nampiasain' ny olona nahita fianarana taorian' ny fanavaozana ''Tanzimat'', tamin' ny vanim-potoana faramparan' ny empira.<ref name="Strauss-2010">Strauss, Johann. ''A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages''. Ao amin' ny Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (mpamoaka), ''The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy''. Orient-Institut Istanbul, [[Würzburg]], 2010, p. 21–51. [https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true Toko]. Notsidihina tamin' ny 15 September 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233851/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true Tahiry tamin' ny 11 October 2019]. Mbola niasa ny URL. [http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 Pejy momba ilay boky] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190920231333/http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 tahiry tamin' ny 20 September 2019]) ao amin' ny Martin Luther University. Pejy notononina: p. 26 (PDF p. 28). Teny nalaina: “French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the ''Tanzimat'' reforms. [...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities.”</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} * Fiteny maro hafa. |- ! Fivavahana | [[Sonisma|Silamo sonita]] ([[Fivavaham-panjakana|fivavaham-panjakana]]).<br />Sekoly momba ny lalàna silamo: Hanafi. |- ! Anarana iantsoana ny mponina | Ôtômana |- ! Rafi-pitondrana | Fanjakan' olon-tokana manana fahefana tsy voafetran' ny lalàm-panorenana (tokony ho 1299–1876; 1878–1908; 1920–1922).<br />Fanjakan' olon-tokana voafetran' ny lalàm-panorenana sady manana rafitra parlemantera (1876–1878; 1908–1920). * Teo ambany fitondrana jadona notarihin' olona telo (1913–1918). |- ! Soltana | * [[Osman I]] — tokony ho 1299–1323/4 (voalohany). * Mehmed VI — 1918–1922 (farany). |- ! Kalifa | * [[Selim I]] — 1517–1520 (voalohany).<ref name="Lambton-1995" />{{#tag:ref|Soltana tamin' ny 1512–1520 izy.|group=fanamarihana}} * Abdülmecid II — 1922–1924 (farany).{{#tag:ref|Nifarana tamin' ny 1922 ny Empira Ôtômàna rehefa nofoanana ny soltanata. Nofidin' ny Antenimieram-pirenena Lehiben' i Torkia ho kalifa hisolo ny soltana farany, Mehmed VI, i Abdülmecid, izay anisan' ny fianakaviam-panjaka ôtômana. Nitana io anaram-boninahitra io teo ambany Fitondran' i Ankara (1922–1923) sy ny Repoblika (1923–1924) izy.|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! Viziry lehibe, lehiben' ny fitondram-panjakana | * Alaeddin Pasha — 1320–1331 (voalohany). * Ahmet Tevfik Pasha — 1920–1922 (farany). |- ! Fahefana mpanao lalàna | Antenimiera Ankapobeny (1876–1878; 1908–1920). |- ! Antenimiera ambony (tsy nofidina) | Antenimieran' ny Manan-kaja (1876–1878; 1908–1920). |- ! Antenimiera ambany (nofidina) | Antenimieran' ny Solombavambahoaka (1876–1878; 1908–1920). |- ! colspan="2" | Zava-nitranga ara-tantara |- ! Niorina | Tokony ho 1299.<ref>Pamuk, Şevket (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Htk3Wn789EQC&pg=PA30 ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire'']. Cambridge University Press, p. 30–31. <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-44197-8</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of Orhan Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as 'the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman' [...] Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the [[Seljokida|Seljuk]] sultan at Konya. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the Ilkhanids [...] Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.” Notsidihina tamin' ny 21 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151034/https://books.google.com/books?id=Htk3Wn789EQC&pg=PA30 Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref> |- ! Fotoana tsy nisian' ny mpanjaka tokana nekena | 1402–1413 |- ! Nahazoana an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy | 29 Mey 1453 |- ! [[Kalifata Ôtômana|Nanambaràna ny kalifata]] | 1517 |- ! Vanim-potoana voalohany nananan' ny fanjakana lalàm-panorenana | 1876–1878 |- ! Vanim-potoana faharoa nananan' ny fanjakana lalàm-panorenana | 1908–1920 |- ! Fanonganam-panjakana ôtômana | 23 Janoary 1913 |- ! Fanafoanana ny soltanata | 1 Novambra 1922.{{#tag:ref|Ny 1 Novambra 1922 no manamarika ny fiafaran' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy. Niala tao Kônstantinôpôlisy i Mehmed VI tamin' ny 17 Novambra 1922.|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! Niorenan' ny [[Torkia|Repoblikan' i Torkia]] | 29 Ôktôbra 1923.{{#tag:ref|Navelan' ny Fifanarahana tao Sèvres (10 Aogositra 1920) mbola hisy amin' ny endrika voafetra ny Empira Ôtômàna. Tamin' ny 1 Novambra 1922 dia nanafoana ny soltanata ny Antenimieram-pirenena Lehibe (GNAT, Antenimieram-pirenena Lehiben' i Torkia), ary nanambara fa tsy manan-kery avokoa ny asa rehetra nataon' ny fitondrana ôtômana tao Kônstantinôpôlisy nanomboka tamin' ny 16 Marsa 1920, daty nibodoana an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy araka ny fepetran' ny Fifanarahana tao Sèvres. Tamin' ny fanasoniavana ny Fifanarahana tao Lausanne tamin' ny 24 Jolay 1923 no nahazoan' ny GNAT sy ny Fitondran' i Ankara fankatoavana iraisam-pirenena. Nanambara ny Repoblika ny Antenimieram-pirenena Lehiben' i Torkia tamin' ny 29 Ôktôbra 1923.|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! Fanafoanana ny kalifata (taorian' ny empira) | 3 Marsa 1924 |- ! colspan="2" | Velaran-tany — km² (kilometatra toradroa); mi² (maily toradroa) |- ! 1481 | 1,220,000 km² (470,000 mi²).<ref name="Taagepera-1997">Rein Taagepera (September 1997). [http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807 ''Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia'']. ''International Studies Quarterly'', 41 (3), p. 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. ISSN 0020-8833. Notsidihina tamin' ny 8 July 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807 Tahiry tamin' ny 19 November 2018]. Mbola niasa ny URL; mila famandrihana ny fidirana.</ref> |- ! 1521 | 3,400,000 km² (1,300,000 mi²).<ref name="Taagepera-1997" /> |- ! 1683 | 5,200,000 km² (2,000,000 mi²).<ref name="Taagepera-1997" /><ref>Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). [http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 ''East-West Orientation of Historical Empires'']. ''Journal of World-Systems Research'', 12 (2), p. 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Notsidihina tamin' ny 12 September 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 Tahiry tamin' ny 20 May 2019]. Mbola niasa ny URL.</ref><ref name="OxfordArea">Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 ''The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience'']. Oxford University Press, p. 92–94 (amin' ny teny anglisy). <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4</nowiki>.</ref> |- ! 1913 | 2,550,000 km² (980,000 mi²).<ref name="Taagepera-1997" /> |- ! colspan="2" | Isan' ny mponina |- ! 1600 | 22,000,000.<ref>[[#CITEREFRoy2015|Roy (2015)]], p. 134. “Around circa 1600, the Mughal Empire controlled 3.2 million square kilometres with a population of about 150 million. The Ottoman Empire's population at that time was 22 million and the Safavid Empire had 10 million inhabitants.”</ref> |- ! 1912 | 24,000,000.<ref name="Erickson2003">Erickson, Edward J. (2003). ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913''. Greenwood, p. 59. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4</nowiki>.</ref> |- ! Vola nampiasaina | ''Akçe'', ''manghir'', ''sultani'', ''para'', ''kuruş'', ''lira''. |- ! Vola tany amin' ny faritra niankina taminy | ''Budju'' tany Aljeria; ''qirsh'' tany Ejipta; ''rial'' tany Tonizia. |- ! colspan="2" | Fanjakana nialoha azy sy nandimby azy |- ! Fanjakana nialoha azy | # Soltanatan' i Rum # Fanjakana tao Anatôlia notarihin' ny olona nanana anaram-boninahitra hoe ''bey'' # [[Empira Bizantina]] # ''Despotate'' tao Morea (fanjakana notarihin' ny andriana nantsoina hoe ''despot'') # Empiran' i Trebizond # Fanjakan' ny printsy tao Theodoro # Empiran' i Bolgaria Faharoa # Fanjakan' i Vidin notarihin' ny mpanjaka nanana anaram-boninahitra hoe ''tsar'' # ''Despotate'' tao Dobruja (fanjakana notarihin' ny andriana nantsoina hoe ''despot'') # ''Despotate'' tao Lovech (fanjakana notarihin' ny andriana nantsoina hoe ''despot'') # ''Despotate'' serba (fanjakana notarihin' ny andriana nantsoina hoe ''despot'') # Fanjakan' i Bôsnia # Zeta # Fanjakan' i Hôngria # Fanjakan' i Krôasia # Vondron' i Lezhë # Soltanatan' ny Mamluk # Fanjakan' ny Hafsid # Aq Qoyunlu # Tripoli teo ambany fitondran' ny ''Hospitaller'', fikambanan' ny mpiady ara-pivavahana # Fanjakan' i Tlemcen # Fanjakan' i Athens notarihin' ny andriana manana anaram-boninahitra hoe ''duke'' # Fanjakan' ny Vondronosy notarihin' ny andriana manana anaram-boninahitra hoe ''duke'' |- ! Fanjakana nandimby azy | # Fanjakan' i Torkia # Repoblika Helenika # Faritanin' i Kaokazy notantanin' ny solontenan' ny mpanjaka # Fanjakan' ny printsy tao Bolgaria # Rumelia Atsinanana # Albania # Fanjakan' i Romania # Serbia tamin' ny revolisiona # Bôsnia sy Herzegôvina # Fanjakan' ny printsy tao Môntenegrô # Emiratan' i Asir, fanjakana notarihin' ny emira # Fanjakan' i Hejaz # OETA (Fitantanana ny Faritanin' ny Fahavalo Nobodoina) # Iràka teo ambany fitantanana natolotra firenena hafa (''mandate'') # Aljeria frantsay # Kipra britanika # Tonizia frantsay # Tripolitania italianina # Cyrenaica italianina # Fanjakan' i Kôety notarihin' ny ''sheikh'', mpitondra nanana izany anaram-boninahitra izany # Fanjakan' i Iemena # Soltanatan' i Ejipta |} '''Empira Ôtômàna''',{{#tag:ref|Anarana anglisy: ''Ottoman Empire''; fanononana ny hoe ''Ottoman'': /ˈɒtəmən/ ([[File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ottoman.wav|fanononana amin' ny teny anglisy]]). Amin' ny fiteny tiorka ôtômana: ''Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOs̱mānīye'' (ara-bakiteny: « Fanjakana Ôtômàna Ambony »; soratra tany am-boalohany: دولت عليه عثمانیه); amin' ny teny tiorka: ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'' (Empira Ôtômàna) na ''Osmanlı Devleti'' (Fanjakana Ôtômàna); amin' ny teny arabo: ''al-Dawla al-ʕaliyya al-ʕuṯmāniyya'' (anarana arabo ilazana ny Empira Ôtômàna; soratra tany am-boalohany: الدولة العلية العثمانية); amin' ny teny frantsay: ''Empire ottoman'' (Empira Ôtômàna).<ref name="Strauss-2010"/>|group=fanamarihana}} izay fantatra ara-tantara koa amin' ny anarana hoe '''Torkia'''<ref>last: Baykara; first: Tuncer; date: 2017; title: ''A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century''; url: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/330026; journal: ''Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic''; volume: 1; pages: 179–190; access-date: 26 March 2024; archive-date: 26 January 2024; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20240126030712/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/330026; url-status: live.</ref> na '''Empira Tiorka''',<ref>last: P.; first: E. A.; date: 1916; title: ''Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire''; url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779249; journal: ''The Geographical Journal''; volume: 47; issue: 6; pages: 470–472; doi: 10.2307/1779249; issn: 0016-7398; jstor: 1779249; access-date: 10 July 2022; archive-date: 10 July 2022; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20220710152110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779249; url-status: live.</ref> dia fanjakana nanerana ny ampahany lehibe tamin' i [[Eorôpa Atsimo-Atsinanana]], [[Azia Andrefana]] ary [[Afrika Avaratra]], nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14 ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20. Tao amin' i [[Tiorkia|Torkia]] ankehitriny no ivony. Nifehy faritra tany atsimo-atsinanan' i [[Eorôpa Afovoany]] koa izy teo anelanelan' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-16 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-18.<ref>url: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wq7kw; title: ''The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718''; date: 2011-08-12; publisher: Purdue University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-61249-179-0</nowiki>; editor-last: Ingrao; editor-first: Charles; doi: 10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12; jstor: j.ctt6wq7kw; editor-last2: Samardžić; editor-first2: Nikola; editor-last3: Pešalj; editor-first3: Jovan; access-date: 26 December 2023; archive-date: 20 December 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20231220040810/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wq7kw; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Szabó; first: János B.; chapter: ''The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results''; date: 2019; url: https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004396234/BP000013.xml; title: ''The Battle for Central Europe''; pages: 263–275; access-date: 2023-12-19; publisher: Brill; language: en; doi: 10.1163/9789004396234_013; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-39623-4</nowiki>; doi-access: free.</ref><ref>last: Moačanin; first: Nenad; chapter: ''The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia''; date: 2019; url: https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004396234/BP000014.xml; title: ''The Battle for Central Europe''; pages: 277–286; access-date: 2023-12-19; publisher: Brill; language: en; doi: 10.1163/9789004396234_014; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-39623-4</nowiki>; doi-access: free; archive-date: 15 January 2024; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20240115185458/https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004396234/BP000014.xml; url-status: live.</ref> Niainga avy amin' ny ''beylik'', izany hoe fanjakana fehezin' ny printsy, ilay empira. Natsangan' i [[Osman I]], mpitarika foko torkômana, tany avaratra-andrefan' i [[Anatôlia]] io fanjakana io tamin' ny taona 1299 tany ho any. Nandresy sy naka ny ampahany lehibe tamin' i Anatôlia ireo nandimby azy ary efa niitatra tany amin' ny [[Balkana]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-14, ka nanova ilay fanjakana kely ho empira namakivaky kôntinenta maro. Namarana ny fisian' ny [[Empira Bizantina]] ny Ôtômàna rehefa naka an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy i Mehmed II tamin' ny taona 1453. Ny fandresena sy fakana tany fanampiny nataon' i [[Selim I]] no nahatonga ireo soltana handray ny anaram-boninahitra hoe [[Kalifata Ôtômana|kalifa]]. Tao Kônstantinôpôlisy no renivohiny, ary nifehy ampahany lehibe tamin' ny faritra manodidina ny Ranomasina Mediteranea izy, ka teo afovoan' ny fifandraisana teo amin' ny Atsinanana Afovoany sy i Eorôpa nandritra ny taonjato enina. Nitondra vahoaka samihafa ilay empira ary nanome fizakan-tena tsy nitovy lenta ho an' ireo vondrom-piarahamonina ara-pivavahana maro tao aminy, izay nantsoina hoe ''millets'', mba hitantanan' izy ireo ny raharahany manokana araka ny lalàna silamo. Nandritra ny fanjakan' i [[Suleiman I]], izay fantatra amin' ny anaram-bositra hoe Ilay Be Voninahitra, tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, dia nanjary fanjakana nanan-kery teo amin' izao tontolo izao ny Empira Ôtômàna.<ref> * [[#CITEREFHoward2016|Howard (2016)]], p. 45 * [[#CITEREFSomel2010|Somel (2010)]], p. xcvii</ref> Araka ny fiheverana iarahan' ny mpikaroka ankehitriny, dia nanomboka nihemotra ilay empira taorian' ny fahareseny tamin' ny fahirano faharoa an' i Vienna tamin' ny taona 1683. Na izany aza, mbola nitana toe-karena, fiarahamonina ary tafika matanjaka sy nahay nifanaraka tamin' ny fiovana izy nandritra ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny taonjato faha-18. Tany amin' ny faramparan' io taonjato io dia lasa nihemotra ara-teknôlôjia raha oharina tamin' ny faritra hafa tany Eorôpa ny Empira Ôtômàna, raha nizarazara ny fahefan' ny empira. Nitarika fahaverezan-tany ny faharesena fanampiny teo anatrehan' i Aotrisy sy i [[Empira Rosiana|Rosia]]. Niaraka tamin' ny fitomboan' ny nasiônalisma taorian' ny Revôlisiôna Frantsay, dia nipoitra ny fanjakana vaovao maromaro tany amin' ny Balkana. Taorian' ny fanjakan' i [[Mahmud II]] sy ireo fanavaozana ''Tanzimat'' (fandaminana indray) nandritra ny taonjato faha-19, dia nihamatanjaka sy nilamina kokoa ny fandaminana anatiny tao amin' ny Fanjakana Ôtômàna, sady niorim-paka ny fahatsapana vaovao ny maha-Ôtômàna. Tamin' ny revôlisiôna tamin' ny taona 1876, dia niezaka nampihatra fitondran' ny mpanjaka voafetran' ny lalàm-panorenana ny Empira Ôtômàna, saingy niverina tamin' ny fitondran' ny mpanjaka manana fahefana tsy refesi-mandidy teo ambany fitondran' i [[Abdul Hamid II]], taorian' ny Krizy Lehibe tany Atsinanana. Nandritra ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nikatsaka ny hampitombo ny fahalalahana sy handamina ny fiarahamonina ary ny pôlitika hifototra kokoa amin' ny saina sy ny fahombiazana, araka ny fomba tandrefana, ireo manam-pahaizana ôtômana fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Tiorka Tanora. Niafara tamin' ny Revôlisiônan' ny Tiorka Tanora tamin' ny taona 1908 izany, izay notarihin' ny CUP (Komitin' ny Firaisana sy ny Fandrosoana; ''Committee of Union and Progress'' amin' ny teny anglisy), ary namerina ny fitondran' ny mpanjaka voafetran' ny lalàm-panorenana. Taorian' ny Ady tany Balkana, izay nitondra loza lehibe, anefa dia niha-nandray firehana pôlitika mahery vaika ny CUP, ary nandray ny nasiônalisma tiorka izy. Nitarika fanonganam-panjakana tamin' ny taona 1913 izany, ka niorina ny didy jadona. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia niteraka fahafatesana maro be sy fifindra-monina faobe nankany amin' i Torkia ankehitriny, avy tany amin' ny [[Balkana]], [[Kaokazy]] ary Krimea, ny fanenjehana ny silamo nandritra ny fihenan' ny faritanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna sy ny fanenjehana azy ireo tao amin' ny Empira Rosiana.<ref> * [[#CITEREFKaser2011|Kaser (2011)]], p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former 'suppressors'. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" * [[#CITEREFFábos2005|Fábos (2005)]], p. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land ... Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognised—and recognised themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration'." * doi: 10.1353/jwh.2024.a943172; title: ''A Late/Post-Imperial Region of Difference: The Ottoman Empire and its Successor Polities in Southeastern Europe, Turkey, and the Arab East, c. 1850s–1940s''; date: 2024; last1: Schayegh; first1: Cyrus; journal: ''Journal of World History''; volume: 35; issue: 4; pages: 579–622; quote: Between 1821 and the 1919–1922 Turko-Greek War, about five and a half million Muslims died of religious-ethnic war-related causes, including disease and hunger during forced migration, in southeastern Europe and the Crimea and Caucasus.. * [[#CITEREFFindley2008|Findley (2008)]], pp. 16, 35 * [[#CITEREFKirişci2008|Kirişci (2008)]], pp. 175–177 * [[#CITEREFKarpat2001|Karpat (2001)]], p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher. ... The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." * [[#CITEREFKarpat2004|Karpat (2004)]], pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries&nbsp;..." * [[#CITEREFPekesen2012|Pekesen (2012)]]: "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. ... Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families." * [[#CITEREFBiondich2011|Biondich (2011)]], p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkans far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans" * [[#CITEREFArmour2012|Armour (2012)]], p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense." * [[#CITEREFBosmaLucassenOostindie2012a|Bosma, Lucassen ary Oostindie (2012a)]], p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this 'repatriation' – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic's population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen"</ref> Nampiditra ny empira tao amin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] niandany tamin' ny Fanjakana Afovoany ny CUP. Niatrika fanoherana anatiny izy, indrindra ny Fikomiana Arabo, ary nanao fandripahana foko tamin' ny [[Fandripahana ny Armeniana|Armeniana]], Asiriana ary Grika. Taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, dia nibodo sy nizara ny Empira Ôtômàna ireo [[Firenena Mpiara-Dia tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany|Fanjakana Mpiara-dia]] nandresy, ka lasan' ny [[Fifanarahana Sykes-Picot|Fanjakana Mitambatra sy i Frantsa]] ny faritaniny tany atsimo. Nahomby ny Ady ho an' ny Fahaleovantenan' i Torkia, notarihin' i [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] hanoherana ireo Mpiara-dia nibodo ny tany, ka nitarika ny fanafoanana ny soltanata ôtômana tamin' ny taona 1922. == Fiavian' ny anarana == Jereo koa ny [[Osman I|anaran' i Osman I]]. Ny teny anglisy hoe ''Ottoman'' (ôtômana) dia endrika nampifanarahana tamin' ny teny anglisy hatramin' ny taloha avy amin' ny anaran' i [[Osman I]], ilay mpanorina ny empira sy ny fianakavia-mpanjaka Osman nitondra azy, izay fantatra koa amin' ny hoe tarana-mpanjaka ôtômana. Ny anarana hoe Osman kosa dia endrika tiorka avy amin' ny anarana arabo hoe ʿUthmān (<span lang="ota">عثمان</span>). Tamin' ny [[Fiteny tiorka ôtômana|fiteny tiorka ôtômana]], dia nantsoina hoe ''<span lang="tr">Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿO<u>s</u>mānīye</span>'' (<span lang="ota">دولت عليه عثمانیه</span>) ilay empira, izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe « Fanjakana Ôtômana Avo », na hoe ''<span lang="tr">Devlet-i ʿO<u>s</u>mānīye</span>'' (<span lang="ota">دولت عثمانيه‎</span>) fotsiny, izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe « Fanjakana Ôtômana ». Tamin' ny teny arabo kosa dia nantsoina hoe ''<span lang="ar">al-Dawla al-ʕaliyya al-ʕuṯmāniyya</span>'' (<span lang="ar">الدولة العليَّة العثمانيَّة</span>) izy.<ref>last: Gad; first: Ibrahim; url: https://www.google.com.sa/books/edition/Dictionnaire_fran%C3%A7aise_arabe_des_termes/jiowAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=in+arabic+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&pg=PP666&printsec=frontcover; title: ''Dictionnaire française-arabe des termes judiciaires, administratifs et commerciaux...''; date: 1894; pages: 928; language: ar.</ref> Ny teny tiorka hoe ''<span lang="tr">Osmanlı</span>'', izay ilazana ny hoe ôtômana, dia nanondro ireo mpanaraka an' i Osman avy amin' ireo foko tamin' ny taonjato faha-14 tany am-boalohany. Tatỳ aoriana dia nampiasaina hilazana ireo olona ambony teo amin' ny tafika sy ny fitantanan-draharahan' ilay empira io teny io. Ny teny hoe ''Turk'' (Tiorka), na ''<span lang="tr">Türk</span>'' amin' ny teny tiorka, kosa dia nilazana ny tantsaha sy ny mponina nalamina ho foko tao Anatôlia, ary noheverina ho teny fanambaniana rehefa nilazana olona nahita fianarana nipetraka an-tanàn-dehibe.<ref>last: Ágoston; first: Gábor; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; date: 2009; editor-last: Ágoston; editor-first: Gábor; chapter: ''Introduction''; editor-last2: Bruce Masters.</ref>^:26<ref>last: Imber; first: Colin; title: ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power''; edition: 2; publisher: Palgrave Macmillan; place: New York; date: 2009; page: 3; quote: By the seventeenth century, literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks, and often, in phrases such as 'senseless Turks', used the word as a term of abuse..</ref> Nandritra ny [[Andro Vaovao|fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina]], ny olona miteny tiorka izay nahita fianarana sy nipetraka an-tanàn-dehibe nefa tsy anisan' ny sokajin' olona teo amin' ny tafika sy ny fitantanan-draharaha dia mazàna tsy niantso ny tenany hoe ''<span lang="tr">Osmanlı</span>'' na hoe ''<span lang="tr">Türk</span>'', fa hoe ''<span lang="tr">Rūmī</span>'' (<span lang="ota">رومى</span>), izany hoe « Rômana ». Ny tiany holazaina tamin' izany dia hoe mponina tao amin' ny faritra nisy ny [[Empira Bizantina]] taloha, tao Balkana sy Anatôlia. Nampiasa ny teny hoe ''<span lang="tr">Rūmī</span>'' koa ireo vahoaka silamo hafa tao amin' ilay empira sy tany ivelany mba hilazana ireo olona miteny tiorka.<ref>last: Kafadar; first: Cemal; date: 2007; title: ''A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum''; journal: ''Muqarnas''; volume: 24.</ref>^:11 Tany Eorôpa Andrefana dia matetika nifandimby nampiasaina hilazana ilay fanjakana iray ihany ny anarana hoe ''Ottoman Empire'' (Empira Ôtômàna), ''Turkish Empire'' (Empira Tiorka) ary ''Turkey'' (Torkia). Nihamaro ny nisafidy ny anarana hoe ''Turkey'', na tamin' ny fampiasana ôfisialy na tamin' ny fampiasana tsy ôfisialy. Nifarana tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy io fampiasana anarana samy hafa io tamin' ny taona 1920–1923, rehefa nifidy ny hoe Torkia ho hany anarana ôfisialy ny governemanta tiorka vao niforona izay nanana ny foibeny tao [[Ankara]]. == Tantara == ''Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' ''Jereo koa: Fiovan' ny faritany nanjakan' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' === Fisandratana (tokony ho 1299–1453) === ''Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: Fisandratan' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:Sultan Uthman I.jpg|thumb|Sary madinika ôtômana mampiseho an' i [[Osman I]], nataon' i Yahya Bustanzâde (taonjato faha-18).|left|upright]] Rehefa nihena ny herin' ny Soltanatan' i Rum tamin' ny taonjato faha-13, dia nizara ho fanjakana tiorka madinika mahaleo tena maro i [[Anatôlia]], izay fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe beilikatan' i Anatôlia. Ny iray tamin' ireo, tao amin' ny faritr' i Bitinia teo amin' ny sisin-tanin' ny Bizantina, dia notarihin' i<ref>last1: A'goston; first1: Ga'bor; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; last2: Masters; first2: Bruce Alan; date: 2008; publisher: Infobase Publishing, NY; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8160-6259-1</nowiki>; page: 444. "Osman was simply one among a number ''Turkoman'' tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region."; title: ''Osman I''; url: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I; url-status: live; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180424073731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I; archive-date: 24 April 2018; access-date: 1 July 2020; website: Encyclopædia Britannica. Osman I, also called Osman Gazi, (born c.&nbsp;1258—died 1324 or 1326), ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state.</ref> Osman I (maty tamin' ny 1323/4),<ref>last: Finkel; first: Caroline; title: ''Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923''; date: 13 February 2006; publisher: Basic Books; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-465-02396-7</nowiki>; pages: 2, 7.</ref> olona tsy dia fantatra mazava ny fiaviany ary avy amin' ny anarany no niavian' ny hoe Ôtômana.<ref>last: Kermeli; first: Eugenia; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; date: 2009; publisher: Infobase Publishing; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>; editor-last: Ágoston; editor-first: Gábor; chapter: ''Osman I''; editor-last2: Masters; editor-first2: Bruce; orig-date: 2008.</ref>^:444 Ny mpanaraka voalohany an' i Osman dia vondrom-poko tiorka sy olona bizantina niala tamin' ny andaniny taloha; tsy izy rehetra no silamo.<ref>last: Lowry; first: Heath; title: ''The Nature of the Early Ottoman State''; date: 2003; publisher: SUNY Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-7914-5636-1</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=fAppWuoFv3QC; access-date: 9 September 2021; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151032/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Nature_of_the_Early_Ottoman_State/fAppWuoFv3QC?hl=en&gbpv=1; url-status: live.</ref>^:59<ref>last: Kafadar; first: Cemal; title: ''Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State''; date: 1995.</ref>^:127 Nanitatra ny fanjakany i Osman tamin' ny fakana ireo tanàna bizantina teny amoron' ny ony Sakarya, ary nanampy tamin' ny fisandratany ny faharesen' ny Bizantina tamin' ny ady tao Bapheus tamin' ny 1302. Noho ny tsy fahampian' ny loharano dia tsy fantatra tsara ny fomba nahatonga ny Ôtômana voalohany hanjakazaka tamin' ireo mpifanila aminy. Ny fiheverana fa ny ady ho an' ny finoana no nanosika ny fiitarana, izay be mpanaraka tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nanazava ny fahombiazan' izy ireo tamin' ny hoe nahavory mpiady ho an' ny finoana izy ireo. Tsy eken' ny ankamaroan' ny mpikaroka intsony anefa izany fiheverana izany, ary tsy nisy fanazavana hafa vinavinaina nahazo fanohanana niely patrana.<ref>last: Finkel; first: Caroline; title: ''Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire''; date: 2005; publisher: Basic Books; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-465-00850-6</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA5; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151035/https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA5; url-status: live.</ref>^{:5, 10}<ref>last: Lindner; first: Rudi Paul; title: ''The Cambridge History of Turkey''; date: 2009; publisher: Cambridge University Press; editor-last: Fleet; editor-first: Kate; volume: 1, Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453; location: Cambridge; chapter: ''Anatolia, 1300–1451''.</ref>^:104 Tamin' ny taonjato taorian' i Osman I dia nanomboka niitatra nanerana an' i Anatôlia sy ny Balkana ny fitondrana ôtômana. Ny ady nifanaovan' ny Bizantina sy ny Ôtômana, izay natao tao Anatôlia tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-13 vao niampita tany Eorôpa tamin' ny antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-14, dia narahin' ny ady nifanaovan' ny Bolgara sy ny Ôtômana ary ny ady nifanaovan' ny Serba sy ny Ôtômana tamin' ny antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-14. Azon' i Orhan, zanak' i Osman, tamin' ny 1326 ny tanànan' i [[Bursa]] ao avaratra-andrefan' i Anatôlia, ary nataony renivohitra vaovao izany, ka nisolo ny fahefan' ny Bizantina tao amin' ilay faritra ny fahefany. Nalaina tamin' ny Venetiana tamin' ny 1387 ny seranan-tsambo lehibe tao [[Tesalônika]], ary norobaina. Ny fandresen' ny Ôtômana tao Kôsôvô tamin' ny 1389 dia nanamarika, raha ny zava-nisy, ny faran' ny fahefan' ny Serba tao amin' ilay faritra, ka nanokatra ny lalana ho an' ny fiitaran' ny Ôtômana tany Eorôpa.<ref>last: Elsie; first: Robert; title: ''Historical Dictionary of Kosova''; date: 2004; publisher: Scarecrow Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8108-5309-6</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=Fnbw1wsacSAC&pg=PA95; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fnbw1wsacSAC&pg=PA95; url-status: live.</ref>^:95–96 Tsy nahasakana ny Ôtômana koa ny ady tao Nikôpôlisy tamin' ny 1396, izay niadiana ho an' ny Fanjakan' i Vidin bolgara notarihin' ny ''tsar'' (mpanjaka), ary heverina ho [[Kroazada|kroazada]] lehibe farany tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]].<ref>last: Nicolle; first: David; title: ''Nicopolis 1396: The Last Crusade''; date: 1999; publisher: Osprey Publishing; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-85532-918-8</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Battle of Nicopolis.jpg|thumb|Ny ady tao Nikôpôlisy tamin' ny 1396, araka ny sary madinika ôtômana tamin' ny 1523.|right|upright=.8]] Rehefa niitatra tany amin' ny Balkana ny Tiorka dia nanjary tanjona tena lehibe ny fakana an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy. Efa nifehy saika ny tany bizantina taloha rehetra nanodidina ilay tanàna ny Ôtômana, saingy nanasarotra ny fakana azy ny fiarovana an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy sy ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny andilan-dranomasin' i Bôsfôro, izay nanome tombony ara-tafika. Nahazo aina vetivety ny Bizantina tamin' ny 1402, rehefa nanafika avy any atsinanana ny faritra ôtômana tao Anatôlia i [[Timur]], mpitarika tiorka-môngôly sady mpanorina ny Empira Timorida. Tamin' ny ady tao Ankara tamin' ny 1402 dia resin' i Timur ny tafika ôtômana ary nataony babo ny Soltana Bayezid I, ka nampisavorovoro ny empira izany. Naharitra hatramin' ny 1402 ka hatramin' ny 1413 ny ady an-trano taorian' izany, satria niady handimby an' i Bayezid ireo zanany lahy. Nifarana izany rehefa i Mehmed I no lasa soltana.<ref>last1: Ágoston; first1: Gábor; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA363; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; last2: Bruce Alan Masters; date: 2009; publisher: Infobase Publishing; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>; orig-date: 2008; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151034/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA363; url-status: live.</ref>^:363 Teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1430 sy ny taompolo 1450 dia azon' i Murad II indray ireo faritany tao amin' ny Balkana izay very tamin' ny Ôtômana taorian' ny 1402, anisan' izany i Tesalônika sy i Makedônia ary i Kôsôvô. Tamin' ny 10 Novambra 1444, dia nahasakana ny kroazadan' i Varna i Murad rehefa nandresy ny tafika hôngroà sy pôlôney ary valaka notarihin' i Władysław III pôlôney sy i John Hunyadi tamin' ny ady tao Varna, na dia mbola nanohy ny fanoherana aza ny Albaney notarihin' i Skanderbeg. Efa-taona tatỳ aoriana, dia nanomana tafika hafa nisy miaramila hôngroà sy valaka i John Hunyadi mba hanafika ny Tiorka, saingy resy indray tamin' ny ady faharoa tao Kôsôvô tamin' ny 1448.<ref>last1: Uyar; first1: Mesut; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfNBKHG7S8C&pg=PA29; title: ''A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk''; last2: Edward J. Erickson; date: 2009; publisher: ABC-CLIO; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-275-98876-0</nowiki>; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151034/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfNBKHG7S8C&pg=PA29; url-status: live.</ref>^:29 Ao amin' ny fandalinana sy fanoratana tantara maoderina dia ampifandraisina mivantana amin' ny [[Fahafatesana Mainty|Pesta Mainty]] (na ilay valanaretina pesta lehibe) ny fandrosoana haingana nataon' ny Ôtômana nanomboka tamin' ny antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-14. Nihena ny mponina sy ny herin' ny tafika tao amin' ny faritany bizantina noho ilay pesta, ka nanamora ny fiitaran' ny Ôtômana izany. Ankoatra izany, dia anisan' ny antony ara-toekarena lehibe nanosika ny Ôtômana ny fisamborana olona hatao andevo. Misy mpanoratra tamin' ny taonjato faha-21 mandamina indray ho vanim-potoana ny fakana ny Balkana: voalohany ny dingan' ny ''akıncı'' (mpanafika nanao bemidina), izay naharitra 8 ka hatramin' ny 13 taompolo ary niavaka noho ny fisamborana olona hatao andevo sy ny fandravana tsy an-kijanona; narahin' ny fampidirana ireo faritany tao anatin' ny rafitra fitantanan' ny Empira izany.<ref name="Schmitt-Kiprovska">last1: Schmitt; first1: O. J.; last2: Kiprovska; first2: M.; date: 2022; title: ''Ottoman Raiders (Akıncıs) as a Driving Force of Early Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans and the Slavery-Based Economy''; journal: ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient''; publisher: Brill; volume: 65; issue: 4; pages: 497–582; doi: 10.1163/15685209-12341575; s2cid: 249355977; doi-access: free.</ref><ref name="Nükhet_Varlik">url: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/plague-and-empire-in-the-early-modern-mediterranean-world/D35B6A9462B1E2849AA2F9A75048DF69; title: ''Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World, The Ottoman Experience, 1347–1600''; author: Nükhet Varlik; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 2015; doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139004046; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-139-00404-6</nowiki>; s2cid: 197967256; access-date: 2 February 2023; archive-date: 2 February 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230202092936/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/plague-and-empire-in-the-early-modern-mediterranean-world/D35B6A9462B1E2849AA2F9A75048DF69; url-status: live.</ref><ref name="Ayalon-2014">url: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/natural-disasters-in-the-ottoman-empire/2F67203808F11027678E583B5CE49C2F; title: ''Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire, Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes''; author: Yaron Ayalon; publisher: Cambridge University Press; year: 2014; doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139680943; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-139-68094-3</nowiki>; access-date: 2 February 2023; archive-date: 2 February 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230202093507/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/natural-disasters-in-the-ottoman-empire/2F67203808F11027678E583B5CE49C2F; url-status: live.</ref><ref>url: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/advpub/0/advpub_161011/_pdf; title: ''The origin and early spread of the Black Death in Italy: first evidence of plague victims from 14th-century Liguria (northern Italy)''; author1: D. Cesana; author2: O.J. Benedictow; author3: R. Bianucci; publisher: Anthropological Science; date: 11 October 2016; access-date: 2 February 2023; archive-date: 8 October 2022; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20221008073522/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/advpub/0/advpub_161011/_pdf; url-status: live.</ref> === Fiitarana sy fara tampon' ny tanjaka (1453–1566) === ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Vanim-potoana klasikan' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:Ottoman Empire 16-17th century-fr.svg|thumb|right|267x267px|Fara-fiitaran' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sy faha-17.]] [[File:Zonaro GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|Ny fidiran' ny soltana Mehmed Mpandresy tao [[Kônstantinôpôlisy]]; hosodoko nataon' i Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929).]] Nandamina indray ny fanjakana sy ny tafika i Mehmed Mpandresy, zanakalahin' i Murad II, ary tamin' ny 29 Mey 1453 dia nahazo an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy izy, ka namarana ny Empira Bizantina.<ref name="Quataert2005">last: Quataert; first: Donald; title: ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922''; date: 2005; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-83910-5</nowiki>; edition: 2; page: 4.</ref> Navelan' i Mehmed hitana ny fizakan-tenany sy ny taniny ny [[Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana|Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Tatsinanana]], ho takalon' ny fanekeny ny fahefana ôtômana.<ref name="books.google">last: Stone; first: Norman; title: ''Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson''; publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; date: 2005; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-297-84913-1</nowiki>; editor-last: Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson; page: 94; chapter: ''Turkey in the Russian Mirror''; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9wQgAACAAJ; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151034/https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9wQgAACAAJ; url-status: live.</ref> Noho ny fifanenjanana teo amin' ny fanjakana tany Eorôpa Andrefana sy ny Empira Bizantina tamin' ny faramparan' ny fisiany, dia nanaiky ny fitondrana ôtômana ny ankamaroan' ny mponina ôrtôdôksa, satria naleony izany toy izay ny fitondrana venetiana.<ref name="books.google"/> Sakana lehibe tamin' ny fiitaran' ny Ôtômàna tany amin' ny saikanosin' i Italia ny fanoheran' ny Albaney.<ref>Hodgkinson, Harry (2005). ''Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero''. I.B. Tauris. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85043-941-9</nowiki>. p. 240.</ref> Niditra tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny fiitarana ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 sy faha-16. Niroborobo ilay empira teo ambany fitondran' ireo soltana nifandimby nanolo-tena tamin' ny asany sady nahomby. Niroborobo koa ny toekareny noho ny fifehezany ireo lalam-barotra lehibe an-tanety nampitohy an' i Eorôpa sy i Azia.<ref>last: Karpat, Kemal H.; title: ''The Ottoman state and its place in world history''; publisher: Brill; date: 1974; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-03945-2</nowiki>; location: Leiden. Pejy 111.</ref><ref group="fanamarihana">Ny fifehezana mafy ny varotra teo amin' i Eorôpa Andrefana sy i Azia dia lazaina matetika ho antony lehibe nanosika an' i [[Isabella I an'i Kastila|Isabella I avy any Castile]] hamatsy vola ny dian' i [[Christophe Colomb|Christopher Columbus]] niankandrefana hitady lalan-tsambo hankany Azia, ary, amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, nanosika ireo firenena eorôpeana mpandeha an-dranomasina hitady lalam-barotra hafa (ohatra: K.D. Madan, ''Life and travels of Vasco Da Gama'' (1998), 9; I. Stavans, ''Imagining Columbus: the literary voyage'' (2001), 5; W.B. Wheeler sy S. Becker, ''Discovering the American Past. A Look at the Evidence: to 1877'' (2006), 105). Notsikerain' i A.H. Lybyer ho tsy mitombina izany fomba fijery nentim-paharazana izany tao amin' ny lahatsoratra iray nanan-kery teo amin' ny fikarohana, ''The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade'', ''English Historical Review'', 120 (1915), 577–588. Amin' ny fijeriny dia tsy nisy ifandraisany ny fisandratan' ny fahefana ôtômana sy ny fiandohan' ny fikarohana tany nataon' ny Pôrtogey sy ny Espaniôla. Tsy neken' ny rehetra anefa ny fomba fijeriny (jereo K.M. Setton, ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Vol. 2: The Fifteenth Century (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 127)'' (1978), 335).</ref> Nitarin' ny soltana [[Selim I]] (1512–1520) be dia be niantsinanana sy niankatsimo ny sisin-tanin' ilay empira, rehefa nandresy an' i [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail]] avy amin' i [[Empira Safavida|Iràna safavida]] izy tamin' ny ady tao Chaldiran.<ref>last: Savory; first: R. M.; date: 1960; title: ''The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I (907–930/1501–1524)''; journal: ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London''; volume: 23; issue: 1; pages: 91–105; doi: 10.1017/S0041977X00149006; jstor: 609888; s2cid: 154467531. Pejy 91–105.</ref> Nametraka ny fitondrana ôtômana tany Ejipta i Selim I rehefa nandresy ny Soltanata Mamelòka tany Ejipta sy nampiditra azy ho anisan' ny tanin' ny empira; nametraka tafika an-dranomasina tao amin' ny [[Ranomasina Mena]] koa izy. Taorian' izany fiitarana ôtômana izany dia nanomboka nifaninana ny Empira Pôrtogey sy ny Ôtômàna mba ho fahefana matanjaka indrindra tao amin' ilay faritra.<ref>last: Hess; first: Andrew C.; date: January 1973; title: ''The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War''; journal: ''International Journal of Middle East Studies''; volume: 4; issue: 1; pages: 55–76; doi: 10.1017/S0020743800027276; jstor: 162225; s2cid: 162219690. Pejy 55–76.</ref> [[File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|thumb|right|132px|[[Suleiman I|Suleiman Lehibe]], nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]], mpanao hosodoko venetiana tamin' ny taonjato faha-16.]] [[File:Titian - Portrait of a Woman (La Sultana Rossa).jpg|thumb|right|120px|Hürrem Sultan, vadin' i [[Suleiman I|Suleiman Lehibe]], nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]], mpanao hosodoko venetiana tamin' ny taonjato faha-16.]] Nahazo an' i [[Belgrade]] tamin' ny taona 1521 i [[Suleiman I|Suleiman Lehibe]] (1520–1566),<ref>date: 6 May 2008; title: ''Ottoman Empire''; url: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3; url-status: deviated; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20220610093907/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41; archive-date: 10 June 2022; access-date: 26 August 2010; publisher: Oxford Islamic Studies Online.</ref> ary naka ny faritra atsimo sy afovoan' ny Fanjakan' i Hôngria nandritra ny ady ôtômana–hôngroà. Taorian' ny fandreseny nanan-tantara tamin' ny ady tao Mohács tamin' ny taona 1526, dia nametraka ny fitondrana ôtômana teo amin' ny tanin' i Hôngria ankehitriny sy tamin' ny faritra hafa tany Eorôpa Afovoany izy. Avy eo dia nanao fahirano an' i Vienna izy tamin' ny taona 1529, nefa tsy nahazo ilay tanàna.<ref>last: Imber; first: Colin; title: ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power''; publisher: Palgrave Macmillan; date: 2002; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-333-61386-3</nowiki>. Pejy 50.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1532 dia nanafika an' i Vienna indray izy, saingy voatosika hihemotra nandritra ny fahirano an' i Güns.<ref name="Thompson442">last: Thompson; first: Bard; title: ''Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation''; publisher: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing; date: 1996; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8028-6348-5</nowiki>; page: 442.</ref><ref name="Ágoston and Alan Masters583">last: Ágoston and Alan Masters; first: Gábor and Bruce; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: Infobase Publishing; date: 2009; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>; page: 583.</ref> Lasa fanjakana notarihin' andriana sady nandoa hetra ho fanekena ny fahefan' ilay empira i Transylvania sy i Wallachia, ary koa i Moldavia tamin' ny fotoana sasany. Tany atsinanana dia nalain' ny Tiorka ôtômana tamin' ny Persianina i [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] tamin' ny taona 1535, ka nametraka ny fitondrana ôtômana tany Iràka izy ireo sady nahazo lalana nankany amin' ny [[Hoala Persika]] ho an' ny tafika an-dranomasiny. Taorian' ny fiafaran' ny ady ôtômana–safavida (1532–1555) dia nizara voalohany teo amin' ny Safavida sy ny Ôtômàna i [[Kaokazy]]; naharitra izany toe-javatra nisy izany mandra-pahatongan' ny fakan' ny Rosiana an' i Kaokazy tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Araka io fizarana nofaritana tao amin' ny Fandriampahalemana tao Amasya io dia lasan' ny Ôtômàna i Armenia Andrefana sy ny faritra andrefan' i [[Kordistàna]] ary i Jeôrjia Andrefana,<ref>''The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566'', V.J. Parry, ''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730'', ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.</ref> fa nijanona ho an' ny Persianina kosa ny faritra atsimon' i [[Dagestàna|Dagestan]], i Armenia Atsinanana, i Jeôrjia Atsinanana ary i [[Azerbaijàna]].<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.</ref> [[File:Battle of Mohács, with Suleiman I in the middle.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sary madinika ôtômana mampiseho ny ady tao Mohács tamin' ny taona 1526.<ref>last: Lokman; date: 1588; title: ''Battle of Mohács (1526)''; url: http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130529094441/http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm; archive-date: 29 May 2013.</ref>]] Tamin' ny taona 1539, nisy tafika ôtômana nahitana miaramila 60 000 nanao fahirano ny miaramila espaniôla nijanona hiaro an' i Castelnuovo, teo amin' ny morontsirak' i Adriatika. Nahomby ilay fahirano, nefa nahafatesana sy naharatrana miaramila ôtômana 8 000.<ref>title: ''Revival: A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century (1937)''; date: 2018; publisher: Routledge.</ref> Nanaiky ny fepetra napetraka kosa i Venezia tamin' ny taona 1540, ka namoy ny ankamaroan' ny tanim-panjakany tany amin' ny [[Ranomasina Egea]] sy tany Morea. Lasa mpiray dina i Frantsa sy ny Empira Ôtômàna, satria samy nanohitra ny fitondran' ny Habsburg izy ireo.<ref name="AksanOW">last: Aksan; first: Virginia; title: ''Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged''; date: 2007; publisher: Pearson Education Ltd.; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-582-30807-7</nowiki>; pages: 130–135.</ref> Ny fakan' ny Frantsay an' i Nice (1543) sy an' i Corsica (1553) dia fiaraha-miasa teo amin' i Francis I, mpanjakan' i Frantsa, sy i Suleiman, ary notarihin' ireo amiraly ôtômana Hayreddin Barbarossa sy Dragut.<ref>last: Imber; first: Colin; title: ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power''; publisher: Palgrave Macmillan; date: 2002; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-333-61386-3</nowiki>; page: 53.</ref> Nanampy ny Ôtômàna tamin' ny alalan' ny antokon-tafika nampiasa tafondro i Frantsa nandritra ny fakan' ny Ôtômàna an' i Esztergom tany avaratr' i Hôngria tamin' ny taona 1543. Rehefa mbola nandroso koa ny Tiorka dia nanaiky tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fahambonian' ny fahefana ôtômana tany Hôngria i Ferdinand, mpitondra tao amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Habsburg, tamin' ny taona 1547. Maty noho ny antony voajanahary i Suleiman nandritra ny fahirano an' i Szigetvár tamin' ny taona 1566. Taorian' ny nahafatesany dia voalaza fa nihena hery ny Ôtômàna, saingy nolavin' ny manam-pahaizana maro izany fomba fijery izany.<ref name="decline">last: Hathaway; first: Jane; title: ''The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800''; date: 2008; publisher: Pearson Education Ltd.; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-582-41899-8</nowiki>; page: 8; quote: historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation.; last: Tezcan; first: Baki; title: ''The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period''; date: 2010; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-107-41144-9</nowiki>; page: 9; quote: Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded..; last: Woodhead; first: Christine; title: ''The Ottoman World''; date: 2011; publisher: Routledge; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-415-44492-7</nowiki>; editor: Christine Woodhead; page: 5; chapter: ''Introduction''; quote: Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'.</ref> Tamin' ny faran' ny fitondran' i Suleiman dia nahatratra 877 888 maily toradroa (2 273 720 kilometatra toradroa) teo ho eo ny velaran-tanin' ilay empira, izay niitatra tamin' ny kôntinenta telo.<ref>last: Ágoston; first: Gábor; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; date: 2009; editor-last: Masters; editor-first: Bruce; chapter: ''Süleyman I''. Pejy 545.</ref> [[File:IAN_0137_Urrabieta_y_Ortiz_1859_Preveza.jpg|thumb|Ny amiraly ôtômana Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha dia nandresy ny Ligy Masin' i [[Carlos V, emperora rômana masina|Charles V]], izay notarihin' i Andrea Doria, tamin' ny ady tao Preveza tamin' ny taona 1538.]] Lasa hery nanjakazaka an-dranomasina ilay empira, ka nifehy ny ampahany be tamin' ny [[Ranomasina Mediteranea]].<ref>last: Mansel; first: Philip; title: ''Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924''; publisher: Penguin Books; date: 1997; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-14-026246-9</nowiki>; location: London; author-link: Philip Mansel. Pejy 61.</ref> Nandray anjara lehibe teo amin' ny pôlitika eorôpeana ilay empira tamin' izany. Niditra tamin' ny ady ara-pivavahana nahakasika kôntinenta maro ny Ôtômàna rehefa nitambatra tao amin' ny Firaisana Iberika i Espaina sy i Pôrtogaly. Nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra hoe kalifa ny Ôtômàna, izay midika fa mpitarika ny silamo maneran-tany izy ireo. Ny Iberiana kosa no mpitarika ny mpiady kristiana nanao kroazada, ka niady tao anatin' ny fifandonana nanerana izao tontolo izao ireo roa tonta. Nisy faritra niadiany tao Mediteranea<ref>Crowley, Roger [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7RuHr4wP3AC ''Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141246/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Empires_of_the_Sea/Y7RuHr4wP3AC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Tahiry tamin' ny 1 November 2022], Random House, 2008</ref> sy tao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]].<ref>title: ''The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective''; url: https://historycooperative.org/journal/the-ottoman-discovery-of-the-indian-ocean-in-the-sixteenth-century-the-age-of-exploration-from-an-islamic-perspective; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20190729152826/https://historycooperative.org/journal/the-ottoman-discovery-of-the-indian-ocean-in-the-sixteenth-century-the-age-of-exploration-from-an-islamic-perspective; archive-date: 29 July 2019; access-date: 11 September 2019; website: historycooperative.org.</ref> Nanodidina an' i Afrika ireo Iberiana mba hahatongavana tany India, ary teny an-dalana dia niady tamin' ny Ôtômàna sy ireo silamo mpiray dina taminy teo an-toerana. Toy izany koa, nandalo tany [[Amerika Latina]], izay vao avy nampidirana ny kristianisma, ny Iberiana, ary nandefa andiana mpanao dia lavitra namakivaky ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika mba hampiditra ny kristianisma tany Philippines, izay silamo teo aloha, sy hampiasa izany ho toby hanafihana ny silamo tany [[Atsinanana Indrindra|Atsinanana Lavitra]].<ref>Charles A. Truxillo (2012), Jain Publishing Company, [https://books.google.com/books?id=prA99TUDgKQC ''Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141253/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crusaders_in_the_Far_East/prA99TUDgKQC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Tahiry tamin' ny 1 November 2022].</ref> Tao anatin' izany toe-javatra izany dia nandefa tafika ny Ôtômàna hanampy ny Soltanatan' i Aceh tany Azia Atsimo Atsinanana, izay fanjakana nanaiky ny fahefany sy taniny tany atsinanana indrindra.<ref>last: Palabiyik; first: Hamit; title: ''Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age''; publisher: Ankara; date: 2008. Pejy 84.</ref><ref>last: İsmail Hakkı Göksoy; url: http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf; title: ''Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources''; access-date: 16 December 2018; archive-url: https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135247/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf; archive-date: 19 January 2008; url-status: dead.</ref> Tany Mediteranea indrindra no nitrangan' ny ady espaniôla–ôtômana. Ny mpiady an-dranomasina mpandroba avy any Berberia, avy tao amin' ireo tanàna afrikanina avaratra Algiers, Tunis ary Tripoli, izay anisan' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny anarana, dia naka sambo mpivarotra an' arivony maro sy nanafika tanàna amorontsiraka tany Eorôpa, ary nanandevo ireo olona azony.<ref name=Toll>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Toll-t.html Review of ''Pirates of Barbary''] by Ian W. Toll, ''The New York Times,'' 12 December 2010</ref> Nandritra ny taonjato faha-17 dia tsy nisy nahazo fandresena mazava ny fifandonana maneran-tany teo amin' ny Kalifata Ôtômàna sy ny Firaisana Iberika, satria nitovitovy ny isan' ny mponin' izy roa tonta, ary nitovitovy koa ny haavon' ny teknôlôjia sy ny toekareny. Na izany aza, na dia samy hafa aza ny halehibeny, dia nampitahain' ireo olona toa an' i Francesco Sansovino, manam-pahaizana italianina tamin' izany fotoana izany, sy i Jean Bodin, filôzôfa frantsay momba ny pôlitika, tamin' ny [[Empira Rômana]] ny fahombiazan' ny rafitra pôlitika sy miaramila ôtômana.<ref name="deringil709">last: Deringil; first: Selim; date: September 2007; title: ''The Turks and 'Europe': The Argument from History''; journal: ''Middle Eastern Studies''; volume: 43; issue: 5; pages: 709–723; doi: 10.1080/00263200701422600; s2cid: 144606323.</ref> === Fijanonan' ny fandrosoana sy fanavaozana (1566–1827) === ==== Fikomiana, fihemorana ary fiverenana amin' ny tanjaka (1566–1683) ==== ''Lahatsoratra lehibe: Fiovan' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' ''Fanazavana fanampiny: Petra-kevitra momba ny fitontonganan' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:IstanbulNavalMuseum38.JPG|thumb|Sambo mandeha amin' ny fivoy ôtômana tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-16 na ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17, fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Tarihi Kadırga'', ao amin' ny Tranombakoka an-dranomasin' i Istanbul. Naorina teo anelanelan' ny fotoana nanjakan' ny soltana Murad III (1574–1595) sy ny soltana [[Mehmed IV]] (1648–1687) izy io.<ref name="kadirga1">date: 24 November 2021; title: ''The Historical Galley''; url: https://denizmuzesi.dzkk.tsk.tr/index.php/en/content/2; url-status: live; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20211008120739/https://denizmuzesi.dzkk.tsk.tr/index.php/en/content/2; archive-date: 8 October 2021; website: denizmuzesi.dzkk.tsk.tr.</ref><ref name="kadirga2">url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304623376; title: ''Liphschitz, N., 2014. The Kadirga galley in Istanbul – The Turkish Sultan's Caique: A dendrohistorical research. In: Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Rgion II (eds. R. Efe and M. Ozturk). Cambridge Scholars Pub. Pp.39–48. Cambridge. &#124; Request PDF''.</ref>]] Tamin' ny antsasany faharoa amin' ny taonjato faha-16, dia nihamafy ny fahasahiranan' ny Empira Ôtômàna vokatry ny fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana sy ny fitomboana haingana teo amin' ny fandaniana tamin' ny ady, izay samy nahakasika an' i Eorôpa sy ny Atsinanana Afovoany.<ref>last: Ágoston; first: Gábor; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; date: 2009; editor-last: Ágoston; editor-first: Gábor; page: xxxii; chapter: ''Introduction''; editor-last2: Bruce Masters.; last: Faroqhi; first: Suraiya; title: ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914''; date: 1994; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-57456-3</nowiki>; editor-last: İnalcık; editor-first: Halil; volume: 2; page: 553; chapter: ''Crisis and Change, 1590–1699''; quote: In the past fifty years, scholars have frequently tended to view this decreasing participation of the sultan in political life as evidence for "Ottoman decadence", which supposedly began at some time during the second half of the sixteenth century. But recently, more note has been taken of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was still a formidable military and political power throughout the seventeenth century, and that noticeable though limited economic recovery followed the crisis of the years around 1600; after the crisis of the 1683–1699 war, there followed a longer and more decisive economic upswing. Major evidence of decline was not visible before the second half of the eighteenth century.; editor2: Donald Quataert.</ref> Niteraka krizy nifanesy manodidina ny taona 1600 ireo fahasahiranana ireo, ka tena nanavesatra ny rafi-pitondrana ôtômana.<ref>last: Faroqhi; first: Suraiya; title: ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914''; date: 1994; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-57456-3</nowiki>; editor-last: İnalcık; editor-first: Halil; volume: 2; chapter: ''Crisis and Change, 1590–1699''; editor-last2: Donald Quataert.</ref>^:413–414 Ho setrin' ireo olana ireo, dia nisy fanovana nifanesy teo amin' ny andrim-panjakana pôlitika sy ara-tafika tao amin' ilay empira. Izany no nahafahany nizatra tamim-pahombiazana tamin' ny toe-javatra vaovao tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 sy nitoetra ho matanjaka, na ara-tafika na ara-toekarena.<ref name=decline/><ref>last: Şahin; first: Kaya; title: ''Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; date: 2013; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-107-03442-6</nowiki>.</ref>^:10 Ny mpahay tantara tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20 dia namaritra izany vanim-potoana izany ho fotoan' ny fijanonan' ny fandrosoana sy ny fitontonganana, saingy lavin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpikaroka ankehitriny izany fomba fijery izany.<ref name=decline/> Ny fahitan' ireo fanjakana tao Eorôpa Andrefana lalana ara-barotra vaovao an-dranomasina dia nahafahan' izy ireo nisoroka ny ampihimamba ara-barotra ôtômana. Ny fahitan' ny Pôrtogey an' i Cabo da Boa Esperança tamin' ny taona 1488 dia nitarika ady an-dranomasina nifanesy teo amin' ny Ôtômana sy ny Pôrtogey tao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] nandritra ny taonjato faha-16. Na dia nitombo aza ny fisian' ny Eorôpeana tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina, dia mbola niroborobo ny varotra nataon' ny Ôtômana tamin' ny tany atsinanana. Nahazo tombontsoa manokana i Cairo tamin' ny fitomboan' ny fitiavan' ny mpanjifa ny kafe avy any Iemena. Rehefa nipoitra nanerana ny tanàn-dehibe sy ny tanàna madinika tao amin' ilay empira ny trano fisotroana kafe, dia nanjary foibe lehibe teo amin' ny varotra kafe i Cairo. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fitohizan' ny firoboroboany nandritra ny taonjato faha-17 manontolo sy ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 izany.<ref>last: Faroqhi; first: Suraiya; title: ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914''; date: 1994; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-57456-3</nowiki>; editor-last: İnalcık; editor-first: Halil; volume: 2; chapter: ''Crisis and Change, 1590–1699''; editor-last2: Quataert; editor-first2: Donald.</ref>^:507–508 Tamin' ny fitondran' i Ivan IV (1533–1584), dia niitatra tany amin' ny faritr' i Volga sy ny manodidina ny Ranomasina Kaspiana ny fanjakan' ny ''tsar'' tao Rosia, izay fanjakana notarihin' ny mpanjaka nitondra io anaram-boninahitra io, ka namoy tany ireo [[Kanata|fanjakana notarihin' ny mpitondra nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''khan'']] [[Tatara (vahoaka)|tatar]]. Tamin' ny taona 1571, dia nanafika an' i Rosia sy nandoro an' i Moskoa i Devlet I Giray, ''khan'' tao Krimea, araka ny baikon' ny Ôtômana.<ref name="Davies2007">last: Davies; first: Brian L.; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=XH4hghHo1qoC&pg=PA16; title: ''Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe: 1500–1700''; publisher: Routledge; date: 2007; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-415-23986-8</nowiki>; page: 16; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151037/https://books.google.com/books?id=XH4hghHo1qoC&pg=PA16; url-status: live.</ref> Naverina indray ilay fanafihana ny taona nanaraka, saingy voatosika tamin' ny ady tao Molodi. Nanohy nanafika an' i Eorôpa Atsinanana ny Empira Ôtômàna sy ny fanjakan' ny ''khan'' tao Krimea izay teo ambany fahefany, tamin' ny alalan' ny fanafihana nifanesy hisamborana olona hatao andevo.<ref name="Subtelny2000">last: Orest Subtelny; url: https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0; title: ''Ukraine''; publisher: University of Toronto Press; date: 2000; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8020-8390-6</nowiki>; page: [https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/106 106]; access-date: 11 February 2013; url-access: registration.</ref> Mbola hery lehibe tao Eorôpa Atsinanana izy ireo hatramin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-17.<ref>last: Matsuki; first: Eizo; title: ''The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves''; url: http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170654/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf; archive-date: 15 January 2013; access-date: 11 February 2013; publisher: Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.</ref> Nanjary tsy azon' ny Ôtômana nialana ny tafika mpitaingin-tsoavaly avy tao Krimea tamin' ny ady nataony tamin' i Rosia, Pôlônia, Hôngria ary [[Empira Safavida|Persia]].<ref>author: Brian Glyn Williams; title: ''The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire''; url: http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf; website: The Jamestown Foundation; date: 2013; page: 27; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf; archive-date: 21 October 2013.</ref> [[File:Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg|thumb|Ny filaharan' ireo andian-tsambo roa ho amin' ny ady tamin' ny [[Ady tao Lepanto|ady tao Lepanto]], miaraka amin' ny sary an' ohatra maneho ireo fahefana telo tao amin' ny Firaisana masina eo amin' ny tapany aloha amin' ny sary; sary hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, nataon' i Giorgio Vasari.]] Nanapa-kevitra ny haka an' i Kipra teo ambany fitondran' i Venizia ny Ôtômana, ary tamin' ny 22 Jolay 1570 dia natao fahirano i Nicosia; Kristiana 50 000 no maty ary 180 000 no natao andevo.<ref>title: ''Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600–1700)''; publisher: BRILL.</ref>^:67 Tamin' ny 15 Septambra 1570, dia tonga teo anoloan' i Famagusta, tanàna voaro mafy farany teo am-pelatanan' i Venizia tao Kipra, ny tafika mpitaingin-tsoavaly ôtômana. Naharitra 11 volana ny fanoheran' ny Venetiana mpiaro azy, teo anatrehan' ny tafika izay nahatratra 200 000 lahy sy tafondro 145 tamin' ny fotoana naha-be azy indrindra. Bala tafondro 163 000 no namely ny mandan' i Famagusta talohan' ny nahalasanan' ny Ôtômana azy tamin' ny Aogositra 1571. Ôtômana 50 000 no maty na naratra tamin' ny fahirano an' i Famagusta.<ref>last: Tucker; first: Spencer C.; title: ''Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]''; date: 2019.</ref>^:328 Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nandresy ny andian-tsambo ôtômana tamin' ny [[Ady tao Lepanto|ady tao Lepanto]] (1571), tany an-dranomasina atsimoandrefan' i Grisia, ny Firaisana masina, izay nahitana indrindra andian-tsambo espaniôla sy venetiana. Tiorka maherin' ny 30 000 no novonoin' ny tafika katôlika ary sambo 200 tamin' ny sambon' ireo Tiorka no noravany.<ref>last: Hanlon; first: Gregory; title: ''The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800''; publisher: Routledge.</ref>^:24 Nanaitra izany faharesena izany, na dia ara-panoharana indrindra aza ny vokany,<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-001">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 272.</ref> ary nanimba ny fiheverana fa tsy mety resy ny Ôtômana. Efa nanomboka nihena io fiheverana io taorian' ny nandresen' ireo mpiady tao amin' ny fikambanana ara-tafika sy ara-pivavahana tao Malta ny Ôtômana mpanafika nandritra ny [[Fahirano an'i Malta (1565)|fahirano an' i Malta]] tamin' ny taona 1565.<ref>last: Braudel; first: Fernand Braudel; title: ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II''; volume: II; location: Berkeley; publisher: University of California Press; date: 1995.</ref> Ny fahaverezan' ny olona za-draharaha no tena nanimba ny tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana tamin' ilay ady, mihoatra lavitra noho ny fahaverezan' ireo sambo izay nosoloina haingana.<ref>last1: Kunt; first1: Metin; title: ''Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World''; last2: Woodhead; first2: Christine; publisher: Longman; date: 1995; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-582-03827-1</nowiki>.</ref>^:53 Tafaverina haingana tamin' ny heriny ny tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana, ka voataona hanao sonia fifanarahana fandriampahalemana tamin' ny taona 1573 i Venizia. Nahafahan' ny Ôtômana nanitatra sy nanamafy ny toerany tany Afrika Avaratra izany.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-002">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], p. 67.</ref> Tetsy ankilany, dia somary nihamafy orina ny toe-draharaha teny amin' ny sisin-tany nifanila tamin' ny Habsborga: tsy nisy afaka nandroso ny roa tonta noho ny fanamafisana ny fiarovan' ny Habsborga.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-003">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], p. 71.</ref> Ny Ady tiorka lava nifanaovana tamin' i Aotrisy notantanan' ny Habsborga (1593–1606) dia nampitombo ny filan' ny Ôtômana miaramila an-tongotra nitondra basy, ka nahatonga ny fanalefahana ny fepetra fandraisana miaramila. Izany dia nandray anjara tamin' ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny fikomiana an-karihary tao amin' ireo vondron-tafika, olana izay tsy voavaha tanteraka mihitsy.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-004">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], pp. 90–92.</ref> Noraisina koa ireo mpitifitra mahay nikendry izay tsy anisan' ny tafika mahazatra (''Sekban''). Rehefa najanona tsy ho miaramila izy ireo, dia nirotsaka tamin' ny fandrobana mitam-piadiana nandritra ny fikomiana Celali (1590–1610), izay niteraka korontana sy tsy fisian' ny fahefana voahaja nanerana faritra maro tao [[Anatôlia]] tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-16 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17.<ref>last: Halil İnalcık; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=1j-AtkBmn78C&pg=PA24; title: ''An Economic And Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol. 1 1300–1600''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; date: 1997; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-57456-3</nowiki>; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151035/https://books.google.com/books?id=1j-AtkBmn78C&pg=PA24; url-status: live.</ref>^:24 Efa nahatratra 30 tapitrisa ny mponina tao amin' ilay empira tamin' ny taona 1600, ka vao mainka nanavesatra ny governemanta ny tsy fahampian' ny tany.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-005">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 281.</ref> Na dia teo aza ireo olana ireo, dia mbola natanjaka ny fanjakana ôtômana, ary tsy nirodana na niharan' ny faharesena nahatsiravina ny tafiny. Ny hany naningana dia ireo ady nifanaovana tamin' ny [[Diastia Safavida|tarana-mpanjaka safavida]] tao Persia, izay namoizan' ny Ôtômana faritany maro tany atsinanana, ka ny sasany very tsy niverina intsony. Niafara tamin' ny fifanarahan' i Nasuh Pasha io ady tamin' ny taona 1603–1618 io, ka naverina ho eo ambany fahefan' ny [[Empira Safavida|fanjakana safavida tao Persia]] indray ny faritr' i Kaokazy manontolo, afa-tsy ny farany andrefana amin' i Jeôrjia.<ref>Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters [https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA23 ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141240/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA23 Tahiry tamin' ny 1 November 2022] pp. 23 Infobase Publishing, 1 January 2009 <nowiki>ISBN 1-4381-1025-1</nowiki></ref> Ny fifanarahana namarana ny Ady tao Kreta dia namoizan' i Venizia ny ampahany lehibe tamin' i Dalmatia, ny nosy nananany tao amin' ny Ranomasina Egea ary i Kreta.<ref>last: Paoletti; first: Ciro; title: ''A Military History of Italy''; date: 2008.</ref>^:33 Nandritra ilay fotoana fohy nitondrany rehefa ampy taona, dia namerina nanamafy ny fahefan' ny fitondrana foibe i Murad IV (1623–1640), ary naka indray an' i Iràka (1639) teo am-pelatanan' ny Safavida.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-006">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], p. 73.</ref> Ny fifanarahana tao Zuhab vokatr' izany, tamin' io taona io ihany, dia namaritra mazava ny fizarana an' i Kaokazy sy ireo faritra manodidina azy teo amin' ireo empira roa nifanolo-bodirindrina, araka izay efa voafaritra tamin' ny fifanarahana fandriampahalemana tao Amasya tamin' ny taona 1555.<ref>last1: Herzig; first1: Edmund; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47; title: ''Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity''; last2: Kurkchiyan; first2: Marina; date: 10 November 2004; publisher: Routledge; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-135-79837-6</nowiki>; access-date: 30 December 2014; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151037/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Rubenstein; first: Richard L.; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=yED-aVDCbycC&pg=PA228; title: ''Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death''; date: 2000; publisher: Syracuse University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8156-2828-6</nowiki>; access-date: 30 December 2014; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151037/https://books.google.com/books?id=yED-aVDCbycC&pg=PA228; url-status: live.</ref> Ny Soltanatan' ny vehivavy (1533–1656) dia vanim-potoana izay nananan' ireo vehivavy tao amin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka, indrindra ny vadin' ny soltana sy ny reniny, hery lehibe teo amin' ny raharaha pôlitika tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Anisan' ireo vehivavy nanan-kery indrindra tamin' izany i Hürrem Sultan, i Kösem Sultan ary i Turhan Hatice, vinantovavin' i Kösem. Niafara tamin' ny famonoana an' i Kösem tamin' ny taona 1651 ny fifandrafiana pôlitika teo amin' izy ireo.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-007">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], pp. 74–75.</ref> Nandritra ny vanim-potoana Köprülü (1656–1703), dia viziry lehibe nifandimby avy tao amin' ny fianakaviana Köprülü no tena nampiasa ny fahefana nitantanana ilay empira. Niverina nahazo fandresena ara-tafika indray ny Ôtômana nandritra ny naha-viziry lehibe azy ireo: tafaverina ny fahefany tao Transylvania, vita tamin' ny taona 1669 ny fakana an' i [[Kreta]], ary niitatra tany amin' ny [[Tantaran' i Okraina|faritra atsimon' i Okraina teo ambany fitondran' i Pôlônia]] izy ireo. Tamin' ny taona 1676, dia nafindra ho ao amin' ny faritanin' i Podolia teo ambany fahefan' ny Ôtômana ireo tanàna voaro mafy tao Khotyn sy Kamianets-Podilskyi ary ny tanin' i Podolia.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-008">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], pp. 80–81.</ref> [[File:Vienna Battle 1683.jpg|thumb|Ny fahirano faharoa an' i Vienna tamin' ny taona 1683, nataon' i Frans Geffels (1624–1694).]] Nifarana tamin' ny loza io vanim-potoana niverenan' ny tanjaka io tamin' ny taona 1683, rehefa nitarika tafika goavana i Kara Mustafa Pasha, viziry lehibe, mba hanandrana hanao fahirano fanindroany an' i Vienna ho an' ny Ôtômana, nandritra ny Ady tiorka lehibe tamin' ny taona 1683–1699. Nisy fahatarana nitera-doza teo amin' ny fanafihana farany, ka resin' ny tafika mpiray dina habsborga sy alemàna ary pôlôney ny tafika ôtômana tamin' ny ady tao Vienna. Ny mpanjakan' i Pôlônia, [[John III Sobieski]], no nitarika teo aloha ireo tafika mpiray dina ireo. Nohararaotin' ny firaisankinan' ny Firaisana masina ny tombony azo tamin' ny faharesen' ny Ôtômana tao Vienna, ka niafara tamin' ny fifanarahana tao Karlowitz (26 Janoary 1699), izay namarana ny Ady tiorka lehibe.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-009">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 357.</ref> Namoy ny fifehezany faritany lehibe ny Ôtômana, ka maro tamin' ireo no very tsy niverina intsony.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-010">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], p. 84.</ref> Nitarika ny fanafihana ho setriny tamin' ny Habsborga tany Hôngria tamin' ny taona 1695–1696 i Mustafa II (1695–1703), saingy tsy nahomby izany noho ny faharesena nahatsiravina tao Zenta, ao Serbia ankehitriny, tamin' ny 11 Septambra 1697.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-011">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], pp. 83–84.</ref> ==== Faharesena ara-tafika ==== Ankoatra ny fahaverezan' i Banat sy ny fahaverezan' i Belgrade nandritra ny fotoana voafetra (1717–1739), dia tsy niova ny sisin-tanin' ny Ôtômana nanaraka ny ony [[Danube]] sy Sava nandritra ny taonjato faha-18. Nanjary loza mitatao lehibe sady nitombo hatrany anefa ny fanitaran-tanin' i Rosia.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-012">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 371.</ref> Noho izany dia noraisina ho mpiara-dia tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna ny mpanjaka [[Charles XII an'i Soeda|Charles XII avy any Soeda]], rehefa resin' ny Rosiana tamin' ny ady tao Poltava tamin' ny taona 1709, tany afovoan' i Okraina, izay anisan' ny Ady Lehibe tany Avaratra tamin' ny taona 1700–1721.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-012" /> Nandresy lahatra ny soltana ôtômana Ahmed III i Charles XII mba hanambara ady amin' i Rosia, ka niafara tamin' ny fandresen' ny Ôtômana tamin' ny fanafihana ara-tafika tany amin' ny ony Pruth tamin' ny taona 1710–1711, tany Môldavia, izany.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-014">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 372.</ref> [[File:1720 Huchtenburg Eroberungs Belgrads 1717 anagoria.JPG|thumb|Ny tafika aotrisiana notarihin' ny [[Eugène de Savoie-Carignan|printsy Eugene avy any Savoy]] naka an' i [[Belgrade]] tamin' ny taona 1717. Naharitra hatramin' ny fandresen' ny Tiorka tamin' ny ady nifanaovan' ny Aotrisiana sy ny Rosiana tamin' ny Tiorka (1735–1739) ny fifehezan' i Aotrisy an' i Serbia. Tamin' ny alalan' ny fifanarahan' i Belgrade tamin' ny taona 1739 dia azon' ny Empira Ôtômàna indray ny faritra avaratr' i [[Bôsnia-Herzegôvina|Bôsnia]], i Serbia teo ambany fahefan' ny Habsburg (anisan' izany i Belgrade), i Oltenia ary ny faritra atsimon' ny Banat-n' i Temeswar.]] Taorian' ny ady nifanaovan' ny Aotrisiana sy ny Tiorka dia nanamafy ny fifanarahan' i Passarowitz fa lasan' i Aotrisy i Banat sy i Serbia ary i « Wallachia Kely » (Oltenia). Nasehon' ilay fifanarahana koa fa niaro tena sisa ny Empira Ôtômàna, ary tsy dia azo nantenaina intsony ny hanaovany fanafihana hafa tany Eorôpa.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-015">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 376.</ref> Ny ady nifanaovan' ny Aotrisiana sy ny Rosiana tamin' ny Tiorka (1735–1739), izay nifarana tamin' ny fifanarahan' i Belgrade tamin' ny taona 1739, dia nahazoan' ny Ôtômana indray ny faritra avaratr' i Bôsnia, i Serbia teo ambany fahefan' ny Habsburg (anisan' izany i Belgrade), i Oltenia ary ny faritra atsimon' ny Banat-n' i Temeswar. Lasan' ny Rosiana kosa ny seranan-tsambon' i Azov, any avaratry ny Saikanosin' i Krimea. Taorian' io fifanarahana io dia afaka niaina tamim-pilaminana tany Eorôpa nandritra ny taranaka iray ny Empira Ôtômàna, satria voatery niatrika ny fiakaran' ny herin' i [[Prosia]] i Aotrisy sy i Rosia.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-016">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 392.</ref> Nisy fanavaozana teo amin' ny fanabeazana sy ny teknôlôjia, anisan' izany ny fananganana toeram-pampianarana ambony, toy ny Oniversite Teknika ao Istanbul.<ref>title: ''History''; url: http://www.itu.edu.tr/en/?about/history; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20120618160944/http://www.itu.edu.tr/en/?about%2Fhistory; archive-date: 18 June 2012; access-date: 6 November 2011; publisher: Istanbul Technical University.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1734 dia nisy sekoly fianarana mampiasa tafondro naorina hampianatra ny fomba fampiasana tafondro tandrefana, saingy nahomby ny fanoheran' ny mpitondra fivavahana silamo izany, tamin' ny fampiasana hevitra avy amin' ny fandinihana momba ny fahamarinan' Andriamanitra manoloana ny fisian' ny ratsy.<ref name="books.google_a">last: Stone; first: Norman; title: ''Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson''; publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; date: 2005; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-297-84913-1</nowiki>; editor-last: Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson; page: 97; chapter: ''Turkey in the Russian Mirror''; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9wQgAACAAJ; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151034/https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9wQgAACAAJ; url-status: live.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1754 dia nosokafana indray ilay sekoly, saingy natao tamin' ny fomba tsy tena ampahibemaso izany.<ref name="books.google_a"/> Tamin' ny taona 1726 dia nandresy lahatra ny viziry lehibe Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha sy ny mofti lehibe, ary ny mpitondra fivavahana i Ibrahim Muteferrika momba ny fahombiazan' ny milina fanontam-boky. Nomen' ny soltana Ahmed III alalana hamoaka boky tsy ara-pivavahana i Muteferrika tatỳ aoriana, na dia nanohitra izany aza ny mpahay soratra kanto silamo sy ny mpitondra fivavahana sasany.<ref name="katip celebi">date: 5 May 2009; title: ''Presentation of Katip Çelebi, Kitâb-i Cihân-nümâ li-Kâtib Çelebi''; url: http://vitrine.library.uu.nl/en/texts/Rarqu54.htm; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130212030334/http://vitrine.library.uu.nl/en/texts/Rarqu54.htm; archive-date: 12 February 2013; access-date: 11 February 2013; publisher: Utrecht University Library.</ref> Namoaka ny bokiny voalohany tamin' ny taona 1729 ny trano fanontam-bokin' i Muteferrika. Hatramin' ny taona 1743 dia efa namoaka asa soratra 17 voazara ho boky 23 izy, ka 500 hatramin' ny 1 000 ny isan' ny tahadikan' ny boky tsirairay.<ref name="katip celebi"/><ref name="watson">last: Watson; first: William J.; date: 1968; title: ''Ibrahim Muteferrika and Turkish Incunabula''; journal: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''; volume: 88; issue: 3; pages: 435–441; doi: 10.2307/596868; jstor: 596868.</ref> Tany Afrika Avaratra dia nalain' i Espaina i Oran, izay teo am-pelatanan' ny fanjakan' ny ''dey'' (mpitondra) tao Algiers, izay nanana fizakantena. Nahazo tafika avy any Algiers ny ''bey'' (mpitondra) tao Oran, saingy tsy nahavita naka an' i Oran indray izany tafika izany. Nahafatesana Espaniôla 1 500 sy Aljeriana mbola betsaka noho izany ilay fahirano. Nandripaka miaramila silamo maro koa ny Espaniôla.<ref>title: ''Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places''; date: 2014; publisher: Routledge; page: 559.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1792 dia nandao an' i Oran i Espaina, ka nivarotra azy tamin' ny fanjakan' ny ''dey'' tao Algiers. [[File:January Suchodolski - Ochakiv siege.jpg|thumb|Ny tafika ôtômana niezaka nanakana ny fandrosoan' ny Rosiana nandritra ny fahirano an' i Ochakov tamin' ny taona 1788.]] Tamin' ny taona 1768 dia niditra tao Balta ireo ''Haidamaka'', vondrona mpiady okrainiana notohanan' ny Rosiana, raha nanenjika ireo Pôlôney mpikambana tao amin' ny fiombonana ara-tafika. Tanàna teo ambany fifehezan' ny Ôtômana, teo amin' ny sisin-tanin' i Bessarabia tany Okraina, i Balta. Nandripaka ny mponina tao izy ireo ary nandoro ny tanàna ka naharava azy tanteraka. Izany no nanosika ny Empira Ôtômàna hiditra tamin' ny ady nifanaovan' ny Rosiana sy ny Tiorka tamin' ny taona 1768–1774. Nampitsahatra ilay ady ny fifanarahan' i Küçük Kaynarca tamin' ny taona 1774, ary nanome fahalalahana hanao ny fanompoam-pivavahany ho an' ny mponina kristiana tao amin' ny faritanin' i Wallachia sy i Môldavia, izay nofehezin' ny Ôtômana.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-017">[[#CITEREFKinross1979|Kinross (1979)]], p. 405.</ref> Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18, taorian' ny faharesena maro tamin' ny ady nifanaovana tamin' i Rosia, dia nanomboka nanatsoaka hevitra ny olona sasany tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna fa ny fanavaozana nataon' i [[Petera Lehibe|Peter Lehibe]] no nahazoan' ny Rosiana tombony tamin' ny ady. Araka io hevitra io dia tsy maintsy nanaraka ny fivoaran' ny teknôlôjia tandrefana ny Ôtômana mba tsy ho resy indray.<ref name="books.google_a"/> [[File:Ottoman Sultan Selim III (1789).jpg|thumb|I [[Selim III]] nandray olo-manan-kaja teo amin' ny Vavahadin' ny Fahasambarana tao amin' ny Lapan' i Topkapı. Sary hosodokon' i Konstantin Kapıdağlı.]] I [[Selim III]] (1789–1807) no nanao ny andrana lehibe voalohany hanavao ny tafika, saingy nosakantsakanan' ny mpitarika ara-pivavahana sy ny vondron-tafika Janisera ny fanavaozany. Niaro fatratra ny tombontsoany manokana sady nanohitra mafy ny fiovana ny Janisera, ka nikomy. Namoy ny seza fiandrianany sy ny ainy noho ireo ezaka nataony i Selim. Ny nandimby azy kosa, i [[Mahmud II]], izay navitrika, dia namarana izany olana izany tamin' ny fomba nanaitra sady nandatsa-dra, rehefa nandringana ny vondron-tafika Janisera tamin' ny taona 1826. [[File:Genève et Grèce - Bataille de l'Acropole par JGC Perlberg.jpg|thumb|Ny fahirano an' i Acropolis tamin' ny taona 1826–1827 nandritra ny Ady ho an' ny Fahaleovantenan' i Grisia.]] Ny revôlisiôna serba (1804–1815) dia nanamarika ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana fifohazan' ny fahatsiarovan-tena maha-firenena tany [[Balkana]], nandritra ny raharahan' ny Atsinanana. Tamin' ny taona 1811 dia nikomy tamin' ny Ôtômana ny Oahabita tany Arabia, izay mpifikitra hentitra tamin' ny fototra ara-pinoana ary notarihin' ny fianakaviana al-Saud. Tsy naharesy ireo Oahabita mpikomy ny governemanta ôtômana, antsoina hoe ''Sublime Porte'', ka nanendry an' i [[Muhammad Ali Pasha]] avy any Kavala, izay ''vali'' (governora) tao amin' ny faritanin' i Ejipta (''eyalet''), haka an' i Arabia indray. Niafara tamin' ny fandravana ny Emiratan' i Diriyah tamin' ny taona 1818 izany. Nekena ny fahefana ambony nananan' i Serbia, izay fanjakana nolovana teo ambany fitondran' ny tarana-mpanjakany manokana, araka ny lalàna tamin' ny taona 1830.<ref>title: ''Liberation, Independence And Union of Serbia And Montenegro''; url: http://www.njegos.org/past/liunion.htm; access-date: 26 August 2010; publisher: Serb Land of Montenegro; archive-date: 5 February 2001; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20010205052700/http://www.njegos.org/past/liunion.htm; url-status: live.</ref><ref name="Berend2003">last: Berend; first: Tibor Iván; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=a9csmhIT_BQC&pg=PA127; title: ''History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long 19th Century''; publisher: University of California Press; date: 2003; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-520-93209-8</nowiki>; page: 127; author-link: Iván T. Berend; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151038/https://books.google.com/books?id=a9csmhIT_BQC&pg=PA127; url-status: live.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1821 dia nanambara ady tamin' ny soltana ny Grika. Fikomiana tany Môldavia natao hampivily ny sain' ny fahavalo no nialoha ny revôlisiôna lehibe tany Peloponnese. Io faritra io sy ny faritra avaratry ny Helodranon' i Corinth no faritra voalohany tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna nahazo fahaleovantena, tamin' ny taona 1829. Tamin' ny taona 1830 dia nanafika ny fanjakan' ny ''dey'' tao Algiers ny Frantsay. Naharitra 21 andro ilay fanafihana ara-tafika, ary nahafatesana sy naharatrana miaramila aljeriana maherin' ny 5 000,<ref name="De Quatrebarbes-1831">De Quatrebarbes, Théodore (1831). ''Souvenirs de la campagne d'Afrique''. Dentu. p. 35.</ref> sy miaramila frantsay tokony ho 2 600.<ref name="De Quatrebarbes-1831" /><ref>url: https://books.google.com/books?id=vfxltIAnVecC&q=%22Alger%22+2160+bless%C3%A9s&pg=PA286; title: ''Conquête d'Alger ou pièces sur la conquête d'Alger et sur l'Algérie''; date: 1831; language: fr; access-date: 8 September 2022; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151038/https://books.google.com/books?id=vfxltIAnVecC&q=%22Alger%22+2160+bless%C3%A9s&pg=PA286; url-status: live.</ref> Talohan' ny fanafihan' ny Frantsay dia azo inoana indrindra fa teo anelanelan' ny 3 000 000 sy 5 000 000 ny fitambaran' ny mponina tao Aljeria.<ref>last: Kateb; first: Kamel; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=yEvQZ7bdybgC&pg=PA11; title: ''Européens, "indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830–1962): représentations et réalités des populations''; date: 2001; publisher: INED; isbn: <nowiki>978-2-7332-0145-9</nowiki>; language: fr.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1873 dia efa nihena ho 2 172 000 ny mponina tao Aljeria, raha tsy isaina ireo Frantsay mpanjanaka vao tonga izay an' hetsiny maro.<ref>last: Guyot; first: Yves; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=K4M5rK-mWFoC&dq=2%2C172%2C000+alg%C3%A9rie&pg=PA41-IA2; title: ''Lettres sur la politique coloniale''; date: 1885; publisher: C. Reinwald; isbn: <nowiki>9798862369458</nowiki>; language: fr; access-date: 8 September 2022; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151115/https://books.google.com/books?id=K4M5rK-mWFoC&dq=2%2C172%2C000+alg%C3%A9rie&pg=PA41-IA2; url-status: live.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1831 dia nikomy tamin' ny soltana [[Mahmud II]] i Muhammad Ali avy any Ejipta, satria nolavin' ilay soltana ny hanome azy ny fitondrana an' i [[Siria (faritra)|Siria Lehibe]] sy i [[Kreta]]. Efa nampanantenain' ny soltana azy ireo faritra ireo ho takalon' ny fanampiana ara-tafika nalefany hamonoana ny fikomiana grika (1821–1829), izay niafara tamin' ny fanekena ôfisialy ny fahaleovantenan' i Grisia tamin' ny taona 1830. Nandaniam-bola be ho an' i Muhammad Ali izany fandraisana anjara izany, ary very tamin' ny ady tao Navarino tamin' ny taona 1827 ny andian-tsambony. Izany no niandohan' ny ady voalohany nifanaovan' ny Ejipsiana sy ny Ôtômana (1831–1833). Nandritra izany ady izany dia nandresy ny tafika ôtômana ny tafik' i Muhammad Ali, izay nampiofanin' ny Frantsay ary notarihin' ny zanany lahy Ibrahim Pasha, raha nandroso niditra tao [[Anatôlia]]. Tonga hatrany amin' ny tanànan' i Kütahya izy ireo, ka tsy nihoatra ny 320&nbsp;km (200&nbsp;mi) intsony ny halavirana nanasaraka azy tamin' ny renivohitra, Kônstantinôpôlisy.<ref name="Effraim">last: Karsh; first: Effraim; title: ''Islamic Imperialism A History''; location: New Haven; publisher: Yale University Press; date: 2006.</ref>^:95 Kivy tsy nahita vahaolana ny soltana Mahmud II ka nangataka fanampiana tamin' i Rosia, ilay fahavalon' ny empira lehibe hatry ny ela, ary nangataka tamin' ny emperora [[Nikolai I an' i Rosia|Nicholas I]] mba handefa tafika hanampy azy.<ref name="Effraim" />^:96 Ho takalon' ny fanaovan-tsonia ny fifanarahan' i Hünkâr İskelesi dia nandefa izany tafika izany ny Rosiana, ka voasakana tsy hanohy ny diany nankany Kônstantinôpôlisy i Ibrahim Pasha.<ref name="Effraim" />^:96 Araka ny fepetran' ny fifanarahan' i Kütahya, nosoniavina tamin' ny 5 Mey 1833, dia nanaiky hampitsahatra ny fanafihany ny soltana i Muhammad Ali. Ho takalon' izany dia natao ''vali'' (governora) tao amin' ny ''vilayet'' (faritany) tao Kreta sy [[Aleppo]] sy [[Tripoli (Libana)|Tripoli]] sy [[Damaskôsy|Damascus]] ary [[Sidôna|Sidon]] izy. Ireo faritany efatra farany ireo no mandrafitra an' i [[Siria]] sy i [[Libàna]] ankehitriny. Nomena azy koa ny zo hanangona hetra tao Adana.<ref name="Effraim" />^:96 Raha tsy niditra an-tsehatra ny Rosiana dia mety ho tandindomin-doza ny soltana Mahmud II ka ho naongana, ary mety ho lasa soltana vaovao mihitsy i Muhammad Ali. Nanamarika ny fiandohan' ny toe-javatra niverimberina ireo zava-nitranga ireo: nila fanampiana avy amin' ny firenena matanjaka vahiny ny governemanta ôtômana mba hiarovany tena.<ref name="Effraim" />^:95–96 Tamin' ny taona 1839 dia niezaka naka indray izay efa very taminy ka lasan' ny faritanin' i Ejipta ny governemanta ôtômana. Nizaka tena raha ny zava-misy io faritany io, nefa mbola an' ny Ôtômana araka ny lalàna. Resy anefa ny tafiky ny governemanta ôtômana tamin' ny voalohany, ka nitarika ny krizin' ny Atsinanana tamin' ny taona 1840 izany. Nifandray akaiky tamin' i Frantsa i Muhammad Ali, ary maro no nihevitra fa raha lasa soltan' i Ejipta izy dia ho tafiditra manontolo tao anatin' ny faritra nanjakan' ny hery pôlitikan' i Frantsa i [[Ampiposahana (faritra)|Levant]].<ref name=Effraim/>^:96 Satria hita fa tsy nahavita nandresy an' i Muhammad Ali ny governemanta ôtômana,<ref>title: ''Battle of Konya &#124; Summary''; url: https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Konya; url-status: live; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20231019135832/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Konya; archive-date: 19 October 2023; access-date: 17 October 2023; website: Britannica; language: en.</ref><ref>last: Fahmy; first: Khaled; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=ID7-26p9G78C&dq=Khaled+Fahmy.+All+the+Pasha%27s+Men%3A+Mehmed+Ali%2C+His+Army+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Egypt.+Cairo%3A+The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press%2C+2002&pg=PR3; title: ''All The Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, Hisarmy And The Making Of Modern Egypt''; date: 2002; publisher: American Univ in Cairo Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-977-424-696-8</nowiki>; language: en; access-date: 21 October 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20231024034304/https://books.google.com/books?id=ID7-26p9G78C&dq=Khaled+Fahmy.+All+the+Pasha%27s+Men%3A+Mehmed+Ali%2C+His+Army+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Egypt.+Cairo%3A+The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press%2C+2002&pg=PR3; archive-date: 24 October 2023; url-status: live.</ref> dia nanome fanampiana ara-tafika ny Empira Britanika sy ny Empira Aotrisiana. Nifarana tamin' ny fandresen' ny Ôtômana ny ady faharoa nifanaovan' ny Ejipsiana sy ny Ôtômana (1839–1841), ary naverina tamin' ny laoniny ny fahefana ambony nananan' ny Ôtômana tamin' ny faritanin' i Ejipta sy i Levant.<ref name=Effraim/>^:96 Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19 dia nantsoina hoe « ilay lehilahy marary ao Eorôpa » ny Empira Ôtômàna. Fanjakana telo nanana fahefana ambony — ny Fanjakan' ny Printsin' i Serbia, i Wallachia ary i Môldavia — no nizotra ho amin' ny fahaleovantena araka ny lalàna nandritra ny taompolo 1860 sy 1870. === Fitontonganana sy fanavaozana (1828–1908) === ''Lahatsoratra an-tsipiriany: Fitontonganana sy fanavaozana ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahce Palace in 1876.jpg|thumb|Lanonana fanokafana ny Antenimiera Ôtômana voalohany tao amin' ny Lapan' i Dolmabahçe tamin' ny 1876. Roa taona monja, hatramin' ny 1878, no naharetan' ny vanim-potoana voalohany nanarahana lalàmpanorenana. Naverina indray, 30 taona tatỳ aoriana, ny lalàmpanorenana sy ny antenimiera ôtômana, noho ny Revôlisiônan' ny Tanora Tiorka tamin' ny 1908.]] Nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny ''Tanzimat'' (1839–1876), dia nitarika ho amin' ny fananganana tafika niorina tamin' ny fanompoana miaramila an-tery somary maoderina ny fanavaozana nifanesy nataon' ny governemanta teo amin' ny rafitra araka ny lalàmpanorenana. Nitarika koa izany ho amin' ny fanavaozana ny rafitra banky, ny fanafoanana ny maha heloka ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny samy lahy na ny samy vavy, ny fanoloana ny lalàna ara-pivavahana tamin' ny lalàna tsy mifototra amin' ny fivavahana,<ref>last: Ishtiaq; first: Hussain; title: ''The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire''; url: http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf; publisher: Faith Matters; access-date: 11 October 2011; archive-date: 17 October 2016; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20161017061131/http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf; url-status: live.</ref> ary ny fanoloana ny fikambanan' ny mpanao asa tanana tamin' ny ozinina maoderina. Naorina tao Istanbul tamin' ny 1840 ny Minisiteran' ny Paositra Ôtômana. Nahazo taratasy ôtômana miaro ny zo amin' ny famoronana ny telegrafy tamin' ny 1847 ilay mpamorona amerikanina [[Samuel Morse]]. Ny soltana Abdülmecid, izay nanandrana mivantana ilay famoronana, no namoaka izany.<ref>Yakup Bektas, [https://psi427.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Bektas%2C%20Ott%20Telegraphy%2C%201847-1880%20%282000%29.pdf ''The sultan's messenger: Cultural constructions of ottoman telegraphy, 1847–1880.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210909033749/https://psi427.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Bektas,%20Ott%20Telegraphy,%201847-1880%20(2000).pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 9 September 2021] ''Technology and Culture'' 41.4 (2000): 669–696.</ref> Nahatratra ny fara tampony io vanim-potoan' ny fanavaozana io tamin' ny fametrahana ny lalàmpanorenana nantsoina hoe ''Kanûn-u Esâsî''. Tsy naharitra anefa ny vanim-potoana voalohany nanarahan' ny empira lalàmpanorenana. Roa taona monja no niasan' ny antenimiera talohan' ny nampiatoan' ny soltana azy. Noho ny fari-pianarany ambony kokoa dia nanomboka nandroso nihoatra ireo silamo maro anisa ny mponina kristiana tao amin' ny empira, ka niteraka lolompo betsaka izany.<ref name="books.google_b">last: Stone; first: Norman; title: ''Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson''; publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; date: 2005; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-297-84913-1</nowiki>; editor-last: Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson; page: 95; chapter: ''Turkey in the Russian Mirror''; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9wQgAACAAJ; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151034/https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9wQgAACAAJ; url-status: live.</ref> Tamin' ny 1861, dia nisy sekoly ambaratonga voalohany 571 sy sekoly ambaratonga faharoa 94 ho an' ny Kristiana ôtômana, izay nampianatra mpianatra 140 000 raha atambatra. Nihoatra lavitra noho ny isan' ny ankizy silamo nianatra tamin' izany izany. Mbola nanampy trotraka ny sakana natrehin' ireto farany ny habetsahan' ny fotoana natokana hianarana ny teny arabo sy ny teôlôjia silamo.<ref name="books.google_b"/> Araka ny hevitra naroson' ilay mpanoratra Norman Stone, dia tsy nifanaraka tsara tamin' ny fanehoana ny feon' ny teny tiorka ny abidy arabo, izay nanoratana azy hatramin' ny 1928. Anisan' ny fianakaviam-piteny tiorkika mantsy ny teny tiorka, fa tsy ny fiteny semitika, ka nampitombo ny fahasahiranan' ny ankizy tiorka izany.<ref name="books.google_b"/> Nahatonga ny Kristiana handray anjara bebe kokoa teo amin' ny toekarena kosa ny fari-pianarany ambony kokoa; porofon' izany ny fisongadinan' ny vondrona toy ny fianakaviana Sursock.<ref>title: ''Sursock House''; url: https://sursockhouse.com/; access-date: 29 May 2018; archive-date: 25 May 2018; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062827/https://sursockhouse.com/; url-status: live.</ref><ref name="books.google_b"/> Tamin' ny 1911, dia Grika ara-poko no tompon' ny 528 tamin' ireo orinasa mpanao varotra ambongadiny 654 tao Istanbul.<ref name="books.google_b"/> Matetika ny Kristiana sy ny Jiosy no nahazo fiarovana avy tamin' ny kônsoly eorôpeana sy nahazo zom-pirenena eorôpeana. Noho izany, dia tsy niharan' ny lalàna ôtômana izy ireo ary tsy voafehin' ny fitsipika ara-toekarena nitovy tamin' izay nampiharina tamin' ny silamo.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-018">[[#CITEREFRogan2011|Rogan (2011)]], p. 93.</ref> [[File:Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil (cropped).jpg|thumb|Miaramila ôtômana manafika ny Toby mimandan' i Shefketil nandritra ny Ady tao Krimea tamin' ny 1853–1856.]] Anisan' ny fifaninanana naharitra teo amin' ireo firenena matanjaka eorôpeana, izay samy nitady hampihatra ny heriny tamin' ny tanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna nitotongana, ny Ady tao Krimea (1853–1856). Ny vesatra ara-bola naterak' io ady io no nahatonga ny fanjakana ôtômana haka fampindramam-bola avy any ivelany mitentina 5 tapitrisa livatra sterling tamin' ny 4 Aogositra 1854.<ref>last: V. Necla Geyikdagi; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=fGRMOzJZ4aEC&pg=PA32; title: ''Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854–1914''; publisher: I.B.Tauris; date: 2011; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-84885-461-1</nowiki>; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151118/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGRMOzJZ4aEC&pg=PA32; url-status: live.</ref>^:32<ref>last: Douglas Arthur Howard; url: https://archive.org/details/historyofturkey00doug; title: ''The History of Turkey''; publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group; date: 2001; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-313-30708-9</nowiki>; page: [https://archive.org/details/historyofturkey00doug/page/71 71]; access-date: 11 February 2013; url-access: registration.</ref>^:71 Niteraka fifindra-monina faobe teo amin' ny [[Tatara Krimeana|Tatara tao Krimea]] ny ady; tokony ho 200 000 tamin' izy ireo no nifindra nankany amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, tao anatin' ny onjam-pifindra-monina nifanesy.<ref>last: Williams; first: Bryan Glynn; date: 2000; title: ''Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire''; journal: ''Cahiers du Monde Russe''; volume: 41; issue: 1; pages: 79–108; doi: 10.4000/monderusse.39; doi-access: free.</ref>^:79–108 Nanakaiky ny fiafaran' ireo ady tao Kaokazy, dia 90 isan-jaton' ny [[Tsirkasiana (vahoaka)|Sirkasiana]] no niharan' ny fandroahana noho ny fiaviany ara-poko<ref>Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W. ''The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future''. Routledge. 2008.</ref> sy natao sesitany hiala tamin' ny tanindrazany tao Kaokazy, ka nandositra nankany amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna.<ref>last: Richmond; first: Walter; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=LQJyLvMWB8MC&pg=PA79; title: ''The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future''; publisher: Taylor & Francis US; date: 2008; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-415-77615-8</nowiki>; page: 79; quote: the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151038/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQJyLvMWB8MC&pg=PA79; url-status: live.</ref> Nitarika ho amin' ny fiorenan' ny Sirkasiana 500 000 hatramin' ny 700 000 tao amin' ny empira izany.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-019">[[#CITEREFHamed-Troyansky2024|Hamed-Troyansky (2024)]], p. 49.</ref> Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nandray anjara nisongadina indrindra ireo Tatara mpitsoa-ponenana avy tao Krimea tamin' ny ezaka fanavaozana ny fanabeazana ôtômana sy tamin' ny fampiroboroboana voalohany ny [[Pantorkisma|hevitra hampiray ny vahoaka tiorkika]] ary ny fahatsapana maha firenena tiorka.<ref name="ReferenceA">Stone, Norman "''Turkey in the Russian Mirror''" pp. 86–100 from ''Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy'' edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 p. 95.</ref> [[File:Charles Porion - The kings of Europe in Paris for the opening of the Exposition of 1867.jpg|thumb|Ireo mpanjakan' i Eorôpa tao [[Paris]] (i [[Napoléon III|Napoleon III]] eo afovoany, ary ny soltana Abdulaziz faharoa avy eo ankavanana): fanehoana an-tsaina ny fanokafana ny Fampirantiana Maneran-tany tamin' ny 1867.|left|upright=1.3]] Vola kely avy amin' ny volam-panjakana ihany no natokan' ny Empira Ôtômàna ho an' ny fanabeazana nandritra io vanim-potoana io. Ohatra, tamin' ny 1860–1861, dia 0.2 isan-jaton' ny tetibola manontolo monja no nampiasaina tamin' ny fanabeazana.<ref>last: Baten, Jörg; title: ''A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.''; date: 2016; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-107-50718-0</nowiki>.</ref>^:50 Teo am-panavaozana ny fotodrafitrasany sy ny tafiny hiatrehana ny fandrahonana avy any ivelany ny fanjakana ôtômana, dia nanokatra lalana ho an' ny fandrahonana hafa koa: ny avy tamin' ny mpampindram-bola. Araka ny nosoratan' ilay mpahay tantara Eugene Rogan, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia « tsy ny tafik' i Eorôpa fa ny bankiny » no « fandrahonana lehibe indrindra tamin' ny fahaleovantenan' ny Afovoany Atsinanana » tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-020">[[#CITEREFRogan2011|Rogan (2011)]], p. 105.</ref> Voatery nanambara ho bankirompitra, izany hoe tsy afaka nandoa ny trosany, ny fanjakana ôtômana tamin' ny 1875, rehefa nanomboka nitrosa hatramin' ny Ady tao Krimea.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-021">[[#CITEREFRogan2011|Rogan (2011)]], p. 106.</ref> Tamin' ny 1881, dia nanaiky ny empira mba hofehezin' ny Fitantanana ny Trosam-panjakana Ôtômana ny trosany. Filankevitra nisy lehilahy eorôpeana io, ary nifandimby nitana ny fiadidiany i Frantsa sy i Britaina. Nifehy ampahany betsaka tamin' ny toekarena ôtômana io rafitra io, ary nampiasa ny toerany mba hiantohana ny fitohizan' ny fidiran' ny renivola eorôpeana tao amin' ny empira, izay matetika nanimba ny tombontsoa ôtômana teo an-toerana.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-021" /> [[File:Ottomans 1875.png|thumb|Ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1875, teo ambany fitondran' ny soltana Abdulaziz.]] Namely sy nandrava ny fikomiana bolgara tamin' ny 1876 ireo miaramila ôtômana tsy anisan' ny tafika raikitra nantsoina hoe ''bashi-bazouk'', ka nahatratra hatramin' ny 100 000 ny olona novonoiny tamin' izany.<ref>last1: Jelavich; first1: Charles; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=LBYriPYyfUoC&q=massacre+bulgarians++1876&pg=PA139; title: ''The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920''; last2: Jelavich; first2: Barbara; date: 1986; publisher: University of Washington Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-295-80360-9</nowiki>; access-date: 18 November 2020; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151039/https://books.google.com/books?id=LBYriPYyfUoC&q=massacre+bulgarians++1876&pg=PA139; url-status: live.</ref>^:139 Nifarana tamin' ny fandresena mazava ho an' i Rosia ny [[Ady Rosiana-Tiorka (1877-1878)|Ady Rosiana–Tiorka tamin' ny 1877–1878]]. Vokatr' izany dia nihena be ny tany ôtômana tany Eorôpa: naorina ho fanjakana mahaleo tena tarihin' andriana tao anatin' ny Empira Ôtômàna i Bolgaria; nahazo fahaleovantena feno i Romania; ary nahazo fahaleovantena tanteraka ihany koa nony farany i Serbia sy i [[Môntenegrô]], saingy kely kokoa ny tanin' izy ireo. Tamin' ny 1878, dia nibodo samirery ny faritany ôtômanan' i Bôsnia-Herzegôvina sy i Novi Pazar i [[Aotrisy-Hôngria]]. Nandritra ny Kôngresy tao Berlin, dia nanohana ny famerenana tamin' ny Ôtômana ny taniny teo amin' ny Saikanosin' i Balkana i [[Benjamin Disraeli]], praiminisitra britanika. Ho takalon' izany dia nandray an-tanana ny fitantanana an' i Kipra i Britaina tamin' ny 1878.<ref>last: Taylor; first: A.J.P.; url: https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt/page/228; title: ''The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918''; publisher: Oxford University Press; date: 1955; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-822101-2</nowiki>; location: Oxford; author-link: A. J. P. Taylor.</ref>^:228–254 Nandefa miaramila tany [[Ejipta]] koa i Britaina tamin' ny 1882 mba handrava ny fikomian' i Urabi, ka lasa nifehy an' ireo tany roa ireo raha ny zava-nisy. Nanana ahiahy tafahoatra ny soltana [[Abdul Hamid II]], ka tsy sahy nampihetsika ny tafiny manokana satria natahotra sao hiteraka fanonganam-panjakana izany. Lehibe loatra io tahony fanonganam-panjakana io ka tsy navelany hanao fanazaran-tena maka tahaka ady ny tafiny, sao hampiasaina hanafenana fanonganam-panjakana izany; nefa hitany fa ilaina ny fanetsiketsehana ny tafika. Tamin' ny 1883, dia tonga hampiofana ny tafika ôtômana ny iraka miaramila alemana notarihin' ny jeneraly sady barôna Colmar von der Goltz. Nipoitra avy tamin' izany ireo manamboninahitra nampiofanin' ny Alemana nantsoina hoe « taranaka Goltz », izay nandray anjara nisongadina teo amin' ny pôlitikan' ny empira nandritra ireo taona farany nisiany.<ref>last: Akmeșe; first: Handan Nezir; title: ''The Birth of Modern Turkey The Ottoman Military and the March to World I''; location: London; publisher: I.B Tauris.</ref>^:24 Teo anelanelan' ny 1894 sy 1896, dia Armeniana 100 000 hatramin' ny 300 000 nonina nanerana ny empira no novonoina tamin' izay nanjary nantsoina hoe fandripahana hamidiana.<ref>last: Akçam; first: Taner; title: ''A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility''; publisher: Metropolitan Books; date: 2006; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8050-7932-6</nowiki>; location: New York; url: https://archive.org/details/shamefulactarmen00ak/page/42; author-link: Taner Akçam.</ref>^:42 Nahatratra 19 tapitrisa ny mponina tamin' ny 1897, ka silamo ny 14 tapitrisa tamin' ireo, izany hoe 74 isan-jato. Nisy mponina 20 tapitrisa fanampiny tao amin' ireo faritany mbola teo ambany fahefana ambony nananan' ny soltana tamin' ny anarana, nefa tsy voafehin' ny fahefany tena izy mihitsy. Very tsirairay tamin' ny governemanta ôtômana ny fahefana tamin' ny anarana nananany tamin' ireo faritany ireo. Anisan' ireo i Ejipta, i Tonizia, i Bolgaria, i Kipra, i Bôsnia-Herzegôvina ary i Libàna.<ref>Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire'' 2:236.</ref> Rehefa nihena tsikelikely ny tanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, dia silamo 7–9 tapitrisa avy tamin' ny taniny taloha tao Kaokazy, tao [[Krimea]], tao Balkana ary tany amin' ireo nosy ao amin' ny Ranomasina Mediteranea no nifindra nankany Anatôlia sy Trakia Atsinanana.<ref name="Karpat2004">last: Kemal H Karpat; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=cL4Ua6gGyWUC; title: ''Studies on Turkish politics and society: selected articles and essays''; publisher: Brill; date: 2004; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-13322-8</nowiki>; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20150514194407/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL4Ua6gGyWUC; archive-date: 14 May 2015; access-date: 20 June 2015; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Quataert; first: Donald; title: ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914''; date: 1994; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-57456-3</nowiki>; editor-last: İnalcık; editor-first: Halil; volume: 2; page: 762; chapter: ''The Age of Reforms, 1812–1914''; editor-last2: Donald Quataert.</ref><ref>last: Shams El-Din; first: Osama; title: ''A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War''; url: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479427.pdf; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20231106154526/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479427.pdf; archive-date: 6 November 2023; access-date: 17 October 2023.</ref><ref>last: Trevor N. Dupuy; title: ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History''; publisher: HarperCollins Publishers; year: 1993; isbn: <nowiki>978-0062700568</nowiki>; pages: 851.</ref> Rehefa resy tamin' ny Ady Voalohany tao Balkana (1912–1913) ny empira, dia namoy ny taniny rehetra tao Balkana, afa-tsy Trakia Atsinanana (ny ampahan' i Torkia any Eorôpa). Vokatr' izany dia silamo manodidina ny 400 000 no nandositra niaraka tamin' ny tafika ôtômana nihemotra; maro tamin' ireo no matin' ny [[Kôlerà|kôlerà]] (na aretina miteraka fivalanana mafy) nentin' ireo miaramila. Nisy tsy silamo 400 000 koa nandositra niala tamin' ny tany mbola teo ambany fitondrana ôtômana.<ref>last1: Zürcher; first1: Erik-Jan; title: ''Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912–1924''; url: http://tulp.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/wap/ejz18.pdf; url-status: dead; website: Turkology Update Leiden Project Working Papers Archive; publisher: Universiteit Leiden; date: January 2003; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20070716155929/http://tulp.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/wap/ejz18.pdf; archive-date: 16 July 2007; location: Leiden, Netherlands; access-date: 21 June 2009.</ref> Araka ny tomban' i Justin McCarthy, dia silamo 5.5 tapitrisa no maty tany atsimoatsinanan' i Eorôpa teo anelanelan' ny 1821 sy 1922, ary 5 tapitrisa no noroahina.<ref name="McCarthy1995">last: Justin McCarthy; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ; title: ''Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922''; publisher: Darwin Press; date: 1995; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-87850-094-9</nowiki>; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151042/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ; url-status: live.</ref><ref name="Carmichael2012">last: Carmichael; first: Cathie; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC; title: ''Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition''; publisher: Routledge; date: 2012; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-134-47953-5</nowiki>; page: 21; quote: During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151042/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC; url-status: live.</ref> Nampirisika ny fifindra-monina niampita sisintany koa ny fanjakana ôtômana, anisan' izany ny fametrahana Sirkasiana, Bôsniana ary Jiosy rosiana honina tao amin' ny tapany atsimon' i Levant. Ireo vondrom-piarahamonina ireo, niaraka tamin' ny famindrana toerana ny Arabo tao anatin' ny empira, dia nanova ny fiarahamonina ambanivohitra sy ny fampiasana ny tany. Hita taratra tamin' izany ny fomba fanao nivelatra kokoa tao amin' ny empira, dia ny fandaminana niniana natao ny firafitry ny mponina sy ny fanitarana ny tany fambolena.<ref>last: Marom; first: Roy; author-link: Roy Marom; year: 2024; title: ''Transnational Migrations from Eastern Europe to Ottoman Palestine and the Glocal Origins of the Zionist–Arab Conflict''; url: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499; journal: ''Middle Eastern Studies''; volume: 60; issue: 2; pages: 250–270; doi: 10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499.</ref><ref name="Buturovic2010">last: Buturovic; first: Amila; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=Kck_-B7MubIC; title: ''Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide''; publisher: Oxford University Press; date: 2010; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-980381-1</nowiki>; page: 9; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kck_-B7MubIC; url-status: live.</ref> === Faharesena sy faharavana (1908–1922) === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Faharavan' ny Empira Ôtômàna sy Ny Empira Ôtômàna nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. ==== Hetsiky ny Tanora Tiorka ==== [[File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png|thumb|Fanambaran' ireo mpitarika ny vondrom-piarahamonina ara-pivavahana ôtômana (''millet'') ny Revôlisiônan' ny Tanora Tiorka tamin' ny 1908]] Nanomboka tamin' ny Vanim-potoana Faharoan' ny Lalàmpanorenana ny faharesena sy ny faharavan' ny Empira Ôtômàna (1908–1922). Vanim-potoana feno fanantenana sy fampanantenana izany, nateraky ny Revôlisiônan' ny Tanora Tiorka. Naveriny tamin' ny laoniny ny Lalàmpanorenan' ny Empira Ôtômàna, ary nampidiriny ny fiainana politika ahitana antoko maro, niaraka tamin' ny rafi-pifidianana nisy dingana roa (lalàm-pifidianana), teo ambany fahefan' ny antenimiera ôtômana. Nanome fanantenana ny lalàmpanorenana satria nanome fahalalahana ny olom-pirenen' ny empira hanavao ny andrim-panjakana, hamerina ny tanjaky ny empira, ary hahafahan' izany mijoro manoloana ireo hery avy any ivelany. Ny fahalalahana niantohany dia nampanantena fa hampitsahatra ny fifanenjanana teo amin' ireo vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa, ka hampisy firindrana kokoa tao amin' ny empira.<ref>last: Reynolds; first: Michael A.; title: ''Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918''; date: 2011; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0521149167</nowiki>; pages: 1, 324.</ref> Nanjary vanim-potoan' ny tolona farany nataon' ny empira talohan' ny faharavany anefa izany. Nanangana ny antokony tamin' izany ireo mpikambana tao amin' ny hetsiky ny Tanora Tiorka izay niasa an-tsokosoko taloha.<ref>first: Edward; last: Erickson; title: ''Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency''; publisher: Palgrave Macmillan; year: 2013; isbn: <nowiki>978-1137362209</nowiki>; page: 32.</ref> Anisan' ny antoko lehibe tamin' ireo ny Komitin' ny Firaisana sy ny Fandrosoana sy ny Antokon' ny Fahalalahana sy ny Fifanarahana. Tany amin' ny tendrony hafa tamin' ny sehatra politika kosa no nisy ireo antoko nifototra tamin' ny fiaviana ara-poko. Anisan' ireo ny ''Poale Zion'' (Antokon' ny Mpiasa Jiosy Sôsialy-Demôkrata any Palestina), ny ''Al-Fatat'' (fikambanana ara-politika nifototra tamin' ny fiaviana ara-poko), ary ny hetsika nasiônaly armeniana izay voalamina teo ambany fitarihan' ny Federasiôna Revôlisiônera Armeniana. Nanararaotra ny fifandirana anatiny i Aotrisy-Hôngria ka nampiditra tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy an' i [[Bôsnia-Herzegôvina]] ho anisan' ny taniny tamin' ny 1908. Tamin' ny 1914 no natao ny fanisam-bahoaka ôtômana farany. Na dia teo aza ny fanavaozana ara-tafika izay nandrafitra indray ny tafika ôtômana môderina, dia namoy ny taniny tany Afrika Avaratra sy tany Dodecanese ny empira tamin' ny ady nifanaovan' i Italia sy ny Ôtômana (1911), ary saika ny taniny rehetra tany Eorôpa kosa tamin' ny Ady tao Balkana (1912–1913). Niatrika korontana tsy an-kijanona ny empira nandritra ireo taona nialoha ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]], anisan' izany ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny 31 Marsa sy fanonganam-panjakana roa hafa tamin' ny 1912 sy 1913. ==== Ady Lehibe Voalohany ==== Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: Fidiran' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany sy Ny Empira Ôtômàna nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. [[File:M 113 5 amiral Souchon et ses officiers.jpg|thumb|Ny amiraly Wilhelm Souchon, izay nitarika ny fanafihana tao amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty tamin' ny 29 Ôktôbra 1914, sy ireo manamboninahiny, nanao fanamian' ny tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana.]] Niditra tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] ny Empira Ôtômàna ka niandany tamin' ireo Fanjakana Afovoany, ary resy tamin' ny farany.<ref>last: Findley; first: Carter Vaughn; title: ''Turkey, Islam, Nationalism and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007''; date: 2010; publisher: Yale University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-300-15260-9</nowiki>; location: New Haven; page: 200.</ref> Nanomboka ny fandraisan' ny Ôtômana anjara tamin' ny ady rehefa niara-nanao fanafihana tampoka ny Alemàna sy ny Ôtômana tany amin' ny morontsiraky ny [[Ranomasina Mainty]] tao amin' ny [[Empira Rosiana]], tamin' ny 29 Ôktôbra 1914. Taorian' izany fanafihana izany dia nanambara ady tamin' ny Empira Ôtômàna ny Empira Rosiana (2 Nôvambra 1914)<ref name="oxfordreference-timeline">url: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191737640.timeline.0001; title: ''Timeline: Ottoman Empire (c. 1285 – 1923)''; date: 2012; publisher: Oxford Reference; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-173764-0</nowiki>; access-date: 7 June 2021; archive-date: 14 May 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171439/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191737640.timeline.0001; url-status: live.</ref> sy ireo mpiara-dia taminy, dia i Frantsa (5 Nôvambra 1914)<ref name="oxfordreference-timeline"/> sy ny Empira Britanika (5 Nôvambra 1914).<ref name="oxfordreference-timeline"/> Tamin' ny 5 Nôvambra 1914 ihany koa, ny governemanta britanika dia nanova ny satan' ny fanjakan' i Ejipta notarihin' ny lefitry ny soltana sy ny an' i Kipra, izay samy faritany ôtômana araka ny lalàna talohan' ny ady, ho faritany teo ambany fiahiana britanika. Nahomby ny Ôtômana tamin' ny fiarovana ny andilan-dranomasin' i Dardanelles nandritra ny ady tany Gallipoli (1915–1916), ary nahazo fandresena tamin' ny tafika britanika teo am-piandohan' ny ady tany Mesôpôtamia, nandritra ny roa taona voalohany tamin' izany, toy ny tamin' ny fahirano an' i Kut (1915–1916); kanefa nivadika ho tsy nahasoa ny Ôtômana ny fizotry ny ady tany Atsinanana Afovoany noho ny fikomian' ny Arabo (1916–1918). Tamin' ny ady tany Kaokazy kosa dia ny tafika rosiana no nanana tombony hatrany am-piandohana, indrindra fa taorian' ny Ady tao Sarikamish (1914–1915). Nandroso niditra tao amin' ny faritra avaratra atsinanan' i [[Anatôlia]] ny tafika rosiana ary nifehy ireo tanàna lehibe tao, mandra-pialany tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany tamin' ny alalan' ny Fifanarahana tao Brest-Litovsk, taorian' ny Revôlisiôna Rosiana tamin' ny 1917. ==== Fandripahana foko ==== Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fandripahana foko tamin' ny faramparan' ny Empira Ôtômàna, [[Fandripahana ny Armeniana|Fandripahana ny foko armeniana]], Fandripahana ny foko grika ary Fandripahana ny Asiriana (Seyfo). [[File:Column of deportees walking through Harput vilayet during the Armenian genocide.jpg|thumb|Ny [[Fandripahana ny Armeniana|fandripahana ny foko armeniana]] dia vokatry ny politika nampiharin' ny governemanta ôtômana tamin' ireo olom-pireneny armeniana, dia ny famindrana azy ireo an-keriny sy ny fanesorana an-keriny ny mponina noho ny fiaviany ara-poko, taorian' ny Ady tao Sarikamish (1914–1915) sy ny firodanan' ny laharam-piadiana tany Kaokazy niatrehana ny tafiky ny Empira Rosiana sy ireo vondron-tafika armeniana mpirotsaka an-tsitrapo nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]]. Tombanana ho 600 000<ref name="britannica-ag">url: https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide/Genocide; encyclopedia: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; title: ''Armenian Genocide''; access-date: 28 January 2023; archive-date: 1 November 2020; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20201101025841/https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide/Genocide; url-status: live.</ref> ka hatramin' ny iray tapitrisa mahery,<ref name="britannica-ag"/> na hatramin' ny 1,5 tapitrisa<ref>url: http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html; title: ''Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide''; publisher: University of Michigan; access-date: 15 July 2010; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20100818233348/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html; archive-date: 18 August 2010; url-status: dead.</ref><ref>last: Freedman; first: Jeri; title: ''The Armenian genocide''; year: 2009; publisher: Rosen Pub. Group; location: New York; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4042-1825-3</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC; edition: 1st; access-date: 2 June 2021; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151655/https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC; url-status: live.</ref><ref>Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) ''Dictionary of Genocide''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. <nowiki>ISBN 0-313-34642-9</nowiki>.</ref> ny olona novonoina.]] Tamin' ny taona 1915, ny governemanta ôtômana sy ireo foko korda tao amin' ilay faritra dia nanomboka namongotra ny mponina avy amin' ny foko armeniana tao amin' ny empira, ka nahafatesana Armeniana hatramin' ny 1,5 tapitrisa tamin' ny [[Fandripahana ny Armeniana|fandripahana ny foko armeniana]].<ref>last1: Bijak; first1: Jakub; title: ''The Armenian Genocide Legacy''; last2: Lubman; first2: Sarah; date: 2016; publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-137-56163-3</nowiki>; page: 39; language: en; chapter: ''The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923''.</ref><ref>last: Peter Balakian; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=DrYoyAM3PBYC&pg=PR17; title: ''The Burning Tigris''; publisher: HarperCollins; date: 2009; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-06-186017-1</nowiki>; page: xvii; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151656/https://books.google.com/books?id=DrYoyAM3PBYC&pg=PR17; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Quataert; first: Donald; title: ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922''; date: 2005; publisher: Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition); page: 186.; last1: Schaller; first1: Dominik J; last2: Zimmerer; first2: Jürgen; date: 2008; title: ''Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction''; journal: ''Journal of Genocide Research''; volume: 10; issue: 1; pages: 7–14; doi: 10.1080/14623520801950820; s2cid: 71515470.</ref> Natao nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany sy taorian' izany ilay fandripahana foko, ary notanterahina tamin' ny dingana roa: voalohany, ny famonoana faobe ireo lehilahy afaka niasa ara-batana, tamin' ny alalan' ny fandripahana sy ny fampanaovana asa an-terivozona ireo lehilahy voatery niditra tao amin' ny tafika; avy eo, ny famindrana an-keriny ny vehivavy, ny ankizy, ny zokiolona ary ny osa ara-batana, tamin' ny dia an-tongotra nahafatesana olona nankany amin' ny tany efitr' i Siria. Noteren' ny miaramila niambina azy handroso ireo olona nafindra an-keriny ireo, tsy nomena sakafo na rano, norobaina tsindraindray, naolana, ary niharan' ny fandripahana voalamina.<ref>last: Walker; first: Christopher J.; title: ''Armenia: The Survival of A Nation''; pages: 200–203; date: 1980; place: London; publisher: Croom Helm.</ref><ref>last1: Bryce; first1: Viscount James; title: ''The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden''; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=H0mfmdThGLAC&pg=PA636; pages: 635–649; date: 2000; editor-last: Sarafian; editor-first: Ara; edition: uncensored; place: Princeton; publisher: Gomidas Institute; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-9535191-5-6</nowiki>; last2: Toynbee; first2: Arnold; author-link: James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce.</ref> Nisy fandripahana goavana natao tamin' ireo vahoaka grika sy asiriana vitsy an' isa tao amin' ny empira koa, tao anatin' io hetsika fanesorana an-keriny ny mponina noho ny fiaviany ara-poko io ihany.<ref>last1: Schaller; first1: Dominik J; last2: Zimmerer; first2: Jürgen; date: 2008; title: ''Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction''; url: http://bridging-the-divide.org/sites/default/files/files/Late%20Ottoman%20genocides-%20the%20dissolution%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%20and%20Young%20Turkish%20population%20and%20extermination%20policies%281%29.pdf; url-status: dead; journal: ''Journal of Genocide Research''; volume: 10; issue: 1; pages: 7–14; doi: 10.1080/14623520801950820; via: Bridging the Divide; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172211/http://bridging-the-divide.org/sites/default/files/files/Late%20Ottoman%20genocides-%20the%20dissolution%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%20and%20Young%20Turkish%20population%20and%20extermination%20policies%281%29.pdf; archive-date: 3 November 2013; quote: The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious; s2cid: 71515470; accessdate: 6 June 2013.</ref> ==== Ny fikomian' ny Arabo ==== Lahatsoratra an-tsipiriany: Ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany tany Afovoany Atsinanana sy Ny fikomian' ny Arabo. Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1916, niaraka tamin' ny fanohanan' ny Britanika, ny fikomiana nataon' ny Arabo. Nampiova ny fizotry ny ady ho tsy nahasoa ny Ôtômana izany teo amin' ny sahan' ady tany Afovoany Atsinanana, izay toa nahazoany vahana nandritra ny roa taona voalohany tamin' ny ady. Nifototra tamin' ny fifanoratana teo amin' i McMahon sy Hussein, izay fifanarahana teo amin' ny governemanta britanika sy i Hussein bin Ali, ''sharif'' (mpitondra) tao Meka, ny fanombohana ôfisialin' ny fikomiana tao Meka tamin' ny 10 Jona 1916.{{#tag:ref|Na dia tamin' ny 10 Jona aza no nanombohana tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ilay fikomiana, dia efa nanomboka nanao hetsika miaramila tao Medina tamin' ny 5 Jona ireo zanakalahin' i bin Ali, dia i 'Ali sy i Faisal.<ref>Eliezer Tauber, ''The Arab Movements in World War I,'' Routledge, 2014 <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-135-19978-4</nowiki> p. 80-81</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Ny tanjon' ireo mpanindrahindra ny firenena arabo dia ny hanangana fanjakana arabo tokana, miray sy mahaleo tena, izay mivelatra hatrany [[Aleppo]], any Siria, ka hatrany Aden, any Iemena, ary nampanantenain' ny Britanika fa hankatoaviny. Ny tafiky ny ''sharif'', izay notarihin' i Hussein sy ny Hashemites ary nahazo fanampiana ara-tafika avy tamin' ny ''Egyptian Expeditionary Force'' (Tafika mpanao iraka miaramila tany Ejipta) britanika, dia nahomby tamin' ny ady ary nandroaka ny miaramila ôtômana tamin' ny ampahany lehibe tamin' i [[Hejaz]] sy [[Transjôrdania (faritra)|Transjordan]]. Naka an' i [[Damaskôsy|Damascus]] ny mpikomy tamin' ny farany, ary nanangana fitondram-panjaka naharitra fotoana fohy, notarihin' i Faisal, zanakalahin' i Hussein. Araka ny fepetra tao amin' ny [[Fifanarahana Sykes-Picot|Fifanarahana Sykes–Picot]] tamin' ny taona 1916, dia nozarain' ny Britanika sy ny Frantsay ho faritany teo ambany fitantanana nankinin' ny Fikambanam-pirenena tamin' ny firenen-kafa i Afovoany Atsinanana tatỳ aoriana. Tsy nisy fanjakana arabo niray, ka nahatezitra mafy ireo mpanindrahindra ny firenena arabo izany. Lasa faritany teo ambany fitantanana britanika sy frantsay araka izany rafitra izany i Palestina, i Iràka, i Libàna ary i Siria.<ref>title: ''Sykes-Picot Agreement &#124; Map, History, & Facts''; url: https://www.britannica.com/event/Sykes-Picot-Agreement; access-date: 22 May 2024; website: Britannica; language: en; archive-date: 22 May 2024; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20240522080149/https://www.britannica.com/event/Sykes-Picot-Agreement; url-status: live.</ref> ==== Ny fifanarahana tao Sèvres sy ny ady ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i Torkia ==== [[File:Sultanvahideddin.jpg|thumb|right|Mehmed VI, soltana farany tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, nandao ny firenena taorian' ny fanafoanana ny soltanata ôtômana, tamin' ny 17 Novambra 1922.]] Resy tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] ny Empira Ôtômàna ka nanao sonia ny fifanarahana fampitsaharana ady tao Mudros tamin' ny 30 Ôktôbra 1918. Nobodoin' ny tafika britanika, frantsay, italiana ary grika niara-niasa i Istanbul. Tamin' ny Mey 1919 dia nofehezin' i Grisia koa ny faritra manodidina an' i Smyrna (İzmir ankehitriny). Notanterahina hatramin' ny farany ny fizarazarana ny Empira Ôtômàna araka ny fepetra napetraky ny fifanarahana tao Sèvres tamin' ny 1920. Araka ny namolavolana azy nandritra ny fihaonambe tao Lôndra, dia namela ny soltana hitana ny toerany sy ny anaram-boninahiny io fifanarahana io. Nanahirana kosa ny satan' i Anatôlia noho ny fisian' ireo tafika mpibodo. Nipoitra tao amin' ny hetsika nasionaly tiorka ny fanoherana nasionalista. Nandresy tamin' ny ady ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i Torkia (1919–1923) izany fanoherana izany, teo ambany fitarihan' i [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] (izay nomena ny anaram-pianakaviana hoe « Atatürk » tatỳ aoriana). Nofoanana ny soltanata tamin' ny 1 Novambra 1922, ary nandao ny firenena tamin' ny 17 Novambra 1922 ny soltana farany, Mehmed VI (nanjaka tamin' ny 1918–1922). Natsangana hisolo azy ny [[Tiorkia|Repoblikan' i Torkia]] tamin' ny 29 Ôktôbra 1923, tao [[Ankara]], renivohitra vaovao. Nofoanana ny [[Kalifata Ôtômana|kalifata]] tamin' ny 3 Marsa 1924.<ref name="Ozoglu">last: Hakan Özoğlu; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw5V1c1ej_cC&pg=PA8; title: ''From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic''; publisher: ABC-CLIO; date: 2011; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-313-37957-4</nowiki>; page: 8; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151656/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw5V1c1ej_cC&pg=PA8; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Howard; first: Douglas A.; title: ''A History of the Ottoman Empire''; date: 2016b; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-108-10747-1</nowiki>; page: [https://books.google.com/books?id=e57eDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA318 318].</ref> == Adihevitry ny mpahay tantara momba ny fanjakana ôtômana == Jereo koa: Petra-kevitra momba ny ''ghaza''. Mpahay tantara maromaro, anisan' izany ilay Britanika [[Edward Gibbon]] sy ilay Grika Dimitri Kitsikis, no nilaza fa taorian' ny nahalavoan' i Kônstantinôpôlisy dia noraisin' ny fanjakana ôtômana ny rafitra fampandehanan-draharahan' ny fanjakana bizantina (rômana), ary raha ny tena toetrany dia fitohizan' ny Empira Bizantina nitafy endrika [[Tiorka (vahoaka)|tiorka]] sy [[Mozilmana|silamo]] ny Empira Ôtômàna.<ref>Norman Stone, ''Turkey in the Russian Mirror'', pp. 86–100 from ''Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy'' edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 pp. 92–93</ref> Nanoratra ilay mpahay tantara amerikanina Speros Vryonis fa nifototra tamin' ny « fototra bizantina sy balkanika, izay norakofan' ny fiteny tiorka sy ny fivavahana silamo ivelany fotsiny » ny fanjakana ôtômana, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.<ref name="Stone, pp. 86-100">Stone, pp. 86–100</ref> Araka ny hevitr' i Kitsikis sy ilay mpahay tantara amerikanina Heath Lowry, ny fanjakana ôtômana tany am-boalohany dia fikambanam-bondrona nifantoka tamin' ny fandrobana, izay azon' ny Kristiana bizantina sy ny Silamo tiorka nidirana. Ny fahazoana babo, na harena na olona natao andevo, no tanjony voalohany fa tsy ny fanaparitahana ny finoana silamo, ary tatỳ aoriana vao lasa toetra fototra nampiavaka ilay empira ny finoana silamo.<ref>last: Lowry; first: Heath W.; title: ''The nature of the early Ottoman state''; publisher: SUNY Press; date: 2003.</ref><ref>Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, ''Khan, caliph, tsar and imperator: the multiple identities of the Ottoman sultan'' in Peter Fibiger Bang, and Dariusz Kolodziejczyk, eds. ''Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012) pp. 175–193.</ref><ref>Sinan Ed Kuneralp, ed. ''A Bridge Between Cultures'' (2006) p. 9.</ref> Nisy mpahay tantara hafa kosa nanaraka ny hevitr' ilay mpahay tantara aotrisiana Paul Wittek, izay nanasongadina ny toetra silamo nananan' ny fanjakana ôtômana tany am-boalohany. Noheveriny ho fanjakana nanao [[Jihady|ady masina]] izy io, izay natokana hanitarana ny tontolo silamo.<ref name="Stone, pp. 86-100"/> Mpahay tantara maro, notarihin' ilay mpahay tantara tiorka Mehmet Fuat Köprülü tamin' ny taona 1937, no niaro ny petra-kevitra momba ny ''ghaza''. Araka io petra-kevitra io, ny fanjakana ôtômana tany am-boalohany dia fanohizana, tamin' ny ambaratonga lehibe lavitra, ny fomba fiainan' ireo [[Tiorkika (vahoaka)|foko tiorkika]] mpifindrafindra monina, izay avy tany Azia Atsinanana ka nankany Anatôlia, rehefa namakivaky an' i Azia Afovoany sy ny Atsinanana Akaiky. Nilaza izy ireo fa avy tany Persia ny fiantraikany ara-kolontsaina lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny fanjakana ôtômana.<ref>Ronald C. Jennings, ''Some thoughts on the Gazi-thesis.'' ''Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes'' 76 (1986): 151–161 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23868782 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200328042350/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23868782 Tahiry tamin' ny 28 March 2020].</ref> Araka ilay mpahay tantara britanika Norman Stone, maro ny zavatra nitohy avy tamin' ny Empira Bizantina nankao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Anisan' izany ny hetra bizantina nantsoina hoe ''zeugarion'', izay lasa hetra ôtômana nantsoina hoe ''Resm-i çift''; ny rafitra bizantina momba ny fananan-tany nantsoina hoe ''pronoia'', izay nampifandray ny velaran-tany nananan' ny olona iray tamin' ny fahafahany nanangana tafika mpitaingin-tsoavaly, ka lasa rafitra ôtômana nantsoina hoe ''timar''; ary ny ''dönüm'', ventim-pandrefesana velaran-tany ôtômana, izay nitovy tamin' ny ''stremma'' bizantina. Nilaza koa i Stone fa na dia ny finoana silamo sonita aza no fivavaham-panjakana, dia nanohana sy nifehy ny [[Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana|Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Tatsinanana]] ny fanjakana ôtômana. Ho setrin' ny fanekeny izany fifehezana izany dia lasa tompon-tany lehibe indrindra tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna ilay fiangonana. Na dia teo aza ireo fitoviana ireo, dia nambaran' i Stone fa nisy fahasamihafana lehibe: tsy azo nolovaina ny tany nomena tamin' ny rafitra ''timar'' tany am-boalohany. Na dia lasa azo nolovaina aza izany tatỳ aoriana, dia mbola tena tsy azo antoka ny fananan-tany tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, ary nofoanan' ny soltana ny fanomezana tany isaky ny naniriany hanao izany. Araka ny hevitr' i Stone, izany tsy fahazoana antoka momba ny zo hihazona tany izany dia nampihena be ny fahavononan' ireo olona nomena tany tamin' ny rafitra ''timar'' hikatsaka fampandrosoana maharitra ho an' ny taniny. Nitarika azy ireo kosa izany hifidy paikady hampiasana ny tany hahazoana tombony ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy, ka nisy vokany ratsy teo amin' ny toekarena ôtômana.<ref>Stone, pp. 94–95.</ref> == Fitondram-panjakana == ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fandaminana ny fanjakana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:Topkapı - 01.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Ny Lapan' i Topkapı, fonenana lehibe indrindra ho an' ny soltana ôtômana tao [[Istanbul]] nanomboka tamin' ny 1465 ka hatramin' ny 1856.<ref name="nytimes">url: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html; title: ''Center of Ottoman Power''; work: ''[[The New York Times]]''; last: Simons; first: Marlise; access-date: 4 June 2009; date: 22 August 1993; archive-date: 12 July 2018; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180712043016/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html; url-status: live.</ref> Sary: Carlos Delgado.]] [[File:Dolmabahçe_Palace,_Istanbul_cropped.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Ny Lapan' i Dolmabahçe, fonenana lehibe indrindra ho an' ny soltana ôtômana tao [[Istanbul]] nanomboka tamin' ny 1856 ka hatramin' ny 1922.<ref name=dolmabahcepalace>title: ''Dolmabahce Palace''; url: http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3; website: dolmabahcepalace.com; access-date: 4 August 2014; archive-date: 16 March 2016; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20160316140350/http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3; url-status: live.</ref>]] Talohan' ny fanavaozana natao tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20, dia nanana lafiny roa lehibe ny fandaminana ny fanjakana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna: ny fitantanan-draharaha miaramila sy ny fitantanan-draharaha sivily. Ny soltana no teo amin' ny toerana ambony indrindra tao amin' io rafitra io. Ny fizaram-pitantanana teo an-toerana, izay nifanaraka tamin' ny toetra mampiavaka ny faritra tsirairay, no fototry ny rafitra sivily. Teo ambany fifehezan' ny fanjakana ny mpitondra fivavahana. Mbola nitana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny mpitantan-draharaha ôtômana ny fomba amam-panao tiorka sasany talohan' ny finoana silamo, izay tsy foana na dia efa noraisina aza ny fomba fitantanan-draharaha sy fampiharana lalàna avy tany Iràna silamo.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-023">[[#CITEREFItzkowitz1980|Itzkowitz (1980)]], p. 38.</ref> Araka ny fiheverana ôtômana, ny andraikitra voalohan' ny fanjakana dia ny niaro sy nanitatra ny tanin' ny silamo ary niantoka ny filaminana sy ny firindrana tao anatin' ny sisin-taniny, ka ny fanarahana ny finoana silamo sonita sy ny fiandrianan' ny tarana-mpanjaka no rafitra ankapobeny nifehy izany.<ref name="Kapucu-2008">last1: Naim Kapucu; url: https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWceNjwTggUC; title: ''Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age''; last2: Hamit Palabiyik; publisher: USAK Books; date: 2008; isbn: <nowiki>978-605-4030-01-9</nowiki>; page: [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWceNjwTggUC/page/n71 77]; access-date: 11 February 2013.</ref> Tsy mbola nisy nitovy taminy teo aloha, sady tsy nisy nitovy taminy teo amin' ny tontolo silamo, ny Empira Ôtômàna, na ny taranak' i Osman raha raisina ho andrim-pitondran' ny tarana-mpanjaka, raha ny habeny sy ny faharetany no jerena.<ref>last: Black; first: Antony; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=nspmqLKPU-wC&pg=PA199; title: ''The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present''; publisher: Psychology Press; date: 2001; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-415-93243-1</nowiki>; page: 199; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151657/https://books.google.com/books?id=nspmqLKPU-wC&pg=PA199; url-status: live.</ref> Tany Eorôpa, ny [[Habsburg|taranak' i Habsburg]] ihany no nanana andiana andriamanjaka, dia mpanjaka na emperora, avy tamin' ny fianakaviana iray ihany izay nifandimby tsy nisy fahatapahana nandritra ny fotoana lava toy izany, sady tamin' io vanim-potoana io ihany, teo anelanelan' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-13 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20. Tiorka ny fiavian' ny tarana-mpanjaka ôtômana. Iraika ambin' ny folo no nitrangan' ny fanonganana soltana satria noheverin' ny fahavalony ho loza ho an' ny fanjakana izy; soltana hafa tao amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka ôtômana no nisolo azy, izay mety ho rahalahiny, zanany lahy na zanakalahin' ny iray tam-po aminy. Indroa monja tao amin' ny tantara ôtômana no nisy nanandrana nanongana ilay tarana-mpanjaka nitondra, ary samy tsy nahomby ireo andrana roa ireo. Izany dia manondro rafitra pôlitika izay nahavita nitantana ny revolisiona nitranga tao aminy nandritra ny fotoana lava nefa tsy niteraka fikorontanana tsy nilaina.<ref name="Kapucu-2008"/> Araka izany, i Mehmed VI, soltana ôtômana farany, izay nanjaka tamin' ny 1918–1922, dia taranaka mivantana tamin' ny alalan' ny lehilahy avy tamin' i [[Osman I]], soltana ôtômana voalohany, izay maty tamin' ny 1323/4. Tsy nisy toy izany na tany Eorôpa, izay nifarana tamin' ny 1740, ohatra, ny taranaka lahy tamin' ny taranak' i Habsburg, na teo amin' ny tontolo silamo. Ny tanjona voalohan' ny faritry ny vehivavy tao an-dapan' ny empira, na ''harem'', dia ny niantoka ny fahaterahan' ny mpandova lahy ny seza fiandrianana ôtômana sy ny fitohizan' ny fahefan' ny soltana ôtômana amin' ny taranaka lahy mivantana amin' ny taranaka ho avy. [[File:Jean Baptiste Vanmour - Dinner at the Palace in Honour of an Ambassador - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Ambasadaoro tao amin' ny Lapan' i Topkapı.]] Nanomboka tamin' i [[Selim I]] no nitaky ny anaram-boninahitra hoe [[Kalifata|kalifa]], izay toerana ambony indrindra ao amin' ny finoana silamo, ireo soltana;<ref name="Lambton-1995">last1: Lambton; first1: Ann; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C; title: ''The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west''; last2: Lewis; first2: Bernard; publisher: Cambridge University Press; date: 1995; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-22310-2</nowiki>; volume: 2; page: 320; author-link: Ann Lambton; author-link2: Bernard Lewis; access-date: 25 July 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151657/https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C; url-status: live.</ref> niorina tamin' izany ny Kalifata Ôtômana. Ny soltana ôtômana, izay nantsoina hoe ''pâdişâh'', na «tompon' ny mpanjaka», no mpitondra tokana ny empira ary noheverina ho fanehoana mivantana ny fitondram-panjakany, na dia tsy teo am-pelatanany manontolo foana aza ny fifehezana azy. Anisan' ny hery nanan-danja indrindra tao amin' ny lapa ôtômana ny ''harem''-n' ny empira. Ny ''valide sultan'', izany hoe ny renin' ny soltana nanjaka, no nifehy azy. Indraindray dia nandray anjara tamin' ny pôlitikan' ny fanjakana ny ''valide sultan''. Nisy fotoana izay ny vehivavy tao amin' ny ''harem'' no tena nifehy ny fanjakana, tamin' ilay nantsoina hoe «Soltanatan' ny vehivavy». Nofidina avy tamin' ny zanakalahin' ny soltana teo aloha foana ny soltana vaovao. Ny rafi-panabeazana matanjaka tao amin' ny sekolin' ny lapa dia natao hanilihana ireo mety handova nefa tsy mendrika sy hananganana fanohanana ny mpandimby teo amin' ireo sangany nitondra ny fanjakana. Tsy lalana tokana ny fampianarana tao amin' ny sekolin' ny lapa, izay nanofana koa ireo ho mpitantana ny fanjakana. Voalohany, ny sekoly silamo, izay nantsoina hoe ''Medrese'' tamin' ny fiteny tiorka ôtômana, dia natokana ho an' ny silamo ary nanabe manam-pahaizana sy mpiasam-panjakana araka ny fomba silamo. Ireo ''vakif'', na fananana natokana hamatsiana asa ara-pivavahana sy soa, no niantoka ny fandaniana tamin' ny ''Medrese'', ka nahafahan' ny ankizy avy amin' ny fianakaviana mahantra nahazo toerana ara-tsôsialy ambony kokoa sy fidiram-bola betsaka kokoa.<ref>last: Lewis; first: Bernard; url: https://archive.org/details/istanbulciviliza00bern; title: ''Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: University of Oklahoma Press; date: 1963; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8061-1060-8</nowiki>; page: [https://archive.org/details/istanbulciviliza00bern/page/151 151]; access-date: 11 February 2013; url-access: registration.</ref> Ny lalana faharoa dia ny ''Enderûn'', sekoly nianarana sy nipetrahana maimaim-poana ho an' ny Kristiana.<ref>date: March 2010; title: ''The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents, Matrakçı Nasuh''; url: https://tamu.academia.edu/SencerCorlu/Papers/471488/The_Ottoman_Palace_School_Enderun_and_the_Man_with_Multiple_Talents_Matrakci_Nasuh; journal: ''Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education, Series D''; series: ''Research in Mathematical Education''; volume: 14; issue: 1; pages: 19–31; access-date: 29 January 2018; archive-date: 11 January 2013; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130111105849/http://www.academia.edu/480968/The_Ottoman_Palace_School_Enderun_and_the_Man_with_Multiple_Talents_Matrakci_Nasuh; url-status: live.</ref> Nandray mpianatra 3 000 isan-taona izy io, izay nalaina tamin' ny zazalahy kristiana valo ka hatramin' ny roapolo taona, avy amin' ny fianakaviana iray isaky ny efapolo teo anivon' ireo vondrom-piarahamonina nonina tany Rumelia na tany Balkana. Nantsoina hoe ''Devshirme'', na ''Devşirme'' tamin' ny fiteny tiorka ôtômana, io fomba fakana ankizy io.<ref>last: Karpat; first: Kemal H.; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=rlhD9SjavRcC&pg=PA204; title: ''Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis''; publisher: Brill; date: 1973; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-03817-2</nowiki>; page: 204; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151657/https://books.google.com/books?id=rlhD9SjavRcC&pg=PA204; url-status: live.</ref> Tafiditra ao amin' ny famaritana maoderina ny fandripahana vondron' olona (''genocide'') ny ''Devshirme''.<ref name="a852">last: Baer; first: M.D.; title: ''The Ottomans: Khans, Caesars, and Caliphs''; publisher: Basic Books; year: 2021; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-5416-7377-9</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=RSAbEAAAQBAJ; access-date: 17 January 2025; page: 47.</ref><ref name="v450">last1: Totten; first1: S.; last2: Theriault; first2: H.; last3: von Joeden-Forgey; first3: E.; title: ''Controversies in the Field of Genocide Studies''; publisher: Taylor & Francis; year: 2017; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-351-29499-7</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmRQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99; access-date: 18 January 2025; page: 99; quote: Lemkin specifically cited the Ottoman Turkish Empire to illustrate another recurring theme in the history of genocide: "The children can be taken away from a given group for the purpose of educating them within the framework of another human group, racial, national or ethnical" (quoted in Docker, 2008, 12)..</ref> Na dia ny soltana aza no andriamanjaka fara tampony, dia nankininy tamin' ny hafa ny fahefany ara-pôlitika sy ny fahefana mpanatanteraka. Nisy mpanolotsaina sy minisitra maromaro nivondrona tao amin' ny filankevitra nantsoina hoe ''Divan'' niandraikitra ny raharaham-panjakana. Fony mbola fanjakana notarihin' ny ''bey'', na loham-panjakana, ny fanjakana ôtômana, dia ireo loholon' ny foko no nandrafitra ny ''Divan''. Novana izany tatỳ aoriana ka nampidirina tao ny manamboninahitra sy ny sangany teo an-toerana, toy ny mpanolotsaina ara-pivavahana sy ara-pôlitika. Mbola tatỳ aoriana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1320, dia nisy viziry lehibe notendrena handray ny sasany tamin' ny andraikitry ny soltana. Nanana fahaleovan-tena lehibe tamin' ny soltana ny viziry lehibe, ary saika tsy voafetra ny fahefany hanendry, hanala amin' ny toerana ary hanara-maso. Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 dia nisintaka tamin' ny pôlitika ireo soltana, ka ny viziry lehibe no lasa filoham-panjakana raha ny tena fampiharana no jerena.<ref name="Black-2001"/> [[File:Yusuf Ziya Paşa.jpg|thumb|I Yusuf Ziya Pasha, ambasadaoro ôtômana tany Etazonia, tao [[Washington D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], tamin' ny 1913.]] Nandritra ny tantara ôtômana dia matetika ireo governora teo an-toerana no niasa tsy niankina tamin' ny mpitondra, ary nisy aza nanohitra azy. Taorian' ny Revôlisiônan' ny Tanora Tiorka tamin' ny 1908 dia nanjary fanjakana nanana mpanjaka voafetran' ny lalàna sy ny lalàm-panorenana ny fanjakana ôtômana. Tsy nanana fahefana mpanatanteraka intsony ny soltana. Natsangana ny parlemanta iray izay nahitana solontena nofidina avy tany amin' ny faritany. Ireo solontena ireo no nandrafitra ny Governemantan' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Hita hatramin' ny taratasy nifandraisan' ny empira tamin' ny firenen-kafa io fitantanan-draharaha nampifangaro fomba samihafa io: [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] no nampiasaina tany am-boalohany tamin' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny tandrefana.<ref>last1: Naim Kapucu; url: https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWceNjwTggUC; title: ''Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age''; last2: Hamit Palabiyik; publisher: USAK Books; date: 2008; isbn: <nowiki>978-605-4030-01-9</nowiki>; page: [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWceNjwTggUC/page/n72 78]; access-date: 12 February 2013.</ref> Ny ''Tughra'' dia mari-pamantarana nampitambatra litera tamin' ny sorakanto, na sonian' ny soltana ôtômana, izay nisy 35. Voasokitra teo amin' ny fitomboky ny soltana izy ireny ary nahitana ny anaran' ny soltana sy ny anaran-drainy. Hita tamin' ny ankamaroany koa ilay teny sady vavaka izay midika hoe «mpandresy mandrakariva». Ny an' i Orhan Gazi no tranainy indrindra. Niteraka sampana iray tamin' ny zavakanton' ny sora-tanana ôtômana-tiorka ny ''Tughra'' voaravaka tamin' ny endrika be pitsiny. === Lalàna === ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Lalànan' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:Zibik.jpg|thumb|Vehivavy manambady tsy afa-po mitaraina amin' ny ''Qadi'' (mpitsara silamo) noho ny tsy fahampian' ny fitsanganan' ny filahian' ny vadiny (na fahasarotana mampitsangana na mitazona ny filahiana ho mafy), araka ny asehon' ny sary madinika ôtômana iray. Azo atao araka ny [[Sharia|lalàna silamo]] ny [[Fisaraham-panambadiana|fisaraham-panambadiana]], ary na ny lehilahy na ny vehivavy dia afaka mangataka izany.<ref>url: http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage&divorce/divorce.html; title: ''Islamic Perspective on Divorce''; website: Mwlusa.org; access-date: 24 September 2019; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20190304141319/http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage%26divorce/divorce.html; archive-date: 4 March 2019; url-status: dead.</ref>|upright=.75]] Neken' ny rafitra ara-dalàna ôtômana ny hampiharana ny lalàna ara-pivavahana tamin' ny vahoaka teo ambany fahefany. Niaraka tamin' ny lalàna ara-pivavahana, na ''[[Sharia|sharia]]'' (lalàna silamo), koa anefa ny ''Qanun'' (na ''Kanun''), izany hoe ny lalàna napetraky ny tarana-mpanjaka.<ref name="otmkanun">title: ''Balancing Sharia: The Ottoman Kanun''; url: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/24365067; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20131009012204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/24365067; archive-date: 9 October 2013; access-date: 5 October 2013; publisher: BBC.</ref><ref>Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H., Law in the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law, Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions.</ref> Niorina hatrany tamin' ny rafitra fandikana sy fampiharana ny lalàna teo an-toerana ny fandaminana ny Empira Ôtômàna. Anisan' ny fandaminana lehibe kokoa natao hampifandanjana ny fahefan' ny fitondrana foibe sy ny fahefana teo an-toerana ny fitantanana ny raharaham-pitsarana tao amin' ilay empira.<ref name="Benton-2001">last: Benton; first: Lauren; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=109; title: ''Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900''; date: 3 December 2001; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-521-00926-3</nowiki>; pages: 109–110; access-date: 11 February 2013; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151659/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=109; url-status: live.</ref> Nifototra indrindra tamin' ny fitantanana ny zo momba ny tany ny fahefana ôtômana, ka nanome sehatra ho an' ny manam-pahefana teo an-toerana hikarakarana ny filàn' ny ''millet'', na vondrom-pivavahana teo an-toerana, izany.<ref name="Benton-2001"/> Ny fahasarotan' ny fifampizarana ny fahefam-pitsarana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna dia natao hahafahana mampiditra ao amin' ilay empira ireo vondrona samy hafa kolontsaina sy fivavahana.<ref name="Benton-2001"/> Nisy rafitra fitsarana telo tao amin' ny rafitra ôtômana: ny iray ho an' ny silamo; ny iray ho an' ny tsy silamo, izay nahitana Jiosy sy Kristiana voatendry hitsara ny raharahan' ny vondrom-pivavahany avy; ary ny fitsarana momba ny varotra. Nofehezina avy any ambony tamin' ny alalan' ny ''Qanun'', izany hoe ireo lalàna momba ny fitantanana, io rafitra manontolo io. Nifototra tamin' ny ''Yassa'' sy ny ''Töre'', izay fitsipika ara-dalàn' ny vahoaka tiorka niforona talohan' ny vanim-potoana silamo, izany rafitra izany.<ref>last: Streusand; first: Douglas E.; title: ''Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.''; date: 2010; publisher: Routledge; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-429-96813-6</nowiki>; location: Milton; oclc: 1202464532.</ref><ref>title: ''The Ashgate research companion to Islamic law''; author1: P. J. Bearman; author2: Rudolph Peters; publisher: Routledge; year: 2016; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-315-61309-3</nowiki>; location: London; pages: 109; oclc: 1082195426.</ref> Tsy nisaraka tanteraka anefa ny sehatra niandraiketan' ireo sokajim-pitsarana ireo. Azo nampiasaina, ohatra, ny fitsarana silamo, izay fitsarana fototra tao amin' ilay empira, mba handaminana fifanolanana momba ny varotra na ady nifanaovan' ny olona samy hafa fivavahana nitondra raharaha teo anatrehan' ny fitsarana. Matetika koa ny Jiosy sy ny Kristiana no nitodika tany amin' ireny fitsarana ireny mba hahazoana didim-pitsarana nanan-kery kokoa momba ny raharaha iray. Tamin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy nitsabaka tamin' ny rafitra ara-dalàna ara-pivavahan' ny tsy silamo ny fanjakana ôtômana, na dia nanana fahefana ara-dalàna hanao izany tamin' ny alalan' ny governora teo an-toerana aza. Niforona avy tamin' ny fampiarahana ny Kor'any, ny [[Hadita|''Hadīth'']] na ny tenin' i Muhammad, ny ''ijmā''' na ny marimaritra iraisan' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Umma|vondrom-piarahamonina silamo]], ny ''qiyas'' na ny fanjohian-kevitra amin' ny fampitahana amin' ny raharaha teo aloha, ary ny fomba amam-panao teo an-toerana ny rafitra ara-dalàna silamo ''sharia''. Samy nampianarina tany amin' ny sekoly momba ny lalàna tao amin' ilay empira ireo rafitra roa ireo; tany [[Istanbul]] sy [[Bursa]] no nisy ireny sekoly ireny. Tsy nitovy tamin' ny fitsarana eorôpeana nentim-paharazana ny fandaminana ny rafitra ara-dalàna silamo ôtômana. Ny ''Qadi'', na mpitsara silamo, no nitarika ny fitsarana silamo. Hatramin' ny nanakatonana ny ''ijtihad'', na ilay nantsoina hoe «vavahadin' ny fandikana» ny lalàna, dia tsy dia nifantoka tamin' ny didim-pitsarana teo aloha ho fototry ny fanapahan-keviny intsony ireo ''Qadi'' nanerana ny Empira Ôtômàna, fa nifantoka kokoa tamin' ny fomba amam-panao sy ny lovantsofina tao amin' ny faritra niandraiketany.<ref name="Benton-2001"/> Tsy nanana ambaratongam-pitsarana handraisana fampakarana didy anefa ny rafitra fitsarana ôtômana. Noho izany dia nisy paikady nifototra tamin' ny fisafidianana ny fitsarana hitondrana raharaha: azon' ny mpitory nafindra avy tamin' ny rafitra fitsarana iray ho amin' ny iray hafa ny adiny mandra-pahazoany didy nankasitraka azy. [[File:1879-Ottoman Court-from-NYL.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Fitsarana raharaha iray tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, 1877|left]] Nisy fanavaozana lehibe ny rafitra ara-dalàna ôtômana tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19. Nanomboka tamin' ny didim-panjakana Gülhane tamin' ny 1839 io dingana fampifanarahana ny lalàna tamin' ny rafitra maoderina io.<ref name="review-niza">last: Selçuk Akşin Somel; title: ''Review of "Ottoman Nizamiye Courts. Law and Modernity"''; url: http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/19475/1/Avi_Rubin_Ottoman_Nizamiye_Courts_Somel.pdf; publisher: Sabancı Üniversitesi; page: 2; access-date: 15 February 2013; archive-date: 12 October 2013; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013518/http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/19475/1/Avi_Rubin_Ottoman_Nizamiye_Courts_Somel.pdf; url-status: live.</ref> Anisan' ireo fanavaozana ireo ny fitsarana ara-drariny sy ampahibemaso an' ny voampanga rehetra, na inona na inona fivavahany; ny famoronana rafitra nanasaraka ny fahefam-pitsarana ara-pivavahana sy ny fahefam-pitsarana sivily; ary ny fanekena ho manan-kery ny fijoroana ho vavolombelona momba ny tsy silamo.<ref name="int-handbook"/> Navoaka koa ny fehezan-dalàna manokana momba ny tany (1858), ny fehezan-dalàna sivily (1869–1876), ary ny fehezan-dalàna momba ny fomba arahina amin' ny fitsarana raharaha sivily.<ref name="int-handbook">last1: Epstein; first1: Lee; last2: O'Connor; first2: Karen; last3: Grub; first3: Diana; title: ''Middle East''; url: http://epstein.usc.edu/research/MiddleEast.pdf; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130525015655/http://epstein.usc.edu/research/MiddleEast.pdf; archive-date: 25 May 2013; website: Legal Traditions and Systems: an International Handbook; publisher: Greenwood Press; pages: 223–224; access-date: 15 February 2013.</ref> Nifototra betsaka tamin' ny maodely frantsay ireo fanavaozana ireo, araka ny asehon' ny fananganana rafitra fitsarana misy ambaratonga telo. Nantsoina hoe ''Nizamiye'' io rafitra io, ary niitatra hatrany amin' ny ambaratongan' ny mpitsara teo an-toerana rehefa navoaka tamin' ny endriny farany ny ''Mecelle'', fehezan-dalàna sivily nifehy ny fanambadiana, ny fisaraham-panambadiana, ny vola fivelomana aloan' ny vady iray ho an' ny iray hafa aorian' ny fisarahana, ny didim-pananana, ary ny raharaha hafa momba ny sata manokan' ny olona.<ref name="int-handbook"/> Mba hanazavana ny fizarana ny fahefam-pitsarana, dia nametra ny filankevitra iray momba ny fitantanan-draharaha fa ny raharaha ara-pivavahana dia hokarakarain' ny fitsarana ara-pivavahana, ary ny raharaha momba ny lalàna napetraky ny fanjakana dia hokarakarain' ny fitsarana ''Nizamiye''.<ref name="int-handbook"/> === Tafika === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tafiky ny Empira Ôtômàna. [[File:Józef Brandt - Fight for a Turkish Standard - MNK II-a-1318 - National Museum Kraków.jpg|thumb|Mpitaingin-tsoavaly ôtômana, na ''sipahi'', miady sady mitondra saina misy volana tsinana, sary nataon' i Józef Brandt.]] Ny vondron-tafika voalohany tao amin' ny fanjakana ôtômana dia tafika natsangan' i Osman I tamin' ireo mpikambana tao amin' ny foko nonina teny amin' ny havoanan' i Anatôlia andrefana, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-13. Nanjary be pitsiny ny fandaminana ny tafika rehefa nandroso ilay empira. Rafitra be pitsiny nampifandray ny fandraisana miaramila sy ny fitanana tany nomena ho takalon' ny fanompoana no niorenan' ny tafika ôtômana. Anisan' ny antokon-tafika lehibe tao amin' ny tafika an-tanety ôtômana ny Janisera, ny ''Sipahi'' (mpitaingin-tsoavaly), ny ''Akıncı'' (mpiady mpanao fanafihana tampoka) ary ny ''Mehterân'' (tarika mpitendry mozikan' ny tafika). Nisy fotoana naha-anisan' ny tafika nandroso indrindra eran-tany ny tafika ôtômana, satria anisan' ny voalohany nampiasa basy lava fenoina avy eo am-bavany (''muskets'') sy tafondro izy. Nandritra ny fahirano an' i Kônstantinôpôlisy no nanomboka nampiasa ''falconets'', izay tafondro fohy nefa malalaka, ny Tiorka ôtômana. Niantehitra tamin' ny hafainganam-pandeha sy ny fahafahana nifindrafindra haingana ny tafan-tsoavaly ôtômana, fa tsy tamin' ny akanjo fiarovana mavesatra. Nampiasa tsipìka sy sabatra fohy ireo miaramila nitaingina soavaly tiorkmàna sy arabo haingam-pandeha, izay razamben' ny soavaly fifaninanana ''Thoroughbred''.<ref>last: Milner; first: Mordaunt; title: ''The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line''; publisher: Robert Hale Limited; date: 1990; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-85131-476-1</nowiki>; pages: 3–6.</ref><ref>last: Wall; first: John F; title: ''Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants''; date: September 2010; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-163-19167-5</nowiki>; page: 8; publisher: Kessinger.</ref> Matetika koa izy ireo no nampihatra paikady nitovitovy tamin' ny an' ny Empira Môngôly, toy ny mody nihemotra sady nanodidina ny tafiky ny fahavalo tamin' ny filaharana miendrika volana tsinana, ary avy eo vao tena nanafika. Mbola nahomby tamin' ny ady ny tafika ôtômana nandritra ny taonjato faha-17 manontolo sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-18.<ref>last: Murphey; first: Rhoads; title: ''Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700''; date: 1999; publisher: UCL Press; page: 10.</ref><ref>last: Ágoston; first: Gábor; title: ''Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; date: 2005; pages: 200–02.</ref> Nandritra ilay vanim-potoana lava nisian' ny fandriampahalemana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1740 ka hatramin' ny 1768, vao nanomboka nihemotra raha oharina tamin' ireo tafika eorôpeana nifaninana taminy izy.<ref name=AksanOW/> [[File:The_Ertugrul_Cavalry_Regiment_crossing_the_Galata_Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Ny rezimantan' ny tafan-tsoavaly Ertugrul efa nohavaozina, niampita ny tetezan' i Galata tamin' ny 1901.|left]] Tamin' ny tafika no niantombohan' ny fanavaozana ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Tamin' ny 1826 dia noravan' ny soltana Mahmud II ny antokon-tafika Janisera ary natsangany ny tafika ôtômana maoderina. Nomeny anarana hoe ''Nizam-ı Cedid'' (Lamina Vaovao) izany. Ny tafika ôtômana koa no andrim-panjakana voalohany nampiasa manam-pahaizana vahiny sy nandefa ny manamboninahiny hiofana tany amin' ireo firenena eorôpeana tandrefana. Vokatr' izany, rehefa niverina ireo lehilahy mbola somary tanora sy vao nahazo fiofanana ireo, nitondra ny fahalalana azony, dia nanomboka ny hetsiky ny Tiorka Tanora. [[File:OttomanNavy.jpg|thumb|Ny andian-tsambo ôtômana eo amin' ny andilan-dranomasin' i Bosphore, akaikin' i Ortaköy.]] Nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny fanitarana ny tanin' ilay empira teo amin' ny kôntinanta eorôpeana ny tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana. Izy io no nanomboka ny fandresena an' i Afrika Avaratra, ka nampidirana an' i [[Aljeria]] sy Ejipta tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1517. Nanomboka tamin' ny fahaverezan' i Grisia tamin' ny 1821 sy Aljeria tamin' ny 1830 dia nihena ny herin' ny tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana sy ny fifehezan' ilay empira ireo taniny lavitra tany ampitan-dranomasina. Niezaka nanangana indray tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana matanjaka ny soltana Abdülaziz, izay nanjaka tamin' ny 1861–1876, ka nanorina andian-tsambo lehibe indrindra taorian' ny an' i Britaina sy Frantsa. Nanamboatra ny [[Sambo mpisitrika|sambo mpisitrika]] voalohany tao aminy, ho an' ny Empira Ôtômàna, ny toeram-panamboaran-tsambo tao Barrow, any Angletera, tamin' ny 1886.<ref name="first submarine at shipyard">title: ''Petition created for submarine name''; url: http://www.ellesmereportstandard.co.uk/latest-north-west-news/Petition-created-for-submarine-name.4001190.jp; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20080423225019/http://www.ellesmereportstandard.co.uk/latest-north-west-news/Petition-created-for-submarine-name.4001190.jp; archive-date: 23 April 2008; access-date: 11 February 2013; website: Ellesmere Port Standard.</ref> Tsy afaka nihazona ela ny tanjak' io andian-tsambo io anefa ny toekarena ôtômana izay nirodana. Tsy natokisan' ny soltana Abdülhamid II ireo amiraly niandany tamin' i Midhat Pasha, izay mpanohana fanavaozana, ary nilaza izy fa tsy nisy nilana ilay andian-tsambo lehibe sy nandaniam-bola be rehefa niady tamin' ny Rosiana nandritra ny Ady Rosiana-Tiorka. Nohazoniny tao amin' ny Helodranon' ny Tandroka Volamena ny ankamaroan' ny sambo, ka niharatsy tsikelikely ny sambo tao nandritra ny 30 taona nanaraka. Taorian' ny Revôlisiônan' ny Tiorka Tanora tamin' ny 1908 dia niezaka nanangana tafika an-dranomasina ôtômana matanjaka ny Kômitin' ny Firaisana sy ny Fandrosoana. Natsangana tamin' ny 1910 ny ''Ottoman Navy Foundation'' (Fondasiôna ho an' ny Tafika An-dranomasina Ôtômana) mba hividy sambo vaovao tamin' ny alalan' ny fanomezana avy amin' ny vahoaka. [[File:Turkish pilots in 1912.jpg|thumb|Mpanamory fiaramanidina ôtômana tamin' ny fiandohan' ny 1912.]] Teo anelanelan' ny Jona 1909 sy ny Jolay 1911 no nanombohan' ny fampiasana fiaramanidina ara-tafika ôtômana.<ref>title: ''Story of Turkish Aviation''; url: http://www.turkeyswar.com/aviation/aviation.htm; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20120512225046/http://www.turkeyswar.com/aviation/aviation.htm; archive-date: 12 May 2012; access-date: 6 November 2011; publisher: Turkey in the First World War.</ref><ref>title: ''Founding''; url: http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=19; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20111007104345/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=19; archive-date: 7 October 2011; access-date: 6 November 2011; publisher: Turkish Air Force.</ref> Nanomboka nanomana ny mpanamory sy ny fiaramanidina voalohany tao aminy ny Empira Ôtômàna. Rehefa naorina tao Yeşilköy tamin' ny 3 Jolay 1912 ny Sekolin' ny Fiaramanidina (''Tayyare Mektebi''), dia nanomboka nampiofana ny manamboninahitra mpanamory azy manokana ilay empira. Nanafaingana ny fandrosoan' ny fandaharan' asa momba ny fiaramanidina ara-tafika ny fananganana io sekoly io, nampitombo ny isan' ny miaramila voaray tao amin' ilay sampana, ary nahafahan' ireo mpanamory vaovao nandray anjara mavitrika tao amin' ny tafika an-tanety sy an-dranomasina ôtômana. Tamin' ny Mey 1913 dia natombok' ilay sekoly ny fandaharan' asa voalohany eran-tany natokana ho an' ny fiofanana amin' ny fizahana sy fanangonam-baovao ara-tafika, ary natsangana ny sampan-tafika voalohany misaraka natokana ho amin' izany asa izany. Tamin' ny Jona 1914 dia naorina ny akademia miaramila vaovao iray, dia ny Sekolin' ny Fiaramanidina an-dranomasina (''Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi''). Nitsahatra tampoka ny fanavaozana rehefa nipoaka ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Niady tamin' ny toerana maro ny vondron' ny fiaramanidina ara-tafika ôtômana nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, nanomboka tany Galicia any andrefana ka hatrany Kaokazy any atsinanana sy [[Iemena]] any atsimo. == Fizaram-paritra ara-pitantanana == ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fizaram-paritra ara-pitantanana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' [[File:Ottoman Empire Administrative Divisions.png|thumb|Fizaram-paritra ara-pitantanana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny 1899 (taona 1317 amin' ny fanisan-taona hijiry)]] Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-14 no nizarana voalohany ny Empira Ôtômàna ho faritany, raha ny atao hoe faritany eto dia ireo vondrom-paritra raikitra notantanan' ny governora notendren' ny soltana.<ref name="Imber">Imber, Colin (2002). ''[http://www.fatih.edu.tr/~ayasar/HIST236/Colin%20_Imber.pdf The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power]''. pp. 177–200. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726115700/http://www.fatih.edu.tr/~ayasar/HIST236/Colin%20_Imber.pdf Tahiry]; archive-date: 26 July 2014; url-status: dead.</ref> Ny ''eyalet'', izay nantsoina koa hoe ''pashalik'' na ''beylerbeylik'', dia ny faritany teo ambany fahefan' ny ''beylerbey'', anaram-boninahitra nidika hoe «tompon' ny tompo» na governora. Nozaraina ho vondrom-pitantanana madinika kokoa nantsoina hoe ''sanjak'' indray ny ''eyalet''.<ref>Raymond Detrez; Barbara Segaert (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx8qlWCMC&pg=PA167 Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans]''. Peter Lang, p. 167. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-5201-374-9</nowiki>. access-date: 20 June 2015; [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151700/https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx8qlWCMC&pg=PA167 Tahiry]; archive-date: 14 January 2023; url-status: live.</ref> Nampidirina tamin' ny 1864 ny ''vilayet'', na faritany tao amin' ny rafitra vaovao, tamin' ny famoahana hampanan-kery ny «Lalàna momba ny ''vilayet''» (''Teskil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi'' amin' ny teny tiorka),<ref>Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWceNjwTggUC Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age]''. USAK Books, p. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWceNjwTggUC/page/n153 164]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-605-4030-01-9</nowiki>. access-date: 1 June 2013.</ref> tao anatin' ny fanavaozana nantsoina hoe ''Tanzimat''.<ref name="trt">Maḥmūd Yazbak (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC&pg=PA28 Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition]''. BRILL, p. 28. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-11051-9</nowiki>. access-date: 20 June 2015; [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151700/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haifa_in_the_Late_Ottoman_Period_1864_19/DPseCvbPsKsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA28&printsec=frontcover Tahiry]; archive-date: 14 January 2023; url-status: live.</ref> Tsy nitovy tamin' ny rafitra ''eyalet'' teo aloha ny lalàna tamin' ny 1864, satria nametraka ambaratonga nifampiankinan' ny vondrom-pitantanana izy: ny faritany ''vilayet'', ny zana-paritany nantsoina hoe ''liva''/''sanjak''/''mutasarrifate'', ny fizaram-paritra nantsoina hoe ''kaza'', ary ny filankevitry ny vohitra. Nampian' ny Lalàna momba ny ''vilayet'' tamin' ny 1871 ny fizaram-paritra nantsoina hoe ''nahiye'' izany rafitra izany.<ref name="jpn">Martha Mundy; Richard Saumarez Smith (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=thUKJ53-yyQC&pg=PA50 Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria]''. I.B.Tauris, p. 50. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84511-291-2</nowiki>. access-date: 20 June 2015; [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151700/https://books.google.com/books?id=thUKJ53-yyQC&pg=PA50 Tahiry]; archive-date: 14 January 2023; url-status: live.</ref> == Toekarena == Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny toekaren' ny Empira Ôtômàna. [[File:AydınArchaeologicalMuseum (117).JPG|thumb|Vola madinika avy amin' ny Soltanatan' i Rûm sy ny Empira Ôtômàna ao amin' ny Tranombakoka Arkeôlôjikan' i Aydın|upright=.75]] Ninia nampihatra pôlitika hampandrosoana an' i Bursa sy Edirne ary Istanbul, izay nifandimby ho renivohitra ôtômana, ho foibe lehibe ara-barotra sy ara-indostria ny governemanta ôtômana. Nihevitra izy fa tsy azo ialana ny mpivarotra sy ny mpanao asa tanana mba hamoronana tanàn-dehibe vaovao.<ref name="Inalcik1970209">last: İnalcık; first: Halil; title: ''Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day''; publisher: Oxford University Press; date: 1970; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-713561-7</nowiki>; editor-last: Cook; editor-first: M. A.; page: 209; chapter: ''The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy''; author-link: Halil İnalcık.</ref> Ho fanatrarana izany tanjona izany, dia nampirisika sy nandray tsara ny fifindra-monin' ny Jiosy avy amin' ny faritra samihafa tany Eorôpa koa i Mehmed sy i Bayezid mpandimby azy. Napetraka honina tao Istanbul sy tany amin' ny tanàna misy seranana hafa, toa an' i Salônika, ireo Jiosy ireo. Tany amin' ny toerana maro tany Eorôpa dia niharan' ny fanenjehana nataon' ny Kristiana ny Jiosy, toy ny tany Espaina taorian' ny fiafaran' ny [[Reconquista|famerenan' ny Kristiana ny fanjakazakana tao amin' ny Saikanosy Iberika (''Reconquista'')]]. Nankasitrahan' ireo mpifindra monina ny fandeferana nasehon' ny Tiorka. [[File:Mehmed the Conqueror (1432 –1481).jpg|thumb|Medaly halimo eorôpeana tamin' ny andron' ny soltana Mehmed Mpandresy, 1481|upright=.75]] Nifandray akaiky tamin' ny foto-kevitra fototra momba ny fanjakana sy ny fiarahamonina tany Atsinanana Afovoany ny fomba fisainana ara-toekarena ôtômana. Araka ireo foto-kevitra ireo, dia ny fanamafisana sy ny fanitarana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra no tanjona faratampon' ny fanjakana, ary ny fomba hanatrarana izany dia ny hahazoana loharanom-bola betsaka amin' ny alalan' ny fampiroboroboana ny fari-piainan' ireo sokajin' olona mpamokatra.<ref name="Inalcik1970217">last: İnalcık; first: Halil; title: ''Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day''; publisher: Oxford University Press; date: 1970; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-713561-7</nowiki>; editor-last: Cook; editor-first: M. A.; page: 217; chapter: ''The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy''; author-link: Halil İnalcık.</ref> Ny hampitombo ny fidiram-bolam-panjakana nefa tsy hanimba ny fanambinan' ny olom-peheziny no tanjona farany, mba hisorohana ny fipoiran' ny korontana ara-piarahamonina sy hitazonana tsy hiova ny fandaminana nentim-paharazana teo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Niitatra be ny toekarena ôtômana tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina, ary tena ambony ny tahan' ny fitomboany nandritra ny antsasany voalohan' ny taonjato faha-18. Teo anelanelan' ny taona 1523 sy 1748 dia nitombo ny fidiram-bolan' ny empira isan-taona ka lasa avo efatra heny noho ny teo aloha, rehefa nahitsy mba hanesorana ny vokatry ny fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana ny sandam-bola nampitahaina.<ref>last: Darling; first: Linda; title: ''Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660.''; publisher: E.J. Brill; date: 1996; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-10289-7</nowiki>; pages: 238–239.</ref> Nandroso kokoa noho ny teo amin' ny fitondrana silamo hafa rehetra ny fandaminana ny tahirim-bolam-panjakana sy ny birao nisahana ny fanoratana sy famoahana ny taratasim-panjakana teo ambanin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 dia izy ireo no lohalaharana tamin' ireo rafitra niara-belona taminy rehetra.<ref name="Black-2001">last: Black; first: Antony; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=nspmqLKPU-wC&pg=PA197; title: ''The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present''; publisher: Psychology Press; date: 2001; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-415-93243-1</nowiki>; page: 197; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151700/https://books.google.com/books?id=nspmqLKPU-wC&pg=PA197; url-status: live.</ref> Niteraka vondrona miavaka teo amin' ny fitantanan-draharaha io fandaminana io: ireo mpanoratra taratasim-panjakana, izay nantsoina, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, hoe « olon' ny penina ». Ny ampahany tamin' izy ireo dia manam-pahaizana nahazo fiofanana lalina momba ny finoana sy ny lalàna silamo (''ulama''), ary nivadika ho vondrona matihanina ilay vondrona.<ref name="Black-2001"/> Ny fahombiazan' io vondrona matihanina nisahana ny fitantanam-bola io no tao ambadiky ny fahombiazan' ny mpitondra fanjakana ôtômana lehibe maro.<ref>last1: İnalcık; first1: Halil; title: ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914''; last2: Quataert; first2: Donald; date: 1971; page: 120.</ref> [[File:Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg|thumb|Niorina tamin' ny taona 1856 tao Kônstantinôpôlisy ny Banky Ôtômana. Tamin' ny 26 Aogositra 1896 dia nobodoin' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny Federasiôna Revôlisiônera Armeniana ilay banky.|upright=.75]] Asehon' ny fikarohana môderina momba ny Ôtômana fa ny fisokafan' ny lalan-dranomasina vaovao no nahatonga ny fiovan' ny fifandraisana teo amin' ny Tiorka ôtômana sy i Eorôpa Afovoany. Azo heverina ho niara-niseho tamin' ny fitontonganan' ny Empira Ôtômàna mihitsy ny fihenan' ny lanjan' ny lalana an-tanety mankany Atsinanana, rehefa nanokatra lalana namakivaky ny ranomasimbe tsy nandalo an' i Atsinanana Afovoany sy ny Ranomasina Mediteranea i Eorôpa Andrefana.<ref>Donald Quataert, ''The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922'' (2005) p 24</ref> Azo raisina ho iray amin' ny dingana tao anatin' izany fiovana izany ny fifanarahana anglisy-ôtômana, fantatra koa amin' ny hoe Fifanarahan' i Balta Liman, izay nanokatra mivantana ny tsena ôtômana ho an' ny mpifaninana anglisy sy frantsay. Nanatanteraka ny andraikitra fototra ara-toekarena tao amin' ny empira ny fanjakana tamin' ny fampandrosoana ny foibe sy ny lalam-barotra, ny fampirisihana ny olona hanitatra ny velaran' ny tany nambolena tao amin' ny firenena, ary ny fampirisihana ny varotra iraisam-pirenena namakivaky ireo tany nofeheziny. Na izany aza, ny tombontsoa ara-bola sy ara-pôlitikan' ny fanjakana no nanjaka tamin' izany rehetra izany. Tao anatin' ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pôlitika niainan' ny mpitantana ôtômana, dia tsy hitan' izy ireo izay maha mahasoa ny fomba fiasana sy ny foto-kevitry ny toekarena kapitalista sy ny toekarena mifototra amin' ny varotra izay nivoatra tany Eorôpa Andrefana.<ref name="Inalcik1970218">last: İnalcık; first: Halil; title: ''Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day''; publisher: Oxford University Press; date: 1970; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-713561-7</nowiki>; editor-last: Cook; editor-first: M. A.; page: 218; chapter: ''The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy''; author-link: Halil İnalcık.</ref> Milaza i Paul Bairoch, mpahay tantara ara-toekarena, fa nandray anjara tamin' ny fihenan' ny indostria tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna ny varotra malalaka. Tsy tahaka an' i Sina sy i Japàna ary i Espaina izay nampihatra pôlitika niaro ny famokarana anatiny tamin' ny fifaninanana avy any ivelany, dia nanana pôlitika nampalalaka ny varotra sy nisokatra tamin' ny fanafarana entana avy any ivelany ny Empira Ôtômàna. Niainga tamin' ireo fifanarahana ôtômana nanome tombontsoa manokana ho an' ny vahiny izany. Efa tany amin' ireo fifanarahana ara-barotra voalohany nosoniavina tamin' i Frantsa tamin' ny taona 1536 no niandohan' ireo, ary nohalalinina tamin' ireo fifanarahana nanome tombontsoa manokana tamin' ny taona 1673 sy 1740, izay nampidina ny haba ho 3% ho an' ny entana nafarana sy naondrana. Noderain' ny mpahay toekarena britanika ireo pôlitika ôtômana nampalalaka ny varotra ireo, toa an' i John Ramsay McCulloch tao amin' ny bokiny ''Dictionary of Commerce'' (1834). Notsikerain' ny mpanao pôlitika britanika anefa izany tatỳ aoriana, toa an' ny praiminisitra Benjamin Disraeli, izay nanonona ny Empira Ôtômàna ho « ohatra iray amin' ny fahavoazana ateraky ny fifaninanana tsy voafehy », araka ny fandikana malagasy ny teniny, nandritra ny adihevitra tamin' ny taona 1846 momba ireo lalàna momba ny varimbazaha sy ny voamadinika.<ref>last: Paul Bairoch; title: ''Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes''; publisher: University of Chicago Press; date: 1995; pages: 31–32; author-link: Paul Bairoch.</ref> == Mponina == Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mponina tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. [[File:Ottoman Smyrna.jpg|thumb|[[Izmir|İzmir]] teo ambany fitondrana ôtômana tamin' ny taona 1900]] Tombanana ho 11&nbsp;692&nbsp;480 ny isan' ny mponina tao amin' ilay empira nandritra ny taona 1520–1535. Ny fanisana ireo tokantrano voarakitra tao amin' ny bokin' ny ampahafolon-karena ôtômana sy ny fampitomboana dimy ny isa azo tamin' izany no nahazoana io tombana io.<ref name="Kabadayı"/> Noho ny antony tsy mazava, dia vitsy kokoa ny mponina tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 noho ny tamin' ny taonjato faha-16.<ref>last: Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi; date: October 1979; title: ''Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550–1620''; journal: ''Middle Eastern Studies''; volume: 15; issue: 3; pages: 322–345; doi: 10.1080/00263207908700415.</ref> Heverina ho ambany lavitra noho ny tena isan' ny mponina ny tombana 7&nbsp;230&nbsp;660 tamin' ny fanisam-bahoaka voalohany natao tamin' ny taona 1831, satria ny fisoratana anarana ireo olona mety halaina hanao raharaha miaramila an-tery ihany no nokendren' io fanisana io.<ref name="Kabadayı"/> Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-19 vao nanomboka ny fanisam-bahoaka tany amin' ny tanin' ny Ôtômàna. Misy ny isa azo raisina ho vokatra ôfisialin' ny fanisam-bahoaka nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1831, nefa tsy nahafaoka ny mponina rehetra ireo fanisana ireo. Ny fanisana tamin' ny taona 1831, ohatra, dia ny lehilahy ihany no nisainy sady tsy nahafaoka ny empira manontolo.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-005" /><ref name="Kabadayı">last: Kabadayı; first: M. Erdem; date: 28 October 2011; title: ''Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic''; url: http://www.iisg.nl/research/labourcollab/turkey.pdf; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20111028114335/http://www.iisg.nl/research/labourcollab/turkey.pdf; archive-date: 28 October 2011; publisher: Istanbul Bilgi University.</ref> Ho an' ireo vanim-potoana talohan' izany kosa, dia mifototra amin' ny fironana hita teo amin' ny fiovan' ny mponina ny fanombanana ny isany sy ny fiparitahany.<ref>last: Shaw; first: S. J.; title: ''The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914''; journal: ''International Journal of Middle East Studies''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; date: 1978; volume: 9; issue: 3; page: 325; doi: 10.1017/S0020743800033602; s2cid: 161326705; quote: The Ottomans developed an efficient system for counting the empire's population in 1826, a quarter of a century after such methods were introduced in Britain, France and America..</ref> [[File:Aerial view of the Galata Bridge, Istanbul LCCN2003677084.jpg|thumb|Fijery an' i Galata (Karaköy) sy ny tetezan' i Galata ao Golden Horn, manodidina ny taona 1880–1893]] Nanomboka nitombo indray anefa ny isan' ny mponina, ka nahatratra 25–32&nbsp;tapitrisa tamin' ny taona 1800. Manodidina ny 10&nbsp;tapitrisa no tany amin' ny faritany eorôpeana, indrindra tany Balkana, 11&nbsp;tapitrisa tany amin' ny faritany aziatika, ary manodidina ny 3&nbsp;tapitrisa tany amin' ny faritany afrikanina. Ambony kokoa ny hakitroky ny mponina tany amin' ny faritany eorôpeana, ka avo roa heny noho ny tany Anatôlia. Ny hakitroky ny mponina tany Anatôlia kosa dia avo telo heny noho ny tany Iràka sy [[Siria]], ary avo dimy heny noho ny tany Arabia.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-025">[[#CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000|Quataert sy Spivey (2000)]], pp. 110–111.</ref> Tany amin' ny faramparan' ny nisian' ilay empira, dia 49 taona ny halavan' ny fiainana antenaina ho an' ny olona iray, raha dimy amby roapolo taona teo ho eo izany tany Serbia tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-026">[[#CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000|Quataert sy Spivey (2000)]], p. 112.</ref> Niteraka fikorontanana lehibe sy fiovana teo amin' ny mponina ny valanaretina sy ny mosary. Tamin' ny taona 1785 dia manodidina ny ampahenin' ny mponina tany Ejipta no matin' ny pesta (na areti-mifindra mahafaty), ary nihena 20 isan-jato ny isan' ny mponina tao Aleppo nandritra ny taonjato faha-18. I Ejipta irery dia tratran' ny mosary inenina teo anelanelan' ny taona 1687 sy 1731, ary efapolo taona taorian' izany no nitrangan' ny mosary farany tany Anatôlia.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-027">[[#CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000|Quataert sy Spivey (2000)]], p. 113.</ref> Olona 300&nbsp;000 fara fahakeliny no namoy ny ainy tamin' ny valanaretina pesta tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny taona 1812–1819.<ref>last1: Chase-Levenson; first1: Alex; title: ''The Yellow Flag: Quarantine and the British Mediterranean World, 1780–1860''; date: 2020; publisher: Cambridge University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-108-48554-8</nowiki>; page: 31; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=zHzUDwAAQBAJ&q=1812++ottoman+plague&pg=PA31; access-date: 15 March 2020; language: en.</ref> Niaraka tamin' ny fisandratan' ny tanàna misy seranan-tsambo ny fivangongoan' ny mponina vokatry ny fivoaran' ny sambo mandeha amin' ny etona sy ny lalamby. Nitombo ny fifantohan' ny mponina an-tanàn-dehibe teo anelanelan' ny taona 1700 sy 1922, sady nihalehibe ny tanàna madinika sy ny tanàn-dehibe. Nanjary nahasarika kokoa ny olona honina sy hiasa tao amin' ireny tanàna ireny ny fanatsarana ny fahasalamana sy ny fahadiovana. Tao amin' ny tanàna misy seranan-tsambo toa an' i Tesalônika, any Grisia, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 55&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 1800 ho 160&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 1912 ny mponina; tao İzmir kosa, izay nisy mponina 150&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 1800, dia nitombo ho 300&nbsp;000 izany tamin' ny taona 1914.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-028">[[#CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000|Quataert sy Spivey (2000)]], p. 114.</ref><ref>last: Pamuk; first: S; date: August 1991; title: ''The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century''; journal: ''International Journal of Middle East Studies''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; volume: 23; issue: 3.</ref> Nisy faritra sasany kosa nihena mponina: tao Belgrade dia nidina avy amin' ny 25&nbsp;000 ho 8&nbsp;000 ny isan' ny mponina, noho ny fifandirana ara-pôlitika indrindra.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-028" /> [[File:20180107_Safranbolu_1945_(39101010504).jpg|thumb|Ny tanànan' i Safranbolu dia iray amin' ireo vohitra ôtômana voatahiry tsara indrindra.]] Nisy fiantraikany nanerana ilay empira ny fifindra-monina noho ny antony ara-toekarena sy ara-pôlitika. Ohatra, rehefa nampidirin' ny [[Empira Rosiana]] ho ao amin' ny taniny i Krimea, ary nampidirin' i Aotrisy teo ambany fitondran' ny Habsborga ho ao amin' ny taniny ny faritra tany Balkana, dia nisy mpitsoa-ponenana silamo maro tonga: Tatara avy any Krimea miisa 200&nbsp;000 no nandositra nankany Dobruja.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-030">[[#CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000|Quataert sy Spivey (2000)]], p. 115.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny taona 1783 sy 1913 dia mpitsoa-ponenana 5–7&nbsp;tapitrisa teo ho eo no tonga tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1850 sy ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany dia silamo avy any Kaokazy Avaratra iray tapitrisa teo ho eo no tonga tao amin' ilay empira ho mpitsoa-ponenana.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-019" /> Nisy fifindra-monina namela vokany maharitra, toy ny fifanenjanana ara-pôlitika teo amin' ny faritra sasany tao amin' ilay empira, ohatra i Torkia sy i Bolgaria. Tany amin' ny faritany hafa kosa dia nisy vokatra nanosika hisaraka tamin' ny foibe, ka lasa tsy dia maro karazana intsony ny firafitry ny mponina izay maro karazana teo aloha. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny toekarena koa ny fahaverezan' ny mpanao asa tanana, ny mpivarotra, ny mpanamboatra entana ary ny mpamboly.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-032">[[#CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000|Quataert sy Spivey (2000)]], p. 116.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia ampahany betsaka tamin' ny vahoaka silamo tany Balkana no nifindra monina nankany amin' ny tany misy an' i Torkia ankehitriny. Antsoina hoe ''Muhacir'' ireo olona ireo.<ref>last: McCarthy; first: Justin; title: ''Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922''; publisher: Darwin Press; date: 1995; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-87850-094-9</nowiki>; page: tsy voafaritra (fanamarihana tao amin' ny loharano: February 2013).</ref> Tamin' ny nifaranan' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny taona 1922, dia taranaky ny mpitsoa-ponenana silamo avy any Rosia ny antsasaky ny mponina an-tanàn-dehibe tany Torkia.<ref name="books.google_b"/> === Fiteny === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fiteny tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. [[File:1911 Ottoman Calendar.jpg|thumb|upright|Kalandrie ôtômana tamin' ny taona 1911 ahitana fiteny maro samihafa, toy ny teny tiorka ôtômana, grika, armeniana, hebreo, bolgara ary frantsay.]] Ny [[Fiteny tiorka ôtômana|fiteny tiorka ôtômana]] no fiteny ôfisialin' ilay empira.<ref>article: 18; polity: the Ottoman Empire; date: 1876.</ref> Fiteny ao amin' ny sampana [[Fiteny ôgoza|ôgoza]] amin' ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tiorkika|fianakaviam-piteny tiorka]] izy io, ary voataonan' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persiana]] sy ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] tokoa. Na izany aza, ny endri-piteny tsotra nampiasain' ny sarambabem-bahoaka dia tsy dia voataonan' ny fiteny hafa tahaka ny endri-piteny mihaja nampiasain' ny saranga ambony sy ny manam-pahefam-panjakana.<ref><span id="CITEREFDavison1964"></span>last: Davison; first: Roderic H.; date: 31 December 1964; title: ''Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876''; url: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400878765; doi: 10.1515/9781400878765; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4008-7876-5</nowiki>; quote: There was the ruling Ottoman group, now largely concentrated in the bureaucracy centered on the Sublime Porte, and the mass of the people, mostly peasants. The efendi looked down on "the Turk," which was a term of opprobrium indicating boorishness, and preferred to think of himself as an Osmanli. His country was not Turkey, but the Ottoman State. His language was also "Ottoman"; though he might also call it "Turkish," in such a case he distinguished it from ''kaba türkçe'', or coarse Turkish, the common speech. His writing included a minimum of Turkish words, except for particles and auxiliary verbs.; access-date: 22 July 2021; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151544/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400878765/html; url-status: live.</ref> Efa hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny fanjakana ôtômana no nampiasana ny teny tiorka, tamin' ny endriny ôtômana, teo amin' ny tafika sy ny fitantanan-draharaha. Ny lalàmpanorenana ôtômana tamin' ny taona 1876 no nanamafy tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny satan' ny teny tiorka ho fiteny ôfisialin' ilay empira.<ref>date: 1908; title: ''The Ottoman Constitution, promulgated the seventh Zilbridge, 1293 (11/23 December 1876)''; journal: ''The American Journal of International Law''; volume: 2; issue: 4; page: 376; doi: 10.2307/2212668; jstor: 2212668; s2cid: 246006581.</ref> Nisy fiteny maro nanana toerana lehibe teo amin' ny Ôtômana: ny teny tiorka, izay notenenin' ny ankamaroan' ny mponina tao Anatôlia sy ny ankamaroan' ny silamo tao amin' ny Balkana, afa-tsy tany amin' ny faritra sasany toa an' i Albania, i Bôsnia<ref name="Bertold Spuler page 69">last: Bertold Spuler; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&pg=PA69; title: ''Persian Historiography And Geography''; publisher: Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd; date: 2003; isbn: <nowiki>978-9971-77-488-2</nowiki>; page: 69; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151701/https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&pg=PA69; url-status: live.</ref> ary i Nânti, izay nonenan' ny Megleno-Romaniana;<ref>last: Kahl; first: Thede; author-link: Thede Kahl; date: 2006; title: ''The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey''; volume: 34; pages: 71–90; journal: ''Nationalities Papers''; issue: 1; url: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/islamisation-of-the-meglen-vlachs-meglenoromanians-the-village-of-nanti-notia-and-the-nantinets-in-presentday-turkey/5F6519A83C83DD0B9728A22F58100384; doi: 10.1080/00905990500504871; s2cid: 161615853; access-date: 19 May 2021; archive-date: 15 April 2021; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20210415153900/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/islamisation-of-the-meglen-vlachs-meglenoromanians-the-village-of-nanti-notia-and-the-nantinets-in-presentday-turkey/5F6519A83C83DD0B9728A22F58100384; url-status: live; url-access: subscription.</ref> ny teny persiana, izay ny nahita fianarana ihany no niteny azy;<ref name="Bertold Spuler page 69"/> ny teny arabo, izay notenenina indrindra tany Ejipta, tao amin' ny [[Ampiposahana (faritra)|Levant]], tany Arabia, tany Iràka, tany Afrika Avaratra, tany Kôety ary tany amin' ny faritra sasany amin' ny [[Tandrok' i Afrika]]; ary ny teny berbera, tany Afrika Avaratra. Tao anatin' ny taonjato roa farany nisian' ilay empira anefa, dia nanjary voafetra kokoa sady natokana ho an' ny sehatra sasany ny fampiasana ireo fiteny ireo: ny teny persiana dia nampiasain' ny nahita fianarana indrindra teo amin' ny haisoratra,<ref name="Bertold Spuler page 69"/> fa ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] kosa nampiasaina tamin' ny vavaka silamo. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana taorian' ny ''Tanzimat'' dia ny teny frantsay no lasa fiteny tandrefana fampiasa teo amin' ny nahita fianarana.<ref name="Strauss-2010"/> Noho ny fahavitsian' ny olona nahay namaky teny sy nanoratra teo amin' ny vahoaka (tokony ho 2–3% hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19, ary tokony ho 15% monja tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-19), dia voatery nanakarama mpanoratra ho mpanoratra fangatahana manokana (''arzuhâlci'') ny olon-tsotra mba hahafahany mifandray amin' ny governemanta.<ref>last: Kemal H. Karpat; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=082osLxyBDgC&pg=PA266; title: ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays''; publisher: Brill; date: 2002; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-12101-0</nowiki>; page: 266; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151701/https://books.google.com/books?id=082osLxyBDgC&pg=PA266; url-status: live.</ref> Nisy vondrom-poko mbola nampiasa ny fiteniny tao amin' ny fianakaviany sy ny faritra nisy ny mpiara-monina taminy (''mahalle''), na dia maro tamin' ny olona tao amin' ny vondrona vitsy anisa tsy silamo, toy ny Grika sy ny Armeniana, aza no tsy niteny afa-tsy ny teny tiorka.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-033">[[#CITEREFDavison1964|Davison (1964)]], p. 62 It was true also that there was a partial linguistic amalgam of the peoples in the empire. Many Greeks and Armenians did not know their national languages and spoke Turkish alone, though they wrote it in Greek and Armenian characters.</ref> Tao amin' ny vohitra niarahan' ny vahoaka roa na maro kokoa nonina, dia matetika ny mponina no niteny ny fitenin' ny andaniny avy. Tao amin' ny tanàna nonenan' ny olona samy hafa fiaviana, dia matetika ny olona no nampiasa ny fitenin' ny fianakaviany; tany amin' ny tanàna sasany, dia maro tamin' ireo tsy anisan' ny [[Tiorka (vahoaka)|vahoaka tiorka]] no niteny tiorka ho fiteny faharoa. Tsy ny tanàna rehetra anefa no nampiasa ny teny tiorka ho fiteny iombonan' ny olona samy hafa fiteny.<ref>last: Strauss; first: Johann; date: January 3, 2012; title: ''Linguistic diversity and everyday life in the Ottoman cities of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans(late 19th–early 20th century)''; url: https://www.academia.edu/81119204; journal: ''The History of the Family''; volume: 16; issue: 2; publisher: Informa UK Limited; pages: 126–141; doi: 10.1016/j.hisfam.2011.04.002; access-date: December 13, 2025.</ref> === Fivavahana === Jereo koa ny rafitry ny vondrom-piarahamonina ara-pivavahana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna (''millet''). [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|I Abdülmecid II no [[Kalifata|kalifa]] farany teo amin' ny finoana silamo, ary anisan' ny tarana-mpanjaka ôtômana.]] Ny [[Sonisma|finoana silamo sonita]] no ''Dīn'' — izany hoe fitambaran' ny fomba amam-panao, ny fomba nentim-paharazana ara-dalàna ary ny fivavahana — nanjaka indrindra tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Ny ''Hanafi'' no ''Madh'hab'' ôfisialy, izany hoe sekoly arahina amin' ny fandinihana sy fandikana ny lalàna silamo.<ref name="Gunduz">Gunduz, Sinasi ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4BXsV0_qhs4C&pg=PA104 Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141240/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BXsV0_qhs4C&pg=PA104&lpg#v Tahiry tamin' ny 1 November 2022] Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–05</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nitana ny toeran' ny [[Kalifata|kalifa]], na mpitarika ara-pôlitika sy ara-pivavahana teo amin' ny tontolo silamo, koa ny soltana ôtômana. Ny ankamaroan' ny soltana ôtômana dia nanaraka ny [[Sofisma (silamo)|fomba fiainam-panahy silamo atao hoe ''Sufism'']] sy ny fikambanana mpanaraka io fomba fiainam-panahy io, ary nino fa io no lalana marina hanatonana an' Andriamanitra.<ref>last: Yılmaz; first: Hüseyin; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=KvbWDgAAQBAJ; title: ''Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought''; date: 8 January 2018; publisher: Princeton University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4008-8804-7</nowiki>; language: en; access-date: 16 September 2020; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151656/https://books.google.com/books?id=KvbWDgAAQBAJ; archive-date: 14 January 2023; url-status: live.</ref> Nisy tsy silamo, indrindra fa ny Kristiana sy ny Jiosy, nandritra ny tantaran' ilay empira manontolo. Nampiavaka ny rafi-panjakana ôtômana ny fifangaroana sarotra teo amin' ny fanjakazakana ôfisialin' ny Silamo tamin' ny tsy silamo sy ny fandeferana lehibe teo amin' ny lafiny ara-pivavahana. Tsy nitovy zo teo anatrehan' ny lalàna mihitsy ny vondrona ara-pivavahana vitsy anisa sy ny Silamo, kanefa nomena fankatoavana, fiarovana ary fahafahana voafetra izy ireo, araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana silamo sy ôtômana.<ref name="emigrnonm" /> Kristiana ny ankamaroan' ny vahoaka teo ambany fahefan' ny Ôtômana hatramin' ny tapany faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-15.<ref name="Benton-2001" /> Mbola vondrona vitsy anisa nanan-danja sy nanana hery teo amin' ny toekarena ny tsy silamo, na dia nihena be aza izy ireo rehefa tonga ny taonjato faha-19, indrindra noho ny fifindra-monina sy ny fisarahan' ny faritra sasany tamin' ny empira.<ref name="emigrnonm" /> Nahatratra 60% tamin' ny mponina ny Silamo tamin' ny taona 1820–1829; nitombo tsikelikely izany ampahany izany ka nahatratra 69% tamin' ny taona 1870–1879 ary 76% tamin' ny taona 1890–1899.<ref name="emigrnonm" /> Tamin' ny 1914, dia latsaky ny ampahadimin' ny mponina tao amin' ilay empira (19.1%) ny tsy silamo, ka ny ankamaroany dia Jiosy sy Kristiana grika, asirianina ary armeniana.<ref name="emigrnonm">last1: İçduygu; first1: Ahmet; last2: Toktaş; first2: Şule; last3: Ali Soner; first3: B.; date: 1 February 2008; title: ''The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey''; journal: ''Ethnic and Racial Studies''; volume: 31; issue: 2; pages: 358–389; doi: 10.1080/01419870701491937; hdl: 11729/308; s2cid: 143541451.</ref> ==== Silamo ==== Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ny finoana silamo tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, [[Kalifata Ôtômana|Ny kalifata ôtômana]] ary Ny fanenjehan' ny Ôtômana ny Alevi. Jereo koa: Ny finoana silamo ao Torkia. Nanaraka karazana [[Samanisma|fivavahana ifandraisana amin' ny fanahy amin' ny alalan' ny mpanelanelana]] (''shamanism'') ireo [[Tiorkika (vahoaka)|vahoaka miteny amin' ny fianakaviam-piteny tiorkika]] talohan' ny nandraisany ny finoana silamo. Nanamora ny fielezan' ny finoana silamo tany amin' ny faritra fototra nonenan' ireo vahoaka ireo tany Azia Afovoany ny fandresen' ny silamo sy ny nakany an' i Transoxiana teo ambany fitondran' ny [[Kalifata Abasida|kalifata Abbasid]]. Foko tiorkika maro, anisan' izany ny [[Ôgoza (vahoaka)|Tiorka Oghuz]], izay razamben' ny Seljuks sy ny Ôtômana, no niova tsikelikely ho amin' ny finoana silamo ary nitondra izany fivavahana izany tany Anatôlia tamin' ny fifindra-moniny nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-11. Hatramin' ny niorenany, dia nanohana tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny sekoly Maturidi momba ny fandalinana ny finoana silamo ny Empira Ôtômàna. Nanantitrantitra ny fahaizan' ny olombelona misaina, ny fanjohian-kevitra mirindra, ny fikatsahana fahalalana ara-tsiansa ary ny filôzôfia silamo (''falsafa'') io sekoly io.<ref>Alpyağıl, Recep (28 November 2016). "''[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0232.xml Māturīdī]''". ''Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies''. [[Oxford]]: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0232. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017.</ref><ref>url: http://nationalinterest.org/feature/turkeys-200-year-war-against-isis-13412; website: The National Interest; title: ''Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS&#39;''; first1: Selim; last1: Koru; url-status: live; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131711/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/turkeys-200-year-war-against-isis-13412; archive-date: 6 February 2018; date: 24 July 2015.</ref> Anisan' ireo nandray voalohany indrindra sy tamin-kafanam-po indrindra ny sekoly Hanafi momba ny fandinihana sy fampiharana ny lalàna silamo ny Ôtômana.<ref>first: John L.; last: Esposito; date: 1999; title: ''The Oxford History of Islam''; publisher: Oxford University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-510799-9</nowiki>; pages: 112–14; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA112; access-date: 16 November 2023; archive-date: 21 November 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20231121145710/https://books.google.com/books?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA112; url-status: live.</ref> Malefaka kokoa raha oharina amin' ny hafa io sekoly io ary namela fahalalahana bebe kokoa handanjalanja arakaraka ny toe-javatra tamin' ny famoahana didy.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4BXsV0_qhs4C&pg=PA104 Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141240/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BXsV0_qhs4C&pg=PA104&lpg#v Tahiry tamin' ny 1 November 2022] Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, p.104-105</ref><ref>[http://www.mei.edu/content/map/salafism-infiltrates-turkish-religious-discourse Middle East Institute: "''Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse''" by Andrew Hammond], 22 July 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807091143/http://www.mei.edu/content/map/salafism-infiltrates-turkish-religious-discourse Tahiry tamin' ny 7 August 2018].</ref> [[File:Istanbul asv2021-10 img15 Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque.jpg|thumb|Ny môskea Yıldız Hamidiye ao [[Istanbul]], any Torkia. Sary: A.Savin, Wikipedia]] Nisy sampam-pinoana silamo maro samihafa tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, anisan' izany ny mpanaraka ny fampianarana ''[[Droza|Druze]]'', ''Ismaili'', ''Alevi'' ary ''Alawite''.<ref>title: ''Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism''; work: ''BBC News''; url: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22770219; date: 4 June 2013; first1: Mark; last1: Urban; access-date: 5 June 2013; archive-date: 6 June 2013; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130606173420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22770219; url-status: live.</ref> Niroborobo tany amin' ny tanin' ny Ôtômana ny ''[[Sofisma (silamo)|Sufism]]'', izay ahitana fomba maro samihafa amin' ny [[Mistisisma|fikatsahana fifandraisana mivantana sy lalina amin' Andriamanitra]] ao amin' ny finoana silamo. Fikambanana ara-pivavahana maro nanaraka izany fomba izany, antsoina hoe ''tariqa'', toy ny fikambanana Bektashi sy ny fikambanana Mevlevi, no naorina na nitombo be nandritra ny tantaran' ny empira.<ref>title: ''Sufism in the Ottoman Empire Research Papers''; url: https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire; access-date: 23 March 2022; website: Academia.edu; archive-date: 23 March 2022; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20220323021442/https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire; url-status: live.</ref> Nisy anefa ireo vondrona silamo nanana fampianarana niavaka tamin' ny fampianarana nekena izay noheverina ho nivadi-pinoana, ary ambany kokoa noho ny Jiosy sy ny Kristiana mihitsy aza ny fiarovana nomen' ny lalàna azy ireo. Matetika ny mpanaraka ny finoana ''Druze'' no niharan' ny fanenjehana,<ref>last: C. Tucker; first: Spencer C.; title: ''Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]''; publisher: ABC-CLIO; date: 2019; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4408-5353-1</nowiki>; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=PkTPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364; pages: 364–366; access-date: 13 February 2024; archive-date: 23 April 2024; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20240423220418/https://books.google.com/books?id=PkTPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364; url-status: live.</ref> ka matetika ny manam-pahefana ôtômana no naka ho fanohanana izany ireo didy niteraka adihevitra navoakan' i Ibn Taymiyya, izay anisan' ny sekoly Hanbali nifikitra tamin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana.<ref>last: S. Swayd; first: Samy; title: ''The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography''; publisher: University of Michigan Press; date: 2009; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-9662932-0-3</nowiki>; page: 25.</ref> Tamin' ny 1514 dia nandidy ny famonoana faobe Alevi 40 000 tao Anatôlia (''Qizilbash'') ny soltana Selim I. Noheveriny ho vondrona tao anatin' ny empira niasa ho an' ny fahavalo izy ireo, dia ny [[Empira Safavida|Empira Safavid]] mpifaninana taminy. Nandritra ny fitondran' i Selim, dia niitatra haingana sy mbola tsy nisy toy izany tany Atsinanana Afovoany ny Empira Ôtômàna, indrindra tamin' ny nakany ny soltanata mamloka manontolo tao Ejipta tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-16. Vao mainka nanamafy ny filazan' ny Ôtômana fa [[Kalifata|kalifata silamo]] ny fanjakany ireo fakana tany ireo, na dia efa nitaky ny anaram-boninahitra hoe kalifa aza ireo soltana ôtômana hatramin' ny fitondran' i Murad I (1362–1389).<ref name="Lambton-1995" /> Nafindra tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy avy tamin' ny Mamloka ho amin' ny soltanata ôtômana ny kalifata tamin' ny 1517. Nekena ho kalifa ireo mpikambana tao amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka ôtômana mandra-pahatongan' ny fanafoanana izany andraikitra izany tamin' ny 3 Martsa 1924 nataon' ny Repoblikan' i Torkia, sy ny nanaovana sesitany tany Frantsa an' i Abdülmecid II, kalifa farany. ==== Kristianisma sy jodaisma ==== Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Kristianisma tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna sy Tantaran' ny Jiosy tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Araka ny rafitra silamo momba ny ''dhimmi'', izany hoe ny tsy silamo manana sata voaaro, dia niantoka fahalalahana voafetra ho an' ny Kristiana sy ny Jiosy ary ny « [[Olon' ny Boky|vahoakan' ny Boky Masina]] » hafa ny Empira Ôtômàna. Anisan' izany ny zo hanatanteraka ny fivavahany sy hanana fananana ary ny tsy fandoavana ny ''[[Asa fiantrana (silamo)|zakat]]'', na fiantrana tsy maintsy omen' ny Silamo. Nisy anefa fameperana ara-dalàna isan-karazany nihatra tamin' ny tsy silamo, na ''dhimmi'': voarara tamin' izy ireo ny nitondra fitaovam-piadiana, ny nitaingin-tsoavaly, na ny nanana trano nanerinerina teo ambonin' ny tranon' ny Silamo. Tsy maintsy nandoa hetra ambony kokoa noho ny olom-pehezina silamo koa izy ireo, anisan' izany ny ''jizya'', na hetra nampandoavina ny tsy silamo, izay anisan' ny loharanom-bola lehibe ho an' ny fanjakana.<ref>Peri, Oded (1990). "''The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem''". In Gilbar, Gad (ed.). ''Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 287. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-07785-0</nowiki>. <q>the ''jizya'' was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.</q></ref><ref>last: Akçam; first: Taner; title: ''A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility''; title-link: A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility; publisher: Metropolitan Books; date: 2006; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8050-7932-6</nowiki>; location: New York; page: [https://archive.org/details/shamefulactarmen00ak/page/24 24]; author-link: Taner Akçam.</ref> Maro ny Kristiana sy ny Jiosy niova finoana ho silamo mba hahazo sata feno teo amin' ny fiarahamonina sy teo anatrehan' ny lalàna, na dia mbola nanohy nanatanteraka ny finoany tsy nisy fameperana aza ny ankamaroany. Namolavola rafitra manokana ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pôlitika antsoina hoe ''millet'', na vondrom-piarahamonina ara-pivavahana mizaka tena, ny Ôtômana. Nomen' io rafitra io fizakantena lehibe teo amin' ny lafiny pôlitika sy lalàna ary fivavahana ireo vondrom-piarahamonina tsy silamo. Raha ny votoatin' izany, dia olom-pehezin' ny empira ny mpikambana tao amin' ny ''millet'', nefa tsy teo ambany fifehezan' ny finoana silamo na ny lalàna silamo. Afaka nitantana ny raharahany manokana ny ''millet'', toy ny famoriana hetra sy ny fandaminana ny fifanolanana ara-dalàna teo anivon' ny vondrom-piarahamonina, ary kely ny fitsabahan' ny manam-pahefana ôtômana na tsy nisy mihitsy, raha mbola tsy nivadika tamin' ny soltana ny mpikambana tao aminy sady nanaraka ny fitsipika momba ny ''dhimmi''. Ohatra iray maneho tsara izany ny vondrom-piarahamonina ôrtôdôksa efa tranainy teo amin' ny Tendrombohitra Athos. Navela hihazona ny fizakantenany izy io ary tsy niharan' ny fibodoana na fanerena hiova finoana na oviana na oviana; nisy lalàna manokana mihitsy navoaka mba hiarovana azy tamin' ny olona avy any ivelan' ilay vondrom-piarahamonina.<ref>agency: Associated Press; date: 21 October 2022; title: ''Greek monastery manuscripts tell new story of Ottoman rule''; language: en; work: ''NPR''; url: https://www.npr.org/2022/10/21/1130424515/greek-monastery-manuscripts-tell-new-story-of-ottoman-rule; access-date: 24 October 2022; archive-date: 24 October 2022; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20221024010806/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/21/1130424515/greek-monastery-manuscripts-tell-new-story-of-ottoman-rule; url-status: live.</ref> Ny ''Rum Millet'', ilay vondrom-piarahamonina nahitana ny ankamaroan' ny Kristiana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana, dia nofehezin' ny ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' (Fehezan-dalànan' i Justinian), izay avy tamin' ny vanim-potoana bizantina. Notendrena ho fahefana ambony indrindra teo amin' ny lafiny fivavahana sy pôlitika tao aminy ny patriarka ekiomenikan' i Kônstantinôpôlisy, nantsoina hoe ''millet-bashi'', na mpitarika ny vondrom-piarahamonina. Toy izany koa, teo ambany fahefan' ny ''Haham Başı'', na raby lehiben' ny Empira Ôtômàna, ny Jiosy ôtômana, fa ny [[Armeniana (vahoaka)|Armeniana]] kosa teo ambany fahefan' ny eveka lehiben' ny [[Fiangonana Apôstôlika Armeniana]].<ref name="Syed-2011">last: Syed; first: Muzaffar Husain; title: ''A Concise History of Islam''; date: 2011; publisher: Vij Books India; isbn: <nowiki>978-93-81411-09-4</nowiki>; location: New Delhi; page: 97.</ref> Noho izy vondrona lehibe indrindra tamin' ny olom-pehezina tsy silamo, dia nanana tombontsoa manokana maromaro teo amin' ny pôlitika sy ny varotra ny ''Rum Millet''. Maro ihany koa anefa ny Jiosy sy ny Armeniana teo amin' ny sarangan' ny mpivarotra mpanankarena sy teo amin' ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana.<ref>last: Krummerich; first: Sean; date: 1998–1999; title: ''The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula''; url: http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1998-9/Krummerich.htm; url-status: dead; journal: ''The Student Historical Journal''; publisher: Loyola University New Orleans; volume: 30; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20090610014150/http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1998-9/Krummerich.htm; archive-date: 10 June 2009; access-date: 11 February 2013.</ref><ref>title: ''Turkish Toleration''; url: http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20010320091629/http://globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html; archive-date: 20 March 2001; access-date: 11 February 2013; publisher: The American Forum for Global Education.</ref> Misy manam-pahaizana amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina mihevitra ny rafitra ''millet'' ho ohatra tany am-boalohany amin' ny fanekena ny fisian' ny fivavahana maro miara-monina, satria nanome fankatoavana ôfisialy ireo vondrom-pivavahana vitsy anisa izy io ary namela azy ireo hanaraka ny finoany.<ref>last: Sachedina; first: Abdulaziz Abdulhussein; url: https://archive.org/details/islamic_sac_2001_00_4172/page/96; title: ''The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism''; date: 2001; publisher: Oxford University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-513991-4</nowiki>; pages: [https://archive.org/details/islamic_sac_2001_00_4172/page/96 96–97]; quote: The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government..</ref> === Rafitra ara-tsosialy sy ara-pôlitika ary ara-pivavahana === Jereo koa ny saranga ara-tsosialy tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna sy ny olom-pehezina mpandoa hetra nantsoina hoe ''rayah''. [[File:Subject Nationalities of the German Alliance (1917) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sarintany mampiseho ny foko tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny taona 1917. Mainty: Bolgara sy Tiorka; mena: Grika; mavo tanora: Armeniana; manga: Kiorda; volondaoranjy: Lazes; mavo antitra: Arabo; maitso: [[Fiangonan' ny Atsinanana|kristiana nestôriana]].]] Nanomboka tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nifamatotra tamin' ny fomba sarotra sy nifanindry ny fiarahamonina sy ny fitondram-panjakana ary ny fivavahana. Noheverin' i Atatürk ho tsy nahomby izany rafitra izany, ka noravany araka ny drafitra voalamina taorian' ny taona 1922.<ref>Philip D. Curtin, ''The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire'' (2002), pp. 173–192.</ref><ref>Fatma Muge Gocek, ''Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change'' (1996) pp 138–42</ref> Tao Kônstantinôpôlisy, dia sehatra roa samy hafa no nofehezin' ny soltana: ny fitondram-panjakana tsy ara-pivavahana sy ny rafitra misy ambaratongam-pahefana ara-pivavahana. Ireo tompon' andraikitra ara-pivavahana no namorona ny ''ulama'', izany hoe ny vondron' ny manam-pahaizana momba ny fivavahana silamo. Nifehy ny fampianarana ara-pivavahana sy ny teôlôjia, izany hoe ny fandinihana ny finoana sy ny foto-pampianarana ara-pivavahana, ary koa ny rafi-pitsaran' ny empira izy ireo. Noho izany dia nanana fahefana lehibe teo amin' ny raharaha andavanandron' ny vondrom-piarahamonina nanerana ny empira izy ireo, afa-tsy teo amin' ireo vondrom-piarahamonina tsy silamo nantsoina hoe ''millet''. Ampy handavana ny fanavaozana ara-tafika natolotry ny soltana [[Selim III]] ny fahefan' izy ireo. Ny soltana [[Mahmud II]] nandimby azy, izay nanjaka tamin' ny taona 1808–1839, dia nitady sy nahazo ny fankatoavan' ny ''ulama'' aloha vao nanolotra fanavaozana nitovy tamin' izany.<ref>Kemal H. Karpat, "''The transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908.''" ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 3#3 (1972): 243–281. [http://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Karpat,%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Ott%20State,%201789-1908%20(1972).pdf online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180417032011/http://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Karpat,%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Ott%20State,%201789-1908%20(1972).pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 17 April 2018]</ref> Nanafoana ny ''ulama'' sy ny rafitra niorenany ny fandaharan' asa fanasarahana ny fivavahana amin' ny fanjakana nentin' i Atatürk. Nofoanana ny kalifata, nakatona ny ''madrasa'' na sekoly silamo, ary nofoanana ny fitsarana nampihatra ny ''sharia'' na lalàna silamo. Nosoloany litera latina ny abidy arabo, nofoanany ny rafi-pampianarana ara-pivavahana, ary nomeny zo pôlitika sasany ny vehivavy. Maro tamin' ireo mpifikitra tamin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana tany ambanivohitra no tsy nanaiky mihitsy izany fanasarahana ny fivavahana amin' ny fanjakana izany. Tamin' ny taompolo 1990 dia nanamafy indray ny fitakiany ny hananan' ny fivavahana silamo anjara toerana lehibe kokoa izy ireo.<ref>last: Amit Bein; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=D1xfDfgPJr8C&pg=PA141; title: ''Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition''; publisher: Stanford University Press; date: 2011; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8047-7311-9</nowiki>; page: 141; access-date: 15 May 2018; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151702/https://books.google.com/books?id=D1xfDfgPJr8C&pg=PA141; url-status: live.</ref> [[File:Istanbul asv2021-11 img71 StAnthony of Padua Church.jpg|thumb|Ny Fiangonan' i Masindahy Anthony avy any Padua ao Istanbul voalohany dia naorin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina italiana tao Istanbul tamin' ny taona 1725. Sary: A.Savin, Wikipedia.]] Vondron-tafika tena nahery vaika ny Janisera tany am-piandohana. Rehefa nanavao ny fandaminana sy ny teknôlôjian' ny tafiny anefa i Eorôpa Andrefana, dia nanjary hery niaro ny rafitra taloha sy nanohitra ny fiovana rehetra ny Janisera. Niha-lany andro hatrany ny hery ara-tafika ôtômana. Nikomy anefa ny Janisera rehefa nahatsapa fa notandindomin-doza ny tombontsoa manokana nananany, na rehefa nisy olona avy any ivelan' ny vondrona nitady hanavao azy ireo, na rehefa nety ho ny miaramila mpitaingin-tsoavaly no haka ny toerany. Samy nampiasa herisetra mahery vaika ny roa tonta nandritra ireo fikomiana ireo. Tamin' ny fotoana nahafoanana ny Janisera anefa, dia efa tara loatra ka tsy afaka nanatratra ny an' ny Tandrefana intsony ny hery ara-tafika ôtômana.<ref>Peter Mansfield, ''A History of the Middle East'' (1991) p. 31.</ref><ref>Oleg Benesch, "''Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace.''" ''Comparative Civilizations Review'' 55.55 (2006): 6:37–55 [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1669&context=ccr Online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20191109153441/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1669&context=ccr Tahiry tamin' ny 9 November 2019].</ref> Niova ny rafitra pôlitika noho ny fandravana ny Janisera, izay hery matanjaka sady ara-tafika no nisahana ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana sy ny fitandroana ny filaminana, ary nikomy tamin' ilay zava-nitranga nantsoina hoe Tranga Mahasoa tamin' ny taona 1826. Notorotoroin' ny soltana Mahmud II ny fikomiana, novonoiny ho faty ireo mpitarika, ary noravany ilay fikambanana lehibe. Izany no nanokatra ny lalana ho amin' ny fanavaozana miadana ny asam-panjakana, satria niezaka ny handray ireo singa fototra tamin' ny rafitra tandrefana fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana sy ny teknôlôjia ara-tafika ny governemanta, na dia nifangaro aza ny fahombiazana sy ny tsy fahombiazana. Avy tamin' ny Kristiana sy ny vondrona vitsy anisa hafa no nakana ny Janisera. Ny fanafoanana azy ireo dia nahafahan' ny vondron' olona tiorka nanana fahefana ambony nipoitra sy nifehy ny Empira Ôtômàna. Maro ireo vondrom-poko sy vondrona ara-pivavahana vitsy anisa navela hiaina tao anatin' ny sehatra natokana ho azy avy sy nosarahina tamin' ny hafa, izay nantsoina hoe ''millet''.<ref>Karen Barkey, and George Gavrilis, "''The Ottoman millet system: non-territorial autonomy and its contemporary legacy.''" ''Ethnopolitics'' 15.1 (2016): 24–42.</ref> Ny Grika sy ny Armeniana ary ny Jiosy indrindra no nandrafitra azy ireo. Tany amin' ny toerana tsirairay, dia nitantana ny raharahany izy ireo, niteny ny fiteniny, nitantana ny sekoliny sy ny rafitra ara-kolontsaina ary ara-pivavahana nananany, sady nandoa hetra somary ambony kokoa. Tsy nanana fahefana ivelan' ny ''millet'' nisy azy izy ireo. Niaro azy ireo ny fitondran' ny empira ary nisakana ny fifandonana mahery vaika lehibe teo amin' ny vondrom-poko. Ny fanindrahindram-pirenena mifototra amin' ny foko, izay niorina tamin' ny fivavahana sy ny fiteny nampiavaka ny vondrona tsirairay, dia niteraka hery misarika mankany afovoany, izay nandrava ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny farany.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-034">[[#CITEREFQuataert1983|Quataert (1983)]].</ref> Ankoatra izany, ireo vondrom-poko silamo, indrindra ny Arabo sy ny Kiorda, izay tsy tafiditra tao amin' ny rafitra ''millet'', dia tsy tao anatin' ny kolontsaina tiorka ary nampivelatra fanindrahindram-pirenena manokana ho azy avy. Nanohana ny fanindrahindram-pirenena arabo ny Britanika nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, ka nampanantena fanjakana arabo mahaleo tena ho takalon' ny fanohanan' ny Arabo. Nanohana ny soltana ny ankamaroan' ny Arabo, fa ireo nonina teo akaikin' i Meka kosa nino sy nanohana ilay fampanantenana britanika.<ref>Youssef M. Choueiri, ''Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World'' (2001), pp. 56–100.</ref> [[File:Istanbul_asv2021-11_img03_Hemdat_Israel_Synagogue.jpg|thumb|Ny sinagôga Hemdat Israel ao [[Istanbul]]. Sary: A.Savin, Wikipedia.]] Teo an-toerana, dia ireo ''ayan'', na olo-manan-kaja teo an-toerana, no nitana ny fahefana ka tsy voafehin' ny soltana. Nanangona hetra ny ''ayan'', nanangana tafika teo an-toerana hifaninana tamin' ireo olo-manan-kaja hafa, niaro ny rafitra taloha ka nanohitra ny fiovana ara-pôlitika na ara-toekarena, ary matetika tsy nankatò ny pôlitika nampitain' ny soltana.<ref>last: Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA64; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: Infobase; date: 2010; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>; page: 64; access-date: 15 May 2018; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151704/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/QjzYdCxumFcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA64&printsec=frontcover; url-status: live.</ref> Taorian' ny taonjato faha-18, dia nihena ny velaran' ny Empira Ôtômàna, satria nampihatra tsindry mafy i Rosia sady nanitatra ny taniny nianatsimo. Nanjary nahaleo tena teo amin' ny zava-misy i Ejipta tamin' ny taona 1805; tatỳ aoriana dia nofehezin' ny Britanika izy sy i Kipra. Nahaleo tena i Grisia, ary nanjary tena nikorontana i Serbia sy ireo faritra hafa tao Balkana noho ny fanoheran' ny fanindrahindram-pirenena ny fanjakazakan' ny empira. Nofehezin' ny Frantsay i Aljeria sy i Tonizia. Nihevitra ny Eorôpeana rehetra fa tahaka ny lehilahy marary izay niharatsy haingana ny toe-pahasalamany ilay empira. Ny Alemàna ihany no toa nanampy azy, ary ny fanohanan' izy ireo no nitarika ny Empira Ôtômàna hiditra tao amin' ny firaisan' ny Fanjakana Afovoany tamin' ny taona 1915. Vokatr' izany, dia anisan' ireo niharan' ny faharesena mafy indrindra tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany izy tamin' ny taona 1918.<ref>Naci Yorulmaz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2-eKDwAAQBAJ ''Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141247/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arming_the_Sultan/2-eKDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 Tahiry tamin' ny 1 November 2022] (IB Tauris, 2014).</ref> == Kolontsaina == Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Kolontsain' ny Empira Ôtômàna. [[File:WaldmeierLebanon.gif|thumb|Sary mampiseho fivarotana fitaovana fifohana paraky misy rano any [[Libàna]].]] Nandray ny sasany tamin' ny fomba amam-panao, ny zavakanto ary ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina sy ara-panjakana avy amin' ny kolontsain' ireo faritra resiny ny Ôtômana, ary nampiditra lafin-javatra vaovao tamin' ireo. Fomba amam-panao sy toetra ara-kolontsaina maro avy amin' ireo empira teo aloha, teo amin' ny sehatra toy ny maritrano, ny nahandro, ny mozika, ny fialam-boly ary ny fitondram-panjakana, no noraisin' ny Tiorka ôtômana. Novolavolainy ho endrika vaovao ireo, ka niteraka kolontsaina vaovao nanana ny maha izy azy manokana, izay nampiavaka ny Ôtômana. Na dia ny fiteny tiorka aza no tena nampiasaina tamin' ny haisoratra tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, dia ny fiteny persana no naleony nampiasaina mba hanehoana ny endrika maha empira azy.<ref>title: ''HISTORIOGRAPHY xiv. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE''; encyclopedia: ''Iranica''; url: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/historiography-xiv; access-date: 25 December 2020; archive-date: 17 November 2020; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20201117192349/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/historiography-xiv; url-status: live.</ref> Anisan' ny fiarahamonina ôtômana ny fanandevozana.<ref>last: Halil Inalcik; title: ''Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire''; url: http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20090911101051/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html; archive-date: 11 September 2009; access-date: 26 August 2010; publisher: Michigan State University.</ref> Ny ankamaroan' ny andevo dia nampiasaina ho mpiasa an-trano, na natao ho vadikely tsy nanambadiana raha vehivavy (andevo ampiasaina amin' ny firaisana ara-nofo). Tsy dia fahita firy tao amin' ilay empira kosa ny fampiasana andevo amin' ny fambolena tahaka ny tany Amerika. Ny zanak' andevo dia teraka ho andevo, afa-tsy rehefa neken' ny lehilahy tompon' ilay andevo vavy fa zanany ny zaza naterak' io vehivavy io; tamin' izany dia afaka avy hatrany araka ny lalàna ilay zaza.<ref>Erdem, Y. Hakan. ''Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800–1909''. London: Macmillan Press, 1996.</ref> Mbola namidy tao amin' ilay empira ny andevo vavy hatramin' ny taona 1908.<ref>title: ''Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery''; url: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_7.shtml; access-date: 26 August 2010; publisher: BBC; archive-date: 21 May 2009; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20090521234122/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_7.shtml; url-status: live.</ref> Nandritra ny taonjato faha-19 dia noteren' ireo firenena tany Eorôpa Andrefana ilay empira mba handrara izany fomba izany. Niezaka nametra ny varotra andevo ôtômana ireo politika napetraky ny soltana samihafa nandritra io taonjato io. Efa nahazo fanohanana sy fankatoavana ara-pivavahana nandritra ny taonjato maro anefa ny fanandevozana, ka tsy nofoanana mihitsy tao amin' ilay empira.<ref name="Syed-2011"/> Nandray ny fomba amam-panao sy ny kolontsaina persana teo amin' ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana ny Ôtômana. Nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny fampandrosoana ny haisoratra persana koa ireo soltana.<ref>''Halil İnalcık, [https://www.academia.edu/38228665/Halil_İnalcık_-_Has_Bağçede_Ayş_u_Tarab.pdf "Has-bahçede 'Ayş u Tarab"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190726055101/https://www.academia.edu/38228665/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k_-_Has_Ba%C4%9F%C3%A7ede_Ay%C5%9F_u_Tarab.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 26 July 2019], İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları (2011)''</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, teo amin' ireo mpitondra ny Empira Ôtômàna, sy ny mpitondra an' [[Empira Safavida|Iràna teo ambany fitondran' ny tarana-mpanjaka Safavid]], ary ireo Abu'l-Khayrid Shibanids tany [[Azia Afovoany]], dia tsy famantarana mazava ny fifandraisana tamin' ny vondrona iray sy ny maha anisan' izany vondrona izany ny fiteny nampiasaina.<ref name="Comstock-Skipp-2023">last1: Comstock-Skipp; first1: Jaimee; editor1-last: Paskaleva; editor1-first: Elena; editor2-last: van den Berg; editor2-first: Gabrielle; title: ''Memory and Commemoration across Central Asia''; date: 2023; publisher: Brill; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-54099-6</nowiki>; page: 54; chapter: ''Turk amongst Tajiks: The Turkic Shāhnāma Translation Located in Tajikistan and Manuscript Production during the Abuʾl-Khayrid Annexation of Khurasan (1588–1598)''.</ref> Noho izany, nahay fiteny roa ireo saranga mpitondra tao amin' ireo fanjakana telo ireo, ka nampiasa karazana fiteny persana sy karazana fiteny tao amin' ny vondrom-piteny tiorka.<ref name="Comstock-Skipp-2023"/> Kanefa, tamin' ny ampahefany farany tamin' io taonjato io, dia nisy fiovana ara-piteny tao amin' ny fanjakana ôtômana sy ny fanjakan' ny Safavid: nihahenjana kokoa ny fironana hanome vahana ny fiteny tiorka ôtômana tao amin' ny voalohany, ary ny fiteny persana tao amin' ny faharoa.<ref name="Comstock-Skipp-2023"/> === Fanabeazana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fanabeazana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. Niorina tamin' ny 1884 ny Tranombokim-panjakana Beyazıt. Tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, ny vondrom-piarahamonina ara-pivavahana tsirairay (''millet'') dia nanangana rafi-pampianarana ho an' ny mpikambana tao aminy.<ref name="Strauss-2016">Strauss, Johann. "''Language and power in the Late Ottoman Empire''" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). ''Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule'' (Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. <nowiki>ISBN 1-317-11844-8</nowiki>, 9781317118442. Google Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 PT194] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141741/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 tahiry], 1 November 2022)-[https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 PT195] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141742/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 tahiry], 1 November 2022).</ref> Noho izany, dia nisaraka betsaka araka ny foko sy ny fivavahana ny fampianarana: vitsy ny tsy silamo nianatra tany amin' ny sekoly ho an' ny mpianatra silamo, ary vitsy koa ny silamo nianatra tany amin' ny sekoly ho an' ny tsy silamo. Ny ankamaroan' ny toeram-pampianarana nandray ny olona avy amin' ny foko sy ny fivavahana rehetra dia nampianatra tamin' ny teny frantsay na tamin' ny fiteny hafa.<ref name="StraussPT195">Strauss, Johann. "''Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire''" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). ''Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule'' (Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. <nowiki>ISBN 1-317-11844-8</nowiki>, 9781317118442. Google Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 PT195] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141742/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 tahiry], 1 November 2022).</ref> Nisy sekoly vahiny maromaro (''Frerler mektebleri'') notantanan' ny mpitondra fivavahana, izay nandray indrindra ny kristianina, na dia nisy mpianatra silamo aza nianatra tao.<ref name="Strauss-2016"/> Araka ny filazalazan' i Garnett, dia nalamina araka ny modely eorôpeana ny sekoly ho an' ny kristianina sy ny jiosy, ary fanomezana an-tsitrapo no nanohanana ny fampandehanana azy; ny ankamaroan' ireo sekoly ireo dia be mpianatra sady nanana fari-pampianarana avo.<ref>Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. ''Turkish Life in Town and Country''. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. [https://archive.org/details/turkishlifeinto00garngoog/page/n259 205].</ref> === Haisoratra === Jereo ny lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Haisoratra ôtômana. Mizara ho sampana roa lehibe ny haisoratra an-tsoratra ôtômana: ny tononkalo sy ny lahatsoratra tsy amin' ny endrika tononkalo. Ny tononkalo no nanjaka lavitra noho ilay sampana faharoa. Ohatra amin' izany ny asa soratra tranainy indrindra momba ny tantaran' ny Ôtômana, dia ny ''İskendernâme'', izay nosoratan' ilay mpanoratra tononkalo Taceddin Ahmedi.<ref name=":1">last: Kastritsis; first: Dimitris J.; title: ''The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402–1413''; date: 2007; publisher: Brill; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-04-15836-8</nowiki>; series: ''The Ottoman empire and its heritage''; location: Leiden; Boston; pages: 33–37.</ref> Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia tsy nahitana tantara foronina ny lahatsoratra ôtômana tsy amin' ny endrika tononkalo: tsy nisy tao, ohatra, ny mitovy amin' ny tantara eorôpeana momba ny herim-po sy ny fitiavan' ny mpitaingin-tsoavaly, na ny tantara foronina fohy, na ny tantara foronina lava. Nisy anefa ny karazan-dahatsoratra nitovitovy tamin' ireo, na tao amin' ny haisoratra nentim-paharazana tiorka na tao amin' ny tononkalo ''Divan''. Zavakanto nanaraka fombafomba raikitra tokoa sady nampiasa tandindona maro ny tononkalo ''Divan'' ôtômana. Nandova tandindona maro avy amin' ny tononkalo persana, izay tena nanome aingam-panahy azy, izy io. Efa voafaritry ny fitsipika tamin' ny ankapobeny ny hevitr' ireny tandindona ireny sy ny fifandraisany, na noho ny fitoviana (''mura'ât-i nazîr'', amin' ny soratra ôtômana مراعات نظير, na ''tenâsüb'', تناسب) na noho ny fifanoherana (''tezâd'', تضاد). Ny fampifanakaikezana tsy tapaka sary an' ohatra maro toy izany, tao anatin' ny fitsipika hentitra momba ny firafitry ny gadona ao amin' ny andininy, no namoronana ny tononkalo ''Divan'', ka nahafahana nampipoitra hevitra maro samihafa. Ny ampahany tena betsaka tamin' izy ireny dia tononkalo maneho fihetseham-po: na tamin' ny endrika ''gazel'', izay mandrafitra ny ampahany betsaka indrindra amin' ny tononkalo ao amin' io fomban-drazana io, na tamin' ny endrika ''kasîde''. Nisy ihany koa anefa ny karazany hafa fahita, indrindra ny ''mesnevî'', izay karazana tantaram-pitiavana an-tononkalo, ka anisan' ny tononkalo mitantara. Ny ohatra roa nisongadina indrindra tamin' io endrika io dia ny ''Leyli and Majnun'' nosoratan' i [[Fuzûlî|Fuzuli]] sy ny ''Hüsn ü Aşk'' nosoratan' i Şeyh Gâlib. Ny ''Seyahatnâme'' nosoratan' i Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) kosa dia ohatra miavaka amin' ny haisoratra mitantara dia lavitra. [[File:Nedim (divan edb.şairi).JPG|thumb|Ahmet Nedîm Efendi, iray amin' ireo mpanoratra tononkalo ôtômana nankalazaina indrindra|upright]] Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia tsy nandroso tahaka ny tononkalo ''Divan'' niara-belona taminy ny lahatsoratra ôtômana tsy amin' ny endrika tononkalo. Anisan' ny antony lehibe nahatonga izany ny fitakiana ny ankamaroan' ireny lahatsoratra ireny hanaraka ny fitsipiky ny ''sec'' (سجع, izay soratana amin' ny abidy latina koa hoe ''seci''), izany hoe ny lahatsoratra tsy an-tononkalo nefa misy fitoviam-peo.<ref>last: Murat Belge; title: ''Osmanlı'da kurumlar ve kültür''; publisher: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları; date: 2005; isbn: <nowiki>978-975-8998-03-6</nowiki>; page: 389.</ref> Karazan-tsoratra avy amin' ny ''saj'' arabo izy io, ary nitaky fitovian' ny feo teo amin' ny mpamaritra sy ny anarana tsirairay tao amin' ny teny mifanesy, toy ny ao amin' ny fehezanteny. Na izany aza, dia nisy ny fomban-drazana momba ny lahatsoratra tsy an-tononkalo tao amin' ny haisoratra tamin' izany fotoana izany, saingy tsy nisy tantara foronina tao. Toa naningana tamin' izany ny ''Muhayyelât'' (''Fancies'', izany hoe eritreritra noforonina) nosoratan' i Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, izay fitambarana tantara momba ny zava-mahagaga nosoratana tamin' ny taona 1796, nefa tsy navoaka raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1867. Ny tantara foronina lava voalohany navoaka tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna dia ny ''The Story of Akabi'' (amin' ny teny tiorka: ''Akabi Hikyayesi''; midika hoe ny tantaran' i Akabi), nosoratan' i Vartan Pasha ary navoaka tamin' ny taona 1851. Tamin' ny teny tiorka izy io no nosoratana, saingy tamin' ny [[Fiteny armeniana|soratra armeniana]].<ref>last: Mignon; first: Laurent; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=AbQZAQAAIAAJ; title: ''Neither Shiraz nor Paris: papers on modern Turkish literature''; date: 2005; publisher: ISIS; isbn: <nowiki>978-975-428-303-7</nowiki>; location: Istanbul; page: 20; quote: Those words could have been readily adopted by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), the author, who preferred to remain anonymous, of The Story of Akabi (Akabi Hikyayesi), the first novel in Turkish, published with Armenian characters in the same year as Hisarian's novel.; access-date: 17 January 2016; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151705/https://books.google.com/books?id=AbQZAQAAIAAJ; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last1: Masters; first1: Bruce; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; last2: Ágoston; first2: Gábor; date: 2009; publisher: Facts On File; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>; location: New York; page: 440; quote: Written in Turkish using the Armenian alphabet, the Akabi History (1851) by Vartan Pasha is considered by some to be the first Ottoman novel.; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151705/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Pultar; first: Gönül; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ; title: ''Imagined identities: identity formation in the age of globalism''; date: 2013; publisher: Syracuse University Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-8156-3342-6</nowiki>; edition: First; location: [S.l.]; page: 329; quote: In fact, one of the first Turkish works of fiction in Western-type novel form, Akabi Hikayesi (Akabi's Story), was written in Turkish by Vartan Pasha (born Osep/Hovsep Vartanian/Vartanyan, 1813–1879) and published in Armenian characters in 1851.; access-date: 17 January 2016; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151705/https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last1: Gürçaglar; first1: Şehnaz; title: ''Tradition, Tension, and Translation in Turkey''; last2: Paker; first2: Saliha; last3: Milton; first3: John; date: 2015; publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company; isbn: <nowiki>978-90-272-6847-1</nowiki>; page: 5; quote: It is interesting that the first Ottoman novel in Turkish, Akabi Hikayesi (1851, Akabi's Story), was written and published in Armenian letters (for Armenian communities who read in Turkish) by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), known as Vartan Paşa, a leading Ottoman man of letters and journalist..</ref> Noho ny fifandraisana akaiky tamin' i Frantsa teo amin' ny tantara, dia ny haisoratra frantsay no tena nampita ny fitaoman' ny Tandrefana tamin' ny haisoratra ôtômana nandritra ny antsasany faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Vokatr' izany, dia maro tamin' ireo fironana ara-haisoratra niely tany Frantsa tamin' io vanim-potoana io no nanana ny nitovy taminy tao amin' ny haisoratra ôtômana. Tao amin' ny fomban-drazana momba ny lahatsoratra tsy an-tononkalo izay mbola nivoatra, ohatra, dia hita ny fitaoman' ny rômantisma, izay nanasongadina ny fihetseham-po sy ny fisainana mamorona, nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny Tanzimat, ary ny fitaoman' ny realisma, izay nikendry ny haneho ny fiainana araka ny zava-misy, sy ny natoralisma, izay nanasongadina ny herin' ny tontolo iainana sy ny toe-piainana amin' ny olona, tamin' ireo vanim-potoana nanaraka. Tao amin' ny tononkalo kosa, dia nanjaka indrindra ny fitaoman' ny fironana mampita hevitra amin' ny tandindona sy ny fironana parnasiana, izay nanome lanja ny fahalavorarian' ny endriky ny tononkalo. Maro tamin' ireo mpanoratra nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny Tanzimat no nanoratra tamin' ny karazan-dahatsoratra maro samihafa tamin' ny fotoana iray ihany. Anisan' ny anton' izany fahasamihafana izany ny fanirian' ireo mpanoratra tamin' ny Tanzimat hampiely betsaka araka izay tratra ny haisoratra vaovao, satria nanantena izy ireo fa handray anjara amin' ny fanavaozana ny firafitry ny fiarahamonina ôtômana izany.<ref>last: Moran; first: Berna; title: ''Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış Vol. 1''; date: 1997; isbn: <nowiki>978-975-470-054-1</nowiki>; page: 19; publisher: İletişim Yayınları.</ref> === Fampahalalam-baovao === ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fampahalalam-baovao tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna.'' Samihafa ny fampahalalam-baovao tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna: nisy gazety sy gazetiboky navoaka tamin' ny fiteny maro, anisan' izany ny teny frantsay,<ref name=BaruhMusnik>author: Baruh, Lorans Tanatar; author2: Sara Yontan Musnik; url: https://heritage.bnf.fr/bibliothequesorient/en/francophone-press-ottoman-art; title: ''Francophone press in the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: French National Library; access-date: 13 July 2019; archive-date: 16 April 2018; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180416115120/https://heritage.bnf.fr/bibliothequesorient/en/francophone-press-ottoman-art; url-status: dead.</ref> ny teny grika,<ref name=StraussConstp32>Strauss, "''A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,''" p. 32 (PDF p. 34)</ref> ary ny teny alemàna.<ref name="Syed-2011"/> Tao [[Kônstantinôpôlisy]] no foiben' ny maro tamin' ireo gazety sy gazetiboky ireo,<ref name=Kendallp339>Kendall, Elisabeth (2002). ''Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century''. Ao amin' i Fawaz, Leila Tarazi; C. A. Bayly (mpandrindra). ''Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean''. Columbia University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780231114271</nowiki>. Robert Ilbert (fiaraha-miasa). <nowiki>ISBN 0231114273</nowiki> (laharana taloha). p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOp7a8GtqQoC&pg=PA339 339] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151705/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOp7a8GtqQoC&pg=PA339 tahiry], 14 January 2023).</ref> nefa nisy koa gazety tamin' ny teny frantsay navoaka tao [[Beirota|Beirut]], Salonika ary [[Smirna|Smyrna]].<ref name=StraussLanguagep122>Strauss, Johann. "''Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire''" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). ''Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule''. Routledge, 7 July 2016. (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-11845-9</nowiki>), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XI-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XI-kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023].</ref> Nampiasa ny teny frantsay ho [[Lingua franca|fiteny ifandraisan' ny olona samy hafa fiteny]] ireo vondrom-poko vitsy anisa tsy silamo tao amin' ny empira, ary nampiasa ireo gazety sy gazetiboky tamin' ny teny frantsay,<ref name=BaruhMusnik/> fa ny gazetim-paritany sasany kosa dia navoaka tamin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]].<ref name=StraussConstp25>Strauss, "''A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,''" p. 25 (PDF p. 27)</ref> Nitohy ny fampiasana ny teny frantsay teo amin' ny fampahalalam-baovao hatramin' ny fiafaran' ny empira tamin' ny 1923, ary nandritra ny taona vitsivitsy taorian' izany tao amin' ny [[Tiorkia|Repoblikan' i Torkia]].<ref name=BaruhMusnik/> === Maritrano === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Maritrano ôtômana. [[File:Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Ny Môskea Süleymaniye ao Istanbul, izay novolavolain' i Mimar Sinan tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ary anisan' ny ohatra lehibe amin' ny fomba maritrano ôtômana klasika. (Photo: Myrabella / Wikimedia Commons).]] Ny maritrano tao amin' ilay empira dia nivoatra avy amin' ny maritrano tiorka seljokida teo aloha, sady nandray singa avy amin' ny maritrano bizantina sy iraniana ary avy amin' ny fomba maritrano hafa tany Atsinanana Afovoany.<ref>"''Seljuk architecture''", ''Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture'', ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485.</ref><ref name="Bloom-2009">title: ''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture''; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2009; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-530991-1</nowiki>; editor-last: M. Bloom; editor-first: Jonathan; chapter: ''Ottoman''; quote: Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression.; editor-last2: S. Blair; editor-first2: Sheila.</ref><ref name="Freely-2011">[[#CITEREFFreely2011|Freely (2011)]], p. 35 "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror."</ref> Nandritra ny taonjato faha-13 ka hatramin' ny faha-15, dia nanandrana karazana trano maro ny maritrano ôtômana tany am-piandohana, ary nivoatra tsikelikely ho amin' ny fomba maritrano ôtômana klasika tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sy faha-17. Nanan-kery lehibe teo amin' io fomba io koa i [[Hagia Sophia]].<ref name="Freely-2011" /><ref name="Goodwin">last: Goodwin; first: Godfrey; title: ''Sinan: Ottoman Architecture & its Values Today''; publisher: Saqi Books; year: 1993; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-86356-172-6</nowiki>; location: London.</ref> I Mimar Sinan no mpanao maritrano nanan-danja indrindra tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika. Anisan' ny asa lehibe nataony ny Môskea Şehzade, ny Môskea Süleymaniye ary ny Môskea Selimiye.<ref name="AgostonMasters20102">author1: Gábor Ágoston; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC; title: ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''; author2: Bruce Alan Masters; date: 21 May 2010; publisher: Infobase Publishing; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-4381-1025-7</nowiki>; page: 50; access-date: 20 June 2015; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151705/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC; url-status: live.</ref><ref name="Grove encycl-Ottoman">title: ''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture''; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2009; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-530991-1</nowiki>; editor-last1: M. Bloom; editor-first1: Jonathan; chapter: ''Ottoman''; editor-last2: Blair; editor-first2: Sheila S..</ref> Nahatratra ny fara tampon' ny fivoarany koa ny karazana haingon-trano sasany tamin' ny antsasany faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, indrindra fa ny famokarana takela-tanimanga fandravahana avy any Iznik.<ref>last: Carswell; first: John; title: ''Iznik Pottery''; publisher: British Museum Press; year: 2006; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-7141-2441-4</nowiki>; edition: Second; pages: 75.</ref> [[File:Mihrisah Sultan Complex Eyup DSCF7829.jpg|thumb|Ny ''sebil'' (trano heva fizarana rano) ao amin' ny fitambaran-tranon' i Mihrişah Sultan ao Istanbul, izay naorina tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18. Ohatra amin' ny fomba ôtômana ''Baroque'', fomba maritrano be haingo, izy io.]] Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, dia nisokatra tamin' ny fomba avy any ivelany ny maritrano ôtômana, indrindra fa ny maritrano ''Baroque'', izay be haingo, tany Eorôpa Andrefana. Niteraka ny fomba ôtômana ''Baroque'' nipoitra tamin' ny taompolo 1740 izany tatỳ aoriana.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-035">[[#CITEREFRüstem2019|Rüstem (2019)]], pp. 21–70 (see chapters 1 and 2 generally).</ref> Anisan' ny ohatra lehibe indrindra tamin' io vanim-potoana io ny Môskea Nuruosmaniye.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-036">[[#CITEREFFreely2011|Freely (2011)]], p. 355.</ref><ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-037">[[#CITEREFKuban2010|Kuban (2010)]], p. 526.</ref> Nandritra ny taonjato faha-19, dia vao mainka nisongadina ny fomba avy any Eorôpa Andrefana, izay nampidirin' ny mpanao maritrano, anisan' izany ireo avy amin' ny fianakaviana Balyan.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-038">[[#CITEREFFreely2011|Freely (2011)]], p. 393.</ref> Nampidirina ny fomba ''Empire'' (fomba maritrano tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny Empira frantsay) sy ny haingo ''Neoclassical'' (maka tahaka indray ny maritrano klasika fahiny). Hita tamin' ny karazana trano maro, toy ny Lapan' i Dolmabaçe, ny fironana ho amin' ny fampifangaroana singa avy amin' ny fomba maritrano samihafa.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-039">[[#CITEREFKuban2010|Kuban (2010)]], pp. 605–606.</ref> Tao anatin' ireo folo taona farany nisian' ny Empira Ôtômàna, dia nisy koa fomba maritrano vaovao novolavolain' ny mpanao maritrano toa an' i Mimar Kemaleddin sy Vedat Tek. Nantsoina hoe ôtômana vaovao, na famelomana indray ny fomba maritrano ôtômana, io fomba io, ary fantatra koa tamin' ny anarana hoe Hetsika Voalohany ho an' ny Maritrano Nasionaly.<ref name="Bloom-2009a">author1: Bloom; first: Jonathan M.; chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA379; title: ''Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set''; author2: Blair; author3: Sheila S.; publisher: Oxford University Press; year: 2009; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-19-530991-1</nowiki>; pages: 379; chapter: ''Kemalettin''; access-date: 9 March 2022; archive-date: 14 January 2023; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151707/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Grove_Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Art_Archit/un4WcfEASZwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA1-PA379&printsec=frontcover; url-status: live.</ref><ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-038" /> Nifantoka tany amin' ireo renivohitra ara-tantara, dia i Bursa sy Edirne ary Istanbul (Kônstantinôpôlisy), ny fanohanana ara-pitaovana sy ara-bola nomen' ny tarana-mpanjaka ôtômana ny asa fanorenana, ary koa tany amin' ny foibem-pitantanana lehibe hafa toa an' i Amasya sy [[Manisa]]. Tao amin' ireo foibe ireo no nitrangan' ny ankamaroan' ny fivoarana lehibe teo amin' ny maritrano ôtômana, ary ao koa no ahitana ireo trano ôtômana lehibe sy mijoalajoala indrindra.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-041">[[#CITEREFKuban2010|Kuban (2010)]], p. 679.</ref> Matetika dia fitambaran-trano nantsoina hoe ''külliye'' ireo tsangambato ara-pivavahana lehibe. Nisy singa maro samy nanome tolotra na nanamora ny fiainan' ny olona tao amin' izy ireny. Ankoatra ny môskea, dia mety ho nisy sekoly silamo (''madrasa''), trano fandroana ho an' ny besinimaro (''hammam''), lakozia fizarana sakafo ho asa soa (''imaret''), trano heva fizarana rano (''sebil''), tsena, trano fandraisam-bahiny ho an' ny mpanao dia lavitra sy ny mpivarotra (''caravanserai''), sekoly ambaratonga fototra, na zavatra hafa tao amin' izy ireny.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-042">[[#CITEREFKuban2010|Kuban (2010)]].</ref> Nampiasaina tamin' ny fitondrana sy ny fitantanana ireo fitambaran-trano ireo ny fifanarahana ''vakıf'' (''waqf'' amin' ny teny arabo), izay fanokanana fananana ho an' ny asa ara-pivavahana na asa soa.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-042" /> Mbola betsaka ny trano ôtômana tany Anatôlia sy tany amin' ny faritra Balkana (Rumelia). Tany amin' ireo faritany lavidavitra kokoa tany Atsinanana Afovoany sy Afrika Avaratra kosa, dia mbola nanan-kery lehibe ny fomba maritrano silamo tranainy kokoa, izay nifangaro tamin' ny fomba ôtômana indraindray.<ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-044">[[#CITEREFKuban2010|Kuban (2010)]], pp. 571–596.</ref><ref name="OE-CITE-001-sfn-045">[[#CITEREFBlairBloom1995|Blair sy Bloom (1995)]], p. 251.</ref> === Zavakanto fanaingoana === Fanazavana fanampiny: Fanaingoana boky ôtômana sy Sary hosodoko madinika ôtômana. [[File:Topkapi_Sarayi_in_time_of_Selim_I_-_left.jpg|thumb|Very anjara asa ny sary hosodoko madinika ôtômana rehefa nandray ny fomba tandrefana ny kolontsaina ôtômana.|upright]] Nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ny fomban' ny sary hosodoko madinika ôtômana, izay natao ho sary manazava ny ao amin' ny boky sora-tanana na nangonina tao amin' ny rakitra natokana ho azy, ny sary hosodoko madinika persiana. Na izany aza, dia nahitana singa avy amin' ny fomba bizantina teo amin' ny fanaingoana boky sora-tanana sy ny fanaovana sary hosodoko koa izy ireo.<ref>last: Atil; first: Esin; date: 1973; title: ''Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II''; url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629273; journal: ''Ars Orientalis''; volume: 9; pages: 103–120; jstor: 4629273; issn: 0571-1371; access-date: 12 August 2022; archive-date: 1 November 2022; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20221101140443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629273; url-status: live.</ref> Natsangana tao amin' ny Lapan' i Topkapi tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny ''Nakkashane-i-Rum'', sekoly grika nampiofana mpanao sary hosodoko. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato nanaraka dia nampiana sekoly persiana nitovy aminy, ny ''Nakkashane-i-Irani''. Ny ''Surname-i Hümayun'' (Bokin' ny fetin' ny empira) dia rakitra fanangonana nitadidiana ireo fankalazana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna, izay nitantara an-tsipiriany izany tamin' ny alalan' ny sary sy ny lahatsoratra. Ny fanaingoana boky ôtômana dia ahitana haingo nolokoina na natao sary tsy mampiseho endrik' olona na zavatra, ao amin' ny boky na eo amin' ny ravina ao amin' ny ''muraqqa'' na rakitra fanangonana. Izany no mampiavaka azy amin' ny sary hosodoko madinika ôtômana, izay mampiseho endrik' olona na zavatra. Anisan' ny zavakanto ôtômana momba ny boky izy io, niaraka tamin' ny sary hosodoko madinika ôtômana (''taswir''), ny soratra voakaly (''hat''), ny zavakanton' ny soratra voakaly silamo, ny famatorana ny ravin-boky sy ny fametahana fonony (''cilt''), ary ny fandokoana taratasy ho misy endrika toy ny vato marbra (''ebru''). Tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna dia ny soltana na ny mpitantana tao an-dapa no nanafatra ny hanaovana boky sora-tanana voaravaka sy misy sary. Tao amin' ny Lapan' i Topkapi, ny mpanakanto niasa tao amin' ny ''Nakkashane'', toeram-piasan' ny mpanao sary hosodoko madinika sy haingo amin' ny boky, no namorona ireny boky sora-tanana ireny. Samy azo nasiana haingo na ny boky ara-pivavahana na ny boky tsy ara-pivavahana. Ankoatra izany, ny ravina ho an' ny rakitra fanangonana ''levha'' dia nahitana soratra voakaly (''hat'') voaravaka, izay nampiseho ''tughra'' (marika sonian' ny soltana), lahatsoratra ara-pivavahana, andalan-tononkalo na ohabolana, ary nahitana sary natao ho haingo fotsiny koa. Nanana toerana lehibe manokana tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna ny zavakanton' ny [[Fanenomana|fanenomana]] karipetra. Tena nanan-danja ny karipetra, na ho fanaka fanaingoana izay nanan-karena tandindona ara-pivavahana sy tandindona hafa, na ho fitaovana ampiasaina amin' ny fiainana andavanandro, satria fanao ny nanala kiraro tao amin' ny trano fonenana.<ref name="foroqhi">last: Faroqhi; first: Suraiya; title: ''Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: I.B. Tauris; date: 2005; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-85043-760-4</nowiki>; edition: New; location: London; page: 152.</ref> Tany amin' ny kolontsain' ireo [[Mpifindrafindra monina|vahoaka mifindrafindra fonenana]] tany Azia Afovoany no niandohan' ny fanenomana karipetra toy izany, satria fanaka mora entina mifindra toerana izy ireny. Niely tany amin' ireo fiarahamonina nanana fonenana raikitra tao Anatôlia izany tatỳ aoriana. Tsy teo amin' ny gorodon' ny efitra ihany no nampiasain' ny Tiorka ny karipetra sy ny lambam-pandrakofana gorodona ary ny karipetra fisaka antsoina hoe ''kilim'', fa nahantony teo amin' ny rindrina sy teo amin' ny fidirana koa izy ireny, ka nanampy nanakana ny fifindran' ny hafanana. Fanao koa ny nanolotra azy ireny ho an' ny môskea, izay matetika nahangona azy betsaka.<ref name="foroqhip153">last: Faroqhi; first: Suraiya; title: ''Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire''; publisher: I.B. Tauris; date: 2005; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-85043-760-4</nowiki>; edition: New; location: London; page: 153.</ref> === Mozika sy zavakanto an-tsehatra === Fanazavana fanampiny: Mozika ôtômana. [[File:Musicians and dancers from ottoman empire.jpg|thumb|Mpitendry zavamaneno sy mpandihy mampiala voly ny vahoaka maro, sary ao amin' ny ''Surname-i Hümayun'', 1720|upright=.75]] Lafiny lehibe tamin' ny fanabeazana ireo olona ambony saranga teo amin' ny fiarahamonina ôtômana ny mozika klasika ôtômana, izany hoe ny mozika ara-javakanto ampianarina araka ny fitsipika voafaritra. Soltana ôtômana maromaro mihitsy no mpitendry zavamaneno sy mpamoron-kira mahay, anisan' izany i [[Selim III]], izay mbola tendrena matetika hatramin' izao ny sanganasany. Ny fifangaroan' ny mozika bizantina, ny mozika armeniana, ny mozika arabo ary ny mozika persiana no tena niavian' ny mozika klasika ôtômana. Eo amin' ny famoronana azy, dia mifototra amin' ny vondron-gadona antsoina hoe ''usul'' izy io, izay somary mitovy amin' ny fandaminana miverimberina ny fitepon-kira matanjaka sy malemy ao amin' ny mozika tandrefana. Mifototra koa amin' ny vondrona andian-peo mifandimby mamorona feon-kira, antsoina hoe ''makam'', izy io; misy itovizan' ireo amin' ny fomba fandaminana ny haavon-peo sy ny elanelany ao amin' ny feon-kira tandrefana. Nampifangaroina ny [[Zavamaneno|zavamaneno]] avy any Anatôlia sy Azia Afovoany, toy ny ''saz'' sy ny ''bağlama'', izay zavamaneno tendrena misy tadiny, ary ny ''kemence'', izay zavamaneno misy tadiny kosehina amin' ny tsipìka; ny zavamaneno hafa avy any Afovoany Atsinanana, toy ny ''ud'' sy ny ''tanbur'', izay zavamaneno tendrena misy tadiny, ny ''kanun'', izay zavamaneno tendrena misy tadiny mivelatra eo ambonin' ny vatany, ary ny ''ney'', izay karazana sodina; ary, tatỳ aoriana tao amin' izany fomba mozika izany, ny zavamaneno tandrefana, dia ny lokanga sy ny pianô. Noho ny fisarahana ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-kolontsaina teo amin' ny renivohitra sy ny faritra hafa, dia nipoitra tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna ny fomba mozika roa samy nanana ny toetrany tamin' ny ankapobeny: ny mozika klasika ôtômana sy ny mozika nentim-paharazan' ny vahoaka. Karazana mozika nentim-paharazan' ny vahoaka maro samihafa no niforona tany amin' ny faritany. Nisongadina indrindra tamin' ny fomba mozika nampiavaka azy ireo faritra niavian' ireto ''Türküs'', na hira nentim-paharazana, ireto: ny ''Türküs'' avy any Balkana sy Trakia, ny ''Türküs'' avy any avaratra atsinanana, izany hoe an' ny vahoaka Laz, ny ''Türküs'' avy amin' ny faritra manodidina ny Ranomasina Egea, ny ''Türküs'' avy any Anatôlia afovoany, ny ''Türküs'' avy any Anatôlia atsinanana, ary ny ''Türküs'' avy any Kaokazy. Anisan' ireo fomba niavaka koa ny mozikan' ny miaramila ''Janissary'', ny mozikan' ny vahoaka Roma, ny dihy mampihetsika ny kibo sy ny valahana, ary ny mozika tiorka nentim-paharazan' ny vahoaka. Niely nanerana ny Empira Ôtômàna ny teatra nentim-paharazana ampisehoana ny aloky ny saribakoly, antsoina hoe ''Karagöz and Hacivat''. Nahitana olona naseho ho solontenan' ny vondrom-poko sy ny vondrona ara-tsôsialy lehibe rehetra tao amin' izany kolontsaina izany izy io.<ref>date: 20 November 2006; title: ''Karagöz and Hacivat, a Turkish shadow play''; url: http://www.allaboutturkey.com/karagoz.htm; access-date: 20 August 2012; publisher: All About Turkey; archive-date: 24 August 2019; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20190824133707/http://www.allaboutturkey.com/karagoz.htm; url-status: live.</ref><ref>last: Emin Şenyer; title: ''Karagoz, Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre''; url: http://www.karagoz.net/english/shadowplay.htm; url-status: dead; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20130131082003/http://www.karagoz.net/english/shadowplay.htm; archive-date: 31 January 2013; access-date: 11 February 2013; publisher: Karagoz.net.</ref> Mpampihetsika saribakoly tokana no nanao ilay fampisehoana sady nanao ny feon' ny olona rehetra tao amin' ny tantara, ary nampiarahina tamin' ny [[Ampongatapaka|amponga kely tazonina an-tanana]], antsoina hoe ''def'', izany. Tsy mazava ny niandohany: mety ho avy amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana tany Ejipta efa nisy talohany izy io, na mety ho avy amin' ny fomba iray tany Azia. === Nahandro === ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Nahandro ôtômana.'' [[File:François-Marie Rosset - Femmes Turcs turques de Serquin, leur manière de faire leur pain - Syrie - 1790.jpg|thumb|upright|Vehivavy tiorka manao mofo, 1790]] Ny nahandro ôtômana dia ny nahandro tao an-drenivohitra, Kônstantinôpôlisy ([[Istanbul]]), sy tao amin' ireo renivohi-paritra. Tao amin' ireo tanàna ireo, ny fifangaroan' ny kolontsaina samihafa dia niteraka nahandro niombonan' ny ankamaroan' ny mponina, na inona na inona fiaviany ara-poko. Nohatsaraina tao amin' ny lakozian' ny lapan' ny empira io nahandro maro karazana io, tamin' ny alalan' ireo mpahandro mahay nentina avy tany amin' ny faritra sasany tao amin' ny empira mba hamorona sakafo sy hanandrana akora samihafa. Niely tsikelikely tany amin' ny mponina ny sakafo noforonina tao amin' ny lakozian' ny lapa ôtômana, ohatra tamin' ny alalan' ny hetsika nandritra ny [[Ramadany|volana Ramadan]], sy tamin' ny alalan' ny sakafo nandrahoina tao amin' ireo trano fonenana amoron-drano antsoina hoe ''Yalı'', izay an' ireo manam-boninahitra nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''pasha''. Avy teo dia niparitaka tany amin' ny mponina sisa izany. Ampahany betsaka amin' ny nahandro any amin' ireo faritany ôtômana taloha ankehitriny no avy amin' ny nahandro ôtômana niombonana, indrindra ny nahandro tiorka, ary anisan' izany koa ny nahandro grika, ny nahandro ao Balkana, ny nahandro armeniana ary ny nahandro ao Afovoany Atsinanana.<ref name="Fragner">Bert Fragner, "''From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure''", in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper, ''A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East'', London, [[Prague]] and New York, p. 52</ref> === Fanatanjahantena === [[File:MedyaBJK.jpg|thumb|Mpikambana tao amin' ny fikambanana Beşiktaş tamin' ny taona 1903]] Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena tena nataon' ny Ôtômàna ny tolona tiorka, ny fihazana, ny fitifirana zana-tsipìka araka ny fomba tiorka, ny fitaingenan-tsoavaly, ny fitorahana lefona rehefa mitaingin-tsoavaly, ny fifaninanana ifampitanana ka ifanosehana amin' ny sandry (''arm wrestling''), ary ny filomanosana. Niforona ny fikambanana mpanao fanatanjahantena nanaraka ny modely eorôpeana rehefa nihamaro ny mpankafy ny lalao [[Baolina kitra|baolina kitra]] tao Kônstantinôpôlisy tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Raha alahatra araka ny fotoana niorenany, dia anisan' ny fikambanana lehibe tao Kônstantinôpôlisy ny fikambanana Beşiktaş mpanao fanazaran-tena ara-batana (''Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club''; 1903), ny fikambanana mpanao fanatanjahantena Galatasaray (1905), ny fikambanana mpanao fanatanjahantena Fenerbahçe (1907), ary ny MKE Ankaragücü, izay nantsoina hoe Turan Sanatkarangücü taloha (1910). Niforona koa ny fikambanana mpanao baolina kitra tany amin' ny faritany hafa, toy ny fikambanana mpanao fanatanjahantena Karşıyaka (1912), ny fikambanana mpanao fanatanjahantena Altay (1914), ary ny ''Turkish Fatherland Football Club'' (fikambanana baolina kitra Tanindrazana Tiorka; izay lasa Ülküspor tatỳ aoriana) (1914), izay samy tao [[Izmir|İzmir]]. == Siansa sy teknolojia == Lohahevitra antsipiriany: Siansa sy teknolojia tao amin' ny Empira Ôtômàna. [[File:Istambul observatory in 1577.jpg|thumb|Ny toeram-pandinihana ny lanitra an' i Taqi ad-Din tao Kônstantinôpôlisy tamin' ny taona 1577]] Nandritra ny tantarany dia nahavita nanangana tranomboky maro ny Ôtômana, izay nahitana boky nadika avy tamin' ny kolontsaina hafa sy sora-tanana tany am-boalohany.<ref name="Ágoston and Alan Masters583" /> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 no nipoiran' ny ampahany lehibe tamin' izany fahalianana tamin' ny sora-tanana teo an-toerana sy avy any ivelany izany. Nandidy an' i Georgios Amiroutzes, manam-pahaizana grika avy any Trabzon, ny soltana Mehmet II mba handika ny bokin' i [[Klaodio Ptôlemeo|Ptolemy]] momba ny jeôgrafia sy hanao izay hahafahan' ny toeram-pampianarana ôtômana mampiasa izany. Ohatra iray hafa i Ali Qushji, mpahay kintana, mpahay matematika ary mpahay fizika avy any [[Samarkand]]. Lasa mpampianatra tao amin' ny ''madrasa'' roa (sekoly silamo) izy, ary nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny tontolo ôtômana ny asa sorany sy ny asan' ny mpianany, na dia roa na telo taona monja aza no nonenany tao Kônstantinôpôlisy talohan' ny nahafatesany.<ref>last: Ragep; first: F. J.; date: 2005; title: ''Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions''; journal: ''Journal for the History of Astronomy''; publisher: Science History Publications Ltd.; volume: 36; issue: 125; pages: 359–371; bibcode: 2005JHA....36..359R; doi: 10.1177/002182860503600401; s2cid: 119066552.</ref> Nanangana ny toeram-pandinihana ny lanitra tao Kônstantinôpôlisy i [[Taqi al-Din]] tamin' ny taona 1577, ary nanao fandinihana tao hatramin' ny taona 1580. Nokajiny ny isa milaza ny halehiben' ny fivilian' ny lalan-kihodinan' ny Masoandro amin' ny endrika boribory (''eccentricity''), ary ny fihetsehana isan-taonan' ny teboka amin' izany lalan-kihodinana izany izay lavitra indrindra amin' ny Tany (''apogee'').<ref name="Tekeli">date: 1997; title: ''Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures''; publisher: Kluwer; bibcode: 2008ehst.book.....S; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-7923-4066-9</nowiki>; author: Sevim Tekeli; entry: Taqi al-Din.</ref> Saika azo antoka anefa fa ny [[Fanandroana|fanandroana]], fa tsy ny fandinihana ara-tsiansa ny kintana, no tena tanjon' ilay toeram-pandinihana. Izany no nitarika ny fandravana azy tamin' ny taona 1580, rehefa nitombo hery ny antokon' ny mpitondra fivavahana nanohitra ny fampiasana azy hanaovana fanandroana.<ref>last: El-Rouayheb; first: Khaled; title: ''Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb''; publisher: Cambridge University Press; date: 2015; isbn: <nowiki>978-1-107-04296-4</nowiki>; pages: 18–19.</ref> Nanao andrana momba ny herin' ny eton-drano koa izy tao Ejipta teo ambany fitondrana ôtômana tamin' ny taona 1551. Tamin' izany no nilazalazany fitaovana mpanodina hena atono mandeha amin' ny eton-drano, izay nampandehanin' ny milina tsotra misy kodiarana misy lelany ahodin' ny eton-drano.<ref>Ahmad Y Hassan (1976), ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', p. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo</ref> [[File:Young woman reading (1880), by Osman Hamdi Bey.jpg|thumb|''Girl Reciting the Qurān'' (''Kuran Okuyan Kız''; Zazavavy mitanisa ny Kor'any), sary hosodoko nataon' i Osman Hamdi Bey, manam-pahaizana ôtômana nahafehy taranja maro, tamin' ny taona 1880. Matetika ny sanganasany no nampiseho vehivavy nanao asa mifandray amin' ny fianarana.<ref>date: 27 April 2017; title: ''Artist Feature: Who Was Osman Hamdi Bey?''; url: http://www.howtotalkaboutarthistory.com/artist-feature/artist-feature-osman-hamdi-bey; access-date: 13 June 2018; website: How To Talk About Art History; archive-date: 13 June 2018; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084633/http://www.howtotalkaboutarthistory.com/artist-feature/artist-feature-osman-hamdi-bey/; url-status: live.</ref>]] I Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu no nanoratra ny boky voalohany mirakitra sary momba ny fandidiana (na fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny fanokafana na fanapahana ny vatana), sy ny rakipahalalana lehibe farany momba ny fitsaboana avy amin' ny tontolo silamo.<ref>last: Bademci; first: G.; date: 2006; title: ''First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu''; journal: ''Neurocirugía''; volume: 17; issue: 2; pages: 162–165; doi: 10.4321/S1130-14732006000200012; pmid: 16721484; doi-access: free.</ref> Ny Empira Ôtômàna no heverina ho namorona fitaovana fandidiana maro mbola ampiasaina, toy ny fôrsepsy (na fitaovana miendrika tandra-patana hihazonana na hisintonana faritra amin' ny vatana; ''forceps''), ny katetera (na fantsona ampidirina ao amin' ny vatana mba hampidirana na hamoahana ranoka), ny skalipela (na antsy kely maranitra fanaovana fandidiana) sy ny lansety (na antsy kely maranitra tendro fanaovana tsindrona na fanokafana kely), ary ny tandra-patana (na fitaovana misy vava roa mifanatona mba hanerena na hisintonana zavatra).<ref>title: ''Ottoman Empire''; url: https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire; quote: Additionally, some of the greatest advances in medicine were made by the Ottomans. They invented several surgical instruments that are still used today, such as forceps, catheters, scalpels, pincers and lancets; access-date: 26 August 2010; publisher: History; date: 3 November 2017; archive-date: 25 January 2019; archive-url: https://web.archive.org/web/20190125011425/https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire; url-status: live.</ref> Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia nanomboka nampiasa milina mandeha amin' ny eton-drano tamin' ny famokarana indostrialy i Ejipta teo ambany fitondran' i Muhammad Ali. Niroso tamin' ny fampiasana ny herin' ny eton-drano ny orinasa mpamokatra sy mpanodina vy, ny famokarana lamba, ny orinasa mpanao taratasy ary ny milina fanesorana ny hoditry ny voam-boly.<ref name="batou193">last: Jean Batou; url: https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC&pg=PA193; title: ''Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800–1870''; publisher: Librairie Droz; date: 1991; isbn: <nowiki>978-2-600-04293-2</nowiki>; pages: 193–196.</ref> Araka ny mpahay tantara ara-toekarena Jean Batou dia efa nisy tao Ejipta ny fepetra ara-toekarena nilaina mba hahafahana mampiasa ny solitany ho loharanon' angovo mety hampandeha ireo milina mandeha amin' ny eton-drano tatỳ aoriana tao anatin' ny taonjato faha-19.<ref name="batou193"/> == Jereo koa == Vavahady momba an' i Torkia * Empira lehibe 16 an' ny vahoaka miteny fiteny tiorkika (''16 Great Turkic Empires'') * Lisitry ny boky sy asa soratra momba ny Empira Ôtômàna * Empiran' ny soltana (''Empire of the Sultans'') * Fifandraisan' ny Empira Ôtômàna tamin' ny firenena hafa * Empira nampiasa fitaovam-piadiana mandeha amin' ny vanja * Fandalinana ny fomba nanoratana ny tantaran' ny Empira Ôtômàna * Lisitry ny ady nifandonan' ny tafika nandraisan' ny Empira Ôtômàna anjara * Lisitry ny vahiny nanompo ny Empira Ôtômàna * Mpandika teny (''dragoman'') * Fianakaviana Osmanoğlu * Lisitry ny fakana tany an' ady, fahirano ary fampidinana tafika an-tanety avy an-tsambo nataon' ny Ôtômàna * Lisitry ny ady nandraisan' ny Empira Ôtômàna anjara * Adin' ny Ôtômàna tany Eorôpa * Topimaso voarafitra momba ny Empira Ôtômàna * Tantaran' ny vahoaka miteny fiteny tiorkika * Fanjakana nanaiky ny Empira Ôtômàna ho fahefana amboniny sy fanjakana nandoa hetra taminy * [[Kalifata Ôtômana]] * [[Fiteny tiorka ôtômana]] * [[Torkia]] == Fanamarihana == <references group="fanamarihana" /> == Loharanon-kevitra == <references /> === Loharano === * <span id="CITEREFRoy2015"></span>Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ ''Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE'']. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-58692-0</nowiki>. Amin' ny teny anglisy (en). * <span id="CITEREFArmour2012"></span>Armour, Ian D. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9b6f5vhKJiAC ''A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation'']. Fanontana: 2nd. London New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84966-661-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFAtasoyRaby1989"></span>Atasoy, Nurhan; Raby, Julian (1989). ''Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey''. Petsopoulos, Yanni (mpanonta). Alexandria Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-500-97374-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBiondich2011"></span>Biondich, Mark (2011). ''The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878''. The United States: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8</nowiki>. 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[https://hdl.handle.net/1887/31832 ''Introduction: Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective'']. Ao amin' ny boky natontan' i [[#CITEREFBosmaLucassenOostindie2012|Bosma, Lucassen ary Oostindie (2012)]], p. 1–22. DOI: 10.1515/9780857453280-003. * <span id="CITEREFFreely2011"></span>Freely, John (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC ''A History of Ottoman Architecture'']. WIT Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84564-506-9</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 9 March 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151710/https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023]; voamarika fa mbola azo idirana ny rohy niandohana. * <span id="CITEREFGibneyHansen2005"></span>Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (mpanonta) (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3YEbAQAAMAAJ ''Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present'']. ABC-CLIO. <nowiki>ISBN 9781576077962</nowiki>. ** <span id="CITEREFFábos2005"></span>Fábos, Anita (2005). 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[https://books.google.com/books?id=UZJOEAAAQBAJ ''Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays'']. Leiden Boston: BRILL. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9004133228</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFKasaba2008"></span>Kasaba, Reşat (mpanonta) (2008). ''The Cambridge History of Turkey''. Boky 4: ''Turkey in the Modern World''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-139-05421-8</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521620963. ** <span id="CITEREFFindley2008"></span>Findley, Carter (2008). ''The Tanzimat II''. Ao amin' ny boky natontan' i [[#CITEREFKasaba2008|Kasaba (2008)]], p. 9–37. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521620963.003. ** <span id="CITEREFKirişci2008"></span>Kirişci, Kemal (2008). ''Migration and Turkey: the dynamics of state, society and politics''. Ao amin' ny boky natontan' i [[#CITEREFKasaba2008|Kasaba (2008)]], p. 173–198. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521620963.008. * <span id="CITEREFKaser2011"></span>Kaser, Karl (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j3i8muwLf8AC ''The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History'']. Berlin Wien: LIT Verlag Münster. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-643-50190-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFKinross1979"></span>Kinross, Lord (1979). [https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/n4 ''The Ottoman Centuries: the Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire'']. Harper Collins. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8</nowiki>. Boky tantara natao ho an' ny besinimaro, izay manohana ilay foto-kevitra tranainy momba ny « fitotonganana ». * <span id="CITEREFKuban2010"></span>Kuban, Doğan (2010). ''Ottoman Architecture''. Mill, Adair (mpandika teny). Antique Collectors' Club. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85149-604-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFPekesen2012"></span>Pekesen, Berna (7 March 2012). [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans ''Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans'']. ''European History Online''. Leibniz Institute of European History. Nojerena tamin' ny 20 February 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240220192047/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans Tahiry tamin' ny 20 February 2024]; voamarika fa mbola azo idirana ny rohy niandohana. * <span id="CITEREFQuataert1983"></span>Quataert, Donald (1983). ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1908''. * <span id="CITEREFQuataertSpivey2000"></span>Quataert, Donald; Spivey, Diane M. (2000). ''Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550–1922''. SUNY Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7914-4431-3</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFRogan2011"></span>Rogan, Eugene (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=16U0mEbf4nAC ''The Arabs: A History'']. Penguin. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-465-03248-8</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 9 September 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151601/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Arabs/16U0mEbf4nAC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2023]; voamarika fa mbola azo idirana ny rohy niandohana. * <span id="CITEREFRüstem2019"></span>Rüstem, Ünver (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_p0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 ''Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul'']. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780691181875</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFSomel2010"></span>Somel, S.A. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC ''The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire'']. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4617-3176-4</nowiki>. == Vakiteny fanampiny == Lisitra feno: Boky sy lahatsoratra momba ny Empira Ôtômàna. Loharanom-boky momba ny Empira Ôtômàna: [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ottoman+Empire&library=OLBP boky an-tserasera], [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ottoman+Empire loharano ao amin' ny tranomboky ampiasain' ny mpamaky] ary [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ottoman+Empire&library=0CHOOSE0 loharano ao amin' ny tranomboky hafa]. === Asa manome topimaso ankapobeny === * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-turkey/EC9B3B62272E26DA30A7090DEE934DC9 ''The Cambridge History of Turkey''] an-tserasera ([https://web.archive.org/web/20201105213313/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-turkey/EC9B3B62272E26DA30A7090DEE934DC9 tahiry: 5 November 2020]). ** Boky 1: Kate Fleet, nandamina ny boky. ''Byzantium to Turkey 1071–1453.'' Cambridge University Press, 2009. ** Boky 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi sy Kate Fleet, nandamina ny boky. ''The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603.'' Cambridge University Press, 2012. ** Boky 3: Suraiya N. Faroqhi, nandamina ny boky. ''The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839.'' Cambridge University Press, 2006. ** Boky 4: Reşat Kasaba, nandamina ny boky. ''Turkey in the Modern World.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008. * Agoston, Gabor and Bruce Masters, nandamina ny boky. ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' (2008). * Faroqhi, Suraiya. ''The Ottoman Empire: A Short History'' (2009), 196 pejy. * Finkel, Caroline. ''Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923''. Basic Books, 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7</nowiki>. * Hathaway, Jane. ''The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800''. Pearson Education Ltd., 2008. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8</nowiki>. * Howard, Douglas A. ''A History of the Ottoman Empire''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-72730-3</nowiki>. * <cite id="CITEREFArnold1877">Arnold, Arthur (1877). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_promises_of_Turkey ''The promises of Turkey'']. Fanontana voalohany. Westminster: ''The Eastern Question Association'' (Fikambanana momba ny Raharahan' ny Atsinanana). Wikidata: [[:d:Q19097235|Q19097235]]; amin' ny alalan' ny Wikisource.</cite> * Koller, Markus (2012). [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/from-the-turkish-menace-to-orientalism/markus-koller-ottoman-history-of-south-east-europe?set_language=en&-C= ''Ottoman History of South-East Europe''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160640/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/from-the-turkish-menace-to-orientalism/markus-koller-ottoman-history-of-south-east-europe?set_language=en&-C= tahiry: 11 June 2021]), [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – ''European History Online''] (Tantaran' i Eorôpa an-tserasera; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042444/http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ tahiry: 8 February 2013]). Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php ''Institute of European History''] (Ivon-toeram-pikarohana momba ny tantaran' i Eorôpa; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php tahiry: 19 February 2016]). Nojerena: 25 March 2021 ([http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121258 PDF] (endrika rakitra mitahiry ny firafitry ny pejy)). * Imber, Colin. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power''. Fanontana faha-2. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-230-57451-9</nowiki>. * İnalcık, Halil sy Donald Quataert, nandamina ny boky. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914''. Cambridge University Press, 1994. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-57456-3</nowiki>. Boky roa. * Kia, Mehrdad, nandamina ny boky. ''The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia'' (boky roa, 2017). * McCarthy, Justin. ''The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923.'' (1997). [https://archive.org/details/ottomanturksintr0000mcca ''The Ottoman Turks : an introductory history to 1923''] an-tserasera. * Mikaberidze, Alexander. ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'' (boky roa, 2011). * Miller, William. ''The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922'' (fanontana faha-2, 1927), [https://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill an-tserasera]; mandalina tsara ny pôlitika ivelany. * Quataert, Donald. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922.'' 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-54782-2</nowiki>. * Şahin, Kaya. ''The Ottoman Empire in the Long Sixteenth Century.'' ''Renaissance Quarterly'' (2017), 70, laharana 1: 220–234. [http://www.academia.edu/download/52257343/RQ_review_essay.pdf An-tserasera] (rohy voamarika ho tsy mandeha: January 2025). * Somel, Selcuk Aksin. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire'' (2003). Pejy&nbsp;399. [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Ottoman-Dictionaries-Civilizations/dp/0810843323 Ampahan-dahatsoratra] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220514063618/https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Ottoman-Dictionaries-Civilizations/dp/0810843323 tahiry: 14 May 2022]). * Stavrianos, L. S. 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S2CID: <nowiki>143042353</nowiki>. * Aksan, Virginia (2007). ''Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged''. Pearson Education Limited. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7</nowiki>. * Aksan, Virginia H. ''Ottoman Military Matters.'' ''Journal of Early Modern History'' 6.1 (2002): 52–62; fandalinana ny fomba fanoratana tantara; [https://www.academia.edu/download/53818952/Aksan_Ottoman_MIlitary_Matters.pdf an-tserasera] (rohy voamarika ho tsy mandeha: January 2025). * Aksan, Virginia H. ''Mobilization of Warrior Populations in the Ottoman Context, 1750–1850.'' Ao amin' ny ''Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour: 1500–2000'', nandrindran' i Erik-Jan Zürcher (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/download/35001786/Chapter-11-Aksan-Mobilization_of_warrior_populations-1.pdf An-tserasera] (rohy voamarika ho tsy mandeha: January 2025). * Aksan, Virginia. ''Breaking the spell of the Baron de Tott: Reframing the question of military reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1760–1830.'' ''International History Review'' 24.2 (2002): 253–277. [https://www.academia.edu/download/46384567/Aksan_BreakingtheSpelloftheBarondeTottReframingtheQuesti_retrieved_2016-06-10_.pdf An-tserasera] (rohy voamarika ho tsy mandeha: January 2025). * Aksan, Virginia H. ''The Ottoman military and state transformation in a globalizing world.'' ''Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East'' 27.2 (2007): 259–272. [http://www.academia.edu/download/53818899/Aksan_Ottoman_MIlitary_and_State_Transformation_in__Globalizing_CSSAAMEAksan.pdf An-tserasera] (rohy voamarika ho tsy mandeha: January 2025). * Aksan, Virginia H. ''Whatever happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768–1774 Russo-Ottoman War.'' ''War in History'' 5.1 (1998): 23–36. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200228231453/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f9d7/c3a29abba101ebeb7705e2a733f2a8076187.pdf An-tserasera]. * Albrecht-Carrié, René. ''A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna'' (1958), 736 pejy; fampidirana fototra momba ny vanim-potoana 1815–1955. [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000albr_b4c1 Azo indramina maimaim-poana an-tserasera]. * Çelik, Nihat. ''Muslims, Non-Muslims and Foreign Relations: Ottoman Diplomacy.'' ''International Review of Turkish Studies'' 1.3 (2011): 8–30. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nihat_Celik2/publication/263369634_Muslims_Non-Muslims_and_Foreign_Relations_Ottoman_Diplomacy/links/0f31753aad5432da58000000.pdf An-tserasera] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200728024900/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nihat_Celik2/publication/263369634_Muslims_Non-Muslims_and_Foreign_Relations_Ottoman_Diplomacy/links/0f31753aad5432da58000000.pdf voatahiry: 28 July 2020]). * Fahmy, Khaled. ''All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt'' (Cambridge University Press. 1997). * Gürkan, Emrah Safa (2011). [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/alliances-and-wars/alliances-and-treaties/emrah-safa-gurkan-christian-allies-of-the-ottoman-empire?set_language=en&-C= ''Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160637/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/alliances-and-wars/alliances-and-treaties/emrah-safa-gurkan-christian-allies-of-the-ottoman-empire?set_language=en&-C= voatahiry: 11 June 2021]), [http://www.ieg-ego.eu EHO – ''European History Online''] (tantaran' i Eorôpa an-tserasera; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042444/http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ voatahiry: 8 February 2013]), Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php ''Institute of European History''] (ivontoerana momba ny tantaran' i Eorôpa; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php voatahiry: 19 February 2016]); nojerena: 25 March 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1020549114/34 rakitra PDF] (endrika antontan-taratasy azo afindra); [https://web.archive.org/web/20210505202644/https://d-nb.info/1020549114/34 voatahiry: 5 May 2021]). * Hall, Richard C., mpandrindra. ''War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia'' (2014). * Hurewitz, Jacob C. ''Ottoman diplomacy and the European state system.'' ''Middle East Journal'' 15.2 (1961): 141–152. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323345 An-tserasera] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200726195811/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323345 voatahiry: 26 July 2020]). * Merriman, Roger Bigelow. ''Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566'' (Harvard University Press, 1944). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87496 An-tserasera]. * Miller, William. ''The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922'' (fanontana faha-2, 1927). [https://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill An-tserasera]; manazava lalina ny pôlitika ivelany. * Minawi, Mustafa. ''The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz'' (2016). [https://archive.org/details/kaoikaprophe007_gmail_20180922 An-tserasera]. * Nicolle, David. ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774'' (Osprey Publishing, 1983). * Palmer, Alan. ''The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire'' (1994). * Rhoads, Murphey (1999). ''Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700''. Rutgers University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85728-389-1</nowiki>. * Soucek, Svat (2015). ''Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700''. Istanbul: The Isis Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-975-428-554-3</nowiki>. * Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). ''A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk''. Abc-Clio. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0</nowiki>. === Fandalinana lohahevitra manokana === * Baram, Uzi sy Lynda Carroll, mpandrindra ny famoahana. ''A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground'' (Plenum/Kluwer Academic Press, 2000) * Barkey, Karen. ''Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.'' (2008) <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-71533-1</nowiki> * Davison, Roderic H. ''Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876'' (New York: Gordian Press, 1973) * Deringil, Selim. ''The well-protected domains: ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909'' (London: IB Tauris, 1998) * Findley, Carter V. ''Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922'' (Princeton University Press, 1980) * <span id="CITEREFHamed-Troyansky2024"></span>Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c0vpEAAAQBAJ Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State]''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2024. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-5036-3696-5</nowiki>. Notsidihina: 20 May 2024; [https://web.archive.org/web/20240521081112/https://books.google.com/books?id=c0vpEAAAQBAJ tahiry] tamin' ny 21 May 2024; rohy voamarika ho mandeha ao amin' ny loharano. * McMeekin, Sean. ''The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power'' (2010) * Mikhail, Alan. ''God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World'' (2020) <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-63149-239-6</nowiki>, momba an' i [[Selim I]] (1470–1529) * Pamuk, Sevket. ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire'' (1999). Pejy&nbsp;276 * Stone, Norman. ''Turkey in the Russian Mirror'', pejy&nbsp;86–100 ao amin' ny ''Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy'', izay nandrindra ny famoahana: Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 <nowiki>ISBN 0-297-84913-1</nowiki>. * Yaycioglu, Ali. ''Partners of the empire: The crisis of the Ottoman order in the age of revolutions'' (Stanford University Press, 2016), mandinika ny vanim-potoana 1760–1820. Lahatsoratra mandinika sy manombana ilay boky, hita an-tserasera: DOI: 10.17192/meta.2018.10.7716. Cakir, Burcin. ''[https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0003/2018/192/7716/ Ali Yacıoğlu: "Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions" &#124; Middle East – Topics & Arguments]''. ''Middle East – Topics & Arguments'', boky 10, pejy 109–112, 2018. DOI: 10.17192/meta.2018.10.7716. Notsidihina: 1 November 2022; [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141747/https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0003/2018/192/7716/ tahiry] tamin' ny 1 November 2022; rohy voamarika ho mandeha ao amin' ny loharano. === Fandalinana ny fanoratana tantara === * Aksan, Virginia H. ''What's Up in Ottoman Studies?'' ''Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association'' 1.1–2 (2014): 3–21. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.3 Ao amin' ny aterineto] (tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200809081242/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.3 9 August 2020]). ** [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.2.1.215 Fanamarihan' i Ehud R. Toledano] (tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200809052829/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.2.1.215 9 August 2020]) sy [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/745216/summary valin' i Aksan] (tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081133/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/745216/summary 25 February 2021]). * Aksan, Virginia H. ''Ottoman political writing, 1768–1808.'' ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 25.1 (1993): 53–69. [http://www.academia.edu/download/35157878/Aksan_OttomanPOlitical_WritingIJMES_1993.pdf Ao amin' ny aterineto] (rohy voamarika fa tsy mandeha; January 2025). * Finkel, Caroline. ''Ottoman history: whose history is it?.'' ''International Journal of Turkish Studies'' 14.1/2 (2008). * Gerber, Haim. ''Ottoman Historiography: Challenges of the Twenty-First Century.'' ''Journal of the American Oriental Society,'' 138#2 (2018), p.&nbsp;369+. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A551496598/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=04b4884e Ao amin' ny aterineto] (tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200728024929/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA551496598&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=04b4884e 28 July 2020]). * Hartmann, Daniel Andreas. ''Neo-Ottomanism: The Emergence and Utility of a New Narrative on Politics, Religion, Society, and History in Turkey'' (lahatsoratra fikarohana natolotra hahazoana ny PhD (mari-pahaizana dôktôra amin' ny fikarohana), Central European University, 2013). [http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2013/hartmann_daniel.pdf Ao amin' ny aterineto] (tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220514063633/http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2013/hartmann_daniel.pdf 14 May 2022]). * Eissenstat, Howard. ''Children of Özal: The New Face of Turkish Studies'' ''Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association'' 1#1 (2014), pp.&nbsp;23–35. DOI: 10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23. Eissenstat (2014). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23 Children of Özal: The New Face of Turkish Studies]''. ''Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association'', boky 1, laharana 1–2, pp.&nbsp;23–35. DOI: 10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23; JSTOR: 10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23; S2CID: 158272381. Fidirana amin' ny alalan' ny famandrihana. Nojerena: 28 March 2020; tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200809062102/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23 9 August 2020]; satan' ny rohy voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: mandeha. * Kayalı, Hasan (December 2017). ''The Ottoman Experience of World War I: Historiographical Problems and Trends''. ''The Journal of Modern History'', boky 89, laharana 4, pp.&nbsp;875–907; amin' ny teny anglisy. DOI: 10.1086/694391; ISSN: 0022-2801; S2CID: 148953435. * Lieven, Dominic. ''Empire: The Russian Empire and its rivals'' (Yale University Press, 2002), fampitahana amin' ny empira rosiana sy britanika ary ny an' ny Habsburg. [https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Russian-Its-Rivals/dp/0300097263 Sombin-dahatsoratra] (tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161019121200/https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Russian-Its-Rivals/dp/0300097263 19 October 2016]). * Mikhail, Alan; Philliou, Christine M. ''The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn,'' ''Comparative Studies in Society & History'' (2012) 54#4 pp.&nbsp;721–745. Ny fampitahana ny Ôtômana amin' ny empira hafa dia mitondra fahatakarana vaovao momba ny fomba fiasana sy ny fiovan' ny fitondrana empira, ny fizarana ny tantara ho vanim-potoana, ary ny fiovana ara-pôlitika. * Olson, Robert, ''Ottoman Empire'', ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA892 Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2]'', natontan' i Kelly Boyd, Taylor & Francis, 1999, pp.&nbsp;892–896. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-884964-33-6</nowiki>. Nojerena: 5 October 2016; tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151710/https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA892 14 January 2023]; satan' ny rohy voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: mandeha. * Quataert, Donald. ''Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of <nowiki>'Decline.'</nowiki>'' ''History Compass'' 1 (2003): 1–9. * Yaycıoğlu, Ali. ''Ottoman Early Modern.'' ''Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association'' 7.1 (2020): 70–73. [http://www.academia.edu/download/64051313/Ali%20Yaycioglu%20-%20Ottoman%20Early%20Modern.pdf Ao amin' ny aterineto] (rohy voamarika fa tsy mandeha; January 2025). * Yılmaz, Yasir. ''Nebulous Ottomans vs. Good Old Habsburgs: A Historiographical Comparison.'' ''Austrian History Yearbook'' 48 (2017): 173–190. [https://www.academia.edu/download/52736768/Yilmaz__Yasir__-_nebulous_ottomans_vs_good_old_habsburgs_a_historiographical_comparison.pdf Ao amin' ny aterineto] (rohy voamarika fa tsy mandeha; January 2025). == Rohy ivelany == Ao amin' ny [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects|tetikasa rahavavin' i Wikipedia]]: * [[:wikt:en:Special:Search/Ottoman Empire|Famaritana ao amin' ny Wiktionary amin' ny teny anglisy]]. * [[:c:Category:Ottoman Empire|Sary sy rakitra hafa ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]]. * [[:v:en:Special:Search/Ottoman Empire|Fitaovana fianarana ao amin' ny Wikiversity amin' ny teny anglisy]]. * [[:voy:en:Ottoman Empire|Torohay momba ny dia ao amin' ny Wikivoyage amin' ny teny anglisy]]. * [[:d:Q12560|Angona momba ny Empira Ôtômàna ao amin' ny Wikidata]]. Famakiana ny lahatsoratra amin' ny teny anglisy, mizara roa, maharitra 1 ora sy 15 minitra: # [[File:Wikipedia - Ottoman Empire - Main History.ogg|180px|Fizarana 1 amin' ny teny anglisy]] — Nampakatra voalohany ny rakitra: Pordaria. # [[File:Wikipedia - Ottoman Empire - Part 2.ogg|180px|Fizarana 2 amin' ny teny anglisy]] — Fanondroana ny mpandray anjara: Pordaria de en.wikipedia.org. Ireo rakipeo ireo dia mifototra amin' ny endriky ny lahatsoratra anglisy tamin' ny 29 Martsa 2008, ka tsy ahitana ny fanovana natao tatỳ aoriana. [[:en:Project:Media help|Fanampiana momba ny rakipeo]] sy [[:en:Project:Spoken articles|lahatsoratra hafa novakina sy noraketina]], ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny anglisy. * [http://otap.bilkent.edu.tr/ ''Ottoman Text Archive Project''] (tetikasa fitahirizana lahatsoratra ôtômana); [https://web.archive.org/web/20240519071606/http://otap.bilkent.edu.tr/ tahiry tamin' ny 19 Mey 2024]. * [https://guides.lib.umich.edu/NE/ottoman ''Ottoman and Turkish Studies Resources''] (loharanom-pahalalana ho an' ny fandalinana momba ny Ôtômana sy ny Tiorka) — ''University of Michigan'' (Oniversiten' i Michigan). * [https://ottomanhistorians.uchicago.edu/en ''Historians of the Ottoman Empire''] (mpahay tantaran' ny Empira Ôtômàna); [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709120723/https://ottomanhistorians.uchicago.edu/en tahiry tamin' ny 9 Jolay 2025] — ''University of Chicago'' (Oniversiten' i Chicago). * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11770 ''Turkey in Asia''], 1920. [[:en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library|Loharanom-pahalalana ao amin' ny tranomboky]] momba ny Empira Ôtômàna: * [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ottoman+Empire&library=OLBP Boky azo vakina an-tserasera]. * [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ottoman+Empire Loharanom-pahalalana ao amin' ny tranomboky ampiasain' ny mpamaky]. * [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ottoman+Empire&library=0CHOOSE0 Loharanom-pahalalana ao amin' ny tranomboky hafa]. [[:Sokajy:Tantaran'i Torkia]] [[:Sokajy:Empira otomana]] 8btp7ofedkjdyqkq5fs4t3omj1l4bo7 0 302714 1153698 2026-11-11T14:04:38Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153698 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roindambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Smilacaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Liliales]]): * ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' <small>(L.) Maslin</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''Fabaceae'') -- roidambo * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''Smilacaceae'') -- avaotra, avetro, aviotra, avoatra, fandrikibodisy, havaotra, roidambo, roindambo == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Smilax]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' 099f5zk0ptiicnt5tya9z1b2xlcpeyy 1153700 1153698 2026-11-11T14:21:29Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana ara-tsiansa 1153700 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roindambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Smilacaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Liliales]]): * ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''Fabaceae'') -- roidambo * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''Smilacaceae'') -- avaotra, avetro, aviotra, avoatra, fandrikibodisy, havaotra, roidambo, roindambo == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Smilax]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' <small>(L.) Maslin</small> (''← Acacia pennata'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) bi9fkgk5na6jac6yz568vc37vnejjgx 1153701 1153700 2026-11-11T14:36:47Z Thelezifor 15140 1153701 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roidambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Smilacaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Liliales]]): * ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''Fabaceae'') -- roidambo * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''Smilacaceae'') -- avaotra, avetro, aviotra, avoatra, fandrikibodisy, havaotra, roidambo == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Smilax]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' <small>(L.) Maslin</small> (''← Acacia pennata'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) oh0oa0oerneak9ap9gbbs4dzy1i1t1i 1153702 1153701 2026-11-11T14:38:35Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Roindambo]] ho [[Roidambo]] i Thelezifor 1153701 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roidambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]) sy ''[[Smilacaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Liliales]]): * ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''Fabaceae'') -- roidambo * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''Smilacaceae'') -- avaotra, avetro, aviotra, avoatra, fandrikibodisy, havaotra, roidambo == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Smilax]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * ''[[Senegalia pennata]]'' <small>(L.) Maslin</small> (''← Acacia pennata'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>) oh0oa0oerneak9ap9gbbs4dzy1i1t1i 2 302715 1153699 2026-11-11T14:17:22Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367486863 1153699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:restingStateModels.jpg|thumb|Miasa ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fahitana sy ny rafitra mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana, na dia mandritra ny fMRI (fakana sary ny fiasan' ny atidoha amin' ny akony andriamby) atao rehefa miala sasatra aza.]] [[File:1212 Sensory Neuron Test Water.jpg|thumb|280px|Fampihetsihana sy famaliana ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra mandray fahatsapana]] Ny '''rafi-pitatitra mandray fahatsapana''' dia ampahany amin' ny rafi-pitatitra miandraikitra ny fanodinana ireo vaovao azo amin' ny fahatsapana. Ny '''rafitra mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana''' dia ahitana nerônina mandray fahatsapana (na sela mampita hafatra momba ny fahatsapana ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, ka anisan' ireo ny sela mpandray fanaitairana), lalan-kafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, ary faritra ao amin' ny [[Atidoha|atidoha]] mandray anjara amin' ny fandraisana sy fandikana ny fahatsapana sy ny fahatsapana ny toe-javatra ao anatin' ny vatana. Anisan' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana fantatra amin' ny ankapobeny ireo misahana ny fahitana, ny fandrenesana, ny fahatsapana amin' ny fikasihana, ny fahatsapana tsiro, ny fahatsapana fofona, ny fifandanjana ary ny fahatsapana avy amin' ny taova anaty. Ny taova mandray fahatsapana dia mpanova famantarana izay mamadika ny angona avy amin' ny tontolo ara-batana ivelany ho vaovao azon' ny saina karakaraina. Ao amin' ny saina no andikan' ny olona izany vaovao izany, ka iforonan' ny fahatsapany sy ny fahazoany ny tontolo manodidina azy.<ref>Krantz, John (2012). [http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/sensation/chapters/Chapter%201.pdf ''What is Sensation and Perception?'']. Ao amin' ny ''Experiencing Sensation and Perception''. Pearson Education, Limited, p. 1.6. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-097793-9</nowiki>.</ref> Ny faritra raisin' ny mpandray fanaitairana dia ilay faritra amin' ny vatana na amin' ny tontolo manodidina izay mamaly ny fanaitairana avy ao aminy ny taova sy ny sela mpandray fanaitairana. Ohatra, ny faritra amin' ny tontolo azon' ny maso iray jerena no faritra raisin' io maso io; ny hazavana azon' ny sela miendrika tsorakazo na ny sela miendrika kitsoloha tsirairay raisina no faritra raisin' io sela io.<ref>Kolb, Bryan; Winshaw, Ian Q. (2003). ''Fundamentals of human neuropsychology''. Fanontana: 5th. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, pp. 176–177. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7167-5300-6</nowiki>. OCLC 55617319.</ref> Efa voafaritra ny faritra raisin' ny mpandray fanaitairana ao amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fahitana, ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fandrenesana ary ny rafitra mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana. == Fahatsapana sy mpandray fanaitairana == Mbola iadian-kevitra eo amin' ny manam-pahaizana momba ny rafi-pitatitra ny tena isan' ny fahatsapana, satria samy hafa ny famaritana ny atao hoe fahatsapana. Nanasokajy fahatsapana dimy «nentim-paharazana» ho an' ny olombelona i Gautama Buddha sy [[Aristôty|Aristotle]], ary nanjary nekena maneran-tany izany: ny fikasihana, ny fahatsapana tsiro, ny fandrenesana fofona, ny fahitana ary ny fandrenesana feo. Ekena koa fa manana fahatsapana hafa ny ankamaroan' ny biby mampinono, anisan' izany ny olombelona: ny fanaintainana, ny fahatsapana ny fifandanjana ary ny fahatsapana ny hafanana. Ankoatra izany, hita fa manana fahatsapana hafa ny biby sasany tsy olombelona, anisan' izany ny fahatsapana ny sahan' andriamby sy ny fahatsapana herinaratra.<ref>Hofle, M.; Hauck, M.; Engel, A. K.; Senkowski, D. (2010). ''Pain processing in multisensory environments''. ''Neuroforum'', 16 (2), p. 172. DOI: 10.1007/s13295-010-0004-z (fidirana malalaka). S2CID: 20865665.</ref> === Mpandray fanaitairana === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mpandray fanaitairana ara-pahatsapana. Manomboka ny fahatsapana rehefa mamaly fanaitairana ara-batana ny mpandray fanaitairana iray manokana. Matetika no sokajina ho vondrona efatra miavaka ireo mpandray izay mamaly ny fanaitairana sy mampanomboka ny fahatsapana: ny mpandray fanaitairana simika, ny sela mpandray hazavana, ny mpandray tsindry na fiovan' ny bika ary ny mpandray fiovan' ny hafanana. Samy mandray fanaitairana ara-batana manokana ny mpandray rehetra ary manova izany famantarana izany ho fiovana vetivety amin' ny voltazy izay mifindra manaraka ny sela (''action potential''). Mifindra manaraka ny nerônina mitondra hafatra mankany amin' ny foibe (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra mankany amin' ny foibe) izany fiovana izany avy eo. Tonga any amin' ny faritra manokana ao amin' ny atidoha ilay hafatra, ka karakaraina sy adika ny heviny.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-sensoryreceptor.html http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-sensoryreceptor.html]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090112034609/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-sensoryreceptor.html Tahiry], January 12, 2009.</ref> === Mpandray fanaitairana simika === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mpandray fanaitairana simika. Ny mpandray fanaitairana simika, na mpamantatra fanaitairana simika, dia mahatsikaritra fanaitairana simika sasany ary manova izany famantarana izany ho fiovana vetivety amin' ny voltazy izay mifindra manaraka ny sela. Misy karazany roa lehibe izy ireo: # Ny mpandray fanaitairana simika avy lavitra dia mandray anjara fototra amin' ny fandraisana fanaitairana ao amin' ny gazy, ao amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina fofona. Samy mandray anjara amin' izany ny nerônina mpandray fofona sy ny nerônina ao amin' ny taova vomeronazaly (na taova mpandray fanaitairana simika mifandray amin' ny orona). # Ny mpandray fanaitairana simika mivantana kosa dia mahatsikaritra fanaitairana ao amin' ny ranoka. Anisan' izany ny vondron-tsela mpandray tsiro ao amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina tsiro, ary koa ny mpandray ao amin' ny vatana aôrtika (na vondron-tsela mpandray eo akaikin' ny lalan-dra aôrta), izay mahatsikaritra ny fiovan' ny habetsahan' ny [[Ôksizenina|ôksizenina]] ao anatin' ny ranoka iray.<ref>Satir, P; Christensen, ST (2008). ''Structure and function of mammalian cilia''. ''Histochemistry and Cell Biology'', 129 (6), pp. 687–693. PMC: 2386530. PMID: 18365235. DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9.</ref> === Sela mpandray hazavana === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Sela mpandray hazavana. Nerônina ny sela mpandray hazavana, ary singa manana asa manokana izay mandray anjara lehibe amin' ny fanombohan' ny fahitana. Mora mandray hazavana ireo sela ireo ka misambotra hazavana manana halavan' onja samihafa. Afaka mamaly ireo halavan' onja samihafa mifandray amin' ny loko ny karazana sela mpandray hazavana samihafa, ary manova izany ho famantarana elektrika.<ref>Molday, Robert S.; Moritz, Orson L. (15 November 2015). ''Photoreceptors at a glance''. ''Journal of Cell Science'', 128 (22), pp. 4039–4045. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175687. PMC: 4712787. PMID: 26574505.</ref> Mahavita manova ny hazavana ho famantarana elektrika ireo sela mpandray hazavana. Amin' izany dingana izany, ny hazavana, izay [[Taratra elektrômanetika|taratra elektrômanetika]], dia ovana ho fahasamihafan' ny voltazy eo amin' ny lafiny roa amin' ny fonon-tsela, ankoatra ireo endrika [[Angôvo|angovo]] hafa. Misy efitra dimy ao amin' ireo sela ireo, ary samy manana ny firafiny sy ny asany izy ireo. Ny voalohany dia ny OS (fizarana ivelany), izay misambotra ny hazavana sy manova azy ho famantarana. Ny faharoa dia ny IS (fizarana anatiny), izay misy ireo ôrganita (na singa madinika ao anatin' ny sela) ilaina amin' ny metabôlisman' ny sela (na ny fanovana akora ao amin' ny sela) sy ny biôsentèzy (na ny fanamboaran' ny sela akora). Anisan' ireo ôrganita ireo indrindra ny mitôkôndria (na singa mamokatra angovo azon' ny sela ampiasaina), ny fitaovan' i Golgi (na singa mikarakara sy mandefa akora ao amin' ny sela) ary ny tambajotra endôplasmika (na tambajotram-panify ao anatin' ny sela), mbamin' ny hafa. Ny fahatelo dia ny CC (silia mpampitohy, na tsiratsiraka madinika mampifandray ireo fizarana). Araka ny anarany, ny CC no mampifandray ny faritra OS sy IS mba hahafahana mampita ireo prôteinina ilaina. Ny fahefatra dia misy ny noy (na faritra ao anatin' ny sela itahirizana ny fototarazo; ''nucleus'') ary mitohy amin' ny faritra IS; antsoina hoe faritra misy ny noy izy io. Farany, ny fahadimy dia ny faritra sinaptika (na faritra ifampitan' ny hafatra amin' ny sela hafa), izay fiafaran' ny lalan' ilay famantarana, ary misy kitapo madinika sinaptika. Ao amin' io faritra io no ampitana ny glotamata (na akora simika mpampita hafatra) avy amin' ilay sela mankany amin' ny nerônina manaraka.<ref>Vinberg, Frans; Chen, Jeannie; Kefalov, Vladimir J. (November 2018). ''Regulation of calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors''. ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 67, pp. 87–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.06.001. PMC: 6235702. PMID: 29883715.</ref><ref>Malhotra, Himanshu; Barnes, Cassandra L.; Calvert, Peter D. (September 2021). ''Functional Compartmentalization of Photoreceptor Neurons''. ''Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology'', 473 (9), pp. 1493–1516. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02558-7. PMC: 8690575. PMID: 33880652.</ref> Ireto ny karazana sela mpandray hazavana telo lehibe: Ny sela miendrika kitsoloha dia sela mpandray hazavana izay mamaly indrindra ny loko. Amin' ny olombelona, ny karazany telo dia samy mamaly voalohany indrindra ny hazavana manana halavan' onja fohy (manga), salantsalany (maitso) na lava (mavo/mena).<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2010">''eye, human.'' Encyclopædia Britannica. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> Ny sela miendrika tsorakazo dia sela mpandray hazavana izay tena mora mahatsikaritra ny hamafin' ny hazavana, ka ahafahana mahita rehefa maizimaizina. Mifandray akaiky amin' ny maha-miasa antoandro na maha-miasa alina ny biby iray ny hamaroan' ireo sela ao amin' ny faritra iray sy ny tahan' ny isan' ny sela miendrika tsorakazo raha ampitahaina amin' ny sela miendrika kitsoloha. Amin' ny olombelona, manodidina ny 20:1 ny tahan' ny isan' ny sela miendrika tsorakazo amin' ny isan' ny sela miendrika kitsoloha; amin' ny biby miasa alina kosa, toy ny vorondolo antsoina hoe ''tawny owl'', dia manakaiky ny 1000:1 izany.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2010" /> Ny sela gangliônika (na karazana sela mpampita hafatra) dia hita ao amin' ny faritra anatiny amin' ny fihary ambonin' ny voa sy ny retina (na sosona ao amin' ny maso mandray hazavana), izay andraisany anjara amin' ny valin' ny rafi-pitatitra simpatetika (na sampan' ny rafi-pitatitra mifehy ny fiomanan' ny vatana hiatrika toe-javatra mitaky fihetsika). Amin' ireo sela gangliônika manodidina ny 1,3 tapitrisa ao amin' ny retina, 1–2% no heverina ho sela gangliônika mora mandray hazavana.<ref>Foster, R. G.; Provencio, I.; Hudson, D.; Fiske, S.; Grip, W.; Menaker, M. (1991). ''Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd)''. ''Journal of Comparative Physiology A'', 169 (1), pp. 39–50. DOI: 10.1007/BF00198171. PMID: 1941717. Bibcode: 1991JCmPA.169...39F. S2CID: 1124159.</ref> Mandray anjara amin' ny fahitana izay tonga ao amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena ireo sela gangliônika mora mandray hazavana ireo amin' ny biby sasany,<ref name="Ecker">Jennifer L. Ecker; Olivia N. Dumitrescu; Kwoon Y. Wong; Nazia M. Alam; Shih-Kuo Chen; Tara LeGates; Jordan M. Renna; Glen T. Prusky; David M. Berson; Samer Hattar (2010). ''Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion-Cell Photoreceptors: Cellular Diversity and Role in Pattern Vision''. ''Neuron'', 67 (1), pp. 49–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.023. PMID: 20624591. PMC: 2904318.</ref> ary heverina fa manao izany koa amin' ny olombelona.<ref name="HoriguchiWinawer2012">Horiguchi, H.; Winawer, J.; Dougherty, R. F.; Wandell, B. A. (2012). ''Human trichromacy revisited''. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 110 (3), pp. E260–E269. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214240110 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 23256158. PMC: 3549098.</ref> === Mpandray tsindry na fiovan' ny bika === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mpandray tsindry na fiovan' ny bika. Ny mpandray tsindry na fiovan' ny bika dia mpandray fanaitairana ara-pahatsapana izay mamaly hery mekanika, toy ny [[Tsindry (fizika)|tsindry]] na ny fiovan' ny bika.<ref>Winter, R.; Harrar, V.; Gozdzik, M.; Harris, L. R. (2008). ''The relative timing of active and passive touch. [Proceedings Paper]''. ''Brain Research'', 1242, pp. 54–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.090. PMID: 18634764. S2CID: 11179917.</ref> Na dia misy aza izy ireo ao amin' ny sela misy tsiratsiraka madinika toy ny volo, ary mandray anjara fototra amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fifandanjana sy ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina feo, dia ao amin' ny hoditra ny ankamaroany. Mizara ho sokajy efatra izy ireo: # Ny mpandray karazana 1 izay mihena miadana ny valiny rehefa mitohy ny fanaitairana dia manana faritra kely andraisany fanaitairana ary mamaly fanaitairana tsy miova. Izy ireo no ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fahatsapana ny bika sy ny tsy fahalaminan' ny velarana. # Ny mpandray karazana 2 izay mihena miadana ny valiny rehefa mitohy ny fanaitairana dia manana faritra lehibe andraisany fanaitairana ary mamaly ny fitarihana hahalava. Toy ny karazana 1, dia mitohy ny valiny raha mbola mitohy ny fanaitairana. # Ny mpandray izay mihena haingana ny valiny rehefa mitohy ny fanaitairana dia manana faritra kely andraisany fanaitairana ary iorenan' ny fahatsapana ny fibolisarana. # Ny mpandray Pacini dia manana faritra lehibe andraisany fanaitairana ary izy ireo no mpandray lehibe indrindra amin' ny fahatsapana fihozongozonana manana hatetika avo. === Mpandray fiovan' ny hafanana === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mpandray fiovan' ny hafanana. Ny mpandray fiovan' ny hafanana dia mpandray fanaitairana ara-pahatsapana izay mamaly ny fiovan' ny [[Mari-pana|hafanana]]. Na dia mbola tsy mazava aza ny fomba fiasan' izy ireo, dia nasehon' ny zavatra hita vao haingana fa manana karazana mpandray fiovan' ny hafanana roa miavaka farafahakeliny ny [[Biby mampinono|biby mampinono]]:<ref>Lezama-García, Karina; Mota-Rojas, Daniel; Pereira, Alfredo M. F.; Martínez-Burnes, Julio; Ghezzi, Marcelo; Domínguez, Adriana; Gómez, Jocelyn; de Mira Geraldo, Ana; Lendez, Pamela; Hernández-Ávalos, Ismael; Falcón, Isabel; Olmos-Hernández, Adriana; Wang, Dehua (2 January 2022). ''Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) and Thermoregulation in Animals: Structural Biology and Neurophysiological Aspects''. ''Animals'', 12 (1), p. 106. DOI: 10.3390/ani12010106 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 35011212. PMC: 8749608. HDL: 10174/34240 (fidirana malalaka).</ref> # Ny fiafaram-pitatitra mivohitra Krause, na vatana madinika miendrika takamoa, dia mahatsikaritra hafanana ambony noho ny hafanan' ny vatana. # Ny taova madinika eo amin' ny fiafaram-pitatitra Ruffini dia mahatsikaritra hafanana ambany noho ny hafanan' ny vatana. Ny TRPV1 dia fantsona miasa rehefa tratran' ny hafanana, ary toy ny fitaovana kely fandrefesana hafanana ao amin' ny fonon-tsela izy io. Rehefa misy fiovan' ny hafanana, dia manomboka ny pôlarizasiônan' ny tsiratsiraka mpitatitra (na ny fiforonan' ny fahasamihafan' ny fiampangana elektrika eo amin' ny lafiny roa amin' ny fonony). Izany no ahafahana mahatsapa ny hafanan' ny manodidina ao amin' ny elanelana manomboka amin' ny matimaty ka hatramin' ny mafana. Toy izany koa, ny TRPM8, izay molekiola mifandray karazana amin' ny TRPV1, dia fantsona ionika (na lalan' ny singa misy fiampangana elektrika mamaky ny fonon-tsela) miasa rehefa mangatsiaka ary mamaly ny hatsiaka. Sokajin-tsiratsiraka mpitatitra fahatsapana samy hafa no itondrana ny hafatra avy amin' ny mpandray hatsiaka sy ny mpandray hafanana. Maneho izany fa efa misaraka hatrany am-boalohany ny fampahalalana tonga ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina. Samy manana ny «lalan-kafatra voatokana» ho azy ny mpandray fanaitairana tsirairay mba hampita fahatsapana tsotra tsapan' ilay mpandray izany. Noho izany, ireo fantsona TRP (fantsona mpandray fanaitairana ao amin' ny fonon-tsela) dia mpamantatra hafanana, ka manampy amin' ny fahatsapana ny fiovan' ny hafanan' ny manodidina.<ref name="Thermosensor">Julius, David. ''How peppers & peppermint identified sensory receptors for temperature and pain''. iBiology. [https://www.ibiology.org/neuroscience/sensory-receptors/ https://www.ibiology.org/neuroscience/sensory-receptors/]. Nojerena: 12 May 2020.</ref> === Mpandray fanaitairana mety hanimba tambatsela === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Mpandray fanaitairana mety hanimba tambatsela. Ny tambatsela dia fitambaran' ny sela manana asa iombonana. Mamaly fanaitairana mety hanimba ny vatana ireo mpandray ireo, amin' ny alalan' ny fandefasana hafatra mankany amin' ny tsokan-damosina sy ny atidoha. Antsoina hoe nôsisepsiôna (na fandraisan' ny rafi-pitatitra fanaitairana mety hanimba tambatsela) izany dingana izany, ary matetika izy io no miteraka fahatsapana [[Fanaintainana|fanaintainana]].<ref>Sherrington C. ''The Integrative Action of the Nervous System.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906.</ref> Hita ao amin' ny taova anatiny sy eny amin' ny velaran' ny vatana ireo mpandray ireo. Mahatsikaritra karazana fanaitairana manimba samihafa na fahasimbana efa nitranga izy ireo. Antsoina hoe mpandray «matory» na «mangina» ireo izay tsy mamaly raha tsy rehefa simba ny tambatsela. # Ny mpandray fanaitairana mety hanimba tambatsela noho ny hafanana dia miasa rehefa tratran' ny hafanana na hatsiaka manimba, amin' ny haavon-kafanana samihafa. # Ny mpandray fanaitairana mekanika mety hanimba tambatsela dia mamaly tsindry tafahoatra na fiovan' ny bika vokatry ny hery mekanika. # Ny mpandray fanaitairana simika mety hanimba tambatsela dia mamaly akora simika maro samihafa, ka ny sasany amin' ireny dia famantarana fahasimban' ny tambatsela. Mandray anjara amin' ny fahatsapana zava-manitra sasany ao amin' ny sakafo izy ireo. == Sosona ivelan' ny atidoha mandray fahatsapana == Ny fanaitairana rehetra raisin' ireo mpandray fanaitairana voatanisa etsy ambony dia avadika ho hafatra ao amin' ny sela, ka miteraka fiovana vetivety amin' ny voltazy izay mifindra manaraka ny sela (''action potential''). Mifindra manaraka nerônina iray na maromaro mitondra hafatra mankany amin' ny foibe izany, ka mankany amin' ny faritra voafaritra ao amin' ny atidoha. Matetika ny hoe korteksa mandray fahatsapana (na sosona ivelan' ny atidoha mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana; ''sensory cortex'') no ampiasaina amin' ny heviny tsy hentitra hilazana ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana. Amin' ny heviny hentitra kokoa anefa dia ilazana ireo faritra maro ao amin' ny atidoha andraisana sy andaminana ny fahatsapana izy io. Ho an' ireo fahatsapana dimy mahazatra amin' ny fanasokajiana nentim-paharazana eo amin' ny olombelona, dia tafiditra amin' izany ny sosona voalohany sy faharoa mandray ireo fahatsapana samihafa: ny sosona mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana, ny sosona mandamina ny fahitana, ny sosona mandamina ny fandrenesana, ny sosona voalohany mandray ny fofona, ary ny sosona mandray ny tsiro.<ref name="Brynie, F.H. 2009">Brynie, Faith Hickman (2009). ''Brain sense: the science of the senses and how we process the world around us''. New York: American Management Association. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8144-1326-5</nowiki>. OCLC: 457057287.</ref> Misy faritra mifandraika aminy koa ireo karazana fahatsapana hafa, anisan' izany ny sosona mandray ny fahatsapana momba ny fifandanjana (''vestibular cortex'').<ref>Brandt, Thomas (2003). ''Vestibular cortex: its locations, functions, and disorders''. Ao amin' ny ''Vertigo''. New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 219–231. Fiteny: en. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3801-8_13 (fidirana malalaka). <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-40500-1</nowiki>.</ref> Ireto avy ny zana-drafitra mandrafitra ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana eo amin' ny olombelona: * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fahitana (fahitana) * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fandrenesana (fandrenesana) * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana (fikasihana, hafanana, fahatsapana ny fihetsiky ny vatana, fanaintainana) * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny tsiro (tsiro) * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fofona (fofona) * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fifandanjana (fifandanjana) === Sosona mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana === Ao amin' ny loba parietaly (na fizarana an-tampon' ny atidoha; ''parietal lobe'') no misy ny sosona voalohany mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana (''primary somatosensory cortex''). Io no faritra voalohany mandray ny fahatsapana ny fikasihana sy ny fahatsapana ny toerana sy ny fihetsiky ny faritra amin' ny vatana, ao amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana. Mbola mizara ho faritra Brodmann 1, 2 ary 3 io sosona io. Ny faritra Brodmann 3 no heverina ho foibe voalohany mandamina ireo hafatra ao amin' io sosona io: betsaka lavitra ny hafatra raisiny avy amin' ny talamosy (na faritra lalina ao amin' ny atidoha mampita hafatra; ''thalamus''), manana nerônina izay mamaly mafy ny fanaitairana avy amin' ny vatana izy, ary ny fanaitairana azy amin' ny herinaratra dia afaka miteraka fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana. Avy amin' ny faritra 3 ny ankamaroan' ny hafatra raisin' ny faritra 1 sy 2. Misy lalan-kafatra koa ho an' ny fahatsapana ny toerana sy ny fihetsiky ny faritra amin' ny vatana, izay mandalo amin' ny serebelôma (na atidoha kely; ''cerebellum''), ary ho an' ny fifehezana ny fihetsika amin' ny alalan' ny nerônina mampihetsika, izay mandalo amin' ny faritra Brodmann 4. Jereo koa ny sosona faharoa mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana, izay marihina amin' ny S2 (sosona somatôsansôriela faharoa). [[File:Eye iris.jpg|thumb|100px|Ny mason' ny olombelona no singa voalohany amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana: eto dia ny fahitana, ao amin' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina ny fahitana.]] === Sosona mandamina ny fahitana === Ny sosona mandamina ny fahitana dia ampahany amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha izay mandamina ny fampahalalana momba izay hita. Manomboka ao amin' ny sosona voalohany mandamina ny fahitana, izay marihina amin' ny V1 na faritra Brodmann 17, ary ao amin' ireo faritra mandamina ny fahitana ivelan' io sosona voalohany io, V2–V5, ny fandaminana ireo hafatra.<ref>McKeeff, T. J.; Tong, F. (2007). ''The timing of perceptual decisions for ambiguous face stimuli in the human ventral visual cortex. [Article]''. ''Cerebral Cortex'', 17 (3), p. 669–678. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhk015 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 16648454.</ref> Ao amin' ny loba ôksipitaly (na fizarana any aoriana amin' ny atidoha; ''occipital lobe'') no misy ny V1. Izy io no toby voalohany mampita ny hafatra momba izay hita, ka mandefa izany amin' ny lalan-kafatra roa lehibe: ny lalana mankany amin' ny ilany ambony (''dorsal stream'') sy ny lalana mankany amin' ny ilany ambany (''ventral stream''). Tafiditra amin' ilay lalana mankany amin' ny ilany ambony ny faritra V2 sy V5, ary ampiasaina handikana ny hoe «aiza» sy «amin' ny fomba ahoana» momba izay hita izy io. Tafiditra amin' ilay lalana mankany amin' ny ilany ambany kosa ny faritra V2 sy V4, ary ampiasaina handikana ny hoe «inona» izy io.<ref>Hickey, C.; Chelazzi, L.; Theeuwes, J. (2010). ''Reward Changes Salience in Human Vision via the Anterior Cingulate. [Article]''. ''Journal of Neuroscience'', 30 (33), p. 11096–11103. DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1026-10.2010 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 20720117. PMC: 6633486.</ref> Ao amin' ny tambajotra misahana ny fifantohan-tsaina any amin' ny ilany ambany (''ventral attention network'') dia hita ny fitomboan' ny fiasana izay mahery kokoa rehefa tsy manao asa voatondro (''task-negative''), aorian' ny fiovana tampoka amin' ny fanaitairana raisin' ny taovam-pahatsapana.<ref>Downar, J.; Crawley, A. P.; Mikulis, D. J.; Dav (2000). ''multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment''. ''Nature Neuroscience'', 3 (3), p. 277–283. DOI: 10.1038/72991. PMID: 10700261. S2CID: 8807081.</ref> Hita koa izany fitomboana izany amin' ny fiandohana sy ny fiafaran' ireo fe-potoana anaovana asa voatondro,<ref>Fox, M. D.; Snyder, A. Z.; Barch, D. M.; Gusnard, D. A.; Raichle, M. E. (2005). ''Transient BOLD responses at block transitions''. ''NeuroImage'', 28 (4), p. 956–966. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.025. PMID: 16043368. S2CID: 8552739.</ref> ary amin' ny fiafaran' ny andrana iray efa vita.<ref>Shulman, G. I.; Tansy, A. P.; Kincade, M.; Petersen, S. E.; McAvoy, M. P.; Corbetta, M. (2002). ''Reactivation of Networks Involved in Preparatory States''. ''Cerebral Cortex'', 12 (6), p. 590–600. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/12.6.590 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 12003859.</ref> Jereo koa: [[Sofina|Sofin' ny olombelona]]. === Sosona mandamina ny fandrenesana === Ao amin' ny loba temporal (na fizarana an-tsisin' ny atidoha eo amin' ny faritry ny fihirifana; ''temporal lobe'') no misy ny sosona mandamina ny fandrenesana. Io no faritra voalohany mandray ny fampahalalana momba ny feo. Ny faritra Brodmann 41 sy 42 no mandrafitra azy, izay antsoina koa hoe faritra temporal mitsivalana anoloana 41 sy faritra temporal mitsivalana aoriana 42, araka izany filaharana izany. Mitovy fomba fiasa ireo faritra roa ireo ary samy ilaina amin' ny fandraisana sy fandaminana ny hafatra alefan' ireo sela mpandray fanaitairana momba ny feo misy volo madinika. [[File:Hump nose2.jpg|thumb|100px|Oron' ny olombelona.]] === Sosona voalohany mandray ny fofona === Ao amin' ny loba temporal no misy ny sosona voalohany mandray ny fofona (''primary olfactory cortex''). Io no faritra voalohany mandray ny fahatsapana ny fofona. Ny fampiasana fomba fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe sy ny rafi-pitatitra foibe miaraka dia mampiavaka ny rafitra mandray ny fofona sy ny rafitra mandray ny tsiro, fara fahakeliny eo amin' ny biby mampinono. Ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe, ny nerônina mpandray ny fofona no manova ny fanaitairana simika ho hafatra izay mifindra manaraka ny tadim-pitatitra mandray ny fofona. Miafara ao amin' ny boliban' ny fofona (na faritra mibontsina andraisana ireo tadim-pitatitra mandray ny fofona; ''olfactory bulb'') io tadim-pitatitra io. Ireo mpandray fanaitairana simika ao amin' ny nerônina mpandray, izay manomboka ny andiana dingana mifandimby mampita hafatra ao amin' ny sela, dia mpandray mifamatotra amin' ny prôteinina G. Ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe kosa, mifanojo ho glômerola (na vondrona madinika ivondronan' ny tsiratsiraky ny nerônina; ''glomeruli'') ao amin' ny boliban' ny fofona ireo aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina; ''axon'') ao amin' ny tadim-pitatitra mandray ny fofona. Avy eo dia ampitaina mankany amin' ny vondron-tsela anoloana mandray ny fofona (''anterior olfactory nucleus''), ny sosona pirifôrma (na faritra miendrika poara amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha; ''piriform cortex''), ny tapany amin' ny amigdalà manakaiky ny tsipika afovoan' ny vatana (na vondron-tsela ao anatin' ny atidoha; ''medial amygdala''), ary ny sosona entôrhinaly (na faritra amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha eo amin' ny ilany anatiny amin' ny loba temporal; ''entorhinal cortex'') ilay hafatra. Ireo faritra rehetra ireo no mandrafitra ny sosona voalohany mandray ny fofona. Tsy toy ny amin' ny fahitana sy ny fandrenesana, ny fifandraisan' ny boliban' ny fofona dia tsy miampita mankany amin' ny ilabolan' ny atidoha mifanohitra aminy: ny boliba havanana dia mifandray amin' ny ilabola havanana, ary ny boliba havia dia mifandray amin' ny ilabola havia. [[File:Tongue.agr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lela|Lelan' ny olombelona]].]] === Sosona mandray ny tsiro === Ny sosona mandray ny tsiro (''gustatory cortex'') no faritra voalohany mandray ny fahatsapana ny tsiro. Ampiasaina amin' ny heviny ara-teknika ny teny anglisy hoe ''taste'', ka ireo fahatsapana avy amin' ny vondron-tsela mpandray tsiro eo amin' ny lela ihany no tondroiny. Dimy ny karazana tsiro tsapan' ny lela: marikivy, mangidy, mamy, masira, ary ny tsiron' ny prôteinina, izay antsoina hoe ''umami''. Ny teny anglisy hoe ''flavor'' kosa dia manondro ny fahatsapana mitambatra vokatry ny fampiraisana ny tsiro sy ny fofona ary ny fampahalalana avy amin' ny fikasihana. Rafitra roa lehibe no mandrafitra ny sosona mandray ny tsiro: ny tapany anoloan' ny insola (na faritra amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha ao anatin' ny vala lalina eo amin' ny sisiny; ''anterior insula''), izay ao amin' ny loban' ny insola (''insular lobe''), ary ny ôperkiloma anoloana (na ampahany amin' ny atidoha manarona ny insola; ''frontal operculum''), izay ao amin' ny loba frôntaly (na fizarana eo anoloan' ny atidoha; ''frontal lobe''). Tahaka ny amin' ny sosona mandray ny fofona, ny lalan-kafatra momba ny tsiro dia mampiasa ny fomba fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe sy ny an' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe miaraka. Ireo mpandray tsiro ivelan' ny foibe, izay eo amin' ny [[Lela|lela]], ny lanilany malemy, ny faringisy (na faritry ny tenda ihaonan' ny lalan-kanina sy ny lalan-drivotra; ''pharynx''), ary ny lalankanina, dia mampita ny hafatra voarainy amin' ny aksonan' ny nerônina voalohany mandray fahatsapana. Avy amin' ireo aksona ireo no ampitana ilay hafatra mankany amin' ny vondron-tselan' ny lalan-kafatra mitokana (''nucleus of the solitary tract'') ao amin' ny medola ôblôngata (na ampahany ambany amin' ny tahon' ny atidoha; ''medulla oblongata''), izany hoe ilay vondron-tsela misahana ny tsiro ao amin' ny fitambaran' ireo vondron-tselan' ny lalan-kafatra mitokana. Avy eo dia ampitaina amin' ny talamosy ilay hafatra. Izy io indray no mandefa izany any amin' ny faritra maromaro amin' ny neokorteksa (na ampahany amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha misy sosona sela enina; ''neocortex''), anisan' izany ny sosona mandray ny tsiro.<ref>Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O; Williams, S Mark (mpanonta, 2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10799/ ''Neuroscience'']. Fanontana 2nd. Sinauer Associates. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87893-742-4</nowiki>.</ref> Saika amin' ny dingana rehetra andaminan' ny rafi-pitatitra ny tsiro no iharan' ny fiantraikan' ny fampahalalana avy amin' ny fahatsapan' ny lela, izay raisina miaraka amin' ny tsiro, izany hoe ny fahatsapana ny toetoetry ny zavatra ao am-bava (''mouthfeel''). Ny fofona kosa dia tsy atambatra amin' ny tsiro mba hiteraka ilay fahatsapana mitambatra antsoina hoe ''flavor'' raha tsy any amin' ireo faritra ambony kokoa mandamina hafatra ao amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha, toy ny insola sy ny sosona ôrbitôfrôntaly (na faritra amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha eo ambonin' ny lavaka misy ny maso; ''orbitofrontal cortex'').<ref>Small, Dana M.; Green, Barry G. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92876/ ''A Proposed Model of a Flavor Modality'']. Ao amin' ny ''The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes'', Murray, Micah M.; Wallace, Mark T. (mpanonta). CRC Press/Taylor &amp; Francis. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4398-1217-4</nowiki>. PMID: 22593893. DOI: 10.1201/9781439812174.</ref> == Toetry ny rafitra rehefa tsy misy fidirana == Ny ankamaroan' ny rafitra mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana dia manana toetra iray anatonany rehefa tsy misy fidirana, izany hoe tsy misy fanaitairana na famantarana miditra ao aminy. Io no antsoina hoe toetry ny rafitra rehefa tsy misy fidirana (''quiescent state''). Voafaritra mazava izany ho an' ny rafitra mizotra izay tsy miova arakaraka ny fotoana ny fomba famaliany (''linear time-invariant system''). Ny hoe mizotra eto dia midika fa manaja ny fampitambarana sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny isa ny fifandraisan' ny fidirana sy ny fivoahana; ny tsy fiovana arakaraka ny fotoana kosa dia midika fa raha ahemotra ny fidirana, dia ahemotra amin' ny fe-potoana mitovy ny valiny fa tsy miova ny endriny. Ny habaka ahitana ny fidirana amin' izany rafitra izany dia habaka misy vektera azo ampiana sy ampitomboina amin' ny isa (''vector space''), ka manana teboka aotra araka ny famaritana azy. Voafaritra mazava koa izany ho an' ny rafitra mandray fahatsapana rehetra izay miasa nefa tsy mitaky fampitana angovo mankany aminy (''passive sensory system''). Ny tahan' ny angovo miditra isaky ny fotoana no atao hoe ''input power''. Ny toetry ny rafitra rehefa tsy misy fidirana dia ilay toetra anatonan' ny rafitra rehefa tsy misy izany fampitana angovo mankany aminy izany. Ho an' ny taova mandray fahatsapana izay tsy mizotra sady tsy anisan' ireo miasa tsy mila fampitana angovo mankany aminy, dia tsy voafaritra mazava foana izany toetra izany, satria tsy afaka miasa ireny taova ireny raha tsy misy angovo miditra. Ohatra, ny kôklea (na faritra miendrika akorandriaka ao amin' ny sofina anatiny) dia tsy taova miasa tsy mila fampitana angovo mankany aminy, fa mampihovitrovitra mavitrika ny volony mpandray fanaitairana mba hampitombo ny fahatsapany. Miseho amin' ny endriky ny feo avoakan' ny sofina izany ao amin' ny sofina salama, ary amin' ny endriky ny tinitosy (na fahenoana feo nefa tsy misy loharanom-peo avy any ivelany; ''tinnitus'') ao amin' ny sofina misy aretina.<ref>Dallos, P (December 1992). ''The active cochlea''. ''The Journal of Neuroscience'', 12 (12): 4575–4585. DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04575.1992. PMC: 6575778. PMID: 1464757.</ref> Mbola manana toetra rehefa tsy misy fidirana ihany anefa ny kôklea, satria voafaritra mazava ny fomba ampitana angovo mankany aminy, dia ny angovon' ny fihovitrovitra eo amin' ny ampongan-tsofina. Izany no ahafahana mamaritra tsy misy fisalasalana ny hoe «aotra ny tahan' ny angovo miditra». Mety hanana toetra maromaro rehefa tsy misy fidirana ny rafitra mandray fahatsapana sasany, arakaraka ny tantarany, toy ny [[Flip-flop|fitaovana elektronika manana toetra roa marin-toerana]] (''flip-flop'') sy ny akora andriamby izay ahitana fiankinan' ny toetrany ankehitriny amin' ny tantarany (''hysteresis''). Afaka mizatra amin' ny toetra samihafa rehefa tsy misy fidirana koa ny rafitra. Ao anatin' ny haizina tanteraka, dia lasa tena mora mandray fanaitairana ny sela ao amin' ny temimaso, ka misy «fahitana teboka madinika maro toa ranomandry» (''visual snow'') tsikaritra, vokatry ny fandefasan' ireo sela hafatra amin' ny fomba kisendrasendra nefa tsy misy hazavana miditra. Rehefa mazava kokoa kosa ny hazavana, dia mihena be ny fahamoran' ireo sela mandray fanaitairana, ka mihena vokatr' izany ny fanelingelenana ao amin' ny fahitana.<ref>Laughlin, S. B. (September 1989). ''The role of sensory adaptation in the retina''. ''Journal of Experimental Biology'', 146 (1): 39–62. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146.1.39. PMID: 2689569. Bibcode: 1989JExpB.146...39L.</ref> Tsy dia voafaritra mazava ny toetry ny rafitra rehefa tsy misy fidirana raha azon' ny rafitra hafa fehezina ilay taova mandray fahatsapana. Ohatra amin' izany ny sofin' ny alika izay mitodika mankany aloha na mankany amin' ny sisiny araka ny baikon' ny atidoha. Misy hala afaka mampiasa ny tranonkalany ho toy ny taova lehibe mahatsapa fikasihana, toy ny hoe manenona hoditra ho an' ny tenany. Na tsy misy zavatra mianjera eo amin' ilay tranonkala aza, dia mety hampitombo ny fihenjanan' ny kofehiny ny hala noana, mba hahafahany mamaly haingana na dia amin' ny haza izay mazàna tsy dia tsikaritra sady tsy dia ahazoana tombontsoa aza, toy ny lalitrankazo madinika. Izany dia mamorona «toetra rehefa tsy misy fidirana» roa samy hafa ho an' ilay tranonkala.<ref>Japyassú, Hilton F.; Laland, Kevin N. (May 2017). ''Extended spider cognition''. ''Animal Cognition'', 20 (3): 375–395. DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1069-7. PMC: 5394149. PMID: 28176133.</ref> Tsy azo faritana mazava mihitsy kosa izany ho an' ny rafitra iray izay mampifandray ny fivoahany amin' ny fidirany ihany, ka mihetsika mandrakariva na tsy misy fidirana avy any ivelany aza. Ny atidoha, miaraka amin' ny tambajotra fiasana rehefa tsy misy asa manokana ifantohana (''default mode network''), no ohatra lehibe amin' izany. == Aretina == [[File:Sense organ diseases world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|DALY (taona iainana salama very noho ny fahafatesana aloha loatra sy ny fahasembanana) vokatry ny aretin' ny taovam-pahatsapana, isaky ny mponina 100&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 2002.<ref>World Health Organization (2002). [https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls ''Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002''] (xls).</ref>]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Fanazavana ny loko amin' ny sarintany: DALY (taona iainana salama very noho ny fahafatesana aloha loatra sy ny fahasembanana) isaky ny mponina 100&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 2002 ! Loko !! Kaodin' ny loko !! Sandan' ny DALY |- | style="background-color:#b3b3b3;" | &nbsp; | #b3b3b3 || Tsy misy tahirin-kevitra |- | style="background-color:#ffff65;" | &nbsp; | #ffff65 || Latsaky ny 200 |- | style="background-color:#fff200;" | &nbsp; | #fff200 || 200-400 |- | style="background-color:#ffdc00;" | &nbsp; | #ffdc00 || 400-600 |- | style="background-color:#ffc600;" | &nbsp; | #ffc600 || 600-800 |- | style="background-color:#ffb000;" | &nbsp; | #ffb000 || 800-1000 |- | style="background-color:#ff9a00;" | &nbsp; | #ff9a00 || 1000-1200 |- | style="background-color:#ff8400;" | &nbsp; | #ff8400 || 1200-1400 |- | style="background-color:#ff6e00;" | &nbsp; | #ff6e00 || 1400-1600 |- | style="background-color:#ff5800;" | &nbsp; | #ff5800 || 1600-1800 |- | style="background-color:#ff4200;" | &nbsp; | #ff4200 || 1800-2000 |- | style="background-color:#ff2c00;" | &nbsp; | #ff2c00 || 2000-2300 |- | style="background-color:#cb0000;" | &nbsp; | #cb0000 || Mihoatra ny 2300 |} * Ambliôpia (na fihenan' ny fahitana noho ny tsy fivoaran' ny fahitana ara-dalàna mandritra ny fahazazana). * Anakozia (na fahaverezan' ny fandrenesana tanteraka). * Fahajambana amin' ny loko (na fahasarotana na tsy fahafahana manavaka loko sasany). * Marenina (na fahaverezan' ny fandrenesana amin' ny ampahany na tanteraka). == Jereo koa == * Fampitambarana vaovao avy amin' ny fahatsapana samihafa * Fiovan' ny famalian' ny nerônina rehefa maharitra na miverimberina ny fanaitairana * Fanehoana vaovao amin' ny alalan' ny fiasan' ny nerônina * Fitaovana mamantatra fiovana ara-batana na simika * Fanitarana na fanatsarana ny fahafahana mandray fahatsapana * Fandalinana ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra amin' ny fandraisana sy fanodinana fahatsapana * Rafitra mandray sy mandamina fahatsapana ao amin' ny trondro == Loharano == <references /> == Rohy ivelany == * [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sensory_Systems ''Sensory Systems''] ao amin' ny Wikibooks. * Sokajy [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sensory_system ''Sensory system''] ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons. [[:Sokajy:Fahasalamana]] lfprvw8avdmqlb0s5kf5flt59i45p33 0 302716 1153703 2026-11-11T14:38:35Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Roindambo]] ho [[Roidambo]] i Thelezifor 1153703 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Roidambo]] ng018v26f1lglk06pmqv26nxuhujevp 1153712 1153703 2026-11-11T16:01:32Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153712 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]] thc39rkjtefh7i5immz80j7ilqxeyc1 1153769 1153712 2026-11-12T07:48:27Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153769 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roindambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]) sy ''[[Smilacaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Liliales]]): * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''Smilacaceae'') -- avaotra, avetro, aviotra, avoatra, fandrikibodisy, havaotra, roidambo<ref><small>"[https://motmalgache.org/bins/teny2/Smilax Smilax]", ''motmalgache.org''</small></ref>, roindambo<ref><small>"[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=5489 Smilax anceps Willd.]", ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''</small></ref>. * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen.</small> (← ''Toddalia asiatica'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small>) (''Rutaceae'') -- anakasina, anakatsimba, fanidy, kasimba, roikisimba, roimainty, roindambo, romainty, roy, voanalakely, voanginamboa, voasarikelinala, voasarikelinikalavola, voasarinalika, volotsaka<ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Toddalia Toddalia]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax]]'' * ''[[Toddalia]]'' * ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' == Loharano == ob1x0x2gv0q6hp4d0lfb59lfuq8l2se 1153770 1153769 2026-11-12T07:49:08Z Thelezifor 15140 1153770 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''roindambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rutaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Sapindales]]) sy ''[[Smilacaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Liliales]]): * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''Smilacaceae'') -- avaotra, avetro, aviotra, avoatra, fandrikibodisy, havaotra, roidambo<ref><small>"[https://motmalgache.org/bins/teny2/Smilax Smilax]", ''motmalgache.org''</small></ref>, roindambo<ref><small>"[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=5489 Smilax anceps Willd.]", ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''</small></ref>. * ''[[Zanthoxylum asiaticum]]'' <small>(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen.</small> (← ''Toddalia asiatica'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small>) (''Rutaceae'') -- anakasina, anakatsimba, fanidy, kasimba, roikisimba, roimainty, roindambo, romainty, roy, voanalakely, voanginamboa, voasarikelinala, voasarikelinikalavola, voasarinalika, volotsaka<ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Toddalia Toddalia]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax]]'' * ''[[Toddalia]]'' * ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] == Loharano == apd66fgwoj2q98ict7en4gniu9vlata 2 302717 1153704 2026-11-11T14:47:05Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375353235 1153704 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''trigonometria''' dia sampan' ny [[Matematika|matematika]] mandinika ny fifandraisan' ny zoro sy ny halavan' ny lafy amin' ny telozoro. Avy amin' ny teny grika tranainy hoe ''τρίγωνον'', midika hoe « telozoro », sy ''μέτρον'', midika hoe « refy », ny anarany.<ref>''Online Etymology Dictionary'', « trigonometry ». Daty nitsidihana: 2022-03-18.</ref> Ny lefa trigonometrika, indrindra indrindra, dia mampifandray ny zoro amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy sy ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafiny. Nipoitra tao amin' ny tontolo helenistika tamin' ny taonjato faha-3 talohan' i Kristy io sampam-pahaizana io, avy amin' ny fampiharana ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]] tamin' ny fandinihana ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra.<ref>R. Nagel (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Science'', 2nd Ed., The Gale Group (2002).</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/trigonometry ''Trigonometry | Definition, Formulas, Ratios, & Identities | Britannica'']. www.britannica.com, 2026-07-23. Amin' ny teny anglisy. Daty nitsidihana: 2026-08-27.</ref> Nifantoka tamin' ny kajy momba ny ampahan-kitsy mampifandray teboka roa eo amin' ny faribolana ny Grika, fa ny mpahay matematika tany India kosa no namorona ny tabilao tranainy indrindra fantatra mirakitra ny sandan' ny taha trigonometrika, izay antsoina koa hoe lefa trigonometrika. Anisan' izany ny ''sine'', izay tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro iray amin' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro mahitsy, ao amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy.<ref>Boyer (1991), ''A History of Mathematics''. Tsy voatondro ny pejy.</ref> Nandritra ny tantara dia nampiharina tamin' ny sehatra toy ny fandrefesana ny endrika sy ny refin' ny Tany, ny fandrefesana tany, ny fandalinana ny fihetsiky ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra araka ny lalàn' ny mekanika, ary ny famaritana toerana sy lalana amin' ny fivezivezena ny trigonometria.<ref name="Hackley1853">Charles William Hackley, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4FTAAAAYAAJ A treatise on trigonometry, plane and spherical: with its application to navigation and surveying, nautical and practical astronomy and geodesy, with logarithmic, trigonometrical, and nautical tables]''. G. P. Putnam, 1853.</ref> Mampiavaka ny trigonometria ny fananany fitoviana matematika maro izay marina amin' ny sanda rehetra azo raisina. Ireo fitoviana trigonometrika ireo<ref name="Sterling2014">Mary Jane Sterling, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cb7RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 Trigonometry For Dummies]''. John Wiley & Sons, 24 February 2014, p. 185. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-82741-3</nowiki>.</ref> dia ampiasaina matetika hanoratana indray ny fanehoana matematika trigonometrika, mba hanatsorana azy, hahitana endrika mahasoa kokoa amin' ilay fanehoana, na hamahana fampimirana.<ref name="LarsonHostetler2006">Ron Larson; Robert P. Hostetler, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RI-t-w0AXVAC&pg=PA230 Trigonometry]''. Cengage Learning, 10 March 2006, p. 230. <nowiki>ISBN 0-618-64332-X</nowiki>.</ref> == Taha trigonometrika == [[File:Trigonometry triangle.svg|thumb|Amin' ity telozoro misy zoro mahitsy ity: <math>\sin A = a/h;</math> <math>\cos A = b/h;</math> <math>\tan A = a/b.</math>]] Ny taha trigonometrika dia ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy. Miankina amin' ny zoro iray latsaky ny zoro mahitsy ao amin' ilay telozoro ihany ireo taha ireo, satria mitovy endrika ny telozoro roa misy zoro mahitsy raha mitovy ny zoro iray latsaky ny zoro mahitsy ao aminy.<ref name="StewartRedlin2015">James Stewart; Lothar Redlin; Saleem Watson. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJqaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA448 Algebra and Trigonometry]''. Cengage Learning, 16 January 2015, p. 448. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-305-53703-3</nowiki>.</ref> Noho izany dia mamaritra lefa miankina amin' io zoro io ireo taha ireo; lefa trigonometrika no iantsoana azy. Voafaritra eto ambany ireo lefa ireo arakaraka ny zoro ''A'' efa fantatra, ka ny ''a'', ''b'' ary ''h'' dia manondro ny halavan' ireo lafy eo amin' ny sary. Amin' ireto famaritana manaraka ireto, ny lafy lava indrindra dia ilay lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro 90° ao amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy. Io no lava indrindra amin' ny lafin' ilay telozoro ary iray amin' ireo lafy roa mifanila amin' ny zoro ''A''. Ny '''lafy mifanila''' kosa dia ilay lafy iray hafa mifanila amin' ny zoro ''A''. Ny '''lafy mifanatrika''' dia ilay lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro ''A''. Indraindray dia antsoina hoe lafy mijadona (''perpendicular'') ny lafy mifanatrika, ary lafy iorenana (''base'') ny lafy mifanila. Hazavaina etsy ambany ao amin' ny [[#Mnemonics|fomba fitadidiana]] ireo anarana ireo. * Ny ''sine'', soratana hoe <math>\sin</math>, dia ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro amin' ny halavan' ny lafy lava indrindra. :: <math>\sin A=\frac{\textrm{lafy mifanatrika}}{\textrm{lafy lava indrindra}}=\frac{a}{h}.</math> * Ny ''cosine'', soratana hoe <math>\cos</math>, dia ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanila amin' ny zoro amin' ny halavan' ny lafy lava indrindra. Ilay lafy mampifandray ny zoro dinihina amin' ny zoro mahitsy no lafy mifanila eto. :: <math>\cos A=\frac{\textrm{lafy mifanila}}{\textrm{lafy lava indrindra}}=\frac{b}{h}.</math> * Ny ''tangent'', soratana hoe <math>\tan</math>, dia ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanila. :: <math>\tan A=\frac{\textrm{lafy mifanatrika}}{\textrm{lafy mifanila}}=\frac{a}{b}=\frac{a/h}{b/h}=\frac{\sin A}{\cos A}.</math> Ny sanda mifamadika amin' ireo taha ireo, izany hoe 1 zaraina amin' ny taha tsirairay, dia antsoina hoe ''cosecant'' (<math>\csc</math>), ''secant'' (<math>\sec</math>) ary ''cotangent'' (<math>\cot</math>), araka izany filaharana izany: :<math>\csc A=\frac{1}{\sin A}=\frac{\textrm{lafy lava indrindra}}{\textrm{lafy mifanatrika}}=\frac{h}{a} ,</math> :<math>\sec A=\frac{1}{\cos A}=\frac{\textrm{lafy lava indrindra}}{\textrm{lafy mifanila}}=\frac{h}{b} ,</math> :<math>\cot A=\frac{1}{\tan A}=\frac{\textrm{lafy mifanila}}{\textrm{lafy mifanatrika}}=\frac{\cos A}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{a} .</math> Ny ''cosine'', ''cotangent'' ary ''cosecant'' dia nomena ireo anarana ireo satria izy ireo no ''sine'', ''tangent'' ary ''secant'', araka izany filaharana izany, an' ilay zoro izay mahafeno zoro mahitsy rehefa ampiana ny zoro dinihina. Ny hoe ''co-'' dia fanafohezana ilazana io fifamenoan' ny zoro io.<ref name="JardineShell-Gellasch2011">Dick Jardine; Amy Shell-Gellasch. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa_VmrWEdvEC&pg=PA182 Mathematical Time Capsules: Historical Modules for the Mathematics Classroom]''. MAA, 2011, p. 182. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-88385-984-1</nowiki>.</ref> Amin' ny fampiasana ireo lefa ireo sy ny fitsipika momba ny ''sine'' ary ny fitsipika momba ny ''cosine'', dia azo valiana saika ny fanontaniana rehetra momba ny telozoro na inona na inona endriny.<ref name="ForsethBurger2008">Krystle Rose Forseth; Christopher Burger; Michelle Rose Gilman; Deborah J. Rumsey. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nfwGEJaLlgsC&pg=PA218 Pre-Calculus For Dummies]''. John Wiley & Sons, 2008, p. 218. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-470-16984-1</nowiki>.</ref> Azo ampiasaina ireo fitsipika ireo mba hikajiana ny zoro sy ny lafy sisa amin' ny telozoro iray raha fantatra ny lafy roa sy ny zoro eo anelanelany, na ny zoro roa sy ny lafy iray, na ny lafy telo. <span class="anchor" id="SOHCAHTOA"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mnemonics"></span> === Fomba fitadidiana === Fampiasana mahazatra ny fomba fitadidiana ny fampahatsiahivana ny zava-misy sy ny fifandraisana ao amin' ny trigonometria. Azo tsaroana, ohatra, ny taha ''sine'', ''cosine'' ary ''tangent'' amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy, amin' ny alalan' ny filaharan-tarehintsoratra maneho azy ireo sy ny lafy mifandraika aminy. Anisan' izany ny SOH-CAH-TOA (fanafohezana anglisy mampahatsiahy ny lafy zaraina amin' ny lafy hafa amin' ireo taha telo):<ref>Weisstein, Eric W. ''[https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SOHCAHTOA.html SOHCAHTOA]''. ''MathWorld''.</ref> :<b>S</b>ine = <b>O</b>pposite ÷ <b>H</b>ypotenuse — ny ''sine'' dia ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika zaraina amin' ny halavan' ny lafy lava indrindra. :<b>C</b>osine = <b>A</b>djacent ÷ <b>H</b>ypotenuse — ny ''cosine'' dia ny halavan' ny lafy mifanila zaraina amin' ny halavan' ny lafy lava indrindra. :<b>T</b>angent = <b>O</b>pposite ÷ <b>A</b>djacent — ny ''tangent'' dia ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika zaraina amin' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanila. Fomba iray ahatsiarovana ireo tarehintsoratra ny fanononana azy ireo ho toy ny teny iray: /ˌsoʊkəˈtoʊə/, na ''SOH-kə-TOH-ə'', izay mitovitovy amin' ny fanononana ny hoe Krakatoa.<ref>Chris Humble. ''Key Maths : GCSE, Higher.'' Fiona McGill. Stanley Thornes Publishers, Cheltenham, 2001, p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7487-3396-5</nowiki>. OCLC 47985033.</ref> Fomba iray hafa ny fampiasana ireo tarehintsoratra ireo ho fiandohan' ny teny ao amin' ny fehezanteny iray, toy ny hoe “<b>S</b>ome <b>O</b>ld <b>H</b>ippie <b>C</b>aught <b>A</b>nother <b>H</b>ippie <b>T</b>rippin' <b>O</b>n <b>A</b>cid” (izany hoe, amin' ny teny malagasy: nisy olona antitra anisan' ny hetsika ara-kolontsaina ''hippie'' nahatratra olona iray hafa tao amin' io hetsika io, izay teo ambany fiantraikan' ny zava-mahadomelina antsoina hoe ''acid'').<ref>Fehezanteny mety kokoa ho an' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa ny hoe “<b>S</b>ome <b>O</b>ld <b>H</b>orse <b>C</b>ame <b>A</b>'<b>H</b>opping <b>T</b>hrough <b>O</b>ur <b>A</b>lley” (izany hoe, amin' ny teny malagasy: nisy soavaly antitra nitsambikimbikina namakivaky ny lalan-kelinay). Jonathan K. Foster. ''Memory: A Very Short Introduction''. Oxford, 2008, p. 128. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-280675-8</nowiki>.</ref> === Faribolana manana elanelana 1 amin' ny foibe sy sanda trigonometrika mahazatra === [[File:Sin-cos-defn-I.png|right|thumb|Sary 1a – Ny ''sine'' sy ny ''cosine'' an' ny zoro θ, faritana amin' ny alalan' ny faribolana manana elanelana 1 amin' ny foibe.]] [[File:Math Trigonometry Unit Circle Rotation Sign Indication.svg|thumb|Fanehoana ny famantarana sy ny refin' ireo zoro fototra arakaraka ny zotran' ny fihodinana.]] Azo aseho amin' ny alalan' ny faribolana manana elanelana 1 amin' ny foibe koa ireo taha trigonometrika. Io dia faribolana ao amin' ny lemaka, izay eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny rafitra fangitra ny foibeny, ary mirefy 1 ny tapaka mampifandray ny foibe amin' ny teboka tsirairay eo amin' ny faribolana.<ref name="CohenTheodore2009">David Cohen; Lee B. Theodore; David Sklar. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZXNfthUCOMC Precalculus: A Problems-Oriented Approach, Enhanced Edition]''. Cengage Learning, 17 July 2009. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4390-4460-5</nowiki>.</ref> Amin' io fanehoana io, ny lafy faran' ny zoro ''A'', izay apetraka amin' ny toerana fanovozana mahazatra ny zoro, dia mifanojo amin' ilay faribolana eo amin' ny teboka (x,y), ka <math>x = \cos A </math> ary <math>y = \sin A </math>.<ref name="CohenTheodore2009" /> Io fanehoana io dia ahafahana mikajy ireo sanda trigonometrika fampiasa matetika, toy ireo ao amin' ity tabilao manaraka ity:<ref name="Kelley2002">W. Michael Kelley. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=H-0L9Dxor6sC&pg=PA45 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Calculus]''. Alpha Books, 2002, p. 45. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-02-864365-6</nowiki>.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Sanda ampidirina (radiana) ! 0 ! <math>\pi/6</math> ! <math>\pi/4</math> ! <math>\pi/3</math> ! <math>\pi/2</math> ! <math>2\pi/3</math> ! <math>3\pi/4</math> ! <math>5\pi/6</math> ! <math>\pi</math> |- ! Sanda ampidirina (degre fandrefesana zoro) ! 0° ! 30° ! 45° ! 60° ! 90° ! 120° ! 135° ! 150° ! 180° |- ! ''sine'' | <math>0</math> | <math>1/2</math> | <math>\sqrt{2}/2</math> | <math>\sqrt{3}/2</math> | <math>1</math> | <math>\sqrt{3}/2</math> | <math>\sqrt{2}/2</math> | <math>1/2</math> | <math>0</math> |- ! ''cosine'' | <math>1</math> | <math>\sqrt{3}/2</math> | <math>\sqrt{2}/2</math> | <math>1/2</math> | <math>0</math> | <math>-1/2</math> | <math>-\sqrt{2}/2</math> | <math>-\sqrt{3}/2</math> | <math>-1</math> |- ! ''tangent'' | <math>0</math> | <math>\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>1</math> | <math>\sqrt{3}</math> | Tsy voafaritra | <math>-\sqrt{3}</math> | <math>-1</math> | <math>-\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>0</math> |- ! ''secant'' | <math>1</math> | <math>2\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>\sqrt{2}</math> | <math>2</math> | Tsy voafaritra | <math>-2</math> | <math>-\sqrt{2}</math> | <math>-2\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>-1</math> |- ! ''cosecant'' | Tsy voafaritra | <math>2</math> | <math>\sqrt{2}</math> | <math>2\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>1</math> | <math>2\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>\sqrt{2}</math> | <math>2</math> | Tsy voafaritra |- ! ''cotangent'' | Tsy voafaritra | <math>\sqrt{3}</math> | <math>1</math> | <math>\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>0</math> | <math>-\sqrt{3}/3</math> | <math>-1</math> | <math>-\sqrt{3}</math> | Tsy voafaritra |} == Lefa trigonometrika amin' ny miova tena na haro == Amin' ny fampiasana ny faribolana manana halavan-tapaka iray avy amin' ny foibe, dia azo itarina amin' ny sanda rehetra ampidirina amin' ny lefa, na miabo (lehibe noho ny aotra) na miiba (kely noho ny aotra), ny famaritana ireo taha trigonometrika.<ref name="Olive2003">Jenny Olive. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ir7euRke_oC&pg=PA175 Maths: A Student's Survival Guide: A Self-Help Workbook for Science and Engineering Students]''. Cambridge University Press, 18 September 2003, p. 175. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-01707-7</nowiki>.</ref> Momba izany no resahin' ny lefa trigonometrika. === Kisary maneho ny lefa trigonometrika === Ity tabilao manaraka ity dia mamintina ny toetran' ny kisary maneho ireo lefa trigonometrika fototra enina.<ref name="Attenborough2003">Mary P Attenborough. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CcwBLa1G8BUC&pg=PA418 Mathematics for Electrical Engineering and Computing]''. Elsevier, 30 June 2003, p. 418. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-08-047340-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="LarsonEdwards2008">Ron Larson; Bruce H. Edwards. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gR7nGg5_9xcC&pg=PA21 Calculus of a Single Variable]''. Cengage Learning, 10 November 2008, p. 21. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-547-20998-2</nowiki>.</ref> Ny fitsingerenana dia ny fitomboana miabo kely indrindra amin' ny sanda ampidirina izay mamerina ny sandan' ny lefa. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lefa ! Fitsingerenana ! Vondron' ny sanda azo ampidirina ! Vondron' ny sanda azo avoaka ! Kisary |- ! ''sine'' | <math>2\pi</math> | <math>(-\infty,\infty)</math> | <math>[-1,1]</math> | [[Image:Sine one period.svg|200 px|alt=Kisary maneho ny lefa sin mandritra ny fitsingerenana iray]] |- ! ''cosine'' | <math>2\pi</math> | <math>(-\infty,\infty)</math> | <math>[-1,1]</math> | [[Image:Cosine one period.svg|200 px|alt=Kisary maneho ny lefa cos mandritra ny fitsingerenana iray]] |- ! ''tangent'' | <math>\pi</math> | <math>x \neq \pi/2+n\pi</math> | <math>(-\infty,\infty)</math> | [[Image:Tangent-plot.svg|200 px|alt=Kisary maneho ny lefa tan]] |- ! ''secant'' | <math>2\pi</math> | <math>x \neq \pi/2 + n\pi</math> | <math>(-\infty,-1] \cup [1,\infty)</math> | [[Image:Secant.svg|200 px|alt=Kisary maneho ny lefa sec]] |- ! ''cosecant'' | <math>2\pi</math> | <math>x \neq n\pi</math> | <math>(-\infty,-1] \cup [1,\infty)</math> | [[Image:Cosecant.svg|200 px|alt=Kisary maneho ny lefa csc]] |- ! ''cotangent'' | <math>\pi</math> | <math>x \neq n\pi</math> | <math>(-\infty,\infty)</math> | [[Image:Cotangent.svg|200 px|alt=Kisary maneho ny lefa cot]] |} === Lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa trigonometrika === Satria miverimberina isaky ny fitsingerenany ireo lefa trigonometrika fototra enina, dia misy sanda samihafa ampidirina aminy izay mitovy sanda avoaka, izany hoe tsy manana fifandraisana iray amin' ny iray izy ireo. Noho izany dia tsy manana lefa mifamadika aminy izy ireo. Azo atao anefa ny mampananana lefa mifamadika azy ireo, amin' ny famerana ny vondron' ny sanda azo ampidirina amin' ilay lefa trigonometrika.<ref name="BremiganBremigan2011">Elizabeth G. Bremigan; Ralph J. Bremigan; John D. Lorch. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OfFEC5drTVMC&pg=PR48 Mathematics for Secondary School Teachers]''. MAA, 2011. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-88385-773-1</nowiki>.</ref>^48ff Ity tabilao manaraka ity dia manome ny anaran' ireo lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa trigonometrika, miaraka amin' ny vondron' ny sanda azo ampidirina sy ny vondron' ny sanda azo avoaka.<ref name="BremiganBremigan2011" />^48ff<ref name="BrokateManchanda2019">Martin Brokate; Pammy Manchanda; Abul Hasan Siddiqi. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7DenDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA521 Calculus for Scientists and Engineers]''. Springer, 3 August 2019. <nowiki>ISBN 9789811384646</nowiki>.</ref>^521ff Ny sanda fototra voafidy dia ilay sanda raisina mahazatra amin' ny lefa mifamadika, ao anatin' ny elanelana aseho eto. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Anarana ! Fanoratana mahazatra ! Famaritana ! Sanda azon' ny ''x'' raisina mba ho isa tena ny valiny ! Vondron' ny sanda fototra voafidy mahazatra<br />(radiana) ! Vondron' ny sanda fototra voafidy mahazatra<br />(degre fandrefesana zoro) |- | ''arcsine'' || <math>y=\arcsin(x)</math> || <math>x=\sin(y)</math> || <math>-1\leq x\leq 1</math> || <math>-\frac{\pi}{2}\leq y\leq\frac{\pi}{2}</math> || <math>-90^\circ\leq y\leq90^\circ</math> |- | ''arccosine'' || <math>y=\arccos(x)</math> || <math>x=\cos(y)</math> || <math>-1\leq x\leq1</math> || <math>0\leq y\leq\pi</math> || <math>0^\circ\leq y\leq180^\circ</math> |- | ''arctangent'' || <math>y=\arctan(x)</math> || <math>x=\tan(y)</math> || Isa tena rehetra || <math>-\frac{\pi}{2}<y<\frac{\pi}{2}</math> || <math>-90^\circ<y<90^\circ</math> |- | ''arccotangent'' || <math>y=\operatorname{arccot}(x)</math> || <math>x=\cot(y)</math> || Isa tena rehetra || <math>0<y<\pi</math> || <math>0^\circ<y<180^\circ</math> |- | ''arcsecant'' || <math>y=\operatorname{arcsec}(x)</math> || <math>x=\sec(y)</math> || <math>x\leq-1</math> na <math>1\leq x</math> || <math>0\leq y<\frac{\pi}{2}</math> na <math>\frac{\pi}{2}<y\leq\pi</math> || <math>0^\circ\leq y<90^\circ</math> na <math>90^\circ<y\leq180^\circ</math> |- | ''arccosecant'' || <math>y=\operatorname{arccsc}(x)</math> || <math>x=\csc(y)</math> || <math>x\leq-1</math> na <math>1\leq x</math> || <math>-\frac{\pi}{2}\leq y<0</math> na <math>0<y\leq\frac{\pi}{2}</math> || <math>-90^\circ\leq y<0^\circ</math> na <math>0^\circ<y\leq90^\circ</math> |} === Fanehoana amin' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova === Rehefa raisina ho lefa amin' ny miova tena ireo taha trigonometrika, dia azo aseho amin' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga Maclaurin izy ireo. Ohatra, toy izao manaraka izao ny fanehoana ny ''sine'' sy ny ''cosine''.<ref name="Lang2013">Serge Lang. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0qx3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 Complex Analysis]''. Springer, 14 March 2013, p. 63. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-642-59273-7</nowiki>.</ref> :<math>\begin{align} \sin x &= x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \frac{x^7}{7!} + \cdots &&= \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!} \\ \cos x & = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \frac{x^6}{6!} + \cdots &&= \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} \end{align}</math> Amin' ireo famaritana ireo dia azo faritana ho an' ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] koa ny lefa trigonometrika.<ref name="Alessio2015">Silvia Maria Alessio. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ja8vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA339 Digital Signal Processing and Spectral Analysis for Scientists: Concepts and Applications]''. Springer, 9 December 2015, p. 339. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-25468-5</nowiki>.</ref> Rehefa itarina ho lefa amin' ny miova tena na haro izy ireo, dia mihatra amin' ny lefa eksponansialy amin' ny isa haro, izany hoe ny lefa manana endrika <math>e^z</math> rehefa isa haro ny <math>z</math>, ity raikipohy manaraka ity: : <math>e^{x+iy} = e^x(\cos y + i \sin y).</math> Tena ilaina io lefa eksponansialy amin' ny isa haro io rehefa soratana amin' ny alalan' ny lefa trigonometrika.<ref name="RAJESWARIRAO2014">K. RAJA RAJESWARI; B. VISVESVARA RAO. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QZBeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS]''. PHI Learning, 24 March 2014, p. 263. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-203-4941-4</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Stillwell2010">John Stillwell. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3bE_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 Mathematics and Its History]''. Springer Science & Business Media, 23 July 2010, p. 313. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4419-6053-5</nowiki>.</ref> === Fikajiana ny lefa trigonometrika === Anisan' ny fampiasana voalohany ny tabilao matematika ny lefa trigonometrika.<ref name="Campbell-KellyCampbell-Kelly2003">Martin Campbell-Kelly; Mary Croarken; Raymond Flood; Eleanor Robson. ''The History of Mathematical Tables: From Sumer to Spreadsheets''. OUP Oxford, 2 October 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-850841-0</nowiki>.</ref> Nampidirina tao amin' ny boky fianarana matematika ireny tabilao ireny, ary nampianarina hitady sanda ao anatiny ny mpianatra, sady nampianarina hanombana sanda eo anelanelan' ireo sanda voatanisa mba hahazoana valiny marina kokoa.<ref name="DonovanGimmestad1980">George S. Donovan; Beverly Beyreuther Gimmestad. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zUruGK7TOTYC Trigonometry with calculators]''. Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, 1980. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87150-284-1</nowiki>.</ref> Nisy maridrefy natokana ho an' ny lefa trigonometrika ny fitaovana fanaovana kajy misy tsorakazo mihetsika.<ref name="Middlemiss1945">Ross Raymond Middlemiss. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OH0_AAAAYAAJ Instructions for Post-trig and Mannheim-trig Slide Rules]''. Frederick Post Company, 1945.</ref> Manana bokotra hikajiana ireo lefa trigonometrika fototra ny milina kajy siantifika: <math>\sin</math>, <math>\cos</math>, <math>\tan</math>, ary indraindray <math>\operatorname{cis}</math>, miaraka amin' ireo lefa mifamadika aminy.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1T4ORu6EICkC&pg=PA125 Calculator keys—what they do]''. ''Popular Science'', April 1974, Bonnier Corporation, p. 125.</ref> Ny ankamaroany dia ahafahana misafidy ny fomba fandrefesana zoro: degre, radiana, ary indraindray gradiana. Manolotra fitahirizana lefa efa voasoratra izay ahitana ny lefa trigonometrika ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fanoratana rindrankajy amin' ny solosaina.<ref>Steven S. Skiena; Miguel A. Revilla. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dNoLBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 Programming Challenges: The Programming Contest Training Manual]''. Springer Science & Business Media, 18 April 2006, p. 302. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-22081-9</nowiki>.</ref> Ny singa ara-pitaovana mikajy isa aseho amin' ny faingo mitsingevana, izay tafiditra ao amin' ireo singa elektronika madinika misy ny mikroprosesera ampiasain' ny ankamaroan' ny solosaina manokana, dia manana baiko efa voaorina ao anatiny hikajiana ny lefa trigonometrika.<ref>''[http://download.intel.com/products/processor/manual/325462.pdf Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Combined Volumes: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B and 3C]''. Intel, 2013.</ref> === Lefa trigonometrika hafa === Ankoatra ireo taha enina voatanisa teo aloha, dia misy lefa trigonometrika fanampiny izay nanana lanjany ara-tantara, na dia mahalana aza no ampiasaina ankehitriny. Anisan' izany ny lefa manome ny halavan' ny ampahan-kitsy mampifandray ireo teboka roa mamaritra ny zoro eo amin' ny faribolana manana halavan-tapaka iray avy amin' ny foibe (''chord''): :<math>\operatorname{crd}\theta = 2\sin\frac{\theta}{2};</math> ny lefa ''versine'', izay sanda azo rehefa esorina amin' ny iray ny ''cosine'': :<math>\operatorname{vers}\theta = 1-\cos\theta = 2\sin^2\frac{\theta}{2}</math> (efa hita tao amin' ireo tabilao voalohany izy io<ref>Carl B. Boyer (1991), ''A History of Mathematics'', pp. xxiii–xxiv.</ref>); ny lefa ''coversine'', izay sanda azo rehefa esorina amin' ny iray ny ''sine'': :<math>\operatorname{covers}\theta = 1-\sin\theta = \operatorname{vers}\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta;</math> ny lefa ''haversine'', izay antsasaky ny ''versine'': :<math>\operatorname{hav}\theta = \frac{1}{2}\operatorname{vers}\theta = \sin^2\frac{\theta}{2};</math><ref>Kaj L. Nielsen (1966), ''Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables to Five Places'', pp. xxiii–xxiv.</ref> ary ny lefa ''exsecant'', izay sanda azo rehefa analana iray ny ''secant'': :<math>\operatorname{exsec}\theta = \sec\theta-1.</math> Ny lisitry ny fitoviana trigonometrika dia manome fifandraisana hafa eo amin' ireo lefa ireo. == Fampiharana == === Astronomia === Nandritra ny taonjato maro dia nampiasaina ny trigonometria amin' ny sfera mba hamaritana ny toeran' ny Masoandro sy ny Volana ary ny kintana,<ref name="Gregory1816">Olinthus Gregory (1816). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j3sAAAAAMAAJ ''Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry: With Their Applications to Heights and Distances Projections of the Sphere, Dialling, Astronomy, the Solution of Equations, and Geodesic Operations'']. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.</ref> haminavina ny fanakona-masoandro sy ny fanakonam-bolana, ary hamaritana ny lalan' ny fihodinan' ny planeta.<ref>Otto Neugebauer (1948). ''Mathematical methods in ancient astronomy''. ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', 54 (11), p. 1013–1041. DOI: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1948-09089-9 (azo vakina malalaka).</ref> Amin' ny vanim-potoana maoderina, ny fandrefesana amin' ny alalan' ny telozoro dia ampiasaina amin' ny astronomia mba handrefesana ny halavirana mankany amin' ny kintana akaiky,<ref name="SeedsBackman2009">Michael Seeds; Dana Backman (5 January 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DajpkyXS-NUC&pg=PT254 ''Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond'']. Cengage Learning, p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-495-56203-0</nowiki>.</ref> ary ampiasaina koa amin' ny rafitra famaritana toerana sy fitarihan-dalana amin' ny alalan' ny zanabolana.<ref name="Willers2018" /> === Fitarihan-dalana === [[File:Frieberger drum marine sextant.jpg|thumb|Ny fitaovana fandrefesan-joro antsoina hoe ''sextant'' dia ampiasaina handrefesana ny zoro misy eo amin' ny Masoandro na ny kintana sy ny faravodilanitra. Azo faritana avy amin' ireo fandrefesana ireo ny toeran' ny sambo, amin' ny fampiasana trigonometria sy famantaranandro marina ho an' ny fitetezana an-dranomasina.]] Tamin' ny tantaran' ny fitetezana an-dranomasina dia nampiasaina ny trigonometria mba hamaritana ny laharam-pehintanin' ny sambo sy ny halaviran-jorony atsinanana na andrefan' ny tsipika fototra mampitohy ny tendrontany roa, hanaovana sarin' ny lalana haleha, ary hanaovana kajy ny halavirana mandritra ny dia.<ref name="Sabine1800">John Sabine (1800). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d_9eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''The Practical Mathematician, Containing Logarithms, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mensuration, Algebra, Navigation, Spherics and Natural Philosophy, Etc''], p. 1.</ref> Mbola ampiasaina amin' ny fitarihan-dalana ny trigonometria, ohatra amin' ny GPS (rafitra famaritana toerana maneran-tany) sy ny faharanitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona ampiasaina amin' ny fiara mandeha tsy mila mpamily.<ref>Mordechai Ben-Ari; Francesco Mondada (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=itpCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 ''Elements of Robotics'']. Springer, p. 16. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-62533-1</nowiki>.</ref> === Fandrefesana tany === Amin' ny fandrefesana tany dia ampiasaina ny trigonometria hanaovana kajy ny halavana sy ny velarana ary ny zoro misy eo amin' ny zavatra samihafa.<ref name="Perkins1853">George Roberts Perkins (1853). [https://archive.org/details/planetrigonometr00perk ''Plane Trigonometry and Its Application to Mensuration and Land Surveying: Accompanied with All the Necessary Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables'']. D. Appleton & Company.</ref> Amin' ny ambaratonga midadasika kokoa, dia ampiasaina amin' ny jeografia ny trigonometria mba handrefesana ny halavirana eo anelanelan' ny toerana atao mari-toerana.<ref name="WithersLorimer2015">Charles W. J. Withers; Hayden Lorimer (14 December 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eidTTrsyTr4C&pg=PA6 ''Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies'']. A&C Black, p. 6. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4411-0785-5</nowiki>.</ref> === Lefa misy fitsingerenana === [[File:Fourier series and transform.gif|frame|right|Ny lefa <math>s(x)</math> (mena) dia fitambaran' ny lefa ''sine'' enina manana habetra samy hafa sy tahan' ny fiverenana samy hafa. Ny habetra dia ny elanelana ambony indrindra amin' ny sanda afovoany; ny tahan' ny fiverenana kosa dia ny isan' ny fiverenan' ny onja isaky ny venty fotoana. Ireo tahan' ny fiverenana ireo dia mifandray amin' ny maha-heny isa tsimivaky amin' ny tahan' ny fiverenan' ny onja fototra azy. Antsoina hoe andian-tsinga Fourier ny fitambaran' ireo lefa ireo. Ny fanovana Fourier, <math>S(f)</math> (manga), izay mampiseho ny habetran' ny onja arakaraka ny tahan' ny fiverenany, dia mampiseho ireo tahan' ny fiverenan' ny onja enina (eo amin' ny heny tsiankasa amin' ny tahan' ny fiverenan' ny onja fototra) sy ny habetran' ireo onja (1/isa tsiankasa).]] Fototry ny teôrian' ny lefa misy fitsingerenana, izany hoe lefa mamerina ny sandany isaky ny elanelana raikitra, ny lefa ''sine'' sy ''cosine'',<ref name="MorscheBerg2003">H. G. ter Morsche; J. C. van den Berg; E. M. van de Vrie (7 August 2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=frT5_rfyO4IC&pg=PA61 ''Fourier and Laplace Transforms'']. Cambridge University Press, p. 61. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-53441-3</nowiki>.</ref> anisan' izany ireo lefa mamaritra ny onjan' ny feo sy ny onjam-pahazavana. Hitan' i Fourier fa ny lefa mitohy rehetra izay misy fitsingerenana dia azo faritana ho fitambarana tsy manam-petra misy lefa trigonometrika. Na ny lefa tsy misy fitsingerenana aza dia azo aseho ho horona misy lefa ''sine'' sy ''cosine'', amin' ny alalan' ny fanovana Fourier. Ny horona dia kajy manangona ny fandraisan' anjaran' ny sanda miova. Anisan' ny sehatra ampiharana izany ny mekanika kantika, izay mandinika ny fihetsiky ny zavatra amin' ny ambaratongan' ny atôma sy ny singa madinika kokoa,<ref name="Thaller2007">Bernd Thaller (8 May 2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GOfjBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 ''Visual Quantum Mechanics: Selected Topics with Computer-Generated Animations of Quantum-Mechanical Phenomena'']. Springer Science & Business Media, p. 15. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-22770-2</nowiki>.</ref> sy ny fifandraisan-davitra,<ref name="Rahman2011">M. Rahman (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=k_rdcKaUdr4C ''Applications of Fourier Transforms to Generalized Functions'']. WIT Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84564-564-9</nowiki>.</ref> ary misy sehatra hafa koa. === Siansa momba ny hazavana sy ny feo === Ampiasaina amin' ny siansa maro momba ny zavatra sy ny angovo ny trigonometria,<ref name="BornsteinInc1966">Lawrence Bornstein; Basic Systems, Inc (1966). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6I1GAAAAYAAJ ''Trigonometry for the Physical Sciences'']. Appleton-Century-Crofts.</ref> anisan' izany ny siansa momba ny feo<ref name="SchillerWurster1988">John J. Schiller; Marie A. Wurster (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-CXYAAAAMAAJ ''College Algebra and Trigonometry: Basics Through Precalculus'']. Scott, Foresman. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-673-18393-4</nowiki>.</ref> sy ny siansa momba ny hazavana.<ref name="SchillerWurster1988" /> Amin' ireo sehatra ireo dia ampiasaina izy mba hamaritana ny onjan' ny feo sy ny onjam-pahazavana ary hamahana olana misy fepetra eny amin' ny sisiny sy olana momba ny fifindran' ny onja.<ref name="Towne2014">Dudley H. Towne (5 May 2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uZgJCAAAQBAJ ''Wave Phenomena'']. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-14515-0</nowiki>.</ref> === Fampiharana hafa === Anisan' ny sehatra hafa mampiasa trigonometria na lefa trigonometrika ny teôrian' ny mozika;<ref name="HeinemanTarwater1992">E. Richard Heineman; J. Dalton Tarwater (1 November 1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi7YAAAAMAAJ ''Plane Trigonometry'']. McGraw-Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-07-028187-5</nowiki>.</ref> ny fandrefesana ny endrika sy ny haben' ny Tany; ny famoronana feo amin' ny fitaovana elektronika;<ref name="KahrsBrandenburg2006">Mark Kahrs; Karlheinz Brandenburg (18 April 2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UFwKBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 ''Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics'']. Springer Science & Business Media, p. 404. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-47042-4</nowiki>.</ref> ny maritrano;<ref name="WilliamsOstwald2015">Kim Williams; Michael J. Ostwald (9 February 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 ''Architecture and Mathematics from Antiquity to the Future: Volume I: Antiquity to the 1500s'']. Birkhäuser, p. 260. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-00137-1</nowiki>.</ref> ny elektronika;<ref name="HeinemanTarwater1992" /> ny biolojia;<ref name="Foulder2019">Dan Foulder (15 July 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=teF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 ''Essential Skills for GCSE Biology'']. Hodder Education, p. 78. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-5104-6003-4</nowiki>.</ref> ny fanaovana sary ara-pitsaboana, toy ny tomôdensitômetria (na fanaovana sary amin' ny alalan' ny taratra X avy amin' ny zoro maro, izay atambatry ny solosaina ho sarin' ny faritra ao anatin' ny vatana) sy ny ekôgrafia (na fanaovana sary amin' ny alalan' ny onjan' ny feo izay avo loatra ny tahan' ny fiverimberenany ka tsy ren' ny sofin' olombelona);<ref name="BeolchiKuhn1995">Luciano Beolchi; Michael H. Kuhn (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRD08tDmlsC&pg=PA122 ''Medical Imaging: Analysis of Multimodality 2D/3D Images'']. IOS Press, p. 122. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-5199-210-6</nowiki>.</ref> ny [[Simia|simia]];<ref name="Ladd2014">Marcus Frederick Charles Ladd (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7L3DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 ''Symmetry of Crystals and Molecules'']. Oxford University Press, p. 13. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-967088-8</nowiki>.</ref> ny teôrian' ny isa, ary noho izany koa ny siansa momba ny fanakodiana sy ny famakiana hafatra miafina;<ref name="ArkhipovChubarikov2008">Gennady I. Arkhipov; Vladimir N. Chubarikov; Anatoly A. Karatsuba (22 August 2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=G8j4Kqw45jwC ''Trigonometric Sums in Number Theory and Analysis'']. Walter de Gruyter. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-11-019798-3</nowiki>.</ref> ny siansa momba ny horohoron-tany;<ref name="SchillerWurster1988" /> ny siansa momba ny atmosfera sy ny toetrandro;<ref>(1943). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j-ow4TBWAbcC ''Study Guide for the Course in Meteorological Mathematics: Latest Revision, Feb. 1, 1943''].</ref> ny siansa momba ny ranomasina;<ref name="SearsMerriman1980">Mary Sears; Daniel Merriman; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7dPAQAAIAAJ ''Oceanography, the past'']. Springer-Verlag. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-90497-9</nowiki>.</ref> ny fampihenana ny habetsahan' ny angona ilaina hitehirizana sary;<ref>[https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf ''JPEG Standard (JPEG ISO/IEC 10918-1 ITU-T Recommendation T.81)'']. International Telecommunication Union, 1993. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 April 2019.</ref> ny fandinihana ny feon' ny fiteny;<ref name="Malmkjaer2009">Kirsten Malmkjaer (4 December 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O459AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia'']. Routledge, p. 1. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-134-10371-3</nowiki>.</ref> ny siansan' ny toekarena;<ref name="Dadkhah2011">Kamran Dadkhah (11 January 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z76b-TGhs9sC&pg=PA46 ''Foundations of Mathematical and Computational Economics'']. Springer Science & Business Media, p. 46. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-642-13748-8</nowiki>.</ref> ny injenieria momba ny herinaratra; ny injenieria momba ny milina; ny injenieria momba ny fotodrafitrasa;<ref name="HeinemanTarwater1992" /> ny famoronana sy fanodinana sary amin' ny solosaina;<ref name="Griffith2012" /> ny fanaovana sarintany;<ref name="HeinemanTarwater1992" /> ny fandinihana ny firafitry ny kristaly;<ref name="Griffin1841">John Joseph Griffin (1841). [https://archive.org/details/asystemcrystall03grifgoog ''A System of Crystallography, with Its Application to Mineralogy'']. R. Griffin, p. [https://archive.org/details/asystemcrystall03grifgoog/page/n157 119].</ref> ary ny famolavolana sy fanamboarana lalao video.<ref name="Griffith2012">Christopher Griffith (12 November 2012). [https://archive.org/details/realworldflashga0000grif ''Real-World Flash Game Development: How to Follow Best Practices AND Keep Your Sanity''] (mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana). CRC Press, p. [https://archive.org/details/realworldflashga0000grif/page/153 153]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-136-13702-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Fitoviana == Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: lisitry ny fitoviana trigonometrika. [[File:Triangle ABC with Sides a b c 2.png|thumb|right|Telozoro manana lafy ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', izay mifanatrika amin' ny zoro ''A'', ''B'', ''C'' avy.]] Anisan' ny mampiavaka ny trigonometria ny fisian' ny fitoviana maro, izany hoe fampimirana marina amin' ny sanda rehetra azo ampidirina.<ref name="Dugopolski2002">Dugopolski (July 2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_dXVeYx_kgoC Trigonometry I/E Sup]''. Addison Wesley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-201-78666-8</nowiki>.</ref> Antsoina hoe ''fitoviana trigonometrika'' ny fitoviana izay zoro ihany no tafiditra ao aminy. Misy fampimirana hafa antsoina hoe ''fitoviana momba ny telozoro'',<ref name="BOARD2015">V&S EDITORIAL BOARD (6 January 2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TJQ3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288 CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MATHEMATICS]''. V&S Publishers, p. 288. <nowiki>ISBN 978-93-5057-414-0</nowiki>.</ref> izay mampifandray ny lafy sy ny zoro amin' ny telozoro iray. <span id="Triangle identities"></span><span id="Common formulas"></span> === Fitoviana momba ny telozoro === Amin' ireto fitoviana manaraka ireto, ny ''A'', ''B'' ary ''C'' dia ny zoro amin' ny telozoro iray, ary ny ''a'', ''b'' ary ''c'' dia ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ireo zoro ireo avy, araka ny asehon' ny kisary. ==== Fitsipika momba ny ''sine'' ==== Toy izao ny '''fitsipika momba ny ''sine''''' (antsoina koa hoe « ''sine rule'' ») ho an' ny telozoro iray na inona na inona:<ref name="Young2010" /> :<math>\frac{a}{\sin A} = \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{c}{\sin C} = 2R = \frac{abc}{2\Delta},</math> izay ny <math>\Delta</math> no velaran' ny telozoro, ary ny ''R'' kosa no halavan' ny tapaka avy amin' ny foiben' ny faribolana mandalo amin' ny tendron' ny telozoro rehetra ka hatrany amin' io faribolana io: :<math>R = \frac{abc}{\sqrt{(a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)}}.</math> ==== Fitsipika momba ny ''cosine'' ==== Ny '''fitsipika momba ny ''cosine''''' (antsoina hoe raikipohy momba ny ''cosine'', na « ''cos rule'' ») dia fanitarana ny teôrema momba ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy (''Pythagorean theorem'') ho amin' ny telozoro rehetra:<ref name="Young2010" /> :<math>c^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos C ,</math> na, amin' ny endrika mitovy hevitra aminy: :<math>\cos C=\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}.</math> ==== Fitsipika momba ny ''tangent'' ==== Ny '''fitsipika momba ny ''tangent''''', izay novolavolain' i François Viète, dia azo ampiasaina ho solon' ny fitsipika momba ny ''cosine'' rehefa tadiavina ny halavan' ny lafy mbola tsy fantatra amin' ny telozoro iray. Manamora ny kajy izany rehefa mampiasa tabilao misy ny sandan' ny lefa trigonometrika.<ref name="Larson2010">Ron Larson (29 January 2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KzALQF4QresC&pg=PA331 Trigonometry]''. Cengage Learning, p. 331. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4390-4907-5</nowiki>.</ref> Toy izao ilay fitsipika: :<math>\frac{a-b}{a+b}=\frac{\tan\left[\tfrac{1}{2}(A-B)\right]}{\tan\left[\tfrac{1}{2}(A+B)\right]}</math> ==== Velarana ==== Raha fantatra ny lafy roa ''a'' sy ''b'' ary ny zoro ''C'' eo anelanelan' ireo lafy ireo, dia azo amin' ny antsasaky ny vokatry ny fampitomboana ny halavan' ireo lafy roa amin' ny ''sine'' an' ilay zoro eo anelanelany ny velaran' ny telozoro:<ref name="Young2010">Cynthia Y. Young (19 January 2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA435 Precalculus]''. John Wiley & Sons, p. 435. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-471-75684-2</nowiki>.</ref> :<math>\mbox{Velarana} = \Delta = \frac{1}{2}a b\sin C</math> === Fitoviana trigonometrika === ==== Fitoviana mifandray amin' ny teôrema momba ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy ==== Mifandray amin' ny teôrema momba ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy ireto fitoviana trigonometrika manaraka ireto, ary marina amin' ny sanda rehetra:<ref>John C. Peterson (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC Technical Mathematics with Calculus]'' (illustrated). Cengage Learning, p. 856. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7668-6189-3</nowiki>. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC&pg=PA856 Ampahany amin' ny pejy 856].</ref> :<math>\sin^2 A + \cos^2 A = 1 \ </math> :<math>\tan^2 A + 1 = \sec^2 A \ </math> :<math>\cot^2 A + 1 = \csc^2 A \ </math> Ny fampimirana faharoa dia azo amin' ny fizarana ny fampimirana voalohany amin' ny <math>\cos^2{A}</math>, ary ny fahatelo kosa amin' ny fizarana azy amin' ny <math>\sin^2{A}</math>. ==== Raikipohin' i Euler ==== Ny raikipohin' i Euler, izay milaza fa <math>e^{ix} = \cos x + i \sin x</math>, dia ahazoana ireto fitoviana manaraka ireto ao amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika, izay maneho ny ''sine'', ny ''cosine'' ary ny ''tangent'' amin' ny alalan' ny ''e'' sy ny isa haro ''i'', izay manana toradroa mitovy amin' ny −1: :<math>\sin x = \frac{e^{ix} - e^{-ix}}{2i}, \qquad \cos x = \frac{e^{ix} + e^{-ix}}{2}, \qquad \tan x = \frac{i(e^{-ix} - e^{ix})}{e^{ix} + e^{-ix}}.</math> ==== Fitoviana trigonometrika hafa ==== Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: lisitry ny fitoviana trigonometrika. Anisan' ny fitoviana trigonometrika hafa fampiasa matetika ny fitoviana momba ny antsasan-joro, ny fitoviana momba ny fitambaran' ny zoro sy ny vokatry ny fanalana zoro iray amin' ny iray hafa, ary ny fitoviana manova vokatry ny fampitomboana ho fitambarana.<ref name="StewartRedlin2015" /> == Tantara == [[File:Head of Hipparchus (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Hipparchus, izay lazaina fa nanangona ny tabilao trigonometrika voalohany, dia nantsoina hoe «rain' ny trigonometria» (fandikana ny filazana azy).<ref>Boyer (1991), "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration", p. [https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/162 162].</ref>]] Nandalina ny fandrefesana zoro ny astrônôma someriana, ka nampiasa ny fizarana ny faribolana ho degre 360.<ref>Ric Pimentel; Terry Wall (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WcJWDwAAQBAJ ''Cambridge IGCSE Core Mathematics'']. 4th edition. Hachette UK, p. 275. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-5104-2058-8</nowiki>. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WcJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 Ampahany amin' ny pejy 275].</ref> Izy ireo, ary tatỳ aoriana ny Babilôniana, dia nandalina ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafin' ny telozoro mitovy endrika ary nahita toetra sasantsasany ananan' ireo taha ireo. Tsy novolavolainy ho fomba mirindra ahafahana mamantatra ny halavan' ny lafy sy ny refin' ny zoron' ny telozoro anefa izany. Nampiasa fomba mitovitovy amin' izany koa ny Nobiana fahiny.<ref>Otto Neugebauer (1975). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA744 ''A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. 1'']. Springer-Verlag, p. 744. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-540-06995-9</nowiki>.</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-3 talohan' i Kristy, ireo mpahay matematika tamin' ny vanim-potoana helenistika, toa an' i Euclid sy Archimedes, dia nandalina ny toetran' ny ampahan-kitsy mampifandray teboka roa eo amin' ny faribolana sy ny zoro voasoritra ao anatiny, izay manana ny tendrony eo amin' ilay faribolana ary ny lafiny manaraka ampahan-kitsy toy izany. Nanaporofo teôrema mitovy hevitra amin' ny raikipohy trigonometrika maoderina izy ireo, na dia tamin' ny fomba ara-jeômetria aza no nanehoany izany fa tsy tamin' ny aljebra. Tamin' ny taona 140 talohan' i Kristy, i Hipparchus, avy any Nicaea any Asia Minor, dia nanome ny tabilao voalohany mirakitra ny halavan' ireo ampahan-kitsy ireo, izay mitovitovy amin' ny tabilao maoderina mirakitra ny sandan' ny lefa ''sine''. Nampiasainy hamahana olana momba ny trigonometria sy ny trigonometria amin' ny sfera izany.<ref>Thurston (1996), "Appendix 1: Hipparchus's Table of Chords", pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpHjqxQQ9oC&pg=PA235 235–236].</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 taorian' i Kristy, i [[Klaodio Ptôlemeo|Ptolemy]], astrônôma grika-ejipsianina avy any Alexandria, Ejipta, dia nanamboatra tabilao trigonometrika amin' ny an-tsipiriany, dia ny tabilao mirakitra ny halavan' ireo ampahan-kitsy nataon' i Ptolemy, ao amin' ny boky 1, toko faha-11 amin' ny ''Almagest'' nosoratany.<ref name="toomer">Toomer, G. (1998). ''Ptolemy's Almagest''. Princeton University Press. Bibcode: 1998ptal.book.....T. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-00260-6</nowiki>.</ref> Nampiasa ny halavan' ny ampahan-kitsy mampifandray teboka roa eo amin' ny faribolana i Ptolemy mba hamaritana ny lefa trigonometrika nampiasainy. Fahasamihafana kely amin' ny fomba famaritana ny lefa ''sine'' ampiasaina ankehitriny izany.<ref>Thurston (1996), "Appendix 3: Ptolemy's Table of Chords", pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpHjqxQQ9oC&pg=PA239 239–243].</ref> (Ny sanda antsoina hoe sin(θ) dia azo amin' ny fitadiavana ao amin' ny tabilaon' i Ptolemy ny halavan' ny ampahan-kitsy mifanaraka amin' ny zoro avo roa heny amin' ilay tadiavina, izany hoe 2θ, ary avy eo mizara roa an' io sanda io.) Taonjato maro no lasa vao nisy tabilao ahitana antsipiriany kokoa. Mbola nampiasaina hanaovana kajy trigonometrika amin' ny astrônômia kosa ny boky nosoratan' i Ptolemy nandritra ny 1200 taona nanaraka, tany amin' ny tontolo bizantina sy silamo tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ary, tatỳ aoriana, tany Eorôpa Andrefana. Ao amin' ny ''Surya Siddhanta'' no ahitana voalohany ny famaritana maoderina ny lefa ''sine''. Mbola nofaritan' i Aryabhata, mpahay matematika sy astrônôma indiana, tamin' ny an-tsipiriany kokoa ny toetran' io lefa io tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 taorian' i Kristy.<ref>Boyer (1991), p. 215.</ref> Nadika sy nitarin' ny mpahay matematika tao amin' ny tontolo silamo tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ireo asa grika sy indiana ireo. Tamin' ny taona 830 taorian' i Kristy, i Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mpahay matematika persianina, dia namorona ny tabilao voalohany mirakitra ny sandan' ny lefa ''cotangent''.<ref name="Sesiano">Jacques Sesiano (2000). ''Islamic mathematics''. Ao amin' i Helaine Selin sy Ubiratan D'Ambrosio, mpamoaka lahatsoratra, ''Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Mathematics''. Springer Science+Business Media, p. 157. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4020-0260-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Britannica" /> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 taorian' i Kristy, dia efa nampiasaina avokoa ny lefa trigonometrika enina tao amin' ny asan' i Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, mpahay matematika persianina.<ref>Boyer (1991), p. 238.</ref> Nanana tabilao mirakitra ny sandan' ny lefa ''sine'' i Abu al-Wafa, ka 0.25° ny elanelan' ny zoro nifanesy ary nahatratra tarehimarika 8 aorian' ny faingo ny fahamarinan' ny sanda. Nanana tabilao marina mirakitra ny sandan' ny lefa ''tangent'' koa izy.<ref>Boyer (1991), p. 238.</ref> Nanao fanavaozana lehibe tamin' ny trigonometria amin' ny sfera koa izy.<ref name="musa">Moussa, Ali (2011). ''Mathematical Methods in Abū al-Wafāʾ's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations''. ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'' 21 (1): 1–56. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/S095742391000007X. S2CID: 171015175.</ref><ref>Gingerich, Owen. ''Islamic astronomy.'' ''Scientific American'' 254.4 (1986): 74–83.</ref><ref name="Willers2018">Michael Willers (13 February 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=45R2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 ''Armchair Algebra: Everything You Need to Know From Integers To Equations'']. Book Sales, p. 37. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7858-3595-0</nowiki>.</ref> I Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, manam-pahaizana persianina tamin' ny sehatra maro, dia voalaza fa namorona ny trigonometria ho taranja matematika mahaleo tena.<ref>[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/ ''Nasir al-Din al-Tusi'']. ''MacTutor History of Mathematics archive''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2021-01-08. Teny nalaina: <q>One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.</q></ref><ref>Berggren, J. L. (October 2013). ''Islamic Mathematics''. ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-science/islamic-mathematics/4BF4D143150C0013552902EE270AF9C2 the cambridge history of science]'', vol. 2, pp. 62–83. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CHO9780511974007.004. <nowiki>ISBN 9780521594486</nowiki>.</ref><ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din-bio ''ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography'']. ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2018-08-05. Teny nalaina: <q>His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208–214) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.</q></ref> Izy no voalohany nandray ny trigonometria ho taranja matematika tsy miankina amin' ny astrônômia, ary novolavolainy ho amin' ny endriny ankehitriny ny trigonometria amin' ny sfera.<ref name="Britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry ''trigonometry'']. [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Nojerena tamin' ny 2008-07-21.</ref> Notanisainy ireo tranga enina samy hafa momba ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy amin' ny trigonometria amin' ny sfera. Tao amin' ny ''On the Sector Figure'' nosoratany, dia nambarany ny fitsipika momba ny lefa ''sine'' ho an' ny telozoro amin' ny lemaka sy amin' ny sfera, hitany ny fitsipika momba ny lefa ''tangent'' ho an' ny telozoro amin' ny sfera, ary nomeny ny fanaporofoana an' ireo fitsipika roa ireo.<ref>J. Lennart Berggren (2007). ''Mathematics in Medieval Islam''. ''The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook''. Princeton University Press, p. 518. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9</nowiki>.</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-14, i Madhava of Sangamagrama dia namolavola ny fanehoana ny lefa trigonometrika ''sine'', ''cosine'' ary ''arctangent'' ho fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga tsy manam-petra.<ref name="charles">Charles Whish (1834). [https://zenodo.org/record/2223599 ''On the Hindu Quadrature of the circle and the infinite series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra Sahgraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati and Sadratnamala'']. ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 3 (3): 509–523. DOI: 10.1017/S0950473700001221 (azo idirana malalaka). JSTOR: 25581775.</ref> Tsy voatahiry hatramin' izao ireo boky matematika nosoratan' i Madhava tany am-boalohany. Voatahiry ao amin' ny asan' ireo astrônôma tao Kerala tatỳ aoriana kosa ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga tsy manam-petra sy ny tabilao mirakitra ny sandan' ny lefa ''sine'' nataony, indrindra ao amin' ny ''Aryabhatiyabhasya'' sy ny ''Tantrasamgraha'' nosoratan' i Nilakantha Somayaji.<ref>Roy, Ranjan (1990). ''The Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha''. ''Mathematics Magazine'' 63 (5): 291–306. DOI: 10.1080/0025570X.1990.11977541.</ref> Nanome fanaporofoana ara-jeômetria (''upapatti'') ho an' ireo fanehoana amin' ny alalan' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ireo i Nilakantha, ary nampiasa izany tamin' ny kajy astrônômika mifototra amin' ny sfera.<ref>Divakaran, P. P. (2018). ''The Mathematics of India: Concepts, Methods, Connections''. Springer Nature, pp. 281–289. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1774-3. <nowiki>ISBN 978-981-13-1774-3</nowiki>.</ref> Tonga tany Eorôpa Andrefana ny fahalalana momba ny lefa sy ny fomba trigonometrika tamin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ho amin' ny teny latina tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 ny ''Almagest'' nosoratan' i Ptolemy tamin' ny teny grika, ary koa ny asan' ireo astrônôma persianina sy arabo toa an' i Al Battani sy Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.<ref>Boyer (1991), pp. 237, 274.</ref> Anisan' ny asa voalohany momba ny trigonometria nosoratan' ny mpahay matematika avy any Eorôpa Avaratra ny ''De Triangulis'', nosoratan' i Regiomontanus, mpahay matematika alemàna tamin' ny taonjato faha-15. Nampirisika azy hanoratra izany sady nanome azy ny dika mitovy amin' ny ''Almagest'' ny kardinaly Basilios Bessarion, manam-pahaizana grika bizantina izay niarahany nipetraka nandritra ny taona maromaro.<ref>[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Regiomontanus/ ''Johann Müller Regiomontanus'']. ''MacTutor History of Mathematics archive''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2021-01-08.</ref> Tamin' izany fotoana izany koa, dia nahavita fandikana hafa ny ''Almagest'' avy amin' ny teny grika ho amin' ny teny latina i George of Trebizond, avy any Kreta.<ref>N.G. Wilson (1992). ''From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance'', London. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7156-2418-0</nowiki>.</ref> Mbola tsy dia fantatra tany Eorôpa Avaratra tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ny trigonometria, hany ka nanokana toko roa tao amin' ny ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' i Nicolaus Copernicus mba hanazavana ny foto-kevitra fototra momba azy. Noho ny filàna amin' ny famaritana ny toerana sy ny lalana arahina mandritra ny dia, ary ny fitomboan' ny filàna sarintany marina momba ny faritra ara-jeôgrafia midadasika, dia nanjary sampana lehibe amin' ny matematika ny trigonometria.<ref>Ivor Grattan-Guinness (1997). ''The Rainbow of Mathematics: A History of the Mathematical Sciences''. W.W. Norton. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-393-32030-5</nowiki>.</ref> I Bartholomaeus Pitiscus no voalohany nampiasa ilay teny, tamin' ny namoahany ny ''Trigonometria'' tamin' ny 1595.<ref>Robert E. Krebs (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&pg=PA153 ''Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance'']. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 153. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8</nowiki>.</ref> I Gemma Frisius no nanazava voalohany ny fomba fandrefesana amin' ny alalan' ny telozoro, izay mbola ampiasaina amin' ny fandrefesana tany ankehitriny. I Leonhard Euler kosa no nampiditra tanteraka ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] tao amin' ny trigonometria. Nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny fivoaran' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga trigonometrika ny asan' ireo mpahay matematika skôtlandey, dia i James Gregory tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 sy i Colin Maclaurin tamin' ny taonjato faha-18.<ref>Ewald, William Bragg (2005-04-21). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AcuF0w-Qg08C&pg=PA93 ''From Kant to Hilbert Volume 1: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics'']. OUP Oxford, p. 93. Amin' ny teny anglisy. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-152309-0</nowiki>.</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 koa i Brook Taylor no namaritra ny endrika ankapoben' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga Taylor.<ref>Dempski, Kelly (November 2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zxdigX-KSZYC&pg=PA29 ''Focus on Curves and Surfaces'']. Premier Press, p. 29. Amin' ny teny anglisy. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-59200-007-4</nowiki>.</ref> == Jereo koa == * Tabilaon' ny lefa ''sine'' nataon' i Aryabhata * Trigonometria nitarina * Sferan' i Lénárt * Lisitry ny lohahevitra momba ny telozoro * Lisitry ny fitoviana trigonometrika * Trigonometria mifototra amin' ny aljebra (''rational trigonometry'') * Telozoro tena tery * Fanakaikezana ho an' ny zoro kely * Lefa trigonometrika * Faribolana izay 1 ny halavan' ny tapaka mampifandray ny foibeny amin' ny teboka eo aminy * Fampiasana ny trigonometria == Loharano == <references /> == Boky nampiasaina == * <span id="CITEREFBoyer1991"></span>Carl B. Boyer (1991). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye A History of Mathematics]'' (fanontana ''Second''; mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFNielsen1966"></span>Kaj L. Nielsen (1966). ''Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables to Five Places'' (fanontana ''2nd''). New York: Barnes & Noble. LCCN 61-9103. * <span id="CITEREFThurston1996"></span>Hugh Thurston (1996). ''Early Astronomy''. Springer Science & Business Media. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-94822-5</nowiki>. == Vakiteny fanampiny == * ''[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Trigonometric_functions Trigonometric functions]''. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press. 2001 [1994]. Famantarana: p/t094210. * Linton, Christopher M. (2004). ''From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy''. Cambridge University Press. * Weisstein, Eric W. ''[https://mathworld.wolfram.com/TrigonometricAdditionFormulas.html Trigonometric Addition Formulas]''. ''MathWorld''. Anarana ao amin' ny adiresin-tranonkala: TrigonometricAdditionFormulas. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.khanacademy.org/math/trigonometry ''Khan Academy'' (Akademia Khan): trigonometria, lesona fohy maimaim-poana amin' ny aterineto]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071104225720/http://baqaqi.chi.il.us/buecher/mathematics/trigonometry/index.html ''Trigonometry''], nosoratan' i Alfred Monroe Kenyon sy Louis Ingold; The Macmillan Company, 1914. Aseho amin' ny endrika sary ny lahatsoratra manontolo. * [http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-trigonometry-puzzle-introduction ''Benjamin Banneker's Trigonometry Puzzle''] (ankamantatra momba ny trigonometria nataon' i Benjamin Banneker), ao amin' ny [http://www.maa.org/loci-category/convergence?page=1 ''Convergence'']. * [http://www.clarku.edu/~djoyce/trig/ ''Dave's Short Course in Trigonometry''] (fampianarana fohy momba ny trigonometria), nosoratan' i David Joyce ao amin' ny ''Clark University'' (Oniversite Clark). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201216180745/http://mecmath.net/trig/trigbook.pdf ''Trigonometry'', nosoratan' i Michael Corral; miresaka ny fototry ny trigonometria ary zaraina araka ny ''GNU Free Documentation License'' — GNU FDL (fahazoan-dalana GNU ho an' ny tahirin-kevitra malalaka); rakitra PDF (endrika antontan-taratasy azo afindra)]. [[:Sokajy:Matematika]] rzky9i0y0vef3zdnag6ddz6pcu0cyl6 0 302718 1153705 2026-11-11T14:51:02Z Thelezifor 15140 Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Smilacaceae 1153705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax anceps, Krantzkloof Natuurreservaat.jpg|vignette|349x349px|''Smilax anceps'']] [[Sary:Smilax anceps, vrugtetros, Iphithi NR.jpg|vignette|Voan' ny ''Smilax anceps'']] Ny '''''Smilax anceps''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Smilacaceae]]''. Vahy na kirihitra matanjaka izy io, ary iray amin' ny karazana eo amin' ny 278 eo ho eo ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''Smilax''. Miely patrana manerana an' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]], [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Afrika]] [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|tapany Atsimo]], [[La Réunion]], [[Maorisy]], ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], ary eto [[Madagasikara]] ity karazana ity. Mifandray amin' io zavamaniry io ny ''Tarundia cinctipennis'' <small>Stål</small>, izay bibikely hemiptera. ''Smilax anceps'' <small>Willd.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny anarana hoe ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn.</small>. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''avaotra''', '''avetro''', '''aviotra''', '''avoatra''', '''fandrikibodisy''', '''havaotra''', na '''roidambo'''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') 9wjpzze7jaegm2uut1p1ple7g1jhj5r 1153706 1153705 2026-11-11T14:54:50Z Thelezifor 15140 1153706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax anceps, Krantzkloof Natuurreservaat.jpg|vignette|349x349px|''Smilax anceps'']] [[Sary:Smilax anceps, vrugtetros, Iphithi NR.jpg|vignette|Voan' ny ''Smilax anceps'']] Ny '''''Smilax anceps''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Smilacaceae]]''. Vahy na kirihitra matanjaka izy io, ary iray amin' ny karazana eo amin' ny 278 eo ho eo ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''Smilax''. Miely patrana manerana an' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]], [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Afrika]] [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|tapany Atsimo]], [[La Réunion]], [[Maorisy]], ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], ary eto [[Madagasikara]] ity karazana ity. Mifandray amin' io zavamaniry io ny ''Tarundia cinctipennis'' <small>Stål</small>, izay bibikely hemiptera. ''Smilax anceps'' <small>Willd.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny anarana hoe ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn.</small>. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''avaotra''', '''avetro''', '''aviotra''', '''avoatra''', '''fandrikibodisy''', '''havaotra''', na '''roidambo'''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Smilax anceps'' <small>Willd.</small> (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') 1dbb2jy9hpx29zst0gcson0073to084 1153768 1153706 2026-11-12T07:37:47Z Thelezifor 15140 Faritra ahitana azy 1153768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax anceps, Krantzkloof Natuurreservaat.jpg|vignette|349x349px|''Smilax anceps'']] Ny '''''Smilax anceps''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Smilacaceae]]''. Vahy na kirihitra matanjaka izy io, ary iray amin' ny karazana eo amin' ny 278 eo ho eo ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''Smilax''. Miely patrana manerana an' i [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]], [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Afrika]] [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|tapany Atsimo]], [[La Réunion]], [[Maorisy]], ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], ary eto [[Madagasikara]] ity karazana ity<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:541268-1 ''Smilax anceps'' Willd.]". ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref>. Mifandray amin' io zavamaniry io ny ''Tarundia cinctipennis'' <small>Stål</small>, izay [[Insecta|bibikely]] [[hemiptera]]<ref>[http://hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?card=plant&page=explorer&db=flow&id=268&lang=en <small>http://hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?card=plant&page=explorer&db=flow&id=268&lang=en</small>]</ref>. ''Smilax anceps'' <small>Willd.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny anarana hoe ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn.</small>. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''avaotra''', '''avetro''', '''aviotra''', '''avoatra''', '''fandrikibodisy''', '''havaotra''', '''roidambo'''<ref><small>"[https://motmalgache.org/bins/teny2/Smilax Smilax]", ''motmalgache.org''</small></ref>, '''roindambo'''<ref><small>"[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=5489 Smilax anceps Willd.]", ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''</small></ref>. == Faritra ahitana azy == Karazan-javamaniry teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy atsimo amin' i [[Afrika]] ny ''Smilax anceps''. Miitatra manerana an' i [[Afrika Andrefana]] sy [[Afrika Afovoany]] ary [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ka hatrany amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|faritra atsimo]] [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|amin' i Afrika]] ny fiparitahany. Hita any amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] ihany koa izy io, indrindra fa eto [[Madagasikara]], ao [[Kômôro]], ao [[Maorisy]], ao [[La Réunion]], ary ao [[Seisely]]<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A541268-1 ''Smilax anceps'' Willd.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref>. === Eto Madagasikara === [[Sary:Smilax anceps, vrugtetros, Iphithi NR.jpg|vignette|Voan' ny ''Smilax anceps'']]Voalaza ao amin' ny asa nosoratan' i Jean-Pierre Nicolas, izay navoakan' ny fikambanana [[Jardins du monde|Jardins du Monde]], ny momba ny ''Smilax anceps'' any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Madagasikara]]<ref><small>"[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/prelude2020/pdf/biblio-hn-42-nicolas.pdf Plantes médicinales du Nord de Madagascar]", ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''</small></ref>. Voarakitra an-tsoratra ihany koa ny fisian' io karazana zavamaniry io ao amin' ny ala amorontsirak' Agnalazaha, any amin' ny faritra atsimo atsinanana<ref><small>"[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=5489&utm Smilax anceps Willd.]", ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle any [[Paris]] ([[Frantsa]]), no misy santionany iray izay nangonina tamin' ny 3 Novambra 2001, avy ao amin' ny [[Saikinosin' i Masoala|Saikinosin']] [[Saikinosin' i Masoala|i Masoala]]<ref><small>"[https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00373106?listIndex=777& ''Smilax'' ''sp.'']", ''science.mnhn.fr''</small></ref>. Misy fanadihadiana iray nataon-dRandriamiharisoa sy ny mpiara-miasa aminy tao [[Antananarivo]] sy ny afovoan-tany, navoaka tamin' ny taona 2015, izay manonona ny ''Smilax anceps'' amin' ny anarana hoe "Avotra"<ref><small>"[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=5489& Smilax anceps Willd.]", ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''Smilax anceps'' <small>Willd.</small> (''[[Smilacaceae]]'') == Loharano == o02lhk6a88jfmh4zagm2pk61t89mi48 0 302719 1153714 2026-11-11T16:04:54Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153714 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Senegalia rovumae]] cx9dpdx50huffho8ij45cc00eh8ppcb 0 302720 1153715 2026-11-11T16:05:37Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153715 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Senegalia rovumae]] cx9dpdx50huffho8ij45cc00eh8ppcb 0 302721 1153716 2026-11-11T16:07:40Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153716 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Senegalia rovumae]] cx9dpdx50huffho8ij45cc00eh8ppcb 2 302722 1153719 2026-11-11T16:41:18Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1381075036 1153719 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''aljebra mizotra''' dia sampan' ny [[Matematika|matematika]] mandinika ny fampimirana mizotra, toy ny <math display="block">a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n=b,</math> ny fampiharana mizotra, toy izao: <math display="block">(x_1, \ldots, x_n) \mapsto a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n,</math> ary ny fomba anehoana azy ireo ao amin' ny habaka misy vektera sy amin' ny alalan' ny vohoka, izany hoe fandaharana isa amin' ny andalana sy tsanganana.<ref>Banerjee, Sudipto; Roy, Anindya. 2014. ''Linear Algebra and Matrix Analysis for Statistics''. ''Texts in Statistical Science''. Chapman and Hall/CRC. 1st edition. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1420095388</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Strang, Gilbert. July 19, 2005. ''Linear Algebra and Its Applications''. Brooks Cole. 4th edition. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Weisstein, Eric. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LinearAlgebra.html ''Linear Algebra'']. ''MathWorld''. Wolfram. Access-date: 16 April 2012.</ref> [[File:Linear subspaces with shading.svg|thumb|250px|right|Ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana manana refy telo, ireo lemaka telo ireo dia maneho ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mizotra, ary ny fihaonan' izy ireo dia maneho ny vondron' ny vahaolana iombonana: teboka tokana amin' ity tranga ity. Ny hitsy manga dia ny vahaolana iombonan' ny roa amin' ireo fampimirana ireo.]] Manana anjara toerana fototra saika amin' ny sehatra rehetra amin' ny matematika ny aljebra mizotra. Ohatra, iankinan' ny fomba anehoana ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]] ankehitriny izy io, anisan' izany ny famaritana ireo zavatra fototra toy ny hitsy, ny lemaka ary ny fihodinana. Azo heverina ho fampiharana ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny habaka misy lefa koa ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa, izay sampan' ny fanadihadiana matematika. Ny lefa eto dia fifandraisana mampifandray ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana amin' ny singa tokana ao amin' ny vondrona kendrena. Ampiasaina amin' ny ankamaroan' ny siansa sy ny sehatry ny injenieria koa ny aljebra mizotra, satria ny firafitra mizotra dia maodely voajanahary ho an' ny tranga fizika maro. Ilaina amin' ny sehatra maro amin' ny informatika koa izy io, ka ampiharina amin' ny ankamaroan' ny siansa. Ho an' ny rafitra tsy mizotra, matetika ny aljebra mizotra no ampiasaina handinihana ny fanakaikezana ambaratonga voalohany: ny sintona eo amin' ny teboka iray amin' ny habaka izay mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana (''manifold'') dia manome ny fitongilanan' ny hitsy izay atao maodely maneho ny toetran' ilay habaka eo akaikin' io teboka io, ary azo dinihina amin' ny aljebra mizotra koa io sintona io. == Tantara == Jereo koa ny tantaran' ny mpamaritra sy ny tantaran' ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss. Efa hita ao amin' ny toko fahavalo, ''Rectangular Arrays'', ao amin' ilay asa sinoa fahiny momba ny matematika atao hoe ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' ny fomba famahana rafi-pampimirana mizotra amin' ny fampiasana tsorakazo fanaovana kajy, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss. Aseho amin' ny alalan' ny olana 18 ny fampiasana izany, ka fampimirana roa ka hatramin' ny dimy no ampiasaina amin' ny olana tsirairay.<ref>Hart, Roger (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zLPm3xE2qWgC The Chinese Roots of Linear Algebra]''. JHU Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780801899584</nowiki>.</ref> Nipoitra tany Eoropa ny rafi-pampimirana mizotra rehefa nampiditra ny fangitra, izany hoe isa ilazana ny toerana, tao amin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]] i [[René Descartes]] tamin' ny 1637. Ao amin' io jeômetria vaovao io, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe jeômetrian' i Descartes, dia fampimirana mizotra no anehoana ny hitsy sy ny lemaka, ary ny famaritana ny fihaonan' izy ireo dia mitovy amin' ny famahana rafi-pampimirana mizotra. Nampiasa mpamaritra, izany hoe isa kajina avy amin' ny vohoka iray, ireo fomba voalamina voalohany namahana ny rafi-pampimirana mizotra; ny vohoka dia tabilao misy isa voalamina amin' ny andalana sy tsanganana. I Leibniz no nandinika ireo fomba ireo voalohany tamin' ny 1693. Tamin' ny 1750, nampiasa azy ireo i Gabriel Cramer mba hanomezana vahaolana voafaritra mivantana ho an' ny rafi-pampimirana mizotra, araka ilay antsoina ankehitriny hoe fitsipik' i Cramer. Nanazava bebe kokoa ny fomba fanafoanana i Gauss tatỳ aoriana; voasokajy ho fandrosoana teo amin' ny fandrefesana sy ny famaritana ny endriky ny Tany izany tamin' ny voalohany.<ref name="Vitulli, Marie">Vitulli, Marie. ''[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~vitulli/441.sp04/LinAlgHistory.html A Brief History of Linear Algebra and Matrix Theory]''. Department of Mathematics. University of Oregon. Voatahiry tamin' ny [https://web.archive.org/web/20120910034016/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~vitulli/441.sp04/LinAlgHistory.html 2012-09-10]. Novangiana tamin' ny 2014-07-08.</ref> Izao no nosoratan' i Ian Stewart sy David Tall (dikanteny): « Namolavola sy nampiasa ny ankamaroan' ny vokatra sy ny teknika fototry ny aljebra mizotra nandritra ny zato taona angamba ireo mpahay matematika lohalaharana tamin' ny taonjato fahasivy ambin' ny folo sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faharoapolo, nefa tsy namaritra akory ny habaka misy vektera amin' ny endriny ankapobeny; ary tsy misy na inona na inona milaza fa nanahirana azy ireo izany. »<ref>Ian Stewart and David Tall (1979) ''Algebraic Number Theory'', page x (preface) <nowiki>ISBN 0-470-26660-0</nowiki></ref> Tamin' ny 1844, namoaka ny ''Theory of Extension'' i Hermann Grassmann; nirakitra foto-kevitra vaovao nanorina ilay antsoina ankehitriny hoe aljebra mizotra izany. Tamin' ny 1848, nampiditra ny teny ''matrix'' i James Joseph Sylvester; teny latina midika hoe tranon-jaza izy io (''womb'' amin' ny teny anglisy). Nivoatra niaraka tamin' ireo hevitra hita tao amin' ny lemaka maneho isa haro ny aljebra mizotra. Ohatra, raha isa roa ao amin' ny <math>\mathbb{C}</math> ny <math>w</math> sy <math>z</math>, dia <math>w-z</math> ny vokatry ny fanalana ny <math>z</math> amin' ny <math>w</math>, ary mitovy halavana sy fitodihana ny ampahan-kitsy <math>\overline{wz}</math> sy <math>\overline{0(w-z)}</math>. Io fifandraisana eo amin' ny ampahan-kitsy io no atao hoe fitoviana amin' ny halavana sy ny fitodihana (''equipollence''). Tamin' ny 1843 no nahitan' i W.R. Hamilton ny rafitra manana refy efatra <math>\mathbb{H}</math>, izay ahitana efafototra, na isa manana singa efatra (''quaternion'').<ref>Koecher, M., Remmert, R. (1991). ''Hamilton’s Quaternions''. In: ''Numbers''. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol 123. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1005-4_10</ref> Nampidirina ny teny ''vector'', izay ilazana ny vektera <math>\mathbf{v}=x\mathbf{i}+y\mathbf{j}+z\mathbf{k}</math> maneho teboka iray ao amin' ny habaka. Ny vokatry ny fanalana efafototra <math>p-q</math> koa dia manome ampahan-kitsy mitovy halavana sy fitodihana amin' ny <math>\overline{pq}</math>. Nampiasa ny hevitra momba ny habaka mizotra manana fototra koa ireo rafitra hafa misy isa miitatra avy amin' ny isa haro; ny fototra dia fitambarana vektera ahafahana maneho amin' ny fomba tokana ny vektera tsirairay ao amin' ilay habaka. Tamin' ny 1856, nampiditra ny fampitomboana vohoka sy ny vohoka mifamadika i Arthur Cayley, ka nahafahana namorona ny vondron' ny fanovana mizotra rehetra azo avadika avy amin' ny habaka iray mankany aminy ihany izany. Nanjary azo nampiasaina mba hamaritana ny isa haro sy ireo isa miitatra avy amin' ny isa haro ny fomba fanehoana vondrona amin' ny fanovana mizotra. Nampiasa litera tokana i Cayley mba hanondroana vohoka iray, ka noraisiny ho zavatra iray mitambatra ilay vohoka. Nahatsikaritra ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny vohoka sy ny mpamaritra koa izy, ary nanoratra hoe (dikanteny): « Ho maro ny zavatra azo lazaina momba ity teôrian' ny vohoka ity, izay tokony hialoha ny teôrian' ny mpamaritra, araka ny hevitro. »<ref name="Vitulli, Marie" /> Namoaka ny ''Linear Associative Algebra'' i Benjamin Peirce tamin' ny 1872, ary nanitatra izany asa izany tatỳ aoriana i Charles Sanders Peirce zanany.<ref>Benjamin Peirce (1872) ''Linear Associative Algebra'', lithograph, new edition with corrections, notes, and an added 1875 paper by Peirce, plus notes by his son Charles Sanders Peirce, published in the ''American Journal of Mathematics'' v. 4, 1881, Johns Hopkins University, pp.&nbsp;221–226, ''Google'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=LQgPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA221 Eprint] and as an extract, D. Van Nostrand, 1882, ''Google'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_De0GAAAAYAAJ Eprint].</ref> Nitaky rafitra enti-manazava azy ny telegrafy, ary ny famoahan' i James Clerk Maxwell ny ''A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'' tamin' ny 1873 dia nametraka teôria maneho ny hery amin' ny alalan' ny saha ara-batana. Nitaky ny fampiasana ny jeômetria mielana, izay mandinika ny habaka amin' ny alalan' ny fiovana eo an-toerana, ny fanehoana izany. Ny aljebra mizotra dia jeômetria mielana amin' ny habaka fisaka, ary ampiasaina ao amin' ny habaka mikasika an' ireo habaka mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana. Asehon' ny fanovana Lorentz ireo fanovana ny habaka-fotoana izay mitahiry ny lalàn' ny herinaratra sy ny andriamby, ary ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny tantaran' ny aljebra mizotra dia ny tantaran' ny fanovana Lorentz. I Peano no nampiditra ny famaritana maoderina voalohany sy marimarina kokoa ny habaka misy vektera tamin' ny 1888;<ref name="Vitulli, Marie" /> efa nipoitra kosa tamin' ny 1900 ny teôrian' ny fampiharana mizotra amin' ny habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra. Nahazo ny endriny maoderina ny aljebra mizotra nandritra ny tapany voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faharoapolo, rehefa natao ankapobeny tao anatin' ny aljebra ankapobeny ireo hevitra sy fomba maro avy tamin' ny taonjato teo aloha. Ny fivoaran' ny solosaina dia nampitombo ny fikarohana momba ny algôritma, izany hoe filaharan-dingana fanaovana kajy, izay mahomby amin' ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss sy ny fanehoana vohoka ho vokatry ny fampitomboana vohoka maromaro. Nanjary fitaovana tena ilaina amin' ny fanorenana maodely sy ny fanaovana tahaka ny aljebra mizotra.<ref name="Vitulli, Marie" /> == Habaka misy vektera == <div class="hatnote">Lohahevitra misimisy kokoa: habaka misy vektera.</div> Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia tamin' ny alalan' ny rafitra fampimirana mizotra sy ny vohoka no nampidirana ny aljebra mizotra. Amin' ny matematika maoderina, dia aleo amin' ny ankapobeny manolotra azy amin' ny alalan' ny habaka misy vektera, satria izany fomba izany dia miorina kokoa amin' ny ankina, izany hoe fitsipika raisina ho fototra, sy ny fanorenana fa tsy amin' ny kajy fangitra. Ankapobeny kokoa koa izy io, satria tsy voafetra amin' ny habaka manana refy voafetra, ary tsotra kokoa ny foto-keviny, na dia lavitra kokoa ny zavatra mivaingana aza. Ny habaka misy vektera ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math>, izay matetika ny vatan' ny isa tena na ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]], dia vondrona <math>V</math> ampiana asa kajy roa izay samy mampifandray singa roa mba hahazoana singa iray. Antsoina hoe vektera ny singan' ny <math>V</math>, ary skalera kosa ny singan' ny <math>F</math>. Ny asa voalohany, ny fanampiana vektera, dia mandray vektera roa na inona na inona <math>\mathbf v</math> sy <math>\mathbf w</math> ka manome vektera fahatelo <math>\mathbf v+\mathbf w</math>. Ny asa faharoa, ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera, dia mandray skalera iray na inona na inona <math>a</math> sy vektera iray na inona na inona <math>\mathbf v</math> ka manome vektera vaovao <math>a\mathbf v</math>. Ireto manaraka ireto ny ankina tsy maintsy tanterahin' ny fanampiana sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera. Eto, ny <math>\mathbf u</math>, <math>\mathbf v</math> ary <math>\mathbf w</math> dia singa tsy voafidy manokana ao amin' ny <math>V</math>, ary ny <math>a</math> sy <math>b</math> dia skalera tsy voafidy manokana ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math>.<ref>Roman (2005), ch. 1, p. 27.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Ankina mamaritra ny habaka misy vektera ! scope="col" | Ankina ! scope="col" | Heviny |- ! scope="row" | Tsy miova ny fitambarana rehefa ovaina ny fanakambanana amin' ny fanampiana | <math>\mathbf u+(\mathbf v+\mathbf w)=(\mathbf u+\mathbf v)+\mathbf w</math> |- ! scope="row" | Tsy miova ny fitambarana rehefa ampifamadihana ny filaharan' ny singa ampiana | <math>\mathbf u+\mathbf v=\mathbf v+\mathbf u</math> |- ! scope="row" | Fisian' ny singa tsy manova ny vektera ampiana aminy | Misy singa <math>\mathbf 0</math> ao amin' ny <math>V</math>, antsoina hoe vektera aotra, na aotra fotsiny, ka <math>\mathbf v+\mathbf 0=\mathbf v</math> ho an' ny <math>\mathbf v</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>V</math>. |- ! scope="row" | Fisian' ny singa mifanohitra amin' ny fanampiana | Ho an' ny <math>\mathbf v</math> tsirairay ao amin' ny <math>V</math>, dia misy singa <math>-\mathbf v</math> ao amin' ny <math>V</math>, antsoina hoe mifanohitra amin' ny <math>\mathbf v</math> amin' ny fanampiana, ka <math>\mathbf v+(-\mathbf v)=\mathbf 0</math>. |- ! scope="row" | Azo zaraina amin' ny fanampiana vektera ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera | <math>a(\mathbf u+\mathbf v)=a\mathbf u+a\mathbf v</math> |- ! scope="row" | Azo zaraina amin' ny fanampiana ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera | <math>(a+b)\mathbf v=a\mathbf v+b\mathbf v</math> |- ! scope="row" | Mifanaraka ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera sy ny fampitomboana ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika | <math>a(b\mathbf v)=(ab)\mathbf v</math><ref group="fanamarihana">Tsy milaza ity ankina ity fa tsy miova ny vokatry ny asa iray rehefa ovaina ny fanakambanana, satria asa roa samy hafa no resahina: ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera <math>b\mathbf v</math>, sy ny fampitomboana ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>ab</math>.</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Fisian' ny singa tsy manova ny vektera amin' ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera | <math>1\mathbf v=\mathbf v</math>, izay ny <math>1</math> no singa tsy manova ny singa ampitomboina aminy ao amin' ny <math>F</math>. |} Ny ankina efatra voalohany dia midika fa vondrona aljebrika azo ampifamadihana ny filaharan' ny singa ampiana ny <math>V</math> raha ny fanampiana no asa raisina. Mety ho samy hafa toetra ny singan' ny habaka misy vektera iray: ohatra, mety ho filaharana misy singa voafetra, andiana singa voalahatra, lefa, maromiantoana na vohoka izy ireo. Ny toetran' ireo zavatra ireo izay iombonan' ny habaka misy vektera rehetra no dinihin' ny aljebra mizotra. === Fampiharana mizotra === <div class="hatnote">Lohahevitra misimisy kokoa: fampiharana mizotra.</div> Ny '''fampiharana mizotra''' dia fampiharana eo amin' ny habaka misy vektera izay mitahiry ny firafitry ny habaka misy vektera. Raha omena habaka misy vektera roa <math>V</math> sy <math>W</math> ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math>, ny fampiharana mizotra, izay antsoina koa amin' ny toe-javatra sasany hoe fanovana mizotra na fandefasana mizotra, dia fampiharana <math display="block"> T:V\to W </math> izay mifanaraka amin' ny fanampiana sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera, izany hoe <math display="block"> T(\mathbf u + \mathbf v)=T(\mathbf u)+T(\mathbf v), \quad T(a \mathbf v)=aT(\mathbf v) </math> ho an' ny vektera <math>\mathbf u</math> sy <math>\mathbf v</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>V</math> ary ny skalera <math>a</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>F</math>. Fepetra mitovy hevitra amin' izany ny hoe <math display="block">T(a \mathbf u + b \mathbf v) = aT(\mathbf u) + bT(\mathbf v) </math> ho an' ny vektera <math>\mathbf u</math> sy <math>\mathbf v</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>V</math> ary ny skalera <math>a</math> sy <math>b</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>F</math>. Rehefa habaka iray ihany ny <math>V=W</math>, dia antsoina koa hoe lefa mizotra avy amin' ny habaka iray mankany aminy ihany (''linear operator'') eo amin' ny <math>V</math> ny fampiharana mizotra <math>T:V\to V</math>. Ny fampiharana mizotra izay mampifandray ny vektera tsirairay ao amin' ny habaka faharoa amin' ny vektera tokana ao amin' ny habaka voalohany, izany hoe fifampiakoana eo amin' ireo habaka roa, dia antsoina hoe tovirafitra. Satria mitahiry ny firafitra mizotra ny tovirafitra, dia «mitovy amin' ny foto-keviny» ny habaka misy vektera roa izay misy tovirafitra mampifandray azy, raha ny aljebra mizotra no jerena: tsy azo avahana amin' ny fampiasana ny toetran' ny habaka misy vektera izy ireo. Anisan' ny fanontaniana fototra ao amin' ny aljebra mizotra ny famaritana raha tovirafitra ny fampiharana mizotra iray na tsia. Raha tsy tovirafitra izy, dia tadiavina ny vondron' ny sanda azony omena, na ny sariny, sy ny vondron' ny singa alefany ho amin' ny vektera aotra, izay antsoina hoe taolan' ilay fampiharana. Azo valiana amin' ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss, na amin' ny endrika hafa amin' io algôritma io, ireo fanontaniana rehetra ireo. === Zana-habaka, habaka vokarina ary fototra === <div class="hatnote">Lohahevitra misimisy kokoa: zana-habaka misy vektera; habaka vokarin' ny vondrona vektera; fototra.</div> Toy ny amin' ny firafitra matematika maro, dia fototra amin' ny fandinihana ny habaka misy vektera ny fandinihana ireo zana-bondrona ao aminy izay habaka misy vektera koa rehefa ampiharina aminy ireo asa kajy ao amin' ilay habaka niandohana. Antsoina hoe zana-habaka misy vektera ireo zana-bondrona ireo. Raha faritana mazava kokoa, ny zana-habaka misy vektera ao amin' ny habaka misy vektera <math>V</math> ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math> dia zana-bondrona <math>W</math> ao amin' ny <math>V</math> izay ahitana an' i <math>\mathbf u+\mathbf v</math> sy <math>a\mathbf u</math> ao amin' ny <math>W</math>, ho an' ny <math>\mathbf u</math> sy <math>\mathbf v</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>W</math> ary ny <math>a</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>F</math>. Ampy hilazana fa habaka misy vektera ny <math>W</math> ireo fepetra ireo. Ohatra, raha omena fampiharana mizotra <math>T:V\to W</math>, dia zana-habaka misy vektera ao amin' ny <math>W</math> ny sarin' ny <math>V</math>, dia ny <math>T(V)</math>. Toy izany koa, zana-habaka misy vektera ao amin' ny <math>V</math> ny vondron' ny singa alefa ho amin' ny <math>\mathbf 0</math>, dia ny <math>T^{-1}(\mathbf 0)</math>, izay antsoina hoe taolana na habaka alefa ho aotra. Fomba iray hafa manan-danja hananganana zana-habaka ny fandinihana ny fitambaran' ny vektera avy amin' ny vondrona <math>S</math> rehefa samy ampitomboina amin' ny skalera izy ireo. Ny vondron' ny fitambarana rehetra <math display="block"> a_1 \mathbf v_1 + a_2 \mathbf v_2 + \cdots + a_k \mathbf v_k,</math> izay ny <math>\mathbf v_1,\mathbf v_2,\ldots,\mathbf v_k</math> dia ao amin' ny <math>S</math>, ary ny <math>a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_k</math> dia ao amin' ny <math>F</math>, dia mamorona zana-habaka misy vektera antsoina hoe habaka vokarin' ny <math>S</math>. Ny habaka vokarin' ny <math>S</math> koa no fihaonan' ny zana-habaka misy vektera rehetra izay ahitana an' i <math>S</math>. Raha lazaina amin' ny fomba hafa, dia izy no zana-habaka kely indrindra ahitana an' i <math>S</math>, raha ny fidirana ho zana-bondrona no fifandraisana ampitahana ny habaka. Mahaleo tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra ny vondrona vektera iray raha tsy misy vektera ao aminy tafiditra ao amin' ny habaka vokarin' ny vektera sisa. Mitovy hevitra amin' izany ny filazana fa mahaleo tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra ny vondrona vektera <math>S</math> raha tsy misy fomba hafa anehoana ny vektera aotra ho fitambaran' ny singan' ny <math>S</math> nampitomboina amin' ny skalera, afa-tsy ny fanomezana sanda aotra ny fatra <math>a_i</math> tsirairay. Antsoina hoe vondrona miteraka habaka, na vondrona mpiteraka, ny vondrona vektera iray izay ny habaka vokariny no ilay habaka misy vektera manontolo. Raha miankina amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra ny vondrona mpiteraka <math>S</math>, izany hoe tsy mahaleo tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra, dia misy singa <math>\mathbf w</math> ao amin' ny <math>S</math> izay ao amin' ny habaka vokarin' ny singa sisa ao amin' ny <math>S</math>. Tsy miova àry ny habaka vokarina raha esorina ao amin' ny <math>S</math> io <math>\mathbf w</math> io. Azo tohizana ny fanesorana singa ao amin' ny <math>S</math> mandra-pahazoana vondrona mpiteraka mahaleo tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra. Antsoina hoe fototry ny <math>V</math> ny vondrona mahaleo tena toy izany izay miteraka ny habaka misy vektera <math>V</math>. Ny maha zava-dehibe ny fototra dia noho izy sady vondrona mpiteraka tsy azo ahena no vondrona mahaleo tena tsy azo ampiana singa nefa mbola hitazona ny fahaleovan-tenany. Raha faritana mazava kokoa, raha vondrona mahaleo tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra ny <math>S</math>, ary vondrona mpiteraka ny <math>T</math> ka <math>S\subseteq T</math>, dia misy fototra <math>B</math> izay mahafeno ny <math>S\subseteq B\subseteq T</math>. Mitovy ny isan' ny singa ao amin' ny fototra roa na inona na inona ananan' ny habaka misy vektera <math>V</math>, ary io isa io no antsoina hoe refin' ny <math>V</math>. Izany no teôrema momba ny refin' ny habaka misy vektera. Ankoatra izany, misy tovirafitra mampifandray ny habaka misy vektera roa ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math> iray ihany raha mitovy ny refiny, ary amin' izany ihany.<ref>Axler (2015), p. 82, §3.59.</ref> Raha voafetra ny isan' ny singa ao amin' ny fototra iray ananan' ny <math>V</math>, ka noho izany dia voafetra koa izany ho an' ny fototra rehetra, dia habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra ny <math>V</math>. Raha zana-habakan' ny <math>V</math> ny <math>U</math>, dia <math>\dim U\leq\dim V</math>. Raha manana refy voafetra ny <math>V</math>, dia midika ny fitovian' ny refy fa <math>U=V</math>. Raha zana-habakan' ny <math>V</math> ny <math>U_1</math> sy <math>U_2</math>, dia <math display="block">\dim(U_1 + U_2) = \dim U_1 + \dim U_2 - \dim(U_1 \cap U_2),</math> izay ny <math>U_1+U_2</math> dia manondro ny habaka vokarin' ny <math>U_1\cup U_2</math>.<ref>Axler (2015), p. 23, §1.45.</ref> == Vohoka == Ny vohoka, na tabilao misy singa voalahatra amin' ny andalana sy tsanganana, dia ahafahana manao kajy mivantana amin' ny habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra sy amin' ny fampiharana mizotra. Noho izany, dia ampahany fototra amin' ny aljebra mizotra ny teorian' ny vohoka. Aoka hatao hoe <math>V</math> dia habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra eo ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math>, ary <math>(\mathbf v_1, \mathbf v_2, \ldots, \mathbf v_m)</math> dia fototry ny <math>V</math>; noho izany, <math>m</math> no refin' ny <math>V</math>. Araka ny famaritana ny fototra, ny fampiharana <math display="block">\begin{align} (a_1, \ldots, a_m)&\mapsto a_1 \mathbf v_1+\cdots a_m \mathbf v_m\\ F^m &\to V \end{align}</math> dia fifampiakoana avy amin' ny <math>F^m</math> mankany amin' ny <math>V</math>: ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny <math>V</math> dia mifanandrify amin' ny singa tokana ao amin' ny <math>F^m</math>. Eto, <math>F^m</math> no vondron' ny andiana singa voalahatra ahitana singa <math>m</math> avy ao amin' ny <math>F</math>. Tovirafitry ny habaka misy vektera izany, izany hoe fifampiakoana mitahiry ny fanampiana vektera sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera, raha omena ny firafiny mahazatra amin' ny maha-habaka misy vektera azy ny <math>F^m</math>: atao isaky ny singa mifanandrify ny fanampiana vektera sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera. Io tovirafitra io dia ahafahana maneho ny vektera iray amin' ny singa iaviany amin' io tovirafitra io, izany hoe amin' ny vektera misy fangitra <math>(a_1, \ldots, a_m)</math>, izay ahitana ny skalera ampiasaina hanehoana azy amin' ny fototra voafidy, na amin' ny vohoka misy tsanganana tokana <math display="block">\begin{bmatrix}a_1\\\vdots\\a_m\end{bmatrix}.</math> Raha <math>W</math> kosa dia habaka misy vektera iray hafa manana refy voafetra, izay mety ho ilay habaka teo ihany, ary manana fototra <math>(\mathbf w_1, \ldots, \mathbf w_n)</math>, dia voafaritra tanteraka amin' ny sandany amin' ireo singan' ny fototra ny fampiharana mizotra <math>f</math> avy amin' ny <math>W</math> mankany amin' ny <math>V</math>, izany hoe amin' ny <math>(f(\mathbf w_1), \ldots, f(\mathbf w_n))</math>. Noho izany, dia azo aseho tanteraka amin' ny lisitr' ireo vohoka misy tsanganana tokana mifanandrify amin' ireo sanda ireo ny <math>f</math>. Izany hoe, raha <math display="block">f(w_j)=a_{1,j}v_1 + \cdots+a_{m,j}v_m,</math> ho an' ny <math>j = 1, \ldots, n</math>, dia asehon' ny vohoka <math display="block">\begin{bmatrix} a_{1,1}&\cdots&a_{1,n}\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ a_{m,1}&\cdots&a_{m,n} \end{bmatrix},</math> izay misy andalana <math>m</math> sy tsanganana <math>n</math>, ny <math>f</math>. Voafaritra ny fampitomboana vohoka mba hahatonga ny vokatry ny fampitomboana vohoka roa ho vohoka maneho ny fampiharana mifanesy an' ireo fampiharana mizotra mifanandrify aminy. Toy izany koa, ny vokatry ny fampitomboana vohoka iray sy vohoka misy tsanganana tokana dia ilay vohoka misy tsanganana tokana maneho ny vokatra azo rehefa ampiharina amin' ilay vektera aseho ilay fampiharana mizotra aseho. Araka izany, ny teorian' ny habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra sy ny teorian' ny vohoka dia fomba fiteny roa samy hafa entina maneho ireo foto-kevitra ireo ihany. Ny vohoka roa maneho fampiharana mizotra iray ihany amin' ny fototra samy hafa dia antsoina hoe vohoka mitovy amin' ny fanovana fototra (''similar''). Azo porofoina fa ny fahafahana manova ny vohoka iray ho ny iray amin' ny alalan' ny asa fototra amin' ny andalana sy ny tsanganana no fepetra ilaina sady ampy hahatonga azy roa hitovy amin' ny fanovana fototra. Ho an' ny vohoka maneho fampiharana mizotra avy amin' ny <math>W</math> mankany amin' ny <math>V</math>, ny asa amin' ny andalana dia mifanandrify amin' ny fanovana fototra ao amin' ny <math>V</math>, ary ny asa amin' ny tsanganana dia mifanandrify amin' ny fanovana fototra ao amin' ny <math>W</math>. Ny vohoka rehetra dia mitovy amin' ny fanovana fototra amin' ny vohoka iray eo amin' ny fampitomboana, izay mety hisy andalana aotra sy tsanganana aotra manamorona azy. Raha ambara amin' ny fitenin' ny habaka misy vektera izany, dia midika fa ho an' ny fampiharana mizotra rehetra avy amin' ny <math>W</math> mankany amin' ny <math>V</math>, dia misy fototra ahafahan' ilay fampiharana mampifandray amin' ny alalan' ny fifampiakoana ny ampahany amin' ny fototry ny <math>W</math> amin' ny ampahany amin' ny fototry ny <math>V</math>, ary mandefa ho aotra ny singa sisa amin' ny fototry ny <math>W</math>, raha misy izany. Ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss no algôritma fototra, izany hoe filaharan-dingana fanaovana kajy, ahitana ireo asa fototra ireo sy anaporofoana ireo vokatra ireo. == Rafi-pampimirana mizotra == <span id="Linear_systems"></span> Antsoina hoe '''rafi-pampimirana mizotra''', na '''rafitra mizotra''', ny vondrom-pampimirana mizotra voafetra isa izay ahitana miova voafetra isa, ohatra, <math>x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n</math>, na <math>x,y,\ldots,z</math>.<ref>Anton (1987), p. 2.</ref><ref>Beauregard, Fraleigh (1973), p. 65.</ref><ref>Burden, Faires (1993), p. 324.</ref><ref>Golub, Van Loan (1996), p. 87.</ref><ref>Harper (1976), p. 57.</ref> Anisan' ny fototra iorenan' ny aljebra mizotra ny rafi-pampimirana mizotra. Ara-tantara, dia novolavolaina mba hamahana rafitra toy izany ny aljebra mizotra sy ny teôrian' ny vohoka. Ao amin' ny fomba maoderina anehoana ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny alalan' ny habaka misy vektera sy ny vohoka, dia azo adika ho olana momba ny rafitra mizotra ny olana maro. Ohatra, raisina ity rafitra mizotra ity: <span id="S">(S)</span> <math display="block">\begin{alignat}{7} 2x &&\; + \;&& y &&\; - \;&& z &&\; = \;&& 8 \\ -3x &&\; - \;&& y &&\; + \;&& 2z &&\; = \;&& -11 \\ -2x &&\; + \;&& y &&\; +\;&& 2z &&\; = \;&& -3 \end{alignat}</math> Azo ampifandraisina amin' io rafitra io ny vohoka <math display="block">M = \left[\begin{array}{rrr} 2 & 1 & -1\\ -3 & -1 & 2 \\ -2 & 1 & 2 \end{array}\right]. </math> sy ny vektera mandrafitra ny lafiny havanana, <math display="block">\mathbf{v} = \begin{bmatrix} 8\\-11\\-3 \end{bmatrix}. </math> Aoka hatao hoe <math>T</math> ny fampiharana mizotra mifandray amin' ny vohoka <math>M</math>. Ny vahaolan' ny rafitra ([[#S|S]]) dia vektera <math display="block">\mathbf{X}=\begin{bmatrix} x\\y\\z \end{bmatrix}</math> izay mahafeno ny fitoviana <math display="block">T(\mathbf{X}) = \mathbf{v},</math> izany hoe singa ao amin' ny vondron' ny vektera rehetra avadik' i <math>T</math> ho <math>\mathbf{v}</math>. Ny rafitra ([[#S′|S′]]) dia ilay rafi-pampimirana mizotra mifandray aminy izay aotra avokoa ny lafiny havanan' ny fampimirana, fa tsy ireo sanda <math>8,-11,-3</math> ao amin' ny ([[#S|S]]): <span id="S′">(S′)</span> <math display="block">\begin{alignat}{7} 2x &&\; + \;&& y &&\; - \;&& z &&\; = \;&& 0 \\ -3x &&\; - \;&& y &&\; + \;&& 2z &&\; = \;&& 0 \\ -2x &&\; + \;&& y &&\; +\;&& 2z &&\; = \;&& 0 \end{alignat}</math> Ny vahaolan' ny ([[#S′|S′]]) dia ireo singa rehetra ao amin' ny taolan' i <math>T</math>, izany hoe ny vondron' ny vektera avadik' i <math>T</math> ho aotra. Ireo ihany koa no singa ao amin' ny taolan' i <math>M</math>. Ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss dia fanaovana asa fototra amin' ny andalan' ilay vohoka nampiana ny tsanganan' ny lafiny havanana, <math display="block">\left[\!\begin{array}{c|c}M&\mathbf{v}\end{array}\!\right] = \left[\begin{array}{rrr|r} 2 & 1 & -1&8\\ -3 & -1 & 2&-11 \\ -2 & 1 & 2&-3 \end{array}\right] </math> mba hamadihana azy ho endrika voahatra sy nahena amin' ny andalana. Amin' io endrika io, ny singa tsy aotra voalohany amin' ny andalana tsy aotra tsirairay dia <math>1</math>, ary miankavanana kokoa arakaraka ny fidinana; aotra avokoa ny singa hafa amin' ny tsanganana misy izany <math>1</math> izany, ary apetraka any ambany ny andalana aotra. Tsy manova ny vondron' ny vahaolan' ilay rafi-pampimirana ireo asa amin' ny andalana ireo. Amin' ity ohatra ity, ny endrika voahatra sy nahena dia <math display="block">\left[\!\begin{array}{c|c}M&\mathbf{v}\end{array}\!\right] = \left[\begin{array}{rrr|r} 1 & 0 & 0&2\\ 0 & 1 & 0&3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1&-1 \end{array}\right], </math> izay mampiseho fa manana vahaolana tokana ny rafitra ([[#S|S]]), dia <math display="block">\begin{align}x&=2\\y&=3\\z&=-1.\end{align}</math> Amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, ny rafitra misy fampimirana mizotra <math>m</math> sy miova <math>n</math> dia azo soratana hoe <math>A\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b}</math>, ka <math display="block"> \begin{align} A &= (a_{ij})_{m\times n} \\ \mathbf{x} &= \begin{bmatrix} x_1\\ \vdots\\ x_n \end{bmatrix} \\ \mathbf{b} &= \begin{bmatrix} b_1\\ \vdots\\ b_m \end{bmatrix} \end{align} </math> Raha <math>m = n</math> ary manana vohoka mifamadika aminy ny vohoka <math>A</math>, dia manana vahaolana tokana ilay rafitra: <math>\mathbf{x} = A^{-1}\mathbf{b}</math>. Avy amin' io fomba fandikana ny rafitra mizotra amin' ny alalan' ny vohoka io no ahazoana mampiasa fomba mitovy amin' ny famahana rafitra mizotra sy amin' ny fanaovana asa maro amin' ny vohoka sy ny fampiharana mizotra. Anisan' ireo asa ireo ny fikajiana ny laharana, izany hoe ny refin' ny habaka azo amin' ny fampiharana, ny taolana, ary ny vohoka mifamadika. == Hajatena sy vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana == Ny hajatena mizotra dia fampiharana mizotra izay mandefa ny habaka misy vektera <math>V</math> ho ao amin' io habaka io ihany. Raha manana fototra misy singa <math>n</math> ny <math>V</math>, dia vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana, samy misy <math>n</math>, no maneho izany hajatena izany. Raha ampitahaina amin' ny fampiharana mizotra amin' ny ankapobeny, dia manana toetra manokana ny hajatena mizotra sy ny vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana. Noho izany dia anisan' ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny aljebra mizotra ny fandinihana azy ireo. Ampiasaina amin' ny sehatra maro amin' ny matematika izany, anisan' izany ny fanovana jeômetrika, ny fanovana fangitra, ny fanehoana maromiantoana mitovy ambaratonga faharoa, ary ny sehatra maro hafa amin' ny matematika. === Mpamaritra === Ny mpamaritra dia sanda kajina avy amin' ny vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana. Ho an' ny vohoka <math>A</math> toy izany, dia izao no famaritana azy:<ref>Katznelson sy Katznelson (2008), pp. 76&ndash;77, § 4.4.1&ndash;4.4.6.</ref> <math display="block">\sum_{\sigma \in S_n} (-1)^{\sigma} a_{1\sigma(1)} \cdots a_{n\sigma(n)}, </math> izay ahitana an' i <math>S_n</math> ho vondron' ny hodina rehetra amin' ny singa <math>n</math>, izany hoe ny fifanakalozam-pilaharana rehetra amin' ireo singa ireo; hodina iray ny <math>\sigma</math>, ary <math>(-1)^{\sigma}</math> no famantarana miabo na miiba mifanaraka amin' izany hodina izany. Manana fifamadihana eo amin' ny fampitomboana ny vohoka iray raha manana fifamadihana ny mpamaritra azy, ary amin' izay ihany. Raha ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika ny skalera, dia mitovy amin' ny hoe tsy aotra ny mpamaritra ny hoe manana fifamadihana izy. Ny fitsipik' i Cramer dia maneho amin' ny raikipohy voafetra, amin' ny alalan' ny mpamaritra, ny vahaolan' ny rafitra misy fampimirana mizotra <math>n</math> sy sanda tsy fantatra <math>n</math>. Ilaina amin' ny fandinihana ny vahaolana ny fitsipik' i Cramer, saingy mahalana no ampiasaina amin' ny fikajiana vahaolana, afa-tsy raha <math>n = 2</math> na <math>3</math>, satria haingana kokoa ny algôritman' ny fanafoanana araka ny fomba Gauss. Ny mpamaritry ny hajatena dia ny mpamaritry ny vohoka maneho an' ilay hajatena araka ny fototra iray izay voalahatra ny singany. Mitombina izany famaritana izany satria tsy miankina amin' ny fototra voafidy io mpamaritra io. === Sanda mampiavaka sy vektera mampiavaka === Raha hajatena mizotra amin' ny habaka misy vektera <math>V</math> eo ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math> ny <math>f</math>, dia antsoina hoe vektera mampiavaka an' i <math>f</math> ny vektera <math>v</math> ao amin' ny <math>V</math> izay tsy aotra sady mahafeno ny <math>f(v) = av</math> ho an' ny skalera <math>a</math> iray ao amin' ny <math>F</math>. Izany hoe ny fampiharana an' i <math>f</math> amin' io vektera io dia mitovy amin' ny fampitomboana azy amin' ny skalera <math>a</math>. Antsoina hoe sanda mampiavaka an' i <math>f</math> io skalera <math>a</math> io. Raha voafetra ny refin' ny <math>V</math> ary efa voafidy ny fototra iray, dia azo aseho amin' ny vohoka <math>M</math> mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana ny <math>f</math>, ary amin' ny vohoka <math>z</math> misy tsanganana tokana ny <math>v</math>. Lasa toy izao ny fampimirana mamaritra ny vektera mampiavaka sy ny sanda mampiavaka: <math display="block">Mz=az.</math> Amin' ny fampiasana ny vohoka iray eo amin' ny fampitomboana <math>I</math>, izay aotra avokoa ny singany afa-tsy ireo eo amin' ny diagônaly lehibe, izany hoe ireo mitovy laharana andalana sy tsanganana, izay samy mitovy amin' ny iray, dia azo soratana indray izany hoe: <math display="block">(M-aI)z=0.</math> Satria heverina fa tsy aotra ny <math>z</math>, dia midika izany fa vohoka tsy manana fifamadihana ny <math>M-aI</math>, ka mitovy amin' ny aotra ny mpamaritra azy <math>\det(M-aI)</math>. Noho izany, ny sanda mampiavaka dia ireo sanda mampitovy amin' ny aotra ny maromiantoana <math display="block">\det(xI-M).</math> Raha <math>n</math> ny refin' ny <math>V</math>, dia maromiantoana manana ambaratonga <math>n</math> izany, ary mitovy amin' ny iray ny fatra eo amin' ny singa manana ambaratonga ambony indrindra. Antsoina hoe maromiantoana mampiavaka an' ilay vohoka na an' ilay hajatena izy io, ary tsy mihoatra ny <math>n</math> ny isan' ny sanda mampiavaka. Raha misy fototra iray izay vektera mampiavaka avokoa ny singany, dia tsotra dia tsotra ny firafitry ny vohoka maneho an' i <math>f</math> araka io fototra io: vohoka diagônaly izy io, izany hoe sanda mampiavaka ireo singa eo amin' ny diagônaly lehibe ary aotra ny singa hafa rehetra. Amin' izany toe-javatra izany, dia lazaina fa azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly amin' ny fanovana fototra ilay hajatena sy ilay vohoka. Amin' ny heviny ankapobe kokoa, dia lazaina koa fa azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly izy ireo raha azo atao izany aorian' ny fanitarana ny vatana aljebrika misy ny skalera. Amin' io heviny miitatra io, raha tsy manana mpizara izay toradroan' ny maromiantoana manana ambaratonga mihoatra ny aotra ny maromiantoana mampiavaka, dia azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly ilay vohoka. Ny vohoka mitovy amin' ny tsimbadiny dia azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly amin' ny fanovana fototra foana. Misy kosa vohoka tsy azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly, ka izao no tsotra indrindra amin' izy ireo: <math display="block">\begin{bmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{bmatrix}</math> (Tsy azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly izy io satria vohoka aotra ny toradroany, izany hoe ny vokatra azo rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny tenany izy, nefa tsy aotra na oviana na oviana ny toradroan' ny vohoka diagônaly tsy aotra.) Rehefa tsy azo avadika ho vohoka diagônaly ny hajatena iray, dia misy fototra izay ahazoana maneho azy amin' ny endrika tsotra, na dia tsy tsotra tahaka ny endrika diagônaly aza. Tsy mila fanitarana ny vatana aljebrika misy ny skalera ny endrika mahazatra Frobenius, ary ahafahana mamaky mivantana avy amin' ilay vohoka ny maromiantoana mampiavaka. Ny endrika mahazatra Jordan kosa dia mitaky fanitarana ny vatana aljebrika misy ny skalera mba hahatafiditra ny sanda mampiavaka rehetra; tsy mitovy amin' ny endrika diagônaly izy io afa-tsy amin' ny singa sasantsasany izay eo ambonin' ny diagônaly lehibe avy hatrany sady mitovy amin' ny iray. == Fifandraisana mampifamadika anjara asa == Ny '''lefa mizotra mankany amin' ny skalera''' dia fampiharana mizotra avy amin' ny habaka misy vektera <math>V</math> eo ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika <math>F</math> mankany amin' ilay vatana <math>F</math> misy ny skalera, ka raisina ho habaka misy vektera eo ambonin' ny tenany ihany i <math>F</math>. Rehefa ampiana ny asa fanampiana sy fampitomboana amin' ny skalera, izay samy atao amin' ny sandan' ny lefa isaky ny teboka, dia mahaforona habaka misy vektera ireo lefa ireo. Antsoina hoe '''habaka dualy''' an' i <math>V</math> izany, izany hoe ny habaka misy ny lefa mizotra avy amin' i <math>V</math> mankany amin' ny skalera (''dual space''), ary matetika soratana hoe <math>V^*</math><ref>Katznelson &amp; Katznelson (2008) p. 37 §2.1.3</ref> na <math>V'</math>.<ref>Halmos (1974) p. 20, §13</ref><ref>Axler (2015) p. 101, §3.94</ref> Raha fototr' i <math>V</math> ny <math>\mathbf v_1,\ldots,\mathbf v_n</math>, izany hoe andiana vektera mahaleo tena sady ahafahana manoratra ny vektera rehetra ao amin' i <math>V</math> ho fitambaran' ireo vektera nampitomboina amin' ny skalera, dia voafetra ny refin' i <math>V</math>. Amin' izany dia azo faritana, ho an' ny <math>i=1,\ldots,n</math>, ny fampiharana mizotra <math>v_i^*</math> izay manome <math>v_i^*(\mathbf v_i)=1</math> sy <math>v_i^*(\mathbf v_j)=0</math> raha <math>j\ne i</math>. Ireo fampiharana mizotra ireo dia mahaforona fototr' i <math>V^*</math>, izay antsoina hoe '''fototra mifandraika ao amin' ny habaka dualy''' amin' ny <math>\mathbf v_1,\ldots,\mathbf v_n</math> (''dual basis''). Raha tsy voafetra kosa ny refin' i <math>V</math>, dia mbola azo faritana amin' izany fomba izany ihany ny <math>v_i^*</math>; mahaleo tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra izy ireo, izany hoe tsy misy fitambarana voafetra amin' izy ireo manome aotra raha tsy aotra avokoa ny skalera ampiasaina, saingy tsy mahaforona fototra. Ho an' ny <math>\mathbf v</math> ao amin' i <math>V</math>, ny fampiharana <math display="block">f\to f(\mathbf v)</math> dia lefa mizotra mankany amin' ny skalera, voafaritra eo amin' i <math>V^*</math>. Izany no mamaritra ny fampiharana mizotra voafaritry ny fanombanana (''canonical map''), dia ilay mampifandray ny <math>\mathbf v</math> tsirairay amin' io lefa io, avy amin' i <math>V</math> mankany amin' ny <math>(V^*)^*</math>. Habaka dualin' i <math>V^*</math> ity farany, ary antsoina hoe '''habaka dualy indroa''' an' i <math>V</math> (''double dual'' na ''bidual''). Raha voafetra ny refin' i <math>V</math>, dia tovirafitra io fampiharana io, izany hoe mampifandray tsirairay ny singan' ireo habaka roa sady mitahiry ny rafitra mizotra, ka ahafahana mampitovy an' i <math>V</math> amin' ny habaka dualiny indroa. Raha tsy voafetra kosa ny refy, dia mandefa singa samihafa ho singa samihafa ilay fampiharana, nefa tsy mahatratra ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny habaka kendrena. Noho izany dia azo ampifamadihana tanteraka ny anjara asan' ny habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra sy ny habaka dualiny. Izany no antony ampiasana matetika amin' ity toe-javatra ity ny fanoratana ''bra–ket'', izay mampiaraka ny lefa sy ny vektera ao anatin' ny fononteny maranitra: <math display="block">\langle f, \mathbf x\rangle</math> mba hilazana ny <math>f(\mathbf x)</math>. === Fampiharana mifamadika eo amin' ny habaka dualy === Raisina ny fampiharana mizotra <math display="block">f:V\to W.</math> Ho an' ny lefa mizotra mankany amin' ny skalera <math>h</math> rehetra voafaritra eo amin' i <math>W</math>, ny lefa <math>h\circ f</math>, izay azo amin' ny fampiharana an' i <math>f</math> aloha, avy eo an' i <math>h</math>, dia lefa mizotra mankany amin' ny skalera voafaritra eo amin' i <math>V</math>. Izany no mamaritra ny fampiharana mizotra <math display="block">f^*:W^*\to V^*</math> eo amin' ireo habaka dualy, izay antsoina hoe '''fampiharana mifamadika eo amin' ny habaka dualy''' an' i <math>f</math> (''dual map''), na '''tsimbadika''' an' i <math>f</math> (''transpose''). Raha samy voafetra ny refin' i <math>V</math> sy <math>W</math>, ary <math>M</math> no vohoka, izany hoe tabilao misy andalana sy tsanganana, maneho an' i <math>f</math> amin' ny fototra voalahatra sasany, dia ny tsimbadik' i <math>M</math>, soratana hoe <math>M^{\mathrm T}</math>, no vohoka maneho an' i <math>f^*</math> amin' ireo fototra mifandraika ao amin' ny habaka dualy. Azo io tsimbadika io amin' ny fampifamadihana ny andalana sy ny tsanganana. Raha vektera voasoratra an-tsanganana no anehoana ny singan' ny habaka misy vektera sy ny an' ny habaka dualiny, dia azo soratana amin' ny fanoratana ''bra–ket'' izao fifandraisana mampifamadika anjara asa izao: <math display="block">\langle h^\mathsf T , M \mathbf v\rangle = \langle h^\mathsf T M, \mathbf v\rangle.</math> Mba hampisongadinana io fifampifamadihana anjara asa io, dia soratana amin' izao endrika izao indraindray ny lafiny roa amin' io fitoviana io: <math display="block">\langle h^\mathsf T \mid M \mid \mathbf v\rangle.</math> === Habaka misy vokatra anatiny === Ankoatra ireo hevitra fototra ireo, ny aljebra mizotra dia mandinika koa ny habaka misy vektera izay manana rafitra fanampiny, toy ny '''vokatra anatiny''' (''inner product''), dia asa mampifandray vektera roa ho skalera ary ahafahana mamaritra halavana sy zoro. Ohatra iray amin' ny lefa manome skalera sady mizotra amin' ny tohan-kevitra roa, izany hoe mizotra amin' ny vektera tsirairay rehefa tazonina tsy miova ny iray hafa (''bilinear form''), ny vokatra anatiny. Manome rafitra jeômetrika ny habaka misy vektera izy io, satria ahafahana mamaritra halavana sy zoro. Raha faritana ara-dalàna, ny vokatra anatiny dia fampiharana <math display="block"> \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle : V \times V \to F </math> izay manaja ireto ankina telo manaraka ireto, izany hoe fitsipika raisina ho fototry ny famaritana, ho an' ny vektera <math>\mathbf u,\mathbf v,\mathbf w</math> rehetra ao amin' i <math>V</math> sy ny skalera <math>a</math> rehetra ao amin' i <math>F</math>:<ref name="Jain">P. K. Jain, Khalil Ahmad. ''Functional analysis''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ68h97pnAkC&pg=PA203 5.1 Definitions and basic properties of inner product spaces and Hilbert spaces], p. 203. New Age International, 1995, edition: 2nd. <nowiki>ISBN 81-224-0801-X</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Prugovec̆ki">Eduard Prugovec̆ki. ''Quantum mechanics in Hilbert space''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GxmQxn2PF3IC&pg=PA18 Definition 2.1], pp. 18 ''ff''. Academic Press, 1981, edition: 2nd. <nowiki>ISBN 0-12-566060-X</nowiki>.</ref> * Fifampifamadihana miaraka amin' ny fakana ny isa haro mifanandrify, izay azo amin' ny fanovana ny famantaran' ny ampahany imajinera, na ilay ampahany ampitomboina amin' ny <math>i</math>: <math display="block">\langle \mathbf u, \mathbf v\rangle =\overline{\langle \mathbf v, \mathbf u\rangle}.</math> Ao amin' ny <math>\mathbb{R}</math>, dia tsy miova ny vokatra rehefa ampifamadihana ny vektera roa. * Toetra mizotra amin' ny tohan-kevitra voalohany, izany hoe amin' ny vektera ampidirina voalohany: <math display="block">\begin{align} \langle a \mathbf u, \mathbf v\rangle &= a \langle \mathbf u, \mathbf v\rangle. \\ \langle \mathbf u + \mathbf v, \mathbf w\rangle &= \langle \mathbf u, \mathbf w\rangle+ \langle \mathbf v, \mathbf w\rangle. \end{align}</math> * Toetra miabo afa-tsy amin' ny vektera aotra: <math display="block">\langle \mathbf v, \mathbf v\rangle \geq 0</math> ary tsy misy fitoviana amin' ny aotra raha tsy <math>\mathbf v=0</math>. Azo faritana amin' izao ny halavan' ny vektera <math>\mathbf v</math> ao amin' i <math>V</math>, izay antsoina koa hoe joro: <math display="block">\|\mathbf v\|^2=\langle \mathbf v, \mathbf v\rangle,</math> ary azo porofoina ny tsy fitoviana Cauchy–Schwarz: <math display="block">|\langle \mathbf u, \mathbf v\rangle| \leq \|\mathbf u\| \cdot \|\mathbf v\|.</math> Indrindra indrindra, dia tsy mihoatra ny 1 ny habetsahana <math display="block">\frac{|\langle \mathbf u, \mathbf v\rangle|}{\|\mathbf u\| \cdot \|\mathbf v\|} \leq 1,</math> ka azo antsoina hoe sandan' ny lefa ''cosine'' amin' ny zoro eo amin' ireo vektera roa io habetsahana io. Ny ''cosine'' dia lefa trigonometrika izay, ao amin' ny telozoro mahitsizoro, mampifandray ny zoro maranitra amin' ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy manila azy sy ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro mahitsy. Mifampijadona ny vektera roa raha <math>\langle\mathbf u,\mathbf v\rangle=0</math>. Ny '''fototra mifampijadona sy samy manana halavana iray''' (''orthonormal basis'') dia fototra izay samy manana halavana 1 ny vektera rehetra ao aminy ary mifampijadona tsiroaroa. Ho an' ny habaka misy vektera manana refy voafetra na inona na inona, dia azo ampiasaina ny fomba Gram–Schmidt mba hahitana fototra mifampijadona sy samy manana halavana iray. Mora ampiasaina indrindra ny fototra toy izany, satria raha <math>\mathbf v=a_1\mathbf v_1+\cdots+a_n\mathbf v_n</math>, dia <math display="block">a_i = \langle \mathbf v, \mathbf v_i \rangle.</math> Manamora ny fanorenana hevitra maro ilaina ny vokatra anatiny. Ohatra, raha omena ny fanovana <math>T</math>, dia azo faritana ny '''fampiharana ampiarahina aminy araka ny vokatra anatiny''' <math>T^*</math> (''Hermitian conjugate'' na ''adjoint''), dia ilay fanovana mizotra izay manaja ny fitoviana <math display="block"> \langle T \mathbf u, \mathbf v \rangle = \langle \mathbf u, T^* \mathbf v\rangle.</math> Raha manaja ny <math>TT^*=T^*T</math> i <math>T</math>, dia antsoina hoe ''normal'' izy, izany hoe tsy miova ny vokatra rehefa ampifamadihana ny filaharan' i <math>T</math> sy ny fampiharana ampiarahina aminy eo amin' ny fampitomboana. Ny vohoka ''normal'' dia ireo vohoka manana rafitra vektera mampiavaka mifampijadona sy samy manana halavana iray, izay miteraka an' i <math>V</math>, ary ireo ihany. Ny vektera mampiavaka dia vektera tsy aotra izay avadik' ilay fanovana ho vokatr' io vektera io ampitomboina amin' ny skalera iray; ny hoe miteraka an' i <math>V</math> kosa dia midika fa azo soratana ho fitambaran' ireo vektera nampitomboina amin' ny skalera ny vektera rehetra ao amin' i <math>V</math>. == Fifandraisana amin' ny jeômetria == Misy fifandraisana akaiky eo amin' ny aljebra mizotra sy ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]]. Nanomboka izany rehefa nampiditra ny fangitra kartezianina i [[René Descartes]] tamin' ny 1637. Ao amin' io jeômetria vaovao tamin' izany fotoana izany io, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe jeômetria kartezianina, dia aseho amin' ny fangitra kartezianina ny teboka. Andiana isa tena telo voalahatra ireo fangitra ireo raha ny habaka mahazatra manana refy telo no dinihina. Ny hitsy sy ny lemaka, izay zavatra fototra dinihina amin' ny jeômetria, dia aseho amin' ny fampimirana mizotra. Noho izany, ny fikajiana ny fihaonan' ny hitsy sy ny lemaka dia mitovy amin' ny famahana rafi-pampimirana mizotra. Anisan' ny antony lehibe nanosika ny fampandrosoana ny aljebra mizotra izany. Ny ankamaroan' ny fanovana jeômetrika, toy ny fanisahana, ny fampihodinana, ny famadihana toy ny amin' ny fitaratra, ny fihetsehana tsy manova ny halavirana, ny fampiharana mitahiry halavirana ary ny tsipy, dia manova hitsy ho hitsy. Noho izany dia azo faritana sy omena famaritana mazava ary dinihina amin' ny alalan' ny fampiharana mizotra izy ireo. Toy izany koa ny fanovana prôjektiva (''homography'') sy ny fanovana Möbius rehefa raisina ho fanovana ao amin' ny habaka prôjektiva izy ireo. Hatramin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-19, dia ankina, izany hoe fitsipika ekena ho fototra, mampifandray ny teboka sy ny hitsy ary ny lemaka no namaritra ny habaka jeômetrika. Io no fomba fiasan' ny jeômetria miorina amin' ny ankina sy ny fanorenana. Teo amin' io vanim-potoana io dia hita fa azo faritana koa ny habaka jeômetrika amin' ny alalan' ny fanorenana mampiasa habaka misy vektera; ohatra amin' izany ny habaka prôjektiva sy ny habaka afina. Naseho fa mitovy amin' ny votoatiny ireo fomba roa ireo.<ref>Emil Artin (1957) ''Geometric Algebra'' Interscience Publishers</ref> Ao amin' ny jeômetria klasika, dia ny isa tena no vatana aljebrika ampiasain' ireo habaka misy vektera ireo. Azo itarina ho amin' ny habaka misy vektera mampiasa vatana aljebrika na inona na inona anefa ireo fanorenana ireo. Izany dia ahafahana mandinika jeômetria amin' ny vatana aljebrika samihafa tsy misy famerana, anisan' izany ny vatana aljebrika izay voafetra ny isan' ny singany. Amin' izao fotoana izao, ny ankamaroan' ny boky fampianarana dia miainga amin' ny aljebra mizotra rehefa mampiditra ny habaka jeômetrika. Eo amin' ny ambaratonga fototra, dia aseho matetika ho sampana iray ao anatin' ny aljebra mizotra ny jeômetria. <span id="Applications"></span> == Fampiasana sy fampiharana == Saika ny sampana rehetra amin' ny matematika no mampiasa aljebra mizotra, ka saika ny taranja siantifika rehetra mampiasa matematika no ilana azy. Azo zaraina ho sokajy lehibe maromaro ireo fampiharana ireo. === Fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa === Ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa dia mandalina ireo habaka izay lefa no singa ao aminy. Habaka misy vektera manana rafitra fanampiny ireo, toy ny habaka Hilbert. Noho izany, ampahany fototra amin' io fanadihadiana io sy ny fampiharana azy ny aljebra mizotra. Anisan' ireo fampiharana ireo indrindra ny mekanika kantika, amin' ny alalan' ny lefa onja, sy ny fanadihadiana Fourier, amin' ny alalan' ny fototra mifampijadona. === Kajy siantifika === Saika ny kajy siantifika rehetra no mampiasa aljebra mizotra. Noho izany, nohatsaraina fatratra ny fahombiazan' ny algôritma, na ireo dingana voafaritra arahina amin' ny kajy, ao amin' ny aljebra mizotra. Ny BLAS (zana-programa ho an' ny asa fototra amin' ny aljebra mizotra) sy ny LAPACK (fonosana rindrankajy fanatanterahana algôritman' ny aljebra mizotra) no fanta-daza indrindra amin' ireo rindrankajy manatanteraka izany. Mba hampitomboana ny fahombiazany, dia misy amin' ireo rindrankajy ireo no mandrindra ho azy ny algôritma mandritra ny fandehany, mba hifanaraka amin' ny toetra manokan' ny solosaina, toy ny haben' ny fitahirizana haingam-pidirana ho an' ny angona ampiasaina indray sy ny isan' ny foibe mpanodina azo ampiasaina, ary ny hafa koa. Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1960 dia efa nisy fitaovana mpanodina manana baiko manokana<ref>IBM. ''IBM System/36O Model 40 - Sum of Products Instruction-RPQ W12561 - Special Systems Feature'' (L22-6902).</ref> natao hanatsarana ny fahombiazan' ny asa kajy amin' ny aljebra mizotra; fitaovana fanodinana andiana angona izay azo nampiana raha nilaina<ref>IBM. ''IBM System/360 Custom Feature Description: 2938 Array Processor Model 1, - RPQ W24563; Model 2, RPQ 815188'' (A24-3519).</ref> izay fehezin' ny fitaovana mpanodina mahazatra; solosaina mahery vaika<ref>George Barnes; Richard Brown; Maso Kato; David Kuck; Daniel Slotnick; Richard Stokes (August 1968). ''[http://gordonbell.azurewebsites.net/cgb%20files/computer%20structures%20readings%20and%20examples%201971.pdf The ILLIAC IV Computer]''. ''IEEE Transactions on Computers'', C.17 (8), p. 746–757. ISSN 0018-9340; S2CID 206617237; DOI 10.1109/tc.1968.229158; bibcode 1968ITCmp.100..746B. Notsidihina tamin' ny October 31, 2024.</ref><ref name="Star100HW">Control Data Corporation. ''[http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/cyber_200/60256000_STAR-100hw_Dec75.pdf Star-100 - Hardware Reference Manual]''. Revision 9, December 15, 1975 (60256000). Notsidihina tamin' ny October 31, 2024.</ref><ref name="cray1hw">Cray Research, Inc. ''[http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cray/CRAY-1/2240004C_CRAY-1_Hardware_Reference_Nov77.pdf Cray-1 - Computer System - Hardware Reference Manual]''. Rev. C, November 4, 1977 (2240004). Notsidihina tamin' ny October 31, 2024.</ref> natao hanodinana andiana angona; ary fitaovana mpanodina mahazatra nampiana<ref>IBM. ''[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/vectorFacility/SA22-7125-3_Vector_Operations_Aug88.pdf IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 and System/370 Vector Operations]''. Fanontana Fourth, August 1988 (SA22-7125-3). Notsidihina tamin' ny October 31, 2024.</ref> toerana fitahirizana anatiny manokana ho an' ny vektera. Ny fitaovana mpanodina sasany amin' izao fotoana izao, indrindra ny GPU (fitaovana mpanodina sary), dia natao hanana firafitra miendrika vohoka, na tabilao misy andalana sy tsanganana, mba hanatsarana ny fahombiazan' ny asa kajy amin' ny aljebra mizotra.<ref>''[https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/performance/dl-performance-gpu-background/index.html GPU Performance Background User's Guide]''. NVIDIA Docs. Amin' ny teny anglisy (en). Notsidihina tamin' ny 2024-10-29.</ref> === Jeômetrian' ny habaka manodidina === Miorina amin' ny [[Jeômetria|jeômetria]] ny famoronana maodely matematika maneho ny habaka manodidina. Mampiasa jeômetria betsaka ny siansa mandinika io habaka io. Anisan' izany ny mekanika sy ny fandalinana ary fanamboarana robot, mba hamaritana ny fihetsehan' ny vatana tsy miova endrika; ny fandrefesana ny Tany, mba hamaritana ny endriky ny Tany; ary ny fampifanandrifiana ara-jeômetria amin' ny alalan' ny fijery avy amin' ny teboka iray, ny famakafakan' ny solosaina ny zavatra hita amin' ny sary, ary ny famoronana sary amin' ny solosaina, mba hamaritana ny fifandraisan' ny zavatra hita sy ny fanehoana azy eo amin' ny lemaka. Misy koa taranja siantifika maro hafa mampiasa izany. Amin' ireo fampiharana rehetra ireo, dia matetika ampiasaina amin' ny famaritana ankapobeny sy ny fandinihana ny toetra ny jeômetria miorina amin' ny fitsipika fototra ekena sy ny fanorenana ara-jeômetria. Rehefa mandalina toe-javatra voafaritra kosa dia ilaina ny manao kajy amin' ny fangitra, izany hoe ireo sanda mamaritra ny toerana. Mitaky fampiasana betsaka ny aljebra mizotra izany. === Fandalinana ny rafitra sarotra === ''Jereo koa: rafitra sarotra.'' Ny ankamaroan' ny tranga ara-fizika dia aseho amin' ny maodely mampiasa fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, izany hoe fampimirana mampifandray lefa sy ny tahan' ny fiovany arakaraka ny miova tsirairay. Mba hamahana azy ireny, dia matetika zaraina ho sela madinika mifampisy fiantraikany ny habaka itadiavana ny vahaolana. Ho an' ny rafitra mizotra, dia lefa mizotra no maneho io fifampiantraikany io. Ho an' ny rafitra tsy mizotra kosa, dia matetika ampiasaina ny lefa mizotra mba hanakaikezana io fifampiantraikany io.<ref group="fanamarihana">Mety hiteraka tsy fampidirana ny vahaolana sasany izay mahaliana amin' ny lafiny fizika izany.</ref> Maodely mizotra na fanakaikezana ambaratonga voalohany no iantsoana izany. Matetika ampiasaina amin' ny rafitra sarotra tsy mizotra misy amin' ny tena zava-misy ny maodely mizotra, satria manamora ny famaritana amin' ny masontsivana izy ireo.<ref>Ivan Savov (2017). ''No Bullshit Guide to Linear Algebra''. MinireferenceCo., p. 150–155. <nowiki>ISBN 9780992001025</nowiki>. Amin' ny teny anglisy (en).</ref> Amin' ireo tranga roa ireo dia vohoka tena lehibe no ampiasaina amin' ny ankapobeny. Ohatra mahazatra amin' ny fampiharana amin' ny tena zava-misy ny faminavinana ny toetrandro, na, raha faritana kokoa, ny fampiasana masontsivana amin' ny maodelin' ny atmosfera. Amin' izany dia zaraina ho sela, izay mety ho 100&nbsp;km ny sakany ary 100&nbsp;km ny haavony, ny atmosfera manontolo amin' ny Tany. === Mekanikan' ny ranoka sy gazy, fandalinana ny fihetsehany ary rafitra mampiasa angovo mafana === <ref>''[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/2-035-special-topics-in-mathematics-with-applications-linear-algebra-and-the-calculus-of-variations-spring-2007/ Special Topics in Mathematics with Applications: Linear Algebra and the Calculus of Variations &#124; Mechanical Engineering]''. MIT OpenCourseWare.</ref><ref>''[https://engineering.ucdenver.edu/electrical-engineering/research/energy-and-power-systems Energy and power systems]''. engineering.ucdenver.edu.</ref><ref>''[https://eng.famu.fsu.edu/me/undergraduate-curriculum#:~:text=MAS+3105+Linear+Algebra+(3),and+eigenvectors,+linear+transformations,+applications) ME Undergraduate Curriculum &#124; FAMU-FSU]''. eng.famu.fsu.edu.</ref> Ny aljebra mizotra, izay sampan' ny matematika mandinika ny habaka misy vektera sy ny fampiharana mizotra mampifandray ireo habaka ireo, dia manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny sampana maro amin' ny injenieria, anisan' izany ny mekanikan' ny ranoka sy gazy, ny fandalinana ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka sy gazy, ary ny rafitra mampiasa angovo mafana. Marolafy ny fampiharana azy amin' ireo sehatra ireo, ary tena ilaina amin' ny famahana olana sarotra. Ao amin' ny mekanikan' ny ranoka sy gazy, dia ampahany fototra amin' ny fahatakarana sy ny famahana ny olana momba ny toetran' ny ranoka sy gazy ny aljebra mizotra. Manampy amin' ny famoronana maodely sy ny fanaovana tahaka ny fikorianany izy, sady manome fitaovana ilaina amin' ny fanadihadiana ny olana momba ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka sy gazy. Ohatra, ampiasaina ny teknikan' ny aljebra mizotra mba hamahana rafitra fampimirana mielana izay mamaritra ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka sy gazy. Ireo fampimirana ireo, izay matetika sarotra sady tsy mizotra, dia azo akaikezina amin' ny fampimirana mizotra amin' ny alalan' ny fomba avy amin' ny aljebra mizotra, ka manamora ny famahana sy ny fanadihadiana azy. Ao amin' ny fandalinana ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka sy gazy, dia ampiasaina amin' ny CFD (fandalinana ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka sy gazy amin' ny alalan' ny kajy solosaina) ny aljebra mizotra. Sampana iray mampiasa ny fanadihadiana ny fomba kajy isa sy ny firafitra fandaminana angona ny CFD, mba hamahana sy handinihana ny olana mahakasika ny fikorianan' ny ranoka sy gazy. Miankina betsaka amin' ny aljebra mizotra izy amin' ny fanaovana kajy momba ny fikorianana sy ny famindrana hafanana amin' ny fampiharana samihafa. Ohatra, ny fampimirana Navier–Stokes, izay fototra amin' ny fandalinana ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka sy gazy, dia matetika vahana amin' ny teknika avy amin' ny aljebra mizotra. Anisan' izany ny fampiasana vohoka sy vektera mba hanehoana sy hanaovana kajy amin' ny sanda mamaritra ny fikorianana isaky ny toerana. Manana anjara toerana lehibe koa ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny rafitra mampiasa angovo mafana, indrindra amin' ny fanadihadiana ny rafitra famatsiana herinaratra. Ampiasaina izy mba hamoronana maodely sy hanatsarana ny famokarana, ny fitaterana ary ny fitsinjarana herinaratra. Ampiasaina ny foto-kevitry ny aljebra mizotra, toy ny asa kajy amin' ny vohoka sy ny olana momba ny sanda mampiavaka, mba hampitomboana ny fahombiazana, ny fahatokisana ary ny fahombiazan' ny rafitra famatsiana herinaratra eo amin' ny lafiny ara-toekarena. Tena ilaina amin' ny famolavolana sy ny fampandehanana ny rafitra famatsiana herinaratra maoderina io fampiasana ny aljebra mizotra io, anisan' izany ny loharanon' angovo azo havaozina sy ny tambajotran-jiro mampiasa fanaraha-maso sy fandrindrana mandeha ho azy. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ohatra iray maneho ny fifandraisan' ny [[Matematika|matematika]] sy ny injenieria ny fampiasana ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny mekanikan' ny ranoka sy gazy, ny fandalinana ny fihetsehany ary ny rafitra mampiasa angovo mafana. Manome ny injeniera ny fitaovana ilainy izy mba hamoronana maodely, handinihana ary hamahana olana sarotra amin' ireo sehatra ireo, ka mitondra fandrosoana eo amin' ny teknolojia sy ny indostria. == Fanitarana sy fanomezana endrika ankapobeny == Ity fizarana ity dia manolotra lohahevitra maromaro mifandray amin' ny aljebra mizotra. Tsy fahita amin' ny ankapobeny ao amin' ny boky fampianarana fototra momba azy ireo lohahevitra ireo, nefa matetika no raisina ho anisan' ny aljebra mizotra ao amin' ny matematika avo lenta. === Teôrian' ny ''module'' === Tsy mampiasa ny fisian' ny singa mifamadika amin' ny fampitomboana ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika ireo ankina, izany hoe fitsipika ekena ho fototra, mamaritra ny habaka misy vektera. Azo soloina peratra aljebrika <math>R</math> àry ilay vatana misy ny skalera. Izany dia manome rafitra atao hoe '''''module''''' eo ambonin' ny <math>R</math>, na <math>R</math>-''module'': rafitra mitovy amin' ny habaka misy vektera, saingy ao amin' ny peratra iray fa tsy voatery ao amin' ny vatana aljebrika no alaina ny skalera. Mitovy amin' ny ao amin' ny habaka misy vektera ny famaritana ny fahaleovan-tena amin' ny fampitambarana mizotra, ny habaka vokarin' ny vondrona singa iray, ny fototra, ary ny fampiharana mizotra ho an' ny ''module''. Ireo fampiharana ireo dia antsoina koa hoe fampiharana mitahiry ny rafitry ny ''module''. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe anefa: raha tsy vatana aljebrika ny <math>R</math>, dia misy ''module'' tsy manana fototra mihitsy. Antsoina hoe ''free module'' ireo ''module'' manana fototra; ireo ateraky ny vondrona misy singa voafetra kosa no ''module'' manana vondrona mpiteraka voafetra. Azo aseho amin' ny vohoka, izany hoe fandaharana singa amin' ny andalana sy tsanganana, ny fampiharana mitahiry rafitra eo amin' ny ''module'' manana fototra sady manana vondrona mpiteraka voafetra. Mitovitovy amin' ny teôrian' ny vohoka eo ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika ny teôrian' ny vohoka eo ambonin' ny peratra. Ny maha samy hafa azy dia ny hoe tsy misy mpamaritra, izany hoe sanda voafaritra avy amin' ny vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana, raha tsy azo ampifamadihana ny fampitomboana ao amin' ilay peratra. Ankoatra izany, ny vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana eo ambonin' ny peratra azo ampifamadihana ny fampitomboana dia tsy manana fifamadihana raha tsy manana singa mifamadika aminy amin' ny fampitomboana ao amin' ilay peratra ny mpamaritra azy. Voafaritra tanteraka amin' ny refiny ny habaka misy vektera, raha raisina ho mitovy ireo ampifandraisin' ny tovirafitra, izany hoe fampifanandrifiana mitahiry ny rafitra. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy misy fanasokajiana feno toy izany ho an' ny ''module'', na dia ireo manana vondrona mpiteraka voafetra ihany aza no dinihina. Ny ''module'' tsirairay anefa dia rafitra kendrena zaraina amin' ny sarin' ny fampiharana mitahiry rafitra eo amin' ny ''module'' manana fototra; io no atao hoe ''cokernel''. Ny fizarana eto dia mampitovy ireo singa ao amin' ny rafitra kendrena izay ao amin' ny sarin' ilay fampiharana ny elanelany. Azo ampitovina amin' ny vondrona aljebrika azo ampifamadihana ny asa, na vondrona abeliana, ireo ''module'' eo ambonin' ny isa tsimivaky, satria azo raisina ho fanampiana miverimberina ny fampitomboana amin' ny isa tsimivaky. Ao amin' ny peratra aljebrika iray, ny ''ideal'' misy lafiny roa dia zana-bondrona misy ny aotra, ka ao aminy ihany koa ny fitambaran' ny singany roa rehetra sy ny singa mifanohitra amin' ny singany tsirairay amin' ny fanampiana, izany hoe ilay singa izay manome aotra rehefa ampiana aminy. Ao amin' io zana-bondrona io ihany koa ny vokatra azo rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny singa rehetra ao amin' ilay peratra ny singany tsirairay, na avy eo ankavia na avy eo ankavanana. Raha azo ampifamadihana ny fampitomboana ao amin' ilay peratra, dia mitovy ny famaritana amin' ny lafiny ankavia sy ankavanana. Ny ''ideal'' ateraky ny singa iray dia ny ''ideal'' misy an' io singa io sady tafiditra ao amin' ny ''ideal'' hafa rehetra misy an' io singa io.<ref name="DummitFooteIdeal31">David Steven Dummit; Richard Martin Foote (2004). ''Abstract algebra'' (Third). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 242, 251. <nowiki>ISBN 9780471433347</nowiki>.</ref> Azo itarina amin' ny ''module'' eo ambonin' ny peratra aljebrika azo ampifamadihana ny fampitomboana, tsy misy mpizara aotra, ary samy ateraky ny singa tokana ny ''ideal'' ao aminy, ny ankamaroan' ny teôrian' ny vondrona abeliana. Amin' ny toe-javatra manokana, eo ambonin' ny peratra toy izany dia manana fototra avokoa ny zana-''module'' rehetra ao amin' ny ''module'' manana fototra. Azo itarina mivantana amin' ny ''module'' manana vondrona mpiteraka voafetra eo ambonin' ny peratra samy manana mpiteraka tokana ny ''ideal'' ao aminy koa ny teôrema fototra momba ny vondrona abeliana manana vondrona mpiteraka voafetra. Maro ny peratra ahitana algôritma, izany hoe fomba kajy misy dingana voafaritra, hamahana fampimirana mizotra sy rafi-pampimirana mizotra. Amin' ny ankapobeny anefa, ny habetsahan' ny asa kajy takin' ireo algôritma ireo dia ambony lavitra noho ny an' ny algôritma mitovy aminy eo ambonin' ny vatana aljebrika. Ny lohahevitra momba ny fampimirana mizotra eo ambonin' ny peratra dia manome ny antsipiriany momba izany. === Aljebra maromizotra sy mpihenjana === Ao amin' ny aljebra maromizotra dia dinihina ireo fanovana mizotra misy miova maromaro, izany hoe fampiharana izay mizotra raha ny miova tsirairay amin' ireo miova samihafa ireo no ovaina fa tazonina ny hafa. Izany fandinihana izany dia mitondra amin' ny hevitra momba ny habaka misy ny lefa mizotra mankany amin' ny skalera: ilay habaka misy vektera <math>V*</math> ahitana ny fampiharana mizotra <math>f : V \to F</math>, ka <math>F</math> no vatana misy ny skalera. Ireo fampiharana maromizotra <math>T : V^n \to F</math> dia azo faritana amin' ny alalan' ny fampitomboana manambatra singa ao amin' ny <math>V*</math> ho mpihenjana (''tensor product''). Ny mpihenjana eto dia zavatra aljebrika ampiasaina hanehoana fifandraisana mizotra amin' ny tohan-kevitra tsirairay. Raha ankoatra ny fanampiana vektera sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera dia misy fampitomboana vektera roa-mizotra <math>V \times V \to V</math>, izany hoe mizotra amin' ny tohan-kevitra roa tsirairay, dia antsoina hoe aljebra ilay habaka misy vektera. Ohatra amin' izany ny aljebra manana fampitomboana azo akambana: tsy miova ny vokatra rehefa ovaina ny fomba fanakambanana ireo vektera ampitomboina. Anisan' izany ny aljebran' ny vohoka mitovy isan' ny andalana sy tsanganana sy ny aljebran' ny maromiantoana. === Habaka misy vektera sy tôpôlôjia === Ny habaka misy vektera izay tsy manana refy voafetra dia matetika mila rafitra fanampiny mba hahamora ny fandinihana azy. Ny habaka misy vektera sy joro dia habaka misy vektera omena lefa antsoina hoe joro, izay mandrefy ny «habe» ananan' ny singany. Io joro io dia miteraka refin-kalavirana mandrefy ny elanelan' ny singa. Io refin-kalavirana io indray dia miteraka tôpôlôjia, izay ahafahana mamaritra ny atao hoe fampiharana mitohy. Ahafahana mamaritra ny fetra sy ny fahafenoana koa ny refin-kalavirana: antsoina hoe habaka Banach ny habaka misy vektera sy joro izay feno. Ny habaka misy refin-kalavirana sady feno, rehefa ampiana rafitra iray mampifandray vektera roa ho skalera sy mamaritra halavana sy zoro, dia antsoina hoe habaka Hilbert. Izany rafitra fanampiny izany dia lefa mizotra amin' ny tohan-kevitra iray; amin' ny iray kosa, rehefa ampitomboina amin' ny skalera ny tohan-kevitra dia ampitomboina amin' ilay isa haro mifanandrify amin' io skalera io ny sanda azo. Ny isa haro mifanandrify eto dia ilay azo amin' ny fanovana ny famantaran' ny ampahany imajinera. Ankoatra izany, rehefa ampifamadihana ireo tohan-kevitra roa dia soloina ilay isa haro mifanandrify aminy koa ny sanda azo. Amin' ny heviny iray, ny habaka Hilbert dia habaka Banach manana toetra manamora manokana ny fandinihana azy. Ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa dia mampiasa miaraka ny fomba ampiasain' ny aljebra mizotra sy ny an' ny fanadihadiana matematika mba handinihana habaka misy lefa isan-karazany. Ny habaka <math>L^p</math>, izay habaka Banach, no tena ifantohan' io fanadihadiana io, ary indrindra ny habaka <math>L^2</math> misy ireo lefa izay azo alaina horona ny toradroan' ny habeny, ka voafetra ny sanda azo. Io <math>L^2</math> io no hany habaka Hilbert amin' ireo habaka ireo. Manana lanja manokana eo amin' ny mekanika kantika, ny teôrian' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, ny fikarakarana famantarana nomerika, ary ny injenieria momba ny herinaratra ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa. Izy io koa no manome ny fototra sy ny rafitra ara-teôria iorenan' ny fanovana Fourier sy ireo fomba mifandray aminy. == Jereo koa == * Vohoka fototra (amin' ny famakafakan-tsary amin' ny solosaina) * Aljebra jeômetrika * Fikarohana sanda tsara indrindra amin' ny fepetra mizotra * Fanombanana fifandraisana mizotra amin' ny angona, fomba fanombanana ara-statistika * Aljebra mizotra amin' ny kajy isa * Topimaso momba ny aljebra mizotra * Vohoka maneho fanovana == Fanamarihana fanazavana == <references group="fanamarihana" /> == Fanononana loharano == <references /> == Loharano ankapobeny sy voatonona == * Anton, Howard (1987). ''Elementary Linear Algebra'' (fanontana 5th). New York: Wiley. <nowiki>ISBN 0-471-84819-0</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFAxler2015"></span>Axler, Sheldon (2024). ''Linear Algebra Done Right'' (fanontana 4th). ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer Publishing. Daty namoahana: 2024. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41026-0 (azo idirana maimaim-poana; ''free''). <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-031-41026-0</nowiki>. MR: 3308468. * Beauregard, Raymond A.; Fraleigh, John B. (1973). ''[https://archive.org/details/firstcourseinlin0000beau A First Course In Linear Algebra: with Optional Introduction to Groups, Rings, and Fields]''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <nowiki>ISBN 0-395-14017-X</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana vao azo idirana (''registration''). * Burden, Richard L.; Faires, J. Douglas (1993). ''[https://archive.org/details/numericalanalysi00burd Numerical Analysis]'' (fanontana 5th). Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt. <nowiki>ISBN 0-534-93219-3</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana vao azo idirana (''registration''). * Golub, Gene H.; Van Loan, Charles F. (1996). ''Matrix Computations'' (fanontana 3rd). ''Johns Hopkins Studies in Mathematical Sciences''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8018-5414-9</nowiki>. * Halmos, Paul Richard (1974). ''Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces'' (fanontana 1958 2nd). ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 0-387-90093-4</nowiki>. OCLC: 1251216. * Harper, Charlie (1976). ''Introduction to Mathematical Physics''. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <nowiki>ISBN 0-13-487538-9</nowiki>. * Katznelson, Yitzhak; Katznelson, Yonatan R. (2008). ''A (Terse) Introduction to Linear Algebra''. American Mathematical Society. Daty namoahana: 2008. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-4419-9</nowiki>. * Roman, Steven (March 22, 2005). ''Advanced Linear Algebra'' (fanontana 2nd). ''Graduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-24766-3</nowiki>. == Boky sy lahatsoratra fanampiny == === Tantara === * Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2320145.pdf Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra]'', American Mathematical Monthly '''86''' (1979), pp.&nbsp;809–817. * Grassmann, Hermann (1844). ''Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik: dargestellt und durch Anwendungen auf die übrigen Zweige der Mathematik, wie auch auf die Statik, Mechanik, die Lehre vom Magnetismus und die Krystallonomie erläutert''. Leipzig: O. Wigand. === Boky fianarana ho an' ny vao manomboka === * Anton, Howard (2005). ''Elementary Linear Algebra (Applications Version)'' (9th ed.). Wiley International. * Banerjee, Sudipto; Roy, Anindya (2014). ''Linear Algebra and Matrix Analysis for Statistics'' (1st ed.). ''Texts in Statistical Science''. Chapman and Hall/CRC. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1420095388</nowiki>. * Bretscher, Otto (2004). ''Linear Algebra with Applications'' (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-145334-0</nowiki>. * Farin, Gerald; Hansford, Dianne (2004). ''Practical Linear Algebra: A Geometry Toolbox''. AK Peters. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-56881-234-2</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHefferon2020"></span>Hefferon, Jim (2020). [https://hefferon.net/linearalgebra/ ''Linear Algebra''] (4th&nbsp;ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Orthogonal Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-944325-11-4</nowiki>. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178900366 1178900366]. OL [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30872051M 30872051M]. * Kolman, Bernard; Hill, David R. (2007). ''Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications'' (9th ed.). Prentice Hall. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-229654-0</nowiki>. * Lay, David C. (2005). ''Linear Algebra and Its Applications'' (3rd ed.). Addison Wesley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-321-28713-7</nowiki>. * Leon, Steven J. (2006). ''[https://archive.org/details/linearalgebrawit00leon Linear Algebra With Applications]'' (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-185785-8</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana. * Murty, Katta G. (2014) ''[http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8261 Computational and Algorithmic Linear Algebra and n-Dimensional Geometry]'', World Scientific Publishing, <nowiki>ISBN 978-981-4366-62-5</nowiki>. ''[http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/suppl/10.1142/8261/suppl_file/8261_chap01.pdf Chapter 1: Systems of Simultaneous Linear Equations]'' * Noble, B. & Daniel, J.W. (2nd Ed. 1977) ''[https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Noble-Applied-Linear-Algebra-3rd-Edition/PGM17768.html]'', Pearson Higher Education, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0130413437</nowiki>. * Poole, David (2010). ''Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction'' (3rd ed.). Cengage&nbsp;– Brooks/Cole. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-538-73545-2</nowiki>. * Ricardo, Henry (2010). ''A Modern Introduction To Linear Algebra'' (1st ed.). CRC Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4398-0040-9</nowiki>. * Sadun, Lorenzo (2008). ''Applied Linear Algebra: the decoupling principle'' (2nd ed.). AMS. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-4441-0</nowiki>. * Strang, Gilbert (2016). ''Introduction to Linear Algebra'' (5th ed.). Wellesley-Cambridge Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-09802327-7-6</nowiki>. * ''The Manga Guide to Linear Algebra'' (2012), nosoratan' i Shin Takahashi, Iroha Inoue ary Trend-Pro Co., Ltd., <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-59327-413-9</nowiki> === Boky fianarana ho an' ny efa manana fahalalana lalina === * Bhatia, Rajendra (November 15, 1996). ''Matrix Analysis''. ''Graduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-94846-1</nowiki>. * Demmel, James W. (August 1, 1997). ''Applied Numerical Linear Algebra''. SIAM. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-389-3</nowiki>. * Dym, Harry (2007). ''Linear Algebra in Action''. AMS. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-3813-6</nowiki>. * Gantmacher, Felix R. (2005). ''Applications of the Theory of Matrices''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-44554-0</nowiki>. * Gantmacher, Felix R. (1990). ''Matrix Theory Vol. 1'' (2nd ed.). American Mathematical Society. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-1376-8</nowiki>. * Gantmacher, Felix R. (2000). ''Matrix Theory Vol. 2'' (2nd ed.). American Mathematical Society. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8218-2664-5</nowiki>. * Gelfand, Israel M. (1989). ''Lectures on Linear Algebra''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-66082-0</nowiki>. * Glazman, I. M.; Ljubic, Ju. I. (2006). ''Finite-Dimensional Linear Analysis''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-45332-3</nowiki>. * Golan, Johnathan S. (January 2007). ''The Linear Algebra a Beginning Graduate Student Ought to Know'' (2nd ed.). Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4020-5494-5</nowiki>. * Golan, Johnathan S. (August 1995). ''Foundations of Linear Algebra''. Kluwer. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7923-3614-3</nowiki>. * Greub, Werner H. (October 16, 1981). ''Linear Algebra'' (4th ed.). ''Graduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8018-5414-9</nowiki>. * Hoffman, Kenneth; Kunze, Ray (1971). ''Linear algebra'' (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. MR 0276251. * Halmos, Paul R. (August 20, 1993). ''Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces''. ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-90093-3</nowiki>. * Friedberg, Stephen H.; Insel, Arnold J.; Spence, Lawrence E. (September 7, 2018). ''Linear Algebra'' (5th ed.). Pearson. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-486024-4</nowiki>. * Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (February 23, 1990). ''Matrix Analysis''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-38632-6</nowiki>. * Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (June 24, 1994). ''Topics in Matrix Analysis''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-46713-1</nowiki>. * Lang, Serge (March 9, 2004). ''Linear Algebra'' (3rd ed.). ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-96412-6</nowiki>. * Marcus, Marvin; Minc, Henryk (2010). ''A Survey of Matrix Theory and Matrix Inequalities''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-67102-4</nowiki>. * Meyer, Carl D. (February 15, 2001). ''[http://www.matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra]''. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89871-454-8</nowiki>. Tsy mandeha ny rohy niandohana; [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031193126/http://matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html tahiry tamin' ny October 31, 2009]. * Mirsky, L. (1990). ''An Introduction to Linear Algebra''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-66434-7</nowiki>. * Shafarevich, I. R.; Remizov, A. O (2012). ''[https://www.springer.com/mathematics/algebra/book/978-3-642-30993-9 Linear Algebra and Geometry]''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-642-30993-9</nowiki>. * Shilov, Georgi E. (June 1, 1977). ''Linear algebra''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-63518-7</nowiki>. * Shores, Thomas S. (December 6, 2006). ''Applied Linear Algebra and Matrix Analysis''. ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-33194-2</nowiki>. * Smith, Larry (May 28, 1998). ''Linear Algebra''. ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-98455-1</nowiki>. * Trefethen, Lloyd N.; Bau, David (1997). ''Numerical Linear Algebra''. SIAM. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-898-71361-9</nowiki>. === Torolalana sy famintinana ho an' ny fianarana === * Leduc, Steven A. (May 1, 1996). ''Linear Algebra (Cliffs Quick Review)''. Cliffs Notes. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8220-5331-6</nowiki>. * Lipschutz, Seymour; Lipson, Marc (December 6, 2000). ''Schaum's Outline of Linear Algebra'' (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-07-136200-9</nowiki>. * Lipschutz, Seymour (January 1, 1989). ''3,000 Solved Problems in Linear Algebra''. McGraw–Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-07-038023-3</nowiki>. * McMahon, David (October 28, 2005). ''Linear Algebra Demystified''. McGraw–Hill Professional. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-07-146579-3</nowiki>. * Zhang, Fuzhen (April 7, 2009). ''Linear Algebra: Challenging Problems for Students''. The Johns Hopkins University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8018-9125-0</nowiki>. == Rohy ivelany == === Loharano an-tserasera === * [https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/ Lahateny an-tsary momba ny aljebra mizotra avy amin' ny MIT (toeram-pampianarana nanolotra ny lahateny)], andiana lahateny 34 noraketina, nataon' ny Profesora Gilbert Strang tamin' ny lohataonan' ny taona 2010. * [https://www.math.technion.ac.il/iic/ ''International Linear Algebra Society''] (fikambanana iraisam-pirenena momba ny aljebra mizotra). * ''[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Linear_algebra Linear algebra]'', ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics'', EMS Press, 2001 [1994]. * [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/LinearAlgebra.html Aljebra mizotra] ao amin' ny MathWorld. * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/matrices.htm Voambolana momba ny vohoka sy ny aljebra mizotra] ao amin' ny [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathword.html Fampiasana tranainy indrindra fantatra ho an' ny teny sasany amin' ny matematika]. * [http://jeff560.tripod.com/matrices.html Fampiasana voalohany ny famantarana ho an' ny vohoka sy ny vektera] ao amin' ny [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Fampiasana voalohany ny famantarana matematika isan-karazany]. * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab Foto-kevitra fototry ny aljebra mizotra], fampisehoana an-tsary nataon' ny 3Blue1Brown momba ny foto-kevitra fototry ny aljebra mizotra, izay manasongadina ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny fomba fijery jeômetrika, ny fomba fijery mampiasa vohoka ary ny fomba fijery mifototra amin' ny rafitra ankapobeny. === Boky an-tserasera === * Beezer, Robert A. (2009; famoahana voalohany: 2004). ''[http://linear.ups.edu A First Course in Linear Algebra]''. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <nowiki>ISBN 9781616100049</nowiki>. Amin' ny teny anglisy. * Connell, Edwin H. (2004; famoahana voalohany: 1999). ''[https://www.math.miami.edu/~ec/book/ Elements of Abstract and Linear Algebra]''. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. Natontan' ny mpanoratra. Amin' ny teny anglisy. * <span id="CITEREFHefferon2020-external-links"></span>Hefferon, Jim (2020). ''[https://hefferon.net/linearalgebra/ Linear Algebra]'' (fanontana faha-4). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Orthogonal Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-944325-11-4</nowiki>. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178900366 1178900366]. OL [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30872051M 30872051M]. * Margalit, Dan; Rabinoff, Joseph (2019). ''[https://textbooks.math.gatech.edu/ila/ Interactive Linear Algebra]''. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. Natontan' ny mpanoratra. Amin' ny teny anglisy. * Matthews, Keith R. (2013; famoahana voalohany: 1991). ''[http://www.numbertheory.org/book/ Elementary Linear Algebra]''. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Natontan' ny mpanoratra. Amin' ny teny anglisy. * Mikaelian, Vahagn H. (2020; famoahana voalohany: 2017). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318066716 Linear Algebra: Theory and Algorithms]''. Yerevan, Armenia. Natontan' ny mpanoratra. Amin' ny teny anglisy. Azo jerena amin' ny alalan' ny ResearchGate. * Sharipov, Ruslan, ''[https://arxiv.org/abs/math.HO/0405323 Course of linear algebra and multidimensional geometry]''. * Treil, Sergei, ''[https://www.math.brown.edu/~treil/papers/LADW/LADW.html Linear Algebra Done Wrong]''. [[:Sokajy:Matematika]] 1a9wpousnyiyjsh09rzte9i2a4dkxiu 0 302723 1153723 2026-11-11T18:06:18Z Thelezifor 15140 Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Malvaceae 1153723 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Sabdariffa partita''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', izay teratany eto [[Madagasikara]]. Maniry indrindra amin' ny faritra trôpikaly misy fizaran-taona maina izy io. ''Sabdariffa partita'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Tany am-boalohany dia nofaritan' ny bôtanista avy any [[Soisa]] amin' ny anarana hoe ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' io karazana io. Novana ho ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F.D.Wilson</small> ny anarany taty aoriana, tamin' ny taona 1999, talohan' ny namindrana azy ho ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Sabdariffa]]'' tamin' ny taona 2025, taorian' ny fanavaozana ny fanasokajiana an' io vondrona io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''kiniavandy''', '''rabe''', '''roibe''', '''roibelahy''', '''roibevavy''', '''roilo''' na '''tsotsona'''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Sabdariffa]]'' * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Sabdariffa partita'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (Malvaceae). * [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''[[Sabdariffa partita]]'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' <small>Cav.</small> (''Malvaceae'') 0certs9b29dn9tjtimqgfzpzyirye9g 1153724 1153723 2026-11-11T18:14:33Z Thelezifor 15140 1153724 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Sabdariffa partita''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', izay teratany eto [[Madagasikara]]. Maniry indrindra amin' ny faritra trôpikaly misy fizaran-taona maina izy io. ''Sabdariffa partita'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Tany am-boalohany dia nofaritan' ny bôtanista avy any [[Soisa]] amin' ny anarana hoe ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' io karazana io. Novana ho ''Hibiscus partitus'' <small>(Hochr.) F.D.Wilson</small> ny anarany taty aoriana, tamin' ny taona 1999, talohan' ny namindrana azy ho ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Sabdariffa]]'' tamin' ny taona 2025, taorian' ny fanavaozana ny fanasokajiana an' io vondrona io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''kiniavandy''', '''rabe''', '''roibe''', '''roibelahy''', '''roibevavy''', '''roilo''' na '''tsotsona'''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Sabdariffa]]'' * [[Roibe]]: ''[[Sabdariffa diversifolia]]'' <small>(Jacq.) McLay & R.L.Barrett.</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''Sabdariffa partita'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (Malvaceae). * [[Tsotsona]]: ''[[Crinum firmifolium]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Amaryllidaceae''); ''Sabdariffa partita'' <small>(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett</small> (← ''Hibiscus diversifolius'' var. ''partitus'' <small>Hochr</small>.) (''Malvaceae''); ''[[Pavonia urens]]'' <small>Cav.</small> (''Malvaceae'') l5t9wr1wc9dsf9tovsn60w1npdvtrbd 0 302724 1153727 2026-11-11T18:27:25Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153727 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Rubus rosifolius]] pm6reegpmjoch0bwcyzh6dtjivy3o2m 0 302725 1153728 2026-11-11T18:28:46Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153728 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Rubus rosifolius]] pm6reegpmjoch0bwcyzh6dtjivy3o2m 2 302726 1153734 2026-11-11T18:42:20Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384853060 1153734 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ Revôlisiôna frantsay |- | colspan="2" | [[File:Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|none|Ny fanafihana an' i Bastille, 14 Jolay 1789]] |- ! scope="row" | Ao anatin' ny | Vanim-potoan' ny Revôlisiôna |- ! scope="row" | Toerana | [[Frantsa]] |- ! scope="row" | Daty | 5 Mey 1789 – 9 Novambra 1799<br />(10 taona sy 6 volana ary 4 andro) |- ! scope="row" | Vokatra | * Fanafoanana ny ''Ancien régime'' (fitondrana taloha) sy fananganana fitondram-panjaka feran' ny lalàna sy ny lalàm-panorenana * Fanambarana ny Repoblika frantsay voalohany tamin' ny Septambra 1792 * Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana sy famonoana an' i Louis XVI ho fanatanterahana didim-pitsarana * Adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay * Fananganana ny Kônsolata frantsay tamin' ny Novambra 1799 |} Ny '''Revôlisiôna frantsay'''{{#tag:ref|Amin' ny teny frantsay: ''Révolution française''; fanononana: [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz].|group=fanamarihana}} dia vanim-potoana niteraka fiovana ara-pôlitika sy ara-piarahamonina tao [[Frantsa]]. Nanomboka tamin' ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo tamin' ny 1789 izy io ary nifarana tamin' ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin' ny 18 Brumaire, tamin' ny 9 Novambra 1799. Maro amin' ny hevitra nentin' ilay revôlisiôna no heverina ho foto-kevitra fototry ny demôkrasia liberaly, izay miaro ny zo sy ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay,<ref name="FR-sfn-001">[[#CITEREFLivesey2001|Livesey (2001)]], p. 19.</ref> ary mbola mitana toerana fototra ao amin' ny adihevitra pôlitika frantsay ankehitriny ny soatoaviny.<ref name="FR-sfn-002">[[#CITEREFFehér1990|Fehér (1990)]], pp. 117–130.</ref> Fitambaran' ny anton-javatra ara-piarahamonina, ara-pôlitika ary ara-toekarena, izay tsy vitan' ny fitondrana nisy tamin' izany ny niatrika azy, no nahatonga azy. Nitarika ny fampiantsoana ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo tamin' ny Mey 1789 ny [[Krizy ara-bola|krizy ara-bola]] sy ny fahasahiranana nihanaka teo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Io no fivoriana voalohany nataony hatramin' ny Febroary 1614. Nisaraka tamin' ireo solontena hafa ny solontenan' ny saranga fahatelo, ary nivondrona ho Antenimieram-pirenena tamin' ny Jona. Nitarika ny Antenimiera handray fepetra maromaro nitondra fanovana ifotony ny fanafihana an' i Bastille tao Paris tamin' ny 14 Jolay. Anisan' izany ny fanafoanana ny rafitra feôdaly, izany hoe ny fifandraisan' ny tompo sy ny olona niankina taminy, izay nifamatotra tamin' ny fananan-tany sy ny adidy nifanaovany; ny fametrahana ny Fiangonana katôlika tao Frantsa teo ambany fifehezan' ny fanjakana; ary ny famoahana ny Fanambarana ny Zon' ny Olombelona sy ny Olom-pirenena. Ny fifandroritana hahazoana ny fahefana ara-pôlitika no nanamarika indrindra ireo telo taona nanaraka. Vao mainka nampihena ny fitokisana ny fitondram-panjaka frantsay ny fikasana handositra nankany Varennes nataon' i [[Louis XVI]] mpanjaka tamin' ny Jona 1791. Nitarika ny fikomiana tamin' ny 10 Aogositra 1792 ny faharesena ara-tafika taorian' ny nipoahan' ny adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay tamin' ny Aprily 1792. Vokatr' izany dia nosoloina ny Repoblika frantsay voalohany ny fitondram-panjaka tamin' ny Septambra, ary narahin' ny famonoana an' i Louis XVI mpanjaka mihitsy ho fanatanterahana didim-pitsarana izany tamin' ny Janoary 1793. Taorian' ny fikomiana iray hafa tamin' ny Jona 1793, dia naato ny fampiharana ny lalàm-panorenana, ary nifindra avy tamin' ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly ho tamin' ny Komity momba ny Fiarovam-bahoaka ny fahefana ara-pôlitika. Ireo ''Jacobins'' nitaky fanovana ifotony, notarihin' i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Maximilien Robespierre]], no nanjakazaka tao amin' io komity io. Olona tokony ho 16 000 no nohelohin' ny Fitsarana revôlisiônera ary novonoina nandritra ny Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana. Nifarana tamin' ny Jolay 1794 izany, vokatry ny fiovan-draharaha tamin' ny Thermidor. Nalemy noho ny fandrahonana avy any ivelany sy ny fanoherana tao anatiny ny Komity momba ny Fiarovam-bahoaka, ka nosoloina ny fitondrana nantsoina hoe Direktoara tamin' ny Novambra 1795. Nifarana tamin' ny 1799 ny tsy fahamarinan-toeran' io fitondrana io, noho ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin' ny 18 Brumaire sy ny fananganana ny Kônsolata, ka i Napoleon Bonaparte no nitana ny andraikitra nantsoina hoe ''First Consul'' (lehiben' io fitondrana io). == Antony == Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Antony nahatonga ny revôlisiôna frantsay. Ny revôlisiôna frantsay dia vokatry ny anton-javatra maro niasa nandritra ny fotoana lava na fohy, izay niafara tamin' ny krizy teo amin' ny fiaraha-monina, ny toekarena, ny fitantanam-bola ary ny pôlitika tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1780.<ref name="FR-sfn-003">[[#CITEREFJessene2013|Jessene (2013)]], pp. 39–40.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-004">[[#CITEREFJourdan2015|Jourdan (2015)]], p. 100.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-005">[[#CITEREFMarzagalli2015|Marzagalli (2015)]], p. 4.</ref> Nanampy trotraka izany ny fanoheran' ireo olona nanana fahefana ambony teo amin' ny fitondrana ny fanavaozana, sy ny fisalasalan' ny mpanjaka [[Louis XVI]] sy ny minisitrany tamin' ny fanapahan-kevitra ara-pôlitika. Niteraka krizy tsy voafehin' ny fanjakana ny fitambaran' ireo anton-javatra ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-006">[[#CITEREFBaker1978|Baker (1978)]], pp. 279–303.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-007">[[#CITEREFJordan2004|Jordan (2004)]], pp. 11–12.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny 1715 sy 1789, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 21 tapitrisa ho 28 tapitrisa ny mponina tao Frantsa. Ny 20% tamin' ireo dia nonina an-tanàn-dehibe na an-tanàna madinika kokoa, ary i Paris irery dia nanana mponina maherin' ny 600 000.<ref name="FR-sfn-008">[[#CITEREFMarzagalli2015|Marzagalli (2015)]], pp. 6–7.</ref> Niaraka tamin' izany dia nitombo ho avo telo heny ny isan' ny olona tao amin' ny saranga antonony, izay efa nahatratra efa ho 10% tamin' ny mponina tamin' ny 1789.<ref name="FR-sfn-009">[[#CITEREFClay2015|Clay (2015)]], pp. 24, 31.</ref> Na dia nitombo aza ny fanambinana tamin' ny ankapobeny, dia ny sarangan' ireo nivelona tamin' ny vola miditra avy amin' ny fananany na ny fampiasam-bolany, sy ny sarangan' ny mpivarotra, no tena nahazo ny tombontsoa avy amin' izany. Nihena kosa ny fari-piainan' ny mpiasa nandray karama sy ny tantsaha namboly tamin' ny tany nohofany.<ref name="FR-sfn-010">[[#CITEREFJessene2013|Jessene (2013)]], pp. 32–33.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-011">[[#CITEREFMarzagalli2015|Marzagalli (2015)]], pp. 8–10.</ref> Ny fitotongan' ny toekarena nanomboka tamin' ny 1785, niampy ny faharatsian' ny vokatra tamin' ny 1787 sy 1788, dia nahatonga ny tsy fananan' asa hiely patrana sy ny vidin-tsakafo hiakatra, ka niteraka krizy ara-bola sy ara-pôlitika.<ref name="FR-sfn-003" /><ref name="FR-sfn-012">[[#CITEREFJourdan2015|Jourdan (2015)]], p. 104.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-013">[[#CITEREFMarzagalli2015|Marzagalli (2015)]], pp. 5, 14–17.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-014">[[#CITEREFTilly1983|Tilly (1983)]], p. 337.</ref> Na dia niatrika krizy momba ny trosa koa aza ny fanjakana, dia tsy ambony ny habetsahan' ny trosany raha oharina tamin' ny an' i Britaina Lehibe.<ref name="FR-sfn-015">[[#CITEREFWeir1989|Weir (1989)]], p. 98.</ref> Anisan' ny olana lehibe ny fahasamihafana be teo amin' ny tahan' ny hetra isam-paritra: matetika izy ireny no tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny habetsahana voatondro ara-panjakana, ary tsy nitovy ihany koa ny fomba namoriana azy. Niteraka tsy fahafaliana teo amin' ny mpandoa hetra rehetra ny fahasarotan' ilay rafitra sy ny tsy fisian' ny tamberin' andraikitra teo amin' ny fitantanana azy.<ref name="FR-sfn-016">[[#CITEREFChanel2015|Chanel (2015)]], p. 68.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Tsy araka izay fiheverana matetika, dia nampiharana hetra koa ny andriana. Mbola iadian-kevitra anefa ny habetsahan' ny hetra azony nialana na nampitondrainy an' ireo mpanofa ny taniny.<ref name="FR-sfn-017">[[#CITEREFBehrens1976|Behrens (1976)]], pp. 521–527.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Nosakanan' ireo fitsarana isam-paritra (''parlements''), izay nankato ny pôlitika ara-bola, ny ezaka natao hanatsorana ilay rafitra. Ny fikatsoana naterak' izany no nahatonga ny fiantsoana ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo tamin' ny 1789. Nihamafy ny fitakian' io fivoriana io fanovana lalina noho ny ady hahazoana mifehy ny volam-panjakana.<ref name="FR-sfn-018">[[#CITEREFWeir1989|Weir (1989)]], p. 96.</ref> Vonona handinika fanavaozana i Louis XVI, saingy matetika izy no nihemotra rehefa notoherin' ireo andriana nikatsaka ny hitazonana ny rafitra nisy. Niely ny fifanakalozan-kevitra teo amin' ireo avara-pianarana nanana toerana ambony teo amin' ny fiaraha-monina frantsay momba ny fanakianana ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina nentin' ny [[Taonjaton' ny Fahazavana|hetsika ara-tsain' ny Fahazavana]]. Tamin' izany fotoana izany koa, ny revôlisiôna amerikanina sy ny fikomiana tany Eorôpa tamin' ny taompolo 1780 dia nanentana ny adihevitra ampahibemaso momba ny fitiavan-tanindrazana, ny fahafahana, ny fitoviana ary ny demôkrasia. Ireo no namolavola ny fihetsiky ny olona nahita fianarana teo anatrehan' ny krizy,<ref name="FR-sfn-019">[[#CITEREFJourdan2015|Jourdan (2015)]], pp. 94–104.</ref> ary ny raharaha nanafintohina toy ny raharahan' ny rojo diamondra kosa dia vao mainka nampitombo ny hatezerana niely patrana tamin' ny tao an-dapa, ny andriana ary ny tompon' andraikitra teo amin' ny fiangonana.<ref name="FR-sfn-020">[[#CITEREFSmith2015|Smith (2015)]], pp. 50–51.</ref> == Krizy teo amin' ny fitondrana taloha (''Ancien Régime'') == [[File:Parliaments and Sovereign Councils of the Kingdom of France in 1789 (fr).png|left|thumb|upright=1.0|Ireo fitsarana isam-paritra, na ''parlements'', tamin' ny 1789, ary ny faritra niandraiketan' ny fitsarana tao Paris. Sarintany: Paris91; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0] (''Creative Commons'', fanononana ny mpamorona sy fahazoan-dalana mitovy ho an' ny asa namboarina avy aminy).]] === Krizy ara-bola sy ara-politika === Jereo koa ny Fifanarahana Eden. Nisedra krizy nifanesy teo amin' ny tetibolany i Frantsa nandritra ny taonjato faha-18, satria tsy naharaka ny fandaniana ny vola niditra.<ref name="FR-sfn-021">[[#CITEREFJessene2013|Jessene (2013)]], p. 36.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-022">[[#CITEREFSargentVelde1995|Sargent sy Velde (1995)]], pp. 485, 490–491.</ref> Na dia nitombo tsara aza ny toekarena, dia tsy nifanentana tamin' izany ny fitomboan' ny vola niditra tamin' ny fanjakana avy amin' ny hetra, noho ny fampiasana mpanangona hetra nahazo ny zo hanao izany ho takalon' ny vola naloa tamin' ny fanjakana.<ref name="FR-sfn-021" /> Nahazo fanafahana tamin' ny hetra isan-karazany ny andriana sy ny Fiangonana, ka ny saranga ambany no tena nizaka ny vesatry ny hetra.<ref name="FR-sfn-023">[[#CITEREFSargentVelde1995|Sargent sy Velde (1995)]], pp. 483–485.</ref> Sarotra ny fanavaozana, satria tsy maintsy nosoratana tao amin' ireo fitsarana isam-paritra, na ''parlements'', ny lalàna vaovao momba ny hetra, ary afaka nisakana azy ireny ireo fitsarana ireo. Afaka nampihatra lalàna tamin' ny alalan' ny didim-panjakana ny mpanjaka, saingy nety hiteraka fifandonana mivantana tamin' ireo fitsarana ireo sy ny andriana ary ireo olona iharan' ny hetra vaovao izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-024">[[#CITEREFSargentVelde1995|Sargent sy Velde (1995)]], pp. 482–483.</ref> Ny vola nindramina no tena nampiasain' i Frantsa hamatsiana ny ady tamin' i Britaina Lehibe tamin' ny 1778 hatramin' ny 1783. Na dia efa nifarana aza ilay ady, dia mbola nitohy nindram-bola be ny fitondram-panjaka, ary tamin' ny 1788 dia ny antsasaky ny vola niditra tamin' ny fanjakana no nampiasaina handoavana ny trosa tokony hefaina sy ny zanabolany.<ref name="FR-sfn-025">[[#CITEREFJessene2013|Jessene (2013)]], p. 38.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-026">[[#CITEREFSargentVelde1995|Sargent sy Velde (1995)]].</ref> Tamin' ny 1786, dia nanolotra fanavaozana i Calonne, minisitry ny Fitantanam-bola frantsay. Anisan' izany ny hetra amin' ny tany hampiharina amin' ny rehetra, ny fanafoanana ny fifehezana ny varotra voamadinika sy ny haba alaina amin' ny entana mifamezivezy ao anatin' ny firenena, ary ny fananganana antenimiera vaovao isam-paritany izay hotendren' ny mpanjaka ny mpikambana ao aminy. Nolavin' ny Fivorian' ny olo-manan-kaja voafantina manokana sady nanjakan' ny andriana aloha ireo hetra vaovao. Nolavin' ireo ''parlements'' koa izy ireo avy eo, rehefa natolotr' i Brienne, izay nandimby an' i Calonne. Nilaza ireo olo-manan-kaja sy ireo fitsarana fa ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo, izay nivory farany tamin' ny 1614, ihany no afaka nankato ireo hetra natolotra ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-027">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 69–76.</ref> Nanjary krizy ara-politika nanerana ny firenena ny fifandonana teo amin' ny fitondram-panjaka frantsay sy ireo ''parlements''. Samy namoaka fanambarana maromaro ho an' ny besinimaro ny roa tonta: nilaza ny governemanta fa niady tamin' ny tombontsoa manokana izy, fa nilaza kosa ireo fitsarana fa niaro ny zo nananan' ny firenena hatry ny ela. Nanohana mafy ireo fitsarana ny hevitry ny besinimaro, ary nipoaka ny rotaka tany amin' ny tanàna maromaro. Tsy nahomby ny ezaka nataon' i Brienne hahazoana fampindramam-bola vaovao, ka tamin' ny 8 Aogositra 1788 dia nanambara izy fa hampiantso ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo ny mpanjaka, mba hivory amin' ny volana Mey manaraka. Nametra-pialana i Brienne ary nosoloan' i Jacques Necker.<ref name="FR-sfn-028">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 75–85.</ref> Tamin' ny Septambra 1788, dia nanapa-kevitra ny fitsarana tao Paris fa tokony hitovy tamin' ny tamin' ny 1614 ny fomba hivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo. Midika izany fa hivory sy handatsa-bato misaraka ireo saranga telo — ny mpitondra fivavahana, ny andriana, ary ny olona tsy anisan' ireo saranga roa ireo, izay nantsoina hoe saranga fahatelo — ary isaky ny saranga no hanisana ny vato, fa tsy isaky ny solontena. Afaka niray hina àry ny mpitondra fivavahana sy ny andriana mba handresy ny saranga fahatelo tamin' ny latsa-bato, na dia tsy nahatratra ny 5% amin' ny mponina aza ny olona nosoloin' izy ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-029">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 115.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-030">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 88.</ref> Rehefa nohalefahina ny fanivanana ny zavatra azo avoaka sy ny lalàna mandrara ny fikambanana politika, dia nisy andiana andriana nanohana ny fahalalahana ara-politika sy mpikatroka avy amin' ny saranga antonony, nantsoina hoe ''Society of Thirty'' (Fikambanan' ny Telopolo), nanao fanentanana mba hampitomboana ho avo roa heny ny isan' ny solontenan' ny saranga fahatelo sy hanisana ny vaton' ny solontena tsirairay. Vokatry ny adihevitra ampahibemaso, dia nisy bokikely politika vaovao miisa 25 isan-kerinandro, raha atao salan' isa, navoaka nanomboka tamin' ny 25 Septambra 1788.<ref name="FR-sfn-031">[[#CITEREFCobban1963|Cobban (1963)]], p. 135.</ref> Ny pretra Sieyès no nanoratra ny iray tamin' ireo bokikely nanana akony indrindra. ''What Is the Third Estate?'' (Inona ny saranga fahatelo?) no lohateniny. Nanameloka ny tombontsoa manokan' ny mpitondra fivavahana sy ny andriana izy io, ary nilaza fa ny saranga fahatelo no misolo tena ny firenena ka tokony hivory irery ho Antenimieram-pirenena. Nandamina fivoriana isam-paritra sy fanangonan-tsonia ary fanaparitahana lahatsoratra hanohanana ireo fitakiana ireo ny mpikatroka toa an' i Jean Joseph Mounier, Antoine Barnave ary [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Maximilien Robespierre]].<ref name="FR-sfn-032">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 89–96.</ref> Tamin' ny Desambra, dia nanaiky hampitombo ho avo roa heny ny isan' ny solontenan' ny saranga fahatelo ny mpanjaka, saingy navelany ho fanapahan-kevitry ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo ny fomba hanisana ny vato.<ref name="FR-sfn-033">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 93.</ref> === Fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo tamin' ny 1789 === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo tany Frantsa tamin' ny 1789. [[File:Troisordres.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Sariitatra mampiseho ny saranga fahatelo mibaby ny saranga voalohany (mpitondra fivavahana) sy ny saranga faharoa (andriana)]] Nanan-karena ny Fiangonana Katolika tany Frantsa: saika ny 10% amin' ny tany rehetra no fananany, ary nahazo hetra ara-pivavahana isan-taona koa izy.<ref name="FR-sfn-034">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 59.</ref> Na izany aza, ny telo ampahefan' ireo mpitondra fivavahana 303 voafidy dia pretra niandraikitra paroasy. Maro tamin' izy ireo no kely karama noho ny mpiasa tsy nanana fahaizana manokana, ary nitovitovy kokoa tamin' ireo mpiangona mahantra tao amin' ny paroasiny noho ny tamin' ireo eveka tao amin' ny saranga voalohany.<ref name="FR-sfn-035">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 99.</ref> Nifidy solombavambahoaka 322 ny saranga faharoa. Ireo dia nisolo tena lehilahy sy vehivavy tokony ho 400,000, izay nanana tokony ho 25% amin' ny tany ary naka adidy naloa tamin' ny tompon-tany araka ny rafitra feodaly sy hofan-tany tamin' ireo mpanofa ny taniny. Ny ankamaroan' ny solontena dia andrian' ny sabatra (''noblesse d'épée'') nonina an-tanàn-dehibe, izany hoe andriana nentin-drazana nandova ny satany. Tsy ampy fisoloan-tena kosa ireo olona tao an-dapan' ny mpanjaka sy ny andriana nahazo ny satany tamin' ny toerany teo amin' ny fitsarana na ny fitantanan-draharaha (''noblesse de robe'').<ref name="FR-sfn-036">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 99–100.</ref> Tamin' ireo solombavambahoaka 610 avy amin' ny saranga fahatelo, tokony ho roa ampahatelony no nanana mari-pahaizana momba ny lalàna, ary saika ny antsasany no nitana toeram-panjakana azo tamin' ny fividianana izany. Latsaky ny 100 no niasa teo amin' ny varotra na ny indostria, ary tsy nisy tantsaha na mpanao asa tanana izy ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-037">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 100–101.</ref> Mba hanampiana ny solontena, dia samy nandrafitra lisitry ny fitarainana ny faritra tsirairay; kahie mirakitra ny fitarainana (''Cahiers de doléances'') no niantsoana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-038">[[#CITEREFFreyFrey2004|Frey sy Frey (2004)]], pp. 4–5.</ref> Ny tsy fitoviana teo amin' ny hetra sy ny adidy naloa tamin' ny tompon-tany araka ny rafitra feodaly no loha laharana tamin' ny fitarainan' ny saranga fahatelo tao amin' ireo ''cahiers de doleances''.<ref name="FR-sfn-039">[[#CITEREFJessene2013|Jessene (2013)]], p. 39.</ref> Nivory tao Versailles ny solontenan' ny saranga telo tamin' ny 5 Mey 1789. Naverin' i Necker tamin' izany fa ny saranga tsirairay no tokony hanapa-kevitra mitokana ny fomba sy ny fotoana hiarahany mivory sy mifidy amin' ny saranga hafa. Ny ampitson' iny dia samy tokony hanamarina mitokana ny taratasy manaporofo ny maha-solontena ireo voafidy ao aminy ny saranga tsirairay. Nifidy kosa ny saranga fahatelo fa hanasa ireo saranga hafa hiaraka aminy hanamarina miaraka ny maha-solontena ireo voafidy rehetra ao amin' ny fivorian' ny saranga telo, sy hanaiky ny hanisana ny vato isam-batan' olona. Nitohy hatramin' ny 12 Jona ny fifampiraharahana; tamin' io andro io dia nanomboka nanamarina ny maha-solontena ireo mpikambana ao aminy ny saranga fahatelo, ka tsy niandry ny faneken' ireo saranga hafa. Tamin' ny 17 Jona dia nanambara ny tenany ho Antenimieram-pirenena frantsay ny saranga fahatelo, ary nanambara koa fa tsy ara-dalàna ny hetra rehetra nanan-kery tamin' izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-040">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 101–105.</ref> [[File:Serment du Jeu de Paume - Jacques-Louis David.jpg|thumb|left|''Le Serment du Jeu de paume'', sanganasan' i [[Jacques-Louis David]] tamin' ny manodidina ny 1791, mampiseho ny fianianana tao amin' ny efitra filalaovana baolina ''jeu de paume'']] Tamin' ny 19 Jona dia efa nanatevin-daharana azy ireo ny mpitondra fivavahana maherin' ny 100.<ref name="FR-sfn-041">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 355.</ref> Noho io fanoherana ny fahefany io, izay nampihontsona azy, dia nanaiky andiana fanavaozana ny mpanjaka, ary izy mihitsy no hanolotra izany amin' ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo. Nakatona ny ''Salle des États'' (efitranon' ny saranga) mba hanomanana ilay fivoriana iombonana, nefa tsy nampandrenesina mialoha ireo solontena. Rehefa nahita ny toeram-pivoriany nihidy ny ampitson' iny izy ireo, dia nanao ilay fianianana tao amin' ny efitra filalaovana baolina ''jeu de paume'', ka nianiana tsy hisaraka raha tsy efa nifanarahana ny lalàm-panorenana.<ref name="FR-sfn-042">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 105–106.</ref> Tamin' ilay fivoriana natrehan' ny mpanjaka, dia nanambara andiana fanavaozana i Louis XVI ary nilaza fa tsy hisy hetra vaovao halaina na fisamboram-bola vaovao hatao raha tsy eken' ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo. Nampihena ny lanjan' izany anefa izy rehefa namerina ny fitakiany tany am-boalohany, dia ny hivorian' ireo saranga telo sy hifidianany misaraka. Nanda tsy hiala tao amin' ny efitrano ny saranga fahatelo ary namerina ny fianianany tsy hisaraka raha tsy efa nifanarahana ny lalàm-panorenana. Nandritra ireo andro nanaraka dia mbola nisy mpitondra fivavahana hafa nanatevin-daharana ny Antenimieram-pirenena. Tamin' ny 27 Jona, noho ny fihetsiketseham-bahoaka sy ny fikomian' ny miaramila tao amin' ny rejimantan' ny mpiambina frantsay teo ambany fahefany, dia nandidy ny mpikambana tao amin' ny saranga voalohany sy faharoa hiaraka amin' ny saranga fahatelo ao amin' ny Antenimieram-pirenena i Louis XVI.<ref name="FR-sfn-043">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 106–108.</ref> == Fitondram-panjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana (Jolay 1789 – Septambra 1792) == === Fanafoanana ny fitondrana taloha (''Ancien Régime'') === Na dia voafetra aza ireo fanavaozana nambaran' ny mpanjaka, dia efa nihoatra izay neken' i Marie Antoinette sy ny zandrin' i Louis, ilay kôntin' i Artois, izany. Noho ny torohevitr' izy ireo, dia nesorin' i Louis tsy ho lehiben' ny minisitra indray i Necker tamin' ny 11 Jolay.<ref name="FR-sfn-044">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 357–358.</ref> Tamin' ny 12 Jolay, dia nanapa-kevitra ny hivory tsy an-kijanona ny Antenimiera, taorian' ny tsaho fa nikasa hampiasa ny miaramila soisa mpiambina ny mpanjaka mba hanerena azy hampitsahatra ny asany. Nampidina mpanao fihetsiketsehana marobe teny an-dalambe izany vaovao izany, ary tsy nety nanaparitaka azy ireo ny miaramilan' ny ''Gardes Françaises'' (Tafika Frantsay Mpiambina), izay vondron-tafika voafantina.<ref name="FR-sfn-045">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 380–382.</ref> Tamin' ny 14 Jolay, maro tamin' ireo miaramila ireo no niaraka tamin' ny vahoaka nanafika ny Bastille, izay rovan' ny mpanjaka nitahirizana fitaovam-piadiana sy bala betsaka. Nitolo-batana ny governoran' ilay rova, Bernard-René de Launay, rehefa nifarana ny ady naharitra ora maromaro izay nahafatesana mpanafika 83. Nentina tany amin' ny lapan' ny tanànan' i Paris i Launay, ary novonoina tao; natao teo amin' ny tendron-defona ny lohany ka nentina nitety ny tanàna. Na dia niely aza ny tsaho fa maro ny voafonja tao amin' ny Bastille, dia fito monja no tao: mpanao hosoka efatra, olona iray nofaritana ho very saina, olona iray nanandrana namono olona nefa tsy nahomby, ary andriana iray nofaritana ho nivaona tamin' ny fitondran-tena nekena. Na izany aza, dia tandindona nanan-kery lehibe ho an' ny fitondrana taloha ilay rova, ka noravana nandritra ireo herinandro nanaraka.<ref name="FR-sfn-046">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 404–405.</ref> Lasa fetim-pirenen' i Frantsa ny fetin' ny 14 Jolay.<ref name="FR-sfn-047">[[#CITEREFDavidson2016|Davidson (2016)]], p. 29.</ref> [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Ny fanafihana ny Bastille tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1789, zava-nitranga nisongadina ho tandindon' ny Revôlisiôna, izay mbola ankalazaina isan-taona amin' ny fetin' ny 14 Jolay.]] Natahotra ny tsy hahafehy ny renivohitra intsony i Louis, ka nanendry ny markizin' i Lafayette ho komandin' ny Tafika Mpiambina ny Firenena, ary i Jean-Sylvain Bailly ho lehiben' ny rafitra fitantanana vaovao nantsoina hoe ''Commune'' (kaominina). Tamin' ny 17 Jolay, dia nitsidika an' i Paris niaraka tamin' ny solombavambahoaka 100 i Louis. Nandray azy tao i Bailly, ary nanaiky handray haingo boribory atao amin' ny satroka misy loko telo izy, sady nihoby mafy ny vahoaka. Niharihary anefa fa efa tsy tao amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjaka intsony ny ivon' ny fahefana; izao no niarahabana azy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Louis XVI, rain' ny Frantsay sy mpanjakan' ny vahoaka afaka».<ref name="FR-sfn-048">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 423–424.</ref> Vetivety dia rava ilay firaisankina tsy naharitra izay nateraky ny fandrahonana niombonana tao amin' ny Antenimiera. Nifanditra momba ny endriky ny fitondrana hofaritan' ny lalàm-panorenana ny solombavambahoaka, sady niharava haingana ny fahefan' ny fitondrana sivily. Tamin' ny 22 Jolay, dia novonoin' ny vahoaka romotra tao Paris tsy nisy fitsarana i Joseph Foullon, izay minisitry ny Fitantanam-bola teo aloha, sy ny zanany lahy; tsy nahasakana izany na i Bailly na i Lafayette. Tany ambanivohitra, ny tsaho tsy voafehy sy ny tahotra tafahoatra sao misy mikononkonona hanisy ratsy dia nitarika ho amin' ny fananganana vondron' olom-pirenena mitam-piadiana sy ny fikomian' ny tantsaha fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Tahotra Lehibe.<ref name="FR-sfn-049">[[#CITEREFHibbert1982|Hibbert (1982)]], p. 93.</ref> Noho ny faharavan' ny filaminana sy ny tsy fanajana lalàna, ary ny fanafihana matetika ny fananan' ny andriana, dia maro tamin' ny andriana no nandositra tany ivelany. Ireo mpila ravinahitra ireo, na ''émigrés'', dia namatsy vola ireo hery nitady hamerina ny fitondrana taloha tao Frantsa, ary nampirisika ireo mpanjaka vahiny hanohana hetsika hanoherana sy hamadihana ny vokatry ny revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-050">[[#CITEREFLefebvre1962|Lefebvre (1962)]], pp. 187–188.</ref> Ho setrin' izany, dia namoaka ny Didim-panjakana tamin' ny Aogositra ny Antenimiera, izay nanafoana ny rafitra feodaly, izany hoe ny rafitra niorina tamin' ny fahefan' ny tompo sy ny adidy nampifamatotra azy tamin' ireo niankina taminy. Maherin' ny 25% amin' ny tany fambolena tao Frantsa no niharan' ireo adidy ara-pandoavana tamin' ny tompon-tany araka ny rafitra feodaly, izay niantohan' ny ankamaroan' ny fidiram-bolan' ny andriana. Nofoanana ireo adidy ireo, niaraka tamin' ny hetra ampahafolon-karena nalain' ny Fiangonana. Tokony handoa onitra ho an' ny andriana ireo olona nampiasa ny tanin' izy ireo teo aloha, nefa hita fa tsy azo natao ny nampandoa izany, ka nofoanana tamin' ny 1793 ilay adidy handoa onitra.<ref name="FR-sfn-051">[[#CITEREFForster1967|Forster (1967)]], pp. 71–86.</ref> Nisy didim-panjakana hafa koa nametraka ny fitovian' ny rehetra eo anatrehan' ny lalàna, nanokatra ny fahafahana mitana asam-panjakana ho an' ny rehetra, namela ny fahalalahana hivavaka, ary nanafoana ny tombontsoa manokana nananan' ny faritany sy ny tanàna.<ref name="FR-sfn-052">[[#CITEREFLefebvre1962|Lefebvre (1962)]], p. 130.</ref> Rehefa nampiatoana tamin' ny Novambra ireo ''parlements'' 13 tany amin' ny faritra, izay fitsarana fa tsy antenimiera mpanao lalàna, dia efa foana tao anatin' ny efa-bolana latsaka ireo andrim-panjakana lehibe rehetra nanohana ny fitondrana taloha. Efa hatrany am-piandohany àry ny Revôlisiôna no naneho fa nikendry fanovana hatrany amin' ny fototra; ny mbola tsy nazava dia ny rafitra ara-dalàm-panorenana hanatanterahana ireo fikasana ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-053">[[#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989|Furet sy Ozouf (1989)]], p. 112.</ref> ===Fandrafetana lalàm-panorenana=== Tamin' ny 9 Jolay, nanambara ny tenany ho Antenimieram-pirenena mpandrafitra lalàm-panorenana ny Antenimieram-pirenena<ref>[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle 1990]], p. 118.</ref> ary nanendry komity iray handrafitra lalàm-panorenana sy fanambarana momba ny zo.<ref>[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel 2014]], p. 58.</ref> Volavola roapolo no natolotra, ary nampiasain' ny zana-komity iray ireo mba handrafetana ny Fanambarana ny zon' ny olombelona sy ny olom-pirenena; i Mirabeau no mpikambana nisongadina indrindra tao amin' io zana-komity io.<ref>[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel 2014]], pp. 77–84.</ref> Nankatoavin' ny Antenimiera ilay fanambarana ary navoaka tamin' ny 26 Aogositra ho fanambarana ireo foto-kevitra ijoroana.<ref>[[#CITEREFBaker1994|Baker 1994]], pp. 154–196.</ref> Nifantoka tamin' ny lalàm-panorenana indray ny Antenimiera. I Mounier sy ireo mpanohana azy izay nomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka dia nanohana rafitra mpanao lalàna misy antenimiera roa, ka ny mpanjaka no hanendry ny mpikambana ao amin' ny antenimiera ambony. Hanana zo hanendry minisitra sy handà lalàna naroso koa ny mpanjaka. Tamin' ny 10 Septambra, nifidy ny hisian' ny antenimiera tokana ny ankamaroan' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny Antenimiera, notarihin' i Sieyès sy Talleyrand. Ny ampitson' io dia nankatoavin' izy ireo ny hananan' ny mpanjaka « fahefana hampiato vonjimaika ny fampiharana lalàna »: afaka nanemotra ny fampiharana lalàna iray i Louis, nefa tsy afaka nisakana izany tsy misy fetra. Tamin' ny Oktobra, nifidy ny Antenimiera mba hametra ny zo politika, anisan' izany ny zo hifidy, ho an' ireo nantsoina hoe « olom-pirenena mavitrika » ihany. Ireo dia nofaritana ho lehilahy frantsay mihoatra ny 25 taona izay nandoa hetra mivantana mitovy sanda amin' ny karama azo amin' ny asa telo andro. Ny sisa dia nantsoina hoe « olom-pirenena tsy mavitrika », ary « zo sivily », na ny zo ananan' ny tsirairay eo anatrehan' ny lalàna, ihany no nomena azy ireo. Nisy vondrona vitsy anisa nefa tsy azo tsinontsinoavina nanohitra izany fanavahana izany, anisan' izany ireo fikambanana jakôbina.<ref>[[#CITEREFLudwikowski1990|Ludwikowski 1990]], pp. 456–457.</ref><ref>[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel 2014]], pp. 106–107.</ref> Tamin' ny tapaky ny taona 1790 dia efa tafapetraka ireo singa fototra amin' ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka voafetran' ny lalàm-panorenana, na dia tsy nanaiky ilay lalàm-panorenana aza i Louis raha tsy tamin' ny 1791.<ref>[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel 2014]], p. 103.</ref> Ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo sy ny toe-karena niharatsy dia niteraka fahadisoam-panantenana noho ny tsy fandrosoan' ny raharaha, ka nitarika korontam-bahoaka tao Paris. Nahatratra ny fara tampony izany tamin' ny faramparan' ny Septambra 1789, rehefa tonga tao Versailles ny rezimantan' i Flanders hanamafy ny andiana miaramila niambina ny mpanjaka. Noraisina tamin' ny fanasam-be ara-pomba izy ireo, araka ny fanao mahazatra. Nolazain' ireo gazety nitaky fiovana ifotony ho « lanonana feno fanaranam-po sy fihinanana tafahoatra » izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazany, ary nilaza koa ireo gazety fa nozimbazimbaina ilay haingo boribory misy loko telo. Ny Antenimiera kosa dia nihevitra ny fahatongavan' ireo miaramila ho fikasana hampitahotra azy ireo.<ref>[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama 1989]], pp. 459–460.</ref> Tamin' ny 5 Oktobra, nisy vehivavy maro nivory teo ivelan' ny ''[[:en:Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]]'' (lapan' ny tanànan' i Paris), nanao hetsi-panoherana ny halafosan' ny sakafo sy ny tsy fahampiany.<ref>[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle 1990]], p. 121.</ref> Vetivety dia nivadika ho raharaha politika ireo hetsi-panoherana ireo. Rehefa avy naka an-keriny ireo fitaovam-piadiana notehirizina tao amin' ny ''Hôtel de Ville'' izy ireo, dia tokony ho 7 000 tamin' izy ireo no nanao diabe nankany Versailles, ary niditra tao amin' ny Antenimiera mba hanolotra ny fitakiany. Nanaraka azy ireo nankany Versailles ny mpikambana 15 000 tao amin' ny Mpiambina nasionaly, notarihin' i Lafayette, izay zary « gadra teo am-pelatanan' ny miaramilany ihany », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay filazana azy.<ref>[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama 1989]], pp. 460–463.</ref> Rehefa tonga ny Mpiambina nasionaly tatỳ aoriana tamin' ny harivan' io ihany, dia nandresy lahatra an' i Louis i Lafayette fa tsy maintsy nifindra tany Paris ny fianakaviany mba hiantohana ny fiarovana azy ireo. Ny ampitso maraina, niditra an-keriny tao amin' ny efitra fonenan' ny mpanjaka ny sasany tamin' ireo mpanao hetsi-panoherana, nitady an' i Marie Antoinette, izay efa tafatsoaka. Norobain' izy ireo ny lapa, ary novonoiny ny mpiambina maromaro. Tafaverina ihany ny filaminana tamin' ny farany, ary niainga nankany Paris ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka sy ny Antenimiera, notronin' ny Mpiambina nasionaly.<ref>[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle 1990]], p. 122.</ref> Efa nanambara ny fanekeny ireo didy tamin' ny Aogositra sy ilay fanambarana i Louis, ary niova avy amin' ny « Mpanjakan' i Frantsa » ho « Mpanjakan' ny Frantsay » ny anaram-boninahitra ofisialiny.<ref>[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama 1989]], pp. 465, 470.</ref> === Fiangonana katôlika === Milaza i John McManners, mpahay tantara, fa, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, «tao Frantsa tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, dia matetika no nolazaina fa nifamatotra akaiky ny seza fiandrianana sy ny alitara; ny fiarahan' izy ireo nirodana ... no indray andro hanome ny porofo farany fa nifampiankina izy ireo». Araka ny fanazavana iray, taorian' ny fanenjehana naharitra taonjato iray, dia nisy [[Hogônoty|Prôtestanta frantsay]] nanohana tamim-pahavitrihana ny fitondrana nanohitra ny katôlisisma; nampitombo izany lolompo izany ny mpandinika tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Fahazavana, toa an' i [[Voltaire]].<ref name="FR-sfn-054">[[#CITEREFCenserHunt2001|Censer sy Hunt (2001)]], p. 16.</ref> I [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], izay heverina ho anisan' ny nametraka ny fototra filôzôfikan' ny revôlisiôna,<ref name="FR-sfn-055">[[#CITEREFGarrard2012|Garrard (2012)]], p. 37.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-056">[[#CITEREFRossHoltermannBindreiter2019|Ross, Holtermann ary Bindreiter (2019)]], p. 323.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-057">[[#CITEREFLauritsenThorup2011|Lauritsen sy Thorup (2011)]], p. 100.</ref> dia nanoratra hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, «mifanohitra miharihary amin' ny lalànan' ny natiora ... ny hoe olona vitsy monja no manaram-po amin' ny zavatra mihoatra noho izay ilainy, nefa ny vahoaka maro noana kosa tsy manana izay tena ilainy».<ref name="FR-sfn-058">[[#CITEREFHuntMartinRosenwein2003|Hunt, Martin ary Rosenwein (2003)]], p. 625.</ref> [[File:Decret de l'Assemblée National qui supprime les Ordres Religieux et Religieuses.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Ao amin' ity sariitatra ity, mankafy ny fahafahana vao azony ny monka sy ny relijiozy vavy taorian' ny didim-panjakana tamin' ny 16 Febroary 1790.]] Nahatonga fahefana betsaka hifindra avy tamin' ny Fiangonana katôlika ho eo am-pelatanan' ny fanjakana ny Revôlisiôna. Na dia nisy aza ny fisalasalana momba ny halehiben' ny finoana ara-pivavahana teo amin' ny olona, dia nofoanana ny fandeferana tamin' ireo antokom-pivavahana vitsy anisa, ka tamin' ny 1789 dia nidika ho maha-katôlika koa ny maha-Frantsay.<ref name="FR-sfn-059">[[#CITEREFBetros2010|Betros (2010)]], pp. 16–21.</ref> Ny Fiangonana no tompon-tany nanana ny tany betsaka indrindra tao Frantsa, ka nifehy efa ho 10% tamin' ny fananan-tany rehetra. Naka [[Ampahafolon-karena|ampahafolon-karena]] koa izy; raha ny tena izy, dia hetra 10% tamin' ny vola miditra izany, izay nalaina tamin' ny tantsaha tamin' ny endriky ny vokatra novoleny. Ho setrin' izany dia nanome fanampiana ara-tsosialy faran' izay kely ny Fiangonana.<ref name="FR-sfn-060">[[#CITEREFCenserHunt2001|Censer sy Hunt (2001)]], p. 4.</ref> Nofoanan' ny Didy tamin' ny volana Aogositra ny ampahafolon-karena. Tamin' ny 2 Novambra, dia nalain' ny Antenimiera avokoa ny fananan' ny Fiangonana, ka ny sandan' izany no natao antoka ho an' ny vola taratasy vaovao nantsoina hoe ''assignats''. Ho setrin' izany, dia niantsoroka andraikitra toy ny fandoavana ny karaman' ny mpitondra fivavahana sy ny fikarakarana ny mahantra, ny marary ary ny kamboty ny fanjakana.<ref name="FR-sfn-061">[[#CITEREFMcManners1969|McManners (1969)]], p. 27.</ref> Tamin' ny 13 Febroary 1790, dia noravana ny fikambanana relijiozy sy ny trano iombonan' ny relijiozy monina, ary nampirisihina hiverina amin' ny fiainana manokana ny [[Monka|monka]] sy ny [[Relijiozy vavy|relijiozy vavy]].<ref name="FR-sfn-062">[[#CITEREFCenserHunt2001|Censer sy Hunt (2001)]], p. 92.</ref> Nahatonga ny mpitondra fivavahana ho mpiasam-panjakana ny Lalàm-panorenana sivily momba ny mpitondra fivavahana tamin' ny 12 Jolay 1790, sady namaritra ny habetsaky ny karaman' izy ireo sy nametraka rafitra hifidianana ny pretra sy ny eveka. Nanohitra izany i [[Pio VI|Papa Pio VI]] sy ny Katôlika frantsay maro, satria nolavin' ilay lalàna ny fahefan' ny [[Papa]] teo amin' ny Fiangonana tao Frantsa. Tamin' ny volana Oktobra, dia nisy eveka 30 nanoratra fanambaràna nanameloka ilay lalàna, ka vao mainka nampitombo ny fanoherana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-063">[[#CITEREFShusterman2013|Shusterman (2013)]], pp. 58–87.</ref> Rehefa notakina tamin' ny mpitondra fivavahana ny hianiana fa tsy hivadika amin' ilay Lalàm-panorenana sivily tamin' ny volana Novambra, dia nizara ny Fiangonana: teo ny 24% tamin' ny mpitondra fivavahana izay nanaiky hanao izany, ary teo ny maro anisa izay nandà.<ref name="FR-sfn-064">[[#CITEREFKennedy1989|Kennedy (1989)]], p. 151.</ref> Nampitombo ny fanoheran' ny vahoaka ny fitsabahan' ny fanjakana izany, indrindra tany amin' ireo faritra efa nahazatra ny katôlisisma, toa an' i [[Normandia]], i Brittany ary i [[Vendée]]. Vitsy ihany ny pretra nanao ilay fianianana tany amin' ireo faritra ireo, ary nanohitra ny revôlisiôna ny mponina sivily.<ref name="FR-sfn-063" /> Niafara tamin' ny fanenjehana notarihin' ny fanjakana ireo «mpitondra fivavahana nandà ny fianianana» izany; maro tamin' izy ireo no noterena honina an-tsesitany, na nafindra tany an-toeran-kafa an-keriny, na novonoina ho faty.<ref name="FR-sfn-065">[[#CITEREFCenserHunt2001|Censer sy Hunt (2001)]], p. 61.</ref> === Fisaratsarahana ara-pôlitika === ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ny Revôlisiôna frantsay nanomboka tamin' ny fahavaratra 1790 ka hatramin' ny fananganana ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàna.'' Matetika no heverina ho vanim-potoana somary nilamina ny teo anelanelan' ny Ôktôbra 1789 sy ny lohataona 1791, izay nandaniana ny sasany tamin' ireo fanavaozana ara-dalàna lehibe indrindra. Niharihary kokoa tany amin' ny faritany anefa ny fifandirana momba ny niavian' ny fahefana ara-drariny, satria efa nesorina ireo tompon' andraikitra teo amin' ny fitondrana taloha (''Ancien Régime''), nefa mbola tsy nisy rafitra vaovao nisolo azy ireo. Tsy dia niharihary izany tao Paris, satria nataon' ny Mpiambina Nasionaly ho tanàna tsara fiambenana indrindra tany Eorôpa izy. Na izany aza, dia tsy maintsy nisy fiantraikany tamin' ireo mpikambana tao amin' ny Antenimiera ny korontana tany amin' ny faritany.<ref name="FR-sfn-066">[[#CITEREFScott1975|Scott (1975)]], pp. 861–863.</ref> [[File:Federation.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|Nankalazana ny fananganana ny fitondram-panjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana ny fetin' ny firaisam-pirenena (''Fête de la Fédération'') tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1790.]] Ireo tao amin' ny afovoany ara-pôlitika, notarihin' i Sieyès, Lafayette, Mirabeau ary Bailly, dia nahavita namorona vondrona maro anisa tamin' ny alalan' ny fitadiavana marimaritra iraisana tamin' ireo mpanohana ny fitondram-panjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana, na ''monarchiens'', toa an' i Mounier, sy tamin' ireo tsy niankina, anisan' izany i Adrien Duport, Barnave ary Alexandre Lameth. Teo amin' ny tendrony iray tamin' ny fironana ara-pôlitika no nisy ireo mpanohitra ny fiovana sy mpomba ny fiverenana amin' ny lamina taloha, toa an' i Cazalès sy Maury, izay nanameloka ny Revôlisiôna tamin' ny endriny rehetra. Teo amin' ny tendrony ilany kosa no nisy ireo mpitaky fiovana lalim-paka, toa an' i [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Maximilien Robespierre]]. Nanohitra ny fepetra namaritana izay nekena ho «olom-pirenena mavitrika», izany hoe ireo nomena zo hifidy, izy sy Jean-Paul Marat. Noho izany, dia nahazo fanohanana lehibe teo amin' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa nivelona tamin' ny karama tao Paris izy ireo, satria maro tamin' ireo mpiasa ireo no nesorin' ilay fepetra ny zony hifidy.<ref name="FR-sfn-067">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 498–499.</ref> Tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1790, dia nisy fankalazana nanerana an' i Frantsa ho fahatsiarovana ny fahalavoan' ny Bastille, ka nianiana tsy hivadika amin' ny «firenena, ny lalàna ary ny mpanjaka» ireo mpandray anjara, araka ny fandikana ny teny tao amin' ilay fianianana. Nanatrika ny fetin' ny firaisam-pirenena tao Paris ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka, ary nitarika lamesa i Talleyrand. Na teo aza izany fanehoana firaisan-kina izany, dia nihamafy ny fisaratsarahana tao amin' ny Antenimiera, sady nifaninana hahazo fahefana ireo hery ivelan' izy io, toy ny Kaominin' i Paris sy ny Mpiambina Nasionaly. Anisan' ny nanana anjara toerana lehibe indrindra ny fikambanana Jacobin. Toerana niadian-kevitra momba ny raharaha ankapobeny izy io tany am-boalohany, fa tamin' ny Aogositra 1790 kosa dia efa nanana mpikambana maherin' ny 150, izay nizara ho vondrona samy nanana ny fironany.<ref name="FR-sfn-068">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 527–529.</ref> Nanohy nanangana andrim-panjakana vaovao ny Antenimiera. Tamin' ny Septambra 1790, dia nofoanana ireo ''Parlements'', na fitsarana ambony tany amin' ny faritany, ary rafi-pitsarana vaovao mahaleo tena no nandray ny andraikiny ara-pitsarana. Nampiharina tamin' ny raharaha heloka bevava ny fitsarana misy vondron' olom-pirenena mandray fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fahamelohana. Nampanahy ireo solombavambahoaka nitana hevitra antonony anefa ny fitakian' ny vahoaka ny zo hifidy ho an' ny rehetra, ny sendikàn' ny mpiasa ary ny mofo mora vidy. Nandritra ny ririnin' ny 1790–1791, dia nandany fepetra maromaro izy ireo mba hampihenana ny herin' ireo fitakiana fiovana lalim-paka avy amin' ny vahoaka. Anisan' ireo fepetra ireo ny fanilihana ireo olom-pirenena mahantra kokoa tsy hiditra ho isan' ny Mpiambina Nasionaly, ny famerana ny fampiasana taratasy fangatahana iombonana sy afisy, ary ny lalàna Le Chapelier tamin' ny Jona 1791, izay nanafoana ny fikambanan' ny mpanao asa iray sady nandrara ny karazana fandaminan' ny mpiasa rehetra.<ref name="FR-sfn-069">[[#CITEREFTackett2003|Tackett (2003)]], p. 478.</ref> Ny tafika no hery nahazatra nampiasaina hitandroana ny fanarahan-dalàna sy ny filaminana. Nihamafy anefa ny fisaratsarahana teo amin' ireo manamboninahitra, izay avy amin' ny sarangan' ny andriana ny ankamaroany, sy ireo miaramila tsotra. Tamin' ny Aogositra 1790, dia nampitsahatra tamin-kery ny fikomiana lehibe nataon' ny miaramila tao Nancy ny jeneraly Bouillé, izay tsy nivadika tamin' ny mpanjaka. Na niarahaba azy aza ny Antenimiera noho izany, dia nanakiana ny hamafin' ny nataony ireo mpikambana Jacobin nitaky fiovana lalim-paka. Noho ny korontana nitombo, dia maro ireo manamboninahitra matihanina no niala tao amin' ny tafika na lasa mpitsoa-ponenana ara-pôlitika tany ivelany (''émigrés''), ka vao mainka nampikorontana ny tafika izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-070">[[#CITEREFDoyle2009|Doyle (2009)]], pp. 334–336.</ref> === Varennes sy ny zava-nitranga taoriany === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Fandosirana tany Varennes. Notazonina tao amin' ny lapan' i Tuileries i Louis XVI, ka saika nitovy tamin' ny fitazonana olona tsy hivoaka ny trano ny toe-javatra nisy azy. Nampirisika azy ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny mba haneho indray fa afaka manao zavatra tsy miankina amin' ny hafa izy, amin' ny alalan' ny fialofana any amin' i Bouillé. Tao Montmédy no nisy an' i Bouillé, niaraka tamin' ny miaramila 10,000 izay noheverina ho nahatoky tamin' ny fitondram-panjaka.<ref name="FR-sfn-071">[[#CITEREFPrice2003|Price (2003)]], p. 170.</ref> Niala tao an-dapa tamin' ny alina 20 Jona 1791 ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka, ka nanova endrika sy fitafiana mba tsy hahafantarana azy ireo. Ny harivan' ny ampitson' izay anefa dia nisy nahafantatra an' i Louis rehefa nandalo tao Varennes izy, ka nosamborina sy nentina niverina tany Paris. Nisy fiantraikany lalina teo amin' ny hevitry ny vahoaka izany fikasana handositra izany. Koa satria nazava fa nikasa hialokaloka tany amin' ny faritra nantsoina hoe Nederlandy aotrisianina i Louis, dia nitaky fianianana tsy hivadika amin' ny fitondrana ny Antenimiera ary nanomboka niomana hiady, raha niely patrana kosa ny tahotra ny amin' ny « mpitsikilo sy mpamadika ».<ref name="FR-sfn-072">[[#CITEREFTackett2003|Tackett (2003)]], p. 473.</ref> [[File:Retour Varennes 1791.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Taorian' ny fandosirana tany Varennes, dia nentina niverina tany Paris ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka, narahin' ny mpiambina.]] Na dia nisy aza ny fitakiana hanoloana ny fitondram-panjaka amin' ny repoblika, dia nitana ny toerany i Louis. Tamin' ny ankapobeny anefa dia nampiahiahy mafy ny olona izy, ary noterena hianiana fa tsy hivadika amin' ny lalàm-panorenana. Nisy didim-panjakana vaovao nilaza fa hoheverina ho fialana amin' ny maha-mpanjaka ny fivadihana amin' izany fianianana izany, ny fiadiana amin' ny firenena, na ny famelana olona hafa hiady aminy amin' ny anaran' ny mpanjaka. Nanomana taratasy fangatahana hanesorana azy teo amin' ny toerany anefa ireo mpitaky fanovana lalina notarihin' i Jacques Pierre Brissot. Tamin' ny 17 Jolay, dia vahoaka maro be no nivory tao amin' ny Champ de Mars mba hanao sonia izany. Nomena baiko hoe "preserve public order" (« hitandro ny filaminam-bahoaka », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy) ny Mpiambina nasionaly notarihin' i Lafayette. Rehefa nitoraka vato azy ireo tsy an-kijanona ny olona, dia namaly tamin' ny fitifirana ny vahoaka izy ireo, ka nahafaty olona teo anelanelan' ny 13 sy 50.<ref name="FR-sfn-073">[[#CITEREFTackett2004|Tackett (2004)]], pp. 148–150.</ref> Nanimba mafy ny lazan' i Lafayette izany famonoana izany. Ho setrin' izany dia nakaton' ny manam-pahefana ny fikambanana ara-pôlitika sy ny gazety nitaky fanovana lalina, fa ny mpitarika azy ireny kosa, anisan' izany i Marat, dia lasa tany an-tsesitany na niafina.<ref name="FR-sfn-074">[[#CITEREFConner2012|Conner (2012)]], pp. 83–85.</ref> Tamin' ny 27 Aogositra, dia namoaka ny Fanambarana tao Pillnitz ny Emperora Leopold II sy i Frederick William II, mpanjakan' i Prosia. Nanambara ny fanohanany an' i Louis izy ireo ary nanisy hevitra fa mety hanafika an' i Frantsa ho azy. Ny tena antony lehibe nivorian' i Leopold sy Frederick anefa dia ny hiresahana ny fizarazarana an' i Pôlônia. Natao hanomezana fahafaham-po an' i Comte d'Artois sy ireo Frantsay hafa nifindra niala ny tanindrazany noho ny toe-draharaha ara-pôlitika (''émigrés'') ilay fanambarana, kanefa nahatonga ny vahoaka hiray hina hanohana ny fitondrana ilay fandrahonana.<ref name="FR-sfn-075">[[#CITEREFSoboul1975|Soboul (1975)]], pp. 226–227.</ref> Araka ny tolo-kevitra naroson' i Robespierre, dia tsy navela hirotsaka tamin' ny fifidianana natao tamin' ny Septambra ho an' ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàna ireo solombavambahoaka efa am-perinasa. Na dia anisan' ireo voarara tsy hirotsaka aza i Robespierre, dia nanome azy hery ara-pôlitika ny fanohanana azony tao amin' ireo fikambanana ara-pôlitika. Tsy nanana izany kosa i Lafayette sy Bailly, izay samy nametra-pialana, ny voalohany tamin' ny fitarihana ny Mpiambina nasionaly ary ny faharoa tamin' ny fitarihana ny kaominin' i Paris. Natambatra tao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenana tamin' ny 1791 ireo lalàna vaovao, ary natolotra an' i Louis XVI. Nanome toky izy fa hiaro izany "from enemies at home and abroad" (« amin' ny fahavalo ao an-toerana sy any ivelany », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy). Noravana ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàm-panorenana tamin' ny 30 Septambra, ary nivory ny ampitson' izay ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàna.<ref name="FR-sfn-076">[[#CITEREFLefebvre1962|Lefebvre (1962)]], p. 212.</ref> === Fianjeran' ny fitondram-panjaka === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Louis XVI sy ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàna. Matetika ny mpahay tantara no mihevitra ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàna ho andrim-panjakana tsy nahavita ny asany araka ny tokony ho izy. Nampihena ny fahombiazany ny fisaraham-bazana momba ny anjara toeran' ny fitondram-panjaka, ary vao mainka nihamafy izany olana izany rehefa niezaka nisakana na nanafoana ny famerana ny fahefany i Louis.<ref name="FR-sfn-077">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], p. 5.</ref> Tamin' izany fotoana izany ihany, ny famerana ny zo hifidy ho an' ireo nandoa hetra nahatratra fetra farany ambany voafaritra dia nanilika ampahany lehibe tamin' ireo lehilahy frantsay 6&nbsp;tapitrisa mihoatra ny 25 taona. Tamin' ireo nanana zo hifidy anefa dia 10% ihany no tena nifidy. Farany, ny faharatsian' ny vokatra sy ny fiakaran' ny vidin-tsakafo dia niteraka korontana teo amin' ilay sarangan' ny mponina an-tanàn-dehibe fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe ''sans-culottes'', izay nihevitra fa tsy nahavaly ny fitakiany mofo sy asa ny fitondrana vaovao.<ref name="FR-sfn-078">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 581, 602–603.</ref> Noho izany, dia nisy vondrona nanan-danja tao anatiny sy tany ivelan' ny Antenimiera nanohitra ny lalàm-panorenana vaovao, ary ny Antenimiera mihitsy koa dia nizara ho vondrona lehibe telo. Mpikambana 264 no niray vondrona tamin' ireo ''Feuillants'' notarihin' i Barnave, izay nanohana ny fitondram-panjaka voafetran' ny lalàm-panorenana ary nihevitra fa efa ampy ny fiovana nentin' ny revôlisiôna. Ny 136 hafa kosa dia Jakôbinina elatra havia nanohana ny repoblika, notarihin' i Brissot ary mazàna nantsoina hoe ''Brissotins''.<ref name="FR-sfn-079">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 582.</ref> Ny 345 ambiny dia tao amin' ny ''La Plaine'', vondrona afovoany izay niovaova safidy tamin' ny latsa-bato arakaraka ny raharaha nodinihina. Maro tamin' izy ireo anefa no niara-nisalasala raha tena nanohana ny revôlisiôna i Louis.<ref name="FR-sfn-079" /> Rehefa nanaiky tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny lalàm-panorenana vaovao izy, dia anisan' ny fanehoan-kevitra voarakitra ny hoe « ''Vive le roi, s'il est de bon foi!'' », izay adika hoe « Ho ela velona anie ny mpanjaka — raha mitana ny teniny izy! ».<ref name="FR-sfn-080">[[#CITEREFThompson1932|Thompson (1932)]], p. 77.</ref> Na dia vitsy anisa tao amin' ny Antenimiera aza ny ''Brissotins'', ny fifehezany ireo vaomiera lehibe dia nahafahany nanosika an' i Louis hampiasa ny zony handà tsy hampanan-kery ny fanapahan-kevitry ny Antenimiera. Voalohany, vitan' izy ireo ny nampandany didy nandraofana ny fananan' ireo Frantsay nifindra niala tamin' ny firenena, na ''émigrés'', sady nandrahona azy ireo tamin' ny fanamelohana ho faty.<ref name="FR-sfn-081">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 586–587.</ref> Narahin' ny fepetra natao hamelezana ireo pretra tsy nety nanao fianianana izany. Nahatonga toe-javatra nanakaiky ady an-trano tany atsimon' i Frantsa ny fanoheran' ireo pretra ny Lalàm-panorenana sivily momba ny mpitondra fivavahana, ka niezaka nampitony izany i Barnave tamin' ny fanalefahana ireo fepetra henjana kokoa momba ny sazy. Tamin' ny 29 Novambra, ny Antenimiera dia nankato didy nanome valo andro ireo mpitondra fivavahana nandà ny fianianana mba hankatoavana izany, fa raha tsy izany dia hiatrika fiampangana ho « niray tetika hanohitra ny firenena » izy ireo, araka ny dikan' ilay fiampangana. Na i Robespierre aza dia nanohitra izany didy izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-082">[[#CITEREFGershoy1933|Gershoy (1933)]], pp. IV–VI.</ref> Rehefa nolavin' i Louis ireo didy roa ireo, dia azon' ireo mpanohitra azy naseho ho olona nanohitra ny fanavaozana amin' ny ankapobeny izy.<ref name="FR-sfn-083">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 585–586.</ref> [[File:Jacques Bertaux - Der Tuileriensturm am 10. August 1792.jpg|thumb|Ny fikomiana tamin' ny 10 Aogositra 1792]] Nampiarahin' i Brissot tamin' izany ny fanentanana hanao ady amin' i Aotrisy sy Prosia, izay matetika no adika ho fampifangaroana kajikajy ara-politika sy finoana ny fahafahana manatanteraka ireo foto-kevitra ambony notohanany. Sady nanararaotra ny fihetseham-po nanohitra an' i Aotrisy teo amin' ny vahoaka izany fanentanana izany no naneho finoana marina fa tokony haparitaka any ivelany ny soatoavin' ny fahafahana ara-politika sy ny maha-loharanon' ny fahefana faratampony ny vahoaka.<ref name="FR-sfn-084">[[#CITEREFLalevée2019|Lalevée (2019)]], pp. 67–70.</ref> Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nanohana ady koa ireo mpandala ny nentin-drazana notarihin' i Marie Antoinette, satria nihevitra izany ho fomba hahazoana indray ny fifehezana ny tafika sy hamerenana ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka. Tamin' ny Desambra 1791, i Louis dia nanao kabary tao amin' ny Antenimiera ka nanome iray volana ireo firenena vahiny handravana ny vondron' ireo ''émigrés'', fa raha tsy izany dia hiatrika ady izy ireo. Nankasitrahan' ireo mpanohana azy tamin-kafanam-po izany, saingy nampiahiahy ireo mpanohitra azy.<ref name="FR-sfn-085">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 586.</ref> Ny tsy fahafahan' i Barnave nampifanara-kevitra ny tao amin' ny Antenimiera dia nitarika ny fanendrena governemanta vaovao, izay ny ankamaroan' ny mpikambana tao aminy dia ''Brissotins''. Tamin' ny 20 Aprily 1792, dia nanomboka ny adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay, rehefa nanafika ny tafik' i Aotrisy sy Prosia teny amin' ny sisin-tanin' izy ireo ny tafika frantsay, talohan' ny niharetany faharesena goavana nifanesy. Mba hanentanana ny vahoaka hanohana azy, dia nandidy ireo pretra tsy nety nanao fianianana ny governemanta mba hianiana na hatao sesitany. Noravany koa ny Mpiambina araka ny Lalàm-panorenana, ka nosoloiny miaramila avy any amin' ny faritany 20 000, nantsoina hoe ''fédérés''. Nanaiky ny fandravana ny Mpiambina i Louis, saingy nandà tsy hampanan-kery ireo tolo-kevitra roa hafa, fa i Lafayette kosa niantso ny Antenimiera hanafoana ireo fikambanana politika.<ref name="FR-sfn-086">[[#CITEREFShusterman2013|Shusterman (2013)]], pp. 88–117.</ref> Vao mainka nitombo ny hatezeran' ny vahoaka rehefa tonga tany Paris tamin' ny 1 Aogositra ny antsipirian' ny Fanambaran' i Brunswick. Nandrahona « hamaly faty amin' ny fomba tsy hohadinoina » izany, araka ny dikan' ilay fandrahonana, raha nisy nanohitra ny tafika mpiara-dia tamin' ny ezaka nataony hamerenana ny fahefan' ny fitondram-panjaka. Ny marainan' ny 10 Aogositra, dia tafika nitambaran' ny Mpiambina Nasionalin' i Paris sy ireo ''fédérés'' avy any amin' ny faritany no nanafika ny Lapan' i Tuileries, ka nahafaty maro tamin' ireo Mpiambina Soisa niaro azy.<ref name="FR-sfn-087">[[#CITEREFDwyer2008|Dwyer (2008)]], pp. 99–100.</ref> Nialoka tao amin' ny Antenimiera i Louis sy ny fianakaviany, ary fotoana fohy taorian' ny tamin' ny 11 ora maraina dia nandatsa-bato ireo solombavambahoaka nanatrika mba « hanafahana vonjimaika ny mpanjaka amin' ny andraikiny », araka ny dikan' ilay fanapahan-kevitra. Izany dia nampihantona ny fitondram-panjaka raha ny tena izy.<ref name="FR-sfn-088">[[#CITEREFMcPhee2013|McPhee (2013)]], pp. 164–166.</ref> == Repoblika Voalohany (1792–1795) == === Fanambarana ny Repoblika Voalohany === [[File:Execution of Louis XVI.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Ny famonoana an' i Louis XVI tao amin' ny kianja Place de la Concorde, nanoloana ilay faladian-tsarivongana foana izay nijoroan' ny sarivongan' ny raibeny [[Louis XV]] teo aloha]] Tamin' ny faramparan' ny volana Aogositra no natao ny fifidianana ny solontena tao amin' ny Fivoriambe nasionaly. Noho ny famerana ny zo hifidy dia nihena ho 3.3&nbsp;tapitrisa ny isan' ny vato nalatsaka, raha 4&nbsp;tapitrisa izany tamin' ny taona 1791; niely patrana koa ny fampitahorana.<ref name="FR-sfn-089">[[#CITEREFCrook1996|Crook (1996)]], p. 94.</ref> Nizara ho vondrona roa ireo mpomba an' i Brissot, na ''Brissotins'': ny ''Girondins'', izay nanana firehana antonony sady notarihin' i Brissot, sy ny ''Montagnards'', izay nitaky fiovana lalina sady notarihin' i Robespierre, [[Georges Jacques Danton|Georges Danton]] ary Jean-Paul Marat. Na dia niovaova hatrany aza ny vondrona notohanan' ny solontena tsirairay, dia hita avy amin' ny fomba nandatsahany vato fa tokony ho 160 tamin' ireo solontena 749 no azo sokajina amin' ny ankapobeny ho ''Girondins'', ary 200 hafa ho ''Montagnards''. Tao amin' ilay vondrona nanana firehana teo afovoany, nantsoina hoe ''La Plaine'', ny ambiny; i Bertrand Barère, Pierre Joseph Cambon ary [[Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot|Lazare Carnot]] no nitarika azy io.<ref name="FR-sfn-090">[[#CITEREFShusterman2013|Shusterman (2013)]], pp. 223–269.</ref> Nandritra ny vonoan' olona tamin' ny Septambra dia voafonja 1,100 hatramin' ny 1,600 tao amin' ny fonja tao Paris no novonoina tsy nandalo fitsarana ara-dalàna. Ny tena ankamaroan' izy ireo dia ireo nogadraina noho ny heloka bevava tsy ara-politika.<ref name="FR-sfn-091">[[#CITEREFLewis2002|Lewis (2002)]], p. 38.</ref> Fanehoan-kevitra taorian' ny nahazoan' i Prosia an' i [[Longwy]] sy Verdun ireo famonoana ireo. Ny ankamaroan' ny nahavanon-doza dia mpikambana tao amin' ny Fiambenam-pirenena sy ireo mpiady avy any amin' ny faritany nantsoina hoe ''fédérés'', izay teny an-dalana ho any amin' ny faritra niadiana. Mbola iadian-kevitra ny hoe iza no tompon' andraikitra, saingy na ireo nanana firehana antonony aza dia naneho fiombonam-po tamin' izany hetsika izany. Tsy ela dia niely tany amin' ny faritany koa ireo famonoana. Araka ny fanazavana iray, dia ny ahiahy noho ny fitomboan' ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna no nahatonga ireo famonoana ireo, fa tsy firehan-kevitra ara-politika.<ref name="FR-sfn-092">[[#CITEREFTackett2011|Tackett (2011)]], pp. 54–55.</ref> Tamin' ny 20 Septambra dia resin' ny Frantsay ny tafik' i Prosia tamin' ny ady tao Valmy. Izany no fandresena lehibe voalohany azon' ny tafik' i Frantsa nandritra ny adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. Nahazo toky noho izany ny Fivoriambe ka nanolo ny fitondram-panjaka tamin' ny Repoblika Frantsay Voalohany tamin' ny 22 Septambra, sady nampiditra tetiandro vaovao izay nanendrena ny taona 1792 ho taona voalohany.<ref name="FR-sfn-093">[[#CITEREFPas2008|Pas (2008)]], p. 49.</ref> Ny fitsarana an' i ''Citoyen Louis Capet'' (Olom-pirenena Louis Capet), izay Louis XVI teo aloha, no nandaniana ireo volana vitsivitsy nanaraka. Nizara roa nitovy isa ny mpikambana tao amin' ny Fivoriambe momba ny hoe meloka izy na tsia, nefa nihamafy ny fitaoman' ireo nitaky fiovana lalina tao amin' ny fikambanan' ny Jakôbina sy ny Kaominin' i Paris teo amin' izy ireo. Nanamora ny fanehoana an' i Louis ho loza mitatao ho an' ny Revôlisiôna ny fanambarana Brunswick, indrindra rehefa nasehon' ny ampahany tamin' ny taratasy nifandraisany manokana fa niray tsikombakomba tamin' ireo mpomba ny fitondram-panjaka tany an-tsesitany izy.<ref name="FR-sfn-094">[[#CITEREFBarton1967|Barton (1967)]], pp. 146–160.</ref> Tamin' ny 17 Janoary 1793 dia voaheloka ho faty i Louis noho ny « conspiracy against public liberty and general safety » (izany hoe firaisana tsikombakomba hanoherana ny fahafahan' ny vahoaka sy ny fiarovana ankapobeny). Solontena 361 no nanaiky izany, 288 no nanohitra, ary 72 hafa no nifidy ny hamonoana azy saingy nametraka fepetra hanemorana ny fanatanterahana izany. Novonoina izy tamin' ny 21 Janoary teo amin' ny ''Place de la Révolution'' (Kianjan' ny Revôlisiôna), izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe Place de la Concorde.<ref name="FR-sfn-095">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 196.</ref> Nitaky ny handravana an' i Frantsa teo ambany fitondran' ny Revôlisiôna ireo mpandala ny nentin-drazana nanerana an' i Eorôpa. Ho setrin' izany, tamin' ny volana Febroary dia nanambara ady tamin' i Britaina Lehibe sy ny Repoblika neerlandey ny Fivoriambe. Niaraka tamin' i Aotrisy sy Prosia ireo firenena roa ireo, ary tatỳ aoriana dia niaraka tamin' izy ireo koa i Espaina, Pôrtogaly, Naples ary Tuscany tao amin' ny adin' ny Fiaraha-dia Voalohany.<ref name="FR-sfn-096">[[#CITEREFWasson2009|Wasson (2009)]], p. 118.</ref> === Krizy ara-politika sy fianjeran' ny Girondins === Nanantena ny ''Girondins'' fa hampiray ny vahoaka hanohana ny governemanta ny ady, sady ho azo entina hanamarinana ny fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra sy ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo. Izy ireo anefa no niharan' ny hatezeram-bahoaka, ary maro no nandao an' i Paris nankany amin' ny faritany, fanapahan-kevitra ara-paikady izay nitera-doza taminy. Niteraka rotaka tao an-drenivohitra sy tany amin' ny foibem-paritra hafa ny fepetra voalohany nampanaovana raharaha miaramila an-tery ny olona, na ''levée en masse'', tamin' ny 24 Febroary. Efa nampikorontana an' i [[Vendée]], izay faritra nifikitra tamin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana sy nanohana ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka hatry ny ela, ny fanovana noterena nampiharina tamin' ny fiangonana; nikomy io faritra io tamin' ny Martsa. Tamin' ny 18 Martsa, resy tao Neerwinden ny jeneraly Charles François Dumouriez, ary nivadika niandany tamin' ny Aotrisiana. Nisy fikomiana taorian' izany tany [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon (Frantsa)|Lyon]], Toulon, [[Marseille]] ary Caen. Toa efa teo am-bavahoan' ny firodanana ny Repoblika.<ref name="FR-sfn-097">[[#CITEREFShusterman2013|Shusterman (2013)]], pp. 143–173.</ref> Nitarika ny fananganana ny Komitin' ny Fiarovam-bahoaka tamin' ny 6 Avrily 1793 izany krizy izany. Komity mpanatanteraka izay tompon' andraikitra teo anatrehan' ny ''Convention'' (fivoriambe nasionaly) izy io.<ref name="FR-sfn-098">[[#CITEREFShusterman2013|Shusterman (2013)]], pp. 271–312.</ref> Nanao fahadisoana ara-politika nitondra azy ireo ho amin' ny faharavany ny ''Girondins'' rehefa nampakatra an' i Marat teo anatrehan' ny Fitsarana Revôlisiônera, tamin' ny fiampangana azy ho nitarika ny famonoana olona faobe tamin' ny Septambra. Nambaran' ny fitsarana haingana ho tsy meloka izy, ka vao mainka nanalavitra ny ''Girondins'' tamin' ny ''sans-culottes'', ilay vondrona ara-tsosialy sy ara-politika an-tanàn-dehibe. Tamin' ny 24 Mey, rehefa niantso ny vahoaka hikomy tamin' ireo nantsoiny hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, «mpanatanteraka ny asa ratsin' i Louis Capet» i Jacques Hébert, dia nosamborin' ny Vaomieran' ny Roa Ambin' ny Folo izy. Fitsarana nanjakan' ny ''Girondins'' io vaomiera io, ary natsangana mba hampiharihary izay nantsoina hoe «teti-dratsy». Ho setrin' ny hetsi-panoheran' ny ''Commune'' (fitondrana monisipalin' i Paris), dia nampitandrina toy izao ny vaomiera, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «raha misy loza manjo ny solontenan' ny firenena noho ny fikomianareo tsy an-kijanona, dia hofongorana i Paris».<ref name="FR-sfn-097" /> [[File:Death of Marat by David.jpg|thumb|left|''The Death of Marat'' (Ny fahafatesan' i Marat), nataon' i [[Jacques-Louis David]] (1793)|alt=Ny fahafatesan' i Marat]] Nahafahan' ny fikambanana ara-politika nanangona hery hanohitra ny ''Girondins'' ny fitomboan' ny tsy fahafaliana. Notohanan' ny ''Commune'' sy ny ampahany tamin' ny Mpiambina Nasionaly izy ireo, ka nanandrana naka ny fahefana tamin' ny alalan' ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin' ny 31 Mey. Na dia tsy nahomby aza izany fanonganam-panjakana izany, dia nohodidinin' ny vahoaka izay nahatratra hatramin' ny 80 000 ny ''Convention'' tamin' ny 2 Jona. Nitaky mofo mora vidy sy vola fanampiana ho an' ny tsy an' asa ary fanavaozana ara-politika izy ireo. Anisan' izany ny famerana ny zo hifidy ho an' ny ''sans-culottes'' ihany sy ny zo hanala ny solombavambahoaka amin' ny toerany isaky ny tian' izy ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-099">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 724.</ref> Nosamborina ny mpikambana folo tao amin' ilay vaomiera sy ny mpikambana sivy amby roapolo hafa tao amin' ny ankolafy ''Girondins''. Tamin' ny 10 Jona, dia ny ''Montagnards'' no nandray ny fifehezana ny Komitin' ny Fiarovam-bahoaka.<ref name="FR-sfn-100">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], pp. 725–726.</ref> Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nisy komity notarihin' i Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, mpiara-dia akaiky tamin' i Robespierre, notendrena hanomana lalàm-panorenana vaovao. Vita tao anatin' ny valo andro monja izany, ary nankatoavin' ny ''Convention'' tamin' ny 24 Jona. Nisy fanavaozana lalina tao anatiny, anisan' izany ny zo hifidy ho an' ny lehilahy rehetra. Naato anefa ny fomba fiasa ara-dalàna nahazatra taorian' ny namonoan' i Charlotte Corday, izay anisan' ny ''Girondins'', an' i Marat tamin' ny 13 Jolay. Nampiasain' ny Komitin' ny Fiarovam-bahoaka ho fialan-tsiny handraisana ny fahefana izany famonoana izany. Tamin' ny Oktobra, dia naato tsy nisy fetra voatondro ny fampiharana ny Lalàm-panorenan' ny 1793.<ref name="FR-sfn-101">[[#CITEREFKennedy2000|Kennedy (2000)]], p. 53.</ref> Anisan' ny laharam-pahamehan' ny governemanta vaovao ny famoronana foto-pisainam-panjakana vaovao, ny fifehezana ny toekarena ary ny fandresena tamin' ny ady.<ref name="FR-sfn-102">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 756.</ref> Nanampy azy ny fisaraham-bazana teo amin' ireo mpanohitra azy tao amin' ny firenena. Te hamerina ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka ny faritra toa an' i Vendée sy Brittany, fa ny ankamaroan' ny mpanohitra kosa nanohana ny Repoblika saingy nanohitra ny fitondrana tao Paris. Tamin' ny 17 Aogositra, dia nandany tamin' ny alalan' ny latsa-bato ny ''levée en masse'' faharoa, na fampanaovana raharaha miaramila an-tery ny olona, ny ''Convention''. Na dia nisy aza ny olana tany am-piandohana tamin' ny fanomezana fitaovana sy vatsy ho an' ny miaramila maro toy izany, dia efa nahazo indray an' i Lyon sy Marseille ary Bordeaux ny tafiky ny Repoblika tamin' ny tapaky ny Oktobra, sady nandresy ny tafiky ny firenena niray dina nanohitra azy tao Hondschoote sy Wattignies.<ref name="FR-sfn-103">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 766.</ref> Anisan' ireo mpitarika miaramila vaovao ny kolonely tanora iray atao hoe Napoleon Bonaparte. Voatendry ho komandin' ny tafondro nandritra ny fahirano an' i Toulon izy noho ny fisakaizany tamin' i Augustin Robespierre. Noho ny fahombiazany tamin' izany andraikitra izany, dia nasondrotra ka nafindra tao amin' ny Tafik' i Italia izy tamin' ny Avrily 1794. Izany no fiandohan' ny fiakarany ho amin' ny fahefana ara-tafika sy ara-politika.<ref name="FR-sfn-104">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 76.</ref> === Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana === [[File:Octobre 1793, supplice de 9 émigrés.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Olona sivy tamin' ireo nandao an' i Frantsa (''émigrés'') novonoina tamin' ny milina fanapahan-doha, tamin' ny 1793.]] Na dia natao hanamafisana ny hafanam-po ho an' ny revôlisiôna aza ny Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana, dia nivadika haingana ho famaliana lolompo manokana. Tamin' ny faran' ny Jolay, dia nametra ny vidin' ny entana maro karazana ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly, ary fanamelohana ho faty no sazy ho an' ireo nanafina tahirin' entana. Tamin' ny 9 Septambra, dia natsangana ny «vondrona revôlisiônera» mba hampihatra izany famerana izany. Ny Lalàna momba ny olona ahiahiana kosa, tamin' ny 17 Septambra, dia nanome alalana hisambotra ireo ahiahiana ho «fahavalon' ny fahafahana». Izany no nanomboka ilay vanim-potoana nantsoina hoe «Fampihorohoroana». Nanomboka tamin' ny Septambra 1793 ka hatramin' ny Jolay 1794, dia olona tokony ho 300 000 no nosamborina,<ref>date: 2023-07-14; title: ''French Revolution &#124; History, Summary, Timeline, Causes, & Facts''; url: [https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution]; access-date: 2023-07-16; website: Britannica; language: en; archive-date: 15 June 2015; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005533/https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005533/https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution]; url-status: live.</ref> ary olona tokony ho 16 600 no novonoina noho ny fiampangana azy ireo ho nanao asa nanohitra ny revôlisiôna. Mety ho nisy olona 40 000 hafa koa novonoina tsy nandalo fitsarana araka ny fomba ara-dalàna, na maty teo am-piandrasana ny fitsarana azy.<ref name="FR-sfn-105">[[#CITEREFGough1998|Gough (1998)]], p. 77.</ref> Nahatonga ny tantsaha tsy hazoto hivarotra ny vokany teny amin' ny tsenan' i Paris ny famerana ny vidin-javatra, ka efa niharan' ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo mafy ilay tanàna tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Septambra. Nampitombo ny trosam-panjakana koa ny ady, ary niezaka namatsy izany tamin' ny fivarotana fananana nogiazana ny Antenimiera. Vitsy anefa no te hividy fananana izay nety mbola haverin' ny tompony taloha ho eo am-pelatanany. Fandresena ara-tafika ihany no afaka nampitony izany ahiahy izany. Noho izany, dia niharatsy ny toe-bola arakaraka ny nitomboan' ny fandrahonana ny Repoblika. Vao mainka nampiakatra ny vidin-javatra amin' ny ankapobeny ny fanontana ny vola taratasy nantsoina hoe ''assignats'' mba hanonerana ny tsy fahampian' ny vola miditra raha oharina amin' ny fandaniana.<ref name="FR-sfn-106">[[#CITEREFWhite1995|White (1995)]], p. 242.</ref> Tamin' ny 10 Oktobra, dia neken' ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly ho fitondrana revôlisiônera fara tampony ny Komity momba ny Fiarovam-bahoaka, ary naatony ny fampiharana ny lalàm-panorenana mandra-pahazoana ny fandriampahalemana.<ref name="FR-sfn-101" /> Tamin' ny tapaky ny Oktobra, dia voaheloka noho ny heloka maro i Marie Antoinette ary novonoina tamin' ny milina fanapahan-doha. Roa herinandro tatỳ aoriana, dia novonoina koa ireo mpitarika ny Girondins nosamborina tamin' ny Jona, niaraka tamin' i Philippe Égalité. Tsy tao Paris ihany no nisy ny «Fampihorohoroana»: olona maherin' ny 2 000 no novonoina tao Lyon rehefa azon' ny tafiky ny Repoblika indray ilay tanàna.<ref name="FR-sfn-107">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 784.</ref> [[File:Georges Danton.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Georges Jacques Danton|Georges Danton]], sakaiza akaikin' i Robespierre sady mpitarika ny vondrona pôlitika ''Montagnard'', novonoina tamin' ny 5 Aprily 1794.]] Tamin' ny 17 Oktobra, tao Cholet, dia nahazo fandresena lehibe nanapa-kevitra ny tafiky ny Repoblika tamin' ireo mpikomy tao Vendée, ary nandositra nankany Brittany ireo sisa velona. Noho ny faharesen' ireo mpikomy tao Le Mans tamin' ny 23 Desambra, dia tsy fandrahonana lehibe intsony ilay fikomiana, na dia nitohy hatramin' ny 1796 aza. Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19, dia niadian-kevitra teo amin' ny mpahay tantara frantsay ny halehiben' ny famoretana nanaraka izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-108">[[#CITEREFCough1987|Cough (1987)]], pp. 977–988.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny Novambra 1793 sy ny Febroary 1794, dia olona maherin' ny 4 000 no novonoina tamin' ny fampilentihana an-drano tao amin' ny renirano Loire, tao Nantes, teo ambany fanaraha-mason' i Jean-Baptiste Carrier. Araka ny filazan' ilay mpahay tantara Reynald Secher, dia nahatratra hatramin' ny 117 000 ny isan' ny olona maty teo anelanelan' ny 1793 sy ny 1796. Na dia nisy nanohitra aza ireo tarehimarika ireo, dia izao no fehin-kevitr' i François Furet, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy nampiseho fandripahana sy fandravana tamin' ny ambaratonga mbola tsy nisy toa azy fotsiny izany, fa hafanam-po mahery setra tokoa koa, hany ka nandova ampahany lehibe tamin' ny maha izy azy avy amin' izany ilay faritra.»<ref name="FR-sfn-109">[[#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989|Furet sy Ozouf (1989)]], p. 175.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Misy tombantombana hafa momba ny isan' ny maty, manomboka amin' ny 170 000<ref name="FR-sfn-110">[[#CITEREFHussenet2007|Hussenet (2007)]], p. 148.</ref> ka hatramin' ny 200 000–250 000.<ref name="FR-sfn-111">[[#CITEREFMartin1987|Martin (1987)]], p. ?.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Tamin' ny fotoana nahery indrindra ny Fampihorohoroana, dia na ny mpanohana azy aza tsy afa-bela tamin' ny fiahiahiana. Niteraka fisarahana tao anatin' ny vondrona pôlitika ''Montagnard'' izany, teo amin' ireo mpomba an' i Hébert nitaky fanovana ifotony sy ireo nanana fomba fijery antonony kokoa notarihin' i Danton.{{#tag:ref|Tamin' ny fifamaliana iray, dia nandrahona ny «hamaky kibon' ilay trondro ''turbot'' matavy, Danton» ny mpomba an' i Hébert iray nantsoina hoe Vadier. Namaly i Danton fa raha manandrana izany i Vadier, dia «hihinana ny atidohany ary hitay ao anaty karandohany» izy. Fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teny nalaina ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-112">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 814.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Nihevitra i Robespierre fa nampihozongozona ny fitondrana ny fifandiran' izy ireo. Nino an' Andriamanitra tamin' ny alalan' ny saina fa tsy ny fanambarana ara-pivavahana izy, ka nanohitra ny pôlitika niadiana tamin' ny fivavahana naroson' i Hébert. Nosamborina sy novonoina niaraka tamin' ny namany 19 i Hébert tamin' ny 24 Marsa.<ref name="FR-sfn-113">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 816.</ref> Mba hitazonana ny tsy fivadihan' ireo mpomba an' i Hébert mbola tavela, dia nosamborina i Danton ary novonoina niaraka tamin' i Camille Desmoulins tamin' ny 5 Aprily. Nialoha izany ny fitsarana natao ho fisehosehoana ara-pôlitika, izay azo heverina fa nanimba an' i Robespierre mihoatra noho ny zavatra hafa rehetra nataony tamin' io vanim-potoana io.<ref name="FR-sfn-114">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 819.</ref> Ny Lalànan' ny 22 Prairial, tamin' ny 10 Jona, dia nanaisotra tamin' ireo «fahavalon' ny vahoaka» ny zo hiaro tena. Nalefa hotsaraina tany Paris ireo nosamborina tany amin' ny faritany. Teo anelanelan' ny Marsa sy ny Jolay, dia niakatra avy tamin' ny 5 ho 26 isaky ny andro ny isan' ny olona novonoina tao Paris ho fanatanterahana fanamelohana.<ref name="FR-sfn-115">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 837.</ref> Maro tamin' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny fikambanana pôlitika Jacobins no naneso ny fetin' ny fanompoana an' Ilay Avo Indrindra tamin' ny 8 Jona, izay lanonana be haingo sy nandaniam-bola be notarihin' i Robespierre. Nampangaina koa izy ho nampiely filazana fa izy no Mesia faharoa. Niteraka korontana nitombo teo amin' ny ''sans-culottes'', ilay vondron' ny mponina an-tanàn-dehibe, ny fanalefahana ny famerana ny vidin-javatra sy ny fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra amin' ny ankapobeny izay tsy voafehy. Nampihena ny tahotra hoe tandindomin-doza ny Repoblika kosa ny fihatsaran' ny toe-draharaha ara-tafika. Natahotra ny mpikambana telo tao amin' ny Komity momba ny Fiarovam-bahoaka fa tsy ho tafavoaka velona raha tsy nesorina i Robespierre, ka niampanga azy ampahibemaso ho mpanao jadona tamin' ny 29 Jona.<ref name="FR-sfn-116">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 838.</ref> Namaly izany tamin' ny fandavana tsy hanatrika ny fivorian' ny Komity i Robespierre, ka nahafahan' ny mpanohitra azy nanangana fiaraha-mientana hiady aminy. Tao amin' ny lahateniny teo anoloan' ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly tamin' ny 26 Jolay, dia nilaza izy fa nisy mpikambana sasany nanao teti-dratsy hanohitra ny Repoblika. Saika azo antoka fa fanamelohana ho faty no niandry azy ireo raha voaporofo izany. Tsy nety nanonona anarana izy, ka nifarana tao anaty fisafotofotoana ny fotoam-pivoriana. Naveriny tao amin' ny fikambanan' ny Jacobins ireo fiampangana ireo ny harivan' io, ary namaly tamin' ny fitakiana ny hamonoana ireo «mpamadika» ny mpihaino. Natahotra ny mety ho vokany raha tsy izy ireo no nihetsika voalohany ny mpanohitra azy, ka nanafika an' i Robespierre sy ireo mpiara-dia taminy tao amin' ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly ny ampitso. Rehefa nanandrana niteny i Robespierre, dia tsy nety nivoaka ny feony, ary nisy solombavambahoaka niantsoantso hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny ran' i Danton no manakenda azy!»<ref name="FR-sfn-117">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 844.</ref> [[File:Execution robespierre, saint just....jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Nanamarika ny fiafaran' ny Fitondran' ny Fampihorohoroana ny famonoana an' i Robespierre tamin' ny 28 Jolay 1794.]] Rehefa nanome alalana hisambotra azy ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly, dia nialokaloka tao amin' ny ''Hôtel de Ville'', na lapan' ny tanànan' i Paris, izy sy ny mpanohana azy. Nisy vondrona avy tamin' ny Mpiambina nasiônaly niaro an' io trano io. Niditra an-keriny tao amin' ilay trano ny vondrona hafa tsy nivadika tamin' ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly ny harivan' io, ary nisambotra an' i Robespierre, izay nandratra mafy ny tenany rehefa nanandrana namono tena. Novonoina niaraka tamin' ny namany 19 izy tamin' ny 28 Jolay, anisan' izany i Saint-Just sy i Georges Couthon. Narahin' ny famonoana mpikambana 83 tao amin' ny fitondran' ny tanànan' i Paris izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-118">[[#CITEREFSchama1989|Schama (1989)]], p. 845.</ref> Nofoanana ny Lalànan' ny 22 Prairial, naverina tamin' ny toerany ho solombavambahoaka ireo Girondins mbola velona, ary nakatona sy norarana ny fikambanan' ny Jacobins.<ref name="FR-sfn-119">[[#CITEREFSoboul1975|Soboul (1975)]], pp. 425–428.</ref> Misy fandikana samihafa ny Fampihorohoroana sy ny herisetra nampiasaina tamin' ny fanatanterahana azy. Araka ny hevitr' i Furet, dia nitaky ny famongorana ny fanoherana rehetra ny fifikiran' ireo revôlisiônera mafy tamin' ny foto-keviny sy ny tanjony hanorina fiarahamonina lavorary.<ref name="FR-sfn-120">[[#CITEREFFuret1989|Furet (1989)]], p. 222.</ref> Ny fomba fijery eo anelanelany kosa dia milaza fa tsy zavatra tsy azo nosorohina ny herisetra, fa vokatry ny fifanesen' ny zava-nitranga sarotra tao anatin' ny firenena, izay vao mainka nohamafisin' ny ady.<ref name="FR-sfn-121">[[#CITEREFHanson2009|Hanson (2009)]], p. ?.</ref> === Fihemorana ara-politika tamin' ny Thermidor === Tsy nifarana tamin' ny fahafatesan' i Robespierre ny fandatsahan-dra. Nisy onjan' ny famonoana ho valifaty tany atsimon' i Frantsa, izay nikendry ireo nahiahina ho mpomba ny Jacobin, ireo tompon' andraikitra repoblikana ary ireo Prôtestanta. Na dia nametraka ny fifehezany ny fitantanan' ny tanànan' i Paris aza ireo nandresy tamin' ny Thermidor, tamin' ny alalan' ny famonoana ireo mpitarika azy, dia nisy tamin' ireo nandray anjara akaiky tamin' ny « Fampihorohoroana » mbola nitana ny toerany. Anisan' izany i Paul Barras, izay lasa lehiben' ny fahefana mpanatanteraka teo ambany fitondran' ny tale dimy tatỳ aoriana, sy i Joseph Fouché, izay nitarika ny famonoana tany Lyon ary nitana ny toeran' ny minisitry ny pôlisy teo ambany fitondran' ny tale dimy, ny Kônsolata frantsay ary ny Empira Frantsay Voalohany.<ref name="FR-sfn-122">[[#CITEREFAndress2006|Andress (2006)]], p. 237.</ref> Na dia nifandray tamin' i Augustin Robespierre aza i Bonaparte, dia tsy niharan' ny fanamelohana noho ny fahombiazany ara-tafika tany Italia.<ref name="FR-sfn-123">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 82.</ref> [[File:Paul Barras directeur.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Sarin' i Paul Barras.|I Paul Barras, izay nitana ny anaram-boninahitra ''vicomte'' teo aloha sady mpikambana tao amin' ny vondrona Montagnard; nandray anjara tamin' ny fihemorana ara-politika tamin' ny Thermidor izy ary nitarika ny fitondran' ny tale dimy tatỳ aoriana.]] Namarana ny fikomiana Chouannerie tany andrefan' i Frantsa ny Fifanarahana tao La Jaunaye tamin' ny Desambra 1794, izay namela ny fahalalahana hivavaka sy ny fiverenan' ireo pretra tsy nety nanao fianianana.<ref name="FR-sfn-124">[[#CITEREFAndress2006|Andress (2006)]], p. 354.</ref> Niaraka tamin' izany ny fahombiazana ara-tafika: tamin' ny Janoary 1795 dia nanampy ireo Patriôta nederlandey hanangana ny Repoblika Bataviana ny tafika frantsay, ka nahazoany antoka ny fiarovana ny sisin-taniny avaratra.<ref name="FR-sfn-125">[[#CITEREFSchama1977|Schama (1977)]], pp. 178–192.</ref> Namarana ny ady tamin' i Prosia ho tombontsoan' i Frantsa ny Fandriampahalemana tao Basel tamin' ny Aprily 1795, ary nanao fihavanana koa i Espaina fotoana fohy taorian' izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-126">[[#CITEREFHargreaves-Mawdsley1968|Hargreaves-Mawdsley (1968)]], pp. 175–176.</ref> Mbola niatrika krizy tao anatiny anefa ny Repoblika. Vokatry ny haratsian' ny vokatra tamin' ny 1794 ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo, ary vao mainka niharatsy izany tany avaratr' i Frantsa noho ny filàna namatsy ny tafika tany Flanders, sady ratsy indrindra hatramin' ny 1709 ny ririnina.<ref name="FR-sfn-127">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], p. 15.</ref> Tamin' ny Aprily 1795 dia efa mosarena ny olona, ary 8% monja tamin' ny sanda voasoratra teo aminy no sandan' ny vola taratasy ''assignat''. Noho ny famoizam-po dia nikomy indray ireo mahantra tao Paris.<ref name="FR-sfn-128">[[#CITEREFWoronoff1984|Woronoff (1984)]], p. 10.</ref> Naparitaka haingana izy ireo, ary ny vokatra lehibe indrindra dia ny fisamborana olona indray. Novonoina tsy nisy fitsarana ara-dalàna kosa ireo gadra mpomba ny Jacobin tany Lyon.<ref name="FR-sfn-129">[[#CITEREFWoronoff1984|Woronoff (1984)]], p. 15.</ref> Nisy kômity nandrafitra ny Lalàm-panorenan' ny Taona III, izay nankatoavina tamin' ny [[Fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka|fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] tamin' ny 23 Septambra 1795 ary nampiharina tamin' ny 27 Septambra.<ref name="FR-sfn-130">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 320.</ref> I Pierre Daunou sy i Boissy d'Anglas no tena namolavola azy. Nanangana fahefana mpanao lalàna ahitana antenimiera roa izy io, mba hampiadana ny fizotry ny fanaovan-dalàna sy hamarana ny fiovaovana tampoka sy mahery vaika teo amin' ny pôlitika, izay nitranga teo ambanin' ireo rafitra teo aloha nisy antenimiera tokana. Ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato no niandraikitra ny fandrafetana lalàna, ary ny Filankevitry ny Zokiolona no nandinika sy nankato izany. Ity farany no antenimiera ambony, ary lehilahy 250 mihoatra ny 40 taona no mpikambana tao aminy. Tale dimy no nitana ny fahefana mpanatanteraka, ka ny Filankevitry ny Zokiolona no nifidy azy ireo tamin' ny lisitra nomen' ny antenimiera ambany, ary dimy taona ny fe-potoam-piasany.<ref name="FR-sfn-131">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], pp. 18–19.</ref> Fifidianana ankolaka no nifidianana ny solombavambahoaka: olona 5 tapitrisa eo ho eo no nanana zo hifidy, ka nifidy mpifidy ambaratonga faharoa 30,000 tamin' ny fifidianana ambaratonga voalohany; ireo mpifidy ambaratonga faharoa ireo dia 0.6% amin' ny mponina. Koa satria nisy koa fepetra hentitra momba ny fananana tsy maintsy ananany, dia niantoka ny fahalanian' ireo solombavambahoaka mpandala ny fitandroana ny lamina nisy na ireo antonony izany. Ankoatra izany, tsy noravana toy ny tamin' ny 1791 sy 1792 ny fahefana mpanao lalàna teo aloha, fa ilay nantsoina hoe « lalàn' ny roa ampahatelony » no namaritra fa solombavambahoaka vaovao 150 ihany no hofidina isan-taona. Nitana ny toerany ireo mpikambana 600 ambiny tao amin' ny Fivoriambe Nasionaly, na ''Conventionnels'', ary natao hiantohana ny fahamarinan-toerana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-132">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], p. 19.</ref> == Fitondran' ny tale dimy (1795–1799) == [[File:Attaque de la Convention nationale, 1790.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|alt=Miaramila mitifitra ireo mpikomy mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka ao Paris.|Miaramila tarihin' i [[Napoléon I|Napoleon]] mitifitra ireo mpikomy mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka tao Paris, tamin' ny 5 Oktobra 1795.]] Noheverin' ireo mpomba ny Jakôbina ho famadihana ny revôlisiôna ny fitondran' ny tale dimy (''Directoire''). Tatỳ aoriana kosa, nanamarina ny fanonganam-panjakana nataon' i Napoleon ireo mpanohana an' i Bonaparte, ka nanasongadina ny kolikoly tao amin' io fitondrana io.<ref name="FR-sfn-133">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], p. 2.</ref> Niatrika korontana anatiny, toekarena malemy ary ady nandany vola be koa ilay fitondrana, sady azon' ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato nosakanana araka izay tiany ny fandaniana lalàna. Tsy nanana fahefana hampanao fifidianana vaovao ireo tale, ka ny fitondrana tamin' ny alalan' ny didim-panjakana na ny fampiasan-kery ihany no nahafahana nandresy ny fifanakanana. Vokatr' izany, araka ny filazan' i Howard G. Brown, dia nampiavaka ny fitondran' ny tale dimy ny «herisetra naharitra, ny fomba fampiharana ny fitsarana nisy fironana nifanohitra, ary ny fiverenana matetika tamin' ny famoretana mahery vaika», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy.<ref name="FR-sfn-134">[[#CITEREFBrown2006|Brown (2006)]], p. 1.</ref> Ny nitazonana ireo solombavambahoaka tao amin' ny antenimiera ''Convention'', izay nantsoina hoe ''Conventionnels'', dia niantoka fa ny mpomba ny fiovana tamin' ny Thermidor no nanana ny maro anisa tao amin' ny fahefana mpanao lalàna sy nameno ny toerana telo tamin' ireo tale dimy. Nihamafy anefa ny fanoheran' ny ankavanana azy ireo. Tamin' ny 5 Oktobra, nampitsahatra fikomiana nataon' ny mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka tao Paris ny tafiky ny ''Convention'' notarihin' i Napoleon. Rehefa natao ny fifidianana voalohany ho an' ny fahefana mpanao lalàna, tapa-bolana taorian' izany, dia maherin' ny 100 tamin' ireo solombavambahoaka vaovao miisa 150 no mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka tamin' ny endriny samihafa.<ref name="FR-sfn-135">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], pp. 19–20.</ref> Rava ny herin' ireo ''sans-culottes'', izany hoe ilay vondron' ny vahoaka an-tanàn-dehibe nandray anjara tamin' ny hetsika revôlisiônera, tao Paris rehefa nofongorana ny fikomiana tamin' ny Mey 1795. Rehefa afaka tamin' ny fanerena avy amin' ny vahoaka ireo fikambanana Jakôbina, dia nanjary mpanohana ny fitondran' ny tale dimy izy ireo, indrindra mba hisakanana ny famerenana ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka.<ref name="FR-sfn-136">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], pp. 27–28.</ref> Niteraka fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra amin' ny ankapobeny sy fiakaran' ny vidin-tsakafo be ny fanafoanana ny famerana ny vidiny sy ny firodanan' ny sandan' ny vola taratasy nantsoina hoe ''assignat''. Tamin' ny Aprily 1796, dia maherin' ny 500 000 ny mponin' i Paris tsy an' asa. Nitarika ny fikomiana tamin' ny Mey, fantatra amin' ny hoe Teti-dratsin' ny Mitovy Zo, izany. Notarihin' ilay revôlisiônera François-Noël Babeuf izy ireo, ary anisan' ny fitakiany ny fampiharana avy hatrany ny lalàm-panorenana tamin' ny 1793 sy ny fitsinjarana ny harena ara-drariny kokoa. Na dia notohanan' ny ampahany tamin' ny tafika aza ilay fikomiana, dia mora nofongorana, ary novonoina ho faty i Babeuf sy ireo mpitarika hafa.<ref name="FR-sfn-137">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], pp. 32–33.</ref> Na izany aza, tamin' ny 1799 dia efa nilamina ny toekarena, ary nisy fanavaozana lehibe natao ka nahafahan' ny indostria frantsay nivelatra tsy tapaka. Maro tamin' ireo fanavaozana ireo no nitohy nampiharina nandritra ny ampahany lehibe tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.<ref name="FR-sfn-138">[[#CITEREFLyons1975|Lyons (1975)]], p. 175.</ref> Talohan' ny 1797, dia mpomba ny repoblika tsy nihozongozona ny telo tamin' ireo tale dimy, dia i Barras, i Révellière-Lépeaux ary i Jean-François Rewbell, tahaka ny 40% teo ho eo tamin' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny fahefana mpanao lalàna. Ampahany mitovy amin' izany, izany hoe 40%, no azo nosokajina amin' ny ankapobeny ho mpomba ny politika afovoany na tsy niray antoko, niaraka tamin' ny tale roa, dia i Étienne-François Letourneur sy i [[Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot|Lazare Carnot]]. Na dia 20% monja aza no mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka tsy nihozongozona, dia maro tamin' ireo mpomba ny politika afovoany no nanohana ny famerenana an' i Louis XVIII, izay tany an-tsesitany, ho mpanjaka, satria nino fa hitondra fandriampahalemana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-139">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 151.</ref> Nahazo toerana betsaka kokoa ny ankavanana tamin' ny fifidianana tamin' ny Mey 1797: voafidy ho filohan' ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato i Jean-Charles Pichegru, ary voatendry ho tale i Barthélemy, izay samy mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka.<ref name="FR-sfn-140">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 150.</ref> [[File:Bouchot - Le general Bonaparte au Conseil des Cinq-Cents.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|alt=Sary hosodoko mampiseho an' i Bonaparte eo anatrehan' ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato.|''Bonaparte at the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud'' (Bonaparte teo anatrehan' ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato tao Saint-Cloud), nataon' i François Bouchot.]] Toa efa akaiky hahazo fahefana ireo mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka, ka nanandrana nanongam-panjakana tamin' ny 4 Septambra ireo mpomba ny repoblika mba hisorohana izany. Nampiasa miaramila avy tamin' ny tafik' i Napoleon tany Italia, notarihin' i Pierre Augereau, izy ireo, ka noterena hankato ny fisamborana an' i Barthélemy, i Pichegru ary i Carnot ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato. Nofoanana ny valim-pifidianana, nalefa an-tsesitany tany [[Goiana Frantsay]] ny mpitarika mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka miisa 63, ary nolaniana ny lalàna nikendry ireo ''émigrés'', izany hoe ireo nandao an' i Frantsa nandritra ny revôlisiôna, sy ireo mpomba ny fanjakan' ny mpanjaka ary ireo Jakôbina henjana indrindra. Ny fanesorana ireo mpanohitra azy izay mpandala ny nentin-drazana no nanokatra ny lalana ho amin' ny fifandonana mivantana teo amin' i Barras sy ny ankavia.<ref name="FR-sfn-141">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 155.</ref> Nitohy ny ady na dia efa leo izany aza ny olona tamin' ny ankapobeny, ary niverina nihatanjaka ny Jakôbina noho ny fifidianana tamin' ny 1798. Ny nanafihan' i Napoleon an' i Ejipta tamin' ny Jolay 1798 dia nanamafy ny tahotry ny Eorôpeana momba ny fikasan' i Frantsa hanitatra ny fahefany, ary nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra ny Adin' ny Fiaraha-dia Faharoa. Tsy nanana ny maro anisa tao amin' ny fahefana mpanao lalàna ireo tale, ka niantehitra tamin' ny tafika mba hampihatra ny didim-panjakana sy haka vola avy amin' ny faritany resin' izy ireo. Nanjary nitana toerana fototra teo amin' ny fizotry ny raharaha politika ireo jeneraly toa an' i Napoleon sy i Barthélemy Catherine Joubert. Araka ny fitantaran' i Frank McLynn, dia samy nanjary nalaza ratsy noho ny kolikoly ny tafika sy ny fitondran' ny tale dimy.<ref name="FR-sfn-142">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 208.</ref> Araka ny fanazavana naroson' i Lynn Hunt, i David Lansky ary i Paul Hanson, dia nirodana ny fitondran' ny tale dimy satria, tamin' ny 1799, dia maro no «nisafidy kokoa ny tsy fahazoana antoka eo ambanin' ny fitondrana jadona toy izay ny toe-javatra tsy mazava nitohy teo amin' ny politika parlemantera», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy.<ref name="FR-sfn-143">[[#CITEREFHuntLanskyHanson1979|Hunt, Lansky ary Hanson (1979)]], p. 735–736.</ref> I Sieyès no nandrafitra ny fomba hamaranana io fitondrana io. Voalaza fa namaly hoe «Tafavoaka velona aho», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, izy rehefa nanontaniana izay nataony nandritra ny Fampihorohoroana. Rehefa voatendry ho ao amin' ny fitondran' ny tale dimy izy, dia ny fanesorana an' i Barras no zavatra voalohany nataony, niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' ireo mpiara-dia taminy, anisan' izany i Talleyrand sy i Lucien, rahalahin' i Napoleon sady filohan' ny Filankevitry ny Dimanjato.<ref name="FR-sfn-144">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 211.</ref> Tamin' ny 9 Novambra 1799, ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin' ny 18 Brumaire dia nametraka ny fitondran' ny mpikambana telo (''Consulat'') ho solon' ireo tale dimy. Mpikambana telo no tao amin' io fitondrana io, dia i Napoleon, i Sieyès ary i Roger Ducos. Heverin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpahay tantara ho fiafaran' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-145">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 219.</ref> == Anjara toeran' ny foto-pisainana == Mampiady hevitra ny anjara toeran' ny foto-pisainana tao amin' ny Revôlisiôna. Araka ny filazan' i Jonathan Israel, ny « Fahazavana mitaky fanovana ifotony » (fandikana ny ''radical Enlightenment'') no hery lehibe indrindra nanosika ny Revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-146">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], p. 695.</ref> I Cobban kosa milaza izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny: « Ny fihetsiky ny revôlisiônera dia matetika indrindra no voafaritry ny filàna hitady vahaolana azo ampiharina amin' ny olana teo no ho eo, tamin' ny fampiasana izay loharanon-karena teo am-pelatanana, fa tsy tamin' ny petra-kevitra efa novolavolaina mialoha. »<ref name="FR-sfn-147">[[#CITEREFCobban1963|Cobban (1963)]], p. 152.</ref> Manasarotra ny famantarana ireo foto-pisainana ny hamaroan' ny fikambanana, ny ankolafy ary ny zavatra navoakan' ny revôlisiônera, ny tsy fisian' ny antoko politika voalamina amin' ny fomba ofisialy, ary ny fahafahan' ny isam-batan' olona nanova ny heviny nanoloana ny fiovaovan' ny toe-javatra.<ref name="FR-sfn-148">[[#CITEREFWalton2013|Walton (2013)]], pp. 363–364,368.</ref> Ankoatra izany, na dia antontan-taratasy fototra ho an' ny ankolafy revôlisiônera rehetra aza ny Fanambarana ny zon' olombelona, dia samy hafa be ny fomba nandikana ny heviny.<ref name="FR-sfn-149">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], p. 13.</ref> Na dia samy nilaza ho nifikitra tamin' ny fahafahana ho foto-kevitra aza ny revôlisiônera rehetra, dia izao no filazan' i Doyle azy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Toa izay hevitra tian' ireo teo amin' ny fahefana homena azy no heviny. »<ref name="FR-sfn-150">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 420.</ref> Ohatra, noferan' ny lalàna ireo fahafahana voalaza tao amin' ny Fanambarana ny zon' olombelona raha mety « hanimba ny hafa, na hampiasaina amin' ny fomba ratsy », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teny voatonona. Talohan' ny 1792, matetika ny ''Jacobins'' (vondrona politika jakôbina) sy ny hafa no nanohitra ny famerana ny asa fanaovan-gazety, satria noheveriny fa nandika zo fototra izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-151">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], pp. 206–208, 233.</ref> Na izany aza, nandany lalàna tamin' ny Septambra 1793 sy Jolay 1794 ny Fivoriambe Nasionaly nitaky fanovana ifotony, ka nametraka fanamelohana ho faty ho an' ny fandikan-dalàna toy ny « fanaratsiana ny Fivoriambe Nasionaly » sy ny « famitahana ny saim-bahoaka », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teny voatonona.<ref name="FR-sfn-152">[[#CITEREFWalton2013|Walton (2013)]], pp. 377.</ref> Na dia nanaiky ny foto-kevitry ny fitoviana koa aza ny revôlisiônera, dia vitsy no niaro ny fitoviana ara-karena, satria noheverina ho zo koa ny fananana.<ref name="FR-sfn-153">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 421.</ref> Nanohitra ny fanomezana zo politika mitovy ho an' ny vehivavy ny Antenimieram-pirenena.<ref name="FR-sfn-154">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 421–422.</ref> Nahemotra hatramin' ny Febroary 1794 kosa ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana tany amin' ny zanatany, satria nifanohitra tamin' ny zon' ireo tompon' andevo momba ny fananany izany, sady maro no natahotra fa hanakorontana ny varotra izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-155">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], pp. 398, 405–406.</ref> Nampiady hevitra koa ny fitoviana ara-politika teo amin' ny olom-pirenena lehilahy. Ny lalàm-panorenan' ny 1791 dia nametra ny zo hifidy sy hirotsaka hofidina ho an' ny lehilahy maherin' ny 25 taona izay nahafeno fepetra momba ny fananana, izay nantsoina hoe « olom-pirenena mavitrika », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay anarana. Maro ny mpikatroka nanohitra izany famerana izany, anisan' izany i Robespierre, ny jakôbina ary ny ''Cordeliers'' (fikambanana politika).<ref name="FR-sfn-156">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], pp. 106, 148, 254.</ref> Anisan' ny foto-kevitra lehibe tao amin' ny Revôlisiôna ny hoe tao amin' ny firenena no nisy ny fahefana fara tampony.<ref name="FR-sfn-157">[[#CITEREFCobban1963|Cobban (1963)]], pp. 165–166.</ref> Milaza anefa i Israel fa manakona ny tsy fitovian' ny foto-pisainana izany: nisy ny nihevitra fa ny antenimiera ahitana solontena sy ny lalàm-panorenana no fomba tsara indrindra nanehoana ny sitrapon' ny firenena; ny hafa kosa nihevitra fa ny hetsika mivantana nataon' ny vahoaka revôlisiônera sy ny fivoriam-bahoaka, toy ireo fizarana tao amin' ny Kaominin' i Paris, no fomba tsara indrindra nanehoana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-158">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], pp. 24, 54, 66, 160, 177.</ref> Maro no nihevitra fa tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny foto-kevitry ny fahefana fara tamponin' ny vahoaka ny fitondram-panjaka fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana.<ref name="FR-sfn-159">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], pp. 142–143,166,204–295.</ref> Talohan' ny 1792 anefa, dia nisy ankolafy matanjaka nifikitra tamin' izany rafitra izany noho ny foto-pisainany, izay nifototra tamin' ny asa soratr' i [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Montesquieu]] ary Voltaire.<ref name="FR-sfn-160">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], pp. 16–19, 175, 209, 351.</ref> Milaza i Israel fa ny fakana ny fananan' ny Fiangonana ho fananam-panjakana sy ny fananganana ny Fiangonana araka ny lalàm-panorenana dia naneho ny firaiketana ara-poto-pisainana tamin' ny fisarahan' ny raharaham-panjakana sy ny fivavahana, ary ny fahavononana hampihena ny herin' ny andry iray niaro ny tombontsoa manokan' ny fitondrana taloha.<ref name="FR-sfn-161">[[#CITEREFIsrael2014|Israel (2014)]], pp. 180–181.</ref> Na dia manaiky aza i Cobban fa foto-pisainana no nanosika ny fananganana ny Fiangonana araka ny lalàm-panorenana, dia ny fanoheran' i Voltaire sy ireo mpisaina hafa tao amin' ny Fahazavana ny fahefan' ny mpitondra fivavahana no heveriny ho niavian' izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-162">[[#CITEREFCobban1963|Cobban (1963)]], p. 173.</ref> Nanohitra ny antoko politika voalamina amin' ny fomba ofisialy sy ny ankolafy ny jakôbina, satria noheveriny fa nandrahona ny firaisam-pirenena sy ny sitrapo iombonana izy ireny. Ny « fahamendrehana ara-politika » sy ny « fitiavan-tanindrazana », raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teny voatonona, no anisan' ny singa fototry ny foto-pisainany.<ref name="FR-sfn-163">[[#CITEREFWalton2013|Walton (2013)]], p. 362.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-164">[[#CITEREFLinton2013|Linton (2013)]], p. 267.</ref> Ho azy ireo, ny revôlisiônera tonga lafatra dia tsy nikatsaka ny tombontsoany manokana, tso-po, tsy nanana faniriana hahazo fahefana ara-politika, ary nanolo-tena ho an' ny firenena.<ref name="FR-sfn-165">[[#CITEREFLinton2013|Linton (2013)]], pp. 264–265.</ref> Ireo fifandirana nitarika ny fialan' ny ''Feuillants'' (ankolafy politika), ary tatỳ aoriana ny ''Girondists'' (ankolafy politika jirôndina), dia nifantoka tamin' ny fampitahana ny fahamendrehana ara-politika sy ny fitiavan-tanindrazan' ireo nifanditra. Tamin' ny Desambra 1793, dia natao tamin' ny mpikambana rehetra tao amin' ny fikambanana jakôbina ny « fanadihadiana natao hanadiovana », mba hamaritana raha « lehilahy mendrika » izy ireo, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ireo teny voatonona.<ref name="FR-sfn-166">[[#CITEREFLinton2013|Linton (2013)]], p. 274.</ref> == Adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay == Lohahevitra lehibe: Adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. [[File:Valmy Battle painting.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|''The Battle of Valmy'' (Ny ady tao Valmy), nataon' i Horace Vernet tamin' ny 1826. Ny fandresen' ny Frantsay tamin' ny ady tao Valmy, tamin' ny 20 Septambra 1792, dia nanamafy ny hevitra nentin' ny Revôlisiôna momba ny tafika voaforon' ny olom-pirenena.]] Ny Revôlisiôna no nampipoitra fifandonana nifanesy izay nanomboka tamin' ny 1792 ary nifarana tamin' ny [[Adin'i Waterloo|faharesen' i Napoleon tao Waterloo]] tamin' ny 1815. Toa tsy dia azo nampoizina izany tany am-piandohana: nolavin' ny lalàm-panorenana tamin' ny 1791 mazava ny «ady atao mba handrombahana tany», izay dikan' ilay hoe “war for the purpose of conquest”. Na dia nipoitra indray nandritra ny taompolo 1780 aza ny fifanenjanana efa nahazatra teo amin' i Frantsa sy i Aotrisy, dia nandray tsara ireo fanavaozana, saingy tamim-pitandremana, ny emperora Joseph II. Niady tamin' ny Ôtômana i Aotrisy, ary toy izany koa i Rosia; sady nifampiraharaha tamin' i Prosia momba ny fizarazarana an' i Pôlônia izy roa. Ny zava-dehibe indrindra dia ny nisafidianan' i Britaina Lehibe ny fandriampahalemana. Araka ny tenin' ny emperora Leopold II taorian' ny Fanambaràn' i Pillnitz: “without England, there is no case”, izany hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, «raha tsy eo i Angletera, dia tsy misy antony hanaovana izany».<ref name="FR-sfn-167">[[#CITEREFRothenberg1988|Rothenberg (1988)]], pp. 779–780.</ref> Tamin' ny faramparan' ny 1791, dia nanomboka nihevitra ireo vondrona ara-pôlitika tao amin' ny Antenimiera fa fomba iray hampiraisana ny firenena sy hiantohana ny fiarovana ny Revôlisiôna ny ady: hofoanana ireo hery fahavalo teny amin' ny sisintany ary hapetraka ny «sisintany voajanahary» ho an' ny firenena.<ref name="FR-sfn-168">[[#CITEREFHayworth2015|Hayworth (2015)]], p. 89.</ref> Nanambara ady tamin' i Aotrisy i Frantsa tamin' ny Aprily 1792, ary namoaka ny didy voalohany momba ny fanerena ny olona hanao raharaha miaramila; 12 volana no faharetan' ny fanompoan' ireo miaramila vao noraisina. Rehefa tonga ihany ny fandriampahalemana tamin' ny 1815, dia efa nahatafiditra ny firenena matanjaka rehetra tany Eorôpa sy i Etazonia ilay fifandonana, nanova ny sarintanin' i Eorôpa, ary niitatra tany [[Amerika]], tany [[Atsinanana Afovoany]] ary tany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]].<ref name="FR-sfn-169">[[#CITEREFRothenberg1988|Rothenberg (1988)]], p. 772.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny 1701 sy 1801, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 118&nbsp;tapitrisa ho 187&nbsp;tapitrisa ny isan' ny mponina tany Eorôpa. Izany fitomboana izany, niaraka tamin' ny teknika vaovao nahafahana namokatra betsaka, no nahafahan' ireo mpifanandrina namelona tafika lehibe, ka nitaky ny fampiasana ny loharanon-karena manerana ny firenena. Karazana ady hafa izany: ny firenena no niady fa tsy ny mpanjaka, ary ny tanjona dia ny handrava ny fahafahan' ny mpifanandrina nanohitra, sady hampihatra fanovana lalina teo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Na dia misy lafiny ara-pôlitika hatrany aza ny ady rehetra, dia nampiavaka io vanim-potoana io ny lanja nomena ny fanovana ny sisintany sy ny fananganana fanjakana eorôpeanina vaovao tanteraka.<ref name="FR-sfn-170">[[#CITEREFRothenberg1988|Rothenberg (1988)]], pp. 772–773.</ref> Tamin' ny Aprily 1792, dia nanafika ny Tany Iva nofehezin' i Aotrisy ny tafika frantsay, saingy tojo tsy fahombiazana nifanesy talohan' ny nandreseny tafika aotrisianina sy prosianina tao Valmy tamin' ny Septambra. Rehefa avy nandresy tafika aotrisianina faharoa tao Jemappes tamin' ny 6 Novambra izy ireo, dia nibodo ny Tany Iva, faritra sasany tao Rhineland, ny kôntean' i Nice ary ny kôntean' i Savoy. Nanome toky azy ireo izany fahombiazana izany, ka tamin' ny Febroary 1793 i Frantsa dia nanambara ady tamin' ny Repoblika neerlandey, tamin' i Espaina ary tamin' i Britaina Lehibe. Izany no fiandohan' ny ady tamin' ny Fiaraha-dia Voalohany.<ref name="FR-sfn-171">[[#CITEREFRothenberg1988|Rothenberg (1988)]], p. 785.</ref> Kanefa ny fahataperan' ny fe-potoana 12 volana ho an' ireo miaramila noraisina tamin' ny 1792 dia nanery ny Frantsay hamela ireo tany azony. Tamin' ny Aogositra, dia nolanina ny fepetra vaovao hanerena ny olona hanao raharaha miaramila, ary tamin' ny Mey 1794 dia efa nisy lehilahy teo anelanelan' ny 750 000 sy 800 000 tao amin' ny tafika frantsay.<ref name="FR-sfn-172">[[#CITEREFBlanning1996|Blanning (1996)]], pp. 120–121.</ref> Na dia lehibe aza ny ampahan' ny miaramila nandao ny tafika tsy nahazo alalana, dia ampy izany isa izany hiatrehana fandrahonana maro, na tao anatiny na avy any ivelany. Raha ampitahaina amin' izany, dia latsaky ny 90 000 ny miaramila tao amin' ny tafika nikambanan' i Prosia sy i Aotrisy.<ref name="FR-sfn-173">[[#CITEREFBrown1995|Brown (1995)]], p. 35.</ref> [[File:La Bataille du Pont d'Arcole.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|''The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge'' (Ny fiampitana ny tetezan' i Arcole), nataon' i Horace Vernet tamin' ny 1826. Nanova ny sarintanin' i Italia ireo hetsika ara-tafika nataon' i Napoleon tany Italia.]] Tamin' ny Febroary 1795, dia efa nampiditra ny Tany Iva nofehezin' i Aotrisy ho anisan' ny taniny i Frantsa, nametraka ny sisintaniny teo amin' ny morony havia amin' i Rhine, ary nanolo ny Repoblika neerlandey tamin' ny Repoblika batava, izay fanjakana niankina tamin' i Frantsa. Ireo fandresena ireo dia naharava ny fiaraha-dia ara-tafika nanohitra an' i Frantsa. Nanao fihavanana i Prosia tamin' ny Aprily 1795, ary tsy ela taorian' izany i Espaina, ka i Britaina Lehibe sy i Aotrisy sisa no firenena matanjaka mbola niady.<ref name="FR-sfn-174">[[#CITEREFHayworth2015|Hayworth (2015)]], p. 256.</ref> Tamin' ny Ôktôbra 1797, dia nitarika an' i Aotrisy hanaiky ny Fifanarahan' i Campo Formio ny faharesena nifanesy naterak' i Bonaparte tany Italia. Tamin' io fifanarahana io no namindran' i Aotrisy tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fahefany teo amin' ny Tany Iva sy nanekeny ny Repoblika sisalpinina.<ref name="FR-sfn-175">[[#CITEREFMcLynn1997|McLynn (1997)]], p. 157.</ref> Nitohy ny ady noho ny antony roa. Voalohany, nanjary niankina tamin' ny onitra notakina tamin' ireo mpifanandrina resiny ny fitantanam-bolam-panjakana frantsay. Faharoa, tamin' ny jeneraly nitarika azy no tena nifantohan' ny fahatokian' ny tafika; ho an' ireo jeneraly ireo kosa, dia nanjary tanjona tamin' ny tenany ny harena azo avy amin' ny fandresena sy ny toerana ambony naterak' izany. Nanana hery ara-pôlitika lehibe ireo mpitarika ara-tafika toa an' i Lazare Hoche, Jean-Charles Pichegru ary [[Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot|Lazare Carnot]], ka matetika izy ireo no namaritra ny pôlitika arahina. I Bonaparte fa tsy ny Direktoara no nanaiky ny Fifanarahan' i Campo Formio; nanohitra mafy ny fepetra tao anatiny ny Direktoara satria nihevitra izany ho nilefitra loatra.<ref name="FR-sfn-175" /> Na teo aza ireo ahiahy ireo, dia tsy namolavola drafitra fandriampahalemana azo tanterahina mihitsy ny Direktoara. Natahorany mantsy ny mety hampikorontanan' ny fandriampahalemana ny fitondrana sy ny famerenana tovolahy an' hetsiny maro ho amin' ny fiainana sivily vokatr' izany. Raha mbola nijanona lavitra an' i Paris ny jeneraly sy ny tafiny, dia nahafa-po ny Direktoara ny namela azy ireo hanohy ny ady. Antony lehibe nitarika azy hanaiky ny fanafihan' i Bonaparte an' i Ejipta izany. Niteraka pôlitika tia fanafihana sy nanararaotra izay toe-javatra niseho izany, ka nitarika ny ady tamin' ny Fiaraha-dia Faharoa tamin' ny Novambra 1798.<ref name="FR-sfn-176">[[#CITEREFRothenberg1988|Rothenberg (1988)]], p. 787.</ref> == Fanandevozana sy zanatany == [[File:Fire in Saint-Domingo 1791, German copper engraving.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Ny fikomian' ny andevo tao Saint-Domingue tamin' ny 1791]] Tamin' ny 1789, dia i Saint-Domingue (Haitỳ ankehitriny), Martinique, Guadeloupe, Île Bourbon (Réunion) ary Île de la France no zanatany frantsay be mponina indrindra. Namokatra entam-barotra toy ny siramamy, kafe ary landihazo ireo zanatany ireo, ka tany Frantsa irery ihany no nanondranana izany. Nisy andevo tokony ho 700 000 tany amin' ny zanatany, ka tokony ho 500 000 tamin' ireo no tany Saint-Domingue. Tokony ho ny ampahatelon' ny entana naondran' i Frantsa no vokatra avy amin' ny zanatany.<ref name="FR-sfn-177">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], p. 397.</ref> Tamin' ny Febroary 1788 no niforona tany Frantsa ny ''Society of the Friends of the Blacks'' (Fikambanan' ny Sakaizan' ny Mainty Hoditra), izay nikendry ny hanafoana ny fanandevozana tao amin' ny empira. Tamin' ny Aogositra 1789, dia nanangana ny ''Club de Massiac'' (Fikambanana Massiac) ho mpifaninana aminy ireo tompon' andevo sy mpivarotra tany amin' ny zanatany, mba hisolo tena ny tombontsoany. Rehefa nandany ny Fanambarana ny zon' ny olombelona sy ny olom-pirenena ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàm-panorenana tamin' ny Aogositra 1789, dia naharesy lahatra azy ireo solontenan' ny tompon-tany tany amin' ny zanatany fa tsy tokony hampiharina any amin' ny zanatany ireo foto-kevitra ireo, satria handrava ny toekarena sy hanakorontana ny varotra izany. Nahazo nifehy ny Komitin' ny zanatany tao amin' ny Antenimiera koa ireo tompon-tany ireo, ka avy tao no nampiasany ny heriny lehibe hanoherana ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana.<ref name="FR-sfn-178">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], p. 398–402.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-179">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 413.</ref> Niharan' ny fanavakavahana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-dalàna koa ireo olona nosokajina ho « miloko » tamin' izany fotoana izany, na tany Frantsa tanibe na tany amin' ny zanataniny. Anisan' izany ny fandrarana azy ireo tsy hiditra amin' ny asa sasany, toy ny asa mifandray amin' ny lalàna, ny fitsaboana ary ny farmasia (na asa fanomanana sy fanomezana fanafody).<ref name="FR-sfn-180">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], p. 398–399.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ny hoe ''Gens de couleur libres'' dia nanondro ireo andevo nafahana tany amin' ny zanatany frantsay. Adika matetika amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''free persons of colour'' na ''free coloureds'' izany, izany hoe olona « miloko » afaka.<ref name="FR-sfn-181">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], pp. 398-399, 401, 402, passim.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-182">[[#CITEREFDubois2004|Dubois (2004)]], pp. 30, 85 note 1, 228, 255 passim.</ref> Hoy i Laurent Dubois, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Ny fitandroana io rafitra ara-tsôsialy io [tany amin' ny zanatany nampiasa andevo] dia niankina tamin' ny vondrona iray nanana toerana toa nifanipaka tao anatiny: ny ''gens de couleur''. Io sokajy “mpanelanelana” teo amin' ny fotsy hoditra afaka sy ny olona nandevozina io dia nahitana olona taranaka afrikanina izay tsy nandevozina intsony. Maro tamin' io vondrona io, nefa tsy izy rehetra, no nanana razambe eorôpeanina koa. Na dia nanome antoka azy ireo aza ny fahafahany fa hahazo zo ara-dalàna maro izay tsy nomena ny andevo izy ireo, dia mbola niharan' ny lalàna maro nanavakavaka ihany koa izy ireo. »<ref name="FR-sfn-183">[[#CITEREFDubois2004|Dubois (2004)]], p. 54.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Tamin' ny 1789–1790, dia nisy delegasiônan' ny olona « miloko » afaka, notarihin' i Vincent Ogé sy Julien Raimond, niezaka nandresy lahatra ny Antenimiera mba hampitsahatra ny fanavakavahana an' io vondrona io, saingy tsy nahomby. Niainga ho any Saint-Domingue i Ogé, ary tany no nipoahan' ny fikomiana tamin' ny tompon-tany fotsy hoditra tamin' ny Oktobra 1790. Tsy nahomby ilay fikomiana, ary novonoina i Ogé.<ref name="FR-sfn-184">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], pp. 401–402.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-179" /> Tamin' ny Mey 1791, dia nomen' ny Antenimieram-pirenena zo pôlitika feno ireo olona « miloko » izay samy olona afaka ny ray sy ny reniny tamin' izy ireo teraka. Navelany ho an' ny antenimieran' ny zanatany kosa ny hamaritra ny zon' ireo andevo nafahana. Tsy nety nampihatra ilay didy ireo antenimiera ireo, ka nipoaka ny ady teo amin' ny mponina « miloko » tao Saint-Domingue sy ireo mpanjanatany fotsy hoditra. Samy naka andevo ho isan' ny tafiny ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Narahin' ny fikomiana lehibe nataon' ny andevo izany tamin' ny Aogositra.<ref name="FR-sfn-185">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], p. 402–403.</ref> Ho setrin' ilay fikomiana, dia nomen' ny Antenimiera mpanao lalàna zom-pirenena ny olona « miloko » afaka rehetra tamin' ny Marsa 1792. Nandefa kômisera roa, dia i Léger-Félicité Sonthonax sy Étienne Polverel, niaraka tamin' ny miaramila 6 000 ho any Saint-Domingue koa izy mba hampihatra ilay didy. Rehefa tonga tany ireo kômisera tamin' ny Septambra, dia nanambara fa mbola hotohizina ny fanandevozana. Mbola nisy andevo maherin' ny 72 000 nikomy, ka tany avaratra no nisy ny ankamaroany.<ref name="FR-sfn-186">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], p. 404–405.</ref> Nihevitra ny hanafoana ny fanandevozana any aoriana i Brissot sy ireo mpanohana azy, saingy ny hiantoka ny fitohizan' ny varotra sy ny fanohanan' ny mpivarotra ny adin' ny Revôlisiôna no laharam-pahamehany tamin' izany. Taorian' ny fianjeran' i Brissot, dia nampidirina tao amin' ny lalàm-panorenana vaovao tamin' ny Jona 1793 ny Fanambarana vaovao ny zon' ny olombelona sy ny olom-pirenena, nefa tsy nampiharina tany amin' ny zanatany ny fepetra tao anatiny. Na izany aza, dia naato ny fampiharana ilay lalàm-panorenana vaovao mandra-pisian' ny fandriampahalemana tany Frantsa.<ref name="FR-sfn-187">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], pp. 406–407.</ref> Tany am-piandohan' ny 1793, dia nanao fifanekena tamin' i Britaina Lehibe ireo tompon' ny toeram-pambolena lehibe tao Guadeloupe sy Saint-Domingue izay nanohana ny fitondran' ny mpanjaka. Nanohana ireo andevo nikomy tany avaratr' i Saint-Domingue, notarihin' i Jean-François Papillon sy Georges Biassou, ny Espaniôla. Nandefa solontena tany Paris kosa ireo tompon-toeram-pambolena fotsy hoditra izay tsy nivadika tamin' ny repoblika. Nikendry ny handresy lahatra ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly, izay nofehezin' ny Jakôbina, izy ireo fa ireo nitaky ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana dia mpiasan' i Britaina Lehibe sy mpanohana an' i Brissot izay nanantena ny hanakorontana ny varotra.<ref name="FR-sfn-188">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], pp. 407–408.</ref> Tamin' ny Jona, dia nanafaka andevo 10 000 niady ho an' ny repoblika ireo kômisera tao Saint-Domingue. Koa satria nanolotra fahafahana ho an' ireo andevo vonona hiady ho azy koa ny mpomba ny mpanjaka sy ireo mpanohana azy avy any Britaina Lehibe sy Espaina, dia nanao tolotra nihoatra an' izany ireo kômisera: nofoanany ny fanandevozana tany avaratra tamin' ny Aogositra, ary nanerana ilay zanatany tamin' ny Oktobra. Nisy solontena nalefa tany Paris mba hahazo ny fankatoavan' ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly an' io fanapahan-kevitra io.<ref name="FR-sfn-188" /><ref name="FR-sfn-189">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 414.</ref> Tamin' ny 4 Febroary 1794, dia nifidy ny hanafoana ny fanandevozana tany amin' ny zanatany ny Fivoriambe nasiônaly. Namoaka didy izy fa nanana ny zo fenon' ny olom-pirenena frantsay ny mponina rehetra tany amin' ny zanatany, na inona na inona lokon-kodiny.<ref name="FR-sfn-190">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], p. 409.</ref> Nisy tafika nahitana ''sans-culottes'' (mpitolona revôlisiônera avy amin' ny sarambabem-bahoaka) 1 000, notarihin' i Victor Hugues, nalefa tany Guadeloupe mba handroaka ny tafik' i Britaina Lehibe sy hampihatra ilay didy. Naka olona efa andevo taloha ho miaramila ilay tafika, ka nahatratra 11 000 ny isany tatỳ aoriana, ary nahazo an' i Guadeloupe sy nosy hafa kely kokoa. Nambara tany Guyane koa ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana. Mbola teo ambany fibodoan' ny tafik' i Britaina Lehibe i [[Martinique]], fa nandroaka ny repoblikanina kosa ireo tompon-tany tany amin' ny zanatanin' i [[La Réunion|Réunion]] sy ny [[Maskareina (tamba-nosy)|vondronosy Maskareina]].<ref name="FR-sfn-191">[[#CITEREFRégent2013|Régent (2013)]], pp. 409–410.</ref> Nandroaka ny Espaniôla tao Saint-Domingue tamin' ny 1795 ireo tafika mainty hoditra, ary niala tamin' ny 1798 ny tafik' i Britaina Lehibe.<ref name="FR-sfn-192">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], pp. 414–415.</ref> Tany amin' ireo faritra nofehezin' ny repoblikanina teo anelanelan' ny 1793 sy 1799, dia tsy maintsy niasa tao amin' ny toeram-pambolena niasany taloha ireo andevo nafahana; raha mpiasa an-trano kosa izy ireo, dia tsy maintsy nanohy niasa ho an' ny tompony taloha. Nomena karama izy ireo ary nahazo zo hanana fananana. Jeneraly mainty hoditra sy jeneraly « miloko » no tena nifehy faritra midadasika tao Guadeloupe sy Saint-Domingue, anisan' izany i Toussaint Louverture tany avaratr' i Saint-Domingue sy André Rigaud tany atsimo. Araka ny filazan' ilay mpahay tantara Fréderic Régent, ny fameperana ny fahafahan' ireo andevo taloha hisafidy asa sy hifindra toerana dia nidika fa, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, « ny fotsy hoditra, ny olona miloko izay efa nafahana talohan' ilay didy, ary ny andevo taloha tao amin' ny tafika na teny ambonin' ny sambo mpiady ihany no tena nahazo tombontsoa tamin' ny fanafahana ankapobeny ».<ref name="FR-sfn-191" /> == Fampitam-baovao sy fampiasana tandindona == :''Lohahevitra lehibe: Fampiasana tandindona tamin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay.'' === Gazety === [[File:L'Ami du peuple 1.jpg|thumb|left|248x248px|Dika iray amin' ny gazety ''L'Ami du peuple'', voaloton' ny ran' i Marat.]] Nitana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny fampiroboroboana ny Revôlisiôna sy ny famaritana ny endriny ny gazety sy ny bokikely politika. Talohan' ny taona 1789 dia vitsy ny gazety, ary nofehezina mafy izay azon' izy ireny navoaka; nila fahazoan-dalana avy amin' ny mpanjaka koa izy ireny vao afaka niasa. Niteraka filàna vaovao goavana anefa ny fivorian' ny solontenan' ny saranga telo, ka gazety maherin' ny 130 no efa nivoaka tamin' ny faran' io taona io. Anisan' ireo nanan-danja indrindra ny ''L'Ami du peuple'' an' i Marat sy ny ''Revolutions de Paris'' an' i Elysée Loustallot.<ref>date: 24 January 2014; title: ''Illustrations from Révolutions de Paris''; url: [https://history.dartmouth.edu/research/student-research/illustrations-revolutions-de-paris https://history.dartmouth.edu/research/student-research/illustrations-revolutions-de-paris]; url-status: dead; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211310/https://history.dartmouth.edu/research/student-research/illustrations-revolutions-de-paris https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211310/https://history.dartmouth.edu/research/student-research/illustrations-revolutions-de-paris]; archive-date: 29 January 2021; access-date: 25 January 2021; website: Department of History; language: en.</ref> Nandritra ny folo taona nanaraka dia gazety maherin' ny 2 000 no natsangana, ka 500 tamin' ireo no tao Paris fotsiny. Herinandro vitsivitsy monja no naharetan' ny ankamaroany, nefa izy ireny, niaraka tamin' ireo bokikely politika navoaka betsaka dia betsaka, no nanjary fitaovana lehibe indrindra nampitana vaovao sy hevitra.<ref name="FR-sfn-193">[[#CITEREFChisick1993|Chisick (1993)]], pp. 149–166.</ref> Novakina mafy tany amin' ny toeram-pisotroana sy ny fikambanana ny gazety, ary nifampitampitan' ny olona. Niely patrana ny fiheverana fa asa iantsoana ny tena ny fanoratana, fa tsy raharaham-barotra, ary ny anjara asan' ny gazety dia ny hampandroso ny foto-kevitra repoblikana mifototra amin' ny fandraisan' ny olom-pirenena anjara amin' ny raharaham-panjakana.<ref name="FR-sfn-194">[[#CITEREFChapman2005|Chapman (2005)]], pp. 7–12.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1793 dia ireo mpanohana fanovana lalina no tena navitrika indrindra; tamin' ny voalohany anefa dia ireo mpomba ny mpanjaka no nampiely betsaka nanerana ny firenena ny gazetin' izy ireo, ''L'Ami du Roi'' (Naman' ny mpanjaka), mandra-pamoretana azy ireo.<ref name="FR-sfn-195">[[#CITEREFChisick1988|Chisick (1988)]], pp. 623–645.</ref> === Mariky ny revôlisiôna === Mba hampisehoana ny fahasamihafana teo amin' ny Repoblika vaovao sy ny fitondrana taloha, dia nila nametraka marika vaovao hankalazaina ireo mpitarika, ho solon' ireo marika ara-pivavahana sy ara-panjaka taloha. Noho izany dia nindramina tamin' ireo kolontsaina fahiny ny marika sasany ka nomena hevitra vaovao, fa ireo mariky ny fitondrana taloha kosa na noravana na nomena toetra vaovao azo nekena. Nampiasaina ireo marika novana ireo mba hampiorenana tao amin' ny vahoaka fomba vaovao hiheverana ny lovantsofina sy hanajana ny Fahazavana ary ny Repoblika.<ref name="censer-hunt">Censer and Hunt, ''How to Read Images'' LEF CD-ROM.</ref> ==== La Marseillaise ==== [[File:La Marseillaise.ogg|thumb|''La Marseillaise'', hiram-pirenen' i Frantsa; amin' ny teny frantsay ny tononkira.]] [[File:marche-des-marseillois.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|''Marche des Marseillois'', 1792, sary fanesoana natao tamin' ny teknikan' ny sokitra asidra, tany London.<ref>first: Richard; last: Newton; date: 1792; title: ''Marche des Marseillois, satirical etching''; url: [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1988-1001-4 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1988-1001-4]; access-date: 9 April 2022; website: British Museum; archive-date: 9 April 2022; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409221448/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1988-1001-4 https://web.archive.org/web/20220409221448/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1988-1001-4]; url-status: live. Avy amin' ny lahatsoratra frantsay tany am-boalohany ny soratra, fa i Newton ihany kosa no namorona ireo sarin' ny miaramila mandihy.</ref>]] Nanjary [[Hiram-pirenena|hiram-pirenen' i Frantsa]] ny ''La Marseillaise'' (fanononana amin' ny teny frantsay: [la maʁsɛjɛːz]). Nosoratan' i Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle ny tonony sy ny feony tamin' ny 1792, ary ''Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin'' no lohateniny tany am-boalohany. Nankatoavin' ny Fivoriambe Nasionaly frantsay ho hiram-pirenen' ny Repoblika Voalohany izy io tamin' ny 1795. Nahazo ilay anarana nahafantarana azy ilay hira rehefa nohirain' ireo mpilatsaka an-tsitrapo avy any [[Marseille]], izay nandeha nankany amin' ny renivohitra, tao Paris. Io hira io no ohatra voalohany amin' ilay fomba famoronana hiram-pirenena antsoina hoe diabe eorôpeana (''European march''). Nahatonga azy hampiasaina betsaka ho hiran' ny revôlisiôna sy hampidirina tao amin' ny sanganasa maro amin' ny mozika klasika sy ny mozika be mpitia ny feony sy ny tonony izay nanaitra fihetseham-po. Nomena toromarika i De Lisle mba «hamorona hira fiderana izay mampita ao amin' ny fanahin' ny vahoaka ny hafanam-po aterak' izany (ny mozika)» (dikan-teny malagasy).<ref name="FR-sfn-196">[[#CITEREFCerulo1993|Cerulo (1993)]], pp. 243–271.</ref> <div style="clear:both;"></div> ==== Fitaovana fanapahan-doha ==== [[File:Cruikshank - The Radical's Arms.png|thumb|left|Sary fanesoana mitsikera ireo fihoaram-pefy tamin' ny Revôlisiôna, izay asehon' ilay fitaovana fanapahan-doha antsoina hoe ''guillotine'' ho marika.|259x259px]] Mbola ilay fitaovana famonoana amin' ny fanapahan-doha antsoina hoe ''guillotine'' no «marika lehibe indrindra amin' ny Fampihorohoroana nandritra ny Revôlisiôna frantsay», araka ny filazan' i Hanson (dikan-teny malagasy).<ref name="FR-sfn-197">[[#CITEREFHanson2007|Hanson (2007)]], p. 151.</ref> Noforonin' ny dokotera iray nandritra ny Revôlisiôna izy io mba hahazoana fomba famonoana haingana kokoa, mahomby kokoa ary miavaka kokoa, ary nanjary anisan' ny kolontsain' ny sarambabem-bahoaka sy ny fahatsiarovana ara-tantara. Nankalazain' ireo elatra havia ho mpamaly faty ho an' ny vahoaka izy io, ohatra tao amin' ilay hiran' ny revôlisiôna hoe ''La guillotine permanente'',<ref name="FR-sfn-198">[[#CITEREFDelonLevayer1989|Delon sy Levayer (1989)]], pp. 153–154.</ref> fa nomelohin' ireo elatra havanana kosa ho mariky ny Fampihorohoroana.<ref name="FR-sfn-199">[[#CITEREFHuntMartinRosenwein2003|Hunt, Martin ary Rosenwein (2003)]], p. 664.</ref> Nanjary fialam-boly be mpitia nahasarika vahoaka maro be ny fijerena ny fampiasana azy. Nivarotra taratasy mirakitra ny fandaharana sy mitanisa ny anaran' ireo olona hovonoina ny mpivarotra. Maro ny olona tonga isan' andro ary nifaninana hahazo ny toerana tsara indrindra hijerena izay nitranga; ireo vehivavy nanao tenona tamin' ny fanjaitra (''tricoteuses'') dia namorona vondron' ireo mpijery nazoto indrindra sy tonga tsy tapaka, sady nampirisika ny vahoaka. Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no nitondra ny zanany. Tamin' ny fiafaran' ny Fampihorohoroana dia nihena be ny isan' ireo mpijery. Nahatonga ity fialam-boly anisan' ny nahatsiravina indrindra ity tsy hanaitra intsony ny fiverimberenany, ka nanjary leo ny mpijery.<ref>last: Opie; first: Robert Frederick; title: ''Guillotine''; date: 1997; publisher: History Press; isbn: <nowiki>978-0-7524-9605-4</nowiki>; ol: 36202481M.</ref> ==== Mari-pamantarana boribory, saina telo loko ary satroky ny fahafahana ==== [[File:Sans-culotte.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|''Simon Chenard as a Sans-Culotte'', nataon' i Louis-Léopold Boilly, 1792. Mpikambana iray tao amin' ny ''sans-culottes'' sy ny saina telo loko.]] Nanomboka tamin' ny 1789 dia maro tamin' ireo mpomba ny revôlisiôna no nanao mari-pamantarana boribory vita amin' ny kofehin-damba (''cockade''). Napetany teo ambonin' ny mari-pamantarana fotsin' ny ''Ancien Régime'' (fitondrana taloha) ny mari-pamantarana manga sy menan' i Paris. Nangataka tamin' ireo mpanaraka azy i Camille Desmoulins mba hanao mari-pamantarana maitso tamin' ny 12 Jolay 1789. Nifidy mari-pamantarana manga sy mena ny milisy tao Paris, izay niforona tamin' ny 13 Jolay. Ny manga sy ny mena no loko nentim-paharazan' i Paris, ary hita eo amin' ny mari-piadian' ilay tanàna ireo loko ireo. Mari-pamantarana misy loko samihafa no nampiasaina nandritra ny fanafihana ny Bastille tamin' ny 14 Jolay.<ref name="FR-sfn-200">[[#CITEREFCrowdy2004|Crowdy (2004)]], p. 42.</ref> Ny satroky ny fahafahana, izay fantatra koa amin' ny hoe satroka frigiana na ''pileus'', dia satroka tsy misy molony, vita amin' ny lamba volo nampifampiraiketina, miendrika kitsoloha, izany hoe mivelatra boribory eo am-potony ary mihamanify hatrany amin' ny tendrony, izay miforitra mankany aloha. Maneho ny firehan-kevitra repoblikana rômanina sy ny fahafahana izy io, ary mampahatsiahy ilay fombafomba rômanina fanafahana andevo, izay anomezana satroka ny andevo vao nafahana ho mariky ny fahafahana vao azony.<ref name="FR-sfn-201">[[#CITEREFHarden1995|Harden (1995)]], pp. 66–102.</ref> == Anjara asan' ny vehivavy == <div class="hatnote">Lohahevitra lehibe: ny vehivavy tamin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay; ny tolona mavitrika ho an' ny zon' ny vehivavy tamin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay.</div> [[File:Chérieux - Club des femmes patriotes dans une église - 1793.jpg|thumb|left|248x248px|alt=Fikambanan' ny vehivavy tia tanindrazana ao am-piangonana|Fikambanan' ny vehivavy tia tanindrazana ao am-piangonana]] Tsy nomena zo ara-pôlitika ny vehivavy teo ambanin' ny ''Ancien Régime'' (fitondrana taloha). Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Revôlisiôna kosa dia navela handray anjara izy ireo, saingy voafetra ihany izany. Anisan' ny mpikatroka ny mpomba ny vondrona Girondins, toa an' i Olympe de Gouges, izay nanoratra ny ''Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen'' (fanambarana ny zon' ny vehivavy sy ny olom-pirenena vavy), sy Charlotte Corday, izay namono an' i Marat. Ny hafa kosa, toa an' i Théroigne de Méricourt sy Pauline Léon ary ny ''Society of Revolutionary Republican Women'' (fikambanan' ny vehivavy repoblikana mpomba ny Revôlisiôna), dia nanohana ny vondrona Jacobins, nanao fihetsiketsehana tao amin' ny Antenimieram-pirenena ary nandray anjara tamin' ny diabe nankany Versailles tamin' ny Oktobra 1789. Na izany aza, dia tsy nanome azy ireo zo ara-pôlitika na ny sata maha-olom-pirenena mandray anjara amin' ny fitondrana demôkratika ny lalàm-panorenana tamin' ny 1791 sy 1793.<ref name="FR-sfn-202">[[#CITEREFMelzerRabine1992|Melzer sy Rabine (1992)]], p. 79.</ref> Tamin' ny 1793, ny fikambanan' ny vehivavy repoblikana mpomba ny Revôlisiôna dia nitaky fanaraha-maso hentitra ny vidin' ny mofo sy lalàna hanerena ny vehivavy rehetra hitondra mari-pamantarana boribory vita amin' ny kofehy miloko telo. Na dia tanteraka aza ireo fitakiana roa ireo, dia nomelohin' ny vondrona Jacobins, izay nanjakan' ny lehilahy sady nifehy ny governemanta tamin' izany fotoana izany, ilay fikambanana tamin' ny Oktobra. Nolazain' izy ireo fa mpanetsika vahoaka hampikorontana sady mampidi-doza ireo vehivavy ireo, ary nataony tsy ara-dalàna avokoa ny fikambanan' ny vehivavy rehetra. Taorian' ny 30 Oktobra 1793 dia voahilika tanteraka tsy handray anjara intsony tamin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay ny vehivavy niara-nikambana.<ref name="FR-sfn-203">[[#CITEREFLevyApplewhiteJohnson1979|Levy, Applewhite ary Johnson (1979)]], pp. 143–149.</ref> Nandritra izany fotoana izany ihany, indrindra tany amin' ny faritany, dia nanana anjara toerana lehibe ny vehivavy tamin' ny fanoherana ny fiovana ara-piarahamonina nentin' ny Revôlisiôna. Nisongadina izany tamin' ny fanoherana ny fampihenana ny anjara toeran' ny Eglizy katôlika; ho an' ny mponina tany ambanivohitra dia nampikorontana ny fizotry ny fiainana nahazatra azy ny fanakatonana ny fiangonana.<ref name="FR-sfn-204">[[#CITEREFHufton1992|Hufton (1992)]], pp. 106–107.</ref> Niteraka hetsika nanoherana ny Revôlisiôna notarihin' ny vehivavy izany. Na dia nanohana ny fiovana ara-pôlitika sy ara-piarahamonina hafa aza izy ireo, dia nanohitra ny fandravana ny Eglizy katôlika sy ny fombam-pivavahana nentin' ny Revôlisiôna, toy ny fivavahana amin' ny Ilay Avo Indrindra.<ref name="FR-sfn-205">[[#CITEREFDesanHuntNelson2013|Desan, Hunt ary Nelson (2013)]], p. 452.</ref> Araka an' i Olwen Hufton, dia nisy tamin' ireo vehivavy ireo te hiaro ny Eglizy tamin' ny fiovana noteren' ny revolisionera hampiharina, izay noheverin' ireo vehivavy ho nivaona tamin' ny fampianaram-pinoana. Nihevitra ny tenany ho «mpiaro ny finoana» izy ireo, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazan' i Hufton.<ref name="FR-sfn-206">[[#CITEREFHufton1998|Hufton (1998)]], p. 303.</ref> === Vehivavy nisongadina === [[File:Olympe de Gouges.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Olympe de Gouges, mpanoratra ny ''Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen'' (Fanambarana ny zon' ny vehivavy sy ny olom-pirenena vehivavy), sady mpikambana tao amin' ny vondrona pôlitika ''Girondins''; novonoina ho faty tamin' ny Novambra 1793]] Mpanoratra i Olympe de Gouges, ary nohamafisiny tao amin' ny asa sorany fa, na dia samy hafa aza ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy, dia tsy tokony ho sakana amin' ny fitovian' izy ireo eo anatrehan' ny lalàna izany. Tao amin' ny ''Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen'' (Fanambarana ny zon' ny vehivavy sy ny olom-pirenena vehivavy) nosoratany, dia nanizingizina izy fa tokony hanana zo ny vehivavy, indrindra amin' ireo raharaha mahakasika azy ireo mivantana, toy ny fisaraham-panambadiana sy ny fanekena ara-dalàna ny zaza teraka ivelan' ny fanambadiana. Niaraka tamin' ny mpikambana hafa tao amin' ny vondrona pôlitika ''Girondins'', dia novonoina ho faty izy tamin' ny Novambra 1793, nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny Fampihorohoroana. Anisan' ireo vehivavy mpikatroka nanana anjara toerana lehibe koa i Madame Roland, izay antsoina koa hoe Manon na Marie Roland. Tsy nifantoka manokana tamin' ny vehivavy ny asany ara-pôlitika, fa tamin' ny lafiny hafa tamin' ny fitantanana ny fanjakana. Mpikambana tao amin' ny ''Girondins'' izy, ary nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny pôlitika narahina ny taratasy manokana nalefany tamin' ireo mpitarika ny Revôlisiôna. Ankoatra izany, dia matetika izy no nampiantrano ny fihaonana ara-pôlitikan' ny ''Brissotins'', vondrona pôlitika izay nanaiky ny vehivavy ho mpikambana. Novonoina ho faty tamin' ny Novambra 1793 koa izy.<ref name="FR-sfn-207">[[#CITEREFDalton2001|Dalton (2001)]], pp. 262–267.</ref> == Politika ara-toekarena == Nofoanan' ny Revôlisiôna ny fameperana ara-toekarena maro napetraky ny ''Ancien Régime'' (fitondrana taloha), anisan' izany ny ampahafolon-karena ho an' ny Fiangonana sy ny sara tsy maintsy naloa tamin' ny tompo mpifehy ny tany. Na izany aza, matetika ireo mpanofa tany no nandoa hofan-tany sy hetra ambony kokoa.<ref name="FR-sfn-208">[[#CITEREFSutherland2002|Sutherland (2002)]], pp. 1–24.</ref> Natao fananam-panjakana avokoa ny tanin' ny Fiangonana sy ny tanin' ireo mpomba ny mpanjaka tany an-tsesitany. Ireo tany ireo no natao antoka hanohanana ny vola taratasy nantsoina hoe ''assignat''. Nofoanana koa ny rafitra feôdalin' ny fikambanan' ny mpanao asa tanana sy ny mpivarotra.<ref name="FR-sfn-209">[[#CITEREFVardi1988|Vardi (1988)]], pp. 704–717.</ref> Nofoanana ihany koa ilay rafitra tena tsy nahomby nanankinana ny fanangonan-ketra tamin' ny olon-tsotra, izay nandray tambin-karama be tamin' izany asa izany. Nalain' ny governemanta ireo fikambanana natsangana nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-13, izay nanana fananana natokana hiantohana vola miditra isan-taona ho an' ny hopitaly, ny fanampiana ny mahantra ary ny fanabeazana. Namidin' ny fanjakana ny tanin' ireo fikambanana ireo, kanefa tsy nosoloin' ny manam-pahefana teo an-toerana izany famatsiam-bola izany tamin' ny ankapobeny. Noho izany, dia voakorontana mafy ny ankamaroan' ny rafitra fanaovana asa soa sy ny rafi-pampianarana tao amin' ny firenena.<ref name="FR-sfn-210">[[#CITEREFPalmer1986|Palmer (1986)]], pp. 181–197.</ref> [[File:France-500Livres-1790-uni.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|alt=Vola taratasy assignat mitentina livre frantsay 500, tamin' ny 29 Septambra 1790.|Iray tamin' ireo ''assignat'' voalohany, tamin' ny 29 Septambra 1790: ''livre'' frantsay 500.]] Teo anelanelan' ny 1790 sy 1796, dia nihena ny vokatra avy amin' ny indostria sy ny fambolena, nihena be ny varotra tamin' ny tany ivelany, ary nisondrotra be ny vidin-javatra. Izany no nanery ny governemanta hamoaka ''assignat'' nihamaro hatrany mba handoavana ny fandaniany. Rehefa vao mainka nampiakatra ny vidin-javatra amin' ny ankapobeny izany, dia nametra ny vidiny ny fanjakana sady nanenjika ireo olon-tsotra nanao raharaham-barotra nitadiavana tombony tamin' ny fiovaovan' ny vidiny sy ireo mpivarotra. Niteraka [[Tsena maizina|tsena maizina]] izany. Teo anelanelan' ny 1789 sy 1793, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 10% ho 64% amin' ny fitambaran' ny sandan' ny entana sy ny tolotra novokarin' ny olom-pirenena frantsay tao anatin' ny herintaona (''gross national product'') ny tsy fahampian' ny vola niditra raha oharina tamin' ny fandaniam-panjakana isan-taona. Nahatratra 3 500% kosa ny fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra amin' ny ankapobeny isan-taona, taorian' ny faharatsian' ny vokatra tamin' ny 1794 sy ny fanafoanana ny famerana ny vidiny. Nesorina tsy hampiasaina intsony ny ''assignat'' tamin' ny 1796, kanefa nitohy ny fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra mandra-pampidirana ny ''Franc germinal'', vola niorina tamin' ny volamena, tamin' ny 1803.<ref name="FR-sfn-211">[[#CITEREFBrezisCrouzet1995|Brezis sy Crouzet (1995)]], pp. 7–40.</ref> == Fiantraikany == Lahatsoratra fototra: Fiantraikan' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. Nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ny tantaran' ny Tandrefana ny Revôlisiôna frantsay, satria nampitsahatra tany Frantsa ny rafitra feôdaly nifototra tamin' ny fifamatoran' ny tompon-tany sy ireo niankina taminy, ary nanokatra lalana ho amin' ny fanitarana ny fahafahan' ny isam-batan' olona nanerana an' i Eorôpa.<ref name="FR-sfn-212">[[#CITEREFPalmerColton1995|Palmer sy Colton (1995)]], p. 341.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-002" /> Izy io no fanoherana lehibe indrindra ny fahefana ara-politika tsy voafetra ananan' ny mpitondra hatramin' izay fotoana izay teo amin' ny tantara, ary nampiely ny foto-kevitra demôkratika momba ny fahefan' ny vahoaka nanerana an' i Eorôpa, ary tatỳ aoriana nanerana izao tontolo izao.<ref name="FR-sfn-213">[[#CITEREFRiemerSimon1997|Riemer sy Simon (1997)]], p. 106.</ref> Nisy fiantraikany lalina tamin' ny nasionalisma frantsay, na ny foto-kevitra mifototra amin' ny maha-firenena frantsay sy ny tombontsoany, ilay revôlisiôna, sady nandrisika hetsika nasionalista nanerana an' i Eorôpa.<ref name="FR-sfn-214">[[#CITEREFDannDinwiddy1988|Dann sy Dinwiddy (1988)]], p. 13.</ref> Misy mpahay tantara amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny milaza fa vokatry ny revôlisiôna mivantana ny hevitra momba ny [[Fanjakana-firenena|fanjakana-firenena]], izany hoe fanjakana misolo tena firenena iray.<ref name="FR-sfn-215">[[#CITEREFKeitner2007|Keitner (2007)]], p. 12.</ref> Noho izany, matetika no heverina fa nanamarika ny fiandohan' ny fomba fiaina sy fisainana mampiavaka ny fiarahamonina môderina (''modernity'') sy ny vanim-potoana môderina ilay revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-216">[[#CITEREFSpang2003|Spang (2003)]], pp. 119–147.</ref> === Frantsa === Lalina ny fiantraikan' ny Revôlisiôna teo amin' i Frantsa nandritra ny fotoana maharitra: namolavola ny politika, ny fiaraha-monina, ny fivavahana ary ny hevitra izy io, sady nampisara-kevitra mafy teo amin' ny politika nandritra ny taonjato mahery. Nanoratra toy izao ilay mpahay tantara François Aulard, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: <blockquote>« Raha jerena eo amin' ny lafiny ara-piaraha-monina, ny Revôlisiôna dia ny fanafoanana ilay nantsoina hoe rafitra feodaly; ny fanafahana ny isam-batan' olona; ny fizarazarana bebe kokoa ny fananan-tany; ny fanafoanana ny tombontsoa manokana azo noho ny fahaterahana tao amin' ny saranga andriana; ny fametrahana ny fitoviana; ary ny fanatsorana ny fiainana. ... Tsy nitovy tamin' ny revôlisiôna hafa ny Revôlisiôna frantsay satria tsy ho an' ny firenena iray ihany izy io, fa nikendry ny hitondra soa ho an' ny olombelona rehetra. »<ref>A. Aulard, ao amin' ny [https://archive.org/details/modernfrancecomp00tilluoft ''Modern France. A Companion to French Studies''], Arthur Tilley (mpandrindra ny famoahana), Cambridge UP, 1922, p. [https://archive.org/details/modernfrancecomp00tilluoft/page/115 115].</ref></blockquote> Nampahalemy maharitra ny fahefan' ny saranga andriana ny Revôlisiôna ary nandany ny haren' ny Fiangonana, na dia mbola nisy hatrany aza ireo andrim-piaraha-monina roa ireo. Araka ny hevitra naroson' i Hanson, dia niova ifotony ny fomba nahitan' ny Frantsay ny maha-izy azy. Hita tamin' ny fanafoanana ny tombontsoa manokana sy ny fanoloana azy ireny tamin' ny [[Zon' olombelona|zon' olombelona]] ananan' ny tsirairay noho ny maha-olona azy izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-217">[[#CITEREFHanson2009|Hanson (2009)]], p. 191.</ref> Taorian' ny firodanan' ny Empira frantsay voalohany tamin' ny 1815, dia very tamin' ny vahoaka frantsay ny maro tamin' ny zo sy ny tombontsoa azony hatramin' ny Revôlisiôna. Na izany aza, tsaroan' izy ireo ny fandraisan' ny vahoaka anjara tamin' ny politika, izay nampiavaka izany vanim-potoana izany. Araka ny nosoratan' i Paul Hanson, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia « nanjary fomba nentim-paharazana ny revôlisiôna, ary nanjary safidy naharitra ny fanohanana ny repoblika ».<ref name="FR-sfn-218">[[#CITEREFHanson2009|Hanson (2009)]], p. 189.</ref> Namarana ny fitondran' ny mpanjaka araka izay sitrapony ny Revôlisiôna ary nampanantena fitondrana miorina amin' ny lalàna ao anatin' ny rafitra voafaritry ny lalàm-panorenana. Rehefa emperora i Napoleon dia nametraka rafitra araka ny lalàm-panorenana, ary voatery nitana rafitra toy izany ny fianakaviana Bourbon rehefa naverina teo amin' ny fitondrana. Taorian' ny fialan' i [[Napoléon III|Napoleon III]] teo amin' ny seza fiandrianana tamin' ny 1871, dia naorina ny Repoblika frantsay fahatelo, izay nanana finiavana lalina hiaro ny filamatry ny Revôlisiôna.<ref>Furet, ed., ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'', pp. 479–493.</ref><ref>Robert Tombs, ''Inventing politics: from Bourbon Restoration to republican monarchy'', in Martin S. Alexander, ed., ''French history since Napoleon'' (1999), pp. 59–79.</ref> Niezaka nanafoana ny lova navelan' ny Revôlisiôna ny [[Fitondrana Vichy|fitondrana Vichy]] (1940–1944), nefa nitana ny repoblika. Tsy nisy anefa ezaka nataon' ny Bourbon, na ny fitondrana Vichy, na ny fitondrana hafa, mba hamerenana ireo tombontsoa manokana nesorina tamin' ny andriana tamin' ny 1789. Nanjary fiaraha-monina misy olona mitovy zo eo anatrehan' ny lalàna i Frantsa, ary naharitra izany fiovana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-218" /> Nanova ny fambolena ny Revôlisiôna. Nozarazaraina ireo tany midadasika teo ambany fifehezan' ny Fiangonana sy ny andriana, izay mpiasa nokaramaina no niasa azy. Noho izany, dia nihamaro kokoa tany ambanivohitr' i Frantsa ireo toeram-pambolena madinika mahaleo tena. Nofoanana ny hetra nalaina tamin' ny vokatra, toy ny ampahafolony naloa ho an' ny Fiangonana sy ireo adidy naloa tamin' ny tompon-tany. Nofoanana na teo amin' ny andriana na teo amin' ny tantsaha ny zo manokana nananan' ny zanaka zokiny indrindra handova. Nampihena ny fahefan' ny raim-pianakaviana izany, sady nitarika ny fihenan' ny taham-pahaterahana satria samy nanana anjara tamin' ny fananan' ny fianakaviana ny zanaka rehetra.<ref name="FR-sfn-219">[[#CITEREFJones1988|Jones (1988)]], pp. 251–254, 265.</ref> Araka ny hevitra naroson' i Cobban, dia « saranga mpitondra tompon-tany » no lova navelan' ny Revôlisiôna ho an' ny firenena, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teniny.<ref name="FR-sfn-220">[[#CITEREFCobban1964|Cobban (1964)]], p. 89.</ref> Tsy mitovy hevitra momba ny fiantraikan' ny Revôlisiôna teo amin' ny toekarena ireo mpahay tantara ara-toekarena. Araka ny fanazavana iray naroson' i Franck sy Michalopoulos, dia nisy fiantraikany ratsy lehibe ny fizarazarana ny tany fambolena naterak' izany tamin' ireo taona voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Nanjary tsara kosa izany fiantraikany izany tamin' ny antsasany faharoa tamin' ilay taonjato, satria nanamora ny fitomboan' ny fampiasam-bola hoenti-mampivelatra ny fahaizana sy ny fahalalan' ny olona izay ampiasainy amin' ny asa famokarana.<ref name="FR-sfn-221">[[#CITEREFFranckMichalopoulos2017|Franck sy Michalopoulos (2017)]].</ref> Ny hafa kosa, toa an' i Finley, Franck ary Johnson, dia milaza fa nitondra vokatra tsara avy hatrany teo amin' ny fahombiazan' ny famokarana ara-pambolena ny fizarana indray ny tany. Nihena tsikelikely anefa ny haben' ireo tombony ireo nandritra ny taonjato faha-19.<ref name="FR-sfn-222">[[#CITEREFFinleyFranckJohnson2017|Finley, Franck ary Johnson (2017)]].</ref> Tany an-tanàn-dehibe, dia niroborobo ny fananganana sy ny fampandehanana orinasa madinika rehefa nofoanana ny ampihimamba nametra ny asa ara-toekarena, ny tombontsoa manokana, ny sakana, ny fitsipika, ny hetra ary ny fikambanan' ny mpanao asa iray izay nifehy izany asa izany. Saika nampitsahatra tanteraka ny varotra ampitan-dranomasina sy ny varotra tamin' ny zanatany anefa ny fanakanana nataon' i Britaina Lehibe, ka nanimba ny tanàn-dehibe sy ny rohim-pamatsiana azy ireo. Raha jerena amin' ny ankapobeny, dia tsy nanova firy ny rafitry ny fandraharahana frantsay ny Revôlisiôna, ary azo inoana fa nanampy tamin' ny fampitoerana ny fomba fijery sy ny vinan' ny tompon' orinasa madinika ho eo amin' ny fetra efa nisy. Ny mpandraharaha fahita dia nanana fivarotana kely, na toeram-pikosehana, na atrikasa, izay nampandehaniny niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' ny fianakaviany sy mpiasa nokaramaina vitsivitsy. Tsy dia nahazatra tahaka ny tany amin' ny firenena hafa izay niroso tamin' ny fampandrosoana ny indostria ny indostria lehibe.<ref name="FR-sfn-223">[[#CITEREFCobban1964|Cobban (1964)]], pp. 68–80.</ref> === Eorôpa ivelan' i Frantsa === Matetika ny mpahay tantara no mandinika ny fiantraikan' ny Revôlisiôna amin' ny alalan' ireo rafitra sy hevitra naelin' i Napoleon tany ivelany. Ireo mpahay tantara ara-toekarena Dan Bogart, Mauricio Drelichman, Oscar Gelderblom ary Jean-Laurent Rosenthal dia milazalaza ny lalàna narindran' i Napoleon ho fehezan-dalàna ho «vokatra naondrana nanan-danja indrindra» avy amin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazany.<ref>''State and private institutions (Chapter 3) – The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe''. Cambridge Core, June 2010. <nowiki>doi=10.1017/CBO9780511794834.005</nowiki>.</ref> Araka ny filazan' i Daron Acemoglu, Davide Cantoni, Simon Johnson ary James A. Robinson, dia nisy vokany naharitra tany Eorôpa ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. Hoy izy ireo, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tany amin' ireo faritra nobodoin' ny Frantsay sy nanaovana fanovana lalina ny rafitra nitantanana azy, dia haingana kokoa ny fitomboan' ny tanàn-dehibe sy ny mponina ao aminy ary ny fitomboan' ny toekarena, indrindra taorian' ny 1850. Tsy misy porofo momba ny vokatra ratsy naterak' ny fanafihan' ny Frantsay.»<ref>Daron Acemoglu; Davide Cantoni; Simon Johnson; James A. Robinson (2011). ''[http://www.nber.org/papers/w14831.pdf The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution]''. ''American Economic Review'', boky 101, laharana 7, p. 3286–3307. <nowiki>doi=10.1257/aer.101.7.3286; s2cid=157790320; hdl=10419/37516; issn=0002-8282</nowiki>. Notsidihina: 16 July 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034454/https://www.nber.org/papers/w14831.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 12 December 2019]. <nowiki>url-status=live</nowiki>.<!--http://www.nber.org/papers/w14831.pdf --></ref> Niteraka adihevitra mafana tany Britaina Lehibe ny Revôlisiôna. Ilay adihevitra momba ny Revôlisiôna, na ''Revolution Controversy'', dia «ady tamin' ny alalan' ny bokikely ara-pôlitika», izay nateraky ny famoahana ny ''A Discourse on the Love of Our Country''. Lahateny manohana ny Revôlisiôna frantsay nataon' i Richard Price teo anatrehan' ny ''Revolution Society'' (Fikambanan' ny Revôlisiôna) tamin' ny 4 Nôvambra 1789 izy io. Namaly izany i [[Edmund Burke]] tamin' ny Nôvambra 1790, tamin' ny bokikeliny ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'', izay nanakiana ny Revôlisiôna frantsay ho loza mitatao amin' ny sarangan' andriana any amin' ny firenena rehetra.<ref>Emma Vincent Macleod (1999). ''A War of Ideas: British Attitudes to the War against Revolutionary France, 1792–1802''. Ashgate. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-8401-4614-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-224">[[#CITEREFPalmer1970|Palmer (1970)]], p. 459–505.</ref> Nanohitra ny hevitra niaingan' i Price i William Coxe: araka io hevitra io, dia ny foto-kevitra sy ny vahoaka no atao hoe tanindrazana, fa tsy ny fanjakana mihitsy.<ref name="FR-sfn-225">[[#CITEREFClark2000|Clark (2000)]], p. 233.</ref> Etsy ankilany, nisy lahatsoratra ara-pôlitika roa nanan-danja teo amin' ny tantaran' ny pôlitika nosoratana ho fiarovana an' i Price, izay nanohana ny zo ankapoben' ny vahoaka frantsay hanolo ny fanjakany. Anisan' ireo «bokikely» voalohany nivoaka tamin' izany ny ''A Vindication of the Rights of Men'', nosoratan' i [[Mary Wollstonecraft]]. Nanako ny lohatenin' ny asa soratr' i Wollstonecraft ny an' ny ''Rights of Man'', nosoratan' i [[Thomas Paine]] ary navoaka volana vitsivitsy tatỳ aoriana. Tamin' ny 1792, dia namoaka ny ''Defence of Dr. Price and the Reformers of England'' i Christopher Wyvill, izay niantso fanavaozana sy fihetsika antonony.<ref>Jenny Graham (2000). ''The Nation, the Law, and the King: Reform Politics in England, 1789–1799 (two volumes)''. University Press of America, pp. 297–298. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0761814849</nowiki>.</ref> Nisy nilazalaza izany fifanakalozan-kevitra izany ho «iray amin' ireo adihevitra ara-pôlitika lehibe teo amin' ny tantaran' i Britaina Lehibe», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny teny notanisaina.<ref name="FR-sfn-226">[[#CITEREFCrowe2005|Crowe (2005)]], p. 93.</ref> Tany Irlandy, dia nanova ny ezaka nataon' ireo mpifindra monina prôtestanta hahazo fahaleovan-tena voafetra ny fiantraikan' ny Revôlisiôna: nanjary hetsiky ny vahoaka maro notarihin' ny ''Society of United Irishmen'' (Fikambanan' ny Irlandey Mitambatra) izany, ka nandraisan' ny Katôlika sy ny Prôtestanta anjara. Nampirisika ny fitakiana fanavaozana bebe kokoa nanerana an' i Irlandy izany, indrindra tany Ulster, ary nitarika ny fikomiana irlandey tamin' ny 1798, izay nampitsaharan' ny miaramilan' ny governemanta tamin-kabibiana.<ref name="FR-sfn-227">[[#CITEREFPelling2002|Pelling (2002)]], pp. 5–10.</ref> Niova avy amin' ny fanohanana ho amin' ny fanoherana kosa ny fihetsiky ny Alemà manoloana ny Revôlisiôna. Tamin' ny voalohany, dia nitondra hevitra miaro ny fahafahana sy ny demôkrasia izy io, ary namarana ny fikambanana nifehy ny asa aman-draharaha, ny rafitra namatotra ny tantsaha tamin' ny tanin' ny tompony ary ny famerana ny Jiosy honina amin' ny faritra natokana ho azy ireo. Nitondra fahafahana ara-toekarena sy fanavaozana teo amin' ny fananan-tany sy ny lalàna koa izy io. Ambonin' izany rehetra izany, dia nanampy tamin' ny fampiroboroboana sy ny famolavolana ny nasiônalisma alemà ilay fanoherana.<ref>Theodore S. Hamerow (1958). ''Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815–1871''. Princeton University Press, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IPNXfV2-DhcC&pg=PA22 22–24], 44–45. Naverina natonta tamin' ny 2016. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-05146-1</nowiki>.</ref> Nanafika an' i Soisa i Frantsa ary nanova azy ho «Repoblika Helvetika» (1798–1803), fanjakana teo ambany fifehezan' i Frantsa. Niteraka fahatezerana lalina tany Soisa ny fitsabahan' ny Frantsay tamin' ny fizakan-tenan' ny faritra sy ny fomban-drazana, na dia niorim-paka aza ny fanavaozana sasany ka mbola nitohy tamin' ny vanim-potoana famerenana ny fitondrana taloha tatỳ aoriana.<ref>Marc H. Lerner (2004). ''The Helvetic Republic: An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty''. ''French History'', boky 18, laharana 1, p. 50–75. <nowiki>doi=10.1093/fh/18.1.50</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-228">[[#CITEREFPalmer1970|Palmer (1970)]], p. 394–421.</ref> Nanafika sy nibodo ilay faritra antsoina hoe Belzika ankehitriny i Frantsa teo anelanelan' ny 1794 sy 1814. Nampihatra fanavaozana ny governemanta vaovao ary nampiditra ilay faritra ho isan' i Frantsa. Mafy ny fanoherana teo amin' ny sehatra rehetra, ary nipoitra ny nasiônalisma belza mba hanohitra ny fitondrana frantsay. Na izany aza, dia noraisina ny rafitra ara-dalàna frantsay, niaraka tamin' ny fitovian-jo teo anatrehan' ny lalàna sy ny fanafoanana ny fanavahana ara-tsaranga.<ref name="FR-sfn-229">[[#CITEREFKossmann1978|Kossmann (1978)]], pp. 65–81, 101–102.</ref> Nandray fanavaozana nampitombo ny fahafahana ny Fanjakan' i Danemarka, nifanaraka tamin' ireo nentin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. Nizotra tsikelikely ny fanavaozana, ary ny fitondrana mihitsy no nanova ny rafitra momba ny fananan-tany. Nampihena ny fahefana tsy voafetran' ny mpanjaka izany, satria namorona sarangan' ny tantsaha mahaleo tena sady tompon' ny taniny. Avy amin' ireo mpomba ny fahafahana voalamina tsara ny ankamaroan' ny fandraisana andraikitra; izy ireo no nitarika ny fiovana ara-pôlitika nandritra ny antsasany voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.<ref name="FR-sfn-230">[[#CITEREFHorstbollOstergård1990|Horstboll sy Ostergård (1990)]], pp. 155–179.</ref> Naka aingam-panahy avy amin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Nôrvezy tamin' ny 1814,<ref>''[https://www.stortinget.no/nn/In-English/About-the-Storting/News-archive/Front-page-news/2012-2013/The-Bicentenary-of-the-Norwegian-Constitution-2014/ The Bicentenary of the Norwegian Constitution]''. Stortinget, 24 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140927162852/https://www.stortinget.no/nn/In-English/About-the-Storting/News-archive/Front-page-news/2012-2013/The-Bicentenary-of-the-Norwegian-Constitution-2014/ Tahiry tamin' ny 27 September 2014].</ref> ary noheverina ho anisan' ireo lalàm-panorenana niaro indrindra ny fahafahana sy ny demôkrasia tamin' izany fotoana izany.<ref>Elin Stensvand. ''[https://www.uib.no/en/news/79930/norwegian-constitution-autocracy-democracy The Norwegian Constitution: from autocracy to democracy]''. University of Bergen. <nowiki>url-status=dead</nowiki>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210729061204/https://www.uib.no/en/news/79930/norwegian-constitution-autocracy-democracy Tahiry tamin' ny 29 July 2021]. Notsidihina: 29 July 2021.</ref> === Amerika Avaratra === Tany am-boalohany, nankasitraka ny tanjon' ny mpanao revôlisiôna ny ankamaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ny faritanin' i Quebec (1763–1791). Niseho ny Revôlisiôna raha mbola nitohy tao amin' io zanatany io ny hetsika nitakiana fanavaozana ny lalàm-panorenana, izay nataon' ireo mpifindra monina avy any Etazonia izay nanohana ny fitondrana britanika nandritra ny Revôlisiôna amerikanina.<ref name="FR-sfn-231">[[#CITEREFGreenwood1993|Greenwood (1993)]], pp. 57–58.</ref> Nanomboka nanohitra ny Revôlisiôna ny hevitry ny besinimaro taorian' ny fandosirana nankany Varennes, ary vao mainka nihamafy izany fanoherana izany taorian' ny vono olona tamin' ny Septambra sy ny famonoana an' i Louis XVI izay nanaraka izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-232">[[#CITEREFGreenwood1993|Greenwood (1993)]], pp. 65.</ref> Nihena be ny fifindran' ny Frantsay tany amin' ireo zanatany tao Kanada nandritra ny Revôlisiôna sy taorian' izany. Mpanao asa tanana, mpanao asa mitaky fahaizana manokana ary mpitondra fivavahana voafetra isa ihany, izay anisan' ireo ''émigrés'' (olona nandao ny taniny ka nonina tany an-tsesitany), no navela hanorim-ponenana tao amin' ilay faritra nandritra izany vanim-potoana izany.<ref name="canimmg2">Serge Dupuis, [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/french-immigration-in-canada ''French Immigration in Canada''], ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', Historica Canada, 26 February 2018. Nijerena tamin' ny 3 January 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210814100847/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/french-immigration-in-canada Tahiry] tamin' ny 14 August 2021; url-status=live.</ref> Ny ankamaroan' ireo ''émigrés'' dia nanorim-ponenana tao [[Montréal]] na tao [[Québec (tanàna)|Quebec]].<ref name="canimmg2"/> Namelona indray ny Fiangonana Katolika teo an-toerana koa ny fahatongavan' ireo ''émigrés'' mpitondra fivavahana, ary nanangana paroasy maromaro nanerana ireo zanatany tao Kanada ireo pretra tany an-tsesitany.<ref name="canimmg2"/> Tany Etazonia, niteraka fisaraham-bazana lalina teo amin' ny fiainana ara-politika amerikanina ny Revôlisiôna frantsay, ary izany fisaraham-bazana izany no nitarika ny fiforonan' ny rafitra voalohany niorenan' ny fifaninanana teo amin' ny antoko politika tao Etazonia. Tamin' ny 1793, raha nipoaka ny ady tany Eorôpa, dia nankasitraka an' i Frantsa notarihin' ny mpanao revôlisiôna ny Antoko Demôkratika-Repoblikana, izay notarihin' i [[Thomas Jefferson]], solontena diplômatikan' i Etazonia tany Frantsa teo aloha, sady nampahatsiahy ilay fifanekena tamin' ny 1778 izay mbola nanan-kery. Nanapa-kevitra i [[George Washington]] sy ny minisitra rehetra tao amin' ny governemantany, izay niray hevitra tanteraka ary nahitana an' i Jefferson, fa tsy nanery an' i Etazonia hiditra tamin' ny ady io fifanekena io. Nanambara kosa i Washington fa tsy hiandany amin' izay niady i Etazonia.<ref>Susan Dunn, ''Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light'' (2000).</ref> == Fandalinana ny fanoratana tantara == Lahatsoratra fototra: Fandalinana ny fanoratana ny tantaran' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. Nosoratana saika tamin' ny fotoana nitrangan' ny zava-niseho ireo asa soratra voalohany momba ny Revôlisiôna frantsay, ary ny foto-kevitra ara-politika no tena nampisaraka azy ireo. Anisan' izany ny tsikera mpandala ny nentin-drazana nataon' i [[Edmund Burke]], tao amin' ny ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' (1790), sy ny valin-tenin' i Thomas Paine, tao amin' ny ''Rights of Man'' (1791).<ref name="FR-sfn-233">[[#CITEREFRudé1988|Rudé (1988)]], pp. 12–14.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny 1815, dia ireo boky nitantara ny fizotry ny zava-niseho no nanjaka, ary matetika izy ireny no nifototra tamin' ny zavatra niainan' ny mpanoratra mivantana nandritra ny taona nisian' ny revôlisiôna. Teo antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nipoitra ny asa tantara nifototra bebe kokoa tamin' ny fikarohana nataon' ny manam-pahaizana manokana. Niantehitra tamin' ny tahirin-kevitra tany am-boalohany sy tamin' ny fandinihana mitsikera kokoa ireo fitantarana nosoratana tamin' ny andron' ny zava-niseho ireny asa ireny.<ref name="FR-sfn-234">[[#CITEREFDupuy2013|Dupuy (2013)]], pp. 486–487.</ref> [[File:Hippolyte Taine cropped.png|thumb|right|200px|alt=Hippolyte Taine.|Hippolyte Taine, mpahay tantara mpandala ny nentin-drazana izay nandalina ny Revôlisiôna frantsay.]] [[File:Georges_Lefebvre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Georges Lefebvre.|Georges Lefebvre, mpahay tantara manaraka ny foto-kevitr' i Marx izay nandalina ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. Sary: Jules Marchand; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0] (fahazoan-dalana mitaky fanononana ny mpamorona sy fizarana amin' ny fepetra mitovy).]] Araka ny fanasokajian' i Dupuy, dia nisy fironana lehibe telo teo amin' ny fanoratana ny tantaran' ny Revôlisiôna nandritra ny taonjato faha-19. Ny voalohany dia ireo mpanoratra nanohitra ny fiovana sy nandala ny fiverenana amin' ny lamina taloha. Nolavin' izy ireo ireo foto-kevitry ny revôlisiôna momba ny fahefana faratampony ananan' ny vahoaka sy ny fitovian-jo sivily, ary koa ny fanomezana lanja kokoa ny fisainana mampiasa ny saina, ny fandrosoana ary ny fahasambaran' ny tsirairay noho ny finoana ara-pivavahana. Ny faharoa dia ireo mpanoratra nidera ny soatoavina demôkratika sy repoblikana nentin' ny revôlisiôna. Ny fahatelo dia ireo mpandala ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay, toa an' i Germaine de Staël sy Guizot. Neken' izy ireo fa nilaina ny fanavaozana nametraka lalàm-panorenana sy ny zon' olombelona, nefa nolaviny kosa ny fitsabahan' ny fanjakana tamin' ny fananan' olon-tsotra sy ny zon' ny tsirairay, na dia notohanan' ny maro anisa tamin' ny fomba demôkratika aza izany fitsabahana izany.<ref name="FR-sfn-235">[[#CITEREFDupuy2013|Dupuy (2013)]], pp. 487–488.</ref> Anisan' ny mpahay tantara nitana toerana lehibe teo amin' ny fironana demôkratika sy repoblikana tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 i Jules Michelet, ary nisongadina teo amin' ny fironana mpandala ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay kosa i [[Adolphe Thiers|Thiers]], Mignet ary Tocqueville.<ref name="FR-sfn-236">[[#CITEREFRudé1988|Rudé (1988)]], pp. 441–442, 444–445.</ref> Nampiasa fomba maoderina ny bokin' i Hippolyte Taine, ''Origins of Contemporary France'' (1875–1894), tamin' ny nianteherany tamin' ny tahirin-kevitry ny departemanta. Na izany aza, dia sokajin' i Dupuy ho anisan' ny mpanohitra ny fiovana sy mpandala ny fiverenana amin' ny lamina taloha i Taine, noho ny fanamavoany ny vahoaka nihetsika anaty vondrona sy ny soatoavin' ny Revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-237">[[#CITEREFDupuy2013|Dupuy (2013)]], p. 488.</ref> Mbola nisy hatrany tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ny fanavahana ankapobeny teo amin' ny fandikana ny hevitry ny Revôlisiôna nataon' ny mpandala ny nentin-drazana, ny mpandala ny demôkrasia sy ny repoblika, ary ny mpandala ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay. Nihamaro anefa ny fanavahana an-tsipiriany teo amin' ny fanoratana tantara, ary nitombo ny lanja nomena ny famakafakana mitsikera ireo porofo avy amin' ny tahirin-kevitra.<ref name="FR-sfn-237" /><ref name="FR-sfn-238">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 440.</ref> I Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928) no mpahay tantara voalohany nanao ny fandinihana ny Revôlisiôna ho asa matihanina. Nampiroborobo ny fianarana ambaratonga ambony taorian' ny mari-pahaizana voalohany izy, sy ny fanontana asa soratra voaomana araka ny fomba fikarohana, ary ny gazety famoahana fikarohana.<ref name="FR-sfn-239">[[#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989|Furet sy Ozouf (1989)]], pp. 881–889.</ref><ref>last: Tendler; first: Joseph; date: 2013; title: ''Alphonse Aulard Revisited''; journal: ''European Review of History''; volume: 20; issue: 4; pages: 649–669; doi: 10.1080/13507486.2012.763159; s2cid: 143535928.</ref> Ny asa lehibe nosoratany, ''The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789–1804'' (1905), dia nanolotra fandikana ny Revôlisiôna araka ny fomba fijery demôkratika sy repoblikana.<ref name="FR-sfn-240">[[#CITEREFRudé1988|Rudé (1988)]], pp. 15–16.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1930, dia ny famakafakana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena ary ny fifantohana tamin' ny zavatra niainan' ny sarambabem-bahoaka no nanjaka teo amin' ny fikarohana frantsay momba ny Revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-241">[[#CITEREFRudé1988|Rudé (1988)]], pp. 16–19.</ref> Namolavola famakafakana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena ny revôlisiôna araka ny foto-kevitr' i Marx i Georges Lefebvre, tamin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana an-tsipiriany ny tantsaha, ny tahotra niely tany ambanivohitra tamin' ny 1789, ary ny fihetsiky ny vahoaka nihetsika anaty vondrona nandritra ny revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-242">[[#CITEREFDupuy2013|Dupuy (2013)]], p. 489.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-243">[[#CITEREFRudé1988|Rudé (1988)]], pp. 18–19.</ref> I Albert Soboul, izay nanoratra tao anatin' ny fomba fikarohana nanaraka ny foto-kevitr' i Marx sy nandala ny repoblika ihany koa, dia namoaka fandinihana lehibe momba ny ''sans-culottes'', vondrona mpomba ny revôlisiôna avy amin' ny sarambabem-bahoaka an-tanàn-dehibe, tamin' ny 1958.<ref name="FR-sfn-244">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 444.</ref> Nitsikera ireo fanazavana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena ny revôlisiôna araka ny fomba fijery jakôbina sy ny foto-kevitr' i Marx i Alfred Cobban, tao amin' ny asa lehibe roa nosoratany: ''The Myth of the French Revolution'' (1955) sy ''Social Interpretation of the French Revolution'' (1964). Araka ny heviny, dia fifandirana ara-politika indrindra ny Revôlisiôna, ary nifarana tamin' ny fandresen' ireo tompom-pananana mpandala ny nentin-drazana izany. Io vokatra io, hoy izy, no nampiadana ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena.<ref name="FR-sfn-245">[[#CITEREFRudé1988|Rudé (1988)]], p. 20.</ref><ref name="FR-sfn-246">[[#CITEREFDoyle1990|Doyle (1990)]], p. 445.</ref> Tao amin' ny asa nosoratany tamin' ny 1965, ''La Revolution française'', dia nanamafy ihany koa i François Furet sy Denis Richet fa ny fanapahan-kevitra ara-politika no nanana anjara toerana voalohany. Navahan' izy ireo ny vanim-potoana nanaovana fanavaozana tamin' ny 1789 ka hatramin' ny 1790 sy ny fandraisan' ny vahoaka marobe an-tanàn-dehibe anjara taorian' izany, izay nitarika ho amin' ny fandraisana fomba fijery sy fihetsika nitaky fanovana lalina kokoa ary ho amin' ny toe-javatra tsy azo nofehezin' ny fitondrana intsony.<ref name="FR-sfn-247">[[#CITEREFDupuy2013|Dupuy (2013)]], p. 490.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990, dia nilaozan' ny ankamaroan' ny manam-pahaizana tandrefana ny fandikana ny revôlisiôna araka ny foto-kevitr' i Marx ho adin-tsaranga teo amin' ny tompon' ny fitaovam-pamokarana sy ny mpiasa mivelona amin' ny fivarotana ny herin' ny tenany, satria noheverin' izy ireo fa nampihatra fomba fijery tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny vanim-potoana nitrangan' ny zava-niseho izany. Tsy mbola nisy fomba fanazavana vaovao nahazo fanohanana niely patrana anefa.<ref name="FR-sfn-216" /><ref name="FR-sfn-248">[[#CITEREFBell2004|Bell (2004)]], pp. 323–351.</ref> Niitatra ho amin' ny sehatra toy ny tantara ara-kolontsaina sy ny tantaram-paritra, ny fanehoana an-tsary, ny fandikana mandinika ny fifandraisana mihoatra ny sisin-tany, ary ny fanafoanana ny fanjanahantany ny fanoratana sy ny fandinihana ny tantaran' ny Revôlisiôna.<ref name="FR-sfn-247" /> == Jereo koa == * Vanim-potoanan' ny revôlisiôna * Revôlisiôna mampanjaka ny sarangan' ny tompom-pananana * Cordeliers * Demôkrasia (fitondrana ananan' ny vahoaka ny fahefana) any Eorôpa * Lisitry ny voambolana momba ny Revôlisiôna frantsay sy ny fanazavana azy * Tantaran' i Frantsa * Tantaran' i Savoy (1792–1815) * Fiantraikan' ny Revôlisiôna amerikanina tamin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay * Lisitry ny sarimihetsika ahitana tantara miseho nandritra ny Revôlisiôna frantsay sy ny adin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay * Lisitry ny olona mifandray amin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay * Lisitry ny vondrona pôlitika nandritra ny Revôlisiôna frantsay * ''Musée de la Révolution française'' (Mozean' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay) * Paris tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 * Fampidirana an' i Savoy ho anisan' i Frantsa (1792) * Filaharan' ny zava-nitranga nandritra ny Revôlisiôna frantsay araka ny daty == Fanamarihana == <references group="fanamarihana" /> == Loharanon-kevitra == === Fanondroana loharano === <references /> === Loharano === * <span id="CITEREFAndress2006"></span>Andress, David (2006). ''The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France''. Farrar Straus Giroux. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3742-7341-5</nowiki>; <nowiki>OL 3424389M</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFAndress2015"></span>Andress, David (mpandrindra ny boky) (2015). ''The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1996-3974-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBaker1978"></span>Baker, Keith Michael (1978). ''[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1978-06_50_2/page/279 French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI]''. ''Journal of Modern History'', boky 50, laharana 2, tak. 279–303. <nowiki>DOI 10.1086/241697</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 1877422</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 222427515</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBaker1994"></span>Baker, Keith Michael (1994). ''The Idea of a Declaration of Rights''. Ao amin' ny boky narindran' i Van Kley, Dale K., ''The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789''. Stanford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8047-2355-9</nowiki>; <nowiki>OL 19524216W</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBarton1967"></span>Barton, Ha (1967). ''The Origins of the Brunswick Manifesto''. ''French Historical Studies'', boky 5, laharana 2, tak. 146–169. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/286173</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 286173</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBehrens1976"></span>Behrens, Betty (1976). ''A Revision Defended: Nobles, Privileges, and Taxes in France''. ''French Historical Studies'', boky 9, laharana 3, tak. 521–527. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/286235</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 286235</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBell2004"></span>Bell, David A. (2004). ''Class, consciousness, and the fall of the bourgeois revolution''. ''Critical Review'', boky 16, laharana 2–3, tak. 323–351. <nowiki>DOI 10.1080/08913810408443613</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 144241323</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBetros2010"></span>Betros, Gemma (2010). ''[https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-revolution-and-catholic-church The French Revolution and the Catholic Church]''. ''History Today'', laharana 68. Nojerena tamin' ny 19 October 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081251/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-revolution-and-catholic-church Tahiry an-tranonkala] tamin' ny 18 March 2023. Toetry ny adiresin-tranonkala voarakitra: ''live'' (mbola miasa). * <span id="CITEREFBlanning1996"></span>Blanning, Timothy C. W. (1996). ''The French Revolutionary Wars: 1787–1802''. Hodder Arnold. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3406-4533-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBrezisCrouzet1995"></span>Brezis, Elise S.; Crouzet, François (1995). ''The role of assignats during the French Revolution: An evil or a rescuer?''. ''Journal of European Economic History'', boky 24, laharana 1. * <span id="CITEREFBrown2006"></span>Brown, Howard G. (2006). ''Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice, and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon''. University of Virginia Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8139-2546-2</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBrown1995"></span>Brown, Howard G. (1995). ''War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State Politics and Army Administration in France, 1791-1799''. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1982-0542-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCerulo1993"></span>Cerulo, Karen A. (1993). ''[https://archive.org/details/sim_sociological-forum_1993-06_8_2/page/243 Symbols and the world system: national anthems and flags]''. ''Sociological Forum'', boky 8, laharana 2, tak. 243–271. <nowiki>DOI 10.1007/BF01115492</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 144023960</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCenserHunt2001"></span>Censer, Jack; Hunt, Lynn (2001). ''Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution''. Pennsylvania State University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-2710-2088-4</nowiki>; <nowiki>OL 6783315M</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFChanel2015"></span>Chanel, Gerri (2015). ''[http://www.ejournals.eu/pliki/art/7257/pl Taxation as a Cause of the French Revolution: Setting the Record Straight]''. ''Studia Historica Gedansia'', boky 3. Nojerena tamin' ny 20 September 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005014/https://www.ejournals.eu/pliki/art/7257/pl Tahiry an-tranonkala] tamin' ny 21 September 2021. Toetry ny adiresin-tranonkala voarakitra: ''live'' (mbola miasa). * <span id="CITEREFChapman2005"></span>Chapman, Jane (2005). ''Republican citizenship, ethics and the French revolutionary press''. ''Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics'', boky 2, laharana 1. * <span id="CITEREFChisick1988"></span>Chisick, Harvey (1988). ''Pamphlets and Journalism in the Early French Revolution: The Offices of the Ami du Roi of the Abbé Royou as a Center of Royalist Propaganda''. ''French Historical Studies'', boky 15, laharana 4, tak. 623–645. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/286549</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 286549</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFChisick1993"></span>Chisick, Harvey (1993). ''The pamphlet literature of the French revolution: An overview''. ''History of European Ideas'', boky 17, laharana 2, tak. 149–166. <nowiki>DOI 10.1016/0191-6599(93)90289-3</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFClark2000"></span>Clark, J.C.D. (2000). ''English Society: 1660–1832; Religion, Ideology and Politics During the Ancient Regime''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5216-6627-5</nowiki>; <nowiki>OL 16970384M</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFClay2015"></span>Clay, Lauren (2015). ''The Bourgoisie, Capitalism and the Origins of the French Revolution''. Ao amin' ny [[#CITEREFAndress2015|Andress (2015)]]. * <span id="CITEREFCobban1963"></span>Cobban, Alfred (1963). ''A History of Modern France''. Boky I, 1715-1799. Penguin. * <span id="CITEREFCobban1964"></span>Cobban, Alfred (1964). ''The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution''. Fanontana: 1999. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>OL 5770047M</nowiki>; <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5216-6151-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFConner2012"></span>Conner, Clifford (2012). ''Jean-Paul Marat: Tribune of the French Revolution''. Pluto Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7453-3193-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCough1987"></span>Cough, Hugh (1987). ''Genocide and the Bicentenary: the French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee''. ''Historical Journal'', boky 30, laharana 4, tak. [https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1987-12_30_4/page/977 977–988]. <nowiki>DOI 10.1017/S0018246X00022433</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 159724928</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCrook1996"></span>Crook, Malcolm (1996). ''Elections in the French Revolution: An Apprenticeship in Democracy, 1789-1799''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5214-5191-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCrowdy2004"></span>Crowdy, Terry (2004). ''French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802''. Osprey. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-8417-6660-7</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCrowe2005"></span>Crowe, Ian (2005). ''An Imaginative Whig: Reassessing the Life and Thought of Edmund Burke''. University of Missouri Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8262-6419-0</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDalton2001"></span>Dalton, Susan (2001). ''Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland''. ''Canadian Journal of History'', boky 36, laharana 2, tak. 259–282. <nowiki>DOI 10.3138/cjh.36.2.259</nowiki>; <nowiki>PMID 18711850</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDannDinwiddy1988"></span>Dann, Otto; Dinwiddy, John (1988). ''Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution''. Continuum. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9076-2897-2</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDavidson2016"></span>Davidson, Ian (2016). ''The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny''. Profile Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-8466-8541-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDelonLevayer1989"></span>Delon, Michel; Levayer, Paul-Édouard (1989). ''Chansonnier révolutionnaire''. Éditions Gallimard. <nowiki>ISBN 2-0703-2530-X</nowiki>. Amin' ny teny frantsay (fr). * <span id="CITEREFDesanHuntNelson2013"></span>Desan, Suzanne; Hunt, Lynn; Nelson, William (2013). ''The French Revolution in Global Perspective''. Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-5096-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDoyle1990"></span>Doyle, William (1990). ''The Oxford History of the French Revolution''. Oxford University Press. Fanontana: ''3rd (2018)''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1988-0493-2</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDoyle2009"></span>Doyle, William (2009). ''Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution''. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1916-0971-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDubois2004"></span>Dubois, Laurent (2004). ''A Colony of Citizens: Revolution & Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804''. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0807855367</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFDupuy2013"></span>Dupuy, Pascal (2013). ''The Revolution in History, Commemoration, and Memory''. Ao amin' ny [[#CITEREFMcPhee2013|McPhee (2013)]]. * <span id="CITEREFDwyer2008"></span>Dwyer, Philip (2008). ''[https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye Napoleon: The Path to Power 1769–1799]''. Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3001-4820-6</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFFehér1990"></span>Fehér, Ferenc (1990). ''[https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity]''. University of California Press. Fanontana: 1992. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5200-7120-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFFinleyFranckJohnson2017"></span>Finley, Theresa; Franck, Raphael; Johnson, Noel (2017). ''The Effects of Land Redistribution: Evidence from the French Revolution''. ''George Mason University''. <nowiki>SSRN 3033094</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFForster1967"></span>Forster, Robert (1967). ''The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution''. ''Past & Present'', laharana 37, tak. 71–86. <nowiki>DOI 10.1093/past/37.1.71</nowiki>. <nowiki>JSTOR 650023</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFFranckMichalopoulos2017"></span>Franck, Raphaël; Michalopoulos, Stelios (2017). ''[https://www.minneapolisfed.org/institute/working-papers-institute/iwp2.pdf Emigration during the French Revolution: Consequences in the Short and Longue Durée]''. ''NBER Working Paper No. 23936''. <nowiki>DOI 10.3386/w23936</nowiki>. <nowiki>S2CID 134086399</nowiki>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180220175239/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/institute/working-papers-institute/iwp2.pdf Dika voatahiry] tamin' ny 2018-02-20. 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Fanontana: 2010. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-2302-0181-1</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFGreenwood1993"></span>Greenwood, Frank Murray (1993). ''Legacies of Fear: Law and Politics in Quebec in the Era of the French Revolution''. University of Toronto Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8020-6974-0</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHanson2007"></span>Hanson, Paul (2007). ''The A to Z of the French Revolution''. Scarecrow Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4617-1606-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHanson2009"></span>Hanson, Paul (2009). ''Contesting the French Revolution''. Blackwell Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4051-6083-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHarden1995"></span>Harden, David J. (1995). ''[https://archive.org/details/sim_past-present_1995-02_146/page/66 Liberty Caps and Liberty Trees]''. ''Past & Present'', laharana 146, tak. 66–102. <nowiki>DOI 10.1093/past/146.1.66</nowiki>. <nowiki>JSTOR 651152</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHargreaves-Mawdsley1968"></span>Hargreaves-Mawdsley, William (1968). ''Spain under the Bourbons, 1700–1833''. Palgrave Macmillan. * <span id="CITEREFHayworth2015"></span>Hayworth, Justin (2015). ''[https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822845/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf Conquering the natural frontier: French expansion to the Rhine during the War of the First Coalition 1792–1797]''. Lahatsoratra hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana <nowiki>PHD</nowiki> (doktorà). North Texas University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200324000839/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822845/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf Dika voatahiry] tamin' ny 2020-03-24. Satan' ny rohy araka ny loharano: <nowiki>live</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHibbert1982"></span>Hibbert, Christopher (1982). ''The French Revolution''. Penguin. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1400-4945-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHorstbollOstergård1990"></span>Horstboll, Henrik; Ostergård, Uffe (1990). 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Fiteny: <nowiki>Fr</nowiki> (frantsay). * <span id="CITEREFIsrael2014"></span>Israel, Jonathan (2014). ''Revolutionary ideas, an intellectual history of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre''. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-6911-5172-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFJessene2013"></span>Jessene, Jean-Pierre (2013). ''The Social and Economic Crisis in France at the End of the Ancien Régime''. Ao amin' ny [[#CITEREFMcPhee2013|McPhee (2013)]]. * <span id="CITEREFJones1988"></span>Jones, Peter M. (1988). ''The Peasantry in the French Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5213-3070-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>OL 2031722M</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFJordan2004"></span>Jordan, David (2004). ''The King's Trial: The French Revolution versus Louis XVI''. University of California Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5202-3697-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFJourdan2015"></span>Jourdan, Annie (2015). ''Tumultuous contexts and radical ideas (1783-89). 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Harvard University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-6740-0624-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFLudwikowski1990"></span>Ludwikowski, Rhett (1990). ''[https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/151153 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the American Constitutional Development]''. ''The American Journal of Comparative Law'', boky 2, p. 445–462. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/840552</nowiki>. <nowiki>JSTOR 840552</nowiki>. <nowiki>S2CID 143656851</nowiki>. Fidirana: ''subscription'' (mila famandrihana). * <span id="CITEREFLyons1975"></span>Lyons, Martyn (1975). ''[https://archive.org/details/franceunderdirec0000lyon France under the Directory]''. Fanontana 2008. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5210-9950-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFMartin1987"></span>Martin, Jean-Clément (1987). ''La Vendée et la France''. Éditions du Seuil. Fiteny: Fr (frantsay). * <span id="CITEREFMarzagalli2015"></span>Marzagalli, Sylvia (2015). 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Boky 2. * <span id="CITEREFPalmer1986"></span>Palmer, Robert R. (1986). ''[https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-education-quarterly_summer-1986_26_2/page/181 How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution]''. ''History of Education Quarterly'', boky 26, laharana 2, p. 181–197. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/368736</nowiki>. <nowiki>JSTOR 368736</nowiki>. <nowiki>S2CID 147116875</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFPalmerColton1995"></span>Palmer, Robert R.; Colton, Joel (1995). ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679432531 A History of the Modern World]''. Alfred A Knopf. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-6794-3253-1</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFPas2008"></span>Pas, Niek (2008). ''De geschiedenis van Frankrijk in een notendop: (bijna) alles wat je altijd wilde weten''. Bakker. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9-0351-3170-5</nowiki>. Fiteny: nl (nerlandey). * <span id="CITEREFPelling2002"></span>Pelling, Nick (2002). ''Anglo-Irish Relations: 1798-1922''. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-2039-8655-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFPrice2003"></span>Price, Munro (2003). ''[https://archive.org/details/roadfromversaill00pric The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy]''. St Martins Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3122-6879-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFRégent2013"></span>Régent, Frédéric (2013). ''A Companion to the French Revolution'', ao amin' ny [[#CITEREFMcPhee2013|McPhee, 2013]]. * <span id="CITEREFRiemerSimon1997"></span>Riemer, Neal; Simon, Douglas (1997). ''The New World of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science''. Rowman & Littlefield. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9396-9341-2</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFRossHoltermannBindreiter2019"></span>Ross, A.; Holtermann, J.H.; Bindreiter, U. (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JzG-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA323 On Law and Justice]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1910-2579-2</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 2023-02-09. 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''Religion according to Napoleon; the limitations of pragmatism in Religious Change in Europe 1650–1914: Essays for John McManners''. Aston, Nigel (mpandrindra). Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1982-0596-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2007"></span>Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007). ''Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815''. Greenwood. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3130-4951-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFFuret1981"></span>Furet, François (1981). ''Interpreting the French Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. * <span id="CITEREFFuret1995"></span>Furet, François (1995). ''Revolutionary France, 1770–1880''. Blackwell Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-6311-9808-6</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFFursenkoMcArthur1976"></span>Fursenko, A.A. sy McArthur, Gilbert (1976). [https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1976-07_33_3/page/481 ''The American and French Revolutions Compared: The View from the U.S.S.R.'']. ''The William and Mary Quarterly'', boky 33, laharana 3, pejy 481. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/1921544</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 1921544</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFGarrioch1994"></span>Garrioch, David (1994). ''The People of Paris and Their Police in the Eighteenth Century: Reflections on the introduction of a 'modern' police force''. ''European History Quarterly'', boky 24, laharana 4, pejy 511–535. <nowiki>DOI 10.1177/026569149402400402</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 144460864</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFGershoy1957"></span>Gershoy, Leo (1957). ''The Era of the French Revolution''. Van Nostrand. Fanontana tamin' ny 1984: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8987-4718-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFGoldhammer2005"></span>Goldhammer, Jesse (2005). [https://archive.org/details/headlessrepublic00gold_0 ''The headless republic: Sacrificial violence in modern French thought'']. Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-4150-9</nowiki>; <nowiki>OCLC 783283094</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHampson1988"></span>Hampson, Norman (1988). [https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryoff0000hamp ''A Social History of the French Revolution'']. Toerana namoahana: Routledge. University of Toronto Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7100-6525-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHibbert1980"></span>Hibbert, Christopher (1980). [https://archive.org/details/daysoffrenchrevo0000hibb ''The Days of the French Revolution'']. Quill, William Morrow. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-6880-3704-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHufton1983"></span>Hufton, Olwen (1983). [https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_autumn-1983_14_2/page/303 ''Social Conflict and the Grain Supply in Eighteenth-Century France'']. ''The Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', boky 14, laharana 2, pejy 303–331. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/203707</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 203707</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHunt1996"></span>Hunt, Lynn (1996). ''The French Revolution and Human Rights''. Bedford/St. Martins. Fanontana 2016. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-3190-4903-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFJames1963"></span>James, C. L. R. (1963). ''The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution''. Penguin Books. Fanontana 2001. * <span id="CITEREFJefferson1903"></span>Jefferson, Thomas (1903). ''The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. XII: Correspondence and Papers 1808–1816''. Cosimo Classics. Mpanomana ny fanontana: Ford, Paul. Fanontana 2010. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-6164-0215-0</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFJourdan2007"></span>Jourdan, Annie (2007). [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0642292.0035.012 ''The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch Influences'']. ''The Western Society for French History'', boky 35, laharana 2. University of Amsterdam. <nowiki>HDL 2027/spo.0642292.0035.012</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFKołakowski1978"></span>Kołakowski, Leszek (1978). ''Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown''. W.W. Norton. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3930-6054-6</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFLefebvre1947"></span>Lefebvre, Georges (1947). [https://archive.org/details/comingoffrenchre0000lefe ''The Coming of the French Revolution'']. Princeton University Press. Fanontana 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-6911-2188-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFLefebvre1963"></span>Lefebvre, Georges (1963). [https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000lefe_m6h9 ''The French Revolution: From 1793 to 1799'']. Boky II. New York: Columbia University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-231-02519-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFLefebvre1964"></span>Lefebvre, Georges (1964). [https://archive.org/details/thermidoriansd00lefe/page/n9/mode/2up ''The Thermidorians & The Directory'']. New York and Toronto: Random House. * <span id="CITEREFLéonard1977"></span>Léonard, Jacques (1977). ''Femmes, Religion et Médecine: Les Religieuses qui Soignent, en France au XIXe Siècle''. ''Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations'', boky 32, laharana 55. Amin' ny teny frantsay (kaodin-teny: Fr). * <span id="CITEREFMcHugh2012"></span>McHugh, Tim (2012). ''Expanding Women's Rural Medical Work in Early Modern Brittany: The Daughters of the Holy Spirit''. ''History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', boky 67, laharana 3, pejy 428–456. <nowiki>DOI 10.1093/jhmas/jrr032</nowiki>; <nowiki>PMC 3376001</nowiki>; <nowiki>PMID 21724643</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFMcMillan1999"></span>McMillan, James H. (1999). [https://archive.org/details/francewomen178910000mcmi ''France and women, 1789–1914: gender, society and politics'']. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-4152-2602-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFMarx1983"></span>Marx, Karl (1983). [https://archive.org/details/portablekarlmarx0000marx ''The Paris Commune and the Future of Socialism: 1870–1882 in The Portable Karl Marx'']. Penguin Books. Mpanomana ny fanontana: Kamenka, Eugene. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-1401-5096-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFMitchell1984"></span>Mitchell, CJ (1984). ''Political Divisions within the Legislative Assembly of 1791''. ''French Historical Studies'', boky 13, laharana 3, pejy 356–389. <nowiki>DOI 10.2307/286298</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 286298</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFNeely2008"></span>Neely, Sylvia (2008). [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00neel ''A Concise History of the French Revolution'']. Rowman & Littlefield. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7425-3411-7</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFRossignol2006"></span>Rossignol, Marie-Jeanne (2006). ''The American Revolution in France: Under the Shadow of the French Revolution in Europe's American Revolution''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-2302-8845-4</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFShlapentokh1996"></span>Shlapentokh, Dmitry (1996). ''A problem in self-identity: Russian intellectual thought in the context of the French Revolution''. ''European Studies'', boky 26, laharana 1, pejy 61–76. <nowiki>DOI 10.1177/004724419602600104</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 145177231</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFSepinwall2017"></span>Sepinwall, Alyssa Goldstein (2017). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44478370 ''Beyond "The Black Jacobins": Haitian Revolutionary Historiography Comes of Age'']. ''Journal of Haitian Studies'', boky 23, laharana 1, pejy 17. <nowiki>DOI 10.1353/jhs.2017.0000</nowiki>; <nowiki>JSTOR 44478370</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 158697106</nowiki>. Daty nijerena: 12 April 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230410035456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44478370 Tahiry], datin' ny tahiry: 10 April 2023. Toetry ny rohy: mbola miasa; fidirana: mila famandrihana. * <span id="CITEREFSoboul1977"></span>Soboul, Albert (1977). [https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffr00sobo ''A short history of the French Revolution: 1789–1799'']. University of California Press, Ltd. Mpandray anjara hafa: Geoffrey Symcox. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-5200-3419-8</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFSoperFetzer2003"></span>Soper, J. Christopher; Fetzer, Joel S. (2003). ''Explaining the accommodation of Muslim religious practices in France, Britain, and Germany''. ''French Politics'', boky 1, laharana 1, pejy 39–59. <nowiki>DOI 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200018</nowiki>; <nowiki>S2CID 145008815</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFStewart1951"></span>Stewart, John (1951). [https://archive.org/details/documentarysurve0000stew ''A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution'']. Macmillan. * <span id="CITEREFThompson1952"></span>Thompson, J.M. (1952). [https://archive.org/details/robespierrefrenc0000unse ''Robespierre and the French Revolution'']. The English Universities Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-3400-8369-7</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFThompson1959"></span>Thompson, J.M. (1959). ''The French Revolution''. Basil Blackwell. * <span id="CITEREFTombsTombs2007"></span>Tombs, Robert; Tombs, Isabelle (2007). ''That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present''. Random House. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4000-4024-7</nowiki>. == Rohy ivelany == Anisan' ny loharanon-pahalalana mifandraika amin' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay ny Commons (tahiry iombonan' ny sary sy rakitra hafa), ny Wikiquote (fanangonana teny notsongaina), ary ny loharanon' ny tranomboky, anisan' izany ny boky azo vakina an-tserasera. * [http://www.domaine-vizille.fr/ ''Museum of the French Revolution''] (tranombakoka momba ny Revôlisiôna frantsay), amin' ny teny frantsay. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html Tahirin-kevitra loharano mivantana (''Primary source documents'')] avy amin' ny ''The Internet Modern History Sourcebook'' (fanangonana tahirin-kevitra an-tserasera momba ny tantara môderina). * [http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ ''Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution''] (Fahafahana, fitoviana, firahalahiana: fandinihana ny Revôlisiôna frantsay), tranonkala niarahan' ny ''Center for History and New Media'' (foibe momba ny tantara sy ny fampitam-baovao amin' ny endriny vaovao) ao amin' ny ''George Mason University'' (Oniversite George Mason) sy ny ''American Social History Project'' (tetikasa momba ny tantara ara-tsosialy amerikanina) ao amin' ny ''City University of New York'' (oniversiten' ny tanànan' i New York) namolavola. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140130232229/http://frda-stage.stanford.edu/en/images ''French Revolution Digital Archive''] (tahiry nomerika momba ny Revôlisiôna frantsay), vokatry ny fiaraha-miasan' ny ''Stanford University Libraries'' (tranombokin' ny Oniversite Stanford) sy ny ''Bibliothèque nationale de France'' (Tranombokim-pirenen' i Frantsa). Ahitana sary 12000 navadika ho endrika nomerika io tahiry io. * [http://les.guillotines.free.fr/ ''The guillotined of the French Revolution''] (ireo novonoina tamin' ny fitaovana fanapahan-doha nandritra ny Revôlisiôna frantsay), izay misy takelaka mirakitra fampahalalana momba ireo rehetra voaheloka ho faty nandritra ny Revôlisiôna frantsay. * [https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/UPENN_RBML_PUSP.MS.COLL.515 ''Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers''] (tahirin-taratasin' i Jean-Baptiste Lingaud), ao amin' ny ''Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts'' (foibe Kislak misahana ny tahiry manokana, ny boky tsy fahita firy ary ny sora-tanana) ao amin' ny ''University of Pennsylvania'' (Oniversiten' i Pennsylvania). Ahitana lisitry ny anarana sy firaketana momba ny fanaraha-maso miafina maro dia maro io tahiry io, ary koa didy fampisamborana ireo andriana sy ny mpanohana azy. Anisan' ny misongadina indrindra ao amin' io ampahan' ny tahiry io ny taratasy sy tahirin-kevitra avy amin' ny ''Revolutionary Committee'' (komitin' ny revôlisiôna) sy ny ''Surveillance Committee'' (komity mpanara-maso). * [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18375 ''French Revolution Pamphlets''] (bokikely momba ny Revôlisiôna frantsay), ao amin' ny ''Division of Special Collections'' (sampana misahana ny tahiry manokana) ao amin' ny ''University of Alabama Libraries'' (tranombokin' ny Oniversiten' i Alabama). Ahitana bokikely miresaka politika mihoatra ny 300, izay navadika ho endrika nomerika, io tahiry io. Anisan' ny mpanoratra azy ireo i Robespierre, St. Juste, Desmoulins ary Danton. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547gg ''"The French Revolution's Legacy"''] (ny lova navelan' ny Revôlisiôna frantsay), fifanakalozan-kevitra tao amin' ny BBC Radio 4 (onjam-peon' ny BBC, mpampita fandaharana amin' ny radio), niarahana tamin' i Stefan Collini, Anne Janowitz ary Andrew Roberts, tao amin' ny fandaharana ''In Our Time'', tamin' ny 14 Jona 2001. [[:Sokajy:Tantaran'i Frantsa]] 5tfbcj8bdrdgade6rb13hbv2voiy854 2 302727 1153740 2026-11-11T19:49:55Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373894155 1153740 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ Rafi-pitatitra ! Anarana | Rafi-pitatitra |- ! Anarana latina | ''systema nervosum'' |} [[File:TE-Nervous system diagram.svg|thumb|Ny rafi-pitatitry ny olombelona]] Ao amin' ny [[Biôlôjia|biôlôjia]], ny '''rafi-pitatitra''' dia ampahany amin' ny [[Biby|biby]] izay ahitana singa maro mifandray amin' ny fomba tena sarotra, ary mandrindra ny fihetsiny sy ny hafatra avy amin' ny fahatsapany, amin' ny alalan' ny fampitana famantarana elektrika miova vetivety ka miely manaraka ny fonon' ny sela mankany amin' ny faritra samihafa amin' ny vatany sy avy amin' ireo faritra ireo. Mahatsikaritra ny fiovan' ny tontolo iainana izay misy fiantraikany amin' ny vatana ny rafi-pitatitra, ary miara-miasa amin' ny rafitra mpamokatra sy mpamoaka hôrmônina (na rafitra mampita hafatra simika amin' ny alalan' ny ra) mba hamaliana ireny fiovana ireny.<ref>Tortora, G.J.; Derrickson, B. (2016). ''Principles of Anatomy and Physiology''. Fanontana 15th. J. Wiley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-119-34373-8</nowiki>.</ref> Tao amin' ny zavamananaina nitovitovy endrika tamin' ny kankana no nipoitra voalohany ny tambatsela mpitatitra hafatra (na fitambaran-tsela miara-miasa), tokony ho 550–600 tapitrisa taona lasa izay. Ao amin' ny [[Biby manana hazondamosina|biby misy hazondamosina]], dia misy ampahany lehibe roa izy: ny CNS (rafi-pitatitra foibe) sy ny PNS (rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe). Ny [[Atidoha|atidoha]] sy ny tsokan-damosina no mandrafitra ny CNS. Ny PNS kosa dia ahitana indrindra tadim-pitatitra (na amboaran-tsiratsiraka voafono), izay amboaran' ny tsiratsiraka lava atao hoe aksona, mampifandray ny CNS amin' ny faritra hafa rehetra amin' ny vatana. Ny tadim-pitatitra mampita famantarana avy amin' ny atidoha dia atao hoe tadim-pitatitra mampihetsika (na mitondra hafatra miala avy amin' ny foibe; ''efferent''), fa ireo mampita hafatra avy amin' ny vatana mankany amin' ny CNS kosa dia atao hoe tadim-pitatitra mandray fahatsapana (na mitondra hafatra mankany amin' ny foibe; ''afferent''). Mizara ho zana-rafitra roa miavaka ny PNS: ny rafi-pitatitra somatika (na ampahany mampifandray ny hoditra, ny tonon-taolana ary ny hozatra amin' ny foibe) sy ny rafi-pitatitra ôtônômika (na ampahany mandrindra ny fiasan' ny taova anatiny nefa tsy mila baiko an-tsitrapo). Mizara ho telo indray ny rafi-pitatitra ôtônômika: ny rafi-pitatitra simpatetika (na ampahany manetsika angovo amin' ny hamehana), ny rafi-pitatitra parasimpatetika (na ampahany miasa amin' ny fitsaharana) ary ny rafi-pitatitra enterika (na ampahany mandrindra ny vavony sy ny tsinay). Manomboka miasa ny rafi-pitatitra simpatetika amin' ny toe-javatra maika mba hanetsehana ny angovo azo ampiasain' ny vatana, fa ny rafi-pitatitra parasimpatetika kosa dia manomboka miasa rehefa miala sasatra ny zavamananaina. Ny rafi-pitatitra enterika dia mandrindra ny rafitry ny vavony sy ny tsinay. Ny tadim-pitatitra mivoaka avy amin' ny atidoha dia atao hoe tadim-pitatitry ny karandoha, fa ireo mivoaka avy amin' ny tsokan-damosina kosa dia atao hoe tadim-pitatitry ny tsokan-damosina. Ny tambatsela mpitatitra hafatra no mandrafitra ny rafi-pitatitra. Raha ny selany no dinihina, dia ny fisian' ny karazana sela manokana atao hoe [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) no mampiavaka azy. Manana rafitra manokana ny nerônina ka ahafahany mampita famantarana haingana sy amin' ny fomba voafaritra tsara amin' ny sela hafa. Amin' ny endrika tosika elektrôsimika, izany hoe vokatry ny fiovana elektrika sy simika, no ampitany ireo famantarana ireo manaraka ny tsiratsiraka manify atao hoe aksona. Azo ampitaina mivantana amin' ny sela mifanila aminy amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy elektrika (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra elektrika mivantana eo amin' ny sela) ireo tosika ireo, na mahatonga ny famoahana akora simika atao hoe akora mpampita hafatra eo amin' ny sela eo amin' ny sinapsy simika (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra amin' ny alalan' ny akora simika). Mety hitombo ny fahafahany miasa, hihena ny fahafahany miasa, na hiova amin' ny fomba hafa ny fiasany ny sela iray mandray famantarana avy amin' ny nerônina amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy. Ny fifandraisan' ny nerônina dia afaka mamorona lalam-pampitana hafatra, fitambaran' ny nerônina mifandray ho lalana iasan' ny hafatra, ary tambajotra lehibe kokoa ao amin' ny atidoha, izay mamorona ny fandraisan' ny zavamananaina ny tontolo manodidina azy amin' ny alalan' ny fahatsapana sy mamaritra ny fitondran-tenany. Ankoatra ny nerônina, dia misy sela manokana hafa atao hoe sela glialy (na sela manohana ny nerônina), izay antsoina tsotra koa hoe ''glia'', ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra. Manohana ny firafitry ny sela sy ny fizotran' ny fiovana simika ilainy mba hivelomany ireo sela glialy ireo. Maro amin' ny sela sy ny lalan-dra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra no miara-mandrafitra ny vondrona iasan' ny sela ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra sy ny lalan-dra. Io vondrona io no mandrindra ny fikorianan' ny ra ao amin' ny atidoha mba hahafahana mamaly haingana ny filàna angovo be ananan' ny nerônina rehefa miasa.<ref>Iadecola, Costantino (2017-09-27). ''The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease''. ''Neuron'', 96 (1), 17–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.030. ISSN: 1097-4199. PMCID: 5657612. <nowiki>PMID: 28957666</nowiki>.</ref> Manana rafi-pitatitra ny ankamaroan' ny biby misy sela maro, saingy samy hafa be ny hamaroan' ny singany sy ny fahasarotan' ny fifandraisan' ireo singa ireo.<ref name="Columbia" /> Ny sponjy, ny Placozoa ary ny Mesozoa, izay manana firafitry ny vatana tena tsotra, ihany no biby misy sela maro tsy manana rafi-pitatitra mihitsy. Ny rafi-pitatitry ny Ctenophora (na biby an-dranomasina manana andalana toy ny fihogo; ''comb jellies'') sy ny Cnidaria (izay ahitana ny anemôna an-dranomasina, ny hidra, ny haran-dranomasina ary ny medoza), izay samy zavamananaina manana bika mifandanja manodidina ny foibe, dia tambajotran-tsela mpitatitra hafatra miparitaka. Ny karazam-biby hafa rehetra, ankoatra ny karazana [[Kankana|kankana]] vitsivitsy, dia manana rafi-pitatitra ahitana atidoha, tady mpitatitra hafatra eo afovoany (na tady roa mirazotra), ary tadim-pitatitra misandrahaka avy amin' ny atidoha sy ilay tady eo afovoany. Manomboka amin' ny sela an-jatony vitsivitsy ao amin' ny kankana tsotra indrindra ka hatramin' ny sela manodidina ny 300 arivo tapitrisa ao amin' ny [[Elefanta afrikanina|elefanta afrikanina]] ny haben' ny rafi-pitatitra.<ref>Herculano-Houzel S, Avelino-de-Souza K, ''et al''. (2014). ''The elephant brain in numbers''. ''Front Neuroanat'', 8, 46. <nowiki>PMID: 24971054</nowiki>. PMCID: 4053853. DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00046 (azo vakina malalaka).</ref> Ny asan' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe dia ny mandefa famantarana avy amin' ny sela iray mankany amin' ny sela hafa, na avy amin' ny faritra iray amin' ny vatana mankany amin' ny faritra hafa, ary mandray hafatra miverina momba ny vokatr' izany. Mety hiteraka tsy fetezan' ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra ny kilema ara-pototarazo, ny fahasimbana ara-batana vokatry ny ratra na ny poizina, ny aretina vokatry ny mikraoba, na ny fahanterana fotsiny. Ny nevrôlôjia (na sampam-pitsaboana mandinika ny aretin' ny rafi-pitatitra) dia mandalina ny tsy fetezan' io rafitra io ary mitady fomba ahafahana misoroka na mitsabo azy ireny. Ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe, ny olana fahita indrindra dia ny tsy fahafahan' ny tadim-pitatitra mampita hafatra. Maro ny antony mety mahatonga izany, anisan' izany ny nevropatia diabetika (na fahasimban' ny tadim-pitatitra mifandray amin' ny diabeta) sy ny aretina manimba ny miêlina (na fonony manodidina ny aksona sasany), toy ny sklerôzy maromaro (na aretina manimba ny fonon' ny tsiratsiraka mpitatitra hafatra; ''multiple sclerosis'') sy ny sklerôzy amiôtrôfika lateralina (na aretin' ny rafi-pitatitra ahitana fahaverezan' ny fifehezana an-tsitrapo ny hozatra; ''amyotrophic lateral sclerosis''). Ny siansa momba ny rafi-pitatitra no sehatry ny siansa mifantoka amin' ny fandinihana ny rafi-pitatitra. == Firafitra == [[File:Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System.png|thumb|upright=1.2]] Avy amin' ny tadim-pitatitra ny anaran' ny rafi-pitatitra. Ny tadim-pitatitra dia amboaran-tsiratsiraka miendrika varingarina, izany hoe manana bika lava sy boribory rehefa tapahina mitsivalana. Ireo tsiratsiraka ireo no aksona (na rantsana lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny sela) an' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra). Miainga avy amin' ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina ireo tadim-pitatitra ireo, ary misampana imbetsaka mba hampifandray ny faritra rehetra amin' ny vatana amin' ny rafi-pitatitra.<ref name="KandelCh2" /> Lehibe ka efa azon' ny [[Ejipsiana (vahoaka)|Ejipsianina]], ny [[Grika (vahoaka)|Grika]] ary ny Romanina fahiny fantarina ny tadim-pitatitra.<ref name="FingerCh1">Finger S. ''Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function''. Ch. 1: The brain in antiquity. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3</nowiki>.</ref> Tsy takatra anefa ny firafiny anatiny raha tsy efa azo natao ny nandinika azy tamin' ny [[Mikrôskôpy|mikrôskôpy, fitaovana ahafahana mandinika zavatra madinika]].<ref>Finger, pp. 43–50</ref> Rehefa dinihina amin' ny mikrôskôpy ny tadim-pitatitra, dia hita fa aksona no tena mandrafitra azy, miaraka amin' ny fonony samihafa izay manodidina sy manasaraka azy ireo ho amboaran-tsiratsiraka madinika kokoa. Ny nerônina niavian' ireo aksona ireo dia tsy tafiditra manontolo ao anatin' ny tadim-pitatitra: ao amin' ny atidoha, ny tsokan-damosina, na ny gangliona (na vondron' ny vatan' ny nerônina) any ivelan' ny foibe no misy ny vatan' ireo sela ireo.<ref name="KandelCh2" /> Manana rafi-pitatitra ny biby rehetra mandroso kokoa noho ny sponjy. Na izany aza, na ny sponjy, na ny biby misy sela tokana, na ny zavamananaina tsy biby toy ny ''slime molds'', izay mamorona faobe malemilemy, dia samy manana fomba fampitan-kafatra avy amin' ny sela iray mankany amin' ny sela hafa, izay nialoha ny an' ny nerônina.<ref name="Sakarya" /> Amin' ny biby manana bika mifanaraka manodidina ny foibeny, toy ny medoza (''jellyfish'') sy ny hidra (''hydra''), dia tambajotram-pitatitra no mandrafitra ny rafi-pitatitra: tambajotra miely patrana misy sela misaraka.<ref name="Ruppert" /> Amin' ny biby Bilateria, izay manana lafiny roa mifanandrify ary mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ny karazana biby misy, dia manana firafitra iombonana ny rafi-pitatitra. Nipoitra tany am-piandohan' ny vanim-potoana Ediacaran, maherin' ny 550 tapitrisa taona lasa izay, izany firafitra izany.<ref name="Balavoine" /><ref>Ortega-Hernandez, Javier. [https://theconversation.com/our-500-million-year-old-nervous-system-fossil-shines-a-light-on-animal-evolution-55460 ''Our 500 million-year-old nervous system fossil shines a light on animal evolution'']. The Conversation US, Inc., 29 February 2016. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 March 2016.</ref> === Sela === Misy sokajy na karazan-tsela roa lehibe ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra: ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] sy ny sela glialy (na sela manohana ny nerônina sy mandray anjara amin' ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra). ==== Nerônina ==== [[File:Neuron.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Firafitry ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] iray mahazatra, miaraka amin' ny sela Schwann (na sela glialy mamorona fonony miêlina manodidina ny aksona), ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe.]] Ny fisian' ny karazan-tsela manokana, dia ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]], no mamaritra ny rafi-pitatitra. Antsoina indraindray hoe ''neurone'' na ''nerve cell'' amin' ny teny anglisy koa izy io.<ref name="KandelCh2" /> Maro ny toetra mampiavaka ny nerônina amin' ny sela hafa, fa ny tena fototra dia ny fifandraisany amin' ny sela hafa amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny sela). Ireo sinapsy ireo dia toerana ifandraisan' ny fonon-tsela roa, misy rafitra molekiolary ahafahana mampita hafatra haingana, na amin' ny fomba elektrika na amin' ny fomba simika.<ref name="KandelCh2" /> Karazana nerônina maro no manana aksona, izay rantsana avy amin' ny protoplasma (na akora velona ao anatin' ny sela), afaka mihalava hatrany amin' ny faritra lavitra amin' ny vatana ary mamorona fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy an' arivony.<ref name="KandelCh4" /> Matetika ny aksona no mivelatra manerana ny vatana, ka mitambatra ho amboara antsoina hoe tadim-pitatitra. Na ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitry ny karazana biby iray monja, toy ny olombelona, aza, dia misy karazana nerônina an-jatony, samy manana bika sy asa maro samihafa.<ref name="KandelCh4" /> Anisan' izany ny nerônina mandray fahatsapana, izay manova ny fanaitairana ara-batana toy ny hazavana sy ny feo ho hafatra ampitain' ny rafi-pitatitra; ary ny nerônina mampihetsika, izay manova ireo hafatra ireo ho fampandehanana ny hozatra na ny fihary. Amin' ny karazana biby maro anefa, ny ankamaroan' ny nerônina dia mandray anjara amin' ny fananganana rafitra mifantoka ao amin' ny foibe, dia ny atidoha sy ny gangliona. Avy amin' ny nerônina hafa avokoa ny hafatra rehetra raisiny, ary mankany amin' ny nerônina hafa koa ny hafatra avoakany.<ref name="KandelCh2" /> ==== Sela glialy ==== Ny sela glialy, izay avy amin' ny teny grika midika hoe « lakaoly » ny anarany, dia sela tsy nerônina izay manohana sy mamelona ny sela, mitazona ny fitonian' ny toe-javatra ao anatin' ny vatana, mamorona miêlina (na fonony manodidina ny aksona sasany), ary mandray anjara amin' ny fampitan-kafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra.<ref name="Allen2009" /> Ao amin' ny [[Atidohan' olombelona|atidohan' ny olombelona]], dia tombanana fa mitovitovy isa eo ho eo ny sela glialy rehetra sy ny nerônina, na dia miovaova arakaraka ny faritra ao amin' ny atidoha aza ny habetsahan' ny iray raha oharina amin' ny iray hafa.<ref name="Azevedo" /> Anisan' ny asa lehibe indrindra sahanin' ny sela glialy ny manohana ny nerônina sy mitazona azy eo amin' ny toerany; ny mamatsy azy ireo otrikaina; ny misakana ny fifindran' ny herinaratra eo aminy sy ny manodidina azy; ny mamotika ny [[Otrikaretina|mpiteraka aretina]] sy manala ny nerônina maty; ary ny manome famantarana mitarika ny zotra alehan' ny aksona ho any amin' ny toerana kendreny.<ref name="Allen2009" /> Misy karazana sela glialy tena manan-danja, dia ny ôligôdendrôsita (na sela glialy mamorona miêlina ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe) sy ny sela Schwann ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe. Mamorona sosona zavatra matavy antsoina hoe miêlina izy ireo, izay manodidina ny aksona sy misakana ny fiparitahan' ny herinaratra, ka ahafahan' ireo aksona mampita ny fiovana elektrika fohy mifindra manaraka ny fonon' ny sela, antsoina hoe ''action potentials'', amin' ny fomba haingana kokoa sy mahomby kokoa. Araka ny fikarohana vao haingana, ny sela glialy toy ny mikrôglia (na sela glialy mandray anjara amin' ny fiarovana ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe) sy ny astrôsita (na karazana sela glialy manohana ny nerônina) dia sela fiarovana manan-danja monina ao anatin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe. === Firafitra amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina === [[File:Human nervous system flowchart.png|thumb|right|380px|Kisary mampiseho ny fizaran' ny rafi-pitatitry ny olombelona]] [[File:Visible Human head slice.jpg|thumb|right|Fizarana mitsivalana amin' ny lohan' ny vehivavy efa lehibe, mampiseho ny hoditra, ny taolan-doha ary ny atidoha misy tambatsela volondavenona (na fitambaran-tsela miara-miasa izay be vatan' ny sela mpitatitra hafatra; volontany izy eto amin' ny sary) sy tambatsela fotsy (na faritra be aksona) ao ambaniny]] Jereo koa ny lisitry ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny vatan' ny olombelona sy ny lisitry ny faritra ao amin' ny atidohan' ny olombelona. Mizara ho CNS (rafi-pitatitra foibe) sy PNS (rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe) ny rafi-pitatitry ny [[Biby manana hazondamosina|biby manana hazondamosina]], anisan' izany ny olombelona.<ref name="KandelCh17" /> Ny CNS no ampahany lehibe, ary ahitana ny [[Atidoha|atidoha]] sy ny tsokan-damosina.<ref name="KandelCh17" /> Ao amin' ny lakandrano ao amin' ny hazondamosina no misy ny tsokan-damosina, ary ao amin' ny lavaka ao anatin' ny taolan-doha no misy ny atidoha. Voahodidina sy voaron' ny meningy (na fonon' ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina) ny CNS. Misy sosona telo ireo fonona ireo, ka anisan' izany ny sosona ivelany mafy sady toy ny hoditra, antsoina hoe ''dura mater'' (na ilay fonona ivelany mafy). Miaro ny atidoha koa ny taolan-doha, ary miaro ny tsokan-damosina ny taolan-kazondamosina. Ny PNS (rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe) dia anarana iombonana ilazana ireo firafitry ny rafi-pitatitra izay tsy ao anatin' ny CNS.<ref name="Gray233" /> Heverina ho anisan' ny PNS ny ankabeazan' ireo amboaran' aksona antsoina hoe tadim-pitatitra, na dia ao amin' ny atidoha na ny tsokan-damosina aza no misy ny vatan' ireo nerônina iavian' izy ireo. Ny aksona dia tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina, ary ny nerônina dia sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra. Mizara ho ampahany somatika (na mifandray amin' ny hoditra, tonon-taolana ary hozatra) sy ampahany mifandray amin' ny taova anatiny ny PNS. Ny ampahany somatika dia ahitana ireo tadim-pitatitra mankany amin' ny hoditra, ny tonon-taolana ary ny hozatra. Ao amin' ny gangliona amin' ny faka amin' ny lafin-damosin' ny tsokan-damosina (na vondron' ny vatan' ny nerônina amin' ireo faka ireo) no misy ny vatan' ny nerônina somatika mandray fahatsapana. Ny ampahany mifandray amin' ny taova anatiny, izay antsoina koa hoe rafi-pitatitra ôtônômika (na mifehy ny fiasan' ny taova anatiny tsy an-tsitrapo), dia ahitana nerônina mankany amin' ny taova anatiny, ny lalan-dra ary ny fihary. Mizara ho roa koa ny rafi-pitatitra ôtônômika: ny rafi-pitatitra simpatetika (na sampana miasa amin' ny toe-javatra maika) sy ny rafi-pitatitra parasimpatetika (na sampana miasa rehefa miala sasatra ny vatana). Misy mpanoratra mampiditra ao amin' ny PNS koa ireo nerônina mandray fahatsapana izay any ivelan' ny foibe no misy ny vatany, ohatra ireo mifandray amin' ny fandrenesana; misy kosa mpanoratra tsy mampiditra azy ireo.<ref name="Hubbardvii">Hubbard JI (1974). ''[https://archive.org/details/peripheralnervou0000hubb The peripheral nervous system]''. Plenum Press, p. vii. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-30764-5</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy.</ref> Azo zaraina ho faritra antsoina hoe tambatsela volondavenona sy tambatsela fotsy koa ny rafi-pitatitry ny biby manana hazondamosina.<ref name="Purves15" /> Ao amin' ny tambatsela voatahiry ihany no volondavenona ny tambatsela volondavenona; amin' ny tambatsela velona kosa dia mavokely na volontany mazava no teny mamaritra kokoa ny lokony. Betsaka ny vatan' ny nerônina ao aminy raha oharina amin' ny singa hafa ao amin' ilay tambatsela. Ny tambatsela fotsy kosa dia aksona voafono miêlina (na fonony manodidina ny aksona sasany) no tena mandrafitra azy, ary avy amin' ny miêlina ny lokony. Tafiditra ao amin' ny tambatsela fotsy avokoa ny tadim-pitatitra rehetra sy ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny ao anatin' ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina. Ny tambatsela volondavenona dia hita amin' ireo vondron-nerônina ao amin' ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina, ary amin' ny sosona ivelany manarona ny velaran' izy ireo. Araka ny fifanarahana amin' ny fanomezana anarana eo amin' ny anatomia, ny vondron-nerônina ao amin' ny atidoha na ny tsokan-damosina dia antsoina hoe nokleosy ara-pitatitra (na vondron-nerônina ao amin' ny foibe, fa tsy ny atin' ny sela tsirairay), fa ny vondron-nerônina any ivelan' ny foibe kosa dia antsoina hoe gangliona ara-pitatitra (na vondron-nerônina ivelan' ny foibe, fa tsy gangliona amin' ny rafi-pitaterana limfa).<ref name="DorlandsGanglion" /> Misy ihany anefa ny maningana amin' io fitsipika io, anisan' izany ilay ampahany amin' ny atidoha anoloana antsoina hoe gangliona bazaly (na vondron-nerônina ao amin' ny atidoha anoloana).<ref name="Afifi" /> <div style="clear:both;"></div> === Fampitahana ny firafitry ny vatana sy ny fivoarany === Lohahevitra fototra: Fivoaran' ny rafi-pitatitra. ==== Ireo singa mpialoha ny rafi-pitatitra ao amin' ny sponjy ==== Tsy manana sela mifampitohy amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra amin' ny sela) ny sponjy (na biby anaty rano manana vatana feno mason-koditra). Izany hoe tsy manana nerônina (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) izy ireo, ka tsy manana rafi-pitatitra. Manana fototarazo mifanandrify noho ny fiaviana iombonana amin' ny maro amin' ireo fototarazo mitana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny fiasan' ny sinapsy anefa izy ireo. Nasehon' ny fanadihadiana vao haingana fa mamokatra vondrona prôteina ny selan' ny sponjy, ary mivangongo ireo prôteina ireo ka mamorona rafitra mitovitovy amin' ny faritra ivangongoan' ny prôteina eo amin' ny lafy mandray hafatra amin' ny sinapsy.<ref name="Sakarya" /> Mbola tsy mazava anefa ny asan' io rafitra io. Na dia tsy ahitana fampitana hafatra amin' ny sinapsy aza ny selan' ny sponjy, dia mifampita hafatra amin' ny alalan' ny onjam-pamantarana mifandray amin' ny kalsioma sy tosika hafa izy ireo. Ireo no mampita ny hafatra ahafahana manao fihetsika tsotra sasany, toy ny fifintinan' ny vatana manontolo.<ref name="Jacobs" /> ==== Radiata ==== Manana tambajotram-pitatitra miparitaka fa tsy rafi-pitatitra foibe ny medoza, ny biby mitovitovy amin' ny medoza manana andalana volombolo toy ny fihogo, ary ny biby havany. Ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny medoza, dia miparitaka amin' ny vatana manontolo ka mitovitovy eo ho eo ny fitsinjaran' ilay tambajotra; ao amin' ireo biby manana andalana volombolo toy ny fihogo kosa, dia mivangongo eo akaikin' ny vava izy io. Ireo tambajotram-pitatitra ireo dia ahitana nerônina mandray fahatsapana, izay mandray famantarana simika sy famantarana avy amin' ny fikasihana ary ny fahitana; nerônina mampihetsika, izay afaka mampifintina ny rindrin' ny vatana; ary nerônina mpanelanelana, izay mamantatra ny fomba fiasan' ny nerônina mandray fahatsapana ary mamaly izany amin' ny fandefasana famantarana any amin' ny vondrona nerônina mampihetsika. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, dia mivangongo ho gangliona (na fitambaran' ny vatan' ny nerônina) misaraka tsara ireo vondrona nerônina mpanelanelana ireo.<ref name="Ruppert" /> Somary tsy voalamina ho rafitra voafaritra ny fivoaran' ny rafi-pitatitra ao amin' ny Radiata. Tsy tahaka ny biby Bilateria, ny Radiata dia tsy manana afa-tsy soson-tsela roa voalohany: ny endôderma (na soson-tsela anatiny voalohany) sy ny ektôderma (na soson-tsela ivelany voalohany). Vondrona manokana amin' ny sela mpialoha avy amin' ny ektôderma no iavian' ny nerônina. Ireo sela ireo koa no mpialoha ny karazana sela hafa rehetra avy amin' ny ektôderma.<ref name="Sanes3">Sanes DH, Reh TA, Harris WA. ''[https://archive.org/details/developmentnervo00sane Development of the nervous system]''. Academic Press, 2006, p. [https://archive.org/details/developmentnervo00sane/page/n17 3]–4. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-12-618621-5</nowiki>. Fidirana amin' ilay adiresy: voafetra (''url-access=limited'').</ref> ==== Bilateria ==== [[File:Bilaterian-plan.svg|thumb|right|alt=Vatana miendrika tsorakazo misy rafitra fandevonan-kanina manomboka eo amin' ny vava amin' ny tendrony iray ka hatrany amin' ny lavabody amin' ny tendrony iray hafa. Mirazotra amin' ny rafitra fandevonan-kanina ny tady lava amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, ary misy atidoha eo amin' ny tendrony akaikin' ny vava.|Rafi-pitatitry ny biby Bilateria: tady lava amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, misy faritra mihalehibe isaky ny fizarazarana amin' ny vatana, ary misy «atidoha» eo anoloana.]] Ny tena ankamaroan' ny biby misy dia ao amin' ny Bilateria, izany hoe biby manana lafiny havia sy havanana mitovy bika eo ho eo, toy ny zavatra iray sy ny sariny ao amin' ny fitaratra. Heverina fa avy amin' ny razambe iombonana mitovitovy amin' ny kankana ny Bilateria rehetra; ahitana azy amin' ny endrika fôsily nanomboka tamin' ny vanim-potoana Ediacaran, 550–600 tapitrisa taona lasa izay.<ref name="Balavoine" /> Ny bika fototry ny vatan' ny Bilateria dia vatana miendrika fantsona, misy tsinay poakaty manomboka eo amin' ny vava ka hatrany amin' ny lavabody, ary tady lava amin' ny rafi-pitatitra (na fitambaran' ny sela sy ny tsiratsiraka mpitatitra hafatra milahatra manaraka ny halavan' ny vatana). Misy faritra mihalehibe, na «gangliona», eo amin' io tady io isaky ny fizarazarana amin' ny vatana; lehibe dia lehibe ny gangliona eo anoloana, izay antsoina hoe «atidoha». [[File:Gray797.png|thumb|left|125px|Faritra eny ambonin' ny vatan' ny olombelona ampifandraisin' ny tadim-pitatitra tsirairay avy amin' ny tsokan-damosina amin' ny rafi-pitatitra.]] Na ny biby mampinono aza, anisan' izany ny olombelona, dia ahitana ny firafitry ny vatan' ny Bilateria mizarazara rehefa dinihina ny rafi-pitatitra. Misy andiana gangliona mifandimby, mifanaraka amin' ny fizarazarana amin' ny vatana, ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina. Avy amin' ny tsirairay amin' ireo no miainga ny tadim-pitatitra mampihetsika sy ny tadim-pitatitra mandray fahatsapana, izay mampifandray faritra iray eny ambonin' ny vatana sy ny hozatra ao ambaniny amin' ny rafi-pitatitra. Sarotra ny fitsinjaran' ireo fifandraisana ireo eo amin' ny rantsambatana. Eo amin' ny vatan-tena kosa, izany hoe ny vatana ankoatra ny loha sy ny rantsambatana, dia mamorona andiana faritra tery toy ny fehikibo mifandimby izany. An' ny atidoha ny fizarazarana telo ambony indrindra, ka ireo no manome ny atidoha aloha (na tapany anoloan' ny atidoha), ny atidoha afovoany, ary ny atidoha aoriana.<ref name="Ghysen">Ghysen A. ''[http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756331 The origin and evolution of the nervous system]''. ''Int. J. Dev. Biol.'', 47(7–8), 2003, p. 555–562. <nowiki>PMID: 14756331</nowiki>.</ref> Azo zaraina ho vondrona roa ambonin' ny sampana amin' ny fanasokajiana ny biby ny Bilateria, araka ny zava-mitranga vao eo am-piandohan' ny fivoaran' ny embriôna (na zavamananaina mbola eo amin' ny dingana voalohan' ny fiforonany). Antsoina hoe Protostomia sy Deuterostomia ireo vondrona ireo.<ref name="Erwin" /> Ao amin' ny Deuterostomia ny biby manana hazondamosina, ary koa ny biby ao amin' ny Echinodermata, ny biby ao amin' ny Hemichordata (indrindra ireo kankana antsoina hoe ''acorn worms''), ary ny biby ao amin' ny Xenoturbellida.<ref name="Bourlat" /> Ao amin' ny Protostomia, izay ahitana karazany maro kokoa, kosa ny [[Arthropoda|biby ao amin' ny Arthropoda]], ny biby ao amin' ny Mollusca, ary sampana maro amin' ireo «kankana». Misy fahasamihafana fototra eo amin' ireo vondrona roa ireo amin' ny toerana misy ny rafi-pitatitra ao anatin' ny vatana: eo amin' ny lafiny kibo, izay matetika ambany, ny tady lava amin' ny rafi-pitatitra ao amin' ny Protostomia; eo amin' ny lafiny lamosina, izay matetika ambony, kosa izany ao amin' ny Deuterostomia. Mifamadika eo amin' ireo vondrona roa ireo ny lafin-javatra maro amin' ny vatana, anisan' izany ny fomba isehoan' ny asan' ny fototarazo maromaro, izay miova miandalana avy any amin' ny lafiny lamosina mankany amin' ny lafiny kibo. Heverin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpahay firafitry ny vatana ankehitriny fa toy ny «navadika» raha ampitahaina ny vatan' ny Protostomia sy ny Deuterostomia. Vinavina naroson' i Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire voalohany izany, tamin' ny fampitahana ny bibikely tamin' ny biby manana hazondamosina. Ohatra, ny tadin' ny rafi-pitatitra ao amin' ny bibikely dia manaraka ny tsipika afovoany amin' ny lafiny kibo; ny tsokan-damosina ao amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina rehetra kosa dia manaraka ny tsipika afovoany amin' ny lafiny lamosina.<ref name="Lichtneckert" /> ==== Kankana ==== [[File:Earthworm nervous system.png|thumb|250px|right|Rafi-pitatitry ny kankana an-tany. ''Ambony:'' ny tapany anoloan' ny kankana, jerena avy amin' ny ilany. ''Ambany:'' ny rafi-pitatitra voatokana, jerena avy eny ambony.]] Ny [[Kankana|kankana]] no biby bilateria manana rafitra tsotra indrindra. Ny bilateria dia ireo biby manana bika mifanandrify amin' ny andaniny roa, ary amin' ny kankana no ahitana amin' ny fomba mivantana indrindra ny rafitra fototry ny rafi-pitatitr' ireo biby ireo. Ohatra, ny kankana an-tany dia manana tady roa amin' ny rafi-pitatitra manaraka ny halavan' ny vatany ary mitambatra eo amin' ny rambo sy ny vava. Misy tadim-pitatitra mitsivalana amin' ny halavan' ny vatana mampifandray ireo tady ireo, toy ny zanatohatry ny tohatra. Manampy mampifandrindra ny andaniny roa amin' ilay biby ireo tadim-pitatitra mitsivalana ireo. Misy gangliona, na vondron' ny vatan' ny nerônina, roa eo amin' ny tendrony misy ny loha, izay antsoina hoe «peratry ny tadim-pitatitra», ary mitovitovy asa amin' ny [[Atidoha|atidoha]] tsotra izy ireo. Ny sela mpandray hazavana eo amin' ny teboka toy ny maso amin' ilay biby dia manome hafatra ara-pahatsapana momba ny mazava sy ny maizina.<ref name="Adey">ADEY WR. ''The nervous system of the earthworm Megascolex''. ''J. Comp. Neurol.'' 94 (1): 57–103. February 1951. <nowiki>PMID 14814220</nowiki>; doi:10.1002/cne.900940104; S2CID 30827888.</ref> Efa voasoritra manontolo ao amin' ny sarintanin' ny fifandraisan' ny nerônina ny rafi-pitatitry ny kankana boribory iray tena bitika, dia ilay nematôda ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', ka tafiditra ao koa ny sinapsiny, na ny toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny sela. Voarakitra ny nerônina tsirairay sy ny filaharan' ny sela niaviany, ary fantatra ny ankamaroan' ny fifandraisan' ny nerônina, raha tsy izy rehetra mihitsy aza. Amin' io karazana io dia tsy mitovy arakaraka ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy ny rafi-pitatitra: samy hafa ny isan' ny nerônina ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitry ny lahy sy ny vavy hermafrôdita (na vavy manana taovam-pananahana lahy sy vavy), ary samy manana vondron' ny nerônina manao asa manokana mifanaraka amin' ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy azy izy ireo. Ao amin' ny ''C. elegans'', ny lahy dia manana nerônina 383 katroka, fa ny hermafrôdita kosa manana nerônina 302 katroka.<ref name="Wormbook" /> ==== Artropôda ==== [[File:Spider internal anatomy-en.svg|thumb|right|250px|Firafitry ny ao anatin' ny hala; ny rafi-pitatitra dia aseho amin' ny loko manga.]] Ny [[Arthropoda|artropôda, na biby manana tongotra misy vaniny]], toy ny [[Insecta|bibikely]] sy ny krôstasea, dia manana rafi-pitatitra ahitana gangliona mifandimby. Mampifandray azy ireo ny tady amin' ny rafi-pitatitra eo amin' ny lafin' ny kibo, izay ahitana tady mpampitohy roa mirazotra manaraka ny halavan' ny kibo.<ref name="Chapman">Chapman RF. ''The insects: structure and function''. Cambridge University Press, 1998. [https://archive.org/details/insectsstructure0000chap/page/533 ''Ch. 20: Nervous system''], pp. [https://archive.org/details/insectsstructure0000chap/page/533 533–568]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-57890-5</nowiki>.</ref> Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny vanin' ny vatana tsirairay dia manana gangliona iray amin' ny lafiny tsirairay, na dia misy gangliona sasany mitambatra ho atidoha sy gangliona lehibe hafa aza. Ao amin' ny vaniny misy ny loha no misy ny atidoha, izay antsoina koa hoe gangliona ambonin' ny lalankanina. Ao amin' ny [[Insecta|rafi-pitatitry ny bibikely]], ny atidoha dia mizara ara-pirafitra ho tapany anoloana (''protocerebrum''), tapany faharoa (''deutocerebrum'') ary tapany fahatelo (''tritocerebrum''). Ao aoriana kelin' ny atidoha no misy ny gangliona ambanin' ny lalankanina, izay ahitana gangliona telo tsiroaroa mitambatra. Izy io no mifehy ny taova manodidina ny vava, ny fihary mpamokatra rora ary ny [[Hozatra|hozatra]] sasany. Artropôda maro no manana taova mandray fahatsapana efa mivoatra tsara, anisan' izany ny maso tambatra ahitana singa madinika maro izay ahafahany mahita, sy ny tandroka mpandray fahatsapana izay ahafahany mamantatra fofona sy mahatsapa ferômôna, na akora simika ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny biby iray karazana. Ny atidoha no mikirakira ny hafatra ara-pahatsapana avy amin' ireo taova ireo. Amin' ny bibikely, maro ny nerônina manana ny vatan' ny selany eo amin' ny sisin' ny atidoha, ary tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fampitana famantarana elektrika ireo vatan' ny sela ireo: ny hany asany dia ny manohana ny fizotran' ny asa simika ilain' ny sela mba hahavelona azy, fa tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fampitana hafatra. Misy tsiratsiraka protoplasmika, na tsiratsiraka amin' ny akora velona ao anatin' ny sela, miainga avy amin' ny vatan' ny sela ary misampantsampana betsaka; mampita hafatra ny ampahany sasany aminy, ary mandray hafatra kosa ny ampahany hafa. Noho izany, amin' ny ankamaroan' ny faritra ao amin' ny atidohan' ny bibikely dia manodidina ny sisiny no milahatra ireo vatan' ny sela tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fampitana famantarana, fa ao anatiny kosa no ikirakirana ny hafatry ny nerônina, ao amin' ny fitambaran' ny tsiratsiraka protoplasmika mifampiditra antsoina hoe ''neuropil''.<ref>Chapman, p. 546</ref> ==== Moloska ==== Ity fizarana ity dia nalaina avy amin' ny fizarana «''Nervous system''» (Rafi-pitatitra) ao amin' ny lahatsoratra [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384678072#Nervous_system ''Mollusca'']. [[File:Gastropod nervous system.gif|left|thumb|Kisary notsorina mampiseho ny rafi-pitatitry ny moloska.]] Ny moloska manana loha dia manana vondrona roa misy tady lehibe amin' ny rafi-pitatitra roa avy (na rafitra miendrika tady mampifandray ireo ivon-pitatitra), izay mirafitra manodidina ny gangliona maromaro tsiroaroa (na vondron' ny vatan' ny sela mpitatitra hafatra). Ny tady viseraly (na ireo tady ho an' ny taova anaty) no miandraikitra ny taova ao anaty vatana, ary ny tady pedaly (na ireo tady ho an' ny tongotra) kosa no miandraikitra ny tongotra. Amin' ny ankamaroan' ireo gangliona mifanandrify tsiroaroa eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' ny vatana, dia misy tady mpampitohy ny andaniny roa (na amboaran' ny tadim-pitatitra somary lehibe) mampifandray azy ireo. Ireo gangliona eo ambonin' ny tsinay dia ny gangliona serebraly (na ireo ivon-pitatitra ao amin' ny loha), ny gangliona pleraly (na ireo ivon-pitatitra antsoina hoe ''pleural'', eo ambonin' ny tsinay sy ny lalankanina), ary ny gangliona viseraly (na ireo ivon-pitatitra mifandray amin' ny taova anaty); eo ambonin' ny lalankanina (na fantsona andalovan' ny sakafo mankany amin' ny vavony) no misy azy ireo. Ny gangliona pedaly, izay mifehy ny tongotra, kosa dia eo ambanin' ny lalankanina. Ny tady mpampitohy ny andaniny roa eo amin' izy ireo sy ny tady mampifandray azy amin' ny gangliona serebraly sy pleraly dia manodidina ny lalankanina, ka mamorona peratry ny tadim-pitatitra manodidina ny lalankanina, antsoina koa hoe «rojon-tadim-pitatitra» (''nerve collar'').<ref name="Mollusca RuppertFoxBarnes2004">Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 Invertebrate Zoology]''. Brooks / Cole, fanontana 7, 2004, pp. 284–291. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1</nowiki>.</ref> Ny moloska tsy manana loha (izany hoe ny moloska manana akorany misy takelaka roa) dia manana io peratra io koa, saingy tsy dia miharihary ary tsy dia manan-danja izy io. Ny moloska manana akorany misy takelaka roa dia tsy manana afa-tsy vondrona gangliona telo misy gangliona roa avy: serebraly, pedaly ary viseraly. Ny gangliona viseraly no lehibe indrindra sy manan-danja indrindra amin' izy telo, ary izy ireo no ivon-dehiben' ny «fisainana» (''thinking'' ao amin' ny loharano).<ref>Tantiwisawaruji, Sukanlaya; Rocha, Maria J.; Silva, Ana; Pardal, Miguel A.; Kovitvadhi, Uthaiwan; Rocha, Eduardo. ''A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated Scrobicularia plana (Bivalvia)''. ''Animals'', 2022-08-31, 12 (17): 2248. Fiteny: en. doi:10.3390/ani12172248; fidirana amin' ny DOI: maimaim-poana. ISSN 2076-2615; PMC 9454602; <nowiki>PMID 36077968</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Yurchenko, Olga V.; Skiteva, Olga I.; Voronezhskaya, Elena E.; Dyachuk, Vyacheslav A. ''Nervous system development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia)''. ''Frontiers in Zoology'', April 2018, 15 (1): 10. Fiteny: en. doi:10.1186/s12983-018-0259-8; fidirana amin' ny DOI: maimaim-poana. ISSN 1742-9994; PMC 5896133; <nowiki>PMID 29681988</nowiki>; Bibcode 2018FrZoo..15...10Y.</ref> Ny sasany, toy ireo moloska roa takela-korany antsoina hoe ''scallops'', dia manana maso manodidina ny sisin' ny akorany. Mifandray amin' ny tadim-pitatitra roa miendrika tadivavarana ireo maso ireo, ary ahafahany manavaka ny hazavana sy ny aloka. ==== Nerônina azo fantarina manokana ==== Antsoina hoe nerônina azo fantarina manokana (''identified'') ny nerônina (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) iray raha manana toetra mampiavaka azy amin' ny nerônina hafa rehetra ao amin' ilay biby izy, ary raha misy nerônina iray, ary iray monja, manana ireo toetra ireo ao amin' ny biby tsirairay avy amin' io karazana biby io. Anisan' ireo toetra ireo ny toerana misy azy, ny akora simika fampitan-kafatra ampiasainy, ny lamin' ny fiasan' ny fototarazo ao aminy ary ny fifandraisany amin' ny nerônina hafa.<ref name="Hoyle">Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). ''Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods''. Plenum Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-31001-0</nowiki>.</ref> Vitsy dia vitsy ny nerônina azo fantarina manokana amin' io heviny io ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitry ny biby manana hazondamosina; heverina aza fa tsy misy izany amin' ny olombelona. Ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra tsotra kokoa kosa, dia mety hanana izany toetra mampiavaka azy tsirairay izany ny nerônina sasany na izy rehetra. Ao amin' ilay kankana boribory ''C. elegans'', izay manana ny rafi-pitatitra voafaritra amin' ny antsipiriany indrindra amin' ny biby rehetra, dia azo fantarina manokana ny nerônina tsirairay ao amin' ny vatana. Raha nerônina iray voafaritra no dinihina, dia mitovy hatrany ny toerana misy azy sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny nerônina hafa, na kankana iray na kankana hafa amin' io karazana io no jerena. Vokatra iray misongadina avy amin' izany ny hoe voafaritry ny jenôma (na fitambaran' ny fampahalalana ara-pandovan' ny zavamananaina iray) tanteraka ny bikan' ny rafi-pitatitry ny ''C. elegans'', ary tsy misy fahafahany miova vokatry ny zavatra niainana.<ref name="Wormbook" /> Misy nerônina maro azo fantarina manokana koa ao amin' ny atidohan' ny moloska (na biby malemy vatana) sy bibikely maro.<ref name="Hoyle" /> Amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina, dia ireo sela Mauthner goavam-be ao amin' ny trondro no nerônina azo fantarina manokana fantatra indrindra.<ref name="Stein38">Stein PSG (1999). ''Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior''. MIT Press, pp. 38–44. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-262-69227-4</nowiki>.</ref> Manana sela Mauthner roa ny trondro tsirairay, ao amin' ny tapany ambany amin' ny tahon' ny atidoha (na ampahany mampifandray ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina): ny iray eo amin' ny ilany havia ary ny iray eo amin' ny ilany havanana. Ny sela Mauthner tsirairay dia manana aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) izay miampita mankany amin' ny ilany mifanohitra. Mampita hafatra amin' ireo nerônina eo amin' io haavon' ny atidoha io ihany ilay aksona, ary avy eo dia midina mamakivaky ny tsokan-damosina, sady mamorona fifandraisana maro eny an-dalana. Mahery tokoa ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra amin' ny sela) foronin' ny sela Mauthner, ka famantarana elektrika iray monja, izay fiovana vetivety miparitaka manaraka ny fonon' ny sela (''action potential''), dia miteraka fihetsika lehibe: ao anatin' ny milisegondra, izay samy mitovy amin' ny 0.001 segondra, dia mampiolaka ny vatany ho bika mitovy amin' ny litera C ilay trondro, avy eo manitsy azy indray, ka manosika azy handroso haingana izany. Eo amin' ny asany, dia fihetsika fandosirana haingana izany, ary onjam-peo mahery na onjan-tsindry midona amin' ny taova mandray fahatsapana manaraka ny tsipika amin' ny tehezan' ilay trondro no mora indrindra mampipoitra azy. Tsy ny sela Mauthner ihany no nerônina azo fantarina manokana ao amin' ny trondro: misy karazany hafa 20 eo ho eo, anisan' izany ireo antsoina hoe nerônina mitovy toetra amin' ny sela Mauthner (''Mauthner cell analogs''), izay hita tsiroaroa ao amin' ny nokleosy ara-pitatitra (na vondron' ny vatan' ny nerônina) isaky ny fizaran' ny tsokan-damosina. Na dia afaka miteraka fihetsika fandosirana samirery aza ny sela Mauthner iray, dia matetika mandray anjara amin' ny famaritana ny haben' ilay fihetsika sy ny zotra itodihany ny karazan-tsela hafa rehefa manao ny fihetsiny mahazatra ilay biby. Nisy namaritra ny sela Mauthner ho nerônina mpibaiko. Ny nerônina mpibaiko dia karazana nerônina azo fantarina manokana, izay faritana ho nerônina afaka mampipoitra fihetsika voafaritra iray samirery.<ref>Stein, p. 112</ref> Ao amin' ny rafitra ahafahan' ny karazam-biby samihafa mandositra haingana no tena ahitana matetika ireo nerônina ireo. Samy mandray anjara amin' ny lalam-pifandraisan' ny nerônina mampandositra haingana ny angisy, ohatra, ny aksona goavam-ben' ny angisy sy ny sinapsy goavam-ben' ny angisy; nampiasaina tamin' ireo andrana nanokatra lalana teo amin' ny fikarohana momba ny nerôfiziôlôjia (na fandalinana ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra) izy roa ireo noho ny habeny goavam-be. Nanjary niadian-kevitra anefa ny foto-kevitra momba ny nerônina mpibaiko, satria nisy fanadihadiana nampiseho fa ny nerônina sasany izay toa nifanaraka tamin' io famaritana io tamin' ny voalohany dia tsy afaka nampipoitra valiny raha tsy tamin' ny toe-javatra voafetra ihany.<ref name="Simmons43">Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). ''[https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal00simm_659 Nerve cells and animal behaviour]''. Cambridge University Press, p. [https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal00simm_659/page/n53 43]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-62726-9</nowiki>. Voafetra ny fahazoana miditra amin' ilay loharano.</ref> == Asa == Ny asa fototra indrindra ataon' ny rafi-pitatitra dia ny mampita hafatra avy amin' ny sela iray ho any amin' ny sela hafa, na avy amin' ny faritra iray amin' ny vatana ho any amin' ny faritra hafa. Misy fomba maro ahafahan' ny sela iray mampita hafatra amin' ny sela hafa. Anisan' izany ny famoahana akora simika antsoina hoe hôrmônina (na akora simika mampita hafatra ao amin' ny vatana) ao amin' ny ranoka mivezivezy ao anatin' ny vatana, ka ahafahan' ireo akora ireo miparitaka hatrany amin' ny toerana lavitra. Tsy toy izany fampitana hafatra miparitaka amin' ny faritra maro izany kosa ny an' ny rafi-pitatitra, fa avy amin' ny toerana iray ho any amin' ny toerana iray voafaritra: ny nerônina (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) dia mandefa ny aksonany (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) ho any amin' ny faritra kendrena voafaritra, ary mamorona fifandraisana amin' ny sela kendrena voafaritra amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny sela).<ref name="Gray170">Gray PO. ''Psychology''. Fanontana 5. Macmillan, 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7167-7690-1</nowiki>. p. [https://archive.org/details/psychology0000gray/page/170 170]. https://archive.org/details/psychology0000gray/page/170</ref> Noho izany, afaka mikendry faritra sy sela voafaritra amin' ny fomba mazava lavitra noho ny fampitan' ny hôrmônina hafatra ny fampitan' ny rafi-pitatitra hafatra. Haingana lavitra koa izany: mandeha amin' ny hafainganam-pandeha mihoatra ny 100 metatra isan-tsegondra ny hafatra haingana indrindra ao amin' ny tadim-pitatitra. Raha dinihina kosa ny fampifandraisana ny asan' ny faritra samihafa, dia ny mifehy ny [[Tenan' olombelona|vatana]] no tena asan' ny rafi-pitatitra.<ref name="KandelCh2" /> Manao izany izy amin' ny fakana vaovao avy amin' ny tontolo manodidina amin' ny alalan' ny mpandray fahatsapana (na rafitra mahatsikaritra fanentanana), sy ny fandefasana hafatra maneho izany vaovao izany amin' ny endrika kaody mankany amin' ny rafi-pitatitra foibe. Avy eo dia ahodina ilay vaovao mba hamaritana izay valiny sahaza, ary alefa mankany amin' ny hozatra na ny fihary (na taova mamokatra sy mamoaka akora) ny hafatra mivoaka mba hampisy izany valiny izany. Ny fivoaran' ny rafi-pitatitra saro-drafitra, izay manana ampahany maro mifandray sy miara-miasa, dia nahafahan' ny karazam-biby isan-karazany nanana fahaizana mandroso amin' ny fandraisana sy fahafantarana izay tsapa, toy ny fahitana, fifandraisana saro-drafitra [[Sôsiôlôjia|eo amin' ny fiaraha-monina]], fandrindrana haingana ny asan' ny fitambaran-taova, ary fanodinana miaraka sy mifandrindra ny hafatra tonga miaraka. Eo amin' ny olombelona, ny maha-saro-drafitra ny rafi-pitatitra no ahafahana manana [[Fiteny|fiteny]], fanehoana an-tsaina ny hevitra amin' ny endrika ankapobeny fa tsy voafetra amin' ny zavatra mivaingana iray, fampitana ny [[Kolontsaina|kolontsaina]], ary toetra maro hafa mampiavaka ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiaraha-monin' ny olombelona]], izay tsy hisy raha tsy nisy ny atidohan' ny olombelona. === Nerônina sy sinapsy === Ireo singa lehibe amin' ny fampitana hafatra eo amin' ny sinapsy. Misy onjam-piovana elektrika sy simika, antsoina hoe fiovana elektrika vetivety miparitaka amin' ny fonon-tsela (''action potential''), mandeha manaraka ny aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) an' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra). Rehefa tonga eo amin' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra amin' ny sela) ilay onja, dia mahatonga ny famoahana akora simika mpampita hafatra amin' ny habetsahana kely dia kely. Miraikitra amin' ny molekiola mpandray akora simika ao amin' ny fonon' ilay sela kendrena ireo molekiolan' izany akora mpampita hafatra izany. Ny ankamaroan' ny nerônina dia mampita hafatra amin' ny alalan' ny aksonany, na dia misy karazany afaka mifampita hafatra avy amin' ny dendrita (na sampana mandray hafatra amin' ny nerônina) iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa aza. Raha ny marina, tsy manana aksona ireo karazana nerônina antsoina hoe sela amakrina, fa amin' ny alalan' ny dendritany ihany no ifampitany hafatra. Miparitaka manaraka ny aksona ny hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, amin' ny endriky ny onjam-piovana elektrika sy simika antsoina hoe fiovana elektrika vetivety miparitaka amin' ny fonon-tsela. Miteraka hafatra avy amin' ny sela iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa ireny eo amin' ny toerana anaovan' ny tendron' ny aksona fifandraisana amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy amin' ny sela hafa.<ref name="KandelCh9" /> Mety ho elektrika na simika ny sinapsy. Mampifandray mivantana ny nerônina amin' ny alalan' ny herinaratra ny sinapsy elektrika,<ref name="Hormuzdi" /> fa fahita lavitra kokoa kosa ny sinapsy simika, sady maro samihafa lavitra kokoa ny asany.<ref name="KandelCh10" /> Eo amin' ny sinapsy simika, ilay sela mandefa hafatra no antsoina hoe sela eo alohan' ny sinapsy, ary ilay mandray hafatra no antsoina hoe sela eo aorian' ny sinapsy. Samy feno rafitra molekiola manatanteraka ny fampitana hafatra ny faritra eo amin' ireo lafiny roa ireo. Ahitana kitapo madinika miendrika baolina maro be, antsoina hoe kitapo sinaptika (na kitapo kely ao amin' ny sinapsy), ny faritra mandefa hafatra; feno akora simika mpampita hafatra ireo kitapo ireo.<ref name="KandelCh9" /> Rehefa tairina amin' ny herinaratra ilay tendrony mandefa hafatra, dia miasa ny fitambaran' ny molekiola tafiditra ao amin' ny fonon-tsela, ka mahatonga ny atin' ireo kitapo hivoaka ao amin' ilay elanelana tery eo anelanelan' ny fonon' ny sela mandefa hafatra sy ny an' ilay sela mandray azy. Antsoina hoe elanelan-tsinapsy izany toerana izany. Avy eo dia miraikitra amin' ireo molekiola mpandray akora simika mpampita hafatra tafiditra ao amin' ny fonon' ilay sela mandray hafatra ilay akora mpampita hafatra, ka mahatonga ireo molekiola mpandray ireo hiasa.<ref name="KandelCh10" /> Miankina amin' ny karazan' ilay molekiola mpandray ny vokatra eo amin' ilay sela mandray hafatra: mety hanamora ny fientanan' ilay sela izany, na hisakana ny fientanany, na hanova ny fiasany amin' ny fomba sarotra kokoa. Ohatra, mahatonga ny sela hozatra hifintina haingana ny famoahana asetilkôlina (na karazana akora simika mpampita hafatra) eo amin' ny fifandraisana sinaptika mampitohy nerônina mampihetsika sy sela hozatra.<ref name="KandelCh11" /> Ampahany amin' ny milisegondra iray monja no ilain' ny fizotry ny fampitana hafatra amin' ny sinapsy manontolo; ny milisegondra dia iray ampaharivon' ny segondra. Mety haharitra ela lavitra noho izany anefa ny vokany eo amin' ilay sela mandray hafatra, ary mety tsy hanam-pahataperana mihitsy aza, raha miteraka soritra itahirizana fitadidiana ilay hafatra sinaptika.<ref name="KandelCh4" /> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:425px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:423px;"> <div style="position:relative;width:400px;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;font-family:sans-serif;">[[File:SynapseSchematic_lines.svg|400px|alt=Sary manazava sinapsy simika, miaraka amin' ny anaran' ireo singany eo amin' ny toerana asehony.]]<span style="position:absolute;left:-1px;top:160px;">Firafitra<br />matevina</span><span style="position:absolute;left:6px;top:97px;">Lalan' ny<br />Ca⁺⁺<br />fehezin-jiro</span><span style="position:absolute;left:19px;top:54px;">Kitapo<br />sinaptika</span><span style="position:absolute;left:206px;top:22px;">Prôteina<br />mpitatitra</span><span style="position:absolute;left:250px;top:153px;">Mpandray</span><span style="position:absolute;left:8px;top:7px;">Akora mpampita hafatra</span><span style="position:absolute;left:332px;top:55px;">Tendron' ny<br />aksona</span><span style="position:absolute;left:330px;top:137px;">Elanelan-<br />tsinapsy</span><span style="position:absolute;left:342px;top:182px;">Dendrita</span></div> <div class="thumbcaption">Firafitry ny sinapsy simika mahazatra.</div> <div class="thumbcaption">Fanazavana ny anarana eo amin' ny sary: ny firafitra matevina dia ilay faritra be prôteina amin' ny lafiny mandray hafatra; ny lalan' ny Ca⁺⁺ fehezin-jiro dia lalana alehan' ny kalsioma izay fehezin' ny fahasamihafan' ny toetra elektrika eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' ny fonon-tsela; ny kitapo sinaptika dia kitapo madinika misy akora mpampita hafatra; ny prôteina mpitatitra dia prôteina mamindra izany akora izany; ny mpandray dia molekiola mandray izany akora izany; ny akora mpampita hafatra dia akora simika mampita hafatra eo amin' ny sela; ny tendron' ny aksona dia ny fiafaran' ilay tsiratsiraka mandefa hafatra; ny elanelan-tsinapsy dia ny elanelana eo amin' ny lafiny mandefa sy mandray hafatra; ary ny dendrita dia sampan' ny nerônina mandray hafatra.</div> </div> </div> An-jatony ny karazan-tsinapsy samihafa. Maherin' ny zato ny akora simika mpampita hafatra fantatra, ary maro amin' izy ireny no manana karazana molekiola mpandray maromaro.<ref name="KandelCh15" /> Maro ny sinapsy mampiasa akora mpampita hafatra mihoatra ny iray. Fandaminana fahita ny fampiasan' ny sinapsy iray akora mpampita hafatra manana molekiola kely sy miasa haingana, toy ny glotamata (na karazana akora simika mpampita hafatra) na GABA (akora simika mpampita hafatra), miaraka amin' ny akora mpampita hafatra iray na maromaro avy amin' ny peptida (na molekiola voaforon' ny asidra amine mifamatotra), izay manova ny fiasan' ny sela amin' ny fomba miadana kokoa. Matetika ny mpikaroka momba ny rafi-pitatitra eo amin' ny sehatry ny molekiola no mizara ny molekiola mpandray ho vondrona lehibe roa: ny lalan' ny iôna voafehin' ny akora simika sy ny rafitra mpitondra hafatra faharoa ao anatin' ny sela. Rehefa miasa ny lalan' ny iôna voafehin' ny akora simika, dia mamorona lalana ahafahan' ny karazana iôna voafaritra mandalo amin' ny fonon-tsela izy; ny iôna dia poti-javatra mitondra vesatra elektrika. Miankina amin' ny karazan' ilay iôna ny mety ho vokany eo amin' ilay sela kendrena, ka mety hanamora na hisakana ny fientanan' ilay sela izany. Rehefa miasa kosa ny rafitra mpitondra hafatra faharoa, dia manomboka andiam-pifandraisana mifandimby eo amin' ny molekiola ao anatin' ilay sela kendrena. Amin' ny farany, mety hiteraka vokatra maro samihafa sy sarotra izany, toy ny fampitomboana na fampihenana ny fahamoran' ilay sela mamaly fanaitairana, na koa fanovana ny fandikana ny toromarika avy amin' ny fototarazo ho hafatra molekiola. Araka ilay fitsipika antsoina hoe fitsipik' i Dale, izay vitsy ihany ny tranga fantatra tsy manaraka azy, dia ireo akora simika mpampita hafatra mitovy ihany no avoakan' ny nerônina iray amin' ny sinapsiny rehetra.<ref name="Strata" /> Tsy midika anefa izany fa mitovy ny vokatra aterak' ilay nerônina amin' ny sela rehetra kendreny, satria tsy ilay akora mpampita hafatra no iankinan' ny vokatry ny sinapsy, fa ireo molekiola mpandray ampiasainy.<ref name="KandelCh10" /> Afaka mampiasa karazana molekiola mpandray samihafa ireo sela kendrena samihafa, ary fahita tokoa izany. Noho izany, mety hanamora ny fientanan' ny vondron-tsela kendrena iray ny nerônina iray, hisakana ny fientanan' ny hafa, ary hanova ny fiasan' ny hafa indray amin' ny fomba sarotra. Na izany aza, saika tsy miovaova ny vokatra ateraky ny tsirairay amin' ireo akora mpampita hafatra roa be mpampiasa indrindra, dia ny glotamata sy ny GABA. Misy karazana molekiola mpandray glotamata maromaro fahita betsaka, nefa samy manamora ny fientanan' ny sela na manova ny fiasany izy rehetra. Toy izany koa, misy karazana molekiola mpandray GABA maromaro fahita betsaka, nefa samy misakana ny fientanan' ny sela izy rehetra.<ref>Misy tranga maningana maromaro nahitana fa manamora ny fientanan' ny sela ny GABA, indrindra mandritra ny fiandohan' ny fivoarana. Misy famerenana mandinika izany ao amin' ny: Marty A, Llano I (June 2005). ''Excitatory effects of GABA in established brain networks''. ''Trends Neurosci.'' 28 (6): 284–289. <nowiki>PMID: 15927683</nowiki>; DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.04.003; s2cid: 40022079.</ref> Noho izany tsy fiovaovan' ny vokatra izany, dia matetika antsoina hoe «nerônina manaitra» ny sela mampiasa glotamata, ary «nerônina misakana» ny sela mampiasa GABA. Raha ny tena marina, tsy tena marina ara-teknika izany fampiasana voambolana izany: ireo molekiola mpandray no manamora na misakana ny fientanan' ny sela, fa tsy ireo nerônina. Fahita anefa izany fampiasana izany, na dia amin' ny asa soratra ara-tsiansa aza. Misy vondron-tsinapsy iray tena manan-danja izay afaka mamorona soritra itahirizana fitadidiana, amin' ny alalan' ny fiovana maharitra amin' ny tanjaky ny sinapsy izay miankina amin' ny fiasany.<ref name="Paradiso">Paradiso MA, Bear MF, Connors BW (2007). ''[https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceexpl00mark/page/718 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain]''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. [https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceexpl00mark/page/718 718]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7817-6003-4</nowiki>.</ref> Ny endrika fantatra indrindra amin' ny fitadidiana ao amin' ny nerônina dia fizotra antsoina hoe fanamafisana maharitra ny fampitana hafatra amin' ny sinapsy, na LTP (fanamafisana maharitra ny fampitana hafatra amin' ny sinapsy). Mitranga eo amin' ny sinapsy mampiasa glotamata ho akora mpampita hafatra izany, ka ny glotamata dia miasa amin' ny karazana molekiola mpandray manokana antsoina hoe mpandray NMDA (molekiola mpandray glotamata manana toetra mampifandray ny fiasan' ny sela roa).<ref name="Cooke">Cooke SF, Bliss TV (2006). ''Plasticity in the human central nervous system''. ''Brain'' 129 (Pt 7): 1659–1673. <nowiki>PMID: 16672292</nowiki>; DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl082; doi-access: free.</ref> Manana toetra «mampifandray» ny mpandray NMDA: raha samy miasa amin' ny fotoana saika mitovy ireo sela roa mifandray eo amin' ny sinapsy, dia misy lalana misokatra ahafahan' ny kalsioma miditra ao amin' ilay sela kendrena.<ref name="Bliss">Bliss TV, Collingridge GL (January 1993). ''A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus''. ''Nature'' 361 (6407): 31–39. <nowiki>PMID: 8421494</nowiki>; DOI: 10.1038/361031a0; bibcode: 1993Natur.361...31B; s2cid: 4326182.</ref> Manomboka andiam-pifandraisana mifandimby amin' ny alalan' ny mpitondra hafatra faharoa io fidiran' ny kalsioma io. Amin' ny farany, mitombo ny isan' ny molekiola mpandray glotamata ao amin' ilay sela kendrena, ka mitombo ny tanjaky ny sinapsy amin' ny fampitana hafatra. Mety haharitra herinandro maro na mihoatra izany fiovan' ny tanjaka izany. Hatramin' ny nahitana ny LTP tamin' ny 1973, dia efa nahitana karazana soritra sinaptika itahirizana fitadidiana maro hafa, izay ahitana fitomboana na fihenan' ny tanjaky ny sinapsy ateraky ny toe-javatra samihafa, ary maharitra mandritra ny fe-potoana samihafa.<ref name="Cooke" /> Ohatra, miankina amin' ny endrika hafa amin' ny LTP ny rafitra momba ny valisoa, izay manamafy ny fitondran-tena irina. Mitaky hafatra fanampiny avy amin' ny lalana mampita hafatra momba ny valisoa io endrika io, ary dôpamina (na karazana akora simika mpampita hafatra) no ampiasain' izany lalana izany hampitana hafatra.<ref name="Kauer">Kauer JA, Malenka RC (November 2007). ''Synaptic plasticity and addiction''. ''Nat. Rev. Neurosci.'' 8 (11): 844–858. <nowiki>PMID: 17948030</nowiki>; DOI: 10.1038/nrn2234; s2cid: 38811195; doi-access: free.</ref> Rehefa raisina miaraka ireo endrika rehetra ahafahan' ny sinapsy miova ireo, dia miteraka ny fahafahan' ny rafi-pitatitra miova sy mampifanaraka ny fiasany, izany hoe ny fahafahany mampifanaraka ny tenany amin' ny fiovan' ny tontolo iainana. === Lalana sy rafitra fampitan-kafatra eo amin' ny nerônina === Ny fandefasana famantarana any amin' ny sela hafa no asa fototry ny nerônina (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra). Tafiditra amin' izany ny fahafahan' ny nerônina mifanakalo famantarana amin' ny nerônina hafa. Mahavita asa maro samihafa ny tambajotra voaforon' ny vondron-nerônina mifamatotra, anisan' izany ny famantarana toetra manokana amin' ny zavatra tsapa, ny famoronana lamina ary ny fandrindrana ny fotoan' ny asa.<ref name="Dayan">Dayan P, Abbott LF. ''Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems''. MIT Press, 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-262-54185-5</nowiki>.</ref> Hita fa tsy tambo isaina ny fomba ahafahan' ireo tambajotra ireo mikirakira vaovao. Nasehon' i Warren McCulloch sy Walter Pitts tamin' ny 1943 fa na ny tambajotra nerônina artifisialy, izay aorina amin' ny fanehoana nerônina amin' ny endrika [[Matematika|matematika]] tena notsorina aza, dia mahavita izay kajy rehetra azo tanterahina amin' ny alalan' ny toromarika voalamina sy voafaritra mazava.<ref name="McCullochPitts" /> [[File:Descartes-reflex.JPG|thumb|right|Fanoharana ny lalana ampitan' ny hafatra momba ny fanaintainana, nalaina tao amin' ny ''Treatise of Man'' nosoratan' i [[René Descartes]].]] Nandritra ny taona maro teo amin' ny tantara, ny fiheverana nanjaka momba ny asan' ny rafi-pitatitra dia ny hoe mampifandray fanaitairana amin' ny valiny izy.<ref name="Sherrington1906" /> Araka izany fiheverana izany, ny fikarakarana ataon' ny rafi-pitatitra dia manomboka amin' ny fanaitairana izay mampihetsika ny nerônina mandray fahatsapana. Miteraka famantarana miparitaka manaraka andiana fifandraisana ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina sy ny atidoha izany, ka mampihetsika ny nerônina mampihetsika hozatra amin' ny farany, ary mampifintina ny hozatra, izany hoe miteraka valiny hita etỳ ivelany. Nino i Descartes fa azo hazavaina amin' ny alalan' ny lalana mampifandray fanaitairana sy valiny ny fitondran-tena rehetra ananan' ny biby sy ny ankamaroan' ny fitondran-tenan' ny olombelona. Nino koa anefa izy fa tsy azo hazavaina amin' ny fiasana mekanika ny asa ara-tsaina ambony, toy ny fiteny.<ref name="Descartes">Descartes R. ''Passions of the Soul''. Voss S. Hackett, 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87220-035-7</nowiki>.</ref> Tao amin' ny bokiny ''The Integrative Action of the Nervous System'', izay nivoaka tamin' ny 1906 sady nanan-kery teo amin' ny fivoaran' izany hevitra izany,<ref name="Sherrington1906">Sherrington CS. ''The Integrative Action of the Nervous System''. Scribner, 1906. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6KwRAAAAYAAJ https://books.google.com/books?id=6KwRAAAAYAAJ].</ref> dia namelabelatra bebe kokoa ny foto-kevitra momba ny rafitra mampifandray fanaitairana sy valiny i Charles Sherrington. Ny fomba fisainana manazava ny fitondran-tena amin' ny fanaitairana sy ny valiny, izay nanjaka teo amin' ny [[Haifisaina sy hetsi-po|psikôlôjia]] hatramin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20, dia niezaka nanazava ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fitondran-tenan' ny olombelona tamin' izany fomba izany.<ref name="Baum">Baum WM. ''Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution''. Blackwell, 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4051-1262-8</nowiki>.</ref> Nasehon' ny fanandramana teo amin' ny fandalinana ny asa elektrikan' ny sela sy ny taova anefa, izay nanomboka tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 ary nahazoana vokatra betsaka tamin' ny taompolo 1940, fa manana rafitra maro ny rafi-pitatitra mba hitazonana ny fahafahan' ny sela mamaly fanaitairana sy hamoronana lamina fiasana avy ao anatiny, nefa tsy mila fanaitairana avy any ivelany.<ref name="Piccolino">Piccolino M. ''Fifty years of the Hodgkin-Huxley era''. ''Trends Neurosci.'' 25 (11): 552–553, November 2002. <nowiki>PMID 12392928</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02276-2. S2CID 35465936.</ref> Hita fa na dia mitokana tanteraka aza ny nerônina dia afaka mamokatra andiana fiovana elektrika fohy miparitaka manaraka ny fonon-tsela (na famantarana elektrika ampitain' ny nerônina; ''action potentials'') izay mifandimby ara-dalàna, na andiana fipoahan' ireo famantarana ireo mivondrona.<ref name="Johnston">Johnston D, Wu SM. ''Foundations of cellular neurophysiology''. MIT Press, 1995. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-262-10053-3</nowiki>.</ref> Rehefa ampifandraisina ao anatin' ny lalana maro mifamatotra ny nerônina izay miasa avy ao anatiny, dia mihamaro lavitra ny lamina ara-potoana saro-drafitra azon' izy ireo foronina.<ref name="Dayan" /> Araka ny fiheverana maoderina, ny ampahany amin' ny asan' ny rafi-pitatitra dia hazavaina amin' ny andiana fanaitairana sy valiny mifanesy, ary ny ampahany hafa amin' ny lamina fiasana aterany avy ao anatiny. Mifampitaona ireo karazana asa roa ireo ka miteraka ny fitondran-tena rehetra azon' ny zavamananaina atao.<ref name="Simmons">Simmons PJ, Young D. ''Nerve cells and animal behaviour''. Ch 1.: Introduction. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999. [https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal02essimm https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal02essimm] (mila fisoratana anarana vao azo jerena). <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-62726-9</nowiki>.</ref> ==== Refleksa sy lalana hafa mampifandray ny fanaitairana amin' ny valiny ==== [[File:Nervous system organization en.svg|thumb|right|400px|Kisary notsorina mampiseho ny asa fototry ny rafi-pitatitra: raisin' ny mpandray fahatsapana ny famantarana ary alefa any amin' ny tsokan-damosina sy ny atidoha, izay ikarakarana azy ka miteraka famantarana alefa miverina any amin' ny tsokan-damosina, ary avy eo mivoaka mankany amin' ny nerônina mampihetsika hozatra.]] Ny karazana lalana fampitan-kafatra tsotra indrindra eo amin' ny nerônina dia ny lalan' ny refleksa (na lalana ampitan' ny rafi-pitatitra ny fanaitairana mba hiteraka valiny mandeha ho azy). Manomboka amin' ny hafatra momba ny fahatsapana miditra izy io ary miafara amin' ny hafatra mivoaka mampihetsika hozatra, rehefa avy mandalo andiana nerônina mifandray mifandimby.<ref name="KandelCh36" /> Ohatra iray amin' izany ny refleksa fisintonana, izay mahatonga ny tanana hisintona tampoka rehefa avy nikasika fatana mafana. Manomboka amin' ny mpandray fahatsapana ao amin' ny hoditra, izay velomin' ny hafanana manimba ny vatana, ilay lalana: misy rafitra molekiolara manokana tafiditra ao amin' ny fonon-tsela, ka amin' ny alalany dia manova ny sahan-kery elektrika manerana io fonon-tsela io ny hafanana. Ny sahan-kery elektrika dia ny faritra isehoan' ny hery elektrika. Raha lehibe ampy hihoarana ny fetra ilaina ny fiovan' ny fahasamihafan' ny toetra elektrika eo amin' ny lafiny roa amin' ny fonon-tsela, dia miteraka famantarana elektrika miparitaka izany. Ampitaina manaraka ny aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) an' ilay sela mpandray fahatsapana ilay famantarana, ka miditra ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina. Ao no ifandraisan' ilay aksona amin' ny sela hafa amin' ny alalan' ny sinapsy manaitra (na toerana ifampitana hafatra izay mampitombo ny fahafahan' ny sela andefasana azy hiasa). Ny sasany amin' ireo sela ireo dia mandefa hafatra amin' ny alalan' ny aksonany ao amin' io faritra io ihany amin' ny tsokan-damosina, fa ny hafa kosa mandefa izany any amin' ny atidoha. Anisan' ny sela andefasana hafatra ny vondron' ny nerônina mpanelanelana ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina, izay mandefa hafatra any amin' ny nerônina mampihetsika ny hozatry ny sandry. Manaitra ireo nerônina mampihetsika hozatra ireo ny nerônina mpanelanelana. Raha mahery ampy ny fanaitairana, dia mamokatra famantarana elektrika miparitaka ny sasany amin' ireo nerônina mampihetsika hozatra; mandeha manaraka ny aksonany izany mandra-pahatongany eo amin' ny sinapsy manaitra ifandraisany amin' ny selan' ny hozatra. Mampifintina ny selan' ny hozatra ireo famantarana manaitra, ka manova ny zoro eo amin' ny tonon-taolan' ny sandry ary misintona ny sandry hiala. Raha ny tena izy, dia maro ny zavatra manasarotra io kisary tsotra io.<ref name="KandelCh36" /> Na dia fohy aza ny lalana mampifandray ny nerônina mandray fahatsapana amin' ny nerônina mampihetsika hozatra amin' ny refleksa tsotra indrindra, dia misy koa nerônina hafa eo akaiky eo izay mandray anjara amin' ilay lalana sy manova ny valiny. Ankoatra izany, misy aksona avy any amin' ny atidoha mankany amin' ny tsokan-damosina izay afaka manamafy na manakana ny refleksa. Na dia mety ho lalana ao anatin' ny tsokan-damosina tanteraka aza no mampita ny refleksa tsotra indrindra, dia miankina amin' ny fikarakarana famantarana ao amin' ny atidoha ny valiny sarotra kokoa.<ref name="KandelCh38" /> Ohatra, rehefa misy zavatra mihetsika eo amin' ny sisin' ny faritra hitan' ny maso, ary mitodika mijery izany ny olona iray, dia manomboka ny dingana maro ikarakarana famantarana. Tsy tena hafa amin' izay hita amin' ny refleksa tsotra ny valiny voalohany momba ny fahatsapana, ao amin' ny retinan' ny maso (na sosona ao amin' ny maso mandray hazavana), sy ny valiny farany mampihetsika, ao amin' ny vondron' ny vatan-nerônina mifehy ny fihetsiky ny maso ao amin' ny tahon' ny atidoha. Hafa tanteraka kosa ireo dingana eo anelanelany. Tsy mandalo fikarakarana iray na roa mifanesy fotsiny ny famantarana avy amin' ny maso, fa mandalo dingana fanakambanana sy fampifandraisana hafatra izay mety ho roa ambin' ny folo eo ho eo ny isany. Mandray anjara amin' izany ny talamosy (na faritra ao anatin' ny atidoha andalovan' ny hafatra), ny kôrteksa serebraly (na sosona ivelan' ny atidoha lehibe), ny gangliona fototra (na vondron' ny vatan-nerônina lalina ao amin' ny atidoha), ny kolikolosy ambony (na faritra ao amin' ny tapany afovoan' ny atidoha mandray anjara amin' ny fitodihan' ny maso), ny serebelôma (na atidoha kely), ary vondron' ny vatan-nerônina maromaro ao amin' ny tahon' ny atidoha. Anisan' ny fikarakarana famantarana ataon' ireo faritra ireo ny famantarana toetra manokana amin' ny zavatra tsapa, ny famakafakana ny fahatsapana, ny famerenana izay voatahiry ao amin' ny fitadidiana, ny fandraisana fanapahan-kevitra, ary ny fanomanana ny fihetsika.<ref name="KandelCh39" /> Ny famantarana toetra manokana amin' ny zavatra tsapa dia ny fahafahana maka vaovao ilaina amin' ny fiainan' ny zavamananaina avy amin' ny fitambaran' ny famantarana momba ny fahatsapana.<ref name="KandelCh21" /> Ao amin' ny rafitra ahafahana mahita, ohatra, ny mpandray fahatsapana tsirairay ao amin' ny retinan' ny maso dia tsy mahavita mamantatra afa-tsy «teboka mazava» eo amin' ny tontolo ivelany.<ref name="KandelCh25" /> Mandray hafatra avy amin' ny vondron' ny mpandray fahatsapana voalohany ny nerônina misahana ny fahitana amin' ny ambaratonga faharoa; mandray hafatra avy amin' ny vondron' ny nerônina amin' ny ambaratonga faharoa kosa ny nerônina amin' ny ambaratonga ambony kokoa, ary mitohy toy izany hatrany, ka miforona ny dingana fikarakarana mifanarakaraka amin' ny ambaratongany. Isaky ny dingana dia alaina avy amin' ny fitambaran' ny famantarana ny vaovao ilaina, ary esorina ny vaovao tsy ilaina. Amin' ny fiafaran' izany fikarakarana izany, ny famantarana miditra maneho «teboka mazava» dia niova ho fanehoan' ny rafi-pitatitra ireo zavatra eo amin' ny tontolo manodidina sy ny toetrany. Ao anatin' ny atidoha no anaovana ny fikarakarana fahatsapana saro-drafitra indrindra. Na izany aza, misy koa fitrandrahana toetra manokana saro-drafitra ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina sy ao amin' ny taova mpandray fahatsapana ivelan' ny foibe, toy ny retina. ==== Famokarana lamina avy ao anatiny ==== Na dia ny fomba fiasan' ny fifandraisan' ny fanaitairana sy ny valiny aza no mora indrindra takarina, dia afaka mifehy ny vatana amin' ny fomba tsy mitaky fanaitairana avy any ivelany koa ny rafi-pitatitra, amin' ny alalan' ny asa miverimberina ara-potoana izay aterany avy ao anatiny. Misy karazana fantsona maro fandalovan' ny iôna (na potika mitondra vesatra elektrika) izay saro-pady amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny potansialy elektrika eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' ny fonon-tsela, ary mety ho tafiditra ao amin' ny fonon' ny nerônina (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra). Noho izany fahamaroan-karazana izany, dia afaka mamokatra andiana famantarana elektrika mifandimby sy miverimberina ara-potoana ny karazana nerônina maro, na dia mitokana aza; na koa mampifandimby ara-potoana ny fotoana amoahany famantarana marobe mifanesy haingana sy ny fotoana tsy amoahany famantarana. Ireo famantarana elektrika ireo dia fiovana fohy amin' ny toe-javatra elektrika izay miparitaka manaraka ny fonon-tsela. Rehefa ampifandraisina amin' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra amin' ny sela) mamporisika na manakana ny fiasan' ny sela kendrena ireo nerônina manana asa miverimberina avy ao anatiny, dia afaka mampiseho fomba fiovana isan-karazany rehefa mandeha ny fotoana ny tambajotra vokatr' izany. Anisan' izany ny fiovana mitondra manakaiky toe-javatra na fitambaran' ny toe-javatra izay hatonin' ny rafitra miainga amin' ny toe-javatra manodidina azy, ny fiverimberenana amin' ny elanelam-potoana raikitra, ary na dia ny fiovana tsy milamina nefa voafaritry ny lalàn' ny rafitra sy tena mora miova vokatry ny fahasamihafana kely amin' ny toe-javatra iaingana aza. Antsoina hoe mpamokatra lamina foibe ny tambajotran' ny nerônina iray mampiasa ny firafiny anatiny mba hamokarana famantarana mivoaka manana filaharana ara-potoana, nefa tsy mitaky fanaitairana manana filaharana ara-potoana mifanaraka amin' izany. Miasa amin' ny faharetana tena samihafa ny famokarana lamina avy ao anatiny, manomboka amin' ny milisegondra (na 0.001 segondra) ka hatramin' ny ora maro na mihoatra izany. Anisan' ny karazana lamina ara-potoana manan-danja indrindra ny fiverimberenana ara-potoana manodidina ny iray andro, izany hoe manana tsingerina maharitra 24 ora eo ho eo. Ny biby rehetra efa nodinihina dia ahitana fiovaovan' ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra miverimberina manodidina ny iray andro, izay mifehy ny fifandimbiasan' ny fitondran-tena amin' izany tsingerina izany, toy ny tsingerin' ny torimaso sy ny fifohazana. Nasehon' ny fanandramana natao nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1990 fa « famantaranandro ara-tarazo » no mamokatra ireo fiverimberenana ireo. Vondrona fototarazo manokana no mandrafitra azy, ary mitombo sy mihena mandritra ny andro ny haavon' ny fanehoan' ireo fototarazo ireo, izany hoe ny fampiasan' ny sela ny toromarika ao aminy. Manana rafitra famantaranandro ara-tarazo mitovitovy amin' izany ny biby tena samy hafa, toy ny bibikely sy ny biby misy hazondamosina. Misy fiantraikany amin' io famantaranandro manaraka tsingerina manodidina ny iray andro io ny hazavana, kanefa mbola miasa izy na dia tazonina tsy miova aza ny haavon' ny hazavana sady tsy misy famantarana hafa avy any ivelany ahafantarana ny fotoana ao anatin' ny andro. Miseho amin' ny faritra maro amin' ny rafi-pitatitra sy amin' ny taova maro any amin' ny faritra ivelan' ny foibe ny fanehoan' ireo fototarazon' ny famantaranandro ireo. Amin' ny biby mampinono anefa, ireo « famantaranandron' ny vondron-tsela » rehetra ireo dia tazonina hifanaraka ara-potoana amin' ny alalan' ny famantarana avy amin' ny mpandrindra fotoana lehibe iray ao amin' ny faritra madinika dia madinika amin' ny atidoha antsoina hoe vondron-tsela suprakiasmatika (na vondron' ny vatan-tsela nerônina ao amin' io faritra io). === Nerônina fitaratra === Lahatsoratra fototra: Nerônina fitaratra. Ny nerônina fitaratra dia nerônina (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) izay mamokatra famantarana elektrika rehefa manao fihetsika ny biby iray ary koa rehefa mahita biby hafa manao izany fihetsika izany.<ref name="RizzolattiCraighero2004">Giacomo Rizzolatti, Laila Craighero (2004). ''[http://www.kuleuven.be/mirrorneuronsystem/readinglist/Rizzolatti%20&%20Craighero%202004%20-%20The%20MNS%20-%20ARN.pdf The mirror-neuron system]''. ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 27, p. 169–192. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230. <nowiki>PMID: 15217330</nowiki>. S2CID: 1729870.</ref><ref name="Keysers 2009">Christian Keysers (2010). ''[http://www.bcn-nic.nl/txt/people/publications/2009_Keysers_CurrentBiology.pdf Mirror Neurons]''. ''Current Biology'', 19, laharana 21, p. R971–973. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.026. <nowiki>PMID: 19922849</nowiki>. S2CID: 12668046. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130119224448/http://www.bcn-nic.nl/txt/people/publications/2009_Keysers_CurrentBiology.pdf Tahiry], 19 January 2013.</ref> Noho izany, dia toy ny fitaratra manako ny fihetsiky ny biby hafa ilay nerônina, ka toy ny hoe ilay mpijery mihitsy no manao ilay fihetsika. Efa voamarika mivantana tamin' ny karazana [[Primates|primata]] ny nerônina toy izany.<ref name="architalbiol.org">Giacomo Rizzolatti, Luciano Fadiga (1999). ''[http://www.architalbiol.org/aib/article/view/575/532 Resonance Behaviors and Mirror Neurons]''. ''Italiennes de Biologie'', 137, laharana 2–3, p. 85–100. <nowiki>PMID: 10349488</nowiki>.</ref> Naseho fa manana fihetsika manako ny fihetsiky ny hafa amin' ny alalan' ny fakana tahaka ny vorona, ary manondro ny mety hisian' ny rafitra iray miasa toy ny fitaratra ny porofo ara-pitatitra.<ref name="architalbiol.org" /><ref>Chana Akins, Edward Klein (2002). ''Imitative Learning in Japanese Quail using Bidirectional Control Procedure''. ''Animal Learning & Behavior'', 30, laharana 3, p. 275–281. DOI: 10.3758/bf03192836 (azo vakina maimaimpoana). <nowiki>PMID: 12391793</nowiki>.</ref> Amin' ny olombelona, dia nahitana fiasan' ny atidoha mifanaraka amin' ny fiasan' ny nerônina fitaratra ao amin' ny kôrteksa premôtôra (na sosona ivelan' ny atidoha mialoha ny faritra mampihetsika), ny faritra fanampiny mampihetsika, ny kôrteksa sômatôsansôriela voalohany (na faritra voalohany amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny atidoha mandray fahatsapana avy amin' ny vatana), ary ny kôrteksa parietaly ambany (na tapany ambany amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny faritra parietaly amin' ny atidoha).<ref name="Molenberghs P, Cunnington R, Mattingley J 975–980">Molenberghs P, Cunnington R, Mattingley J (July 2009). ''[https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/d8f4e6d1-41d6-4646-9012-2b7b39c8f89d Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis.]''. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', 33, laharana 1, p. 975–980. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.010. <nowiki>PMID: 19580913</nowiki>. S2CID: 25620637.</ref> Maro ny vinavina momba ny asan' io rafitra fitaratra io; misy mpahay siansa mampitandrina fa tsy ampy ny fikarohana manohana ireo filazana momba ny anjara asan' ny nerônina fitaratra.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">G. Hickok (21 July 2009). ''Eight Problems for the Mirror Neuron Theory of Action Understanding in Monkeys and Humans''. ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'', 21, laharana 7, p. 1229–1243. PMCID: 2773693. <nowiki>PMID: 19199415</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21189.</ref><ref name="else.econ.ucl.ac.uk">Cecilia Heyes (2009). ''[http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/uploaded/362.pdf Where do mirror neurons come from?]''. ''Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews''. Nojerena: 14 January 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062918/http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/uploaded/362.pdf Tahiry], 26 April 2012.</ref> Mihevitra ireo mpikaroka momba ny rafi-pitatitra mifandraika amin' ny fahalalana sy ireo mpikaroka momba ny psikôlôjian' ny fahalalana fa io rafitra io no manome ny fomba fiasana ara-batana mampifandray ny fahatsapana sy ny fihetsika (jereo ny teôrian' ny fanehoana iombonana ny fahatsapana sy ny fihetsika). Araka ny hevitr' izy ireo, dia mety hanan-danja amin' ny fahatakarana ny fihetsiky ny hafa sy amin' ny fianarana fahaiza-manao vaovao amin' ny alalan' ny fakana tahaka ny nerônina fitaratra. Misy mpikaroka koa mametraka ny vinavina fa mety hamerina an-tsaina ireo fihetsika hita ny rafitra fitaratra, ka handray anjara amin' ny fahaizana mahatakatra ny toe-tsain' ny hafa,<ref>Christian Keysers, Valeria Gazzola (2006). ''[http://www.bcn-nsic.nl/txt/people/publications/keysersgazzolapbr.pdf Progress in Brain Research]''. Bcn-nic.nl. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630021020/http://www.bcn-nic.nl/txt/people/publications/keysersgazzolapbr.pdf Tahiry], 30 June 2007.</ref><ref>Michael Arbib (2005). ''[http://www.interdisciplines.org/coevolution/papers/11 The Mirror System Hypothesis. Linking Language to Theory of Mind]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090329093003/http://www.interdisciplines.org/coevolution/papers/11 Tahiry], 29 March 2009. Nojerena: 2006-02-17.</ref> fa ny hafa kosa mampifandray ny nerônina fitaratra amin' ny fahaizana [[Fiteny|mampiasa fiteny]].<ref>Hugo Théoret, Alvaro Pascual-Leone (2002). ''Language Acquisition: Do as You Hear''. ''Current Biology'', 12, laharana 21, p. R736–R737. <nowiki>PMID: 12419204</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01251-4 (azo vakina maimaimpoana). S2CID: 12867585. Bibcode: 2002CBio...12.R736T.</ref> Araka ny fomba fijery hafa naroson' i Igor Val Danilov, dia azo hazavaina amin' ny modely momba ny rafi-pitatitra sy ny fahalalana eo amin' ny reny sy ny zaza ao am-bohoka ireo tranga voafetra amin' ny fifandraisana sy ny fifampiantraikan' ny olona izay ahitana nerônina fitaratra. Araka io vinavina io, dia mifanaraka ara-potoana ny fiovana miverimberina eo an-toerana amin' ny asan' ny nerônina ao amin' ireo rafi-pitatitra roa, noho ny vokatra ateraky ny fifanindrian' ireo fiovana miendrika onja ireo amin' ny onjan' ny saha elektrômanetikan' ny fon' ny reny (na faritra misy fiantraikany elektrika sy manetika), izay ambany ny tahan' ny fiverimberenany. Vokatr' izany, araka io vinavina io ihany, dia mianatra mamaly tahaka ny fomba amalian' ny rafi-pitatitry ny reny ny zavatra manaitra azy ny rafi-pitatitry ny zaza ao am-bohoka.<ref>Igor Val Danilov (29 November 2024). ''The Origin of Natural Neurostimulation: A Narrative Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques''. ''OBM Neurobiology'', 08, laharana 4, p. 1–23. DOI: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2404260 (azo vakina maimaimpoana).</ref><ref>Igor Val Danilov (2 November 2023). ''Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception''. ''OBM Neurobiology'', 07, laharana 4, p. 1–17. DOI: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192 (azo vakina maimaimpoana).</ref> Na izany aza, dia tsy misy modely (na fanehoana ara-teôria) ara-pitatitra na mifototra amin' ny fikajiana izay ekena amin' ny ankapobeny mba hilazana ny fomba anohanan' ny asan' ny nerônina fitaratra ny asa mifandray amin' ny fahalalana, toy ny fakana tahaka.<ref name="Dinstein">Dinstein I, Thomas C, Behrmann M, Heeger DJ (2008). ''A mirror up to nature''. ''Curr Biol'', 18, laharana 1, p. R13–R18. <nowiki>PMID: 18177704</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.004. PMCID: 2517574. Bibcode: 2008CBio...18..R13D.</ref> == Fivoarana == Lahatsoratra fototra: Fivoaran' ny rafi-pitatitra sy Fivoaran' ny rafi-pitatitra amin' ny olombelona. Ao amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina, anisan' ny dingana lehibe amin' ny fivoaran' ny rafi-pitatitra mandritra ny fiainan' ny embriôna (na zavamananaina mbola eo am-piforonana) ny fahaterahan' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]] (na sela mampita hafatra ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra) avy amin' ny sela mpialoha azy, izay sela fototra (na sela afaka miteraka sela hafa mbola hivoatra ho sela manana asa manokana), sy ny fiovan' ireo nerônina ho sela manana toetra sy asa manokana. Anisan' izany koa ny fifindran' ny nerônina mbola tsy matotra avy eo amin' ny toerana nahaterahany ao amin' ny embriôna mankany amin' ny toerana hipetrahany farany; ny fitomboan' ny aksona (na tsiratsiraka lava mampita hafatra miala amin' ny vatan' ny nerônina) avy amin' ny nerônina sy ny fitarihana ny zotra alehan' ny tendron' ny aksona mitombo sy afaka mihetsika, mamakivaky ny embriôna mankany amin' ny sela izay hiara-hifandray aminy eo amin' ny ilany mandray hafatra amin' ny sinapsy; ary ny fiforonan' ny sinapsy (na toerana ifampitan' ny hafatra eo amin' ny sela) eo amin' ireo aksona ireo sy ireo sela mpiara-mifandray aminy eo amin' ny ilany mandray hafatra. Farany, ao koa ny fiovan' ny sinapsy mandritra ny androm-piainana manontolo, izay heverina ho fototry ny fianarana sy ny fitadidiana.<ref name="KandelCh52" /> Ny biby Bilateria rehetra, izany hoe ireo biby manana lafiny roa mifanandrify, dia mamorona gastrôla (na embriôna amin' ilay dingana isehoan' ny sosona fototry ny vatana) eo am-piandohan' ny fivoarany. Manana tendro roa miavaka izy io: ny iray antsoina hoe tendro animaly, ary ny iray kosa hoe tendro vejetaly. Miendrika kapila ny gastrôla ary misy soson-tsela telo: ny sosona anatiny, antsoina hoe endôderma (na sosona fototra anatiny), no ivoahan' ny sosona manarona ny atin' ny ankamaroan' ny taova anatiny; ny sosona afovoany, antsoina hoe mezôderma (na sosona fototra afovoany), no ivoahan' ny taolana sy ny hozatra; ary ny sosona ivelany, antsoina hoe ektôderma (na sosona fototra ivelany), no ivoahan' ny hoditra sy ny rafi-pitatitra.<ref name="SanesCh1" /> [[File:Gray17.png|thumb|center|250px|Embriônan' olombelona ahitana ny tatatra neraly, na ilay vala miendrika tatatra eo am-piforonan' ny rafi-pitatitra.]] [[File:Development of the neural tube.png|thumb|center|425px|Dingana efatra amin' ny fivoaran' ny fantsona neraly, na ilay fantsona mpialoha ny rafi-pitatitra foibe, ao amin' ny embriônan' olombelona.]] Ao amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina, ny famantarana voalohany isehoan' ny rafi-pitatitra dia ny fipoiran' ny andalan-tsela manify manaraka ny afovoan' ny lamosina, antsoina hoe takelaka neraly (na takelaka mpialoha ny rafi-pitatitra). Ny ampahany anatiny amin' io takelaka io, manaraka ny tsipika afovoany, dia ho lasa CNS (rafi-pitatitra foibe), ary ny ampahany ivelany kosa ho lasa PNS (rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe). Rehefa mitohy ny fivoarana, dia misy vala antsoina hoe tatatra neraly (na vala miendrika tatatra eo amin' ny takelaka neraly) miforona manaraka ny tsipika afovoany. Mihalalina io vala io, ary mihidy eo amin' ny tampony avy eo. Amin' izay fotoana izay, ilay ho lasa CNS dia miseho ho rafitra miendrika varingarina, izany hoe lava sady boribory rehefa tapahina mitsivalana, antsoina hoe fantsona neraly (na fantsona mpialoha ny rafi-pitatitra foibe). Ilay ho lasa PNS kosa dia miseho ho andalan-tambatsela roa antsoina hoe tandavana neraly (na andalan-tambatsela mpialoha ny rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe), izay manaraka ny halavan' ny fantsona neraly eo amboniny. Tambatsela no ilazana ny fitambaran-tsela miara-miasa. Ny filaharan' ireo dingana miainga amin' ny takelaka neraly ka tonga amin' ny fantsona neraly sy ny tandavana neraly dia antsoina hoe nerolasiôna (na fizotran' ny fiforonan' ireo rafitra neraly ireo). Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nasehon' ny andiam-panandramana malaza nataon' i Hans Spemann sy Hilde Mangold fa ampirisihin' ny famantarana avy amin' ny vondron-tsela ao amin' ny mezôderma ny fiforonan' ny tambatsela mpitatitra hafatra; antsoina hoe ''organizer region'' (faritra mpandrindra ny fiforonan' ny embriôna) io vondrona io.<ref name="KandelCh52" /> Nandritra ny am-polony taona maro anefa, dia tsy nahomby ny ezaka rehetra natao hahalalana ny tena toetran' izany fampirisihana ny fiforonan' ny tambatsela mpitatitra hafatra izany, mandra-pahavahan' ilay olana tamin' ny alalan' ny fomba fikarohana ara-pototarazo tamin' ny taompolo 1990. Mitaky ny fanakanana ny fiasan' ny fototarazo mifehy ny famokarana ilay antsoina hoe BMP (prôteina mampiforona taolana; ''bone morphogenetic protein'') io fampirisihana io. Toa ilay prôteina BMP4 (prôteina mampiforona taolana laharana 4) indrindra no mandray anjara amin' izany. Misy prôteina roa, antsoina hoe Noggin sy Chordin, izay samy avoakan' ny mezôderma, afaka manakana ny BMP4 ka mampirisika ny ektôderma hiova ho tambatsela mpitatitra hafatra. Toa misy fomba fiasan' ny molekiola mitovitovy amin' izany amin' ny karazam-biby mifanalavitra be, anisan' izany ny artropôda sy ny biby manana hazondamosina. Amin' ny biby sasany anefa, dia mety hanana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ilay fampirisihana koa ny karazana molekiola hafa, antsoina hoe FGF (akora mampitombo ny fibrôblasta, na sela mandray anjara amin' ny fanorenana tambatsela mampitohy; ''Fibroblast Growth Factor''). Ny fampirisihana ny fiforonan' ny tambatsela mpitatitra hafatra dia miteraka sela mpialoha ny sela ao amin' ny rafi-pitatitra, antsoina hoe nevrôblasta (na sela mbola hiteraka nerônina na sela glialy).<ref name="KandelCh53" /> Ao amin' ny ''Drosophila'', dia mizara ny nevrôblasta ka tsy mitovy ny ho toetry ny sela roa aterany: ny iray dia GMC (sela renin' ny gangliona, na sela mpialoha izay mbola hizara indray mandeha; ''ganglion mother cell''), ary ny iray kosa nevrôblasta. Mizara indray mandeha ny GMC, ka miteraka na nerônina roa na sela glialy roa (na sela manohana ny nerônina sy mandray anjara amin' ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra). Raha atambatra izany, dia afaka miteraka nerônina na sela glialy amin' ny isa tsy voafaritra ny nevrôblasta iray. Araka ny nasehon' ny fikarohana iray tamin' ny 2008, dia anisan' ny zavatra iombonan' ny zavamananaina rehetra manana bika mifanandrify amin' ny andaniny roa, anisan' izany ny olombelona, ny fianakavian' ny molekiola avoaka mba hitondra famantarana, antsoina hoe nevrôtrôfina (na molekiola mandrindra ny fitomboana sy ny fahaveloman' ny [[Nerônina|nerônina]]).<ref name="Zhu" /> Namantatra ny DNT1 i Zhu sy ny mpiara-miasa aminy; io no nevrôtrôfina voalohany hita tamin' ny [[Diptera|lalitra]]. Mitovitovy firafitra amin' ny nevrôtrôfina rehetra fantatra ny DNT1, ary manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny ho toetry ny nerônina ao amin' ny ''Drosophila''. Koa satria efa hita tao amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina sy ny biby tsy manana hazondamosina ny nevrôtrôfina, dia manondro ireo porofo ireo fa efa nisy izany tao amin' ny razambe iombonan' ny zavamananaina manana lafiny roa mifanandrify, ary mety ho fomba fiasana iombonana amin' ny fiforonan' ny rafi-pitatitra. == Aretina sy fahasimban' ny rafi-pitatitra == Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Nevrôlôjia (na sampam-pitsaboana momba ny aretin' ny rafi-pitatitra). Jereo koa: Psikiatria (na sampam-pitsaboana momba ny aretin-tsaina). [[File:CNS protection.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Ireo sosona miaro ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina]] Misy sakana ara-batana sy ara-tsimia lehibe miaro ny rafi-pitatitra foibe. Eo amin' ny lafiny ara-batana, dia voahodidina fonona mafy antsoina hoe meningy (na fonon' ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina) ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina, ary voahodidin' ny taolan-doha sy ny taolan' ny hazondamosina. Miara-mamorona fiarovana ara-batana matanjaka ireo. Eo amin' ny lafiny ara-tsimia kosa, dia misy sakana mampisaraka ny ra sy ny atidoha izay manakana ny ankabeazan' ny karazana akora simika tsy hifindra avy amin' ny ra mikoriana ho ao anatin' ny CNS (rafi-pitatitra foibe), ka mampisaraka ny atidoha sy ny tsokan-damosina amin' ireo akora ireo. Noho ireo fiarovana ireo, dia tsy mora iharan' ny fahavoazana tahaka ny PNS (rafi-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe) ny CNS amin' ny lafiny maro. Etsy ankilany anefa, dia mirona hiteraka voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa ny fahasimban' ny CNS. Na dia any amin' ny faritra lalina ao ambanin' ny hoditra aza no misy ny tadim-pitatitra mazàna, afa-tsy amin' ny toerana vitsivitsy toy ny misy ny tadim-pitatitra olnary (na tadim-pitatitra mandalo akaikin' ny kiho), eo akaikin' ny tonon-kiho, dia mbola somary mora iharan' ny fahasimbana ara-batana ihany izy ireo. Mety hiteraka fanaintainana, fahaverezan' ny fahatsapana, na fahaverezan' ny fifehezana ny hozatra izany. Mety ho simba koa ny tadim-pitatitra noho ny fivontosana na ny mangana eo amin' ny toerana andalovany ao anaty lakandrano tery voahodidina taolana, toy ny mitranga amin' ny sendrôman' ny lakandrano karpaly (na fahavoazan' ny tadim-pitatitra voatsindry ao amin' ny lalana ety amin' ny hato-tanana). Raha tapaka tanteraka ny tadim-pitatitra iray, dia matetika izy io no mitombo indray, saingy mety haharitra volana maro vao vita izany dingana izany raha lava ilay tadim-pitatitra. Ankoatra ny fahasimbana ara-batana, dia mety ho avy amin' ny olana ara-pahasalamana maro hafa koa ny neorôpatia periferika (na aretina na fahasimban' ny tadim-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe). Anisan' izany ny aretina mifandray amin' ny fototarazo; ny aretina mifandray amin' ny metabôlisma (na ireo fiovana ara-tsimia iasan' ny vatana), toy ny [[Diabeta|diabeta]] (na aretina mampiakatra ny tahan' ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra); ny aretina misy mamaivay, toy ny sendrôman' i Guillain–Barré (na aretina mamaivay mahazo ny tadim-pitatitra ivelan' ny foibe); ny tsy fahampian' ny vitamina; ny areti-mifindra, toy ny [[Habokana|habokana]] (na areti-mifindra mahazo ny hoditra sy ny tadim-pitatitra) na ny [[Shingles|zôna]] (na aretina vokatry ny virosy izay mampisy maimaika maharary; ''shingles'' amin' ny teny anglisy); ary ny fanapoizinana amin' ny akora misy poizina, toy ny metaly mavesatra. Maro amin' ireo tranga no tsy ahitana antony azo fantarina, ka antsoina hoe idiôpatika (na tsy fantatra izay antony mahatonga azy). Mety tsy hiasa vonjimaika koa ny tadim-pitatitra, ka hiteraka fahaverezana na fihenan' ny fahatsapana. Anisan' ny antony fahita amin' izany ny tsindry ara-batana, ny fidinan' ny hafanana, na ny fifandraisana ara-tsimia amin' ny anestezika eo an-toerana (na fanafody mampihena na manaisotra vonjimaika ny fahatsapana amin' ny faritra iray), toy ny ''lidocaine''. Mety hiteraka fahaverezan' ny fahatsapana na ny fahafahana mihetsika ny fahasimbana ara-batana amin' ny tsokan-damosina. Raha tsy misy vokany ratsy mihoatra noho ny fivontosana ny ratra amin' ny hazondamosina, dia mety ho mandalo ihany ny soritr' aretina. Raha tena potika kosa ireo tsiratsiraky ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny hazondamosina, dia mazàna no tsy miverina intsony ny fiasan' izy ireo. Hita tamin' ny fikarohana andrana fa manandrana mitombo indray ireo tsiratsiraky ny tadim-pitatitra ao amin' ny hazondamosina, toy ny ataon' ireo tsiratsiraky ny tadim-pitatitra hafa ihany. Ao amin' ny tsokan-damosina anefa, dia mazàna ny fahapotehan' ny tambatsela (na fitambaran' ny sela) no miteraka tambatsela holatra izay tsy azon' ireo tadim-pitatitra mitombo indray idirana. Miankina betsaka amin' ny neorôsiansa (na siansa mandinika ny rafi-pitatitra) sy ny psikiatria ny fampiharana ara-pitsaboana ny nevrôlôjia, mba hitsaboana ny aretin' ny rafi-pitatitra amin' ny alalan' ny teknika isan-karazany amin' ny neorôterapia (na fomba fitsaboana mikendry ny fiasan' ny rafi-pitatitra).<ref name="International Neuromodulation Society_2024">International Neuromodulation Society, Retrieved 10 January 2025 from: https://www.neuromodulation.com/ </ref><ref name="EEE Brain 2019">IEEE Brain (2019). "''Neurotherapy: Treating Disorders by Retraining the Brain''". ''The Future Neural Therapeutics White Paper''. Retrieved 21.01.2025 from: https://brain.ieee.org/topics/neurotherapy-treating-disorders-by-retraining-the-brain/#:~:text=Neurotherapy%20trains%20a%20patient's%20brain,wave%20activity%20through%20positive%20reinforcement </ref><ref name="Val Danilov Origin Neurostimulation_2024">Val Danilov I (2023). "''The Origin of Natural Neurostimulation: A Narrative Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques.''" ''OBM Neurobiology'' 2024; 8(4): 260; <nowiki>https://doi:10{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.21926/obm.neurobiol.2404260.</nowiki></ref> == Jereo koa == * Rafi-pikorianan-dra * Rafi-pandevonan-kanina * Rafitry ny hozatra * Fahafahana miaina fahatsapana == Loharano == <references> <ref name="Afifi">Afifi AK (July 1994). ''Basal ganglia: functional anatomy and physiology. Part 1''. ''J. Child Neurol.'' 9 (3), p. 249–260. <nowiki>PMID: 7930403</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1177/088307389400900306. 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[https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse/page/233 233–234]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-443-07168-3</nowiki>.</ref> <ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs DK, Nakanishi N, Yuan D, Camara A, Nichols SA, Hartenstein V, etal (2007). ''Evolution of sensory structures in basal metazoa''. ''Integr Comp Biol'' 47 (5), p. 712–723. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icm094 (fidirana maimaim-poana). <nowiki>PMID: 21669752</nowiki>.</ref> <ref name="KandelCh2">Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM (mpandrindra ny boky; 2000). ''Ch. 2: Nerve cells and behavior''. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011 Principles of Neural Science]''. McGraw-Hill Professional. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1</nowiki>.</ref> <ref name="KandelCh4">Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM (mpandrindra ny boky; 2000). ''Ch. 4: The cytology of neurons''. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011 Principles of Neural Science]''. 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S2CID: 29406273.</ref> <ref name="Wormbook">''[http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html Wormbook: Specification of the nervous system]''.</ref> <ref name="Zhu">Zhu B, Pennack JA, McQuilton P, Forero MG, Mizuguchi K, Sutcliffe B, Gu CJ, Fenton JC, Hidalgo A (Nov 2008). ''Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a common mechanism for nervous system formation''. ''PLOS Biol'' 6 (11), p. e284. Bate, Michael (mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra). <nowiki>PMID: 19018662</nowiki>. PMC: 2586362. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060284 (fidirana maimaim-poana).</ref> </references> == Vakiteny fanampiny == * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Nervous_system ''Nervous system'']. William E. Skaggs. Scholarpedia. == Rohy ivelany == * [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nervous+system Fikarohana loharano ao amin' ny tranomboky momba ny rafi-pitatitra] sy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library pejy fanazavana momba ny loharano avy amin' ny tranomboky ho an' ny Wikipedia]. * [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Nervous_System ''The Nervous System''], toko momba ny rafi-pitatitry ny olombelona ao amin' ny boky ''Human Physiology'' ao amin' ny Wikibooks. * [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Nervous_System ''Nervous System''], toko momba ny rafi-pitatitry ny biby tsy olombelona ao amin' ny boky ''Anatomy and Physiology of Animals'' ao amin' ny Wikibooks. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708165531/http://thehumanbrainproject.org/ Pejy fandraisana an' ny ''Human Brain Project''] (tetikasa momba ny atidohan' ny olombelona). [[:Sokajy:siansan'ny nerônina]] pod4r5yb22qr1jwfoe4yldf3ihafq5n 2 302728 1153741 2026-11-11T19:52:35Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1383273187 1153741 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ Alemaina nazia (1933–1945) ! scope="row" | Anarana ôfisialy (1933–1943) | Fanjakana alemà<br>''Deutsches Reich'' |- ! scope="row" | Anarana ôfisialy (1943–1945) | Fanjakana alemà lehibe<br>''Großdeutsches Reich'' |- ! scope="row" | Saina (1935–1945) | [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|200px|alt=Sainam-pirenen' i Alemaina tamin' ny 1935–1945]] |- ! scope="row" | Marika (1935–1945) | Mariky ny fanjakana alemà |- ! scope="row" | Sarintanin' i Eorôpa | [[File:German Reich 1942 (Extended).svg|frameless|alt=Faritany nofehezin' i Alemaina tamin' ny faramparan' ny 1942]]<br>Faritany nofehezin' i Alemaina tamin' ny fotoana nidadasika indrindra izany nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], tamin' ny faramparan' ny 1942: * <span style="background-color:#008100; border:1px solid #555;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span> Maitso antitra (#008100): Fanjakana alemà{{#tag:ref|Tafiditra amin' izany ny Prôtektôratan' i Bohemia sy Moravia sy ny ''General Government'' (Governemanta Jeneraly).|group=fanamarihana|name=annexed}} * <span style="background-color:#47ca44; border:1px solid #555;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span> Maitso (#47ca44): Faritany voabodo teo ambany fitantanana sivily * <span style="background-color:#a6e0a6; border:1px solid #555;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span> Maitso tanora (#a6e0a6): Faritany voabodo teo ambany fitantanana miaramila <br>Mpamorona: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:German_Reich_1942_(Extended).svg Qbox673]; fahazoan-dalana: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. |- ! scope="row" | Fizaram-pitantanana | [[File:NS administrative Gliederung 1944.png|frameless|alt=Fizaram-pitantanan' ny Antoko Nazia tao amin' ny Fanjakana alemà lehibe tamin' ny 1944]]<br>Fizaram-pitantanan' ny Antoko Nazia tao amin' ny Fanjakana alemà lehibe tamin' ny 1944; ny tsipika mena no sisintany. <br>Mpamorona: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png Bennet Schulte/Wikipedia]; fahazoan-dalana: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/legalcode CC BY-SA 3.0 DE]. |- ! scope="row" | Vanim-potoana | Fotoana teo anelanelan' ny ady lehibe roa; [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] |- ! scope="row" | Karazam-pitondrana | Fanjakana fasista manana fahefana foibe tokana |- ! scope="row" | Fiandohana | Fakana ny fahefana, 30 Janoary 1933 |- ! scope="row" | Lalàna nanome fahefana feno | Lalàna nanome fahefana feno, 23 Martsa 1933 |- ! scope="row" | Lalànan' i Nuremberg | Lalànan' i Nuremberg, 15 Septambra 1935 |- ! scope="row" | Fampidirana an' i Aotrisy | ''Anschluss'' (fampidirana an' i Aotrisy ho ao amin' i Alemaina), 12/13 Martsa 1938{{#tag:ref|Raha ny zava-nisy (''de facto''), tamin' ny 12 Martsa, rehefa niditra ny tafika alemà; raha ny lalàna (''de jure''), tamin' ny 13 Martsa, tamin' ny alalan' ny lalàna nolaniana.<ref name="NG-sfn-001">[[#NG-bib-125|Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum]].</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! scope="row" | Fanafihana an' i Pôlônia | Fanafihana an' i Pôlônia, 1 Septambra 1939 |- ! scope="row" | Fahafatesan' i Hitler | Fahafatesan' i Hitler, 30 Aprily 1945 |- ! scope="row" | Fahalavoan' i Berlin | Fahalavoan' i Berlin, 2 Mey 1945 |- ! scope="row" | Fitolo-batana | Fitolo-batana, 8 Mey 1945 |- ! scope="row" | Fiafarana | Fisamborana ny governemantan' i Flensburg, 23 Mey 1945 |- ! scope="row" | Zava-nitranga taorian' izany | Fanambaran' i Berlin, 5 Jona 1945 |- ! scope="row" | Renivohitra sy tanàna lehibe indrindra | [[Berlin]] |- ! scope="row" | Laharam-pehintany sy laharan-jarahasin' ny renivohitra | 52°30′40″ avaratra, 13°22′47″ atsinanana |- ! scope="row" | Hiram-pirenena | * ''Das Lied der Deutschen'' (Hiran' ny Alemà) * ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' (Hiran' i Horst Wessel){{#tag:ref|Tamin' ny 12 Jolay 1933, i Wilhelm Frick, ''Reichsinnenminister'' (minisitry ny Atitany tao amin' ny fanjakana), dia nandidy ny handefasana ny ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' avy hatrany aorian' ny hiram-pirenena efa nampiasaina, dia ny ''Das Lied der Deutschen'', izay fantatra kokoa amin' ny anarana hoe ''Deutschland Über Alles'' (Alemaina ambonin' ny zavatra rehetra). [[#NG-bib-143|Tümmler (2010)]], p. 63.|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! scope="row" | Fiteny fampiasa | [[Fiteny alemàna|Teny alemà]] |- ! scope="row" | Fivavahana | * 94% Kristianina ** 54% [[Prôtestantisma|Prôtestanta]] ** 40% [[Eglizy Katôlika Rômanina|Katôlika]] * 3,5 % ''Gottgläubige'' (mpino an' Andriamanitra tao amin' ny hetsika ara-pivavahana nazia) * 1,5 % [[Tsy fivavahana|Tsy manana fivavahana]] * 1% hafa |- ! scope="row" | Anarana iantsoana ny mponina | Alemà |- ! scope="row" | Vola | ''Reichsmark'' (volan' ny fanjakana; ℛℳ) |- ! scope="row" | Filoham-panjakana (1933–1934) | Paul von Hindenburg{{#tag:ref|amin' ny maha-filoham-pirenena azy|group=fanamarihana|name=President}} |- ! scope="row" | Filoham-panjakana (1934–1945) | [[Adolf Hitler]]{{#tag:ref|amin' ny maha-''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (mpitarika sy kanselieran' ny fanjakana) azy|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! scope="row" | Filoham-panjakana (1945) | Karl Dönitz<ref group="fanamarihana" name="President" /> |- ! scope="row" | Kanseliera (1933–1945) | Adolf Hitler |- ! scope="row" | Kanseliera (1945) | [[Joseph Goebbels]]{{#tag:ref|Raha ny lalàna (''de jure''), nanomboka tamin' ny 30 Aprily ka hatramin' ny 1 Mey.|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! scope="row" | Kanseliera (1945) | Lutz von Krosigk{{#tag:ref|Raha ny lalàna (''de jure''), nanomboka tamin' ny 2 Mey ka hatramin' ny 23 Mey.|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! scope="row" | Antenimiera mpanao lalàna | ''Reichstag'' (antenimieran' ny fanjakana) |- ! scope="row" | Antenimiera ambony | ''Reichsrat'' (filankevitry ny fanjakana), noravana tamin' ny 1934 |- ! scope="row" | Velarana (1939) | 633 786 km²{{#tag:ref|Tamin' ny 1939, talohan' ny nahazoan' i Alemaina indray ny fifehezana ireo faritra roa farany izay efa nofeheziny talohan' ny Fifanarahan' i Versailles — Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig ary ny Lalantsaran' i Pôlônia — dia 633 786 km² ny velarany. Jereo [[#NG-bib-134|Statistisches Jahrbuch (2006)]].|group=fanamarihana}} |- ! scope="row" | Mponina (1939) | 79 375 281<ref name="NG-sfn-002">[[#NG-bib-025|1939 Census]].</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | Antontan' isa tamin' ny 1940<ref name="NG-sfn-003">[[#NG-bib-100|Soldaten-Atlas (1941)]], p. 8.</ref><ref group="fanamarihana" name="annexed" /> |- ! scope="row" | Velarana (1940) | 823 505 km² |- ! scope="row" | Mponina (1940) | 109 518 183 |} Ny '''Alemaina nazia''',{{#tag:ref|Amin' ny teny alemà, ''Nationalsozialistischer Staat'' (Fanjakana nasiônaly sôsialista), izay hafohezina hoe ''NS-Staat'' (Fanjakana nazia); antsoina koa hoe ''Nationalsozialistisches Deutschland'' (Alemaina nasiônaly sôsialista).|group=fanamarihana}} izay nantsoina ôfisialy hoe '''Fanjakana alemà'''{{#tag:ref|''Deutsches Reich'' amin' ny teny alemà.|group=fanamarihana}} ary tatỳ aoriana hoe '''Fanjakana alemà lehibe''',{{#tag:ref|''Großdeutsches Reich'' amin' ny teny alemà; io anarana farany io no anarana ôfisialy nampiasain' ny Nazia hilazana ny fanjakana ara-pôlitika nitariny.<ref name="NG-sfn-004">[[#NG-bib-029|Elvert (1999)]], p. 295 fn430.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} dia ny fanjakana alemà teo anelanelan' ny 1933 sy 1945, fony i [[Adolf Hitler]] sy ny Antoko Nazia nifehy ny firenena ka nanova azy ho fitondrana jadona nifehy ny lafiny rehetra tamin' ny fiainan' ny fiarahamonina. Ny anarana hoe '''Fanjakana fahatelo''',{{#tag:ref|''Drittes Reich'' amin' ny teny alemà.|group=fanamarihana}} izay midika koa hoe «Empira fahatelo», dia naneho ny filazan' ny Nazia fa i Alemaina nazia no mpandimby ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira Masina Rômana]] (800–1806) sy ny [[Empira Alemàna|Empira alemà]] (1871–1918). Nantsoin' ny Nazia hoe '''Fanjakana haharitra arivo taona'''{{#tag:ref|''Tausendjähriges Reich'' amin' ny teny alemà.|group=fanamarihana}} izy io, nefa nifarana 12 taona monja tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny Mey 1945, rehefa resin' ny Mpiray dina i Alemaina ary niditra tao [[Berlin]] izy ireo, ka nifarana ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa tany Eorôpa. Taorian' ny nanendrena an' i Hitler ho kanselieran' i Alemaina tamin' ny 1933, dia nanomboka nanafoana ny fanoherana ara-pôlitika sy nanamafy orina ny fahefany ny Antoko Nazia. Nanamafy ny maha-''Führer'' (mpitarika) tokana an' i Hitler ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka tamin' ny 1934. Nivangongo teo amin' i Hitler ny fahefana, ary nanjary lalàna fara tampony ny teniny. Tsy vondrona nirindra sy niara-niasa ny governemanta, fa fitambaran' ny ankolafy nifampitolona mba hanangona fahefana. Mba hiatrehana ny krizy ara-toekarena lehibe, dia nampitombo be ny fandaniana ara-tafika ny Nazia, nanao tetikasam-panorenam-panjakana maro, anisan' izany ny ''Autobahnen'' (lalambe natokana ho an' ny fifamoivoizan' ny fiarakodia), ary nanatanteraka fandaharanasa miafina goavana hananganana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana, ka namorona ny ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' (tafika alemà). Fandaniana nihoatra ny vola niditra tamin' ny fanjakana no namatsiana izany rehetra izany. Nampitombo ny fanohanan' ny vahoaka ny fitondrana ny fiverenan' ny toekarena ho marin-toerana sy ny fiafaran' ny tsy fananan' asa nihanaka. Nihamasiaka hatrany ny fitakian' i Hitler faritany: nalainy i Aotrisy tamin' ny ''Anschluss'' (fampidirana an' i Aotrisy ho ao amin' i Alemaina) tamin' ny 1938, ary nalainy koa ny faritr' i Sudetenland tao [[Tsekôslôvakia]]. Nanao sonia fifanarahana tsy hifanafika tamin' ny [[Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika|Firaisana Sôvietika]] i Alemaina, ary nanafika an' i Pôlônia tamin' ny 1939, ka nanomboka ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa tany Eorôpa. Niaraka tamin' i Italia fasista sy ireo [[Vondrona Teza|firenena hafa tao amin' ny vondrona ''Axis'']] (vondron' ny firenena niady tamin' ny Mpiray dina), dia efa azon' i Alemaina ny ankamaroan' i Eorôpa tamin' ny 1940, saingy tsy nahavita nampanaiky an' i Britaina Lehibe izy. Ny [[Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra|fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra]], ny politika nazia nikendry ny hanatsara taranaka araka ny fiheverany ny firazanana, ny fankahalana ny Slavy, ary indrindra ny [[Antisemitisma|fankahalana ny Jiosy]] no anisan' ny fototry ny foto-pisainan' ilay fitondrana. Noheverin' ny Nazia ho «firazanana ambony natao hifehy ny hafa» ny [[Vahoaka jermanika|vahoaka jermanika]], sady ho sampana nolazainy fa madio indrindra amin' ny [[Ariana (firazanana)|firazanana ariana]]. Nogadraina, noroahina an-terivozona na novonoina ny [[Jiosy]], ny [[Slava (vahoaka)|Slavy]], ny Rômani, ny olona tia olona mitovy fananahana aminy, ny [[Liberalisma|mpanohana ny fahalalahan' ny isam-batan' olona]], ny sôsialista, ny kôminista, ny mpanohitra ara-pôlitika hafa, ny [[Vavolombelon' i Jehovah]], ny Framasôna, ireo nandà tsy hiasa, ary ireo hafa nosokajian' ny Nazia ho «tsy irina». Nampahorina ireo fiangonana kristianina sy olom-pirenena nanohitra ny fitondran' i Hitler, ary nogadraina ny mpitarika ny fanoherana. Nifantoka tamin' ny fampianarana nazia nitafy endrika siantifika momba ny biôlôjian' ny firazanana, ny pôlitikan' ny mponina ary ny fahatanjahana ilaina amin' ny raharaha miaramila ny fanabeazana. Noferana ny fahafahan' ny vehivavy teo amin' ny asa sy ny fianarana. Nampiely sarimihetsika sy filazana lainga mankahala ny Jiosy ny minisiteran' ny fampielezan-kevitra nazia, sady nikarakara famoriam-bahoaka goavana; nampiroborobo ny fanindrahindrana an' i Hitler nanerana ny fiarahamonina izany mba hanan-kery tamin' ny hevitry ny vahoaka. Nifehy ny fanehoana hevitra ara-javakanto ny governemanta, ka nampiroborobo karazan-javakanto sasany ary nandrara na nanakivy ny hafa. Nanjary nampiavaka ilay fitondrana ny fandripahana vondron' olona noho ny maha-izy azy, ny famonoana olona maro ary ny asa an-terivozona nampanaovina olona maro dia maro. Niafara tamin' ny [[Shoah|Hôlôkôsta]], dia ny famonoana ny Jiosy nataon' ny Nazia tamin' ny fomba voarindra, ny fampiharana ny pôlitikany momba ny firazanana. Taorian' ny nanafihany ny Firaisana Sôvietika tamin' ny 1941, dia nampihatra ny ''Generalplan Ost'' (drafitra ankapobeny ho an' ny Atsinanana) sy ny ''Hunger Plan'' (drafitra hampiharana mosary) i Alemaina nazia, ho anisan' ny ady fandringanana nataony tany Eorôpa Atsinanana. Noho ny fiverenan' ny tanjaky ny Sôvietika sy ny fidiran' i Etazonia tao amin' ny ady, dia tsy i Alemaina intsony no afaka nibaiko ny fizotry ny ady nanomboka tamin' ny 1943, ary efa voatosika hiverina hatreo amin' ny sisintany tamin' ny 1939 izy tamin' ny faramparan' ny 1944. Nihamafy ny daroka baomba an' habakabaka goavana natao tamin' i Alemaina, ary voatosika hihemotra tany Eorôpa Atsinanana sy Atsimo ireo firenena tao amin' ny vondrona ''Axis''. Resin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika avy any atsinanana sy ny Mpiray dina hafa avy any andrefana i Alemaina, ka nitolo-batana tamin' ny 1945. Ny fandavan' i Hitler hanaiky ny faharesena dia nitarika faharavana goavana teo amin' ny foto-drafitrasa alemà sy fahafatesan' olona fanampiny vokatry ny ady nandritra ireo volana farany niadiana. Nanomboka pôlitika hanafoanana ny nazisma sy ny heriny teo amin' ny fiarahamonina ny Mpiray dina taorian' izany, ary nitsara ny maro tamin' ireo mpitarika nazia mbola velona noho ny heloka an' ady tamin' ny fitsarana tao Nuremberg. == Anarana == Ny anarana fampiasa amin' ny teny anglisy ilazana ny fanjakana alemà tamin' ny vanim-potoana nazia dia ''Nazi Germany'' (« Alemaina nazia ») sy ''Third Reich'' (« fanjakana fahatelo »), izay nantsoin' i Hitler sy ny Nazia koa hoe ''Thousand-Year Reich'' (« fanjakana haharitra arivo taona »; ''Tausendjähriges Reich'').<ref name="NG-sfn-005">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 5.</ref> Io anarana farany io, izay fandikana ilay voambolana nampiasaina tamin' ny fampielezan-kevitra nazia hoe ''Drittes Reich'' (« fanjakana fahatelo »), dia nampiasaina voalohany tao amin' ny ''Das Dritte Reich'', boky tamin' ny taona 1923 nosoratan' i Arthur Moeller van den Bruck.<ref name="NG-sfn-006">[[#NG-bib-011|Butzer (2003)]], p. 601.</ref> Noraisin' ilay boky ho ''Reich'' (fanjakana) voalohany ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira Rômana Masina]], ary ho faharoa ny [[Empira Alemàna|Empira Alemà]].<ref name="NG-sfn-007">[[#NG-bib-074|Lauryssens (1999)]], p. 102.</ref> == Toe-javatra nialoha == Fanazavana fanampiny: Fiakaran' i Adolf Hitler teo amin' ny fitondrana. Nanomboka niharan' ny fahasahiranana mafy ny toekarena alemà taorian' ny nifaranan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]], ka anisan' ny antony ny fandoavana onitra noho ny ady notakin' ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles tamin' ny 1919. Nanonta vola ny governemanta mba handoavana ireo onitra ireo sy hamerenana ny trosan' ny firenena vokatry ny ady. Niteraka fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra amin' ny ankapobeny izay tena haingana sy lehibe anefa izany, ka nanjary nisondrotra tafahoatra ny vidin-javatra, nikorontana ny toekarena, ary nisy rotaka momba ny sakafo.<ref name="NG-sfn-008">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 103–108.</ref> Rehefa tsy nahaloa ny onitra tokony haloany ny governemanta tamin' ny Janoary 1923, dia nobodoin' ny tafika frantsay ireo faritra indostrialy alemà manamorona an' i Ruhr, ka narahin' ny korontana niely patrana teo amin' ny mponina izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-009">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 186–187.</ref> Niorina tamin' ny 1920 ny Antoko Nasiônaly Sôsialistan' ny Mpiasa Alemà, izay fantatra amin' ny anarana mahazatra hoe Antoko Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-010">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 170–171.</ref> Anisan' ny fandaharanasan' ny Antoko Nazia ny fandravana ny Repoblikan' i Weimar, ny fandavana ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles, ny [[Antisemitisma|fankahalana mahery vaika ny Jiosy]], ary ny fanoherana ny bôlsevisma.<ref name="NG-sfn-011">[[#NG-bib-052|Goldhagen (1996)]], p. 85.</ref> Nampanantena izy ireo fa hanangana governemanta foibe matanjaka, hanitatra ny ''Lebensraum'' (toerana hivelomana) ho an' ny vahoaka jermanika, ary hamorona fiarahamonina nasiônaly mifototra amin' ny firazanana. Nampanantena koa izy ireo fa hanao fanadiovana ara-pirazanana, na fanesorana ireo noheveriny ho hafa firazanana, amin' ny alalan' ny famoretana mivantana ny [[Jiosy]], izay hesorina aminy ny maha olom-pirenena azy sy ny zony sivily.<ref name="NG-sfn-012">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 179–180.</ref> Nanolotra fanavaozana ny firenena sy ny kolontsainy mifototra amin' ny hetsika ''Völkisch'' ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-013">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 81.</ref> Nampiasa herisetra ara-batana ny antoko, indrindra fa ny fikambanany voalamina tahaka ny tafika, dia ny ''Sturmabteilung'' na SA (vondrona mpanafika), izay nantsoina koa hoe ireo manao lobaka volontany. Nataon' izy ireo izany mba hanamafisana ny toerany ara-politika, ka nanakorontana ny fivorian' ny fikambanana mpifaninana taminy sy nanafika ny mpikambana tao amin' ireny fikambanana ireny ary ny Jiosy teny an-dalambe.<ref name="NG-sfn-014">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 180–181.</ref> Fahita tao [[Bavaria]] ny vondrona mitam-piadiana avy amin' ny farany havanana toy izany, ary nandefitra tamin' izy ireny ny governemantan' io fanjakana io notarihin' i Gustav Ritter von Kahr, izay avy amin' ny farany havanana koa sady niray hevitra tamin' izy ireny.<ref name="NG-sfn-015">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 181, 189.</ref> Rehefa nirodana tamin' ny 1929 ny tsenam-bola tao Etazonia, dia mafy dia mafy ny vokany tany Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-016">[[#NG-bib-015|Childers (2017)]], p. 103.</ref> Olona an-tapitrisany no very asa, ary banky lehibe maromaro no nirodana. Niomana hanararaotra izany toe-javatra maika izany i Hitler sy ny Nazia mba hahazoana fanohanana ho an' ny antokony. Nampanantena izy ireo fa hanamafy ny toekarena sy hanome asa.<ref name="NG-sfn-017">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 136–137.</ref> Mpifidy maro no nihevitra fa afaka namerina ny filaminana, nampitsahatra ny korontana teo amin' ny mponina, ary nanatsara ny lazan' i Alemaina teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena ny Antoko Nazia. Taorian' ny fifidianana federaly tamin' ny 1932, dia io antoko io no nanana toerana betsaka indrindra tao amin' ny antenimiera ''Reichstag''. Nahazo toerana 230 izy, ary 37,4 % tamin' ny fitambaran' ny vato nalatsaky ny mpifidy no azony.<ref name="NG-sfn-018">[[#NG-bib-052|Goldhagen (1996)]], p. 87.</ref> == Tantara == Jereo koa: [[Tantaran' i Alemaina]]. [[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Tonga filoham-panjakan' i Alemaina i [[Adolf Hitler]] tamin' ny 1934, nitondra ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (mpitarika sy kanselieran' ny fanjakana).]] === Fandraisan' ny Nazia ny fahefana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fiakaran' i Adolf Hitler teo amin' ny fahefana: fandraisana ny fifehezana (1931–1933). Na dia ny Nazia aza no nahazo vato betsaka indrindra tamin' ireo fifidianana solombavambahoaka roa ho an' ny antenimiera ''Reichstag'' tamin' ny 1932, dia tsy nihoatra ny antsasaky ny vato ny azony. Tsy nety nandray anjara tamin' ny governemanta iraisan' antoko i Hitler raha tsy izy no hitarika azy.<ref name="NG-sfn-019">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 293, 302.</ref> Noho ny fanerena avy tamin' ny mpanao pôlitika sy ny tompon' orinasa indostrialy ary ny mpandraharaha, dia nanaiky tsy fidiny ny hanendry an' i Hitler ho kanselieran' i Alemaina ny filoha Paul von Hindenburg tamin' ny 30 Janoary 1933. Fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Machtergreifung'' (fandraisana ny fahefana) io zava-nitranga io.<ref name="NG-sfn-020">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 183–184.</ref> Ny alin' ny 27 Febroary 1933 dia nodorana ny tranoben' ny ''Reichstag''. Nomelohin' ny fitsarana ho nandoro azy io i Marinus van der Lubbe, kômonista avy any Nederlandy. Nanambara i Hitler fa nanamarika ny fiandohan' ny fikomiana kômonista ilay fandoroana. Ny didim-panjakana momba ny hain-tranon' ny ''Reichstag'', izay nampiharina tamin' ny 28 Febroary 1933, dia nanafoana ny ankamaroan' ny fahalalahana sivily, anisan' izany ny zo hivory sy ny fahalalahan' ny asa fanaovan-gazety. Nanome alalana ny pôlisy hitana olona mandritra ny fotoana tsy voafetra nefa tsy misy fiampangana azy koa ilay didim-panjakana. Niaraka tamin' io lalàna io ny fampielezan-kevitra izay nahatonga ny vahoaka hanohana ilay fepetra. Nampiasa herisetra namoretana ny kômonista nanerana ny firenena ny SA (vondrona mpanafika), ary mpikambana 4 000 tao amin' ny Antoko Kômonistan' i Alemaina no nosamborina.<ref name="NG-sfn-021">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 329–334.</ref> Tamin' ny 23 Martsa 1933, dia nolanin' ny ''Reichstag'' tamin' ny vato 444 nanohana sy 94 nanohitra ny lalàna fanomezam-pahefana, izay fanitsiana ny lalàm-panorenan' i Weimar.<ref name="NG-sfn-022">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 354, 359.</ref> Io fanitsiana io dia nahafahan' i Hitler sy ny filankevitry ny minisitra notarihiny nandany lalàna, na dia lalàna nandika ny lalàm-panorenana aza, nefa tsy nila ny faneken' ny filoha na ny ''Reichstag''.<ref name="NG-sfn-023">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], p. 351.</ref> Satria nila ny fanohanan' ny roa ampahatelon' ny vato ilay volavolan-dalàna vao azo nolanina, dia nampiasa fampitahorana sy ny fepetra tao amin' ny didim-panjakana momba ny hain-tranon' ny ''Reichstag'' ny Nazia mba hisakanana solombavambahoaka sôsialy-demôkraty maromaro tsy hanatrika ny fivoriana; efa voarara kosa ny Kômonista.<ref name="NG-sfn-024">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 196.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-025">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], p. 336.</ref> Tatỳ aoriana dia io lalàna fanomezam-pahefana io no nanjary fototra ara-dalàna ho an' ny fitondrana jadona napetraky ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-026">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 199.</ref> Tamin' ny 10 Mey dia nalain' ny governemanta ny fananan' ny Sôsialy-demôkraty, ary norarana izy ireo tamin' ny 22 Jona.<ref name="NG-sfn-027">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], pp. 358–359.</ref> Tamin' ny 21 Jona dia nanafika ny biraon' ny Antokom-Bahoaka Nasionaly Alemà ny SA. Niara-nitantana tamin' ny Nazia tao amin' ny governemanta io antoko io taloha, ary nandrava ny tenany tamin' ny 29 Jona. Nanaraka izany ireo antoko pôlitika lehibe mbola sisa. Tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1933 dia nanjary fanjakana antoko tokana i Alemaina rehefa nolanina ny lalàna mandrara ny fananganana antoko, izay nametra fa ny Antoko Nazia irery no antoko ara-dalàna tao Alemaina. Nanjary tsy ara-dalàna koa ny fananganana antoko vaovao, ary norarana avokoa ireo antoko pôlitika mbola tsy rava.<ref name="NG-sfn-028">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 201.</ref> Teo ambany fifehezan' ny Nazia ireo fifidianana nanaraka tamin' ny Novambra 1933, 1936 ary 1938; mpikambana tao amin' ny Antoko sy olona tsy miankina vitsivitsy ihany no voafidy.<ref name="NG-sfn-029">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 109, 637.</ref> Nosoloana mpanohana ny Nazia na mpikambana tao amin' ny antoko ny mpitarika ny fikambanana sivily rehetra; na natambatra tamin' ny Antoko Nazia ireo fikambanana ireo, na notandindomin' ny fandravana.<ref name="NG-sfn-030">[[#NG-bib-071|Koonz (2003)]], p. 73.</ref> Nambaran' ny governemanta nazia ho androm-pirenen' ny asa ny fetin' ny 1 Mey 1933, ary nanasa solontenan' ny sendikà maro ho any Berlin izy mba hanatrika ny fankalazana. Ny ampitson' iny dia noravan' ireo mpanafika tao amin' ny SA ny biraon' ny sendikà nanerana ny firenena; noterena handrava ny tenany ny sendikà rehetra ary nosamborina ny mpitarika azy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-031">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 202.</ref> Ny lalàna famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny asam-panjakana matihanina, izay nolanina tamin' ny Aprily, dia nanala tamin' ny asany ny mpampianatra, ny mpampianatra eny amin' ny oniversite, ny mpitsara, ny majistra (tompon' andraikitra eo amin' ny fitsarana), ary ny mpiasam-panjakana rehetra izay Jiosy na nampiahiahy ny fanoloran-tenany ho an' ny antoko.<ref name="NG-sfn-032">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 268.</ref> Noho izany dia ny fiangonana sisa no andrim-pikambanana tsy pôlitika tsy teo ambany fifehezan' ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-033">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 14.</ref> Nofoanan' ny fitondrana nazia ireo famantarana ny Repoblikan' i Weimar, anisan' izany ny saina telo loko mainty sy mena ary mivolombolamena, ary famantarana novolavolaina indray no noraisiny. Naverina ho iray tamin' ireo saina ofisialy roan' i Alemaina ilay saina telo loko mainty sy fotsy ary mena nampiasain' ny empira taloha; ny faharoa kosa dia ny sainan' ny Antoko Nazia misy soastika (lakroa miforitra ny tendrony), izay nanjary sainam-pirenena tokana tamin' ny Septambra 1935. Nanjary hiram-pirenena faharoa ny hiran' ny antoko hoe ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' (Hiran' i Horst Wessel).<ref name="NG-sfn-034">[[#NG-bib-020|Cuomo (1995)]], p. 231.</ref> Mbola tena ratsy ny toe-karena tao Alemaina: olona enina tapitrisa no tsy nanana asa, ary lehibe nampanahy ny fihoaran' ny sandan' ny entana nafarana noho ny naondrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-035">[[#NG-bib-091|McNab (2009)]], p. 54.</ref> Tamin' ny alalan' ny fandanian' ny fanjakana nihoatra ny vola niditra taminy, dia nanomboka tamin' ny 1934 ny tetikasa fanatanterahana asa vaventy ho an' ny daholobe, ka nahaforona asa vaovao 1,7&nbsp;tapitrisa hatramin' ny faran' io taona io fotsiny.<ref name="NG-sfn-035" /> Nanomboka niakatra ny salan' isan' ny karama.<ref name="NG-sfn-036">[[#NG-bib-091|McNab (2009)]], p. 56.</ref> === Fanamafisana ny fahefana === Lahatsoratra lehibe: ''Gleichschaltung'' (fampanarahana ny andrim-panjakana sy ny fiarahamonina ny fitondrana nazia). Nanohy nanao tsindry mba hahazoana fahefana ara-politika sy ara-tafika bebe kokoa ny mpitarika ny SA (vondrona mpanafika). Ho setrin' izany dia nampiasa ny ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS, vondrona mpiaro) sy ny ''[[Gestapo]]'' (pôlisy miafin' ny fitondrana) i Hitler mba hanesorana ny mpitarika rehetra tao amin' ny SA.<ref name="NG-sfn-037">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 309–314.</ref> Nokendren' i Hitler i Ernst Röhm, izay ''Stabschef'' (lehiben' ny etamazaoro) tao amin' ny SA, sy ireo mpitarika hafa tao amin' ny SA. Nosamborina sy notifirina izy ireo, niaraka tamin' ny mpanohitra ara-politika maromaro an' i Hitler, toa an' i Gregor Strasser sy i Kurt von Schleicher, lehiben' ny governemanta teo aloha.<ref name="NG-sfn-038">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 31–34.</ref> Olona hatramin' ny 200 no novonoina teo anelanelan' ny 30 Jona sy ny 2 Jolay 1934, tamin' ilay hetsika nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe Alin' ny Antsy Lava.<ref name="NG-sfn-039">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 306–313.</ref> Maty tamin' ny 2 Aogositra 1934 i Hindenburg. Ny andro talohan' izany dia efa nandany ny « Lalàna momba ny filoham-panjakan' ny ''Reich'' alemà » ny filankevitry ny minisitra. Nambaran' io lalàna io fa rehefa maty i Hindenburg dia hofoanana ny toeran' ny filohan' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana alemà), ary hatambatra amin' ny fahefan' ny lehiben' ny governemantan' ny ''Reich'' ny fahefana niaraka tamin' io toerana io.<ref name="NG-sfn-040">[[#NG-bib-102|Overy (2005)]], p. 63.</ref> Nanjary sady filoham-panjakana no lehiben' ny governemanta àry i Hitler, ary nomena tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (mpitarika sady lehiben' ny governemantan' ny ''Reich''), na dia nesorina ihany aza tatỳ aoriana ny hoe ''Reichskanzler''.<ref name="NG-sfn-041">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 44.</ref> Nanjary fanjakana nanana fitondrana jadona nifehy ny lafiny rehetra amin' ny fiainan' ny fiarahamonina i Alemaina, ka i Hitler no teo an-tampony.<ref name="NG-sfn-042">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 226–227.</ref> Amin' ny maha-filoham-panjakana azy dia nanjary mpitari-tafika fara tampony i Hitler. Novan' ilay lalàna vaovao ny fianianana tsy fivadihana nataon' ny miaramila, ka tamin' i Hitler manokana no nianianan' izy ireo tsy hivadika, fa tsy tamin' ny toeran' ny mpitari-tafika fara tampony na tamin' ny fanjakana.<ref name="NG-sfn-043">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 317.</ref> Tamin' ny 19 Aogositra dia nankatoavin' ny 90 isan-jaton' ny olona manan-jo hifidy tamin' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka ny fampiraisana ny toeran' ny filoham-panjakana sy ny toeran' ny lehiben' ny governemanta.<ref name="NG-sfn-044">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 230.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Goebbels]], minisitry ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana alemà) misahana ny fanazavana ny vahoaka sy ny fampielezan-kevitra|alt=Sary mainty sy fotsy mampiseho lehilahy manao palitao sy karavato. Mitodika miankavia ny vatany, fa mitodika miankavanana ny lohany.]] Maivamaivana ny ankamaroan' ny Alemà satria nifarana ny fifandirana sy ny ady an-dalambe nandritra ny vanim-potoanan' ny Repoblikan' i Weimar. Nirotsaka tsy an-kijanona tamin' izy ireo ny fampielezan-kevitra nokarakarain' ny minisitra misahana ny fanazavana ny vahoaka sy ny fampielezan-kevitra, [[Joseph Goebbels]]. Nampanantena fiadanana sy fahabetsahan' ny zavatra ilaina ho an' ny rehetra izy, ao amin' ny firenena miray hina sy tsy misy [[Marksisma|marxisma]], ary tsy voafehin' ny fepetra napetraky ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles.<ref name="NG-sfn-045">[[#NG-bib-066|Kershaw (2001)]], pp. 50–59.</ref> Nahazo fahefana sy nanome endrika ara-dalàna izany ny Antoko Nazia tamin' ny alalan' ny hetsika revolisionera nataony tany am-piandohana, avy eo tamin' ny fanodinkodinana ny rafitra ara-dalàna, ny fampiasana ny fahefan' ny pôlisy, ary ny fifehezana ny andrim-panjakana teo amin' ny fanjakana tsirairay sy teo amin' ny fanjakana federaly.<ref name="NG-sfn-046">[[#NG-bib-059|Hildebrand (1984)]], pp. 20–21.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-047">[[#NG-bib-015|Childers (2017)]], p. 248.</ref> Nisokatra tao Dachau tamin' ny 1933 ny toby fitanana nazia lehibe voalohany, izany hoe toby nitazonana olona an-keriny, izay natao ho an' ny gadra politika tany am-piandohana.<ref name="NG-sfn-048">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], p. 344.</ref> Rehefa nifarana ny ady dia efa anjatony ireo toby samy hafa habe sy asa nosahanina naorina.<ref name="NG-sfn-049">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], map, p. 366.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny Aprily 1933 dia fepetra am-polony maro no napetraka mba hamaritana ny sata sy ny zon' ny Jiosy.<ref name="NG-sfn-050">[[#NG-bib-152|Walk (1996)]], pp. 1–128.</ref> Ny fametrahana ny Lalànan' i Nuremberg tamin' ny 1935 no fara tampon' ireo fepetra ireo, ka nesorina tamin' ny Jiosy ny zony fototra.<ref name="NG-sfn-051">[[#NG-bib-044|Friedländer (2009)]], pp. 44–53.</ref> Nalain' ny Nazia ny haren' ny Jiosy, ary nesoriny ny zon' izy ireo hanambady olona tsy Jiosy sy ny zony hiasa amin' ny sehatra maro, toy ny lalàna, ny fitsaboana na ny fampianarana. Tamin' ny farany dia nambaran' ny Nazia fa tsy nirina ny hijanonan' ny Jiosy teo anivon' ny olom-pirenena sy ny fiarahamonina alemà.<ref name="NG-sfn-052">[[#NG-bib-015|Childers (2017)]], pp. 351–356.</ref> === Fampitomboana ny herin' ny tafika === Jereo koa: Fifandraisana iraisam-pirenena (1919–1939), Famerenana ny tafika tao Rhineland, ary Fandraisan' i Alemaina anjara tamin' ny ady an-trano espaniôla. Efa tamin' ny Febroary 1933 i Hitler no nanambara fa tsy maintsy hatomboka ny fampitaovana indray ny tafika, na dia hatao an-tsokosoko aza izany amin' ny voalohany, satria fandikana ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles izany. Tamin' ny 17 Mey 1933 izy dia nanao lahateny teo anatrehan' ny ''Reichstag'' (antenimiera), ka nanazava ny faniriany hisian' ny fandriampahalemana eran-tany ary nanaiky ny tolo-kevitry ny filohan' i Etazonia [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] hampihenana ny fitaovam-piadiana, raha toa ka manao toy izany koa ireo firenena hafa ao Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-053">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 209–210.</ref> Rehefa tsy nanaiky izany tolo-kevitra izany ireo firenena matanjaka hafa tao Eorôpa, dia nampiala an' i Alemaina tamin' ny Fihaonambe Maneran-tany momba ny Fampihenana ny Fitaovam-piadiana sy ny [[Fikambanan' ny Firenena]] i Hitler tamin' ny Oktobra. Nilaza izy fa tsy ara-drariny ireo fepetra momba ny fampihenana ny fitaovam-piadiana raha i Alemaina irery no iharany.<ref name="NG-sfn-054">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 618.</ref> Tamin' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka natao tamin' ny Novambra, dia nanohana ny fialan' i Alemaina ny 95 isan-jaton' ny mpifidy.<ref name="NG-sfn-055">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 210–212.</ref> Tamin' ny 1934, i Hitler dia nilaza tamin' ireo lehiben' ny tafiny fa tsy maintsy ho efa vita amin' ny 1942 ny fampitaovana indray ny tafika. Nilaza izy fa amin' izany fotoana izany dia hila toerana honenana sy loharanon-karena bebe kokoa ny vahoaka alemà, ka tsy maintsy hanomboka ady hakana tany i Alemaina mba hahazoana faritany fanampiny.<ref name="NG-sfn-056">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 338–339.</ref> Ny Saarland, izay napetraka teo ambany fanaraha-mason' ny Fikambanan' ny Firenena nandritra ny 15 taona tamin' ny fiafaran' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, dia nifidy ny ho anisan' i Alemaina tamin' ny Janoary 1935.<ref name="NG-sfn-057">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 623.</ref> Tamin' ny Martsa 1935, i Hitler dia nanambara ny fananganana tafika an' habakabaka sy ny hampitomboana ny isan' ny miaramila ao amin' ny ''Reichswehr'' (tafika alemà) ho 550 000 lahy.<ref name="NG-sfn-058">[[#NG-bib-070|Kitchen (2006)]], p. 271.</ref> Nanaiky ny hananganan' i Alemaina andian-tsambon' ady i Britaina Lehibe tamin' ny nanaovana sonia ny Fifanarahana britanika-alemà momba ny tafika an-dranomasina tamin' ny 18 Jona 1935.<ref name="NG-sfn-059">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 629.</ref> Tsy niteraka afa-tsy fanoherana malefaka avy tamin' ny governemanta britanika sy frantsay ny fanafihan' i Italia an' i Etiôpia. Taorian' izany, tamin' ny 7 Martsa 1936, dia nataon' i Hitler ho fialan-tsiny ny Fifanarahana frantsay-sôvietika momba ny fifanampiana, ka nandidy ny tafika izy hampiditra miaramila 3 000 tao amin' ny faritra tsy nahazoana nametrahana tafika tao Rhineland, izay fandikana ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles.<ref name="NG-sfn-060">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 633.</ref> Satria anisan' i Alemaina io faritany io, dia nihevitra ny governemanta britanika sy frantsay fa tsy mendrika ny hidirana amin' ny loza mety hipoahan' ny ady ny fiezahana hampanaja ilay fifanarahana.<ref name="NG-sfn-061">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 632–637.</ref> Tamin' ny fifidianana tsy nisy afa-tsy antoko iray natao tamin' ny 29 Martsa, dia nahazo fanohanana 98,9 isan-jato ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-061" /> Tamin' ny 1936, i Hitler dia nanao sonia fifanarahana manohitra ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenen' ny kominista tamin' ny Empiran' i Japàna, ary fifanarahana tsy hifanafika tamin' ilay mpanao didy jadona nitondra an' i Italia fasista, [[Benito Mussolini]]. Tsy ela taorian' izay dia nampiasa ny teny hoe « ''Rome-Berlin Axis'' » (firaisan' i Roma sy Berlin) i Mussolini.<ref name="NG-sfn-062">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 641.</ref> Nandefa fitaovana sy fanampiana ara-tafika ho an' ny tafika nasionalistan' ny jeneraly [[Francisco Franco]] i Hitler nandritra ny ady an-trano espaniôla, izay nanomboka tamin' ny Jolay 1936. Ny Legiona Condor alemà dia nahitana fiaramanidina isan-karazany niaraka tamin' ireo mpanamory sy mpiasa niandraikitra azy, ary koa vondron-tafika nanana fiara mifono vy. Ny fiaramanidin' io legiona io no nandrava ny tanànan' i Guernica tamin' ny 1937.<ref name="NG-sfn-063">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 297.</ref> Nandresy tamin' ny 1939 ny nasionalista ary lasa mpiara-dia tsy ôfisialin' i Alemaina nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-064">[[#NG-bib-136|Steiner (2011)]], pp. 181–251.</ref> ==== Aotrisy sy Tsekôslôvakia ==== Lahatsoratra fototra: ''Anschluss'' (fanakambanana an' i Aotrisy tamin' i Alemaina) sy fibodoan' i Alemaina an' i Tsekôslôvakia. Vakio koa: Prôtektôratan' i Bohemia sy Moravia (faritany teo ambany fitondran' ny fanjakana hafa). [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0922-500, Wien, Heldenplatz, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Hitler nanambara ny ''Anschluss'' (fanakambanana an' i Aotrisy tamin' i Alemaina) teo amin' ny kianjan' i Heldenplatz, tao Vienna, ny 15 Martsa 1938.|alt=Sarin' ny kianja malalaka iray feno olona. Eo anoloana dia misy tompon' andraikitra maro mitodika any amin' ny vahoaka ka manome lamosina ny fakantsary, ary i Adolf Hitler mijoro eo amin' ny lampihazo fitenenana eo anoloan' izy ireo. Ao aoriana dia ahitana sarivongana lehibe roa eo afovoan' ny kianja, ary trano maromaro ao ambadik' ilay kianja. Misy havoana tazana eny amin' ny faravodilanitra.]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-005-28, Anschluss sudetendeutscher Gebiete.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Olona avy amin' ny vondrom-poko alemà nanao ny fiarahabana nazia mba hitsenana miaramila alemà niditra tao Saaz, tamin' ny 1938.|alt=Andiana kamiao, fiara ary môtô mandalo amin' ny lalana voarakotra vato. Misy trano maromaro manamorona ny lalana, voaravaka faneva misy lakroa miolikolika nazia. Eo amin' ny andaniny roa amin' ny lalana dia misy vahoaka manofahofa tanana hitsenana ireo fiara mandalo.]] Tamin' ny Febroary 1938, nanantitrantitra tamin' i Kurt Schuschnigg, ''Chancellor'' (lehiben' ny governemanta) aotrisiana, i Hitler fa nila niantoka ny fiarovana ny sisintaniny i Alemaina. Nanomana fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka momba ny fahaleovantenan' i Aotrisy hotontosaina ny 13 Martsa i Schuschnigg. Tamin' ny 11 Martsa anefa, nandefa fitakiana farany taminy i Hitler, nitaky ny hanolorany ny fahefana rehetra ho an' ny Antoko Nazia aotrisiana, fa raha tsy izany dia hotafihina ilay firenena. Niditra tao Aotrisy ny miaramila alemà ny ampitson' iny, ary noraisin' ny vahoaka tamin-kafaliana lehibe.<ref name="NG-sfn-065">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 646–652.</ref> Nisy vondrom-piarahamonina alemà vitsy anisa nefa lehibe tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Tsekôslôvakia, ary tany Sudetenland no nonina ny ankamaroany. Noho ny faneren' ny vondrona nitaky fisarahana tao anatin' ny Antokon' ny Alemà tao Sudetenland, dia nanolotra fandeferana teo amin' ny lafiny ara-toekarena ho an' ilay faritra ny governemantan' i Tsekôslôvakia.<ref name="NG-sfn-066">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 667.</ref> Nanapa-kevitra i Hitler fa tsy ny hampiditra an' i Sudetenland tao amin' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana) fotsiny no hataony, fa ny handrava tanteraka an' i Tsekôslôvakia ho firenena.<ref name="NG-sfn-067">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 417.</ref> Nanao fampielezan-kevitra ny Nazia mba hiezahana hahazoana fanohanana ny fanafihana.<ref name="NG-sfn-068">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 419.</ref> Nanohitra ilay drafitra ny mpitarika ambony tao amin' ny tafika alemà, satria tsy mbola vonona hiady i Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-069">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 668–669.</ref> Nitarika an' i Britaina Lehibe, i Tsekôslôvakia ary i Frantsa, izay mpiara-dia tamin' i Tsekôslôvakia, hiomana hiady ilay krizy. Nikatsaka ny hisoroka ady ny praiminisitra britanika [[Neville Chamberlain]] ka nandamina fihaonana nifanesy. Niafara tamin' ny Fifanarahana tany Munich, izay nosoniavina ny 29 Septambra 1938, izany. Noterena hanaiky ny fanakambanana an' i Sudetenland tamin' i Alemaina ny governemantan' i Tsekôslôvakia. Noraisina tamin' ny horakoraka feno hafaliana i Chamberlain rehefa nigadona tao London, ary nilaza fa nitondra «fandriampahalemana ho an' ny androntsika» ilay fifanarahana (teny nadika amin' ny teny malagasy).<ref name="NG-sfn-070">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 671–674.</ref> Nalain' ny Nazia ny tahirim-bola vahiny aotrisiana sy tseky, ary toy izany koa ny tahirin' akora fototra toy ny metaly sy ny entana efa vita toy ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny fiaramanidina, izay nalefa tany Alemaina. Ny vondron' orinasa indostrialy ''Reichswerke Hermann Göring'' (orinasa indostrialin' ny ''Reich'' mitondra ny anarana hoe Hermann Göring) no naka ny fifehezana ny toerana famokarana karazam-by misy karbaonina kely (''steel'') sy arintany an-kibon' ny tany tao amin' ireo firenena roa ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-071">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], pp. 264–265.</ref> ==== Pôlônia ==== Tamin' ny Janoary 1934, nanao sonia fifanarahana tsy hifanafika tamin' i Pôlônia i Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-072">[[#NG-bib-157|Weinberg (2010)]], p. 60.</ref> Tamin' ny Martsa 1939, nitaky ny hamerenana ho an' i Alemaina ny Tanàna Afak' i Danzig sy ny Lalantsaran-tanin' i Pôlônia i Hitler. Tany tery lavalava io faritra farany io, izay nampisaraka an' i [[Prosia-Atsinanana|Prosia Atsinanana]] tamin' ny faritra hafa rehetra tao Alemaina. Nanambara ny Britanika fa hanampy an' i Pôlônia raha misy manafika azy. Nino i Hitler fa tsy handray fepetra ny Britanika, ka nandidy ny hanomanana drafitra hanafihana ho amin' ny Septambra 1939.<ref name="NG-sfn-073">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 689–690.</ref> Tamin' ny 23 Mey, nohazavain' i Hitler tamin' ireo jeneraliny ny drafitra ankapobeny nokasainy: tsy ny haka ny Lalantsaran-tanin' i Pôlônia ihany, fa ny hanitatra be ny tanin' i Alemaina miantsinanana koa amin' ny fakana ny tanin' i Pôlônia. Nampoiziny fa hotoherina amin-kery izy ireo amin' ity indray mitoraka ity.<ref name="NG-sfn-074">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 486.</ref> Nohamafisin' ny Alemà indray ny fiaraha-diany tamin' i Italia ary nanao sonia fifanarahana tsy hifanafika tamin' i Danemarka sy i Estônia ary i Letônia izy ireo, sady natao ôfisialy ny fifandraisana ara-barotra tamin' i Romania sy i Nôrvezy ary i Soeda.<ref name="NG-sfn-075">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 691.</ref> Tamin' ny fifampiraharahana nataony tamin' ny [[Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika|Firaisana Sôvietika]], dia nandamina fifanarahana tsy hifanafika ny minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny Joachim von Ribbentrop. Io no Fifanarahana Molotov–Ribbentrop, izay nosoniavina tamin' ny Aogositra 1939.<ref name="NG-sfn-076">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 496.</ref> Nisy fifanarahana fanampiny miafina koa tao amin' io fifanekena io, izay nizara an' i Pôlônia sy ny [[Firenena Baltika|firenena baltika]] ho faritra eo ambany fitaomana pôlitika alemà na sôvietika.<ref name="NG-sfn-077">[[#NG-bib-127|Snyder (2010)]], p. 116.</ref> === Ady Lehibe Faharoa === [[File:Second world war europe animation large de.gif|thumb|right|260px|Sarintany mihetsika mampiseho ny fifandimbiasan' ny zava-nitranga tany Eorôpa nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Sarintany: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif Rony, San Jose ary Staberinde] / [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0] (fanondroana ny mpamorona sy fizarana amin' ny fepetra mitovy).]] [[File:World War II in Europe, 1942.svg|thumb|right|260px|Alemaina sy ireo mpiara-dia aminy tamin' ny fara tampon' ny fahombiazan' ny ''Axis'' (firaisan' ny firenena mpiara-dia tamin' i Alemaina), 1942. Sarintany: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942.svg Goran tek-en] / [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0] (fanondroana ny mpamorona sy fizarana amin' ny fepetra mitovy).]] ==== Politika ivelany ==== Jereo koa: Tantaran' ny fifandraisana ara-diplômasia nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa: Alemaina. Anisan' ny politika ivelany narahin' i Alemaina nandritra ny ady ny fananganana governemanta mpiara-dia izay nofehezina mivantana na ankolaka avy any Berlin. Ny tanjona dia ny hahazo miaramila avy amin' ireo mpiara-dia toa an' i Italia sy Hôngria, ary mpiasa sy sakafo avy amin' ireo mpiara-dia toa an' i [[Fitondrana Vichy|Frantsa teo ambany fitondran' i Vichy]].<ref name="NG-sfn-078">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], chapter 9.</ref> I Hôngria no firenena fahefatra niditra tao amin' ny firaisan' ny ''Axis'', ka nanao sonia ny Fifanarahana Telolafy tamin' ny 27 Septambra 1940. Nanao sonia ilay fifanarahana tamin' ny 17 Novambra i Bolgaria. Anisan' ny ezaka nataon' ny Alemà mba hahazoana antoka fa hisy solika ho azy ireo ny fifampiraharahana hahazoana famatsiana avy amin' i Romania, mpiara-dia vaovao taminy, izay nanao sonia ilay fifanarahana tamin' ny 23 Novambra, niaraka tamin' ny Repoblika slôvaky.<ref name="NG-sfn-079">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 151.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-080">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 584.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-081">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 803.</ref> Tamin' ny faramparan' ny 1942 dia nisy vondron-tafika lehibe (''division'') 24 avy any Romania, 10 avy any Italia, ary 10 avy any Hôngria teo amin' ny sehatra atsinanana nisy ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-082">[[#NG-bib-158|Weinberg (2005)]], p. 414.</ref> Nandray ny fifehezana tanteraka tany Frantsa i Alemaina tamin' ny 1942, tany Italia tamin' ny 1943, ary tany Hôngria tamin' ny 1944. Na dia mpiara-dia natanjaka aza i Japàna, dia tsy nifandray akaiky izy ireo, ary zara raha nisy ny fandrindrana na ny fiaraha-miasa. Ohatra, tsy nety nizara ny fomba famokarany solika tamin' ny fanodinana arintany i Alemaina raha tsy efa tamin' ny tapany faramparan' ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-083">[[#NG-bib-085|Martin (2005)]], pp. 279–280.</ref> ==== Fiandohan' ny ady ==== Nanafika an' i Pôlônia i Alemaina ary naka ny Tanàna Afak' i Danzig tamin' ny 1 Septambra 1939, ka nanomboka tamin' izany ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa tany Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-084">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 699–701.</ref> Ho fanatanterahana ny adidy napetraky ny fifanarahana nataony, dia nanambara ady tamin' i Alemaina i Britaina Lehibe sy i Frantsa roa andro tatỳ aoriana.<ref name="NG-sfn-085">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], pp. 22, 27–28.</ref> Resy haingana i Pôlônia, ary nanafika avy any atsinanana ny Firaisana Sôvietika tamin' ny 17 Septambra.<ref name="NG-sfn-086">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], p. 32.</ref> I Reinhard Heydrich, lehiben' ny ''Sicherheitspolizei'' (SiPo; pôlisy misahana ny fiarovana) sy ny ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (SD; sampan-draharahan' ny fiarovana), dia nandidy tamin' ny 21 Septambra mba hangonina an-keriny ny Jiosy pôlôney ary hampivondronina any amin' ny tanàna mora mifandray amin' ny toerana hafa amin' ny alalan' ny lalam-by. Ny fikasana tany am-boalohany dia ny handefa azy ireo an-keriny lavidavitra kokoa any atsinanana, na angamba any Madagasikara.<ref name="NG-sfn-087">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 148–149.</ref> Tamin' ny fampiasana lisitra efa nomanina mialoha, dia novonoina, hatramin' ny faran' ny taona 1939, ny avara-pianarana, andriana, mpitondra fivavahana ary mpampianatra pôlôney tokony ho 65 000, ho fiezahana handrava ny maha-firenena an' i Pôlônia.<ref name="NG-sfn-088">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 144.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-089">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 15.</ref> Niditra tao Finlandy ny tafika sôvietika nandritra ny Adin' ny Ririnina, ary niady teny an-dranomasina ny tafika alemà. Vitsy anefa ny hetsika ara-tafika hafa nitranga hatramin' ny volana Mey, ka nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe « Ady sandoka » io vanim-potoana io.<ref name="NG-sfn-090">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], p. 40.</ref> Hatrany am-piandohan' ny ady, dia nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny toekaren' i Alemaina ny fanakanana nataon' ny Britanika ny fitaterana entana ho any Alemaina. Niankina indrindra tamin' ny famatsiana solitany, arintany ary voamadinika avy any ivelany i Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-091">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], p. 260.</ref> Noho ny fandraràna ara-barotra sy io fanakanana io, dia nihena 80 isan-jato ny fanafarana entana tany Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-092">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], p. 332.</ref> Mba hiarovana ny fitaterana akora vy avy any Soeda ho any Alemaina, dia nandidy ny fanafihana an' i Danemarka sy i Nôrvezy i Hitler; nanomboka tamin' ny 9 Aprily izany. Resy tao anatin' ny iray andro latsaka i Danemarka, ary efa azon' ny Alemà koa ny ankamaroan' i Nôrvezy tamin' ny faran' io volana io.<ref name="NG-sfn-093">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], pp. 73–76.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-094">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 120.</ref> Tany am-piandohan' ny volana Jona, dia nobodoin' i Alemaina manontolo i Nôrvezy.<ref name="NG-sfn-095">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 709.</ref> ==== Fandresena sy fakana tany tao Eorôpa ==== Tamin' ny Mey 1940, na dia maro tamin' ireo manamboninahitra ambony tao amin' ny tafiny aza no nanoro hevitra azy tsy hanao izany, dia nandidy ny hanafihana an' i Frantsa sy ny Tany Iva i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-096">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], pp. 70–71, 79.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-097">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 715–719.</ref> Resin' ny tafika alemà haingana i Loksemborga sy i Nederlandy, ary nahazo tombony ara-paikady tamin' ny fifandonany tamin' ny Mpiray Dina tany Belzika izy ireo, ka voatery nafindra niala tao [[Dunkerque (Frantsa)|Dunkirk]] ny miaramila britanika sy frantsay maro.<ref name="NG-sfn-098">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 731–738.</ref> Resy koa i Frantsa, ary nitolo-batana tamin' i Alemaina tamin' ny 22 Jona.<ref name="NG-sfn-099">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 696–730.</ref> Nampitombo ny lazan' i Hitler teo amin' ny vahoaka sy nampirongatra ny hafanam-po ho an' ny ady tany Alemaina ny fandresena tany Frantsa.<ref name="NG-sfn-100">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 562.</ref> Nampanaovina ny famokarana fitaovana ho an' ny ady ho an' i Alemaina ireo orinasa indostrialy tany Nederlandy sy Frantsa ary Belzika, izay fandikana ny fepetra tao amin' ny Fifanarahan' i Hague.<ref name="NG-sfn-101">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], p. 265.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L05487, Paris, Avenue Foch, Siegesparade.jpg|thumb|Miaramila alemà manao diabe eo akaikin' ny Arc de Triomphe ao Paris, 14 Jona 1940|alt=]] Nobaboin' ny Nazia tamin' ny Frantsay ny lohamasinina sy ny kalesin-dalamby an' arivony, ny tahiry fitaovam-piadiana, ary ny akora fototra toy ny varahina, ny firapotsy, ny solitany ary ny nikela.<ref name="NG-sfn-102">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 333–334.</ref> Notakina tamin' i Frantsa sy Belzika ary Nôrvezy ny fandoavana ny fandaniana tamin' ny fibodoana ara-tafika.<ref name="NG-sfn-103">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], p. 271.</ref> Nitarika ho amin' ny fanangonana sy fitazonana entana ho tahiry, ny [[Tsena maizina|varotra an-tsokosoko]], ary ny tsy fahazoana antoka momba ny hoavy ny sakana tamin' ny varotra.<ref name="NG-sfn-104">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], pp. 272, 279.</ref> Tsy azo antoka ny famatsiana sakafo; nihena ny famokarana tany amin' ny ankabeazan' i Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-105">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], p. 262.</ref> Nisy mosary tany amin' ny firenena maro nobodoina.<ref name="NG-sfn-105" /> Nolavina tamin' ny Jolay 1940 ny tolo-kevitr' i Hitler hanao fihavanana izay natolony ny praiminisitra britanika vaovao, [[Winston Churchill]]. Efa nanoro hevitra an' i Hitler tamin' ny Jona ny amiraly lehibe Erich Raeder fa fepetra tsy maintsy tanteraka ny fahazoana tombony ara-tafika eny amin' ny habakabaka mba hahombiazan' ny fanafihana an' i Britaina Lehibe. Noho izany dia nandidy fanafihana an' habakabaka nisesy tamin' ny tobin' ny tafika an' habakabaka sy ny toby radaran' ny ''Royal Air Force'' (RAF, tafika an' habakabakan' ny mpanjaka britanika) i Hitler, ary koa fanafihana an' habakabaka isan' alina tamin' ny tanàna britanika, anisan' izany i London sy Plymouth ary Coventry. Tsy nahavita nandresy ny RAF ny ''Luftwaffe'' (tafika an' habakabaka alemà) tamin' ilay nantsoina hoe Adin' i Britaina Lehibe, ary tamin' ny faran' ny Oktobra dia takatr' i Hitler fa tsy ho azony ilay tombony ara-tafika eny amin' ny habakabaka. Nahemotrany ka tsy hotanterahina intsony ilay fanafihana, izay drafitra tsy noraisin' ny mpitari-tafika an-tanety alemà ho zava-dehibe tanteraka hatramin' izay.<ref name="NG-sfn-106">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 753, 774–782.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-107">[[#NG-bib-064|Kershaw (2000b)]], pp. 301–303, 309–310.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Araka ny nolazain' i Raeder, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Tsy azo nianteherana ny tafika an' habakabatsika mba hiaro ny sambo mpitatitrantsika amin' ireo andian-tsambo britanika, satria, na tsy misy antony hafa aza, dia hiankina amin' ny toetrandro ny asa hataon' io tafika an' habakabaka io. Tsy azo nantenaina ny hahafahan' ny tafika an' habakabatsika hanonitra ny tsy fananantsika fahefana ara-tafika ambony noho ny fahavalo eny an-dranomasina, na dia mandritra ny fotoana fohy aza. » [[#NG-bib-111|Raeder (2001)]], pp. 324–325. Nihevitra ny amiraly lehibe Karl Dönitz fa tsy ampy ny fahazoana tombony ara-tafika eny amin' ny habakabaka, ary niaiky izy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: « Sady tsy nifehy ny habakabaka izahay no tsy nifehy ny ranomasina; tsy nanana fahafahana hahazo izany fifehezana izany koa izahay. » [[#NG-bib-026|Dönitz (2012)]], p. 114.|group=fanamarihana}} Mino ny mpahay tantara maromaro, anisan' izany i Andrew Gordon, fa ny herin' ny ''Royal Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka britanika) izay ambony noho ny an' ny alemà no antony lehibe indrindra tsy nahombiazan' ilay drafitra fanafihana, fa tsy ny fihetsiky ny RAF.<ref name="NG-sfn-108">[[#NG-bib-057|Harding (2006)]].</ref> Tamin' ny Febroary 1941 dia tonga tany Libia ny ''Afrika Korps'' (vondron-tafika alemà tany Afrika) mba hanampy ny Italianina tamin' ny ady tany Afrika Avaratra.<ref name="NG-sfn-109">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 149.</ref> Tamin' ny 6 Avrily dia nanomboka nanafika an' i Iogôslavia sy Grisia i Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-110">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 153.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-111">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 815–816.</ref> Nozaraina tamin' i Alemaina sy Hôngria sy Italia ary Bolgaria avy eo ny faritanin' i [[Iogôslavia]] manontolo sy ny ampahany tamin' ny Fanjakan' i Grisia.<ref name="NG-sfn-112">[[#NG-bib-141|Tomasevich (1975)]], pp. 52–53.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-113">[[#NG-bib-116|Richter (1998)]], p. 616.</ref> ==== Fanafihana ny Firaisana Sôvietika ==== Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Hetsika Barbarossa. Tamin' ny 22 Jona 1941, nandika ny fifanarahana Molotov–Ribbentrop ny miaramilan' ny ''Axis'' (vondron' ireo firenena niara-dia tamin' i Alemaina) miisa 3,8&nbsp;tapitrisa teo ho eo, ka nanafika ny Firaisana Sôvietika.<ref name="NG-sfn-114">[[#NG-bib-016|Clark (2012)]], p. 73.</ref> Ankoatra ny tanjona nambaran' i Hitler hahazo ''Lebensraum'' (faritra honenana), dia nokendrena tamin' io fanafihana goavana io, izay nomena ny anarana miafina hoe hetsika Barbarossa, ny handrava ny Firaisana Sôvietika sy haka an-keriny ny harena voajanahary tao aminy mba hampiasaina amin' ny fanafihana manaraka hamelezana ireo firenena matanjaka tandrefana.<ref name="NG-sfn-115">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 160–161.</ref> Gaga sy natahotra ny Alemà, satria maro no nanahy ny amin' ny mbola haharetan' ny ady, na niahiahy fa tsy ho afaka handresy i Alemaina raha miady amin' ny sehatra roa samy hafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-116">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 189–190.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B22436, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Ruinen.jpg|thumb|upright|Fahafatesana sy faharavana nandritra ny Ady tao Stalingrad, Oktobra 1942|alt=]] Nahazoana faritany midadasika ilay fanafihana, anisan' izany ireo firenena ao amin' ny [[Faritra Baltika|faritra Baltika]], i [[Bielôrosia]], ary ny faritra andrefan' i [[Okraina]]. Taorian' ny fandresena tamin' ny Ady tao Smolensk tamin' ny Septambra 1941, dia nandidy ny Vondron-tafika Afovoany i Hitler mba hampitsahatra ny fandrosoany ho any Moscow, ary hampivily vonjimaika ireo vondron-tafiny mifono vy mba hanampy amin' ny fanodidinana an' i Leningrad sy i Kiev.<ref name="NG-sfn-117">[[#NG-bib-138|Stolfi (1982)]], pp. 32–34, 36–38.</ref> Nahafahan' ny [[Tafika Mena]] namory sy nampiditra miaramila fanampiny avy amin' ny tahiriny io fiatoana io. Nitohy indray tamin' ny Oktobra 1941 ny fanafihana an' i Moscow, saingy niafara tamin' ny faharesena nahatsiravina tamin' ny Desambra.<ref name="NG-sfn-118">[[#NG-bib-138|Stolfi (1982)]], pp. 45–46.</ref> Tamin' ny 7 Desambra 1941, dia nanafika an' i Pearl Harbor tany Hawaii i Japàna. Efatra andro tatỳ aoriana, dia nanambara ady tamin' i Etazonia i Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-119">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 900–901.</ref> Tsy ampy ny sakafo tany amin' ireo faritra resin' ny tafika tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika sy i Pôlônia, satria nodoran' ireo tafika nihemotra ny voly tany amin' ny faritra sasany, ary nalefa niverina tany amin' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana alemà) ny ampahany betsaka tamin' izay sisa tavela.<ref name="NG-sfn-120">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 43.</ref> Nahena ny anjara sakafo nozaraina tany Alemaina tamin' ny 1942. Tamin' ny naha-solontena nomena fahefana feno azy ho an' ny Drafitra efa-taona, dia nitaky ny hampitomboana ny voamadinika nalefa avy any Frantsa sy ny trondro nalefa avy any Nôrvezy i [[Hermann Göring]]. Tsara ny vokatra tamin' ny taom-pijinjana 1942, ary mbola ampy ny famatsiana sakafo tany Eorôpa Andrefana.<ref name="NG-sfn-121">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], pp. 284–287.</ref> Saika niankina tanteraka tamin' ny solitany nafarana avy any ivelany i Alemaina sy i Eorôpa manontolo.<ref name="NG-sfn-122">[[#NG-bib-088|Mazower (2008)]], p. 290.</ref> Mba hanandramana hamahana izany tsy fahampiana izany, dia nandefa ny fanafihana ''Fall Blau'' (« Raharaha manga ») i Alemaina tamin' ny Jona 1942, mba hamelezana ireo toerana fitrandrahana solitany tany Kaokazy.<ref name="NG-sfn-123">[[#NG-bib-049|Glantz (1995)]], pp. 108–110.</ref> Nandefa fanafihana setriny ny Tafika Mena tamin' ny 19 Novambra ary nanodidina ny tafiky ny ''Axis'', izay voafandrika tao Stalingrad tamin' ny 23 Novambra.<ref name="NG-sfn-124">[[#NG-bib-092|Melvin (2010)]], pp. 282, 285.</ref> Nanome toky an' i Hitler i Göring fa ho azo atao ny mamatsy ny Tafika faha-6 amin' ny alalan' ny fiaramanidina, saingy hita fa tsy azo notanterahina izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-125">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 413, 416–417.</ref> Nahatonga ny fahafatesan' ny miaramila alemà sy romanianina miisa 200 000 ny fandavan' i Hitler tsy hamela azy ireo hihemotra; tamin' ireo lehilahy miisa 91 000 nitolo-batana tao amin' ilay tanàna tamin' ny 31 Janoary 1943, dia 6 000 monja no tafaverina velona tany Alemaina taorian' ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-126">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 419–420.</ref> ==== Fiovan' ny fizotran' ny ady sy firodanana ==== Jereo koa: Famonoan-tena faobe tao Alemaina nazia tamin' ny 1945, Governemantan' i Flensburg, Taratasy fanoloran-tenan' i Alemaina. Nitombo hatrany ny fatiantoka taorian' i Stalingrad, ka nihena be ny fanohanan' ny vahoaka ny Antoko Nazia ary niharatsy ny toe-tsaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-127">[[#NG-bib-068|Kershaw (2011)]], p. 208.</ref> Nanohy nandroso niankandrefana ny tafika sôvietika taorian' ny tsy fahombiazan' ny fanafihana alemà tamin' ny Ady tao Kursk nandritra ny fahavaratra tamin' ny 1943. Tamin' ny faran' ny 1943, dia efa very tamin' ny Alemà ny ankamaroan' ny faritany azony tany atsinanana.<ref name="NG-sfn-128">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1007.</ref> Tany Ejipta, dia resin' ny tafika britanika notarihin' ny marsaly Bernard Montgomery ny ''Afrika Korps'' (vondron-tafika Afrika) an' ny marsaly [[Erwin Rommel]] tamin' ny Ôktôbra 1942.<ref name="NG-sfn-129">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 467.</ref> Nidina an-tanety tany Sicily ny Mpiray dina tamin' ny Jolay 1943, ary efa tonga teo amin' ny Saikanosin' i Italia tamin' ny Septambra.<ref name="NG-sfn-130">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 471.</ref> Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nanomboka nanao fanafihana an' i Alemaina ireo andiana fiaramanidina mpandatsaka baomba amerikanina sy britanika izay nanana toby tany Britaina Lehibe. Maro tamin' ireo iraka anabakabaka ireo no niniana natao hamely lasibatra sivily mba handravana ny fahavononan' ny Alemà hanohy ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-131">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 438–441.</ref> Noheverina ho zava-dehibe manokana koa ny fandarohana baomba ny orinasa mpamokatra fiaramanidina sy ny foibem-pikarohana an' ny tafika tao Peenemünde, izay namolavolana sy namokarana ny raketa V-1 sy V-2.<ref name="NG-sfn-132">[[#NG-bib-113|Reisner (2015)]].</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-133">[[#NG-bib-140|Strüber (2018)]].</ref> Tsy nahasolo ireo fiaramanidina very ny habetsahan' ny fiaramanidina novokarin' i Alemaina, ary vao mainka nandrava ny fanafihana anabakabaka nataon' ny Mpiray dina noho ny tsy fisian' ny fiarovana avy amin' ny fiaramanidina. Nampahalemy mafy ny ezaka alemà hanohanana ny ady ny Mpiray dina tamin' ny fikendrena ny orinasa fanadiovana solitany sy ny orinasa hafa, rehefa tonga ny faramparan' ny 1944.<ref name="NG-sfn-134">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 461.</ref> Tamin' ny 6 Jona 1944, dia nanokatra sehatra fiadiana tao Frantsa ny tafika amerikanina, britanika ary kanadianina tamin' ny ''D-Day'' (andro nanatanterahana ilay fidinana an-tanety) tany [[Normandia|Normandy]].<ref name="NG-sfn-135">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], pp. 576–578.</ref> Tafavoaka velona tamin' ny fikasana hamono azy i Hitler tamin' ny 20 Jolay 1944.<ref name="NG-sfn-136">[[#NG-bib-003|Beevor (2012)]], pp. 604–605.</ref> Nandidy famaliana feno habibiana izy, ka olona 7 000 no nosamborina ary maherin' ny 4 900 no novonoina ho faty.<ref name="NG-sfn-137">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1072.</ref> Ny fanafihana tany Ardennes izay tsy nahomby (16 Desambra 1944 – 25 Janoary 1945) no fanafihana alemà lehibe farany teo amin' ny sehatra fiadiana tandrefana, ary niditra tao Alemaina ny tafika sôvietika tamin' ny 27 Janoary.<ref name="NG-sfn-138">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 1090–1097.</ref> Niteraka fahafatesana sy faharavana tsy nilaina nandritra ireo volana farany tamin' ny ady ny fandavan' i Hitler hanaiky ny faharesena sy ny fikirizany hanohizana ny ady hatramin' ny miaramila farany.<ref name="NG-sfn-139">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 910–912.</ref> Tamin' ny alalan' ny minisitry ny Fitsarana Otto Georg Thierack, dia nandidy i Hitler mba hotsarain' ny fitsarana miaramila izay rehetra tsy vonona hiady, ary olona an' arivony no novonoina ho faty.<ref name="NG-sfn-140">[[#NG-bib-068|Kershaw (2011)]], pp. 224–225.</ref> Tany amin' ny faritra maro, dia nitolo-batana tamin' ny Mpiray dina nanatona ny olona na dia nampirisika azy ireo hanohy hiady aza ny mpitarika teo an-toerana. Nandidy ny handravana ny fitaovam-pitaterana, ny tetezana, ny indostria ary ny fotodrafitrasa hafa i Hitler, araka ny didy handravana izay rehetra mety ho azon' ny fahavalo ampiasaina, saingy nosakanan' ny minisitry ny Fitaovam-piadiana Albert Speer tsy ho tanteraka manontolo izany didy izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-139" /> [[File:SFP 186 - Flug ueber Berlin.ogv|thumb|Sarimihetsika nataon' ny sampan-tafika anabakabaka tao amin' ny Tafika An-tanin' i Etazonia mampiseho ny vokatry ny faharavana tao afovoan' i Berlin tamin' ny Jolay 1945|alt=]] Nandritra ny Ady tao Berlin (16 Avrily – 2 Mey 1945), dia nipetraka tao amin' ny ''Führerbunker'' (toerana fialofana voaaro ho an' ny mpitarika) tany ambanin' ny tany i Hitler sy ny ekipany, raha nanatona ny [[Tafika Mena]].<ref name="NG-sfn-141">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1108.</ref> Tamin' ny 30 Avrily, rehefa tsy nihoatra ny fitambaran-trano roa voafaritry ny arabe intsony ny elanelana nanasaraka ny miaramila sôvietika sy ny foiben' ny governemantan' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana), dia namono tena i Hitler sy ny vadiny [[Eva Braun]].<ref name="NG-sfn-142">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 954–955.</ref> Tamin' ny 2 Mey, dia natolotry ny jeneraly Helmuth Weidling tsy nisy fepetra tamin' ny jeneraly sôvietika Vasily Chuikov i Berlin.<ref name="NG-sfn-143">[[#NG-bib-002|Beevor (2002)]], p. 386.</ref> Ny amiraly lehibe Karl Dönitz no nandimby an' i Hitler ho filohan' ny ''Reich'', ary i Goebbels no nandimby azy ho lehiben' ny governemantan' ny ''Reich''.<ref name="NG-sfn-144">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1126.</ref> Namono tena i Goebbels sy ny vadiny Magda ny ampitson' izay, rehefa avy namono ny zanany enina.<ref name="NG-sfn-145">[[#NG-bib-002|Beevor (2002)]], p. 381.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny 4 sy 8 Mey 1945, dia nitolo-batana tsy nisy fepetra ny ankamaroan' ny tafika alemà mbola tavela. Nosoniavina tamin' ny 8 Mey ny Taratasy fanoloran-tenan' i Alemaina, ka nanamarika ny fiafaran' ny fitondrana nazia sy ny fiafaran' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa tany Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-146">[[#NG-bib-002|Beevor (2002)]], pp. 400–403.</ref> Saika nanjavona tanteraka ny fanohanan' ny vahoaka an' i Hitler rehefa nanakaiky ny fiafarany ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-147">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 714.</ref> Nitombo ny tahan' ny famonoan-tena tao Alemaina, indrindra tany amin' ny faritra nandrosoan' ny Tafika Mena. Teo amin' ny miaramila sy ny mpiasan' ny antoko, dia matetika no noheverina ho safidy mendri-kaja sy feno herim-po raha oharina amin' ny fitolo-batana ny famonoan-tena. Ny fitantarana avy amin' ireo nanatri-maso sy ny fampielezan-kevitra izay nilazalaza ho tsy vanona ny fitondran-tenan' ny miaramila sôvietika nandroso dia nampihorohoro ny sivily teo amin' ny sehatra fiadiana atsinanana, indrindra ny vehivavy izay natahotra ny ho voaolana.<ref name="NG-sfn-148">[[#NG-bib-068|Kershaw (2011)]], pp. 355–357.</ref> Olona maherin' ny arivo, tao anatin' ny mponina manodidina ny 16 000, no namono tena tao Demmin manodidina ny 1 Mey 1945, rehefa niditra an-keriny tao amin' ny orinasa fanasitiliana toaka aloha ny Tafika faha-65 tao amin' ny Vondron-tafika belarosy faharoa, ary avy eo nanao herisetra nanerana ilay tanàna, nanolana olona maro, namono ho faty sivily tsy nisy antony ara-drariny, ary nandoro trano. Maro koa ny namono tena tany amin' ny toerana hafa, anisan' izany i [[Neubrandenburg]] (600 no maty), i Stolp tany Pommern (1 000 no maty),<ref name="NG-sfn-149">[[#NG-bib-072|Lakotta (2005)]], pp. 218–221.</ref> ary i Berlin, izay nahitana olona 7 057 farafahakeliny namono tena tamin' ny 1945.<ref name="NG-sfn-150">[[#NG-bib-051|Goeschel (2009)]], p. 165.</ref> ==== Fatiantoka alemà ==== Lahatsoratra fototra: Fatiantoka alemà tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Jereo koa: Fatiantoka tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. [[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B14736.jpg|thumb|Mpitsoa-ponenana alemà tao Bedburg, akaikin' i [[Kleve]], tamin' ny 19 Febroary 1945|alt=]] Tombanana ho eo anelanelan' ny 5,5 sy 6,9&nbsp;tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny Alemà maty tamin' ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-151">[[#NG-bib-063|Hubert (1998)]], p. 272.</ref> Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' ilay mpahay tantara Rüdiger Overmans, dia 5,3&nbsp;tapitrisa ny miaramila alemà maty sy tsy hita popoka, ka tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny lehilahy 900 000 nantsoina an-terivozona ho miaramila avy any ivelan' ny sisin-tanin' i Alemaina tamin' ny 1937.<ref name="NG-sfn-152">[[#NG-bib-101|Overmans (2000)]], p. Bd. 46.</ref> Tamin' ny 2014, dia nanombana i Richard Overy fa sivily tokony ho 353 000 no maty tamin' ny fanafihana an' habakabaka nataon' ny Mpiray dina.<ref name="NG-sfn-153">[[#NG-bib-104|Overy (2014)]], pp. 306–307.</ref> Anisan' ny sivily hafa maty koa ny Alemà 300 000, anisan' izany ny Jiosy, izay niharan' ny fanenjehana ara-pôlitika, ara-pirazanana ary ara-pivavahana nataon' ny Nazia,<ref name="NG-sfn-154">[[#NG-bib-047|''Germany Reports'' (1961)]], p. 62.</ref> sy ny olona 200 000 novonoina tao anatin' ny fandaharan' asa nazia famonoana olona nalamina, izay nomena anarana manalefaka hoe ''euthanasia''.<ref name="NG-sfn-155">[[#NG-bib-032|Bundesarchiv, "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus]].</ref> Nanameloka mpikambana tokony ho 12 000 tao amin' ny fanoherana alemà ny nazisma ho faty ny fitsarana pôlitika nantsoina hoe ''Sondergerichte'' (fitsarana manokana), ary nanameloka Alemà 40 000 fanampiny ho faty kosa ny fitsarana sivily.<ref name="NG-sfn-156">[[#NG-bib-061|Hoffmann (1996)]], p. xiii.</ref> Nisy koa ny fanolanana vehivavy alemà marobe.<ref name="NG-sfn-157">[[#NG-bib-002|Beevor (2002)]], pp. 31–32, 409–412.</ref> == Jeôgrafia == === Fiovan' ny faritany === ''Lahatsoratra fototra: Faritany nampidirin' i Alemaina nazia ho anisan' ny faritaniny.'' ''Jereo koa: Fiovan' ny faritanin' i Alemaina sy Fizaram-pitantanana tao Alemaina nazia.'' [[File:Das Grossdeutsche Reich.jpeg|300px|thumb|Sarintany tamin' ny vanim-potoana nazia, amin' ny teny alemà, mampiseho ny fanitarana ny faritanin' ny ''Reich'' alemà (fanjakana alemà) nanomboka tamin' ny 1933 ka hatramin' ny 1941, araka ny nanazavana izany tamin' ny miaramilan' ny ''Wehrmacht'' (tafika alemà).]] Vokatry ny fahareseny tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany sy ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles izay naterak' izany, dia very tamin' i Alemaina i Alsace-Lorraine, i Eupen-Malmedy, i Schleswig Avaratra ary i Memel. Lasa faritany teo ambany fiarovana sy fifehezan' i Frantsa i [[Saarland]], ka fepetra napetraka tamin' izany ny hanapahan' ny mponina ao aminy any aoriana, amin' ny alalan' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka, izay firenena hikambanany. Lasa firenena misaraka i Pôlônia ary nahazo lalana mankany an-dranomasina tamin' ny namoronana ny lalantsaran' i Pôlônia, izay nanasaraka an' i Prosia tamin' ny faritra sisa tamin' i Alemaina, fa natao tanàna manana fizakantena kosa i Danzig.<ref name="NG-sfn-158">[[#NG-bib-034|Evans (2003)]], p. 62.</ref> Azon' i Alemaina indray ny fifehezana an' i Saarland tamin' ny fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka natao tamin' ny 1935, ary nampidiriny ho anisan' ny faritaniny i Aotrisy tamin' ny ''Anschluss'' (fampiraisana an' i Aotrisy amin' i Alemaina) tamin' ny 1938.<ref name="NG-sfn-159">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 623, 646–652.</ref> Nomen' ny Fifanarahana tao Munich tamin' ny 1938 an' i Alemaina ny fifehezana an' i Sudetenland, ary enim-bolana tatỳ aoriana dia nalainy ny ankabeazan' ny faritany mbola sisa tamin' i Tsekôslôvakia.<ref name="NG-sfn-070" /> Noho ny fandrahonana hanafika avy any an-dranomasina, dia natolotr' i Litoania ny distrikan' i Memel tamin' ny Martsa 1939.<ref name="NG-sfn-160">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 461–462.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny 1939 sy 1941, ny tafika alemà dia nanafika an' i Pôlônia, an' i Danemarka, an' i Nôrvezy, an' i Frantsa, an' i Loksemborga, an' i Nederlandy, an' i Belzika, an' i Iogôslavia, an' i Grisia ary ny Firaisana Sôvietika.<ref name="NG-sfn-099" /> Tamin' ny Aprily 1941, dia nampidirin' i Alemaina ho anisan' ny faritaniny ny ampahany tamin' ny faritra avaratr' i Iogôslavia,<ref name="NG-sfn-112" /><ref name="NG-sfn-113" /> ary natolotr' i Mussolini an' i Alemaina kosa i [[Trieste]], i Tyrol Atsimo ary i Istria tamin' ny 1943.<ref name="NG-sfn-161">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1005.</ref> Taorian' ny fifanarahana fampitsaharana ny ady teo amin' i Italia sy ny Mpiray dina tamin' ny Septambra 1943, dia nanafika an' i Italia i Alemaina, ary natsangan' i [[Benito Mussolini]] ny Repoblika Sôsialy Italiana ho fanjakana saribakoly fasista izay fehezin' ny firenen-kafa. Any avaratra kokoa, dia natsangan' i Alemaina ny Faritra nanaovana asa miaramila teo am-pototry ny Alpes sy ny Faritra nanaovana asa miaramila teny amin' ny morontsirak' i Adriatika. Tsy noheverina ho faritanin' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana alemà) ireo faritra nanaovana asa miaramila ireo, saingy raha ny zava-nisy dia nampidirina tao aminy (''de facto'') sy nampanarahana ny fiteny sy ny kolontsaina alemà izy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-162">[[#NG-bib-154|Wedekind (2003)]], pp. 75–82.</ref> === Faritany nobodoina === Lahatsoratra fototra: Eorôpa teo ambany fibodoana alemà. [[File:Public execution of 54 Poles in Rożki (1942).jpg|thumb|left|Famonoana ho faty ampahibemaso Pôlôney 54 tao Rożki, ao amin' ny ''Masovian Voivodeship'' (fizaram-paritra ara-pitantanana) (akaikin' i Radom), tao Pôlônia teo ambany fibodoana alemà, tamin' ny 1942]] Nampidirina ho anisan' i Alemaina ny sasany tamin' ireo faritany resy, ho fanatanterahana ny tanjona lavitr' ezaka napetrak' i Hitler hanangana ny ''Greater Germanic Reich'' (fanjakana lehibe jermanika nokasainy hatsangana). Faritra maromaro, toa an' i Alsace-Lorraine, no napetraka teo ambany fahefan' ny ''Gau'' (fizaram-paritra ara-pitantanana) nifanila taminy. Natsangana tany amin' ny firenena sasany nobodoina ny ''Reichskommissariate'' (faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'', na fanjakana), izay fitondrana nitovitovy tamin' ny fitondrana mpanjanaka. Anisan' ireo faritra napetraka teo ambany fitantanana alemà ny ''Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia'' (faritanin' i Bohemia sy Moravia teo ambany fiarovana alemà), ny ''Reichskommissariat Ostland'' (faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Ostland, izay nahafaoka ny fanjakana baltika sy i Bielôrosia), ary ny ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine'' (faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Okraina). Napetraka teo ambany fifehezan' ny ''Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France'' (fitantanana miaramila tany Belzika sy avaratr' i Frantsa) ireo faritra resy tany Belzika sy Frantsa.<ref name="NG-sfn-163">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 373.</ref> Nakambana tamin' i Alemaina i Eupen-Malmedy, izay an' i Belzika nefa anisan' i Alemaina hatramin' ny 1919. Nampidirina ho anisan' ny ''Reich'' ny ampahany tamin' i Pôlônia, ary natsangana tao amin' ny faritra afovoan' i Pôlônia nobodoina ny ''General Government'' (fitondrana jeneraly).<ref name="NG-sfn-164">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 147.</ref> Ny governemantan' i Danemarka, i Nôrvezy (''Reichskommissariat Norwegen'', na faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Nôrvezy), ary i Nederlandy (''Reichskommissariat Niederlande'', na faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Nederlandy) dia napetraka teo ambany fitantanana sivily, izany hoe tsy miaramila, ary teratany indrindra ny mpiasan' ireo fitantanana ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-163" />{{#tag:ref|Nisy tolo-kevitra hanangana fizaram-paritra hafa toy izany, anisan' izany ny ''Reichskommissariat Moskowien'' (faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Moscow), ny ''Reichskommissariat Kaukasien'' (faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Caucasus), ary ny ''Reichskommissariat Turkestan'' (faritany tantanan' ny kômisera misolo tena ny ''Reich'' tao Turkestan), raha toa ka tonga teo ambany fahefana alemà ireo faritra ireo.|group=fanamarihana}} Nikasa ny hampiditra ny maro tamin' ireo faritra ireo ho anisan' ny ''Reich'' i Hitler amin' ny farany.<ref name="NG-sfn-165">[[#NG-bib-146|Umbreit (2003)]], p. 26.</ref> Nobodoin' i Alemaina ny ''Italian protectorate of Albania'' (faritanin' i Albania teo ambany fiarovana italianina) sy ny ''Italian governorate of Montenegro'' (faritanin' i Môntenegrô teo ambany fitantanan' ny governora italianina) tamin' ny 1943,<ref name="NG-sfn-166">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1006.</ref> ary nametraka governemanta saribakoly, izay teo ambany fifehezany, tany Serbia nobodoina izy tamin' ny 1941.<ref name="NG-sfn-167">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 824, 841.</ref> <div style="clear:both;"></div> == Politika == === Foto-pisainana === Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Nazisma]]. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Heinrich Himmler, Hitler ary Viktor Lutze manao ny fiarahabana nazia mandritra ny fivoriamben' ny Antoko Nazia tao Nuremberg, tamin' ny Septambra 1934.|alt=]] Antoko politika fasista avy amin' ny farany havanana ny Nazia, ary nipoitra tao anatin' ny korontana ara-tsosialy sy ara-bola taorian' ny fiafaran' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany.<ref name="NG-sfn-168">[[#NG-bib-131|Spielvogel (2016)]], p. 1.</ref> Mbola antoko kely sy voahilikilika izy tamin' ny 1928, ka nahazo 2,6 % tamin' ny vato tamin' ny fifidianana federaly, talohan' ny nanombohan' ny krizy ara-toekarena lehibe tamin' ny 1929.<ref name="NG-sfn-169">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 6–9.</ref> Tamin' ny 1930 kosa dia nahazo 18,3 % tamin' ny vato tamin' ny fifidianana federaly ilay antoko, ka lasa antoko politika faharoa lehibe indrindra tao amin' ny ''Reichstag'' (antenimiera).<ref name="NG-sfn-170">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 204.</ref> Nandritra ny nigadrany taorian' ny tsy fahombiazan' ny fanonganam-panjakana tao amin' ny trano fisotroana labiera tamin' ny 1923 no nanoratan' i Hitler ny ''Mein Kampf'', izay namelabelarany ny drafiny hanova ny fiarahamonina alemà ho fiarahamonina mifototra amin' ny firazanana.<ref name="NG-sfn-171">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 146–147.</ref> Ny foto-pisainana nazia dia nampiray singa avy amin' ny fankahalana ny Jiosy, ny foto-kevitra momba ny fiarovana izay nantsoiny hoe fahadiovan' ny firazanana, ary ny eojenika (na foto-kevitra momba ny fifantenana ny olona havela hiteraka mba hahazoana taranaka nolazaina fa tsara kokoa). Nampifangaroiny tamin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny fampiraisana ny Alemà rehetra sy ny fanitarana ny faritany ireo, mba hahazoana ''Lebensraum'' (faritra honenana sy hivelomana) bebe kokoa ho an' ny vahoaka jermanika.<ref name="NG-sfn-172">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 7.</ref> Niezaka naka izany faritany vaovao izany ny fitondrana tamin' ny fanafihana an' i Pôlônia sy ny Firaisana Sôvietika, ary nikasa hamono faobe na handroaka hiala tany ny Jiosy sy ny [[Slava (vahoaka)|Slavy]] nonina tany. Noheverin' ilay fitondrana ho ambany noho ny firazanana ambony natao hanjaka, izay nantsoiny hoe ariana, ireo olona ireo, sady noheveriny ho anisan' ny teti-dratsy jiosy-bôlsevika.<ref name="NG-sfn-173">[[#NG-bib-004|Bendersky (2007)]], p. 161.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-174">[[#NG-bib-045|Gellately (1996)]], pp. 270–274.</ref> Nino ny fitondrana nazia fa i Alemaina irery ihany no afaka mandresy ny herin' ny bôlsevisma sy mamonjy ny olombelona amin' ny fanjakazakan' ny Jiosy maneran-tany amin' izao tontolo izao.<ref name="NG-sfn-175">[[#NG-bib-012|Bytwerk (1998)]].</ref> Anisan' ny olona hafa nosokajin' ny Nazia ho « olona tsy mendrika ny ho velona » (fandikana ny fiteniny) ny olona nanana fahasembanana ara-tsaina na ara-batana, ny Rômani, ny olona tia olona mitovy fananahana aminy, ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah, ary ireo noheveriny ho tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny fiarahamonina.<ref name="NG-sfn-176">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 49.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-177">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 759.</ref> Ankoatra izany dia narahi-maso akaiky sy nenjehina ny [[Framasôneria|mpikambana tao amin' ny fikambanana framasôna]].<ref name="NG-sfn-178">[[#NG-bib-006|Bergen (2016)]], pp. 36–37.</ref> Voataonan' ny hetsika ''Völkisch'' (hetsika momba ny firenena mifototra amin' ny fiaviana ara-poko) ny fitondrana, ka nanohitra ny môdernisma (na firehana hanavao ny fomba fanehoana ara-kolontsaina), ary nanohana ny fampivelarana tafika lehibe sady nampandefitra ny fampandrosoana ny saina sy ny fahalalana.<ref name="NG-sfn-013" /><ref name="NG-sfn-179">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 7, 443.</ref> Nosakanana ny famoronana sy ny zavakanto, afa-tsy rehefa azo nampiasaina ho fitaovana fampielezan-kevitra.<ref name="NG-sfn-180">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 210–211.</ref> Nampiasa tandindona toy ny Sainan-dra sy fombafomba toy ny fivoriamben' ny Antoko Nazia ilay antoko mba hanamafisana ny firaisankina sy hampitomboana ny fanohanan' ny olona ny fitondrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-181">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 121–122.</ref> === Governemanta === ''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Governemantan' i Alemaina nazia.'' [[File:WWII, Europe, Germany, "Nazi Hierarchy, Hitler, Goering, Goebbels, Hess", The Desperate Years p143 - NARA - 196509.jpg|thumb|Hitler, Göring, Goebbels ary Rudolf Hess nandritra ny matso miaramila tamin' ny 1933|alt=]] Nifehy an' i Alemaina tamin' ny fahefana nentiny irery i Hitler, tamin' ny fampiharana ny ''Führerprinzip'' (foto-kevitry ny mpitarika), izay nitaky ny fankatoavana tanteraka avy amin' ny olona rehetra teo ambany fahefany. Noraisiny ho toy ny piramida ny rafitry ny governemanta, ka ny tenany, izay noheveriny ho mpitarika tsy mety diso, no teo an-tampony. Tsy tamin' ny alalan' ny fifidianana no namaritana ny laharana tao amin' ny antoko, fa tamin' ny fanendren' ireo nanana laharana ambony kokoa no namenoana ny toerana.<ref name="NG-sfn-182">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 170, 172, 181.</ref> Nampiasa fampielezan-kevitra ny antoko mba hampanjakana ny fanandratana tafahoatra ny tenan' i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-183">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 400.</ref> Nasongadin' ny mpahay tantara toa an' i Kershaw ny fiantraikan' ny fahaizan' i Hitler nandaha-teny tamin' ny toe-tsain' ny olona.<ref name="NG-sfn-184">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 105–106.</ref> Na dia nanao tatitra tamin' i Hitler sy nanaraka ny politikany aza ireo tompon' andraikitra ambony, dia nanana fahaleovan-tena lehibe teo amin' ny asany izy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-185">[[#NG-bib-066|Kershaw (2001)]], p. 253.</ref> Nanantena izy fa « hiasa ho amin' ny ''Führer'' (mpitarika) » ireo tompon' andraikitra, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay fomba fiteny: handray andraikitra hampandroso politika sy hetsika nifanaraka tamin' ny tanjon' ny antoko sy ny fanirian' i Hitler, nefa tsy handray anjara tamin' ny fanapahan-kevitra andavanandro izy.<ref name="NG-sfn-186">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 320–321.</ref> Fitambaran' ankolafy tsy voalamina, notarihin' ireo olona teo amin' ny tampon' ny antoko izay nifaninana hanangona fahefana sy hahazo sitraka tamin' ny ''Führer'', no nandrafitra ny governemanta.<ref name="NG-sfn-187">[[#NG-bib-089|McElligott sy Kirk sy Kershaw (2003)]], p. 6.</ref> Fomba fitarihan' i Hitler ny nanome baiko nifanohitra tamin' ireo teo ambany fahefany sy ny nametraka azy ireo tamin' ny toerana nifanindrian' ny asa sy ny andraikiny.<ref name="NG-sfn-188">[[#NG-bib-130|Speer (1971)]], p. 281.</ref> Tamin' izany no nampiroboroboany ny tsy fifampitokisana, ny fifaninanana ary ny fifandirana teo amin' ireo teo ambany fahefany, mba hanamafisana sy hampitomboana araka izay azo natao ny fahefany manokana.<ref name="NG-sfn-189">[[#NG-bib-083|Manvell sy Fraenkel (2007)]], p. 29.</ref> Nanafoana ny ''Länder'' (fanjakana mpikambana) nisy tao Alemaina ireo didim-panjakana nifandimby momba ny ''Reichsstatthalter'' (governoran' ny ''Reich'', na fanjakana alemà) teo anelanelan' ny 1933 sy 1935. Nosoloina fizaram-pitantanana vaovao nantsoina hoe ''Gaue'' izy ireo, izay notantanan' ny mpitarika nazia nantsoina hoe ''Gauleiter'' (mpitarika ny ''Gau'', na faritra iray).<ref name="NG-sfn-190">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 48–49.</ref> Tsy nampiharina manontolo mihitsy izany fanovana izany, satria mbola nampiasain' ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana sasany, toy ny fanabeazana, ho fizaram-pitantanana ny ''Länder''. Niteraka fifanjevoana teo amin' ny raharaham-panjakana izany, ka nifanindry ny sehatra nananan' ireo sampan-draharaha fahefana sy ny andraikiny, araka ny fomba fitantanana nampiavaka ny fitondrana nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-191">[[#NG-bib-043|Freeman (1995)]], p. 6.</ref> Nofoanana ny rafitra federaly tao amin' ny [[Repoblikan'i Weimar|Repoblikan' i Weimar]], izay nizarana ny fahefana tamin' ny fitondrana foibe sy ny fanjakana mpikambana, ary nosoloina fanjakana tsy federaly tena nampifantoka ny fahefana tamin' ny fitondrana foibe.<ref name="NG-sfn-192">[[#NG-bib-114|Renzsch (1989)]], p. 19.</ref> Very asa ireo mpiasam-panjakana jiosy tamin' ny 1933, afa-tsy ireo izay nanompo tao amin' ny tafika nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Mpikambana tao amin' ny antoko na mpanohana azy no notendrena hisolo azy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-193">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 14–15, 49.</ref> Anisan' ny dingan' ny ''Gleichschaltung'' (fampanarahana ny andrim-panjakana sy ny fikambanana ny fitondrana nazia) ny lalàn' ny ''Reich'' momba ny fitondrana eo an-toerana tamin' ny 1935, izay nanafoana ny fifidianana teo an-toerana; ny Minisiteran' ny Atitany no nanendry ny ben' ny tanàna.<ref name="NG-sfn-194">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 49.</ref> === Lalàna === Lahatsoratra an-tsipiriany: Ny lalàna tao Alemaina nazia. [[File:Nuremberg_laws.jpg|thumb|Tabilao maneho ny fanasokajiana ara-pirazanana milaza ho ara-tsiansa nefa tsy izany, izay nampiasain' ny fitondrana tao Alemaina nazia tamin' ny politikany momba ny firazanana.|alt=]] Tamin' ny Aogositra 1934, dia notakina tamin' ny mpiasam-panjakana sy ny miaramila ny hanaovany fianianana fa hankatò an' i Hitler tsy misy fepetra. Ireo lalàna ireo no nanjary fototry ny ''Führerprinzip'' (fitsipiky ny fahefan' ny mpitarika), izany hoe ny fiheverana fa ambonin' ny lalàna rehetra manan-kery ny tenin' i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-195">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 43–44.</ref> Noho izany, dia nanjary ara-dalàna teo ambanin' io fitondrana io izay fihetsika rehetra nankatoavin' i Hitler, na dia famonoana olona aza.<ref name="NG-sfn-196">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 45.</ref> Tsy maintsy nankatoavin' ny biraon' i Rudolf Hess, lefitry ny ''Führer'' (mpitarika), ny tolo-dalàna rehetra naroson' ireo minisitra tao amin' ny governemanta. Afaka nanakana ny fanendrena ireo mpiasam-panjakana ambony koa i Hess.<ref name="NG-sfn-197">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 46.</ref> Notazonina ny ankamaroan' ny rafitra fitsarana sy ny fehezan-dalàna tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Weimar mba hitsarana ny heloka tsy misy ifandraisany amin' ny politika.<ref name="NG-sfn-198">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 75.</ref> Betsaka lavitra noho ny talohan' ny nandraisan' ny Nazia ny fahefana ny fanamelohana ho faty navoakan' ny fitsarana sy nampihariny.<ref name="NG-sfn-198" /> Izay olona voaheloka noho ny fandikan-dalàna telo na mihoatra, na dia madinika aza ireo fandikan-dalàna ireo, dia azo nosokajiana ho zatra mandika lalàna ka nogadraina tsy nisy fe-potoana voafaritra.<ref name="NG-sfn-199">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 76.</ref> Noheverin' ny manam-pahefana ho mpanao heloka araka ny toetrany sady loza ho an' ny fiarahamonina ny olona toy ny mpivaro-tena sy ny mpangarom-paosy. An' arivony no nosamborina sy notanana tsy nisy fe-potoana voafaritra, nefa tsy nandalo fitsarana.<ref name="NG-sfn-200">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 79–80.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J03166, Berlin, Amtsübernahme Dr. Thierack.jpg|thumb|Fivorian' ireo manam-pahaizana momba ny lalàna efatra izay nampanjaka ny foto-pisainana nazia tao amin' ny rafitra ara-dalànan' i Alemaina (avy eo ankavia miankavanana: Roland Freisler, Franz Schlegelberger, Otto Georg Thierack ary Curt Rothenberger).|alt=]] Natsangana tamin' ny 1934 ny karazana fitsarana vaovao iray, ny ''Volksgerichtshof'' (Fitsaran' ny Vahoaka), mba hitsara ireo raharaha ara-politika.<ref name="NG-sfn-201">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 68, 70.</ref> Namoaka fanamelohana ho faty maherin' ny 5 000 io fitsarana io hatramin' ny nandravana azy tamin' ny 1945.<ref name="NG-sfn-202">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 514.</ref> Azo namoahana sazy fanamelohana ho faty ny fandikan-dalàna toy ny maha-kômonista, ny fanontana trakta mandrisika hikomy amin' ny fitondrana, ary na dia ny fanaovana vazivazy momba an' i Hitler na ireo manam-pahefana hafa aza.<ref name="NG-sfn-203">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 72.</ref> Ny ''Gestapo'' (pôlisy miafin' ny fitondrana) no niandraikitra ny asan' ny pôlisy mpanao famotorana mba hampiharana ny foto-pisainana nazia. Nokarohiny sy notanany ireo olona nandika lalàna ara-politika, ireo Jiosy ary ireo olona hafa izay noheverin' ny fitondrana ho tsy nirina.<ref name="NG-sfn-204">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], p. 154.</ref> Matetika ireo olona nandika lalàna ara-politika izay navotsotra avy tany am-ponja no nosamborin' ny ''Gestapo'' avy hatrany indray ka notanana tany amin' ny toby fitanana, izay toerana nigadrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-205">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 73.</ref> Nampiasa fampielezan-kevitra ny Nazia mba hanaparitahana ny hevitra nantsoiny hoe ''Rassenschande'' («fandotoana ny firazanana», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy), ho fanamarinany fa nilaina ny lalàna mifototra amin' ny fanasokajiana ara-pirazanana.<ref name="NG-sfn-206">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 539, 551.</ref> Nolanina tamin' ny Septambra 1935 ny Lalànan' i Nuremberg. Noraran' ireo lalàna ireo tamin' ny voalohany ny firaisana ara-nofo sy ny fanambadiana teo amin' ny olona nosokajian' ny fitondrana ho ariana (''Aryan'') sy ny Jiosy. Nitarina tatỳ aoriana izany fandrarana izany mba hahafaoka ireo nantsoina tamin' ny teny fanavakavahana hoe «Tsiganina, mainty hoditra na ny zanany safiotra» (dikan' ny teny voatanisa ao amin' ny loharano hoe “Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring”).<ref name="NG-sfn-207">[[#NG-bib-046|Gellately (2001)]], p. 216.</ref> Noraran' ny lalàna koa ny fampiasana vehivavy alemà latsaky ny 45 taona ho mpiasa an-trano tao amin' ny tokantrano jiosy.<ref name="NG-sfn-208">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 346.</ref> Nilaza ny Lalàna momba ny Zom-pirenen' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana) fa ireo nosokajiana ho manana «ra alemà na ra mifandray aminy» ihany no afaka nanana zom-pirenena (dikan' ilay teny momba ny «ra» nampiasain' ny fitondrana).<ref name="NG-sfn-209">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 544.</ref> Noho izany, dia nesorina tamin' ny Jiosy sy ireo olon-kafa nosokajian' ny fitondrana ho tsy ariana ny zom-pirenena alemà nananany. Namela ny Nazia handà ny fanomezana zom-pirenena ho an' izay tsy nanohana ny fitondrana araka izay notakiny koa ilay lalàna.<ref name="NG-sfn-209" /> Araka ny didim-panjakana fanampiny navoaka tamin' ny Novambra, dia nosokajiana ho Jiosy izay olona nanana raibe sy renibe jiosy telo, na raibe sy renibe jiosy roa raha nanaraka ny finoana jiosy ilay olona.<ref name="NG-sfn-210">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 347.</ref> <div style="clear:left;"></div> == Tafika sy vondrona manana rafitra miaramila == === ''Wehrmacht'' === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' (tafika alemà). Jereo koa: Hevi-diso milaza fa tsy nandray anjara tamin' ny heloka bevava ny ''Wehrmacht''. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-218-0510-22, Russland-Süd, Panzersoldat.jpg|thumb|Andiana fiara mifono vy misy tafondro sy fiara mifono vy hafa an' ny ''Panzerwaffe'' (vondron-tafika alemà mampiasa fiara mifono vy), teo akaikin' i Stalingrad, tamin' ny 1942|alt=]] Nantsoina hoe ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' (tafika fiarovana) ny tafika niraisan' i Alemaina nanomboka tamin' ny 1935 ka hatramin' ny 1945. Anisan' izany ny ''Heer'' (tafika an-tanety), ny ''Kriegsmarine'' (tafika an-dranomasina), ary ny ''Luftwaffe'' (tafika an' habakabaka). Nanomboka tamin' ny 2 Aogositra 1934, dia tsy maintsy nanao fianianana hankatò tsy misy fepetra an' i Hitler manokana ny mpikambana tao amin' ny tafika. Ny fianianana teo aloha dia nitaky ny tsy fivadihana tamin' ny lalàm-panorenan' ny firenena sy ny andrim-panjakana ara-dalàna tao aminy, fa ity fianianana vaovao ity kosa nitaky ny hankatoavan' ny miaramila an' i Hitler, na dia nasaina nanao zavatra tsy ara-dalàna aza izy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-211">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 43–45.</ref> Namoaka didy i Hitler fa tsy maintsy namela ny ''Einsatzgruppen'' (vondrona mpamono olona nifindrafindra toerana, izay tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny famonoana olona an-tapitrisany tany Eorôpa Atsinanana) hiasa ny tafika an-tanety, ary hanohana azy ireo amin' ny famatsiana sy ny fitaterana mihitsy aza, raha azo natao araka ny toe-javatra ara-tafika izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-212">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 146.</ref> Nandray anjara mivantana tamin' ny [[Shoah|Hôlôkôsta]], ilay famonoana faobe nalamina nataon' ny Nazia tamin' ny Jiosy, koa ny miaramilan' ny ''Wehrmacht'', tamin' ny fitifirana sivily na fanaovana fandripahana foko izay nosaronana tamin' ny filazana fa hetsika hiadiana amin' ny mpiady mpanohitra ny mpibodo tany.<ref name="NG-sfn-213">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 242–247.</ref> Araka ny foto-kevitra naparitak' ilay antoko, ny Jiosy no nampirisika ny adin' ireo mpiady mpanohitra ireo, ka tsy maintsy naringana noho izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-214">[[#NG-bib-064|Kershaw (2000b)]], p. 467.</ref> Tamin' ny 8 Jolay 1941, dia nanambara i Heydrich fa tokony hoheverina ho mpiady mpanohitra ny Jiosy rehetra tao amin' ny faritany voababo tany atsinanana, ary nandidy ny hitifirana ho faty ny Jiosy rehetra lahy 15 ka hatramin' ny 45 taona.<ref name="NG-sfn-215">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 198.</ref> Tamin' ny Aogositra, dia efa nitarina hihatra amin' ny mponina jiosy manontolo izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-216">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 207.</ref> Na teo aza ny ezaka hanomanana ny firenena ara-tafika, dia tsy nahazaka ady fampahalemena tsikelikely ny mpifanandrina izay naharitra ela ny toekarena. Novolavolaina ny paikady nifototra tamin' ny fomba fiady ''Blitzkrieg'' (ady haingana toy ny tselatra), izay nampiasa fanafihana haingana sy voarindra sady nisoroka ny toerana mafy fiarovan' ny fahavalo. Nanomboka tamin' ny daroka tafondro ny fanafihana, narahin' ny fandatsahana baomba sy ny fitifirana avy amin' ny fiaramanidina. Avy eo dia nanafika ny fiara mifono vy misy tafondro, ary farany niditra ny miaramila an-tongotra mba hahazoana antoka fa voafehy ilay faritra azo.<ref name="NG-sfn-217">[[#NG-bib-018|Constable (1988)]], pp. 139, 154.</ref> Nitohy hatramin' ny tapaky ny taona 1940 ny fandresena, saingy ny tsy nahafahana nandresy an' i Britaina Lehibe no kihon-dalana lehibe voalohany tamin' ny ady. Ny fanapahan-kevitra hanafika ny Firaisana Sôvietika sy ny faharesena nanapa-kevitra ny fizotry ny ady tao Stalingrad dia nitarika ny fihemoran' ny tafika alemà sy ny faharesena tamin' ny ady tamin' ny farany.<ref name="NG-sfn-218">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 760–761.</ref> Manodidina ny 18,2&nbsp;tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny miaramila nanompo tao amin' ny ''Wehrmacht'' nanomboka tamin' ny 1935 ka hatramin' ny 1945, ary 5,3&nbsp;tapitrisa tamin' ireo no maty.<ref name="NG-sfn-152" /> === SA sy SS === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: ''Sturmabteilung'' (vondrona mpanafika) sy ''Schutzstaffel'' (vondrona mpiaro). <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14468, Berlin, NS-Boykott gegen jüdische Geschäfte crop.jpg|220px|alt=Mpikambana ao amin' ny SA mampihatra ny fanaovana ankivy ny fivarotana jiosy, 1 Aprily 1933.]]<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H15390, Berlin, Kaserne der LSSAH, Vergatterung.jpg|220px|alt=Fisafoana ny miaramilan' ny Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler tao Berlin, 1938.]] <div class="thumbcaption">Sary voalohany: mpikambana ao amin' ny SA (vondrona mpanafika) mampihatra ny fanaovana ankivy ny fivarotana jiosy, 1 Aprily 1933.<br />Sary faharoa: fisafoana ny miaramilan' ny ''Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler'' (vondron-tafika ao amin' ny SS, na vondrona mpiaro) tao Berlin, 1938.</div> </div></div> Ny ''Sturmabteilung'', na SA (vondrona mpanafika), izay nantsoina koa hoe ''Brownshirts'' (ireo manao lobaka volontany), dia naorina tamin' ny 1921 ary izy no sampana voalohany tao amin' ny Antoko Nazia nalamina sy nampiofanina tahaka ny tafika nefa tsy anisan' ny tafika ofisialy. Ny fiarovana ny mpitarika nazia nandritra ny famoriam-bahoaka sy ny fivoriana no andraikiny tamin' ny voalohany.<ref name="NG-sfn-219">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], pp. 15–16.</ref> Nandray anjara tamin' ny fifandonana an-dalambe tamin' ny vondron' ny antoko pôlitika nifaninana taminy koa izy ireo, ary nanao herisetra tamin' ny Jiosy sy ny hafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-220">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], pp. 70, 166.</ref> Teo ambany fitarihan' i Ernst Röhm, dia nitombo ny isan' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny SA ka nihoatra ny antsasaky ny tapitrisa tamin' ny 1934, ary nahatratra 4,5&nbsp;tapitrisa raha isaina ny tahiry azo nantsoina hanompo. Tamin' izany fotoana izany anefa dia mbola noferan' ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles ho 100&nbsp;000 lahy ny tafika an-tanety ofisialy.<ref name="NG-sfn-221">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], p. 88.</ref> Nanantena ny handray ny fibaikoana ny tafika an-tanety i Röhm ary hampiditra izany tao anatin' ny SA.<ref name="NG-sfn-222">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 306.</ref> Nandrahona ny hametraka fitondrana miaramila i Hindenburg sy ny minisitry ny Fiarovana Werner von Blomberg raha tsy noferana ny asan' ny SA.<ref name="NG-sfn-223">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], p. 67.</ref> Noho izany, tsy ampy herintaona sy tapany taorian' ny nandraisany ny fahefana dia nandidy ny hamonoana ireo mpitarika ny SA, anisan' izany i Röhm, i Hitler. Taorian' ny famongorana ireo mpitarika ireo tamin' ny 1934 dia tsy hery lehibe intsony ny SA.<ref name="NG-sfn-039" /> Vondrona kely mpiambina manokana teo ambany fiahian' ny SA ny ''Schutzstaffel'', na SS (vondrona mpiaro), tamin' ny voalohany, ary nitombo ka lasa iray tamin' ny vondrona lehibe indrindra sy nanam-pahefana indrindra tao Alemaina nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-224">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], pp. 1, 26–29.</ref> Notarihin' i Heinrich Himmler, izay nitana ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Reichsführer-SS'' (mpitarika ny SS), nanomboka tamin' ny 1929 izy io, ary nihoatra ny ampahefatry ny tapitrisa ny mpikambana tao aminy tamin' ny 1938.<ref name="NG-sfn-225">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], pp. 113, 255.</ref> Tamin' ny voalohany dia noheverin' i Himmler fa ho vondrona mpiambina sangany ny SS, izay ho fiarovana farany an' i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-226">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], pp. 122–123.</ref> Ny ''Waffen-SS'' (sampana miaramilan' ny SS) dia nivoatra ka lasa tafika faharoa. Niankina tamin' ny tafika an-tanety ofisialy izy io mba hahazoana fitaovam-piadiana mavesatra sy fitaovana hafa, ary ny ankamaroan' ny vondrona tao aminy dia teo ambany fibaikoan' ny OKW (komandy ambonin' ny tafika) raha ny paikady eny an-tsehatra no resahina.<ref name="NG-sfn-227">[[#NG-bib-135|Stein (2002)]], pp. 18, 23, 287.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-228">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], p. 195.</ref> Tamin' ny faran' ny 1942 dia tsy narahina intsony ireo fepetra hentitra momba ny fifantenana sy ireo fepetra ara-pirazanana nifototra tamin' ny foto-pisainana nazia, izay nampiharina tany am-piandohana. Satria ny fanitarana ny vondrona sisa no nifotoran' ny fandraisana mpikambana sy ny fampidirana olona an-tery ho miaramila, dia tsy afaka nilaza intsony ny ''Waffen-SS'' tamin' ny 1943 fa tafika mpiady sangany izy.<ref name="NG-sfn-229">[[#NG-bib-155|Wegner (1990)]], pp. 307, 313, 325, 327–331.</ref> Nanao heloka bevava an' ady maro tamin' ny sivily sy ny miaramilan' ny Mpiray dina ny vondrona tao amin' ny SS.<ref name="NG-sfn-230">[[#NG-bib-135|Stein (2002)]], pp. 75–76, 276–280.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny 1935 dia ny SS no nitarika ny fanenjehana ny Jiosy, izay nosamborina sy nangonina tao amin' ny faritra nanerena azy ireo hitokana (''ghetto'') sy ny toby fitanana.<ref name="NG-sfn-231">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], p. 215.</ref> Rehefa nipoaka ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa dia nanaraka ny tafika tany Pôlônia sy tany amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika ny ''Einsatzgruppen'' (vondrona famonoana nifindrafindra toerana) tao amin' ny SS. Tany izy ireo no namono olona maherin' ny roa tapitrisa teo anelanelan' ny 1941 sy 1945, ka Jiosy ny 1,3&nbsp;tapitrisa tamin' ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-232">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 518–519.</ref> Avy tamin' ny miaramilan' ny ''Waffen-SS'' no nalaina ny ampahatelon' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny ''Einsatzgruppen''.<ref name="NG-sfn-233">[[#NG-bib-001|Bartrop sy Jacobs (2014)]], p. 1424.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-234">[[#NG-bib-115|Rhodes (2002)]], p. 257.</ref> Ny ''SS-Totenkopfverbände'' (vondrona « karandoha ») no nitantana ny toby fitanana sy ny toby famonoana, izay namonoana olona an-tapitrisany hafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-235">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], p. 116.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-236">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 318.</ref> Nisy miaramilan' ny ''Waffen-SS'' hatramin' ny 60&nbsp;000 niasa tany amin' ireo toby.<ref name="NG-sfn-237">[[#NG-bib-160|Wiederschein (2015)]].</ref> Tamin' ny 1931 dia nanangana sampam-pitsikilovana tao amin' ny SS i Himmler. Nanjary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Sicherheitsdienst'', na SD (sampan-draharahan' ny fiarovana), izy io ary notarihin' i Heydrich, lefin' i Himmler.<ref name="NG-sfn-238">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], p. 125.</ref> Ny fitadiavana sy fisamborana ny kôminista sy ny mpanohitra pôlitika hafa no andraikitr' io fikambanana io.<ref name="NG-sfn-239">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], pp. 212–213.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-240">[[#NG-bib-153|Weale (2012)]], p. 411.</ref> Nametraka ny fototry ny toekarena iray nandeha nifanindran-dalana tamin' ny toekarena mahazatra i Himmler, teo ambany fiahian' ny Foibe misahana ny Toekarena sy ny Fitantanana ao amin' ny SS. Io orinasa nifehy orinasa hafa io dia nanana orinasa misahana trano fonenana, ozinina ary trano famoaham-boky.<ref name="NG-sfn-241">[[#NG-bib-122|Sereny (1996)]], pp. 323, 329.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-242">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 343.</ref> == Toekarena == Lahatsoratra feno: Toekaren' i Alemaina nazia. === Toekaren' ny fanjakana === [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0066, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|thumb|Orinasa famokarana solika amboarina ara-tsimika an' ny ''IG Farben'', mbola eo am-panorenana ao Buna Werke (1941). Anisan' ny fitambaran' ny fotodrafitrasa tao amin' ny toby fitanana tao Auschwitz io orinasa io.|alt=]] Ny olana ara-toekarena maika indrindra natrehin' ny Nazia tany am-piandohana dia ny tahan' ny tsy fananan' asa teo amin' ny firenena, izay nahatratra 30 isan-jato.<ref name="NG-sfn-243">[[#NG-bib-024|DeLong (1997)]].</ref> Namorona fomba famatsiam-bola tamin' ny alalan' ny fandaniana mihoatra ny vola miditra i Hjalmar Schacht, mpahay toekarena sady filohan' ny ''Reichsbank'' (bankin' ny fanjakana) ary minisitry ny Toekarena, tamin' ny Mey 1933. Naloa tamin' ny alalan' ny famoahana taratasy fampanantenam-pandoavana ''Mefo'' ny tetikasa fampiasam-bola. Rehefa natolotra mba haloa ireo taratasy ireo, dia nanonta vola ny ''Reichsbank''. Nanantena i Hitler sy ny ekipany misahana ny toekarena fa ny fanitarana ny faritany nokasaina hatao dia hanome ny enti-manana handoavana ny trosam-panjakana izay nisondrotra haingana.<ref name="NG-sfn-244">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 345.</ref> Nahavita nampihena haingana ny tahan' ny tsy fananan' asa ny fitantanan' i Schacht; izany no fihenana lehibe indrindra raha oharina amin' ny firenena rehetra nandritra ny Fahaketrahana Ara-toekarena Lehibe.<ref name="NG-sfn-243" /> Tsy nitovy anefa ny fiverenan' ny toekarena amin' ny laoniny: nihena ny ora fiasana ary niovaova ny fisian' ny zavatra ilaina andavanandro, ka efa tamin' ny taona 1934 dia nanomboka diso fanantenana tamin' ny fitondrana ny olona.<ref name="NG-sfn-245">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], p. 97.</ref> Tamin' ny Ôktôbra 1933 dia nalain' ny fanjakana ho fananany ny ''Junkers Aircraft Works'' (orinasa mpanamboatra fiaramanidina Junkers). Nampitomboina ny famokarana, niaraka tamin' ireo mpanamboatra fiaramanidina hafa ary teo ambany fitarihan' i Göring, minisitry ny Fiaramanidina. Raha mpiasa 3 200 no namokatra fiaramanidina 100 isan-taona tamin' ny taona 1932, dia nitombo io sehatry ny indostria io ka nampiasa olona ampahefatry ny iray tapitrisa namokatra fiaramanidina manana teknôlôjia mandroso mihoatra ny 10 000 isan-taona, tsy ampy folo taona tatỳ aoriana.<ref name="NG-sfn-246">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], pp. 125–127.</ref> Natsangana ny rafi-pitantanana maro sampana sy be pitsopitsony mba hifehy ny fanafarana akora fototra sy entana efa vita avy any ivelany, ka ny tanjona dia ny hanafoana ny fifaninanana avy any ivelany teo amin' ny tsena alemà sy hanatsara ny fifandanjan' ny vola miditra sy mivoaka amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena amin' ny any ivelany. Nampirisika ny famokarana akora amboarina ara-tsimika ho solon' ny akora toy ny solika sy ny akora fanaovan-damba ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-247">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], p. 131.</ref> Koa satria be loatra ny famatsiana teo amin' ny tsena sady ambany ny vidin' ny solitany, dia nanao fifanarahana fizarana tombom-barotra tamin' ny ''IG Farben'' ny governemanta nazia tamin' ny taona 1933. Niantoka tombony 5 isan-jaton' ny renivola nampiasain' io orinasa io tao amin' ny ozinina famokarany solika amboarina ara-tsimika tao Leuna izy. Tokony hatolotra ny fanjakana izay tombom-barotra nihoatra izany. Tamin' ny taona 1936 dia efa nanenina tamin' ilay fifanarahana i Farben, satria efa nahazo tombom-barotra nihoatra an' io fetra io izy tamin' izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-248">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], pp. 106, 117–118.</ref> Mba hiantohana indray ny famatsiana solitany ampy mandritra ny ady, dia nampitahotra an' i Romania i Alemaina ka nahatonga azy hanao sonia fifanarahana ara-barotra tamin' ny Marsa 1939.<ref name="NG-sfn-249">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], pp. 308–309.</ref> Anisan' ireo tetikasan' ny asa vaventy lehibe novatsiana tamin' ny fandaniam-panjakana nihoatra ny vola niditra ny fanorenana tambajotran' ny lalambe ''Autobahnen'', ary ny famatsiam-bola ireo fandaharanasa momba ny trano fonenana sy ny fanatsarana ny fambolena izay natomboky ny governemanta teo aloha.<ref name="NG-sfn-250">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 322–326, 329.</ref> Mba hampiroboroboana ny indostrian' ny fanorenana, dia nomena fahafahana hisambotra vola ny orinasa tsy miankina, ary nisy fanampiana ara-bola natokana ho an' ny fividianana sy ny fanamboarana trano.<ref name="NG-sfn-251">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 320.</ref> Afaka nahazo fampisamboram-bola hatramin' ny 1 000 ''Reichsmark'' (vola alemà tamin' izany) ny mpifankatia tanora nikasa hivady izay voasokajin' ny fitondrana ho taranaka ariana, raha nanaiky hiala amin' ny asa ilay vehivavy; nahena 25 isan-jato ny vola tsy maintsy naverina isaky ny zaza teraka.<ref name="NG-sfn-252">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 330–331.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1937 dia efa nofoanana ny fepetra hoe tsy maintsy mijanona tsy miasa ivelan' ny tokantrano ilay vehivavy, noho ny tsy fahampian' ny mpiasa mahay asa.<ref name="NG-sfn-253">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 166.</ref> Nihevitra i Hitler fa tokony ho maro ny olona hanana fiara ao amin' ilay Alemaina vaovao, ka nasainy namolavola ny drafitry ny ''KdF-wagen'' (fiaran' ny ''Strength Through Joy'', na Hery amin' ny alalan' ny hafaliana) ilay mpamorona fiara [[Ferdinand Porsche]]. Nokendrena ho fiara takatry ny volan' ny rehetra izy io. Naseho tao amin' ny Fampirantiana Iraisam-pirenena ny Fiara tany Berlin ny santionany voalohany tamin' ny 17 Febroary 1939. Rehefa nipoaka ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, dia novana ho ozinina mpamokatra fiara miaramila ilay orinasa. Tsy nisy fiara ''KdF-wagen'' namidy raha tsy taorian' ny ady, rehefa novana ho ''Volkswagen'' (fiaram-bahoaka) ny anarany.<ref name="NG-sfn-254">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 327–328, 338.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Reprich-012-08, Wolfschanze, Hitler, Ley, Porsche und Göring.jpg|right|thumb|Avy eo ankavia: Hitler; Robert Ley, lehiben' ny ''German Labour Front'' (Vondron' ny Mpiasa Alemà); [[Ferdinand Porsche]], mpanamboatra fitaovam-piadiana; ary [[Hermann Göring]], lehiben' ny Drafitra efa-taona (1942).|alt=]] Olona enina tapitrisa no tsy nanana asa rehefa nandray ny fahefana ny Nazia tamin' ny taona 1933, ary latsaky ny iray tapitrisa sisa izy ireo tamin' ny taona 1937.<ref name="NG-sfn-255">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 328, 333.</ref> Ny fanesorana ny vehivavy tsy hiasa no anisan' ny nahatonga izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-256">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 331.</ref> Nihena 25 isan-jato ny karama refesina araka ny fahefa-mividiny teo anelanelan' ny taona 1933 sy 1938.<ref name="NG-sfn-243" /> Taorian' ny fandravana ireo sendikà tamin' ny Mey 1933, dia nogiazana ny volan' izy ireo ary nosamborina ny mpitarika azy,<ref name="NG-sfn-257">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 289.</ref> anisan' izany ireo niezaka niara-niasa tamin' ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-031" /> Natsangana ny fikambanana vaovao, ny Vondron' ny Mpiasa Alemà, izay napetraka teo ambany fitarihan' i Robert Ley, tompon' andraikitra tao amin' ny Antoko Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-257" /> Maro tamin' ireo tsy nanana asa no noterena hiditra tao amin' io fikambanana io, ka nomena fanamiana sy fitaovana ary nasaina niasa. Noho izany dia tsy tazana teny an-dalambe intsony ireo tsy nanana asa, ka nanamafy ny fiheverana fa nanatsara ny toe-karena ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-258">[[#NG-bib-014|Childers (2001)]].</ref> Nahatratra 43 ora ny salan' isan' ny ora fiasana isan-kerinandro tamin' ny taona 1933; niakatra ho 47 ora izany tamin' ny taona 1939.<ref name="NG-sfn-259">[[#NG-bib-091|McNab (2009)]], pp. 54, 71.</ref> Tany am-piandohan' ny taona 1934 dia nifantoka tamin' ny fampitomboana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny herin' ny tafika ny ezaka. Tamin' ny taona 1935 dia nahatratra 73 isan-jaton' ny fividianan' ny governemanta entana sy tolotra ny fandaniana ara-miaramila.<ref name="NG-sfn-260">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], pp. 61–62.</ref> Tamin' ny 18 Ôktôbra 1936 dia notendren' i Hitler ho solontena nomena fahefana feno hisahana ny Drafitra efa-taona i Göring; natao hanafainganana ny fampitomboana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny herin' ny tafika io drafitra io.<ref name="NG-sfn-261">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 357–360.</ref> Ankoatra ny fitakiana ny hanorenana haingana ozinina famokarana karazam-by misy karbaonina kely (''steel''), ozinina famokarana fingotra amboarina ara-tsimika ary ozinina hafa, dia nametraka fifehezana ny karama sy ny vidin-javatra i Göring, sady nametra ny fizarana tombom-barotra amin' ny endrika anjara renivola.<ref name="NG-sfn-243" /> Vola be no nolaniana tamin' ny fampitomboana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny herin' ny tafika, na dia nitombo aza ny elanelan' ny fandaniam-panjakana sy ny vola niditra izay tsy naharaka izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-262">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 360.</ref> Tsy azo notanterahina ireo drafitra nambara tamin' ny faran' ny taona 1938 hampitomboana be ny tafika an-dranomasina sy ny tafika anabakabaka: tsy nanana ny vola sy ny akora ilaina hanamboarana ireo sambo sy fiaramanidina nokasaina hatao mantsy i Alemaina, ary tsy nanana koa ny solika ilaina hampandehanana azy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-263">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], p. 294.</ref> Rehefa nampiharina ny fanompoana miaramila tsy maintsy atao tamin' ny taona 1935, dia nitombo ny ''Reichswehr'' (tafiky ny fanjakana), izay noferan' ny Fifanarahana tao Versailles ho miaramila 100 000. Nahatratra 750 000 ny miaramila tao aminy nanao fanompoana miaramila mivantana tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, ary nisy iray tapitrisa fanampiny tao amin' ny tahiry.<ref name="NG-sfn-264">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 141–142.</ref> Tamin' ny Janoary 1939 dia efa nidina ho 301 800 ny isan' ny tsy nanana asa, ary nihena ho 77 500 monja izany tamin' ny Septambra.<ref name="NG-sfn-265">[[#NG-bib-091|McNab (2009)]], p. 59.</ref> === Toekarena nandritra ny ady sy asa an-terivozona === Fanazavana fanampiny: Asa an-terivozona teo ambany fitondrana alemà nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Jereo koa: Lisitry ny orinasa nandray anjara tamin' ny Hôlôkôsta. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0074, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|thumb|Vehivavy mitondra marika ''Ostarbeiter'' (mpiasa avy any Atsinanana) ao amin' ny ozinin' ny IG Farben any Auschwitz.|alt=]] Toekarena mifangaro ny toekaren' ny Nazia nandritra ny ady: nampiarahina tao ny tsena malalaka sy ny fandrindrana avy amin' ny foibem-pitantanana. Araka ny filazan' ilay mpahay tantara Richard Overy, dia teo anelanelan' ny toekarena baikoin' ny fanjakana tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika sy ny rafitra kapitalista tao Etazonia izy io.<ref name="NG-sfn-266">[[#NG-bib-103|Overy (2006)]], p. 252.</ref> Tamin' ny 1942, taorian' ny nahafatesan' ny minisitry ny fitaovam-piadiana [[Fritz Todt]], dia notendren' i Hitler hisolo azy i Albert Speer.<ref name="NG-sfn-267">[[#NG-bib-130|Speer (1971)]], pp. 263–264.</ref> Nitombo ny tahirim-bolan' ny isam-batan' olona noho ny famerana ny anjara entana fanjifa azon' ny tsirairay nandritra ny ady; nampindramina ny governemanta indray izany vola izany mba hanohanana ny ezaka hoenti-miady.<ref name="NG-sfn-268">[[#NG-bib-142|Tooze (2006)]], pp. 354–356.</ref> Tamin' ny 1944, dia lanin' ny ady ny 75 isan-jaton' ny [[Harin-karena faobe|harin-karena faobe vokarina ao anatin' ny firenena]] tany Alemaina, raha 60 isan-jato izany tany amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika ary 55 isan-jato tany Britaina Lehibe.<ref name="NG-sfn-269">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 333.</ref> Nohatsarain' i Speer ny famokarana tamin' ny fampivondronana ny fandrindrana sy ny fanaraha-maso ho eo am-pelatanan' ny foibem-pitantanana, ny fampihenana ny famokarana entana fanjifa, ary ny fampiasana asa an-terivozona sy fanandevozana.<ref name="NG-sfn-270">[[#NG-bib-130|Speer (1971)]], p. 337.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-271">[[#NG-bib-040|Fest (1999)]], pp. 142–144, 146–150.</ref> Niantehitra be tamin' ny fampiasana andevo hiasa tamin' ny ambaratonga lehibe ny toekarena nandritra ny ady tatỳ aoriana. Nitondra olona tokony ho 12 tapitrisa avy tamin' ny firenena eorôpeanina 20 ho ao aminy i Alemaina ka nanandevo azy ireo hampiasa azy tany amin' ny ozinina sy toeram-pambolena. Tokony ho 75 isan-jaton' izy ireo no avy any Eorôpa Atsinanana.<ref name="NG-sfn-272">[[#NG-bib-008|Beyer & Schneider]].</ref> Maro tamin' izy ireo no maty na naratra vokatry ny daroka baomban' ny Mpiray dina, satria tsy ampy ny fiarovana nomena azy ireo tamin' ny fanafihana an' habakabaka. Nahatonga taham-paharariana sy faharatrana ary fahafatesana ambony ny faharatsian' ny fari-piainana, sady nitarika ho amin' ny fanimbana niniana natao hampikatsoana ny asa sy ny fanaovana heloka bevava.<ref name="NG-sfn-273">[[#NG-bib-105|Panayi (2005)]], pp. 490, 495.</ref> Niantehitra tamin' ny fandrobana tamin' ny ambaratonga lehibe koa ny toekarena nandritra ny ady: nalain' ny fanjakana an-keriny aloha ny fananan' ny olom-pirenena jiosy, ary norobainy tatỳ aoriana ny loharanon-karena tany amin' ny faritany nofeheziny ara-tafika.<ref name="NG-sfn-274">[[#NG-bib-055|Hamblet (2008)]], pp. 267–268.</ref> Nozaraina ho sokajy efatra ireo mpiasa vahiny nentina tany Alemaina: mpiasa noraisina ho vahiny, miaramila notanana, mpiasa sivily, ary mpiasa avy any Atsinanana. Samy nanana ny fitsipika nampiharina taminy ireo sokajy ireo. Namoaka fandrarana ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin' ny Alemà sy ny mpiasa vahiny ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-275">[[#NG-bib-095|Nazi forced labour (1942)]].</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-276">[[#NG-bib-128|Special treatment (1942)]].</ref> Tamin' ny 1944, dia vehivavy maherin' ny antsasaky ny tapitrisa no nanao asa fanohanana tao amin' ny tafika alemà.<ref name="NG-sfn-277">[[#NG-bib-151|USHMM, ''Women in the Third Reich'']].</ref> Tsy nitombo afa-tsy 271 000 (1,8 isan-jato) ny isan' ny vehivavy nanao asa andraisan-karama teo anelanelan' ny 1939 sy 1944.<ref name="NG-sfn-278">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 361.</ref> Koa satria nahena ny famokarana entana fanjifa, dia niala tamin' ireny indostria ireny ny vehivavy ka niasa tamin' ny sehatra namatsy ny ady. Nandray ny asa notanan' ny lehilahy taloha koa izy ireo, indrindra tany amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy ny fivarotana an' ny fianakaviana.<ref name="NG-sfn-279">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 358–359.</ref> Nanao daroka baomba tena mahery vaika natao hampihena ny fahafahan' ny fahavalo manohy ny ady ny Mpiray dina, ka nikendry ireo ozinina fanadiovana sy fanodinana namokatra solitany avy amin' ny akora hafa sy lasantsy, ary koa ny tambajotram-pitaterana alemà, indrindra ireo toerana fandaminana sy famindrana fiaran-dalamby ary ny lakan-drano fitaterana.<ref name="NG-sfn-280">[[#NG-bib-022|Davis (1995)]].</ref> Nanomboka nikatso ny indostrian' ny fitaovam-piadiana tamin' ny Septambra 1944. Tamin' ny Novambra, dia tsy tonga tany amin' ny toerana nandefasana azy intsony ny arintany fandrehitra, ary tsy azo natao intsony ny namokatra fitaovam-piadiana vaovao.<ref name="NG-sfn-281">[[#NG-bib-130|Speer (1971)]], pp. 524–527.</ref> Araka ny hevitr' i Overy, dia nampisy tsindry mafy tamin' ny toekarena alemà namatsy ny ady ny daroka baomba, ka nanery azy hampivily hatramin' ny ampahefatry ny mpiasa sy ny indostriany ho amin' ny fiarovana amin' ny fiaramanidina; azo inoana tokoa, hoy izy, fa nanafohy ny ady izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-282">[[#NG-bib-103|Overy (2006)]], pp. 128–130.</ref> == Politika momba ny firazanana sy eojenika == Lahatsoratra fototra: Politikan' i Alemaina nazia momba ny firazanana sy Eojenika nazia. === Fanavakavahana ara-pirazanana sy fankahalana ny Jiosy === Lahatsoratra fototra: Teôrian' ny Nazia momba ny firazanana. Foto-kevitra fototry ny Antoko Nazia sy ny fitondrana nazia ny fanavakavahana ara-pirazanana sy ny [[Antisemitisma|fankahalana ny Jiosy]]. Nifototra tamin' ny finoan' ny Nazia fa misy firazanana ambony natao hanjaka noho ny hafa ny politikan' i Alemaina nazia momba ny firazanana. Nino ny Nazia fa nisy fifandonana teo amin' ny firazanana [[Ariana (firazanana)|ariana]], izay noheveriny ho ambony sy natao hanjaka, sy ireo firazanana noheveriny ho ambany, indrindra ny Jiosy. Noheverin' ny Nazia ho firazanana mifangaro tafiditra an-tsokosoko tao amin' ny fiarahamonina ny Jiosy, ary nampangainy ho tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny fanararaotana sy ny famoretana ny firazanana ariana.<ref name="NG-sfn-283">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 30–32.</ref> === Fanenjehana ny Jiosy === Fanazavana fanampiny: Lalàna manohitra ny Jiosy tao Alemaina nazia talohan' ny ady. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14469, Berlin, Boykott-Posten vor jüdischem Warenhaus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Fiantsoan' ny Nazia tsy hividy amin' ny orinasa jiosy, Aprily 1933. Izao no voalazan' ireo afisy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ry Alemà! Arovy ny tenanareo! Aza mividy amin' ny Jiosy!»]] Nanomboka avy hatrany taorian' ny nandraisan' ny Nazia ny fahefana ny fanavakavahana ny Jiosy. Taorian' ny fanafihana nisesy nataon' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny SA (vondrona mpanafika) tamin' ny orinasa sy ny sinagôga, na trano fivavahan' ny Jiosy, nandritra ny iray volana, dia nanambara i Hitler tamin' ny 1 Aprily 1933 fa tsy tokony hividy amin' ny orinasa jiosy ny olona manerana ny firenena.<ref name="NG-sfn-284">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 203.</ref> Ny lalàna momba ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny asam-panjakana matihanina, nolaniana tamin' ny 7 Aprily, dia nanery ny mpiasam-panjakana rehetra nosokajian' ny fitondrana ho tsy ariana hiala amin' ny asa mifandraika amin' ny lalàna sy ny asam-panjakana ka hisotro ronono.<ref name="NG-sfn-285">[[#NG-bib-082|Majer (2003)]], p. 92.</ref> Tsy ela dia nisy lalàna nitovitovy tamin' izany nanala tamin' ny Jiosy hafa nanao asa matihanina ny zo hanao ny asany. Tamin' ny 11 Aprily, dia navoaka ny didim-panjakana iray izay nilaza fa sokajiana ho tsy ariana izay olona nanana ray na reny na raibe na renibe jiosy na dia iray monja aza, araka ny fanasokajiana napetrak' ny fitondrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-286">[[#NG-bib-082|Majer (2003)]], p. 60.</ref> Tao anatin' ny ezaka hanesorana ny fitaoman' ny Jiosy teo amin' ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina, dia nesorin' ny mpikambana tao amin' ny Fikambanan' ny Mpianatra Alemà Nasionaly Sôsialista tao amin' ny trano famakiam-boky ireo boky rehetra noheverin' izy ireo fa tsy alemà, ary nisy fandoroana boky nanerana ny firenena tamin' ny 10 Mey.<ref name="NG-sfn-287">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 38–39.</ref> Nampiasa herisetra sy fanerena ara-toekarena ny fitondrana mba hanosehana ny Jiosy hiala an-tsitrapo tao amin' ny firenena.<ref name="NG-sfn-288">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 67–69.</ref> Tsy navela hiditra tamin' ny tsena ny orinasa jiosy, norarana tsy hanao dokam-barotra, ary nesorina taminy ny fahafahana nahazo fifanekena tamin' ny fanjakana. Niharan' ny fanorisorenana sy fanafihana mahery setra ny olom-pirenena.<ref name="NG-sfn-289">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 41.</ref> Tanàna maro no nametraka takelaka nandrara ny Jiosy tsy hiditra tao aminy.<ref name="NG-sfn-290">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 233.</ref> Tamin' ny 7 Novambra 1938, dia nitifitra sy namono an' i Ernst vom Rath, sekretera diplomatika tao amin' ny masoivoho alemà tany Paris, ny tovolahy jiosy iray atao hoe Herschel Grynszpan, ho fanoherana ny fomba nitondrana ny fianakaviany tany Alemaina. Io zava-nitranga io no nataon' ny Nazia ho fialan-tsiny tamin' ny fanafihana niaraka tamin' ny fandravana sy famonoana nikendry ny Jiosy izay nampirisihin' izy ireo roa andro tatỳ aoriana. Nanimba na nandrava sinagôga sy fananan' ny Jiosy nanerana an' i Alemaina ny mpikambana tao amin' ny SA. Jiosy alemà 91, fara fahakeliny, no novonoina nandritra io fanafihana io, izay nantsoina tatỳ aoriana hoe ''Kristallnacht'', na Alin' ny fitaratra vaky.<ref name="NG-sfn-291">[[#NG-bib-070|Kitchen (2006)]], p. 273.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-292">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 112–113.</ref> Nampiharina tamin' ny Jiosy ny fameperana fanampiny nandritra ireo volana nanaraka: norarana izy ireo tsy hanana orinasa na hiasa tao amin' ny toeram-pivarotana antsinjarany, tsy hitondra fiara, tsy handeha hijery sarimihetsika, tsy hankany amin' ny trano famakiam-boky, ary tsy hanana fitaovam-piadiana; nesorina tany an-tsekoly koa ny mpianatra jiosy. Nasaina nandoa lamandy mitentina arivo tapitrisa ''mark'' (vondrom-bola alemà) ny fiarahamonina jiosy mba hanonerana ny fahasimbana nateraky ny ''Kristallnacht'', ary nampahafantarina fa hogiazan' ny fanjakana izay onitra rehetra avy amin' ny fiantohana.<ref name="NG-sfn-293">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 117.</ref> Tamin' ny 1939, dia efa nifindra monina tany Etazonia, Arzantina, Fanjakana Mitambatra, Palestina, ary tany amin' ny firenen-kafa ny Jiosy manodidina ny 250 000 tamin' ireo Jiosy 437 000 tao Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-294">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], p. 127.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-295">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 555–558.</ref> Maro no nisafidy ny hijanona tany Eorôpa tanibe. Navela hamindra ny fananany tany Palestina ireo nifindra monina tany, araka ny fepetran' ny fifanarahana Haavara. Ireo nifindra tany amin' ny firenen-kafa kosa dia voatery namela saika ny fananany rehetra, ary nogiazan' ny fanjakana izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-295" /> === Fanenjehana ny Rômani === : Lahatsoratra lehibe: Fandripahana ny Rômani. Tahaka ny Jiosy, dia niharan' ny fanenjehan' ny fitondrana nazia ny Rômani (''Romani'') hatramin' ny andro voalohany nisian' io fitondrana io. Noraran' ny fitondrana ny fanambadian' ny Rômani amin' ny olona manam-piaviana alemà. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1935, dia nalefan' ny fitondrana tany amin' ny toby fitanana izy ireo, ary maro no novonoina.<ref name="NG-sfn-176" /><ref name="NG-sfn-177" /> Taorian' ny fanafihana an' i Pôlônia, dia nafindran' ny fitondrana an-keriny avy tany Alemaina ho any amin' ny ''General Government'' (faritra teo ambany fitantanana alemà) ny Roma sy Sinti miisa 2 500, ary nogadraina tao amin' ny toby fampiasana asa an-terivozona izy ireo. Azo inoana fa novonoina tao Bełżec, Sobibor, na Treblinka ireo mbola velona taorian' izany fitanana izany. Sinti sy Lalleri aotrisianina miisa 5 000 hafa no nafindra an-keriny ho any amin' ny faritra natokana sy nitazonana olona tao Łódź tamin' ny faramparan' ny 1941, ary tombanana fa maty tao ny antsasany. Nafindra tany amin' ny toby famonoana tao Chełmno ireo Rômani mbola velona tao amin' io faritra io, tamin' ny fiandohan' ny 1942.<ref name="NG-sfn-296">[[#NG-bib-149|USHMM, ''Genocide of European Roma'']].</ref> Nikasa handroaka an-keriny ny Rômani rehetra avy tao Alemaina ny Nazia, ary mba hanatanterahana izany dia nohidiany tao amin' ny ''Zigeunerlager'' (toby ho an' ny Rômani, araka ilay voambolana alemà manambany nampiasaina tamin' izany fotoana izany) izy ireo. Nandidy ny handroahana azy ireo avy tao Alemaina i Himmler tamin' ny Desambra 1942, ka vitsy ihany no navela tsy ho voaroaka. Rômani miisa 23 000 tamin' ny fitambarany no nafindra an-keriny tany amin' ny toby fitanana tao Auschwitz, ka 19 000 tamin' izy ireo no maty. Tany ivelan' i Alemaina, dia nampiasaina matetika tamin' ny asa an-terivozona ny Rômani, na dia maro aza no novonoina mivantana. Tany amin' ireo firenena baltika sy tany amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika, dia novonoin' ny SS (vondrona mpiaro), ny tafika alemà ary ny ''Einsatzgruppen'' (vondrona manokana mpamono olona) ny Rômani miisa 30 000. Tao amin' i Serbia voabodo, dia Rômani miisa 1 000 ka hatramin' ny 12 000 no novonoina, ary saika novonoina avokoa ireo Rômani 25 000 nonina tao amin' ny Fanjakana Mahaleotenan' i Krôasia. Araka ny tombana natao tamin' ny fiafaran' ny ady, dia manodidina ny 220 000 ny fitambaran' ny Rômani niharam-boina, izay nitovy tamin' ny 25 isan-jato eo ho eo tamin' ny mponina Rômani tany Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-296" /> === Vondrona hafa niharan' ny fanenjehana === Lahatsoratra fototra: ''Aktion T4'' (fandaharan' asa nazia famonoana olona nalamina). [[File:Neues Volk eugenics poster, c. 1937 (brightened).jpeg|thumb|upright=0.9|Afisy avy amin' ny birao misahana ny pôlitika ara-pirazanana ao amin' ny Antoko Nazia. Izao no soratra eo aminy, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «60 000 RM no lanin' ny fiarahamonina amin' ity olona manana aretina manaranaka ity mandritra ny androm-piainany. Ry mpiray firenena, volanao koa izany.» RM no fanafohezana ilazana vola ao amin' ilay afisy.|alt=Afisy nazia milaza fa mitentina 60 000 RM ny fandanian' ny fiarahamonina amin' ny olona iray lazainy fa manana aretina manaranaka.]] Ny ''Action T4'' dia fandaharan' asa famonoana olona nalamina, izay nikendry ireo olona manana fahasembanana ara-batana sy ireo manana fahasembanana ara-tsaina (na fahasembanana mahakasika ny fiasan' ny vatana na ny saina), ary ireo marary tao amin' ny hopitaly fitsaboana aretin-tsaina. Tamin' ny 1939–1941 no tena nanatanterahana azy, ary nitohy hatramin' ny fiafaran' ny ady izany. Tamin' ny voalohany, dia ny ''Einsatzgruppen'' (vondrona nitifitra ireo niharam-boina) sy ny hafa no nitifitra ireo niharam-boina; tamin' ny fiandohan' ny 1940 dia efa nampiasaina ny efitra famonoana olona amin' ny gazy sy ny fiara famonoana olona amin' ny gazy, izay nampiasa gazy mônôksidan-karbônina (''carbon monoxide'').<ref name="NG-sfn-297">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 138–141.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-298">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 75–76.</ref> Araka ilay lalàna nantsoina hoe Lalàna hisorohana ny fahaterahan' ny taranaka manana aretina manaranaka, izay nolaniana tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1933, dia olona maherin' ny 400 000 no nanaovana sterilizasiôna an-terivozona (na noterena hatao tsy afaka hanan-janaka intsony).<ref name="NG-sfn-299">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 295.</ref> Mihoatra ny antsasak' ireo olona ireo no noheverin' ny fitondrana nazia ho tsy ampy fahaizana ara-tsaina. Tsy ireo nahazo naoty ambany tamin' ny fitsapana ny fahaiza-misaina ihany no tafiditra tao amin' izany sokajy izany, fa ireo tsy nanaraka ny fenitra nandrasana momba ny fitsitsiana, ny fitondran-tena ara-nofo ary ny fahadiovana koa. Ny ankamaroan' ireo niharam-boina dia avy amin' ny vondron' olona sahirana teo amin' ny fiarahamonina, toy ny mpivaro-tena, ny mahantra, ny tsy manan-kialofana ary ny mpanao heloka bevava.<ref name="NG-sfn-300">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 47–48.</ref> Anisan' ny vondrona hafa nenjehina sy novonoina ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah, ny olona tia olona mitovy fananahana aminy, ny olona noheverina fa tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny fiarahamonina, ary ny mpikambana tao amin' ny fanoherana ara-pôlitika sy ara-pivavahana.<ref name="NG-sfn-177" /><ref name="NG-sfn-301">[[#NG-bib-097|Niewyk sy Nicosia (2000)]], p. 45.</ref> === ''Generalplan Ost'' === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: ''Generalplan Ost'' (Drafitra ankapobe ho an' ny Atsinanana). Jereo koa: ''Hunger Plan'' (Drafitra hampamonoana amin' ny mosary). Ny adin' i Alemaina tany Atsinanana dia niorina tamin' ny fiheveran' i Hitler hatry ny ela fa ny Jiosy no fahavalo lehiben' ny vahoaka alemà ary nilaina ny ''Lebensraum'' (tany honenana hanitarana ny fanjakana alemà). Nifantoka tamin' i Eorôpa Atsinanana i Hitler, ka nikendry ny handresy sy haka an' i Pôlônia sy ny Firaisana Sôvietika.<ref name="NG-sfn-173" /><ref name="NG-sfn-174" /> Noho ny finoany fa ambany ara-pirazanana ny [[Rosiana (vahoaka)|Rosiana]] sy ny [[Slava (vahoaka)|Slavy]] amin' ny ankapobeny, dia resy lahatra i Hitler fa tsy azo ihodivirana ny haharesen' i Rosia sy ny hahazoan' ny Alemà azy.<ref name="NG-sfn-302">[[#NG-bib-156|Weikart (2009)]], p. 74.</ref> Taorian' ny nibodoana an' i Pôlônia tamin' ny 1939, dia nogadraina tao amin' ny faritra natokana hanagadrana ny Jiosy avokoa ny Jiosy nonina tao amin' ny ''General Government'' (Governemanta Jeneraly), ary nampanaovina asa an-terivozona ireo nanana hery ara-batana hahafahana miasa.<ref name="NG-sfn-303">[[#NG-bib-065|Kershaw (2000a)]], p. 111.</ref> Tamin' ny 1941 dia nanapa-kevitra ny handrava tanteraka ny firenena pôlôney i Hitler. Araka ny fikasany, tao anatin' ny 15 ka hatramin' ny 20 taona dia horoahina hiala tao amin' ny faritry ny Governemanta Jeneraly avokoa ny Pôlôney ara-poko, ka Alemà mpanjanatany no hampitoerina tao hisolo azy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-304">[[#NG-bib-007|Berghahn (1999)]], p. 32.</ref> Pôlôney 3,8 ka hatramin' ny 4&nbsp;tapitrisa eo ho eo no kasaina havela ho andevo,<ref name="NG-sfn-305">[[#NG-bib-030|Powszechna PWN (2004)]], p. 267.</ref> ho anisan' ny mpiasa andevo 14&nbsp;tapitrisa nokasain' ny Nazia hangonina avy amin' ny olom-pirenen' ireo firenena resiny.<ref name="NG-sfn-174" /><ref name="NG-sfn-306">[[#NG-bib-058|Heinemann et al. (2006)]].</ref> Mba hamaritana izay hovonoina, dia namorona ny ''Volksliste'' (lisitra fanasokajiana ny mponina) i Himmler. Rafitra nanasokajiana ireo olona noheverina ho manan-dra alemà izy io.<ref name="NG-sfn-307">[[#NG-bib-102|Overy (2005)]], p. 544.</ref> Nandidy izy fa ireo olona taranaka jermanika izay tsy nanaiky hosokajina ho Alemà ara-poko dia halefa an-tery any amin' ny toby fitanana, halaina aminy ny zanany, na hampanaovina asa an-terivozona.<ref name="NG-sfn-308">[[#NG-bib-096|Nicholas (2006)]], p. 247.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-309">[[#NG-bib-081|Lukas (2001)]], p. 113.</ref> Tafiditra tao amin' ilay drafitra koa ny fakana an-keriny ankizy izay noheverina ho nanana toetra ariana sy [[Firazanana nôrdika|nôrdika]] araka ny fanasokajiana ara-pirazan' ny Nazia, ka noheverina ho taranaka alemà.<ref name="NG-sfn-310">[[#NG-bib-123|Sereny (1999)]].</ref> Ny tanjona dia ny hampihatra ny ''Generalplan Ost'' rehefa resy sy voabodo ny Firaisana Sôvietika. Rehefa tsy nahomby anefa ilay fanafihana, dia voatery nandinika safidy hafa i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-311">[[#NG-bib-127|Snyder (2010)]], p. 416.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-312">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 683.</ref> Anisan' ny soso-kevitra ny fandefasana an-tery Jiosy marobe ho any Pôlônia, Palestina, na Madagasikara.<ref name="NG-sfn-303" /> Ankoatra izany, ny Nazia dia nikasa hampihena 30 tapitrisa ny isan' ny mponina tao amin' ireo tany resiny tamin' ny fampamonoana azy ireo amin' ny mosary. Nantsoina hoe ''Hunger Plan'' (Drafitra hampamonoana amin' ny mosary) izany. Ny tahirin-tsakafo dia havily ho an' ny tafika alemà sy ny sivily alemà. Horavana hatramin' ny fotony ny tanàna, ka havela ho lasa ala indray ny tany na hampitoerina Alemà mpanjanatany.<ref name="NG-sfn-313">[[#NG-bib-127|Snyder (2010)]], pp. 162–163, 416.</ref> Raha nampiharina niaraka ny ''Hunger Plan'' sy ny ''Generalplan Ost'', dia ho nahatonga olona 80&nbsp;tapitrisa tao amin' ny Firaisana Sôvietika hiharan' ny mosary.<ref name="NG-sfn-314">[[#NG-bib-027|Dorland (2009)]], p. 6.</ref> Ireo drafitra ireo, izay ampahany ihany no tanteraka, dia nitarika ny fahafatesan' ny sivily sy ny voafonja an' ady tombanana ho 19,3&nbsp;tapitrisa tamin' ny famonoana olona faobe nataon' ny fitondrana, nanerana ny Firaisana Sôvietika sy tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-315">[[#NG-bib-117|Rummel (1994)]], [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NAZIS.TAB1.1.GIF table, p. 112].</ref> Nandritra ny ady dia nahafatesana olona 27 tapitrisa tamin' ny fitambarany ny Firaisana Sôvietika; latsaky ny sivy tapitrisa tamin' ireo no maty tamin' ny fifandonana ara-tafika.<ref name="NG-sfn-316">[[#NG-bib-062|Hosking (2006)]], p. 242.</ref> Ny ampahefatry ny mponina sôvietika no maty na naratra.<ref name="NG-sfn-317">[[#NG-bib-126|Smith (1994)]], p. 204.</ref> === Ny Hôlôkôsta sy ny « vahaolana farany » === : Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ny Hôlôkôsta tany Alemaina sy ny fandaharan' asa nazia famonoana ny Jiosy eorôpeanina. : Fanazavana fanampiny: [[Shoah|Ny Hôlôkôsta]]. [[File:Buchenwald Corpses 60623.jpg|thumb|Sarety feno faty nifanaingina teo ivelan' ny trano fandoroana faty tao amin' ny toby fitanana tao Buchenwald, izay nafahan' ny tafika an-tanin' i Etazonia, 1945|alt=]] Tamin' ny fotoana nanodidina ny fanafihana tsy nahomby an' i Moscow tamin' ny Desambra 1941, dia nanapa-kevitra i Hitler fa tokony hovonoina avokoa avy hatrany ny Jiosy tao Eorôpa.<ref name="NG-sfn-318">[[#NG-bib-078|Longerich, Chapter 17 (2003)]].</ref> Efa nitohy ny famonoana ny sivily jiosy tany amin' ny faritra nobodoina tao Pôlônia sy ny Firaisana Sôvietika, ary tamin' ny fihaonambe tao Wannsee, ny 20 Janoary 1942, no nametrahana tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny drafitra hamongorana tanteraka ny mponina jiosy tao Eorôpa, izay niisa iraika ambin' ny folo tapitrisa. Ny sasany dia nokasaina hampanaovina asa mandra-pahafatiny, fa ny sisa kosa hovonoina tamin' ny fanatanterahana ny ''Final Solution to the Jewish Question'' (« vahaolana farany amin' ny raharaha jiosy », anarana nampiasain' ny Nazia hilazana ny fandaharan' asa famonoana ny Jiosy eorôpeanina).<ref name="NG-sfn-319">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], pp. 555–556.</ref> Tamin' ny voalohany, ny andian' ny ''Einsatzgruppen'' (vondrona mpamono olona) no nitifitra sy namono ireo niharam-boina. Avy eo dia novonoina tamin' ny efitra raikitra famonoana amin' ny entona na tamin' ny fiara famonoana amin' ny entona izy ireo, saingy hita fa tsy nety tamin' ny fanatanterahana asa famonoana nitovy habe tamin' izany ireo fomba ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-320">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 256–257.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-321">[[#NG-bib-009|Browning (2005)]], pp. 188–190.</ref> Tamin' ny taona 1942 dia efa nisy toby famonoana misy efitra famonoana amin' ny entona naorina tao Auschwitz, Chełmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, ary tany an-toeran-kafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-322">[[#NG-bib-079|Longerich (2010)]], pp. 279–280.</ref> Tombanana ho 5,5 ka hatramin' ny 6 tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny Jiosy novonoina,<ref name="NG-sfn-236" /> ka ankizy maherin' ny iray tapitrisa no anisan' izy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-323">[[#NG-bib-147|USHMM, ''Children during the Holocaust'']].</ref> Nahazo vaovao momba ireo famonoana ireo avy tamin' ny governemanta pôlôney tany an-tsesitany sy ny mpitarika pôlôney tao Warsaw ny Mpiray dina. Nifototra indrindra tamin' ny vaovao nangonin' ny hetsika pôlôney niasa an-tsokosoko izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-324">[[#NG-bib-042|Fleming (2014)]], pp. 31–32, 35–36.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-325">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 559–560.</ref> Afaka nahazo vaovao momba izay nitranga ny olom-pirenena alemà, satria nitantara izay hitany sy nataony ireo miaramila niverina avy tany amin' ny faritra nobodoina.<ref name="NG-sfn-326">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 555–556, 560.</ref> Araka ny voalazan' i Richard J. Evans, mpahay tantara, dia tsy nankasitraka ilay fandripahana foko ny ankamaroan' ny olom-pirenena alemà.<ref name="NG-sfn-327">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 560–561.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Hoy i Evans (dikan-teny malagasy): « Na izany aza, ny porofo misy dia toa manondro fa, amin' ny ankapobeny, tsy nankasitraka izany ny Alemà tsotra. Tsy nahavita nanova ny hevitr' ireo olona ireo ny hetsika fampielezan-kevitr' i Goebbel natao tamin' ny tapany faharoa tamin' ny taona 1941 sy natao indray tamin' ny taona 1943 ». [[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 561.|group=fanamarihana}} === Famoretana ny olona avy amin' ny foko pôlôney === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Famonoana ny Pôlôney ho fandripahana nataon' i Alemaina nazia. Jereo koa: Fibodoana an' i Pôlônia (1939–1945). Noheverin' ny Nazia ho ambany noho ny olombelona ny Pôlôney, ary nosokajiny ho tsy ''Aryan'' (sokajy ara-pirazanana tao amin' ny foto-pisainana nazia). Nandritra ny fibodoan' i Alemaina an' i Pôlônia, dia maty ny olona 2,7&nbsp;tapitrisa avy amin' ny foko pôlôney.<ref name="NG-sfn-328">[[#NG-bib-087|Materski sy Szarota (2009)]], p. 9.</ref> Nampanao asa an-terivozona ny sivily pôlôney tao amin' ny indostria alemà ny manam-pahefana alemà, nitazona azy ireo an-keriny, nandroaka azy ireo faobe mba hanomezana toerana ho an' ny mpanjanaka alemà, ary namono azy ireo ho faty faobe. Nanao ezaka voalamina ny manam-pahefana alemà mba handrava ny kolontsaina pôlôney sy ny maha-firenena ny Pôlôney. Nandritra ny hetsika ''AB-Aktion'' (hetsika namelezana ny manam-pahaizana pôlôney), dia maro tamin' ny mpampianatra eny amin' ny oniversite sy ny mpikambana tao amin' ny sokajin' ny manam-pahaizana pôlôney no nosamborin' ny manam-pahefana alemà, na nentiny tany amin' ny toby fitanana, na novonoiny ho faty. Nandritra ny ady, dia tombanana fa namoy ny 39–45 isan-jaton' ny dokotera sy mpitsabo nify tao aminy i Pôlônia, ny 26–57 isan-jaton' ny mpisolovava, ny 15–30 isan-jaton' ny mpampianatra, ny 30–40 isan-jaton' ny mpahay siansa sy mpampianatra eny amin' ny oniversite, ary ny 18–28 isan-jaton' ny mpitondra fivavahana.<ref name="NG-sfn-329">[[#NG-bib-162|Wrobel (1999)]].</ref> === Fampijaliana ireo babo an' ady sôvietika === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Habibiana nataon' ny Alemà tamin' ireo babo an' ady sôvietika. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 192-208, KZ Mauthausen, Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|Babo an' ady sôvietika tao Mauthausen|alt=]] Nisambotra babo an' ady sôvietika 5,75&nbsp;tapitrisa ny Nazia, mihoatra noho ny isan' ireo babo azony avy amin' ny firenena Mpiray dina hafa rehetra natambatra. Tombanana ho 3,3&nbsp;tapitrisa tamin' ireo babo sôvietika ireo no novonoin' izy ireo,<ref name="NG-sfn-330">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 952.</ref> ka 2,8&nbsp;tapitrisa tamin' ireo no novonoina teo anelanelan' ny Jona 1941 sy Janoary 1942.<ref name="NG-sfn-331">[[#NG-bib-052|Goldhagen (1996)]], p. 290.</ref> Rehefa notazonina tao amin' ny vala tsy nisy tafo tany Auschwitz sy tany an-toeran-kafa izy ireo, dia maro tamin' ireo babo an' ady no maty mosary na voatery nihinana nofon' olona.<ref name="NG-sfn-332">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 295–296.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny 1942, dia noheverina ho mpiasa azo ampanaovina asa an-terivozona ireo babo an' ady sôvietika, ka nohatsaraina ny fomba nitondrana azy ireo mba hahafahany niasa.<ref name="NG-sfn-333">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 954.</ref> Tamin' ny Desambra 1944, dia efa niasa ny babo an' ady sôvietika 750&nbsp;000, anisan' izany ny tany amin' ny orinasa alemà mpamokatra fitaovam-piadiana (fampiasana azy ireo izay nandika ny Fifanarahana tao Hague sy ny Fifanarahana tao Geneva), ny toeram-pitrandrahana ary ny toeram-pambolena.<ref name="NG-sfn-334">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 951, 954.</ref> == Fiarahamonina == === Fanabeazana === ''Fanazavana fanampiny: Fampianarana amin' ny oniversite tany Alemaina nazia.'' Ny lalàna mankahala ny Jiosy nolanina tamin' ny 1933 dia nitarika ny fanesorana ireo mpampianatra sy mpampianatra ambony ary tompon' andraikitra Jiosy rehetra tao amin' ny rafi-panabeazana. Tsy maintsy niditra tao amin' ny ''Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund'' (NSLB; Ligy nasiônaly-sôsialistan' ny mpampianatra) ny ankamaroan' ny mpampianatra, ary tsy maintsy niditra tao amin' ny Ligy nasiônaly-sôsialistan' ny mpampianatra amin' ny oniversite alemà kosa ny mpampianatra ambony amin' ny oniversite.<ref name="NG-sfn-335">[[#NG-bib-094|Nakosteen (1965)]], p. 386.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-336">[[#NG-bib-108|Pine (2011)]], pp. 14–15, 27.</ref> Tsy maintsy nanao fianianana fa tsy hivadika amin' i Hitler sy hankatò azy ny mpampianatra. Matetika ny mpianatra na ny mpampianatra namany no nitory izay mpampianatra tsy nampiseho fanarahana ampy ny foto-kevitry ny antoko, ka nesorina tamin' ny asany izy ireny.<ref name="NG-sfn-337">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 249.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-338">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 270.</ref> Maro ny mpampianatra nandao ny asa fampianarana noho ny tsy fahampian' ny vola handoavana ny karama. Vokatry ny tsy fahampian' ny mpampianatra naterak' izany, dia nitombo avy amin' ny 37 tamin' ny 1927 ho 43 tamin' ny 1938 ny salan' isan' ny mpianatra isaky ny kilasy.<ref name="NG-sfn-339">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 269.</ref> Namoaka toromarika matetika, izay nifanohitra ihany koa matetika, momba ny votoatin' ny lesona sy ny boky azo nampiasaina tany amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga voalohany sy faharoa ny minisitry ny Atitany Wilhelm Frick, i Bernhard Rust tao amin' ny Minisiteran' ny Siansa sy ny Fanabeazana ary ny Kolontsaina an' ny ''Reich'', ary ireo sampan-draharaha hafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-340">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 263–264, 270.</ref> Nesorina tao amin' ny tranombokin' ny sekoly ny boky noheverin' ny fitondrana ho tsy azo ekena.<ref name="NG-sfn-341">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 264.</ref> Natao tsy maintsy narahina tamin' ny Janoary 1934 ny fampianarana natao handentehana ny foto-pisainana nazia an-tsaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-341" /> Ireo mpianatra voafidy mba ho anisan' ny sangany ao amin' ny antoko amin' ny hoavy dia nampandalovina izany fampianarana izany hatramin' ny faha-12 taonany, tao amin' ny Sekoly Adolf Hitler ho an' ny fampianarana ambaratonga voalohany ary tao amin' ny Ivontoeram-pirenena momba ny Fanabeazana Politika ho an' ny fampianarana ambaratonga faharoa. Tao amin' ireo lapa fiofanana antsoina hoe ''Order Castles'' kosa no nandentehana tamin' ny an-tsipiriany izany foto-pisainana izany an-tsain' ireo izay hitana laharana ambony ao amin' ny tafika amin' ny hoavy.<ref name="NG-sfn-342">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 255.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2007-0329-501, Reichsgründungsfeier, Schulklasse.jpg|thumb|Ny fiarahabana nazia tany an-tsekoly (1934): nalentika an-tsain' ny ankizy ny foto-pisainana nazia hatramin' ny fahakeliny.|alt=]] Nifantoka tamin' ny fampianarana biôlôjia araka ny fomba fijery ara-pirazanan' ny fitondrana, ny politika momba ny mponina, ny kolontsaina, ny jeôgrafia ary ny fanamafisana ny vatana ny fampianarana ambaratonga voalohany sy faharoa.<ref name="NG-sfn-343">[[#NG-bib-108|Pine (2011)]], pp. 13–40.</ref> Novana ny fandaharam-pianarana tamin' ny ankamaroan' ny taranja, anisan' izany ny biôlôjia, ny jeôgrafia, ary na dia ny kajy fototra momba ny isa aza, mba hampifantohana azy ireo amin' ny firazanana.<ref name="NG-sfn-344">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 263–265.</ref> Nanjary singa fototra tamin' ny fanabeazana ara-batana ny fiofanana ara-tafika. Ny fampianarana fizika kosa dia natodika tamin' ny lohahevitra azo nampiharina tamin' ny raharaha miaramila, toy ny fandalinana ny fihetsehan' ny zavatra tifirina (''ballistics'') sy ny fandalinana ny fivezivezen' ny rivotra ary ny fifandraisany amin' ny zavatra mihetsika ao aminy (''aerodynamics'').<ref name="NG-sfn-345">[[#NG-bib-038|Farago (1972)]], p. 65.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-346">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 265.</ref> Nasaina nijery ny sarimihetsika rehetra novokarin' ny sampana misahana ny sekoly tao amin' ny Minisiteran' ny Fampahafantarana ny Vahoaka sy ny Fampielezan-kevitra an' ny ''Reich'' ny mpianatra.<ref name="NG-sfn-341" /> Tany amin' ny oniversite, dia nifaninanan' ny minisiteran' ny Fanabeazana, ny filankevi-pitantanan' ny oniversite ary ny Ligy nasiônaly-sôsialistan' ny mpianatra alemà ny fahefana hanendry ireo olona hitana ny toerana ambony indrindra.<ref name="NG-sfn-347">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 292.</ref> Na teo aza ny fanerena avy amin' io ligy io sy ireo minisitera isan-karazany, ny ankamaroan' ny mpampianatra ambony amin' ny oniversite dia tsy nanova ny lesona nampianariny na ny fandaharam-pianarany nandritra ny vanim-potoana nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-348">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 302–303.</ref> Izany indrindra no nitranga tany amin' ireo oniversite tao amin' ny faritra izay Katôlika ny ankamaroan' ny mponina.<ref name="NG-sfn-349">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 305.</ref> Nihena avy amin' ny mpianatra 104 000 tamin' ny 1931 ho 41 000 tamin' ny 1939 ny isan' ny mpianatra nisoratra anarana tany amin' ny oniversite alemà. Nitombo be kosa ny fisoratana anarana tany amin' ny sekoly fampianarana fitsaboana, satria noterena handao ny asany ny mpitsabo Jiosy, ka nanana fahafahana tsara hahita asa ireo nahavita ny fianarana fitsaboana.<ref name="NG-sfn-350">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 295–297.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny 1934, dia nasaina nanatrika fiofanana ara-tafika matetika sady nandany fotoana betsaka, nokarakarain' ny SA (vondrona mpanafika), ny mpianatra amin' ny oniversite.<ref name="NG-sfn-351">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 293.</ref> Tsy maintsy nanompo enim-bolana tao amin' ny toby fiasana ho an' ny sampan-draharahan' ny ''Reich'' misahana ny asa ho an' ny firenena koa ny mpianatra taona voalohany; nasaina nanao fanompoana folo herinandro fanampiny kosa ny mpianatra taona faharoa.<ref name="NG-sfn-352">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 299.</ref> === Ny anjara asan' ny vehivavy sy ny fianakaviana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Vehivavy tao Alemaina nazia. Anisan' ny fototry ny politika ara-piarahamonin' ny Nazia ny vehivavy. Nanohitra ny hetsika ho an' ny zon' ny vehivavy ny Nazia, ary nilaza fa noforonin' ny manam-pahaizana jiosy izany. Nampirisika kosa izy ireo ny hisian' ny fiarahamonina anjakan' ny lehilahy, izay hanaiky ny vehivavy alemà fa, araka ilay filazana adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, «ny vadiny, ny fianakaviany, ny zanany ary ny tokantranony no tontolony».<ref name="NG-sfn-256" /> Noravana ny fikambanana niaro ny zon' ny vehivavy, na nampidirina tao amin' ny Ligim-behivavy nasionaly-sôsialista, izay nandrindra ireo vondrona nanerana ny firenena mba hampandrosoana ny maha-reny sy ny asa an-tokantrano. Nisy fampianarana momba ny fitaizana zaza, ny fanjairana ary ny fandrahoan-tsakafo. Nahatsapa ho voatery niaina tany an-tsesitany ireo mpiaro ny zon' ny vehivavy fanta-daza, anisan' izany i Anita Augspurg, i Lida Gustava Heymann ary i Helene Stöcker.<ref name="NG-sfn-353">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 516–517.</ref> Namoaka ny ''NS-Frauen-Warte'' (Gazetin' ny vehivavy nasionaly-sôsialista) ilay ligy; io no hany gazetibokim-behivavy nankatoavin' ny Nazia tao Alemaina nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-354">[[#NG-bib-098|Heidelberg University Library]].</ref> Na dia nisy lafiny fampielezan-kevitra aza tao aminy, dia gazetibokim-behivavy mahazatra no tena votoatiny.<ref name="NG-sfn-355">[[#NG-bib-118|Rupp (1978)]], p. 45.</ref> Nampirisihina hiala tamin' ny asa ny vehivavy, ary nampiroborobo tamin' ny alalan' ny fampielezan-kevitra ny fananganana fianakaviana maro anaka nataon' ireo vehivavy noheverin' ny fitondrana fa nifanaraka tamin' ny fepetra ara-pirazanana napetrany. Nahazo mari-boninahitra halimo nantsoina hoe ''Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter'' (Lakroa fanomezam-boninahitra ny reny alemà) ny vehivavy niteraka efatra, volafotsy ho an' ireo niteraka enina, ary volamena ho an' ireo niteraka valo na mihoatra.<ref name="NG-sfn-353" /> Nahazo fanampiana ara-bola handoavana ny fandaniany ny fianakaviana maro anaka. Na dia nampitombo ny tahan' ny fahaterahana aza ireo fepetra ireo, dia nihena 5 isan-jato ny isan' ny fianakaviana nanan-janaka efatra na mihoatra teo anelanelan' ny 1935 sy 1940.<ref name="NG-sfn-356">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 518–519.</ref> Tsy nahatonga ny asa ho malalaka ho an' ny lehilahy araka izay nokendrena ny fanesorana ny vehivavy tamin' ny asa, satria ny ankamaroan' izy ireo dia niasa ho mpanompo an-trano, mpanenona, na tao amin' ny indostrian' ny sakafo sy ny zava-pisotro, izay asa tsy nahaliana ny lehilahy.<ref name="NG-sfn-357">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 332–333.</ref> Nisakana ny fandraisana vehivavy maro hiasa tao amin' ny orinasa mpamokatra bala sy fitaovam-piadiana ny foto-pisainana nazia nandritra ny fiomanana ho amin' ny ady, ka mpiasa avy any ivelany no nampidirina. Rehefa nanomboka ny ady, dia nampiasaina betsaka ny mpiasa natao andevo.<ref name="NG-sfn-358">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 369.</ref> Tamin' ny Janoary 1943, dia nanao sonia didim-panjakana i Hitler izay nitaky ny vehivavy rehetra latsaky ny dimampolo taona mba hiseho hanendrena azy ireo amin' ny asa hanohanana ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-359">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 749.</ref> Taorian' izany dia nalefa niasa tamin' ny fambolena sy ny indostria ny vehivavy, ary tamin' ny Septambra 1944 dia vehivavy 14,9&nbsp;tapitrisa no niasa tamin' ny famokarana bala sy fitaovam-piadiana.<ref name="NG-sfn-360">[[#NG-bib-091|McNab (2009)]], p. 164.</ref> Nanohana ny hevitra hoe tsy mifanaraka amin' ny toetran' ny vehivavy ny asa mifototra amin' ny fanjohian-kevitra sy ny teôria ireo mpitarika nazia, ka nampirisika azy ireo tsy hanohy fianarana ambony.<ref name="NG-sfn-361">[[#NG-bib-137|Stephenson (2001)]], p. 70.</ref> Nisy lalàna nolaniana tamin' ny Aprily 1933 nametra ny isan' ny vehivavy azo noraisina teny amin' ny oniversite ho 10 isan-jaton' ny isan' ny lehilahy.<ref name="NG-sfn-362">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 297.</ref> Vokatr' izany, dia nihena avy amin' ny 437 000 tamin' ny 1926 ho 205 000 tamin' ny 1937 ny isan' ny vehivavy nisoratra anarana tany amin' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa. Nihena avy amin' ny 128 000 tamin' ny 1933 ho 51 000 tamin' ny 1938 kosa ny isan' ny vehivavy nisoratra anarana tany amin' ny sekoly taorian' ny ambaratonga faharoa. Na izany aza, noho ny tsy maintsy nampidirana ny lehilahy tao amin' ny tafika nandritra ny ady, dia vehivavy ny antsasaky ny mpianatra nisoratra anarana tamin' ny rafi-pampianarana taorian' ny ambaratonga faharoa tamin' ny 1944.<ref name="NG-sfn-363">[[#NG-bib-106|Pauley (2003)]], pp. 119–137.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2000-0110-500, BDM, Gymnastikvorführung.jpg|thumb|Tovovavy tao amin' ny ''Bund Deutscher Mädel'' (Ligin' ny tovovavy alemà) nanao fanatanjahan-tena jimnastika tamin' ny 1941|alt=]] Nantenain' ny fitondrana ho matanjaka sy salama ary mavitrika ny vehivavy,<ref name="NG-sfn-364">[[#NG-bib-102|Overy (2005)]], p. 248.</ref> sady hanana ireo toetra noheveriny ho mampiavaka ny vehivavy sy hanaiky hofehezina.<ref name="NG-sfn-365">[[#NG-bib-075|Lee (2016)]], pp. 203–204.</ref> Noraisin' ny fitondrana ho modely ny vehivavy tantsaha matanjaka izay namboly ny tany sy niteraka zaza matanjaka; noderaina koa ny vehivavy nanana vatana zatra fanatanjahan-tena sy hoditra nihamainty noho ny asa tany ivelany.<ref name="NG-sfn-366">[[#NG-bib-118|Rupp (1978)]], pp. 45–46.</ref> Natsangana ny fikambanana hampidirana ny foto-kevitra nazia tao an-tsain' ny olona. Nanomboka tamin' ny 25 Martsa 1939, dia natao tsy maintsy niditra tao amin' ny Tanoran' i Hitler ny ankizy rehetra mihoatra ny folo taona.<ref name="NG-sfn-367">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 272.</ref> Ny ''Jungmädelbund'' (Ligin' ny zazavavy), sampana tao amin' ny Tanoran' i Hitler, dia natao ho an' ny zazavavy 10 ka hatramin' ny 14 taona, ary ny ''Bund Deutscher Mädel'' (BDM; Ligin' ny tovovavy alemà) ho an' ny tovovavy 14 ka hatramin' ny 18 taona. Nifantoka tamin' ny fanabeazana ara-batana ny asa nataon' ny BDM.<ref name="NG-sfn-368">[[#NG-bib-053|Grunberger (1971)]], p. 278.</ref> Nandidy ny vehivavy alemà tsy hanao firaisana ara-nofo tamin' ny mpiasa vahiny ny bokikely fampielezan-kevitra, izay nilaza fa nampidi-doza ho an' ny ran' izy ireo izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-369">[[#NG-bib-118|Rupp (1978)]], pp. 124–125.</ref> Nosazina mafy ny firaisana ara-nofo teo amin' ny lehilahy vahiny sy ny vehivavy alemà. Ho an' ny lehilahy babo an' ady, dia azo natao hatramin' ny fanamelohana ho faty ny sazy.<ref name="NG-sfn-370">[[#NG-bib-119|Scheck (2021)]], pp. 61–63.</ref> Nanohana fitsipika momba ny fitondran-tena ara-nofo nifikitra tamin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny fitondrana, ary nihevitra ny fahalalahana ara-nofo ho zavatra avy amin' ny Jiosy. Nenjehina ny olona tia olona mitovy fananahana aminy sy ireo hafa izay tsy nifanaraka tamin' ny fenitra ara-nofo napetraky ny fitondrana. Voarara ny fivarotan-tena<ref name="NG-sfn-371">[[#NG-bib-033|Evans (1979)]], p. 200.</ref> (na dia natsangana aza ny trano fivarotan-tena ho an' ny miaramila alemà nandritra ny ady<ref name="NG-sfn-372">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 353, 354.</ref>), ary noraran' ny lalàna koa ny sary sy soratra natao hanaitra filàna ara-nofo satria noheverin' ny fitondrana ho loza ho an' ny fitondran-tena.<ref name="NG-sfn-373">[[#NG-bib-013|Carlston (1998)]], p. 37.</ref> Nosokajin' ny fitondrana ho ratsy fitondran-tena ny vehivavy nanao kiraro avo voditongotra, akanjo noheveriny ho tsy maotina, ary makiazy; nampirisihiny kosa ny fitafiana nentim-paharazana sy maotina.<ref name="NG-sfn-374">[[#NG-bib-099|Nyrop (1983)]], p. 126.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-375">[[#NG-bib-054|Guenther (2004)]], pp. 150–151, 167–169.</ref> Na dia tsy nankasitrahana aza ny fomba fiaina mitanjaka, dia nibahana toerana ny zavakanto nampiseho vatana mitanjaka nefa tsy nasongadina ho ara-nofo, indrindra fa tamin' ny endrika grika-rômana klasika.<ref name="NG-sfn-376">[[#NG-bib-090|McLaughlin (2022)]], p. 86.</ref> Rehefa azon' ny Nazia ny fahefana, dia nihena be ny fahaterahan' ny zaza tany ivelan' ny fanambadiana.<ref name="NG-sfn-377">[[#NG-bib-086|Mason (1995)]], p. 175.</ref> Nankatoavin' i Hitler ny fikasan' i Himmler ny hanesorana, tao amin' ilay fiarahamonina vaovaon' ny fitondrana nazia, ny fanilikilihana ny zaza teraka tany ivelan' ny fanambadiana. Nifantoka indrindra tamin' ireo zaza izay mpikambana tao amin' ny SS (vondrona mpiaro) no rainy izany; nosivanina araka ny fepetra napetraky ny Nazia momba ny fahadiovam-pirazanana ireo mpikambana ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-378">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], p. 370.</ref> Nanantena izy fa hanan-janaka efatra ka hatramin' ny enina ny fianakaviana tsirairay tao amin' ny SS.<ref name="NG-sfn-378" /> Ny fikambanana ''Lebensborn'' (Loharanon' aina), izay natsangan' i Himmler tamin' ny 1935, dia nanangana trano fandraisana reny maromaro (na toeram-ponenana natao handraisana ny reny tsy manambady nandritra ny fitondrany vohoka).<ref name="NG-sfn-379">[[#NG-bib-080|Longerich (2012)]], p. 371.</ref> Nodinihina aloha na ny ray na ny reny mba hamantarana raha nifanaraka tamin' ny fepetra ara-pirazanan' ny fitondrana, vao nekena hiditra.<ref name="NG-sfn-379" /> Matetika no natsangan' ny fianakavian' ny SS ho zanaka ireo zaza teraka tao.<ref name="NG-sfn-379" /> Azo nandraisana ny vadin' ireo mpikambana tao amin' ny SS sy ny Antoko Nazia koa ireo trano ireo, ary vetivety dia izy ireo no nameno ny mihoatra ny antsasaky ny toerana azo noraisina.<ref name="NG-sfn-380">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 521.</ref> Nampiharin' ny fitondrana nazia tamin-kery ireo lalàna efa nisy izay nandrara ny fanalan-jaza (na fampitsaharana niniana natao ny fitondrana vohoka), afa-tsy noho ny antony ara-pitsaboana. Nametraka sazy henjana lavitra ho an' ireo nanala zaza koa izy, ka anisan' izany ny fanamelohana ho faty tamin' ny 1943.<ref name="NG-sfn-381">[[#NG-bib-060|Hodgson (2014)]], p. 9.</ref> Nihena avy amin' ny 35 000 isan-taona tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1930 ho latsaky ny 2 000 isan-taona tamin' ny faran' ilay taompolo ny isan' ny fanalan-jaza, na dia nolaniana aza tamin' ny 1935 ny lalàna namela izany noho ny antony momba ny ''eugenics'', izany hoe ny fifantenana izay afaka hiteraka araka ny toetra nolovaina noheverin' ny fitondrana ho irina.<ref name="NG-sfn-382">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 515.</ref> === Fahasalamana === [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P017100, Berlin, Olympiade, Pariser Platz bei Nacht.jpg|thumb|Natsangana teny amin' ny araben' i Berlin ho an' ny Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra 1936 ny sarivongana maneho ny vatana noheverina ho tonga lafatra.]] Nisy hetsika matanjaka nanohitra ny paraky tao Alemaina nazia, satria nampiseho ny fikarohana nisava lalana nataon' i Franz H. Müller tamin' ny 1939 fa mahatonga ny kanseran' ny havokavoka (na aretina itomboan' ny sela tsy voafehy ao amin' ny havokavoka) ny fifohana sigara.<ref name="NG-sfn-383">[[#NG-bib-110|Proctor (1999)]], p. 196.</ref> Nandray fepetra ny ''Reich Health Office'' (Biraon' ny fahasalamam-panjakana) mba hiezahana hametra ny fifohana sigara, anisan' izany ny fanaovana lahateny sy ny famokarana bokikely.<ref name="NG-sfn-384">[[#NG-bib-110|Proctor (1999)]], p. 198.</ref> Voarara ny fifohana sigara tany amin' ny toeram-piasana maro sy tao anaty fiaran-dalamby, ary teo amin' ny miaramila am-perinasa.<ref name="NG-sfn-385">[[#NG-bib-110|Proctor (1999)]], p. 203.</ref> Niezaka nifehy ny akora hafa afaka mahatonga kansera koa ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana, toy ny amianta (akora mineraly misy tsiratsiraka; ''asbestos'') sy ny akora famonoana zavamananaina mpanimba.<ref name="NG-sfn-386">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 319.</ref> Tao anatin' ny fanentanana ankapobeny momba ny fahasalamam-bahoaka dia nodiovina ny rano famatsiana, nesorina tamin' ny vokatra fampiasan' ny mpanjifa ny metaly firaka sy merkiora, ary nampirisihina hanao fizahana tsy tapaka ny vehivavy mba hamantarana raha misy kanseran' ny nono (na aretina itomboan' ny sela tsy voafehy ao amin' ny nono).<ref name="NG-sfn-387">[[#NG-bib-110|Proctor (1999)]], p. 40.</ref> Nisy ny rafitra fiantohana ny fandaniana amin' ny fitsaboana tantanan' ny fanjakana, saingy tsy nahazo nisitraka izany intsony ny Jiosy nanomboka tamin' ny 1933. Tamin' io taona io ihany dia norarana tsy hitsabo marary nisitraka ny fiantohana tantanan' ny fanjakana ny dokotera jiosy. Tamin' ny 1937 dia norarana tsy hitsabo marary tsy jiosy ny dokotera jiosy, ary tamin' ny 1938 dia nesorina tanteraka ny zon' izy ireo hiasa ho dokotera.<ref name="NG-sfn-388">[[#NG-bib-010|Busse sy Riesberg (2004)]], p. 20.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny 1941 dia natao an-terivozona tamin' ny voafonja tao amin' ny toby fitanana ny andrana ara-pitsaboana, ka maro tamin' ireny andrana ireny no nitonona ho ara-tsiansa nefa tsy nanaraka ny fomba siantifika.<ref name="NG-sfn-389">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 611.</ref> Ny dokotera nalaza ratsy indrindra tamin' ny fanaovana andrana ara-pitsaboana dia i Josef Mengele, dokotera tao amin' ny toby tao Auschwitz, izay nanana ny laharam-boninahitra ''Hauptsturmführer'' (laharam-boninahitry ny manamboninahitra) tao amin' ny SS (vondrona mpiaro).<ref name="NG-sfn-390">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 608.</ref> Maro tamin' ny niharam-boina taminy no maty.<ref name="NG-sfn-391">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 609–661.</ref> Natao azon' ny orinasa mpamokatra fanafody novidina ny voafonja tao amin' ny toby fitanana mba hanaovana fitsapana fanafody sy andrana hafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-392">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 612.</ref> === Fiarovana ny tontolo iainana === : Jereo koa: Fiahiana ny biby tao Alemaina nazia Nisy vondrona teo amin' ny fiarahamonina nazia nanohana ny zon' ny biby, ary maro ny olona tia zaridaina fampirantiana biby sy bibidia.<ref name="NG-sfn-393">[[#NG-bib-023|DeGregori (2002)]], p. 153.</ref> Nandray fepetra maro ny governemanta mba hiarovana ny biby sy ny tontolo iainana. Tamin' ny 1933, namoaka lalàna hentitra momba ny fiarovana ny biby ny Nazia, izay nisy fiantraikany tamin' izay azo natao tamin' ny fikarohana ara-pitsaboana.<ref name="NG-sfn-394">[[#NG-bib-056|Hanauske-Abel (1996)]], p. 10.</ref> Tsy hentitra anefa ny fampiharana ilay lalàna, ary na dia voarara aza ny fandidiana biby velona natao ho fanandramana, dia nanome fahazoan-dalana hanao fanandramana tamin' ny biby mora foana ny Minisiteran' ny Atitany.<ref name="NG-sfn-395">[[#NG-bib-144|Uekötter (2006)]], p. 56.</ref> Ny ''Reich Forestry Office'' (biraon' ny fanjakana misahana ny ala), izay teo ambany fitarihan' i Göring, dia nampihatra fitsipika nitaky ny mpiasan' ny ala hamboly hazo isan-karazany mba hisian' ny toeram-ponenana sahaza ho an' ny bibidia. Nanan-kery ho lalàna koa tamin' ny 1933 ny ''Reich Animal Protection Act'' (lalàn' ny fanjakana momba ny fiarovana ny biby) vaovao.<ref name="NG-sfn-396">[[#NG-bib-017|Closmann (2005)]], pp. 30–32.</ref> Namoaka ny ''Reich Nature Protection Act'' (lalàn' ny fanjakana momba ny fiarovana ny zavaboary) ny fitondrana tamin' ny 1935, mba hiarovana ny endriky ny tontolo voajanahary amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena tafahoatra. Namela ny fanjakana haka tany fananan' olon-tsotra mba hamoronana faritra arovana ho an' ny zavaboary io lalàna io, ary nanampy tamin' ny fanaovana drafitra ho an' ny fotoana maharitra.<ref name="NG-sfn-397">[[#NG-bib-017|Closmann (2005)]], pp. 18, 30.</ref> Ezaka ambangovangony no natao mba hampihenana ny fahalotoan' ny rivotra, saingy zara raha nampiharina ireo fepetra ireo rehefa nanomboka ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-398">[[#NG-bib-145|Uekötter (2005)]], pp. 113, 118.</ref> === Fivavahana === ''Lahatsoratra fototra: Fivavahana tao Alemaina nazia.'' Rehefa naka ny fahefana ny Nazia tamin' ny 1933, dia prôtestanta ny 67 % teo ho eo tamin' ny mponin' i Alemaina, katôlika rômana ny 33 %, ary latsaky ny 1 % ny [[Jiosy]].<ref name="NG-sfn-399">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 222.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-400">[[#NG-bib-150|USHMM, ''The German Churches and the Nazi State'']].</ref> Araka ny fanisam-bahoaka tamin' ny 1939, izay natao taorian' ny nampidirana an' i Aotrisy ho anisan' i Alemaina, dia nihevitra ny tenany ho prôtestanta ny 54 % tamin' ny mponina, ho katôlika rômana ny 40 %, ho ''Gottgläubig'' (mpino an' Andriamanitra; hetsika ara-pivavahana nazia) ny 3,5 %, ary ho tsy nanana fivavahana ny 1,5 %.<ref name="NG-sfn-401">[[#NG-bib-031|Ericksen sy Heschel (1999)]], p. 10.</ref> Nampiasa betsaka ny sary sy tandindona kristianina i Alemaina nazia ary nametraka fankalazana kristianina vaovao isan-karazany. Anisan' izany ny fankalazana goavana ny tsingerintaona faha-1 200 nahaterahan' i [[Charlemagne]], emperora franky izay nampiditra an-keriny ho kristianina ireo vahoaka jermanika mpifanila vodirindrina taminy tany Eorôpa tanibe.<ref name="NG-sfn-402">[[#NG-bib-073|Lambert (2007)]], pp. 534–538.</ref> Nasehon' ny fampielezan-kevitra nazia ho [[Mesia|mesia]] mitovy amin' i Kristy i Hitler; araka ny filazany, izay adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy, dia «olona mitondra fanavotana araka ny modely kristianina», «izay hanafaka an' izao tontolo izao amin' ny Antikristy» izy.<ref name="NG-sfn-403">[[#NG-bib-120|Schreiner (1998)]], pp. 345–346.</ref> Tao anatin' ny dingana ''Gleichschaltung'', izay nampanarahana ny rafitra isan-karazany ny fitondrana nazia, dia nanandrana namorona ny ''Protestant Reich Church'' (Fiangonana prôtestantan' ny Reich) iray tafaray i Hitler, tamin' ny alalan' ny fampiraisana ireo fiangonana prôtestanta 28 tany amin' ny fanjakana samihafa tao Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-404">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 237.</ref> Napetraka ho evekan' ny ''Reich'' (fanjakana) i Ludwig Müller, izay mpanohana ny Nazia, ary ny ''German Christians'' (Kristianina alemà), vondrona mpanohana ny Nazia izay nanao tsindry mba hampandrosoana ny tanjony, no nahazo ny fifehezana ilay fiangonana vaovao.<ref name="NG-sfn-405">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 234–238.</ref> Nanohitra ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] izy ireo noho ny fiaviany jiosy, ary nitaky ny tsy handraisana ao amin' ny fiangonany ireo Jiosy niova ho kristianina.<ref name="NG-sfn-406">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 220–230.</ref> Ho setrin' izany dia nanangana ny ''Confessing Church'' (Fiangonana mpanambara ny finoana) ny pastora Martin Niemöller, ary nisy mpitondra fivavahana tao aminy nanohitra ny fitondrana nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-407">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 295–297.</ref> Rehefa nanohitra ny politika nazia momba ny fivavahana ny sinôdan' io fiangonana io, izany hoe ny fivoriamben' ny solontenany, tamin' ny 1935, dia nosamborina ny pastora 700 tao aminy.<ref name="NG-sfn-408">[[#NG-bib-005|Berben (1975)]], p. 140.</ref> Nametra-pialana i Müller, ary notendren' i Hitler ho minisitry ny raharahan' ny fiangonana i Hanns Kerrl mba hanohy ny ezaka hifehezana ny prôtestantisma.<ref name="NG-sfn-409">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 238–239.</ref> Tamin' ny 1936, dia nisy iraky ny Fiangonana mpanambara ny finoana naneho tamin' i Hitler ny fanoherany ny fanenjehana ara-pivavahana sy ny fanitsakitsahana ny zon' olombelona.<ref name="NG-sfn-408" /> Pastora an-jatony hafa indray no nosamborina.<ref name="NG-sfn-409" /> Nanohy nanohitra ilay fiangonana, ary teo am-piandohan' ny 1937 dia tsy nanantena ny hampiray ireo fiangonana prôtestanta intsony i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-408" /> Nosamborina tamin' ny 1 Jolay 1937 i Niemöller ary tany amin' ny toby fitanana tao Sachsenhausen sy tao Dachau no nandaniany ny ampahany betsaka tamin' ny fito taona nanaraka.<ref name="NG-sfn-410">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 239.</ref> Nakatona ny oniversite fampianarana teôlôjia, na fandinihana ny finoana sy ny fampianarana ara-pivavahana, ary nosamborina koa ny pastora sy ny teôlôjiana avy amin' ny antokom-pinoana prôtestanta hafa.<ref name="NG-sfn-408" /> [[File:Prisoner's barracks dachau.jpg|thumb|Trano nitoeran' ny voafonja tao amin' ny toby fitanana tao Dachau, izay nanokanan' ny Nazia tamin' ny 1940 trano ho an' ny mpitondra fivavahana nanohitra ny fitondrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-411">[[#NG-bib-005|Berben (1975)]], pp. 276–277.</ref>|alt=]] Taorian' ny nandraisan' ny Nazia ny fahefana dia nanomboka ny fanenjehana ny Fiangonana katôlika tao Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-412">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 332.</ref> Nanao zavatra haingana i Hitler mba hamongorana ny hetsika pôlitika mifototra amin' ny katôlisisma. Nosamboriny ireo tompon' andraikitra tao amin' ny ''Bavarian People's Party'' (Antokom-bahoaka bavariana) sy ny ''Catholic Centre Party'' (Antoko katôlika afovoany), izay samy nirona tamin' ny katôlisisma. Tsy nisy intsony ireo antoko ireo tamin' ny volana Jolay, tahaka ny antoko pôlitika hafa rehetra ankoatra ny Antoko Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-413">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 290.</ref> Nosoniavina tamin' ny 1933 ny ''Reichskonkordat'' (fifanarahan' ny Reich sy ny Fiketrahana Masina) tamin' i Vatikana, raha mbola nitohy ny fanorisorenana ny fiangonana tao Alemaina.<ref name="NG-sfn-299" /> Notakin' ilay fifanarahana tamin' ny fitondrana ny hanajany ny fahaleovantenan' ny andrim-pikambanana katôlika, ary norarany tsy hirotsaka tamin' ny pôlitika ny mpitondra fivavahana.<ref name="NG-sfn-414">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 234–235.</ref> Matetika no tsy niraharaha ilay fifanarahana i Hitler, ka nakatony ny andrim-pikambanana katôlika rehetra izay tsy ara-pivavahana fotsiny ny asany.<ref name="NG-sfn-415">[[#NG-bib-048|Gill (1994)]], p. 57.</ref> Natao lasibatra ny mpitondra fivavahana, ny masera ary ny mpitarika laîka, izany hoe ireo mpino tsy anisan' ny mpitondra fivavahana. An' arivony ny fisamborana nandritra ireo taona nanaraka, ary matetika dia fiampangana noforonina momba ny fanondranana vola an-tsokosoko na ny fitondran-tena maloto no natao tamin' izy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-416">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 234–235.</ref> Nisy mpitarika katôlika maromaro natao lasibatra tamin' ny vonoan' ny Alin' ny Antsy Lava tamin' ny 1934.<ref name="NG-sfn-417">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], p. 315.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-418">[[#NG-bib-019|Conway (2001)]], p. 92.</ref> Nandà ny handrava ny fikambanany ny ankamaroan' ny vondron' ny tanora katôlika, ary nampirisika ny mpikambana hanafika ankizilahy katôlika teny an-dalambe i Baldur von Schirach, mpitarika ny Tanoran' i Hitler.<ref name="NG-sfn-419">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 226, 237.</ref> Nilaza ny fampielezan-kevitra fa feno kolikoly ny fiangonana; noferana ny fivoriam-bahoaka ary niharan' ny sivana ny zavatra navoakan' ny Katôlika. Notakina tamin' ny sekoly katôlika ny hampihenany ny fampianarana ara-pivavahana, ary nesorina tao amin' ny tranom-panjakana ny hazofijaliana misy sarin' i Jesoa voahombo.<ref name="NG-sfn-420">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 239–240.</ref> Nampiditra an-tsokosoko tao Alemaina ny ansiklika, na taratasy fampianaran' ny papa, ''Mit brennender Sorge'' (Amin' ny ahiahy mivaivay) ny [[Pio XI|papa Pius XI]], mba hovakina avy eny amin' ny polipitra rehetra amin' ny Alahadin' ny Fijaliana tamin' ny 1937. Nanameloka ny fankahalan' ny fitondrana ny fiangonana, izay nampihariny tamin' ny fomba voalamina, ilay taratasy.<ref name="NG-sfn-416" /><ref name="NG-sfn-421">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 241–243.</ref> Ho setrin' izany, dia naverin' i Goebbels nohamafisina ny famoretana sy ny fampielezan-kevitry ny fitondrana nanohitra ny Katôlika. Nihena be ny isan' ny mpianatra nisoratra anarana tamin' ny sekoly tantanan' ny antokom-pinoana, ary tamin' ny 1939 dia efa noravana na novana ho toerana nampiasaina ho an' ny daholobe avokoa ireny sekoly ireny.<ref name="NG-sfn-422">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 245–246.</ref> Anisan' ny fanoherana katôlika tatỳ aoriana ny taratasy pastôraly nalefan' ny eveka alemà tamin' ny 22 Martsa 1942 momba ny ''The Struggle against Christianity and the Church'' (Ny ady atao amin' ny kristianisma sy ny fiangonana).<ref name="NG-sfn-423">[[#NG-bib-039|Fest (1996)]], p. 377.</ref> Tokony ho 30 % tamin' ny pretra katôlika no niharan' ny fepetra famaizan' ny pôlisy nandritra ny vanim-potoana nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-424">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 244.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-425">[[#NG-bib-148|USHMM, ''Dachau'']].</ref> Nanara-maso an-tsokosoko ny mpitondra fivavahana ny tambajotra goavana niandraikitra ny fiarovana ny fitondrana, ary matetika ny pretra no notoriana, nosamborina na nalefa tany amin' ny toby fitanana; maro no nalefa tao amin' ny trano natokana ho an' ny mpitondra fivavahana tao Dachau.<ref name="NG-sfn-426">[[#NG-bib-005|Berben (1975)]], pp. 141–142.</ref> Tany amin' ireo faritr' i Pôlônia nampidirina ho anisan' i Alemaina tamin' ny 1939, dia nampihatra famoretana feno habibiana sy fandravana voalamina ny Fiangonana katôlika ny Nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-427">[[#NG-bib-077|Libionka, ''The Catholic Church in Poland'']].</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-428">[[#NG-bib-021|Davies (2003)]], pp. 86, 92.</ref> Nihevitra ny katôlisisma ho anisan' ny fahavalo lehiben' ny Nazia i Alfred Rosenberg, lehiben' ny biraon' ny Antoko Nazia misahana ny raharaham-bahiny, izay notendren' i Hitler koa ho mpitarika ny raharaha ara-kolontsaina sy ara-panabeazana tao Alemaina nazia. Nokasainy ny «hamongotra ireo finoana kristianina vahiny nampidirina tao Alemaina», araka ny teniny adika eto amin' ny teny malagasy. Nokasainy koa ny hanoloana ny [[Baiboly]] sy ny [[Hazo fijaliana|hazofijaliana kristianina]] tao amin' ny fiangonana sy katedraly ary trano fiangonana madinika rehetra amin' ny boky ''Mein Kampf'' (Ny tolona ataoko) sy ny soastika. Natao lasibatra koa ny antokom-pinoana kristianina hafa. Nanambara ampahibemaso toy izao i Martin Bormann, lehiben' ny birao foiben' ny Antoko Nazia, tamin' ny 1941, araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Tsy azo ampihavanina ny sôsialisma nasiônaly sy ny kristianisma.»<ref name="NG-sfn-429">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 240.</ref> == Kolontsaina == Jereo koa ny fampielezan-kevitra nazia. <blockquote> Raha misy zavatra ampianarin' ny zava-nitranga nandritra ny Reich fahatelo antsika, dia izao: ny fitiavana ny mozika sy ny zavakanto ary ny literatiora avo lenta dia tsy manome ny olona fiarovana ara-moraly na ara-politika na inona na inona amin' ny herisetra, ny habibiana, na ny fanekena hanoa ny fitondrana jadona. — Richard J. Evans, ''The Coming of the Third Reich'' (2003), dikanteny malagasy. </blockquote> Nampiroborobo ny foto-kevitry ny ''Volksgemeinschaft'' ny fitondrana, izany hoe fiombonam-pirenena alemà mifototra amin' ny fiaviana ara-poko. Ny tanjon' ny fitondrana dia ny hanorina fiarahamonina tsy misy saranga, izay hiorina amin' ny fahadiovan' ny firazanana araka ny fiheverany sy amin' ny filàna noheveriny fa nisy mba hiomanana amin' ny ady, ny fandresena sy fakana tany ary ny tolona hanoherana ny marksisma.<ref name="NG-sfn-430">[[#NG-bib-053|Grunberger (1971)]], p. 18.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-431">[[#NG-bib-067|Kershaw (2008)]], pp. 182, 203, 272.</ref> Nanangana ny fikambanana ''Kraft durch Freude'' (Hery amin' ny alalan' ny fifaliana), na KdF (Hery amin' ny alalan' ny fifaliana), ny Firaisan' ny Mpiasa Alemà tamin' ny 1933. Ankoatra ny nakany ny fifehezana fikambanana fialam-boly an' aliny maro izay notantanan' ny tsy miankina, dia nanolotra fialan-tsasatra sy fialam-boly voafehin' ny fitsipika hentitra koa izy, toy ny fitsangantsanganana an-tsambo, ny toerana fialan-tsasatra ary ny fampisehoana mozika.<ref name="NG-sfn-432">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 465–467.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-433">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 265.</ref> Natsangana teo ambany fifehezan' ny Minisiteran' ny Fampielezan-kevitra tamin' ny Septambra 1933 ny Andrim-pitantanana ny Kolontsaina ao amin' ny Reich. Nisy zana-tsampana natsangana mba hifehy ny sehatra samihafa teo amin' ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina, toy ny sarimihetsika, ny fampielezam-peo, ny gazety, ny hai-kanto, ny mozika, ny teatra ary ny literatiora. Tsy maintsy niditra ho mpikambana tao amin' ny fikambanana nifehy ny sehatra nisy azy ireo ny olona nanao ireo asa ireo. Norarana tsy hiasa teo amin' ny zavakanto ny Jiosy sy ireo olona noheverina fa tsy azo nitokisana ara-politika, ary maro no nifindra monina tany ivelany. Tsy maintsy nahazo fankatoavana avy tamin' ny Minisiteran' ny Fampielezan-kevitra ny boky sy ny soratra hoenti-milalao tantara talohan' ny namoahana azy.<ref name="NG-sfn-434">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 241–242.</ref> Ohatra, tamin' ny fiandohan' ny ady dia mpanoratra 3 000, mpamoaka boky 2 500, fivarotam-boky 23 000 ary loka nasionaly momba ny literatiora tokony ho 50 no teo ambany fanaraha-mason' ny Andrim-pitantanana ny Literatiora ao amin' ny Reich. Lohatenim-boky vaovao 20 000 no navoaka isan-taona tany Alemaina, ka izany no isa ambony indrindra tany Eorôpa tamin' izany fotoana izany. Tao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny tokantrano ny ''Mein Kampf'', bokin' i Hitler izay isan' ny be mpividy indrindra, nefa mahalana no tena novakina.<ref name="NG-sfn-435">[[#NG-bib-107|Petropoulos (2018)]], p. 146.</ref> Nihena ny kalitao rehefa niezaka nampiasa ny sehatra ara-kolontsaina ho fampielezan-kevitra fotsiny ny fitondrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-436">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 242.</ref> Nanjary be mpitia tany Alemaina ny radio nandritra ny taompolo 1930; tamin' ny 1939 dia maherin' ny 70 isan-jaton' ny tokantrano no nanana fitaovana fandraisana onjam-peo, ka nihoatra ny an' ny firenena hafa rehetra izany. Tamin' ny Jolay 1933 dia efa nesorina teo amin' ny mpiasan' ny onjam-peo ireo mpomba ny havia sy ny hafa izay noheverina fa tsy nirina.<ref name="NG-sfn-437">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 133–135.</ref> Fampielezan-kevitra sy kabary no fandaharana mahazatra tao amin' ny radio avy hatrany taorian' ny fakana ny fahefana. Rehefa nandeha anefa ny fotoana, dia nanizingizina i Goebbels fa tokony hampitomboina ny mozika alefa, mba tsy hifindran' ny mpihaino any amin' ny onjam-peo vahiny hitady fialam-boly.<ref name="NG-sfn-438">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 136.</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14597, Berlin, Opernplatz, Bücherverbrennung.jpg|thumb|Fandoroam-boky nataon' ny Nazia tamin' ny 10 Mey 1933 tao Berlin, izay nandoroana ny bokin' ny mpanoratra jiosy sy mpomba ny havia.<ref name="NG-sfn-439">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 16.</ref>|alt=]] === Fanaraha-maso sy famerana ny zavatra avoaka === Jereo koa: Lisitry ny mpanoratra voarara tao Alemaina nazia. Nofehezin' ny fanjakana ny gazety, toy ireo fampahalalam-baovao hafa; nakaton' ny ''Reich Press Chamber'' (sampan-draharahan' ny fanjakana misahana ny gazety) na novidiny ny gazety sy ny orinasa mpamoaka boky. Tamin' ny 1939, dia efa fananan' ny Minisiteran' ny Fampielezan-kevitra mivantana ny mihoatra ny roa ampahatelon' ny gazety sy ny gazetiboky.<ref name="NG-sfn-440">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 143–144.</ref> I Rosenberg no tonian-dahatsoratry ny gazety mpiseho isan' andro an' ny Antoko Nazia, dia ny ''Völkischer Beobachter'' (izay midika hoe « Mpanara-maso ara-poko »).<ref name="NG-sfn-441">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 149.</ref> Nofehezin' i Goebbels ny sampan-draharaha mpanangona sy mpamatsy vaovao ho an' ny gazety, ary notakiny fa izay votoaty manohana ny fitondrana ihany no tokony havoakan' ny gazety rehetra tao Alemaina. Teo ambany fitarihan' i Goebbels, dia namoaka toromarika efatra amby roapolo isan-kerinandro ny Minisiteran' ny Fampielezan-kevitra, izay namaritra mazava ny vaovao tokony havoaka sy ny fomba fijery tokony harahina amin' ny fitantarana azy; nanaraka akaiky ireo toromarika ireo ny gazety tamin' ny ankapobeny, indrindra ny momba izay tsy tokony havoaka.<ref name="NG-sfn-442">[[#NG-bib-028|Dussel (2010)]], pp. 545, 555–557.</ref> Nihena be ny isan' ny mpamaky gazety, ka anisan' ny antony ny fiheverana fa niharatsy ny votoatin' ireo gazety sy ny fitomboana haingana teo amin' ny fitiavan' ny olona ny radio.<ref name="NG-sfn-443">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 146–147.</ref> Nihena ny fahombiazan' ny fampielezan-kevitra rehefa nadiva hifarana ny ady, satria afaka nahazo vaovao avy tamin' ny loharano ivelan' ny fantsom-baovao ofisialy ny olona.<ref name="NG-sfn-444">[[#NG-bib-028|Dussel (2010)]], pp. 561.</ref> Maro ny mpanoratra nandao ny firenena, ary nisy tamin' izy ireo nanoratra lahatsoratra nanakiana ny fitondrana fony tany an-tsesitany. Nanoro hevitra ny mpanoratra mbola nijanona i Goebbels mba hifantoka amin' ny boky momba ny angano nentin-drazan' ny vahoaka jermanika sy ny foto-kevitra « ra sy tany », izay mampifamatotra ny fiaviana ara-poko sy ny tany. Tamin' ny faran' ny 1933, dia efa noraran' ny fitondrana nazia ny boky maherin' ny arivo, ka ny ankamaroany dia nosoratan' ny mpanoratra jiosy na nisy olona jiosy tao amin' ny tantara notantarainy.<ref name="NG-sfn-445">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 152–159.</ref> Nisy fandoroam-boky nataon' ny Nazia; sivy ambin' ny folo ny hetsika toy izany natao tamin' ny alin' ny 10 Mey 1933.<ref name="NG-sfn-439" /> Boky an' aliny maro, nosoratan' olona am-polony maro, anisan' izany i [[Albert Einstein]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Helen Keller]], Alfred Kerr, [[Marcel Proust]], [[Erich Maria Remarque]], Upton Sinclair, Jakob Wassermann, [[H. G. Wells]] ary [[Émile Zola]], no nodorana ampahibemaso. Nokendrena hopotehina ny asa soratra nandala ny fandriampahalemana sy nanohitra ny ady, ary ny literatiora nampiroborobo ny fahalalahan' ny tsirairay sy ny fitondrana ifarimbonan' ny vahoaka, ary koa izay soratra nanohana ny Repoblikan' i Weimar na nosoratan' ny mpanoratra jiosy.<ref name="NG-sfn-446">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 241.</ref> === Maritrano sy zavakanto === Lohahevitra fototra: Maritrano nazia sy Zavakanto tao Alemaina nazia. Jereo koa: Mozika tao Alemaina nazia. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146III-373, Modell der Neugestaltung Berlins ("Germania").jpg|thumb|upright|Araka ny drafitra ho an' i Berlin, dia nokasaina haorina teo amin' ny tendrony roa amin' ny arabe lehibe sady malalaka ny ''Volkshalle'' (Efitrano ho an' ny Vahoaka) sy ny andohalambo fahatsiarovana fandresena, ka ny iray teo amin' ny tendrony iray ary ny iray teo amin' ny tendrony ilany.|alt=]] Nahaliana manokana an' i Hitler ny maritrano, ka niara-niasa akaiky tamin' ireo mpanao maritranon' ny fanjakana Paul Troost sy Albert Speer izy mba hananganana tranom-panjakana tamin' ny fomba ''neoclassical'' (fomba mamelona indray ny endriky ny maritrano klasika fahiny), niorina tamin' ny maritrano rômanina.<ref name="NG-sfn-447">[[#NG-bib-121|Scobie (1990)]], p. 92.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-448">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 181.</ref> Nanangana foto-drafitrasa goavana sy nanetriketrika i Speer, toy ny toerana famoriam-bahoakan' ny Antoko Nazia tao [[Nürnberg|Nuremberg]] sy ny trano vaovao ho an' ny biraon' ny kanselieran' ny ''Reich'' tao Berlin.<ref name="NG-sfn-449">[[#NG-bib-130|Speer (1971)]], pp. 92, 150–151.</ref> Tafiditra tao amin' ny drafitr' i Hitler hanorenana indray an' i Berlin ny tafo boribory goavam-be nalaina tahaka tamin' ny an' ny Pantheon tao Roma, ary ny andohalambo fahatsiarovana fandresena izay nokasaina ho mihoatra ny avo roa heny amin' ny Arc de Triomphe ao Paris. Tsy nisy naorina anefa ireo fanorenana roa ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-450">[[#NG-bib-130|Speer (1971)]], pp. 115–116, 190.</ref> Nanjary fototry ny politika narahina ny finoan' i Hitler fa endriky ny fitotonganana ny zavakanto mampiasa endrika sy loko fa tsy mikendry ny haka tahaka akaiky ny zavatra hita (''abstract art''), ny zavakanto ''Dada'' (hetsika ara-javakanto nanohitra ny fomba sy fitsipika ara-javakanto efa nekena), ny zavakanto manasongadina ny fihetseham-po fa tsy ny fakana tahaka akaiky ny zavatra hita (''expressionist''), ary ny zavakanto nanavao sy niala tamin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana (''modern art'').<ref name="NG-sfn-451">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 168.</ref> Maro tamin' ny talen' ny tranombakoka zavakanto no nesorina tamin' ny toerany tamin' ny 1933, ka nosoloina mpikambana tao amin' ny antoko.<ref name="NG-sfn-452">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 169.</ref> Sanganasan' ny zavakanto nanavao 6 500 teo ho eo no nesorina tao amin' ny tranombakoka, ka nosoloina sanganasa nofidin' ny vaomiera nazia mpitsara zavakanto.<ref name="NG-sfn-453">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], pp. 243–244.</ref> Efa natomboka tany amin' ny tanàna 16 samihafa tamin' ny 1935 ny fampirantiana ireo sanganasa nolavina, nitondra lohateny toy ny hoe ''Decadence in Art'' (Fitotonganana eo amin' ny zavakanto). Natao tao Munich nanomboka tamin' ny Jolay ka hatramin' ny Novambra 1937 ny fampirantiana nantsoina hoe «Zavakanto mitotongana», izay nokarakarain' i Goebbels. Nahasarika olona maro dia maro io fampirantiana io, ka nihoatra ny roa tapitrisa ny mpitsidika azy.<ref name="NG-sfn-454">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 171, 173.</ref> Voatendry ho filohan' ny ''Reichsmusikkammer'' (Sampan-draharahan' ny ''Reich'' momba ny Mozika) ilay mpamoron-kira [[Richard Strauss]] tamin' ny nananganana azy io tamin' ny Novambra 1933.<ref name="NG-sfn-455">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 187.</ref> Toy ny nataony tamin' ny sehatry ny zavakanto hafa, dia nanilika ireo mpitendry sy mpamoron-kira izay noheveriny ho tsy azo ekena araka ny foto-keviny momba ny firazanana ny Nazia, ary tamin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy nankasitraka ny mozika izay noheveriny ho nanavao tafahoatra na tsy niorina tamin' ny feo fototra iray mitarika ny firafitry ny mozika (''atonal'').<ref name="NG-sfn-456">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 199.</ref> Noheverin' ny Nazia ho tsy mendrika indrindra ny mozika ''jazz'' (karazana mozika manome toerana lehibe ny famoronana eo am-pitendrena), ka nandao an' i Alemaina na noroahina hiala tao ireo vahiny mpitendry azy.<ref name="NG-sfn-457">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 204.</ref> Nankafy ny mozikan' i [[Richard Wagner]] i Hitler, indrindra ireo sanganasa niorina tamin' ny angano jermanika sy ny tantaran' ny mahery fo, ary nanatrika ny Fetin' ny Mozika tao Bayreuth isan-taona nanomboka tamin' ny 1933 ka hatramin' ny 1942.<ref name="NG-sfn-458">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 199–200.</ref> === Sarimihetsika === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Ny nazisma sy ny sarimihetsika. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1988-106-29, Leni Riefenstahl bei Dreharbeiten.jpg|thumb|[[Leni Riefenstahl]] (ao ambadiky ny mpitantana fakantsary) nandritra ny Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra 1936|alt=Leni Riefenstahl ao ambadiky ny mpitantana fakantsary nandritra ny Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra 1936]] Be mpankafy ny sarimihetsika tany Alemaina tamin' ny taompolo 1930 sy 1940, ka nihoatra ny arivo tapitrisa ny isan' ny fidirana nijery azy tamin' ny taona 1942, 1943 ary 1944.<ref name="NG-sfn-459">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], p. 130.</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-460">[[#NG-bib-069|SPIO, Department of Statistics]].</ref> Tamin' ny 1934 dia efa nahatonga ny mpamokatra sarimihetsika avy any Etazonia tsy ho afaka hamerina ny tombom-barony tany Etazonia ny fitsipika alemà nametra ny famoahana vola ho any ivelany; noho izany dia nakaton' ireo orinasa lehibe mpamokatra sarimihetsika ny sampany tany Alemaina. Nihena be ny fanondranana sarimihetsika alemà, satria tsy azo naseho tany amin' ny firenen-kafa izy ireo noho ny votoatiny naneho fankahalana ny Jiosy. Novidin' ny Minisiteran' ny Fampielezan-kevitra ny orinasa roa lehibe indrindra mpamokatra sarimihetsika, dia ny ''Universum Film AG'' (orinasa mpamokatra sarimihetsika Universum) sy Tobis; tamin' ny 1939 dia efa io ministera io no namokatra ny ankamaroan' ny sarimihetsika alemà. Tsy fampielezan-kevitra mivantana foana ireo sarimihetsika novokarina, saingy tamin' ny ankapobeny dia nisy hafatra politika tsy nambara mivantana tao anatiny, ary nanaraka ny zotra napetraky ny antoko izy ireo teo amin' ny lohahevitra sy ny votoaty. Nanaovana sivana mialoha ny famokarana ireo lahatsoratra namaritra ny tantara sy ny resaka ao amin' ny sarimihetsika.<ref name="NG-sfn-461">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 130–132.</ref> Nisava lalana tamin' ny teknika fampihetsiketsehana ny fakantsary sy fanapahana ary fandaminana ny sary nalaina ny ''Triumph of the Will'' (1935), izay nandrakitra ny famoriambe tany Nuremberg tamin' ny 1934, sy ny ''Olympia'' (1938), izay nitantara ny Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra 1936, samy sarimihetsika nataon' i [[Leni Riefenstahl]]. Nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny sarimihetsika tatỳ aoriana ireo teknika ireo. Nampiasaina ny teknika vaovao toy ny lantihy mampiseho ny zavatra lavitra ho lehibe kokoa amin' ny sary sy ny fakantsary napetraka teo amin' ny lalamby mba hampihetsiketsehana azy. Mbola iadian-kevitra ireo sarimihetsika roa ireo, satria tsy azo sarahina amin' ny fampielezan-kevitra nataony ho an' ny foto-kevitra nazia ny lanjany ara-javakanto.<ref name="NG-sfn-462">[[#NG-bib-076|''The Daily Telegraph'', 2003]].</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-463">[[#NG-bib-035|Evans (2005)]], pp. 125–126.</ref> == Lova navelan' ny fitondrana == Lahatsoratra fototra: Vokatry ny nazisma. Jereo koa: Fanesorana ny nazisma. [[File:Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg Trials.jpg|thumb|Ireo voampanga teo amin' ny toerana natokana ho azy tao amin' ny fitsarana tao Nuremberg|alt=]] Nandamina fitsarana momba ny heloka an' ady ny firenena Mpiray dina, nanomboka tamin' ny fitsarana tao Nuremberg, izay natao nanomboka tamin' ny Novambra 1945 ka hatramin' ny Oktobra 1946 ary nitsarana manam-pahefana nazia ambony 23. Nampangaina ho niray tsikombakomba hanao heloka bevava sy ho nanao heloka bevava manohitra ny fandriampahalemana, heloka an' ady ary heloka bevava manohitra ny maha-olona izy ireo.<ref name="NG-sfn-464">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], p. 741.</ref> Voaheloka avokoa izy ireo afa-tsy telo, ary roa ambin' ny folo no voaheloka ho faty.<ref name="NG-sfn-465">[[#NG-bib-124|Shirer (1960)]], p. 1143.</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny 1946 sy 1949 dia natao ny fitsarana roa ambin' ny folo nanaraka tao Nuremberg, izay nitsarana voampanga 184.<ref name="NG-sfn-464" /> Teo anelanelan' ny 1946 sy 1949, dia nanao famotorana momba ny raharaha 3 887 ny Mpiray dina, ka 489 tamin' izany no natolotra hotsaraina. Olona 1 426 no voaheloka vokatr' izany; 297 tamin' izy ireo no voaheloka ho faty ary 279 no voaheloka higadra mandra-pahafatiny, fa sazy maivana kokoa no azon' ny ambiny. Ny 65 isan-jato teo ho eo tamin' ireo fanamelohana ho faty no nampiharina.<ref name="NG-sfn-466">[[#NG-bib-084|Marcuse (2001)]], p. 98.</ref> Nanao ezaka bebe kokoa noho ny firenena hafa i Pôlônia tamin' ny famotorana momba ny heloka an' ady; anisan' izany, ohatra, ny fanenjehany ara-pitsarana ny 673 tamin' ireo mpiasa tao Auschwitz miisa 789 tamin' ny fitambarany izay natolotra hotsaraina.<ref name="NG-sfn-467">[[#NG-bib-112|Rees (2005)]], pp. 295–296.</ref> Niteraka ady lehibe naneran-tany ny fandaharana pôlitika notohanan' i Hitler sy ny Nazia, ka namela an' i Eorôpa ho rava sy nahantra. I Alemaina mihitsy dia niharan' ny faharavana tanteraka, izay nofaritana tamin' ny teny alemà hoe ''Stunde Null'' (ora aotra).<ref name="NG-sfn-468">[[#NG-bib-041|Fischer (1995)]], p. 569.</ref> Mbola tsy nisy toy ny isan' ny sivily maty nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa teo amin' ny tantaran' ny ady.<ref name="NG-sfn-469">[[#NG-bib-093|Murray sy Millett (2001)]], p. 554.</ref> Vokatr' izany, saika eran-tany no heverina fa nifanohitra mafy tamin' ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena ny foto-pisainana nazia sy ny zavatra nataon' ilay fitondrana.<ref name="NG-sfn-470">[[#NG-bib-065|Kershaw (2000a)]], pp. 1–6.</ref> Matetika ny mpahay tantara sy ny filôzôfa ary ny mpanao pôlitika no mampiasa ny teny hoe «[[Ratsy|faharatsiana]]» (dika malagasy) hilazana an' i Hitler sy ny fitondrana nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-471">[[#NG-bib-159|Welch (2001)]], p. 2.</ref> Mbola mahaliana ny sehatry ny fampitam-baovao sy ny tontolon' ny fikarohana ary ny fianarana ambony i Alemaina nazia. Raha nanamarika i Evans fa io vanim-potoana io dia, amin' ny dika malagasy, «saika mahasarika ny olona rehetra, satria fampitandremana ho an' ny olombelona rehetra ny fanavakavahana ara-pirazanana nitarika famonoana olona tamin' izany»,<ref name="NG-sfn-472">[[#NG-bib-037|Evans (2009)]], p. 56.</ref> ny tanora mpanohana ny nazisma vaovao kosa dia mankafy ny fahatairana ateraky ny marika na teny filamatra nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-473">[[#NG-bib-133|''The Economist'' (2015)]].</ref> Voararan' ny lalàna any Alemaina sy Aotrisy ny fampirantiana na fampiasana marika nazia.<ref name="NG-sfn-474">[[#NG-bib-139|''Strafgesetzbuch'', section 86a]].</ref> Fanjakana telo no nandimby an' i Alemaina nazia: i Alemaina Andrefana, antsoina koa hoe FRG (Repoblika Federalin' i Alemaina); i [[Repoblika Demôkratika Alemàna|Alemaina Atsinanana]], antsoina koa hoe GDR (Repoblika Demôkratika Alemà); ary i Aotrisy.<ref name="NG-sfn-475">[[#NG-bib-161|Wüstenberg sy Art (2008)]], pp. 74–80.</ref> Tsy nahomby afa-tsy tamin' ny ampahany ny dingana fanesorana ny nazisma natomboky ny Mpiray dina, satria lehibe loatra ny filàna manam-pahaizana tamin' ny sehatra toy ny fitsaboana sy ny famolavolana ary fanamboarana ara-teknika. Tsy nankasitrahana anefa ny fanehoana hevitra nazia, ary matetika no nesorina tamin' ny asany ireo naneho izany hevitra izany.<ref name="NG-sfn-476">[[#NG-bib-036|Evans (2008)]], pp. 748–749.</ref> Nanomboka teo noho eo taorian' ny ady ka hatramin' ny taompolo 1950, dia nangina momba ny zavatra niainany nandritra ny ady ny Alemà ary nahatsapa ho niara-meloka.<ref name="NG-sfn-477">[[#NG-bib-129|Sontheimer (2005)]].</ref> Ny fitsarana an' i [[Adolf Eichmann]] tamin' ny 1961 sy ny fandefasana ilay tantara mitohy fohy tamin' ny fahitalavitra ''Holocaust'' tamin' ny 1978 dia nampifantoka ny sain' ny Alemà maro tamin' ny dingana ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'' (fiatrehana ny lasa).<ref name="NG-sfn-473" /><ref name="NG-sfn-477" /> Rehefa nampidirina tao amin' ny fandaharam-pianarana an-tsekoly ny fianarana momba an' i Alemaina nazia nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1970, dia nanomboka nikaroka ny zavatra niainan' ny mpianakaviny ny olona. Ny fianarana momba io vanim-potoana io sy ny fahavononana handinika amim-pitsikerana ny fahadisoana natao tamin' izany dia nitarika ny fivoaran' ny demôkrasia matanjaka tany Alemaina, saingy mbola nitoetra tany ambadika kosa ny fankahalana ny Jiosy sy ny foto-pisainana nazia vaovao.<ref name="NG-sfn-477" /> Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny ''Körber Foundation'' (Fondasiôna Körber) tamin' ny 2017, dia nahalala ny atao hoe Auschwitz ny 47 isan-jato tamin' ireo olona 14 ka hatramin' ny 16 taona nanaovana fanadihadiana.<ref name="NG-sfn-478">[[#NG-bib-050|Goebel (2017)]].</ref><ref name="NG-sfn-479">[[#NG-bib-132|Körber-Siftung (2017)]].</ref> Nilaza ilay mpanao gazety Alan Posener fa anisan' ny antony nahatonga ilay nantsoiny, amin' ny dika malagasy, hoe «fitomboan' ny fanadinoana ny tantara» tao amin' ilay firenena ny tsy fahombiazan' ny sarimihetsika sy ny fahitalavitra alemà tamin' ny fanehoana araka ny marina ny tantaran' ilay firenena.<ref name="NG-sfn-480">[[#NG-bib-109|Posener (2018)]].</ref> == Jereo koa == * Fiaraha-miasa ho fanohanana ny ''Axis'' (vondrona firenena niara-dia tamin' ny ady) * Fitondrana jadona tany Eorôpa teo anelanelan' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany sy Faharoa * Voambolana sy fanazavana momba an' i Alemaina nazia * Lisitry ny mpitarika sy ny tompon' andraikitra tao amin' ny Antoko Nazia * Hira nazia * Rafitra fanomezam-boninahitra, mari-boninahitra ary medaly tao Alemaina nazia * Fanenjehana ny olona tia olona mitovy fananahana aminy tao Alemaina nazia * ''Sonderweg'' == Fanamarihana == <references group="fanamarihana" /> == Loharano == <references /> === Fanondroana ny mpamorona sary === Ho an' ireo sary voatanisa eto ambany, aseho ny anaran' ny mpamorona, ny fanondroana azy ireo ary ny lisansa voalaza ao amin' ny pejin' ireo sary. Ny rohy amin' ny anaran-drakitra tsirairay dia mankany amin' ny pejin' ilay sary, ary ny rohy amin' ny lisansa dia mankany amin' ny pejin' ilay lisansa. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P017100, Berlin, Olympiade, Pariser Platz bei Nacht.jpg|Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P017100, Berlin, Olympiade, Pariser Platz bei Nacht.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-P017100 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-218-0510-22, Russland-Süd, Panzersoldat.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-218-0510-22, Russland-Süd, Panzersoldat.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-218-0510-22 / Thiede / CC-BY-SA 3.0; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Reprich-012-08, Wolfschanze, Hitler, Ley, Porsche und Göring.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Reprich-012-08, Wolfschanze, Hitler, Ley, Porsche und Göring.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 101III-Reprich-012-08 / Reprich / CC-BY-SA 3.0; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-04062A / Georg Pahl / CC-BY-SA 3.0; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14468, Berlin, NS-Boykott gegen jüdische Geschäfte crop.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14468, Berlin, NS-Boykott gegen jüdische Geschäfte crop.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-14468 / Georg Pahl / CC-BY-SA 3.0; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14469, Berlin, Boykott-Posten vor jüdischem Warenhaus.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14469, Berlin, Boykott-Posten vor jüdischem Warenhaus.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-14469 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14597, Berlin, Opernplatz, Bücherverbrennung.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14597, Berlin, Opernplatz, Bücherverbrennung.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-14597 / Georg Pahl / CC-BY-SA 3.0; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1968-101-20A / Heinrich Hoffmann / CC-BY-SA 3.0; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-005-28, Anschluss sudetendeutscher Gebiete.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-005-28, Anschluss sudetendeutscher Gebiete.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1970-005-28 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1988-106-29, Leni Riefenstahl bei Dreharbeiten.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1988-106-29, Leni Riefenstahl bei Dreharbeiten.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1988-106-29 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0066, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0066, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-2007-0066 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0074, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0074, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-2007-0074 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146III-373, Modell der Neugestaltung Berlins ("Germania").jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 146III-373, Modell der Neugestaltung Berlins ("Germania").jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 146III-373 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0922-500, Wien, Heldenplatz, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0922-500, Wien, Heldenplatz, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-1987-0922-500 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2000-0110-500, BDM, Gymnastikvorführung.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2000-0110-500, BDM, Gymnastikvorführung.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-2000-0110-500 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2007-0329-501, Reichsgründungsfeier, Schulklasse.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2007-0329-501, Reichsgründungsfeier, Schulklasse.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-2007-0329-501 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B22436, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Ruinen.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B22436, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Ruinen.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B22436 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary: Bauer-Altvater; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H15390, Berlin, Kaserne der LSSAH, Vergatterung.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H15390, Berlin, Kaserne der LSSAH, Vergatterung.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H15390 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J03166, Berlin, Amtsübernahme Dr. Thierack.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J03166, Berlin, Amtsübernahme Dr. Thierack.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-J03166 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L05487, Paris, Avenue Foch, Siegesparade.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L05487, Paris, Avenue Foch, Siegesparade.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-L05487 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary: Folkerts; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:Bundesarchiv Bild 192-208, KZ Mauthausen, Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|Bundesarchiv Bild 192-208, KZ Mauthausen, Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 192-208 / Auteur inconnuUnknown author / CC-BY-SA 3.0; mpaka sary tsy fantatra; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:German Reich 1942 (Extended).svg|German Reich 1942 (Extended).svg]] — Qbox673; loharano: File:German Reich 1942 (Orthographic Projection).svg; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|Hitler portrait crop.jpg]] — Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H1216-0500-002 / CC-BY-SA; mpaka sary: Heinrich Hoffmann; fanapahana sy fanitsiana ny sary: Notwist; sary niandohana: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H1216-0500-002, Adolf Hitler.jpg; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]. * [[:File:NS administrative Gliederung 1944.png|NS administrative Gliederung 1944.png]] — Bennet Schulte/Wikipedia; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png pejin' ny rakitra niandohana]; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/legalcode lahatsoratra fenon' ny lisansa]. * [[:File:World War II in Europe, 1942.svg|World War II in Europe, 1942.svg]] — Goran tek-en; asan' ny tena, nalaina avy amin' ny Europe 1942.svg sy Europe under Nazi domination.png; lisansa: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. == Boky sy lahatsoratra nampiasaina == Lahatsoratra fototra: Boky sy lahatsoratra momba an' i Alemaina nazia. * <span id="NG-bib-001"></span>editor-last1: Bartrop; 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[[:Sokajy:Tantaran'i Alemaina]] [[:Sokajy:Nazisma]] 9dr14hoylxhyb2rjbcptywi2e2nnmu5 0 302729 1153742 2026-11-11T19:59:05Z Thelezifor 15140 Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Fabaceae 1153742 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia tamarindifolia''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. I Nathaniel Lord Britton sy i Joseph Nelson Rose no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. no anarany ara-tsiansa eno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roidambo'''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''[[Senegalia tamarindifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') p9txwkaz9thszp6v7awl44vx8ollje6 1153743 1153742 2026-11-11T20:04:00Z Thelezifor 15140 Jereo koa 1153743 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia tamarindifolia''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. I Nathaniel Lord Britton sy i Joseph Nelson Rose no nanao ny famariparitana azy io taorian' i [[Carl von Linné]]. no anarany ara-tsiansa eno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>. sy ny hoe ''Acacia tamarindifolia'' <small>L. (Willd)</small>. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roidambo'''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''Senegalia tamarindifolia'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') ft96bby3e30xoo5576eknuzh33si967 1153744 1153743 2026-11-11T20:09:34Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana hafa 1153744 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia tamarindifolia''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. I Nathaniel Lord Britton sy i Joseph Nelson Rose no nanao ny famariparitana azy io taorian' i [[Carl von Linné]]. no anarany ara-tsiansa eno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>. sy ny hoe ''Acacia tamarindifolia'' <small>L. (Willd)</small>. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roidambo'''. == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana hafa efa nomena ny : * ''Acacia buchananiana'' <small>Voigt (1845).</small> * ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link (1822</small><small>)</small> * ''Acacia scandens'' <small>Willd. (1809)</small> * ''Acacia tamarindifolia'' <small>(L.) Willd. (1806)</small> * ''Mimosa intsia'' <small>Wight ex Wall. (1831)</small> * ''Mimosa tamarindifolia'' <small>L. (1753)</small> (anarana nomena azy voalohany) * ''Senegalia grenadensis'' <small>Britton & Rose (1928)</small> * ''Senegalia scandens'' <small>Seigler & Ebinger (2006)</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''Senegalia tamarindifolia'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') mtrn3eyu1w0ma849qhdxzoqe353f8iv 1153747 1153744 2026-11-11T20:20:36Z Thelezifor 15140 Faritra aniriany 1153747 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Senegalia tamarindifolia''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. I Nathaniel Lord Britton sy i Joseph Nelson Rose no nanao ny famariparitana azy io taorian' i [[Carl von Linné]]. no anarany ara-tsiansa eno. Nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>. sy ny hoe ''Acacia tamarindifolia'' <small>L. (Willd)</small>. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''roidambo'''. Teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly any [[Amerika Atsimo]] izy, indrindra fa any [[Kôlômbia]] sy [[Venezoela]], ary koa any amin' ny [[Antilia|Vondro-nosy Antilia]]. Izy dia [[hazobotry]] na [[Hazo madinika|hazo]] [[Hazo madinika|madinika]] mifanaraka tsara amin' ny tontolo trôpikaly misy fizaran-taona maina mazava tsara. Ny anarany siantifika tany am-boalohany dia ''Mimosa tamarindifolia'' <small>L.</small>, izay navoakan' i i [[Carl von Linné]] tamin' ny taona 1753. Taorian' izay, nafindra tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Acacia]]'' io karazana io, talohan' ny nametrahana azy tao amin' ny vondron-karazana misy azy ankehitriny, dia ny ''[[Senegalia]]''. == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana hafa efa nomena ny ''Senegalia tamarindifolia'': * ''Acacia buchananiana'' <small>Voigt (1845).</small> * ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link (1822</small><small>)</small> * ''Acacia scandens'' <small>Willd. (1809)</small> * ''Acacia tamarindifolia'' <small>(L.) Willd. (1806)</small> * ''Mimosa intsia'' <small>Wight ex Wall. (1831)</small> * ''Mimosa tamarindifolia'' <small>L. (1753)</small> (anarana nomena azy voalohany) * ''Senegalia grenadensis'' <small>Britton & Rose (1928)</small> * ''Senegalia scandens'' <small>Seigler & Ebinger (2006)</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Acacia]]'' * ''[[Senegalia]]'' * [[Roidambo]]: ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> (''←'' ''Smilax kraussiana'' <small>Meisn</small>.) (''[[Smilacaceae]]''); ''Senegalia tamarindifolia'' <small>(L.) Britton & Rose</small> (''←'' ''Acacia pinnata'' <small>Link</small>.) (''[[Fabaceae]]'') 7xbm4wbw8xhgsbr8n3padt2upfevb5i 3 302730 1153746 2026-11-11T20:16:52Z Hentasoavany 41640 /* */ 1153746 wikitext text/x-wiki Concours de karaoké de Sakaraha Le Concours de karaoké de Sakaraha, également connu sous le slogan « Molia ze lavitsy » (« Que ceux qui sont loin rentrent au pays »), est le plus grand événement culturel et concours de chant et de danse organisé chaque année dans le district de Sakaraha, région Atsimo-Andrefana, à Madagascar. Histoire et origine Cet événement a été conçu et créé par Monsieur Depa (connu sous le nom d'Indépendance Lahimana), et a débuté en 2019. Ce concours a été spécialement mis en place pour repérer et révéler les enfants et les jeunes talentueux issus de chaque fokontany (quartier) de la localité. Déroulement et règlement Calendrier annuel. Le concours se déroule chaque année durant le mois de décembre, et la grande finale a obligatoirement lieu le 30 décembre. Catégories. La compétition comprend deux disciplines : le chant et la danse, cette dernière se pratiquant exclusivement en groupe de trois danseurs. Récompenses. Les trois premiers lauréats de chaque catégorie (chant et danse) sont récompensés lors de la finale. Objectifs et portée de l'événement Au-delà d'une simple compétition, l'événement apporte une contribution majeure à la vie communautaire et au développement culturel de Sakaraha : Rassembler la population. Il constitue un moment privilégié de rencontre pour tous les habitants et les natifs de Sakaraha, qui se réunissent pour soutenir et encourager les jeunes représentants de leurs quartiers respectifs. Encourager le retour de la diaspora (« Molia ze lavitsy »). L'événement vise à inciter les natifs de Sakaraha résidant au loin, ou ceux ayant un attachement particulier à la ville, à revenir visiter leur terre natale durant les festivités de fin d'année. Cohésion sociale et politique. Il s'agit du seul événement capable de fédérer toutes les couches sociales, amenant les personnalités politiques et les autorités locales de Sakaraha à assister et à soutenir l'initiative sans distinction. Évolution et bilan Depuis son lancement en 2019, six éditions ont déjà été organisées avec succès. La renommée de ce concours ne cesse de grandir d'année en année : Une forte participation. Des centaines de jeunes prennent part chaque année aux épreuves de chant et de danse, un chiffre en constante augmentation. L'événement numéro un. Il occupe la première place parmi les manifestations et festivités les plus populaires et les plus suivies de Sakaraha, devenant un rendez-vous incontournable attendu par tous chaque année. 7jty8grdc965qn227lp66kvg5p5aadz 2 302731 1153748 2026-11-11T21:15:42Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384686124 1153748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Attracteur étrange de Lorenz.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Vondrona manintona lalana ao amin' ny rafitra dinamika, antsoina hoe ''strange attractor'', izay vokatry ny fampimirana mielana iray. Sehatra lehibe ao amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika ny fampimirana mielana, ary maro ny fampiharana azy eo amin' ny siansa sy ny injenieria.]] Ny '''Fanadihadiana matematika''' dia sampan' ny [[Matematika|matematika]] mandinika ny lefa (fifandraisana mampifandray ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana amin' ny singa tokana ao amin' ny vondrona itodihana), ny habaka, ary ny mpiasa matematika (fampiharana miasa amin' ny lefa na singa hafa ao amin' ny habaka matematika, ka mampifandray izany amin' ny singa ao amin' io habaka io ihany na ao amin' ny habaka hafa), amin' ny alalan' ny fomba fanakaikezana sy fanatonana fetra. Nipoitra avy amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana izy io, indrindra ny fampiasana ny sintona, izay maneho ny taham-piovan' ny lefa eo an-toerana, sy ny horona, izay maneho ny fanangonana habetsahana avy amin' ny sandan' ny lefa, mba handinihana ny habetsahana miova. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia novolavolaina indray ny fototra iorenany, ka natao hentitra kokoa ny fanjohian-kevitra nampiasaina. Anisan' ny zavatra fototra dinihina ao amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika ny isa tena, ny lefa, ny tandahatra na andiana singa voalahatra, ny fitambaran' ny singa mifanesy ao amin' ny tandahatra, ary ny fetra. Mifandray akaiky amin' ny fampiharana eo amin' ny siansa ny fanadihadiana matematika: manome fomba hamolavolana sy handinihana maodely matematika, hanorenana fanakaikezana, ary hanombanana ny hadisoan' ireo fanakaikezana ireo izy. Ny fanontaniana mahazatra ao amin' ny fanadihadiana dia mikasika ny fihetsiky ny lefa, ny tandahatra ary ny mpiasa matematika rehefa misy dingana fanatonana fetra sy fanovana madinika amin' ny angona na ny rafitra. Tafiditra amin' izany ny fanatonana fetra sy ny fitohizana; ny fananana toetra toy ny fitohizana sy ny fahafahana alaina sintona; ny faharetan-toetra rehefa misy fanovana madinika; ny fetra ara-habetsahana, izay mametra avy ambony na avy ambany ny sanda dinihina; ary ny fahamarinan' ny fanakaikezana. Mandinika ireo fanontaniana ireo amin' ny sehatra maro ny fanadihadiana maoderina, anisan' izany ny habaka eoklidiana, ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana, ny habaka tôpôlôjika, ny habaka misy refy, ary ny habaka izay lefa no singa ao aminy. Anisan' ny sampany lehibe ny fanadihadiana ny lefa momba ny isa haro; ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy rafitra ara-alijebra sy ara-tôpôlôjia, indrindra ireo misy lefa, sy ny fampiharana eo amin' ireo habaka ireo (''functional analysis''); ny teôria momba ny refy; ny fanadihadiana ny fizarazarana lefa ho singa onja fototra (''harmonic analysis''); ary ny teôria momba ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray sy ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. == Tantara == [[File:Archimedes pi.svg|thumb|right|300px|Nampiasa fomba fanakaikezana amin' ny famenoana endrika tsikelikely i Archimedes mba hikajiana ny velarana ao anatin' ny faribolana iray: nokajiny ny velaran' ny marolafy mitovy halavan-dafy sy mitovy zoro, izay nampitomboiny hatrany ny isan' ny lafiny. Ohatra tany am-boalohany momba ny fetra izany, na dia mbola tsy nomena endrika hentitra aza; anisan' ny hevitra fototra indrindra ao amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika ny fetra.]] === Vanim-potoana fahiny === Nivoatra ho taranja voafaritra ny fanadihadiana matematika tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, nandritra ny revolisiona siantifika,<ref name="analysis">Hans Niels Jahnke (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CVRZEXFVsZkC&pg=PR7 A History of Analysis]''. ''History of Mathematics'', boky 24. American Mathematical Society, p. 7. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0821826232</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1090/hmath/024. Notsidihina: 2015-11-15. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160517180439/https://books.google.com/books?id=CVRZEXFVsZkC&pg=PR7 Tahiry: 2016-05-17]; mbola azo idirana ny URL tany am-boalohany.</ref> nefa maro amin' ny hevitra ao aminy no efa hita tamin' ny asan' ny mpahay matematika taloha kokoa. Efa nisy, na dia tsy voalaza mivantana aza, ny vokatra voalohany momba ny fanadihadiana tany am-piandohan' ny matematika grika fahiny. Ohatra, efa tafiditra tao amin' ny fifanoheran-kevitr' i Zeno momba ny fizarana roa misesy ny fitambarana tsy manam-petra an' ny andian-tsinga manana taha fampitomboana iray ihany eo amin' ny singa mifanesy.<ref name="Stillwell_2004" /> (Raha ny tena marina, ny tanjon' ilay fifanoheran-kevitra dia ny handà ny fisian' io fitambarana tsy manam-petra io.) Tatỳ aoriana, nampiasa mazava kokoa ny hevitra momba ny fetra sy ny fanatonana fetra ny mpahay matematika grika toa an' i Eudoxus sy Archimedes, na dia mbola tsy tamin' ny endrika hentitra aza. Nampiasa ilay fomba fanakaikezana amin' ny famenoana endrika tsikelikely izy ireo mba hikajiana ny velaran' ny faritra sy ny haben' ny vongana ara-jeômetria.<ref name="Smith_1958" /> Hita ao amin' ny ''The Method of Mechanical Theorems'' nosoratan' i Archimedes ny fampiasana mazava ny habetsahana heverina ho faran' izay kely (''infinitesimals''). Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 vao hita indray io asa soratra io.<ref>J. Sousa Pinto (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbfhYrhyJUC&pg=PA7 Infinitesimal Methods of Mathematical Analysis]''. Horwood Publishing, p. 8. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1898563990</nowiki>. Notsidihina: 2015-11-15. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611045431/https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbfhYrhyJUC&pg=PA7 Tahiry: 2016-06-11]; mbola azo idirana ny URL tany am-boalohany.</ref> Tany Azia, nampiasa io fomba fanakaikezana io i Liu Hui, mpahay matematika sinoa, tamin' ny taonjato faha-3 taor. J.K. mba hahitana ny velaran' ny faribolana iray.<ref>Liu Dun; Dainian Fan; Robert Sonné Cohen (1966). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQH6_8Ju-MC A comparison of Archimedes' and Liu Hui's studies of circles]''. ''Chinese studies in the history and philosophy of science and technology'', boky 130. Springer, p. 279. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7923-3463-7</nowiki>. Notsidihina: 2015-11-15. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055211/https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQH6_8Ju-MC Tahiry: 2016-06-17]; mbola azo idirana ny URL tany am-boalohany. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQH6_8Ju-MC&pg=PA279 Toko, p. 279] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160526221958/https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQH6_8Ju-MC&pg=PA279 tahiry: 2016-05-26]).</ref> Araka ny hita ao amin' ny literatiora jaina, dia toa efa nahalala ny raikipohy momba ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga manana elanelana iray ihany eo amin' ny singa mifanesy sy ny andian-tsinga manana taha fampitomboana iray ihany ny Hindoa, fara fahatarany tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K.<ref>Singh, A. N. (1936). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301627 On the Use of Series in Hindu Mathematics]''. ''Osiris'', 1, pp. 606–628. DOI: 10.1086/368443. JSTOR: 301627. S2CID: 144760421.</ref> Nampiasa ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga manana taha fampitomboana iray ihany i Ācārya Bhadrabāhu tao amin' ny ''Kalpasūtra'' nosoratany tamin' ny 433 tal. J.K.<ref>K. B. Basant, Satyananda Panda (2013). ''[https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_2_7_KBBasant.pdf Summation of Convergent Geometric Series and the concept of approachable Sunya]''. ''Indian Journal of History of Science'', 48, pp. 291–313.</ref> === Andro Antenatenany === Nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany, dia namolavola fomba nialoha lalana ny lohahevitra nodinihina tatỳ aoriana tao amin' ny fanadihadiana ny mpahay matematika avy amin' ny fomba amam-panao ara-pahalalana samihafa. Anisan' izany ny fitadiavana velarana amin' ny kajy, ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga tsy manam-petra, ny fanjohian-kevitra mampiasa habetsahana faran' izay kely, ny fanakaikezana ary ny fandinihana ara-matematika ny fihetsehana. Tany amin' ny tontolo silamo, niasa momba ny fitambaran' ny isa nasandratra ho amin' ny hery samihafa sy ny olana momba ny velarana i Ibn al-Haytham, ary nanitatra ny fomba nampiasain' i Archimedes tamin' ny fitadiavana velarana voafaritry ny parabôla i Ibrahim ibn Sinan.<ref>Victor J. Katz (1995). ''Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India''. ''Mathematics Magazine'', 68 (3), pp. 163–174. DOI: 10.2307/2691411.</ref><ref>John J. O'Connor; Edmund F. Robertson. ''[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ibrahim/ Ibrahim ibn Sinan]''. ''MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive''. University of St Andrews. Notsidihina: 19 June 2026.</ref> Tany Eoropa nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany, nandinika ny fihetsehana izay tsy miova ny tahan' ny fiovan' ny hafainganam-pandehany ireo mpikajy tao Oxford. Nanome fanaporofoana an-tsary ny teôrema momba ny hafainganam-pandeha antonony kosa i Nicole Oresme, ka nasehony tamin' ny velarana ambanin' ny kisary maneho ny hafainganam-pandeha arakaraka ny fotoana ny fifindran-toerana. Nampiasa fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga tsy manam-petra koa i Oresme, ary nanaporofo fa tsy manatona fetra ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga izay mifamadika amin' ny isa tsimivaky miabo mifanesy (''harmonic series'').<ref>John Colin Stillwell. ''[https://www.britannica.com/science/analysis-mathematics/Models-of-motion-in-medieval-Europe Analysis: Models of motion in medieval Europe]''. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Notsidihina: 19 June 2026.</ref> Tany India, nampiasa fanjohian-kevitra momba ny habetsahana faran' izay kely i Bhāskara II, ary nilaza vokatra mifandray amin' izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe teôreman' i Rolle. Ny sekolin' i Kerala momba ny astronomia sy ny matematika, indrindra fa i Madhava, kosa namolavola fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga tsy manam-petra ho an' ny lefa trigonometrika, izany hoe lefa mampifandray ny zoro amin' ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafin' ny telozoro.<ref>Brajendranath Seal (1916). ''The positive sciences of the ancient Hindus''. ''Nature'', 97 (2426), p. 177. DOI: 10.1038/097177a0. Bibcode: 1916Natur..97..177. HDL: 2027/mdp.39015004845684 (azo idirana malalaka). S2CID: 3958488.</ref> Tsy mbola fanadihadiana matematika araka ny heviny maoderina ireo fivoarana ireo, saingy zava-dehibe tamin' ny fanomanana ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana ary ny fanadihadiana. Zava-dehibe tamin' ny filozofa eoropeana nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany ny fanontaniana momba ny toetran' ny fitohizana ara-matematika, izany hoe zavatra iray heverina ho mitohy (''continuum''). Anisan' izany ny hoe azo zaraina hatrany tsy misy fiafarana ve izy io, ary hoe teboka ve no mandrafitra azy. Araka ny asa soratr' i Aristotle, izay vao nanomboka niely kokoa tany Eoropa tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-13, dia tsy teboka no mandrafitra ny fitohizana ara-matematika: raha izany mantsy, dia tsy maintsy mifanila ireo teboka, ka tsy hifanaraka amin' ny tsy fisian' ny fisarahana ao amin' ilay fitohizana izany. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-14, dia nofaritan' i Thomas Bradwardine tao amin' ny ''Tractatus de continuo'' ho fitambarana tsy manam-petra ahitana habetsahana faran' izay kely ny fitohizana ara-matematika, fa tsy ho fitambaran-teboka. I William of Occam kosa nihevitra fa teboka tena misy no mandrafitra azy. Nanoratra momba ny toetran' ny tsy manam-petra koa i Aristotle, ary nanavaka karazany roa: ny tsy manam-petra azo itarina hatrany sy ny tsy manam-petra raisina ho fitambarana feno. Ho an' ny filozofa eoropeana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia niteraka olana ho an' ny hevitra momba ny fahafahana mizara tsy misy fiafarana sy ny habetsahana faran' izay kely ny toetran' ny tsy manam-petra. Raha faran' izay kely mantsy ny ampahany iray vokatry ny fizarana ny fitohizana ara-matematika, dia tsy maintsy tsy manam-petra ny tahany amin' ilay fitohizana manontolo, ka hiteraka fifanoheran-kevitra isan-karazany izany. Nanoratra tao amin' ny ''Liber calculationum'' i Richard Swineshead fa tokony havela tsy hofaritana fotsiny ny taha toy izany, ary tsy mitovy fomba fandeha amin' ny fanjohian-kevitra momba ny habetsahana voafetra ny fanjohian-kevitra momba ny tsy manam-petra. Anisan' ny fototra voalohany tao amin' ny fomba amam-panao ara-pahalalana eoropeana ireo, izay nipoiran' ny hevitr' i Leibniz momba ny fitohizana ara-matematika tokony ho taonjato telo tatỳ aoriana; niaiky mazava ny anjara birikin' i Swineshead i Leibniz.<ref>Carl B. Boyer (1959; nivoaka voalohany: 1939). ''The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development''. New York: Dover Publications, pp. 66–70.</ref> === Vanim-potoanan' ny fifohazam-panahy === Jereo koa ny tantaran' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-17, dia nihanalamina ho fomba mirindra kokoa ireo fomba nialoha lalana ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana. Nampiasa fanjohian-kevitra momba ny habetsahana faran' izay kely sy ny fanambarana singa i Johannes Kepler tamin' ny olana momba ny velarana sy ny haben' ny vongana; nampifandray ny matematika sy ny fandinihana ny fihetsehana i Galileo Galilei; namolavola ny fomba mandinika endrika amin' ny alalan' ny ampahany tsy azo zaraina i Bonaventura Cavalieri; ary nanitatra ireo fomba ireo teo amin' ny jeômetria sy ny mekanika i Evangelista Torricelli. Tsy mbola fanadihadiana matematika araka ny heviny maoderina ireo asa ireo, saingy nanampy tamin' ny fanovana ny taranja: tsy ny fanorenana endrika ara-jeômetria araka ny fomba klasika intsony no nifantohany, fa ny fomba ankapobeny handinihana ny habetsahana mitohy, ny tsipika mikasika endrika, ny velarana, ny haben' ny vongana ary ny fihetsehana. Ny famolavolan' i Newton sy Leibniz tatỳ aoriana ny kajy momba ny sintona, izay mandrefy ny tahan' ny fiovana eo amin' ny teboka iray, sy ny horona, izay mampitambatra habetsahana amin' ny alalan' ny fetra, no lasa niaingan' ny ampahany betsaka tamin' ny fanadihadiana tatỳ aoriana.<ref>Carl B. Boyer (1959; nivoaka voalohany: 1939). ''The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development''. New York: Dover Publications, pp. 101–150.</ref> === Vanim-potoana maoderina === ==== Fiandohana ==== Tany Eoropa tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, dia nametraka ny fototra ho an' ny fanadihadiana matematika ny fomba vaovao teo amin' ny jeômetria sy ny fizika matematika. Nampiditra fomba aljebrika tamin' ny fandinihana ny tsipika ara-jeômetria ny ''La Géométrie'' (1637) nosoratan' i [[René Descartes|Descartes]], niaraka tamin' ny asa mifandraika amin' izany nataon' i Fermat, ary nametraka ny fototry ny jeômetria mampiasa fomba aljebrika, na jeômetria analitika.<ref name="analysis" /> Nahafahan' i Fermat namantatra ny tsipika mikasika tsipika ara-jeômetria sy ny sanda ambony indrindra ary ambany indrindra ny fomba fampitahana saika fitoviana nampiasainy (''adequality'').<ref name="Pellegrino">Dana Pellegrino. ''[http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/pellegrino.html Pierre de Fermat]''. Notsidihina: 2008-02-24. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012024028/http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/pellegrino.html Tahiry: 2008-10-12]; mbola azo idirana ny URL tany am-boalohany.</ref> Fotoana fohy taorian' izany, namoaka ny ''Arithmetica Infinitorum'' i Wallis. Nanitatra ny hevitr' i Cavalieri momba ny fitadiavana velarana amin' ny kajy sy ny fomba fandinihana endrika amin' ny alalan' ny ampahany tsy azo zaraina io asa io. Tao anatin' izany tontolo ara-pahalalana izany no namoahan' i Newton ny sasany tamin' ny asa matematika voalohany nataony, izay nifantoka tamin' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nitaky fomba fanorenana ankapobeny kokoa noho ny fanorenana endrika manokana araka ny fomba klasika ny filàna avy amin' ny fizika, izay hita ohatra tamin' ny zavatra hitan' i Kepler sy Galileo. Ny asa namintinan' i Newton sy Leibniz ireo fivoarana ireo tany amin' ny tapany farany tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 no nanome azy ireo endrika vaovao sy ankapobeny kokoa. Nanjary lafiny samihafa amin' ny fomba iray iraisana ny fiovana, ny olana momba ny tsipika mikasika endrika, ny fitadiavana velarana amin' ny kajy ary ny olana mifamadika amin' ny fitadiavana tsipika mikasika endrika, noho ny kajy momba ny sintona sy ny horona. Matetika no raisina ho fiandohan' ny fanadihadiana mampiasa habetsahana faran' izay kely, amin' ny maha taranja matematika miavaka azy, ny asa nataon' izy roa tsy niankina tamin' ny ankilany.<ref name="analysis" /><ref>Niccolò Guicciardini (2003). ''Newton's Method and Leibniz's Calculus''. Ao amin' ny: Hans Niels Jahnke (tonian-dahatsoratra), ''A History of Analysis''. ''History of Mathematics'', boky 24. American Mathematical Society, p. 73. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0821826232</nowiki>.</ref> Nisy fiantraikany lalina tamin' ny fizika io matematika vaovao io. Ohatra, afaka naseho tamin' ny endrika ara-habetsahana ny lalàna faharoan' i Newton momba ny fihetsehana: nifandray tamin' ny sintona faharoa, izany hoe sintona alaina fanindroany, ny hery. Nandritra ny taonjato faha-18, dia nanitatra ireo fomba ireo ny mpahay matematika, ary nihamaro ny fandinihana ny fanadihadiana tamin' ny alalan' ny fifandraisana aljebrika sy ny lefa, izany hoe fifandraisana mampifandray ny singa ampidirina tsirairay amin' ny singa mivoaka tokana, fa tsy tamin' ny habetsahana ara-jeômetria fotsiny. Nomen' i Euler anjara toerana fototra ny hevitry ny lefa, fa i Lagrange sy ny hafa kosa namolavola fomba nampiasa fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova, fampimirana misy lefa sy ny sintonany, ary kajy momba ny fanovana lefa.<ref name="analysis" /> ==== Fanavaozana ==== Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, nampiditra ny hevitry ny lefa matematika i Euler.<ref name="function">William Dunham (1999). ''[https://archive.org/details/eulermasterofusa0000dunh Euler: The Master of Us All]'' (mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana). The Mathematical Association of America, p. [https://archive.org/details/eulermasterofusa0000dunh/page/17 17].</ref> Nanomboka nipoitra ho taranja mahaleo tena ny fanadihadiana ny isa tena sy ny lefa momba azy rehefa nampiditra ny famaritana maoderina ny fitohizan' ny lefa i Bernard Bolzano tamin' ny 1816,<ref>Roger Cooke (1997). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook/page/379 Beyond the Calculus]''. Ao amin' ny: ''The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course''. Wiley-Interscience, p. [https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook/page/379 379]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0471180821</nowiki>. Teny nindramina tany am-boalohany: “Real analysis began its growth as an independent subject with the introduction of the modern definition of continuity in 1816 by the Czech mathematician Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848)”.</ref> saingy tamin' ny taompolo 1870 vao nanjary fantatra betsaka ny asan' i Bolzano. Tamin' ny 1821, nanomboka nametraka fototra lojika mafy ho an' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana i Cauchy. Nolaviny ny fitsipika momba ny fanitarana ny raikipohy aljebrika, izay nampiasaina betsaka tamin' ny asa teo aloha, indrindra fa tamin' ny an' i Euler. Ny hevitra ara-jeômetria sy ny habetsahana faran' izay kely kosa no niorenan' ny fandrafetan' i Cauchy an' io kajy io. Noho izany, ny famaritany ny fitohizana dia nitaky ny hifanarahan' ny fiovana faran' izay kely amin' ny ''x'' amin' ny fiovana faran' izay kely amin' ny ''y''. Nampiditra ny hevitry ny andiana Cauchy koa izy, izany hoe andiana singa izay mifanakaiky araka izay tiana ny singa rehetra manomboka amin' ny laharana ampy halavirana iray, ary nanomboka ny teôria voarafitra momba ny fanadihadiana ny isa haro sy ny lefa momba azy. Nandinika ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany sy ny fanadihadiana ny lefa amin' ny alalan' ny fanasarahana azy ho singa mifandray amin' ny onja, na fanadihadiana harmônika, i Poisson, Liouville, Fourier ary ny hafa. Ny anjara birikin' ireo mpahay matematika ireo sy ny hafa, toa an' i Weierstrass, no nampivoatra ny fomba famaritana ny fetra amin' ny alalan' ny (ε, δ), ka nametraka ny sehatra maoderin' ny fanadihadiana matematika. Tokony ho tamin' izany fotoana izany ihany no nampidiran' i Riemann ny teôriany momba ny fanaovana horona sy nanaovany fandrosoana lehibe teo amin' ny fanadihadiana ny isa haro sy ny lefa momba azy. Tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nanomboka nanahy ny mpahay matematika fa nanaiky tsy nisy fanaporofoana ny fisian' ny fitohizana ara-matematika iray ahitana ny isa tena izy ireo. Nanorina ny isa tena tamin' ny alalan' ny fanapahana Dedekind, izay mizara ny isa voasaina ho sokajy roa mifanaraka amin' ny filaharany, àry i Dedekind. Voafaritra amin' ny fomba hentitra ao anatin' izany ny isa tsivoasaina, izay mameno ny “banga” eo anelanelan' ny isa voasaina. Vokatr' izany, dia miforona ny vondrona feno amin' ny lafin' ny fandrefesana halavirana, izany hoe manana fetra ao anatiny ny andiana Cauchy rehetra ao aminy: io no fitohizan' ny isa tena, izay efa novolavolain' i Simon Stevin tamin' ny alalan' ny fanehoana isa mifototra amin' ny folo. Tamin' izany fotoana izany koa, ny ezaka hanatsarana ny teôrema momba ny fanaovana horona araka ny fomban' i Riemann dia nitarika ho amin' ny fandinihana ny “haben' ny” vondron' ny teboka izay tsy itohizan' ny lefa misy sanda tena. Nanomboka nodinihina koa ny zavatra matematika isan-karazany manana toetra tsy mahazatra, izay nantsoina matetika hoe “biby mahatsiravina” (''monsters''). Anisan' izany ny lefa tsy mitohy na aiza na aiza, ny lefa mitohy nefa tsy azo alaina sintona na aiza na aiza, ary ny tsipika ara-jeômetria mameno faritra iray. Tao anatin' izany toe-javatra izany no namolavolan' i Jordan ny teôriany momba ny refy, namolavolan' i Cantor izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe teôrian' ny vondrona tsy mifototra amin' ny rafitra ankina hentitra, ary nanaporofoan' i Baire ny teôremany momba ny sokajy. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nomena rafitra hentitra tamin' ny alalan' ny teôrian' ny vondrona mifototra amin' ny ankina ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana. Nanatsara be ny teôria momba ny refy i Lebesgue, ary nampiditra ny teôriany manokana momba ny fanaovana horona, izay fantatra ankehitriny hoe fanaovana horona Lebesgue. Nanjary fanatsarana lehibe raha oharina amin' ny an' i Riemann izany. Nampiditra ny habaka Hilbert i Hilbert mba hamahana fampimirana misy horona an' ny lefa tsy fantatra. Efa niely ny hevitra momba ny habaka misy vektera sy joro, izany hoe fomba fandrefesana ny haben' ny vektera; ary tamin' ny taompolo 1920 no namoronan' i Banach ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny rafitra ary ny fampiharana eo aminy. == Hevi-dehibe == Mandalina ny lefa sy ny fanitarana azy ny fanadihadiana matematika, amin' ny alalan' ny fomba mampiasa fetra. Rehefa nivoatra io taranja io, dia nitarina ho amin' ny zavatra sarotra kokoa ireo fomba ireo, anisan' izany ny fampiharana mandray lefa ka manome isa, na skalera (''functionals''), sy ny mpiasa matematika, izany hoe fampiharana miasa amin' ny lefa na amin' ny singan' ny habaka matematika.<ref name="Nikolskii2002">Nikol'skiĭ, Sergey Mikhailovich (2001) [1994], ''[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Mathematical_analysis Mathematical analysis]'', ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics'', EMS Press.</ref> === Isa tena === Ny isa tena no sehatra mahazatra anaovana ny ankamaroan' ny fanadihadiana klasika. Ny fahafenoan' izy ireo, izay matetika ambara amin' ny toetra mampisy fetra ambony kely indrindra ho an' ny vondrona tsy foana rehetra manana fetra ambony, no iorenan' ny vokatra fototra momba ny fetra, ny fitohizana, ny fakana sintona izay mamaritra ny tahan' ny fiovana eo amin' ny teboka iray, ary ny fanaovana horona izay manangona habetsahana. === Fanakaikezana sy fanatonana fetra === Manana anjara fototra amin' ny sehatra maro amin' ny matematika ny fanakaikezana. Ohatra iray amin' izany ny fetran' ny andiana isa tena. Ny andiana isa tena dia fianakavian' ny isa tena <math>a_{1}, a_{2}\ldots</math>, izay samy omena fanondro isa voajanahary. Lazaina fa ''manatona'' fetra <math>L</math> ny andiana iray raha mifanakaiky araka izay tiana amin' ny <math>L</math> ny singany rehetra, afa-tsy singa voafetra isa mety ho anavahana. Raha lazaina marimarina kokoa, na inona na inona hadisoana ambony indrindra ekena <math>\epsilon</math>, dia latsaky ny <math>\epsilon</math> ny elanelan' ny <math>L</math> sy ny singa rehetra amin' ilay andiana, afa-tsy singa voafetra isa mety ho anavahana. Amin' ny fanoratana hentitra, ho an' ny hadisoana rehetra <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, dia misy isa tsimivaky <math>N</math> izay ahazoana <math display="block">|a_n-L|<\epsilon</math> isaky ny <math>n>N</math>. Mampiseho ny fampiasana ny fanakaikezana io ohatra io: ''manakaiky'' ny isa <math>L</math> ny singa <math>a_n</math>, ary <math>\epsilon</math> no hadisoana ambony indrindra ekena. Tsy manome fampahalalana momba ny hatsaran' ilay fanakaikezana anefa ny fanatonana fetra irery, ary maro amin' ny vokatra amin' ny fanadihadiana no mikasika ny kalitaon' ny fanakaikezana. Avy amin' ny kajy momba ny sintona ny ohatra iray hafa. Azo alaina sintona eo amin' ny teboka <math>a</math> ny lefa tena <math>f</math> raha misy lefa mizotra <math>L(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x-a)</math> izay manakaiky tsara an' ilay lefa eo akaikin' ny teboka <math>x=a</math>. Ny hoe «tsara» eto anefa dia tsy midika afa-tsy hoe ny hadisoan' ny fanakaikezana dia <math display="block">|f(x) - L(x)| = o(x-a)</math> ka ny <math>o(x-a)</math>, amin' ny fanoratana o madinika, dia lefa manatona aotra haingana kokoa noho ny <math>x-a</math> rehefa <math>x\to a</math>. Ny fanakaikezana tsara kokoa dia manome fanombanana mitovy kokoa manerana ny sehatra dinihina sy mazava kokoa ara-habetsahana momba ny haben' ny singa maneho ny hadisoana. Ny teôreman' i Taylor, ohatra, dia milaza fa, ho an' ny lefa azo alaina sintona indroa sady mitohy ireo sintona, eo amin' ny elanelana mihidy misy ny <math>a</math>, dia <math display="block">|f(x) - L(x)| \le M (x-a)^2</math> ka azo tombanana amin' ny fomba mazava amin' ny alalan' ny sintona faharoa ny <math>M</math>. Izany no ahafahana mamaritra ny hadisoan' ny fanakaikezana mizotra amin' ny fomba marimarina lavitra noho izay azo tsoahina amin' ny fahafahana maka sintona eo amin' ilay teboka fotsiny. Ohatra amin' izay antsoina hoe ''fanombanana'' amin' ny fanadihadiana ny tsy fitoviana <math>|f(x)-L(x)| \le M(x-a)^2</math>. Ny fanombanana dia tsy fitoviana ampiasaina hamaritana ara-habetsahana ny hadisoana amin' ny fanakaikezana, ary koa, amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, hanehoana fa fehezin' ny asa iray hafa, izany hoe voafetrany, ny asa iray. === Fitohizana === Manana anjara lehibe amin' ny fanadihadiana koa ny fitohizana. Amin' ny fanadihadiana fototra, dia ampidirina amin' ny alalan' ny famaritana mampiasa epsilon sy delta ny hevitry ny lefa mitohy. Raha ambara amin' ny ankapobeny, dia mitohy eo amin' ny teboka iray ny lefa raha miteraka fiovana kely amin' ny sanda avoaka ny fiovana ampy kely amin' ny sanda ampidirina. Izany dia manilika ny fisian' ny «fitsambikinana» eo amin' ny kisary maneho ilay lefa, na ny fiovaovana miakatra sy midina manana toetra tsy mahazatra hafa. Zava-dehibe amin' ny fanadihadiana ny fitohizana satria ahafahana manatsoaka fehin-kevitra momba ny lefa manontolo avy amin' ny fifehezana azy eo an-toerana, rehefa ampiarahina amin' ny fiheverana fanampiny toy ny fifamatotrana na ny fahakômpakta. Ny fifamatotrana dia ny tsy fahafahana mizara ilay habaka ho ampahany mivoha roa tsy foana sy tsy misy singa iombonana; ny fahakômpakta kosa dia ny fahafahana mifidy ampahany voafetra amin' ny fandrakofana rehetra amin' ny vondrona mivoha, ka mbola mandrakotra ilay habaka ireo voafidy. Ohatra, ny lefa mitohy manana sanda tena eo amin' ny elanelana iray dia mandray ireo sanda anelanelany rehetra, ary ny lefa mitohy manana sanda tena eo amin' ny vondrona kômpakta dia mahatratra sanda ambony indrindra sy sanda ambany indrindra. Mitohy amin' ny fomba mitovy manerana ny sehatra koa ny lefa mitohy eo amin' ny habaka kômpakta misy fandrefesana halavirana: midika izany fa azo ampitahaina ny halehiben' ny fiovaovan' ilay lefa manerana ny vondron' ny sanda azo ampidirina. Fitaovana fototra amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana, ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra, ny fampimirana mielana ary ny teôrian' ny fanakaikezana ireo vokatra ireo. Mora itarina ho amin' ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana sy ny habaka hafa misy rafitra anatoerana ny lefa mitohy. Ny rafitra anatoerana dia rafitry ny zana-bondrona mivoha ampiasaina hamaritana ny manodidina sy ny fitohizana. Anisan' ny tena dinihina amin' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy ny habaka misy lefa mitohy, satria manome fomba mahasoa handinihana ny firafitry ny habaka izy ireo. Amin' ny fampimirana mielana, dia fepetra iray manamarika ambaratonga fototra amin' ny fahalaminan' ny lefa koa ny fitohizana. Amin' ny fanadihadiana mandroso kokoa, ny teôrema momba izany fahalaminana izany dia matetika mampiseho fa, rehefa misy fiheverana fanampiny, ireo zavatra izay tsy nofaritana tany am-boalohany afa-tsy amin' ny heviny malemy, izany hoe amin' ny fampiasana lefa fitsapana sy horona, na saika eny rehetra eny, izany hoe ivelan' ny vondrona manana refy aotra, na amin' ny hevitry ny paritaka izay manitatra ny lefa (''distributions''), dia manana solontena mitohy. Noho izany dia azo raisina ho lefa amin' ny heviny mahazatra izy ireo fa tsy ho zavatra ankapobeny kokoa. === Habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana === Ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana dia vondrona izay amaritana halavirana eo amin' ny singany; antsoina hoe refin-kalavirana izany fandrefesana izany. Ao amin' ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana iray no anaovana ny ankamaroan' ny fanadihadiana. Ny be mpampiasa indrindra amin' ireny dia ny hitsin' ny isa tena, ny lemaka maneho isa haro, ny habaka eoklidiana, ny habaka hafa misy vektera, ary ny isa tsimivaky. Ny ankamaroan' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy dia mikasika ny habaka izay lefa no singa ao aminy. Azo omena firafitry ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana ireny, toy ny habaka Banach sy ny habaka Hilbert. Amin' ny maro amin' ireo ohatra ireo, dia avy amin' ny joro, izay fandrefesana ny haben' ny singa, ny refin-kalavirana. Ohatra, ny habaka <math>C([0,1])</math> misy lefa mitohy manana sanda tena eo amin' ny elanelana mihidy manomboka amin' ny aotra ka hatramin' ny iray dia habaka Banach rehefa ampiasaina ny joro faritana amin' ny fetra ambony kely indrindra amin' ny sanda tanteraky ny lefa. Ny habaka L^''p'', izay tena manan-danja amin' ny teôria momba ny refy sy ny fanadihadiana harmônika momba ny fizarazarana lefa ho singa tsotra, dia habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana avy amin' ny joro ihany koa, ary feno: izany hoe manana fetra ao amin' ilay habaka ny andiana Cauchy rehetra ao aminy. Ny andiana Cauchy dia andiana singa izay, na inona na inona halavirana miabo voafidy, dia misy laharana iray ka latsaka noho izany halavirana izany ny elanelan' ny singa roa rehetra aorian' io laharana io. Habaka Banach àry ireo habaka L^''p'' ireo. Tena mora ampiasaina amin' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana, satria azo itarina ho aminy amin' ny fanovana faran' izay kely ny vokatra matanjaka maro momba ny fanakaikezana izay marina ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana. Ohatra, amin' ny habaka misy fandrefesana halavirana, ny fahakômpakta dia mitovy amin' ny toetra ahitana, ao amin' ny andiana rehetra, zana-andiana manatona fetra ao amin' ilay habaka. Noho izany, mety ho tsotra kokoa ny fanjohian-kevitra mampiasa fetra ao amin' ireny habaka ireny raha oharina amin' ny habaka ankapobeny kokoa ampiasaina amin' ny fanadihadiana. Manan-danja manokana amin' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka kômpakta misy fandrefesana halavirana sy ny habaka feno misy fandrefesana halavirana, satria maro amin' ny fanjohian-kevitra no mitaky ny fisian' ny fetra. === Miova haro === Manome fitaovana lehibe hafa ho an' ny fampimirana maro amin' ny fanadihadiana ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]]. Antsoina hoe lefa azo alaina sintona amin' ny hevitry ny isa haro (''holomorphic function'') ny lefa manana sanda haro sy miova haro raha misy ho fetra haro ny sintonany eo amin' ny teboka tsirairay amin' ny vondron' ny sanda azo ampidirina. Henjana lavitra noho ny an' ny lefa azo alaina sintona amin' ny miova tena ny toetran' ireny lefa ireny: lefa azo aseho eo an-toerana amin' ny andian-tsinga misy herin' ny miova, izay manatona fetra ny fitambarany, izy ireo, na lefa analitika (''analytic functions''). Fitaovana lehibe amin' ny fandalinana miova haro ny fanaovana horona manaraka tsipika ara-jeômetria eo amin' ny lemaka maneho isa haro. Ny teôreman' i Cauchy momba ny horona, ny raikipohin' i Cauchy momba ny horona, ary ny teôrema momba ny residy dia mampifandray ny sandan' ny lefa azo alaina sintona amin' ny hevitry ny isa haro, na ny lefa manana izany toetra izany afa-tsy eo amin' ny teboka mitokana izay itomboan' ny sanda tanterany tsy voafetra rehefa akaikezina (''meromorphic function''), amin' ny fihetsiny eo amin' ny tsipika sy eo akaikin' ny teboka mampiavaka azy izay tsy ahafahany mitazona izany toetra izany. Ny residy dia ny fatran' ny singa manana herina miiba iray amin' ny fanehoana Laurent eo akaikin' ilay teboka, fa tsy hadisoan' ny fanakaikezana amin' ny kajy isa. Ahafahana mamindra ny lalana anaovana horona ireo vokatra ireo rehefa anaovana horona ny lefa azo alaina sintona amin' ny hevitry ny isa haro, raha toa ka tsy mandalo teboka mampiavaka toy izany ny fanovana ny lalana. Mahasoa amin' ny fikajiana horona maro amin' ny isa tena izany, ary amin' ny fandinihana lefa amin' ny alalan' ny teboka mampiavaka azy. Ao amin' ny teôria momba ny mpiasa matematika sy ny teôria momba ny spektra, ny fianakavian' ny fampiharana mifamadika amin' ny mpiasa matematika rehefa anesorana ny fampiharana tsy manova singa nampitomboina amin' ny skalera, ho an' ireo skalera ahitana izany fifamadihana izany (''resolvent''), dia mitahiry fampahalalana momba ny spektran' ilay mpiasa matematika. Ny spektra dia ireo sanda tsy ahitana fifamadihana araka ny fepetra takina amin' izany fanisahana izany. Matetika io fianakaviana io no ahafahana mamaritra lefa amin' ny mpiasa matematika amin' ny alalan' ny horona haro. Noho izany, miseho mifandray amin' ny fampimirana mielana sy ny fampimirana misy horona, ny olana momba ny sanda mampiavaka, ary ny teôrian' ny mpiasa matematika mizotra ny miova haro. === Refy, salan' isa ary fiangambana === Ny teôria momba ny refy dia manome fomba voarafitra hanomezana habe ny zana-bondron' ny habaka iray, ka manitatra ny halavana sy ny velarana ary ny hadiry ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana. Amin' ny fomba ankapobeny, dia manomboka amin' ny famaritana sokajin' ny vondrona azo refesina, izany hoe manana refy, io teôria io. Ireo vondrona azo refesina dia mandrafitra fitambarana antsoina hoe aljebra sigma (''sigma algebra''): fitambaran' ny zana-bondron' ny vondrona iray izy io, ahitana ny vondrona foana sy ilay vondrona manontolo, ary mbola ao aminy ny famenon' ny vondrona iray raha oharina amin' ilay vondrona manontolo, sy ny fampiraisana ary ny fihaonan' ny vondrona voafetra isa na azo alahatra araka ny isa voajanahary. Faritana hifanaraka amin' ireo asa amin' ny vondrona azo refesina ireo avy eo ny refy. Ao amin' ny teôria momba ny refy, dia azo soloana ny hevitry ny fanatonana fetra saika eny rehetra eny ny fanatonana fetra isaky ny teboka: fanatonana fetra eo amin' ny teboka rehetra izany, afa-tsy vondrona iray manana refy aotra. Mora ampiasaina kokoa amin' ny teôria momba ny refy ny fanatonana fetra saika eny rehetra eny. Matetika mantsy ny karazana fanatonana fetra amin' ny salan' isa dia tsy afaka mamaritra marina izay vondrona tsy isehoan' ny fanatonana fetra isaky ny teboka, nefa afaka miantoka fa manana refy aotra io vondrona tsy mahafeno ilay toetra io. Matetika raisina ho iray ihany ny lefa raha mitovy saika eny rehetra eny izy ireo, izany hoe ivelan' ny vondrona manana refy aotra. Noho izany dia matetika tsy raharahaina fotsiny amin' ny fampiharana ny vondrona manana refy aotra. Manitatra ny horona Riemann ny horona Lebesgue, ary mifanaraka kokoa amin' ny fizotra mampiasa fetra ao amin' ny fanadihadiana. Ho an' ny lefa tsy miiba <math>f</math>, ny hevitry ny horona Lebesgue dia ny fahafahana mandahatra indray ny sandany mba hahazoana lefa mihena, amin' ny fampiasana ny refin' ny vondron' ny teboka izay mihoatra ny sanda iray ny sandan' ilay lefa hamaritana izany fandaharana vaovao izany. Manana toetra tsara kokoa momba ny fetra ny fanaovana horona ny lefa mihena, ary azo afindra amin' ny horona Lebesgue izany toetra tsara izany. Misy teôrema toy ny teôrema momba ny fanatonana fetra amin' ny andiana tsy miova fitodihana amin' ny fiakarany na fidinany, ny leman' i Fatou, ary ny teôrema momba ny fanatonana fetra voafehin' ny lefa iray, izay manamora fanjohian-kevitra maro mampiasa fetra. Manome ny fototra matematikan' ny teôrian' ny fiangambana koa ny teôria momba ny refy. Ny habaka ara-piangambana dia habaka misy refy izay mitovy amin' ny iray ny refiny manontolo, ary ny sanda antenaina dia horona raisina araka izany refy ara-piangambana izany. Maro amin' ny habaka misy lefa amin' ny fanadihadiana no faritana amin' ny alalan' ny refy. Ny habaka L^''p'' dia ahitana lefa azo anaovana horona ny herin' ny sanda tanterany, ka raisina ho iray ihany ny lefa rehefa mitovy saika eny rehetra eny. Manan-danja manerana ny fanadihadiana ireo habaka ireo, ohatra amin' ny fanadihadiana harmônika sy ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. === Fizarazarana lefa ho singa tsotra kokoa === Lohahevitra iray hafa amin' ny fanadihadiana ny fizarazarana lefa ho singa tsotra kokoa, izay faritana amin' ny fifanandrifiana, ny ambaratongan' ny habe, na ny fiovaovana miakatra sy midina. Ohatra mahazatra amin' izany ny andian-tsinga Fourier, izay mizara ny lefa mamerina ny sandany isaky ny elanelana raikitra ho onja fototra manana endriky ny lefa sinosy. Manana ny endriky ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga trigonometrika ny andian-tsinga Fourier: <math display="block">\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty c_n e^{in\theta}</math> ka isa haro ny <math>c_n</math>, ary ny <math>\theta</math> no miova mahaleo tena. Ohatra iray amin' ny fanehoana ho fitambaran' ny lefa mampiavaka ny andian-tsinga Fourier: ny lefa eksponansialy <math>e^{in\theta}</math> no lefa mampiavaka ny vondrona aljebrikan' ny fihodinana miasa eo amin' ny faribolana. Ny lefa mampiavaka dia lefa tsy aotra izay ovain' ny mpiasa matematika ho ilay lefa ihany nampitomboina amin' ny sanda iray. Manana ny toetran' ny fanehoana ho singa mifampijadona izy io: mifampijadona ny lefa mampiavaka roa samihafa rehetra ao amin' ny habaka Hilbert misy lefa azo anaovana horona ny toradroan' ny sanda tanterany eo amin' ny faribolana. Miseho amin' ny sehatra maro amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika ny fanehoana ho fitambaran' ny lefa mampiavaka, indrindra amin' ny fampiharana azy amin' ny siansa, izay matetika maha zava-dehibe ny fifanandrifiana. Ohatra hafa amin' ny fanehoana ho fitambaran' ny lefa mampiavaka ny fizarazarana lefa eo amin' ny sfera ho lefa harmônika eo amin' ny sfera (''spherical harmonics''). Fanehoana ho singa mifampijadona koa izany, ary noho io fifampijadona io dia mora karakaraina ny fanavahana ny habaka tsirairay. Azo ampiasaina handinihana ny fanatonana fetra sy ny fanakaikezana, ny fahafahana alaina sintona sy ny fiovaovana miakatra sy midina, ny fihenana, ary ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana ireo fanehoana ho fitambarana ireo. Ny habaka Sobolev, ohatra, dia mampifandray ny fahafahana maka sintona amin' ny lefa sy ny fihenan' ny fatrany Fourier. Mety hampiseho fampahalalana momba ny firafitra sarotra hita amin' ny endriky ny lefa tany am-boalohany ireo fanehoana ireo. Ny fanadihadiana Fourier no mandalina izany fizarazarana izany, ka mifantoka indrindra amin' ny fanovana Fourier sy ny fanitarana sasany azy. === Dinamika sy fivoarana === Lohahevitra lehibe mifandray amin' izany ny rafitra dinamika, ny fampimirana mielana, ny teôria ergôdika, ary ny antsasaka-vondrona C₀, izay fianakavian' ny mpiasa matematika ka miova mitohy araka ny masontsivana ny vokatra rehefa ampiharina amin' ny vektera raikitra tsirairay. Olana maro amin' ny fanadihadiana no mikasika ny fiovan' ny habetsahana araka ny fotoana na noho ny fampiharana miverimberina fitsipika iray. Mitarika ho amin' ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray sy ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany izany, ka lefa manana sintona mahafeno fifandraisana voatondro no dinihina. Raha fampiharana miverimberina fitsipika iray kosa, dia dinihina ny vokatry ny fampiharana mifanesy ny lefa na ny fanovana iray, ka miteraka rafitra dinamika misaraka izany. Ny fanontaniana dinihin' ny fanadihadiana amin' ny dinamika dia ahitana ny fisian' ny vahaolana sy ny maha tokana azy, ny faharetan-toetra rehefa misy fanelingelenana madinika, ny fanakaikezana ny lalana arahin' ny rafitra, ny fihetsiny ao anatin' ny fotoana maharitra, ary ny fiankinany amin' ny fepetra am-piandohana. Ohatra, mety hamaritra fikorianana ara-matematika eo amin' ny habaka iray ny fampimirana mielana, fa ny fampiharana miverimberina fampiharana iray kosa dia mamokatra leha, izany hoe andian-toerana azo avy amin' ireo fampiharana mifanesy ireo. Ampiasaina ny fitaovan' ny fanadihadiana hamaritana raha manatona fetra ny leha toy izany, na mijanona ho voafetra, na miverimberina ara-pitsingerenana, na manana fihetsika sarotra kokoa. Fampiharana lehibe ny fomban' ny fanadihadiana ny dinamika, ary mitarika ho amin' ny hevitra sy teknika ao anatin' ny fanadihadiana ihany koa. Ao amin' ny teôria ergôdika, dia ireo fanovana mitahiry refy no zavatra fototra dinihina, ary anontaniana ny fifandraisan' ny salan' isa araka ny fotoana manaraka ny leha sy ny salan' isa araka ny habaka eo amin' ny rafitra manontolo. Ny teôria fototra dia mikasika ny hoe lasa mitovy amin' ny salan' isany araka ny habaka ve ny salan' isan' ny lefa araka ny fotoana rehefa arahana ny lehan' ny rafitra, ary manao ahoana ny hafainganam-pahatongan' izany fanakaikezana izany. Ao amin' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy, dia matetika ianarana amin' ny alalan' ny fianakavian' ny mpiasa matematika miankina amin' ny masontsivana iray ny olana momba ny fivoarana. Anisan' ireny ny antsasaka-vondron' ny mpiasa matematika, izay mitambatra amin' ny fampiharana mifanesy ka tsy miova ny vokatra rehefa ovaina ny fanakambanana azy ireo. Ireo dia manitatra ny lefa eksponansialy avy amin' ny isa na ny vohoka ho amin' ny habaka tsy manam-petra refy. === Mpiasa matematika sy teôria momba ny spektra === Sehatra maro amin' ny fanadihadiana no mandalina ny mpiasa matematika, toy ny mpiasa mampiasa sintona, ny mpiasa mampiasa horona, na ny fanovana mizotra eo amin' ny habaka misy lefa na ny habaka hafa misy vektera sy rafitra anatoerana mifanaraka amin' ny asa amin' ny vektera. Afaka mitahiry fampahalalana toy ny fivoaran' ny rafitra iray, ny fampimirana mielana na ny fampimirana misy horona, na ny toetra kantika na ny habetsahana ara-batana azo refesina, ny mpiasa matematika. Ny teôria momba ny spektran' ny mpiasa matematika dia ahafahana mizara azy ireo ho singa sy maneho azy, ka manitatra ho amin' ny refy tsy manam-petra ny lafiny sasany amin' ny fizarazarana araka ny sanda mampiavaka ao amin' ny aljebra mizotra. Toy ny amin' ny aljebra mizotra, dia matetika azo takarina lalindalina kokoa amin' ny alalan' ny fizarazarana azy araka ny spektra ny mpiasa matematika iray. == Sampana lehibe == === Kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana === Ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana (''calculus'') dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana izay miompana indrindra amin' ny fanaovana kajy sy ny fampiharana azy.<ref name="Stillwell">John Colin Stillwell. [https://www.britannica.com/science/analysis-mathematics ''Analysis'']. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Nojerena tamin' ny 18 June 2026.</ref><ref>A. D. Aleksandrov, A. N. Kolmogorov ary M. A. Lavrent'ev (mpamoaka lahatsoratra); S. H. Gould sy T. Bartha (mpandika teny). ''Mathematics: Its Content, Methods, and Meaning''. Boky 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1963, Chapter 1.</ref> Mizara roa izy io: ny kajy momba ny horona, izany hoe ny fanangonana habetsahana amin' ny alalan' ny fakana ny fetran' ny fitambaran-tsinga, izay mandinika ny salan' isa, ny fanangonana habetsahana ary ny velarana; sy ny kajy momba ny sintona, izay mandinika ny tahan' ny fiovana, ny fanakaikezana mizotra ary ny sintona, izany hoe ny tahan' ny fiovan' ny lefa eo amin' ny teboka iray. Anisan' ny fampiharana azy ny fampiasana fanakaikezana toy ny fanakaikezana Taylor sy ny andian-tsinga Taylor, ny fanehoana horona amin' ny alalan' ny lefa fototra, ny fikajiana sanda manakaiky ny horona ary ny fomba fototra fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra. Ny fanadihadiana ny vektera, antsoina koa hoe kajy momba ny vektera, dia ampahany amin' io kajy io izay mandinika ny lefa manana sanda vektera.<ref>A. I. Borisenko sy I. E. Tarapov. ''Vector and Tensor Analysis with Applications (Dover Books on Mathematics)''. Dover Books on Mathematics, 1979.</ref> === Fanadihadiana ny isa tena sy ny lefa momba azy === Ny fanadihadiana ny isa tena sy ny lefa momba azy, izay nantsoina fahiny hoe «teôrian' ny lefa amin' ny miova tena», dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana matematika mandinika ny isa tena sy ny lefa manana sanda tena izay miankina amin' ny miova tena.<ref>Walter Rudin. [https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi ''Principles of Mathematical Analysis''] (mila fisoratana anarana). Fanontana faha-3. ''Walter Rudin Student Series in Advanced Mathematics''. McGraw–Hill, 1976. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0070542358</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Stephen Abbott. ''Understanding Analysis''. ''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics''. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2001. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0387950600</nowiki>.</ref> Mandinika indrindra ny toetran' ny lefa tena sy ny andiana singa voalahatra izy io. Tafiditra amin' izany ny fanatonana fetra sy ny fetran' ny andiana isa tena, izay manome fototra hentitra ho an' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana, ary koa ny fitohizana, ny fahafahana alaina sintona imbetsaka sy ny toetra mifandray amin' ireo amin' ny lefa manana sanda tena. === Fanadihadiana ny isa haro sy ny lefa momba azy === Ny fanadihadiana ny isa haro sy ny lefa momba azy, izay nantsoina fahiny hoe «teôrian' ny lefa amin' ny miova haro», dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana matematika mandinika ny lefa amin' ny isa haro.<ref name="Ahlfors_1979" /><ref name="Stillwell" /><ref>A. D. Aleksandrov, A. N. Kolmogorov ary M. A. Lavrent'ev (mpamoaka lahatsoratra); S. H. Gould sy T. Bartha (mpandika teny). ''Mathematics: Its Content, Methods, and Meaning''. Boky 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1963, Chapter 1.</ref> Ampiasaina amin' ny sampana maro amin' ny matematika izy io, anisan' izany ny jeômetria aljebrika, ny teôrian' ny isa ary ny matematika ampiharina. Ampiasaina amin' ny [[Fizika|fizika]] koa izy io, anisan' izany ny fandinihana ny fihetsehan' ny ranoka, ny teôrian' ny hafanana sy ny angovo, ny injenieria mekanika, ny injenieria elektrika ary indrindra ny teôria kantikan' ny saha. Mifantoka indrindra amin' ny lefa azo aseho eo an-toerana amin' ny andian' ny herin' ny miova izay manatona fetra (''analytic functions'') amin' ny miova haro io fanadihadiana io, na, amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, amin' ny lefa azo alaina sintona amin' ny hevitry ny isa haro afa-tsy eo amin' ny pôly mitokana (''meromorphic functions''). Tsy maintsy samy mahafeno ny fampimirana Laplace ny ampahany tena sy ny ampahany imaginera amin' ny lefa toy izany izay azo aseho amin' ny andian' ny herin' ny miova. Noho izany dia ampiharina betsaka amin' ny olana manana refy roa amin' ny [[Fizika|fizika]] ny fanadihadiana ny isa haro sy ny lefa momba azy. === Fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy === Ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana matematika. Ny ivony dia ny fandinihana ny habaka misy vektera izay omena rafitra iray mifandray amin' ny fetra, toy ny fampifandraisana vektera roa ho isa ahafahana mamaritra halavana sy zoro, ny joro izay mandrefy ny haben' ny vektera, ny tôpôlôjia izay mamaritra ny fifanakaikezana sy ny fitohizana, sy ny sisa. Dinihiny koa ny mpiasa matematika mizotra, izany hoe ny fampiharana miasa amin' ny singan' ireo habaka ireo sady mitahiry ny fanampiana sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny skalera, ary manaja ireo rafitra ireo amin' ny heviny mifanaraka amin' izany.<ref name="Rudin_1991" /><ref name="Conway_1994" /><ref name="Stillwell" /><ref>A. D. Aleksandrov, A. N. Kolmogorov ary M. A. Lavrent'ev (mpamoaka lahatsoratra); S. H. Gould sy T. Bartha (mpandika teny). ''Mathematics: Its Content, Methods, and Meaning''. Boky 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1963, Chapter 1.</ref> Ny fiandohan' io sampana io dia ny fandinihana ny habaka izay lefa no singa ao aminy sy ny famaritana ny toetran' ny fanovana lefa, toy ny fanovana Fourier, amin' ny fijerena azy ireny ho fanovana mamaritra mpiasa matematika mitohy, na mitahiry ny vokatra anatiny sy azo avadika (''unitary operators''), sy ny sisa, eo anelanelan' ny habaka misy lefa. Hita fa nahasoa indrindra io fomba fijery io tamin' ny fandinihana ny fampimirana mielana sy ny fampimirana misy horona an' ny lefa tsy fantatra. === Fanadihadiana Fourier === Ny fanadihadiana Fourier dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana matematika mandinika ny fanehoana lefa sy famantarana ho fitambaran' ny onja fototra.<ref name="Stillwell" /><ref>Elias M. Stein sy Rami Shakarchi. ''Real Analysis: Measure Theory, Integration, and Hilbert Spaces''. ''Princeton Lectures in Analysis'', boky 3. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2005, p. vii. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-11386-9</nowiki>.</ref> Tafiditra amin' izany ny fandinihana ny andian-tsinga Fourier, ny fanovana Fourier ary ny fanitarana azy ireo. Tafiditra koa ny fandinihana ny mpiasa matematika mizotra mampiasa sintona izay manana fatra tsy miova, sy ny fanitarana azy ireny ho mpiasa matematika mampivelatra ny fomba fiasan' ny mpiasa mampiasa sintona (''pseudodifferential operators''). Ny fanadihadiana mikrôlôkaly (''microlocal analysis'') dia zana-tsampan' ny fanadihadiana Fourier mandinika ny fomba hamaritana ny toerana misy ny toetra tsy ara-dalàna amin' ny lefa, ary ny fomba iparitahan' izany toetra izany eo ambany fiasan' ny mpiasa matematika mampiasa sintona sy ireo mpiasa matematika manitatra azy. === Fanadihadiana harmônika === Ny fanadihadiana harmônika dia sampan' ny matematika izay niandoha tamin' ny fandinihana ny lefa harmônika, izany hoe ny lefa mahafeno ny fampimirana Laplace, indrindra ny sandany eny amin' ny sisiny. Mitondra ho amin' ny fandinihana ny habaka misy lefa, toy ny habaka Hardy, ny teôrian' ny lefa harmônika. Anisan' izany indrindra ny fepetra ahafantarana raha ao anatin' ireo habaka ireo ny lefa iray sy ny fanombanana ny mpiasa matematika amin' ny alalan' ny tsy fitoviana. Ahitana fomba maro avy amin' ny fanadihadiana Fourier izy io, ary koa fomba fizarazarana hafa, toy ny fizarazarana Calderón–Zygmund, izay mizara ny lefa ho ampahany azo dinihina amin' ny fomba Fourier sy ampahany azo dinihina amin' ny fomba eo an-toerana.<ref>Elias M. Stein sy Rami Shakarchi. ''Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis''. ''Princeton Lectures in Analysis'', boky 4. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-11387-6</nowiki>.</ref> Ny fanadihadiana harmônika ankapobeny dia fomba fandinihana mifandray amin' izany, izay manitatra ny fomba Fourier ho amin' ny vondrona aljebrika hafa ankoatra ireo iharan' ny fomba Fourier mahazatra. === Fampimirana mielana === Ny fampimirana mielana dia fampimirana [[Matematika|matematika]] momba ny lefa tsy fantatra iray izay miankina amin' ny miova iray na maromaro. Ampifandraisiny ny sandan' ilay lefa sy ny sintonany amin' ny laharana samihafa, arakaraka ny isan' ny fakana sintona mifanesy.<ref>Edward L. Ince. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbyqAAAAQBAJ ''Ordinary Differential Equations'']. Dover Publications, 1956. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0486603490</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Witold Hurewicz. ''Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 0486495108</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Evans_1998" /><ref name="Stillwell" /> Manana anjara lehibe amin' ny injenieria, ny [[Fizika|fizika]], ny siansan' ny toekarena, ny biôlôjia ary ny taranja hafa ny fampimirana mielana. Mipoitra amin' ny sehatra maro amin' ny siansa sy ny teknôlôjia ny fampimirana mielana, indrindra rehefa fantatra na heverina fa misy fifandraisana voafaritra tsy miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra eo amin' ny habetsahana miova mitohy, izay aseho amin' ny lefa, sy ny tahan' ny fiovany araka ny toerana na ny fotoana, izay aseho amin' ny sintona. Ohatra amin' izany ny mekanika klasika, izay ilazana ny fihetsehan' ny vatana iray amin' ny alalan' ny toerany sy ny hafainganam-pandehany rehefa miova ny fotoana. Raha fantatra ny toerana, ny hafainganam-pandeha, ny tahan' ny fiovan' ny hafainganam-pandeha ary ireo hery samihafa miasa amin' ilay vatana, dia ahafahan' ny lalàn' i Newton maneho ireo miova ireo amin' ny endrika fampimirana mielana mamaritra ny fiovana, ka ny toeran' ilay vatana arakaraka ny fotoana no lefa tsy fantatra tadiavina. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany dia azo vahana amin' ny endrika mazava io fampimirana mielana io, izay antsoina hoe fampimirana momba ny fihetsehana. === Teôria momba ny refy === Ny refy amin' ny vondrona iray dia fomba mirindra anomezana isa ny zana-bondrona tsirairay izay mifanaraka amin' ny fepetra, ka ny habeny no hevitra tsotra omena an' io isa io.<ref>Terence Tao. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HoGDAwAAQBAJ ''An Introduction to Measure Theory'']. ''Graduate Studies in Mathematics'', boky 126. American Mathematical Society, 2011. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0821869192</nowiki>. DOI: 10.1090/gsm/126. Nojerena tamin' ny 2018-10-26. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191227145317/https://books.google.com/books?id=HoGDAwAAQBAJ Tahiry tamin' ny 2019-12-27]; mbola mandeha ny rohy tany am-boalohany araka ny loharano.</ref><ref name="Stillwell" /> Amin' izany heviny izany dia fanitarana ny foto-kevitra momba ny halavana, ny velarana ary ny hadiry ny refy. Ohatra iray manan-danja indrindra ny refy Lebesgue amin' ny habaka eoklidiana, izay manome ny halavana, ny velarana ary ny hadiry mahazatra ao amin' ny jeômetria eoklidiana ho an' ny zana-bondrona mifanaraka amin' ny fepetra ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana <math>n</math> refy <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>. Ohatra, ny refy Lebesgue an' ny elanelana <math>\left[0, 1\right]</math> ao amin' ny hitsin' ny isa tena dia ny halavany amin' ny heviny andavanandro, izany hoe 1. Amin' ny famaritana ara-matematika, ny refy dia lefa manome isa tena tsy miiba na +∞ ho an' ny zana-bondrona sasany amin' ny vondrona <math>X</math>. Tsy maintsy manome 0 ho an' ny vondrona foana izy ary tsy maintsy manaja ny fanampiana na dia amin' ny fitambarana azo isaina aza: raha azo zaraina ho zana-bondrona «kely» tsy misy singa iombonana, izay voafetra isa na azo isaina, ny zana-bondrona «lehibe» iray, dia mitovy amin' ny fitambaran' ny refin' ireo zana-bondrona «kely» ireo ny refiny. Amin' ny ankapobeny, raha tiana ny hanomezana habe ''mifanaraka tsy misy fifanoherana'' ho an' ny zana-bondrona ''tsirairay'' amin' ny vondrona iray sady manaja ireo ankina hafa mamaritra ny refy, dia ohatra tsotra dia tsotra ihany no hita, toy ny refy avy amin' ny fanisana. Novahana izany olana izany tamin' ny famaritana ny refy amin' ny ampahany amin' ny fitambaran' ny zana-bondrona rehetra ihany: ireo zana-bondrona antsoina hoe azo refesina. Takina ny hahaforonan' izy ireo aljebra <math>\sigma</math> (''sigma-algebra''), izany hoe fitambaran' ny zana-bondron' ny <math>X</math> voahidy amin' ny fameno sy ny fampiraisana azo isaina. Midika izany fa azo refesina ny vondrona foana sy ny <math>X</math> manontolo, ny fampiraisana sy ny fihaonan' ny zana-bondrona azo refesina izay azo isaina, ary ny famenon' ny zana-bondrona azo refesina ao amin' ny <math>X</math>. Tsy maintsy manana firafitra sarotra ny vondrona tsy azo refesina ao amin' ny habaka eoklidiana, izay tsy azo omena refy Lebesgue tsy misy fifanoherana: mifangaro be amin' ny famenony izy ireny. Vokatra tsy tsotra avy amin' ny ankina momba ny fisafidianana ny fisian' izy ireny. === Fanadihadiana amin' ny kajy isa === Ny fanadihadiana amin' ny kajy isa dia fandinihana ny algôritma, izany hoe ny dingana kajy voalahatra, izay mampiasa fanakaikezana amin' ny isa fa tsy fanodinana ankapoben' ny marika, mba hamahana ny olan' ny fanadihadiana matematika, izay avahana amin' ny matematika momba ny zavatra miavaka tsirairay.<ref>Francis B. Hildebrand. ''Introduction to Numerical Analysis''. Fanontana faha-2. McGraw-Hill, 1974. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0070287617</nowiki>.</ref> Tsy mikatsaka valiny marina tanteraka ny fanadihadiana amin' ny kajy isa maoderina, satria matetika tsy azo atao ny mahazo izany amin' ny fampiharana. Ny ankamaroan' io fanadihadiana io kosa dia miompana amin' ny fahazoana vahaolana manakaiky ny tena vahaolana, sady mitazona fetra antonony ho an' ny hadisoana. Ampiharina amin' ny sehatra rehetra amin' ny injenieria sy ny siansa fizika ny fanadihadiana amin' ny kajy isa. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-21 dia nandray singa avy amin' ny kajy siantifika koa ny siansa momba ny aina, ary na dia ny zavakanto aza. Mipoitra amin' ny mekanikan' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, toy ny planeta, ny kintana ary ny vahindanitra, ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray; manan-danja amin' ny fanadihadiana angona ny aljebra mizotra amin' ny kajy isa; ary tena ilaina amin' ny fanaovana tahaka an' ny fiasan' ny sela velona ho an' ny fitsaboana sy ny biôlôjia ny fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra sy ny rojo Markov. === Fanadihadiana jeômetrika sy fanadihadiana ny habaka manontolo === Ny fanadihadiana jeômetrika dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana mandinika ny habaka izay mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana (''manifolds''), ary matetika dia ireo habaka Riemann izay omena fomba fandrefesana halavana sy zoro. Matetika no dinihina ny olana mikasika ny jeômetria Riemann amin' ny habaka manontolo.<ref name="Stillwell" /> Ohatra iray ny jeômetria araka ny spektran' ny mpiasa matematika Laplace–Beltrami, izany hoe ny fandinihana ny fifandraisan' ny jeômetria sy ny sanda mampiavaka an' io mpiasa io. Manitatra, ohatra, ny olana momba ny fahafantarana ny endriky ny amponga avy amin' ny feony izany. Anisan' ny olana hafa momba ny habaka manontolo ao amin' ny fanadihadiana jeômetrika ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany amin' ny habaka Riemann, toy ny fampimirana Yamabe sy ny fikorianana Ricci. Ity farany no nitondra ho amin' ny fanaporofoana ny vinavina Poincaré. === Fanadihadiana ny lefa sy vondrona kônveksa === Ny fanadihadiana ny lefa sy vondrona kônveksa dia sampan' ny fanadihadiana mandinika ny lefa kônveksa, izay tsy mihoatra ny fampifandraisana mizotra ny sandany amin' ny teboka roa ny sandany eo anelanelan' ireo teboka ireo; ny vondrona kônveksa, izay ahitana ny ampahan-kitsy mampitohy ny teboka roa rehetra ao aminy; ary ny fampiharana azy ireo amin' ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra sy ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra ho an' ny lefa mizotra eo ambany fepetra mizotra. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia misy fomba mahery kokoa azo ampiasaina amin' ny lefa kônveksa mba hiantohana ny fisiana sy ny maha-tokana ny sanda ambany indrindra, indrindra rehefa ampiarahina amin' ny fitohizana tapany avy any ambany, izay tsy ahafahan' ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny teboka iray mihoatra ny fetra ambanin' ny sandany manodidina azy. Misy fifandraisana maro mampifamadika anjara asa eo amin' ny olana amin' ny fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra kônveksa. Matetika izy ireny no aseho amin' ny alalan' ny lefa mifameno kônveksa (''convex conjugate''). Ahafahana mampiaraka ny olana iray amin' ny olana mifameno aminy (''dual problem'') izany, ka manome fepetra ilaina hanamarinana raha tena tsara indrindra ny vahaolana heverina ho mety, na hamaritana ny elanelana mbola misy eo amin' ny vahaolana azo amin' ny kajy isa sy ny sanda tsara indrindra. === Kajy momba ny fanovana lefa === Ny kajy momba ny fanovana lefa<ref name="Stillwell" /> dia fandinihana ny fitadiavana vahaolana tsara indrindra amin' ny olana fitadiavana sanda ambany indrindra ao amin' ny habaka manana refy tsy manam-petra. Ohatra fototra ny fitadiavana lalana fohy indrindra eo an-toerana (''geodesic'') eo amin' ny velarana ara-jeômetria iray. Omena ny teboka roa farany, ary ao amin' ny habaka manana refy tsy manam-petra ahitana ny lalana rehetra azo atao no tadiavina izay lalana mampihena indrindra ny halavan' ny tsipika arahina. Olana maro amin' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany no azo faritana amin' ny fomba mifototra amin' ny fanovana lefa izay mifanaraka kokoa amin' ny endrik' ilay olana. Mety hitondra ho amin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny vahaolana amin' ny heviny malemy izany, izany hoe vahaolana mahafeno ny fampimirana amin' ny endrika anaovana horona miaraka amin' ny lefa fitsapana, fa tsy voatery amin' ny endrika sintona isaky ny teboka. Matetika ireny vahaolana ireny no mifanaraka kokoa amin' ny fomba fanadihadiana sy ny asa amin' ny kajy isa. Ny fomba mivantana amin' ny kajy momba ny fanovana lefa dia mamolavola ny olana momba ny fanovana lefa ho olana fitadiavana sanda tsara indrindra kônveksa. Ny fitaterana tsara indrindra araka ny sarany dia zana-tsampan' ny kajy momba ny fanovana lefa izay mandinika ny famolavolana sy ny famahana ny olana momba ny fitaterana zavatra avy amin' ny toerana iray ho amin' ny toerana iray hafa, eo ambany fepetra mametra ny sarany. Misy foto-kevitra maro iombonany amin' ny fanadihadiana ny lefa sy vondrona kônveksa, anisan' izany ny teôrema momba ny fifandraisana mampifamadika anjara asa, toy ny fifamenoana Kantorovich, izay endriky ny fifamenoana Legendre. Mivelatra sady tsy nampoizina ny fampiharana ny foto-kevitra momba ny fitaterana tsara indrindra, toy ny fandrefesana halavirana Wasserstein sy ny fampiharana azy amin' ny fianaran' ny milina. === Teôrian' ny fiangambana sy fanadihadiana mikasika ny kisendrasendra === Mifandray akaiky amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika amin' ny alalan' ny teôria momba ny refy ny teôrian' ny fiangambana.<ref>Elias M. Stein sy Rami Shakarchi. ''Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis''. ''Princeton Lectures in Analysis'', boky 4. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-11387-6</nowiki>.</ref> Amin' ny famolavolana maoderina mifototra amin' ny ankina, ny habaka ara-piangambana dia habaka misy refy izay 1 ny refiny manontolo; ny miova miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra dia lefa azo refesina; ary ny sanda antenaina dia horona araka ny refy ara-piangambana. Manana anjara fototra ny fomba fanadihadiana amin' ny fandinihana ny fanatonana fetra amin' ny miova miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra, ny martingaly (''martingales''), izay fizotra mitovy amin' ny sandany ankehitriny ny sanda antenaina amin' ny hoavy rehefa fantatra ny zava-nitranga hatramin' izao, ny fizotra miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra, ny fihetsehana Brown, ny fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra ary ny teôria ergôdika momba ny rafitra dinamika mitahiry refy. Sehatra matematika mahaleo tena ny teôrian' ny fiangambana, saingy maro amin' ny fototra sy ny fomba maoderina ampiasainy no ao anatin' ny fanadihadiana. Ny fanadihadiana mikasika ny kisendrasendra dia mandinika ny olana ara-panadihadiana misy fizotra miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra, anisan' izany ny fanaovana horona mikasika fizotra kisendrasendra, ny fampimirana mielana miankina amin' ny kisendrasendra ary ny fifandraisana amin' ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany sy ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy. == Lohahevitra hafa == * Fanadihadiana Clifford: fandalinana ireo lefa manana sanda ao amin' ny aljebran' i Clifford, izay manome aotra rehefa ampiharina aminy ny mpiasa matematika Dirac na mpiasa mitovitovy amin' izany. Ny mpiasa matematika eto dia fanovana izay mampifandray lefa iray amin' ny lefa iray hafa. Antsoina amin' ny ankapobeny hoe lefa ''monogenic'' na lefa ''Clifford analytic'' ireo lefa izay manome aotra amin' izany fomba izany. * Fanadihadiana amin' ny isa ''p-adic'': fandalinana ny fanadihadiana matematika ao anatin' ny rafitry ny isa ''p-adic'', izay mampiasa fandrefesana halavirana mifototra amin' ny herin' ny isa tsy azo tsinjaraina ''p'' voafaritra iray. Misy fahasamihafana mahaliana sy tsy ampoizina amin' ny lafiny sasany eo amin' io fanadihadiana io sy ireo mifanandrify aminy amin' ny isa tena sy ny isa haro. * Fanadihadiana amin' ny fanitarana ny rafitry ny isa tena (''non-standard analysis''): mandinika ny isa ao amin' io fanitarana io, antsoina hoe ''hyperreal numbers'', sy ny lefany. Manome fomba fandalinana mifototra amin' ny famaritana sy porofo hentitra momba ny habetsahana bitika tsy aotra, izay kely kokoa amin' ny sanda tanteraka noho ny isa tena miabo rehetra (''infinitesimals''), sy ny isa manana habe lehibe noho ny isa tena miabo rehetra izy. * Fanadihadiana azo tanterahina amin' ny fomba kajy voafaritra mazava (''computable analysis''): mandinika izay ampahany amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika azo tanterahina amin' ny fomba kajy misy dingana voafaritra mazava azo ampandehanina amin' ny solosaina. * Fanadihadiana ny lefa manana vondrona ho sandany: mampihatra ireo hevitra avy amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika sy ny anatoerana, izay mandinika ny fifanakaikezana sy ny fitohizana amin' ny habaka, amin' ny lefa izay vondrona iray manontolo no ampifandraisiny amin' ny sanda miditra tsirairay. * Fanadihadiana amin' ny rafitra aljebrika izay tsy miova ny singa ampiana amin' ny tenany (''idempotent analysis''): fanadihadiana ao anatin' ny ''idempotent semiring''. Ny ''semiring'' dia rafitra aljebrika misy fanampiana sy fampitomboana azo ovana fononteny nefa tsy miova ny vokatra; azo avadika koa ny filaharan' ny singa ampiana, ary mizara amin' ny fanampiana ny fampitomboana. Manana aotra tsy manova ny singa ampiana aminy sady manome aotra rehefa ampitomboina izy, nefa tsy takina ny hananan' ny singa rehetra tohitra amin' ny fanampiana, izany hoe singa izay rehefa ampiana aminy dia manome aotra. Ao amin' ny ''idempotent semiring'', ny fitsipika A&nbsp;+&nbsp;A&nbsp;=&nbsp;A dia manonitra amin' ny ampahany ny tsy fisian' ny tohitra amin' ny fanampiana. ** Fanadihadiana ''tropical'': fanadihadiana ilay ''idempotent semiring'' antsoina hoe ''tropical semiring'', na aljebra ''max-plus'' na ''min-plus''. Ao amin' ireo aljebra ireo, ny fakana ny sanda ambony indrindra na ny sanda ambany indrindra no misolo ny fanampiana, ary ny fanampiana mahazatra no misolo ny fampitomboana. * Fanadihadiana mifototra amin' ny fanorenana (''constructive analysis''): miorina amin' ny lojika sy ny teôrian' ny vondrona mifototra amin' ny fanorenana, fa tsy amin' ny lojika sy ny teôrian' ny vondrona klasika. Amin' io fomba fanjohian-kevitra io, ny fanaporofoana ny fisian' ny zavatra iray dia mitaky fomba hanorenana azy. * Fanadihadiana ''intuitionistic'': miainga avy amin' ny lojika mifototra amin' ny fanorenana, toy ny fanadihadiana mifototra amin' ny fanorenana, nefa mampiditra koa ny tandahatra izay fidina tsikelikely ny singany (''choice sequence''). * Fanadihadiana amin' ny lojika mahazaka fifanoherana (''paraconsistent analysis''): miorina amin' ny lojika sy ny teôrian' ny vondrona mahazaka fifanoherana, fa tsy amin' ny lojika sy ny teôrian' ny vondrona klasika. Ny lojika ampiasainy dia tsy mamela ny hanatsoahana izay filazana rehetra avy amin' ny fifanoherana iray fotsiny. * Fanadihadiana ny habetsahana bitika ao anatin' ny rafitra ho an' ny habaka sy lefa malama (''smooth infinitesimal analysis''): velarina ao anatin' ny ''smooth topos'', rafitra avy amin' ny teôrian' ny sokajy izay ahafahana mandinika ny habaka sy ny lefa malama amin' ny alalan' ny lojika anatiny. Ny lefa malama eto dia lefa manana sintona amin' ny filaharana rehetra. * Rafitra dinamika: fandalinana ny fihetsiky ny rafitra rehefa mivoatra arakaraka ny fotoana. == Fampiharana == Hita amin' ny sehatra hafa koa ny teknika avy amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika, toy ireto manaraka ireto. === Siansa fizika === Ny ampahany tena betsaka amin' ny mekanika klasika, ny teôrian' ny relativite ary ny mekanika kantika dia mifototra amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika ampiharina, indrindra amin' ny fampimirana mielana. Ireo dia fampimirana misy lefa tsy fantatra sy ny sintonany, izay maneho ny hafainganam-piovan' ilay lefa. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' ny fampimirana mielana manan-danja ny lalàna faharoan' i Newton, ny fampimirana Schrödinger ary ny fampimirana Einstein momba ny saha. Manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny mekanika kantika koa ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa, ny rafitr' ireo habaka ireo ary ny fampiharana eo aminy. === Fikarakarana famantarana === Rehefa mikarakara famantarana, toy ny feo, ny onjam-peo, ny onjan' ny hazavana, ny onja sismika, ary na dia ny sary aza, dia ahafahan' ny fanadihadiana Fourier manasaraka ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny endrik' onja mitambatra. Mampifantoka ireo singa ireo izany mba ho mora kokoa ny mamantatra na manala azy. Misy vondrona lehibe amin' ny teknika fikarakarana famantarana izay ahitana dingana telo mifanesy: ampiharina amin' ilay famantarana aloha ny fanovana Fourier, avy eo ovana amin' ny fomba tsotra ny angona azo tamin' izany fanovana izany, ary farany ampiharina ny fanovana mifanohitra amin' ny fanovana Fourier.<ref>Rabiner, L. R.; Gold, B. (1975). ''[https://archive.org/details/theoryapplicatio00rabi Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing]''. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0139141010</nowiki>. Fidirana: ''registration'' (mila fisoratana anarana).</ref> === Sehatra hafa amin' ny matematika === Ampiasaina amin' ny sehatra maro amin' ny matematika ny teknika avy amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika, anisan' izany ireto: * Ny teôrian' ny isa mampiasa fanadihadiana matematika. * Ny fanisana tambatra mampiasa fanadihadiana matematika. * Ny fiangambana mitohy, izay mandinika ny fiangambana mifandraika amin' ny sanda miova mitohy. * Ny entrôpia ampiasaina amin' ny fiangambana mitohy (''differential entropy'') ao amin' ny teôrian' ny fampahalalana. * Ny lalao matematika faritana amin' ny fampimirana mielana. * Ny jeômetria mampiasa ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana (''differential geometry''). Ampiharina amin' ny habaka matematika manokana antsoina hoe ''manifold'' izany kajy izany; sarotra ny rafitra anatiny ananan' ireo habaka ireo, nefa tsotra ny toetrany rehefa faritra kely eo an-toerana no dinihina. * Ny habaka ''manifold'' misy sarintany fangitra izay azo alaina sintona ny fifindrana eo amin' ireo sarintany ireo. * Ny anatoerana amin' ny habaka ''manifold'' azo anaovana kajy sintona (''differential topology''). * Ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany, izany hoe sintona raisina amin' ny miova iray sady tazonina tsy hiova ny miova hafa. == Boky fampianarana == * Leonhard Euler (1748), ''Introductio in analysin infinitorum'' * A. L. Cauchy (1821), ''Cours d'analyse'' * Camille Jordan (1882), ''Cours d'analyse de l'École polytechnique'' * G. H. Hardy (1908), ''A Course of Pure Mathematics'' * E. T. Whittaker sy G. N. Watson (1915), ''A Course of Modern Analysis'' * George Pólya sy Gábor Szegő (1925), ''Problems and Theorems in Analysis'' (boky roa)<ref>''Problems and Theorems in Analysis I: Series. Integral Calculus. Theory of Functions''. ASIN 3540636404; kaodin' ny firenena: ca.</ref><ref>''Problems and Theorems in Analysis II: Theory of Functions. Zeros. Polynomials. Determinants. Number Theory. Geometry''. ASIN 3540636862; kaodin' ny firenena: ca.</ref> * Walter Rudin (1953), ''Principles of Mathematical Analysis''<ref>''Principles of Mathematical Analysis''. ASIN 0070856133; kaodin' ny firenena: ca.</ref> * Elias M. Stein sy Rami Shakarchi (2003, 2011), ''Princeton Lectures in Analysis'' (boky efatra) == Jereo koa == * Fanorenana ny fanadihadiana matematika amin' ny isa * Fanadihadiana mifototra amin' ny fanorenana (''constructive analysis'') * Tantaran' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana * Fanadihadiana amin' ny isa miitatra avy amin' ny isa haro (''hypercomplex analysis'') * Olana mifototra amin' ny fitsipika maro (''Multiple rule-based problems'') * Kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana amin' ny miova maro * Lojika izay tsy ahafahana manatsoaka ny filazana rehetra avy amin' ny fifanoherana fotsiny (''Paraconsistent logic'') * Fanadihadiana momba ny habetsahana faran' izay kely amin' ny tôpôsy malama (''smooth infinitesimal analysis'') * Filaharan' ny zava-nitranga araka ny fotoana eo amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana ary ny fanadihadiana matematika == Loharano == <references> <ref name="Stillwell_2004">Stillwell, John Colin (2004). ''Mathematics and its History'', fanontana faha-2. Toko: ''Infinite Series''. Springer Science+Business Media Inc., p. 170. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0387953366</nowiki>. Teny nalaina: “Infinite series were present in Greek mathematics, [...] There is no question that Zeno's paradox of the dichotomy (Section 4.1), for example, concerns the decomposition of the number 1 into the infinite series ¹⁄₂ + ¹⁄₂² + ¹⁄₂³ + ¹⁄₂⁴ + ... and that Archimedes found the area of the parabolic segment (Section 4.4) essentially by summing the infinite series 1 + ¹⁄₄ + ¹⁄₄² + ¹⁄₄³ + ... = ⁴⁄₃. Both these examples are special cases of the result we express as summation of a geometric series”</ref> <ref name="Smith_1958">Smith, David Eugene (1958). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0002smit History of Mathematics]''. Dover Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0486204307</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana.</ref> <ref name="Evans_1998">Evans, Lawrence Craig (1998). ''Partial Differential Equations''. Providence: American Mathematical Society. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0821807729</nowiki>.</ref> <ref name="Rudin_1991">Rudin, Walter (1991). ''[https://archive.org/details/functionalanalys0000rudi Functional Analysis]''. McGraw-Hill Science. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0070542365</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana.</ref> <ref name="Conway_1994">Conway, John Bligh (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4P1e6AkeIC A Course in Functional Analysis]'', fanontana faha-2. Springer-Verlag. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0387972459</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 2016-02-11. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200909165657/https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4P1e6AkeIC Voatahiry] tamin' ny 2020-09-09; voamarika ho mbola mandeha ny rohy tany am-boalohany.</ref> <ref name="Ahlfors_1979">Ahlfors, Lars Valerian (1979). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRuus-5GGoC Complex Analysis]'', fanontana faha-3. New York: McGraw-Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0070006577</nowiki>.</ref> </references> * Stillwell, John Colin. ''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/analysis-mathematics analysis | mathematics]''. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2015-07-31. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150726223522/https://www.britannica.com/topic/analysis-mathematics Voatahiry] tamin' ny 2015-07-26; voamarika ho mbola mandeha ny rohy tany am-boalohany. == Vakiteny fanampiny == <span id="Mathematics: Its Content, Methods, and Meaning"></span> * Aleksandrov, A. D.; Kolmogorov, A. N.; Lavrent'ev, M. A. (mpandrindra ny boky) (March 1969). ''Mathematics: Its Content, Methods, and Meaning''. Boky 1–3, fanontana faha-2. Nadikan' i Gould, S. H. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press / American Mathematical Society. * Apostol, Tom M. (1974). ''Mathematical Analysis''. Fanontana faha-2. Addison–Wesley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0201002881</nowiki>. * Binmore, Kenneth George (1981). ''[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofana0000binm The foundations of analysis: a straightforward introduction]''. Cambridge University Press. Nivoaka voalohany tamin' ny 1981; mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana amin' ilay rohy. * Johnsonbaugh, Richard; Pfaffenberger, William Elmer (1981). ''Foundations of mathematical analysis''. New York: M. Dekker. * Nikol'skiĭ [Нико́льский], Sergey Mikhailovich [Серге́й Миха́йлович] (2002). ''[https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis Mathematical analysis]''. Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopaedia of Mathematics'', narindran' i Hazewinkel, Michiel. Springer-Verlag. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1402006098</nowiki>. * Fusco, Nicola; Marcellini, Paolo; Sbordone, Carlo (1996). ''Analisi Matematica Due'' (amin' ny teny italiana). Liguori Editore. <nowiki>ISBN 978-8820726751</nowiki>. * Rombaldi, Jean-Étienne (2004). ''Éléments d'analyse réelle : CAPES et agrégation interne de mathématiques'' (amin' ny teny frantsay). EDP Sciences. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2868836816</nowiki>. * Rudin, Walter (1976). ''Principles of Mathematical Analysis''. Fanontana faha-3. New York: McGraw-Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0070542358</nowiki>. * Rudin, Walter (1987). ''Real and Complex Analysis''. Fanontana faha-3. New York: McGraw-Hill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0070542341</nowiki>. * Whittaker, Edmund Taylor; Watson, George Neville (1927-01-02). ''A Course Of Modern Analysis: An Introduction to the General Theory of Infinite Processes and of Analytic Functions; with an Account of the Principal Transcendental Functions''. Fanontana faha-4. Cambridge: at the University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0521067944</nowiki>. (Pejy vi+608.) (Naverina natonta: 1935, 1940, 1946, 1950, 1952, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1992<!-- 1992? -->.) * ''[http://www.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/class/harvard/114/07/html/home/course/course.pdf Real Analysis – Course Notes]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070419024458/http://www.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/class/harvard/114/07/html/home/course/course.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 2007-04-19]. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Calculus%20and%20Analysis%20Earliest%20Uses.htm ''Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: Calculus & Analysis''] * [http://www.jirka.org/ra/ ''Basic Analysis: Introduction to Real Analysis''], nosoratan' i Jiri Lebl (fahazoan-dalana ''Creative Commons'' BY-NC-SA: tsy maintsy tononina ny mpamorona, tsy azo ampiasaina ara-barotra ny asa, ary tsy maintsy zaraina amin' ny fahazoan-dalana mitovy ny asa novaina) * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/analysis-mathematics ''Mathematical Analysis – Encyclopædia Britannica''] * [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/CalculusandAnalysis.html ''Calculus and Analysis''] [[:Sokajy:Matematika]] cl63kcm02v1d6f1gx8mnnypxuridn9b 2 302732 1153749 2026-11-11T21:28:59Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1382534933 1153749 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''lefa''', ao amin' ny [[Matematika|matematika]], avy amin' ny vondrona <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny vondrona <math>Y</math>, dia mampifandray ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny <math>X</math> amin' ny singa iray monja ao amin' ny <math>Y</math>.<ref name="halmos">[[#CITEREFHalmos1970|Halmos (1970)]], p. 30; indraindray dia ampiasaina hitovy hevitra ny teny anglisy hoe ''map'' sy ''mapping'' (fampiharana), ''transformation'' (fanovana), ''correspondence'' (fampifandraisana), ary ''operator'' (mpiasa matematika).</ref> Antsoina hoe vondrona iaingan' ny lefa ny vondrona <math>X</math>,<ref>[[#CITEREFHalmos1970|Halmos (1970)]].</ref> ary antsoina hoe vondrona ahatongavan' ny lefa ny vondrona <math>Y</math>.<ref name="codomain">[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Mapping&oldid=37940 ''Mapping'']. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press. 2001 [1994].</ref> Tamin' ny voalohany, ny lefa dia natao hanehoana amin' ny endrika ara-kevitra ny fomba iankinan' ny habetsahana miova iray amin' ny habetsahana iray hafa. Ohatra, lefan' ny fotoana ny toeran' ny [[Fajiry|fajiry]] iray. Raha ny tantaran' ilay foto-kevitra no jerena, dia niara-novolavolaina tamin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana izy io tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-17. Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia lefa azo alaina sintona, izany hoe azo faritana ny tahan' ny fiovany eo an-toerana, no nodinihina; nanana toetra toy ny fitohizana sy ny fahafahana alaina sintona tamin' ny ambaratonga avo izy ireny. Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-19 no nomena famaritana hentitra mifototra amin' ny teôrian' ny vondrona ny foto-kevitra momba ny lefa, ka nitombo be ny fomba azo nampiharana azy. Matetika ny lefa dia soratana amin' ny litera iray, toy ny <math>f</math>, <math>g</math> na <math>h</math>. Ny sandan' ny lefa <math>f</math> eo amin' ny singa <math>x</math> ao amin' ny vondrona iaingany, izany hoe ilay singa ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavany izay ampifandraisina amin' ny <math>x</math>, dia soratana hoe <math>f(x)</math>. Ohatra, soratana hoe <math>f(4)</math> ny sandan' ny <math>f</math> rehefa <math>x = 4</math>. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny lefa iray voatondro dia faritana amin' ny alalan' ny fanehoana matematika miankina amin' ny <math>x</math>, toy ny <math>f(x)=x^2+1;</math> amin' izany dia mety hilaina ny manao kajy, antsoina hoe fikajiana ny sandan' ny lefa, mba hahitana ny sandany eo amin' ny sanda iray voatondro. Ohatra, raha <math>f(x)=x^2+1,</math> dia <math>f(4)=4^2+1=17.</math> Rehefa voafaritra ny vondrona iaingany sy ny vondrona ahatongavany, dia voasolo tena amin' ny fomba tokana ny lefa iray amin' ny alalan' ny vondron' ny tsiroaroa rehetra <math>(x, f\,(x))</math>. Io no antsoina hoe vondron' ny tsiroaroa ampifandraisin' ny lefa (''graph'' amin' ny teny anglisy), izay fomba fampiasa matetika hanehoana ny lefa.<ref group="fanamarihana">Ny hoe ''graph'' amin' io famaritana io dia manondro vondrona misy zavatra tsiroaroa. Ny ''graph'' amin' ny heviny hoe kisary kosa dia tena mety indrindra amin' ny lefa avy amin' ny vondron' ny isa tena mankany amin' io vondrona io ihany. Azo faritana amin' ny vondron' ny tsiroaroa ny lefa rehetra, nefa mety tsy ho azo tanterahina amin' ny fomba mety ny fanamboarana kisary ho an' ny lefa mampifandray vondrona hafa, toy ny vondrona misy vohoka, izany hoe tabilao mahitsizoro misy singa milahatra.</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/function-mathematics ''function | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts'']. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Teny: en. Nojerena tamin' ny 2020-08-17.</ref> Raha vondrona misy isa tena ny vondrona iaingana sy ny vondrona ahatongavana, dia azo heverina ho fangitra kartezianina mamaritra ny toeran' ny teboka iray eo amin' ny lemaka ny tsiroaroa tsirairay toy izany. Ampiasaina betsaka amin' ny siansa sy ny injenieria ary amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny matematika ny lefa. Araka ny filazan' i Spivak, ny lefa no «zavatra fototra ifantohan' ny fikarohana» amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny matematika (fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy).<ref>[[#CITEREFSpivak2008|Spivak (2008)]], p. 39.</ref> Niova be nandritra ny taonjato maro ny foto-kevitra momba ny lefa, nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohany mbola tsy voafaritra hentitra tao amin' ny matematika fahiny ka hatramin' ny nanomezana azy famaritana hentitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Jereo ny tantaran' ny foto-kevitra momba ny lefa raha mila ny antsipiriany. == Famaritana == [[File:Function machine2.svg|thumb|right|Kisary mampiseho lefa ampitahaina amin' ny «milina» na «boaty mainty», izay heverina amin' ny alalan' ny sanda ampidirina sy avoakany fa tsy ny fomba fiasany anatiny: misy sanda avoaka mifanaraka amin' ny sanda tsirairay ampidirina.]] [[Image:Example Function.png|thumb|right|Ny tsipika ara-jeômetria mena dia kisary maneho lefa, satria teboka iray monja no ihaonan' ny hitsy mitsangana tsirairay aminy.]] Ny '''lefa''' <math>f</math> avy amin' ny vondrona <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny vondrona <math>Y</math> dia fampifandraisana ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny <math>X</math> amin' ny singa iray monja ao amin' ny <math>Y</math>. Ny vondrona <math>X</math> dia antsoina hoe vondrona iaingan' ny lefa, ary ny vondrona <math>Y</math> kosa hoe vondrona ahatongavan' ny lefa. Raha ampifandraisin' ny lefa <math>f</math> amin' ny singa <math>x</math> ao amin' ny <math>X</math> ny singa <math>y</math> ao amin' ny <math>Y</math>, dia lazaina fa mampifanandrify an' i <math>x</math> amin' i <math>y</math> ny <math>f</math>; soratana matetika hoe <math>y=f(x).</math> Amin' io fanoratana io, ny <math>x</math> no singa ampidirina na miovan' ny lefa. Ny singa iray voafaritra <math>x</math> ao amin' ny <math>X</math> dia sandan' ny miova; ny singa mifanaraka aminy ao amin' ny <math>Y</math> kosa dia sandan' ny lefa eo amin' ny <math>x</math>, na dindon' i <math>x</math> amin' io lefa io, izany hoe ny sanda avoakan' ny lefa ho an' io singa ampidirina io. Ny dindon' ny lefa, izay antsoina koa indraindray hoe vondron' ny sanda avoaka, dia vondron' ny dindon' ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana.<ref name="EOM Function" /><ref name="T&K Calc p.3">Taalman, Laura; Kohn, Peter (2014). ''Calculus''. New York City: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 3. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4292-4186-1</nowiki>. LCCN [https://lccn.loc.gov/2012947365 2012947365]. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856545590 856545590]. OL [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27544563M 27544563M].</ref><ref name="Trench RA pp.30-32">Trench, William F. (2013) [2003]. [https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/mono/7/ ''Introduction to Real Analysis''] (fanontana 2.04th). Pearson Education (mpamoaka voalohany; navoakan' ny mpanoratra samirery indray). pp. 30–32. <nowiki>ISBN 0-13-045786-8</nowiki>. LCCN [https://lccn.loc.gov/2002032369 2002032369]. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953799815 953799815]. Zbl [https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1204.00023 1204.00023].</ref><ref name="TBB RA pp.A4-A5">Thomson, Brian S.; Bruckner, Judith B.; Bruckner, Andrew M. (2008) [2001]. [https://www.classicalrealanalysis.info/com/documents/TBB-AllChapters-Portrait.pdf ''Elementary Real Analysis''] (PDF; fanontana faha-2). Prentice Hall (mpamoaka voalohany; ny fanontana faha-2 dia navoakan' ny mpanoratra samirery indray). pp. A-4–A-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4348-4367-8</nowiki>. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1105855173 1105855173]. OL [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL31844948M 31844948M]. Zbl [https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0872.26001 0872.26001].</ref> Matetika no ampiasaina ny fanoratana <math>f: X\to Y.</math> mba hanondroana ny lefa <math>f</math>, ny vondrona iaingany <math>X</math> ary ny vondrona ahatongavany <math>Y</math>. Azo soratana hoe <math>x\mapsto y</math> koa ny <math>y=f(x)</math>; ny famantarana <math>\mapsto</math>, izay vakina hoe «ampifanandrifina amin' ny», dia manondro ny singa ampifandraisin' ny <math>f</math> amin' ny singa iray voafaritra <math>x</math> ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana. Ahafahana mamaritra lefa tsy omena anarana izany. Ohatra, ny lefa manandratra ho toradroa dia ny lefa <math>x\mapsto x^2.</math> Tsy voatery hotononina mazava ny vondrona iaingana sy ny vondrona ahatongavana rehefa faritana ny lefa. Indrindra indrindra, raha tsy manao kajy izay mety ho sarotra, dia matetika ny hany fantatra dia hoe tafiditra ao amin' ny vondrona iray lehibe kokoa ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa iray voafaritra. Ohatra, raha lefa momba ny isa tena ny <math>f:\R\to\R</math>, dia ilaina ny mahafantatra ny sanda mampiaotra an' i <math>f</math> mba hamaritana ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa <math>x\mapsto 1/f(x)</math>. Izany no iray amin' ny antony mahatonga ny hoe «lefa avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>Y</math>» hilazana, ao amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika, lefa izay zana-bondron' ny <math>X</math> tsy mitovy amin' ny <math>X</math> manontolo ny vondrona iaingany.<ref group="fanamarihana">Ny tena vondrona iaingan' ny lefa toy izany dia antsoina matetika hoe vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra.</ref> Ohatra, ny hoe «lefa avy amin' ny isa tena mankany amin' ny isa tena» dia mety hilaza lefa manana isa tena ho sandany sy miova mandray sanda isa tena, nefa ny vondrona iaingany dia zana-bondron' ny isa tena tsy mitovy amin' ny vondrona manontolo, izay ahitana elanelana mivoha tsy foana amin' ny ankapobeny. Antsoina hoe lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany ny lefa toy izany. Ny hoe lefa <math>f</math> eo amin' ny vondrona <math>S</math> dia midika hoe lefa izay <math>S</math> no vondrona iaingany, nefa tsy voalaza ny vondrona ahatongavany. Misy mpanoratra anefa mampiasa izany ho fanafohezana ny hoe <math>f: S \to S</math>. === Famaritana manaraka fitsipika matematika voafaritra tsara === [[file:Injection keine Injektion 2a.svg|thumb|Kisary maneho lefa.]] [[file:Injection keine Injektion 1.svg|thumb|Kisary maneho fifandraisana izay tsy lefa. Antony iray ny maha-singa voalohany ny 2 amin' ny andian-tsinga roa misy filaharana mihoatra ny iray. Antony iray hafa koa ny tsy fisian' ny 3 sy ny 4 ho singa voalohany, izany hoe singa ampidirina, amin' ny andian-tsinga roa misy filaharana na iray aza.]] Ny famaritana ny lefa etsy aloha dia mitovy amin' ny an' ireo mpanorina ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana, dia i Leibniz, Newton ary Euler. Tsy azo aseho amin' ny fitsipika matematika voafaritra tsara anefa izy io, satria tsy misy famaritana matematika ny hoe «fampifandraisana singa amin' ny sanda iray». Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-19 vao azo nomena ny famaritana voalohany manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara, tamin' ny alalan' ny teôrian' ny vondrona. Io famaritana mifototra amin' ny teôrian' ny vondrona io dia miainga amin' ny fisian' ny fifandraisana aorin' ny lefa eo amin' ny singan' ny vondrona iaingana sy ny singa sasany, izay mety ho izy rehetra, ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana. Amin' ny matematika, ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny singa roa avy amin' ny vondrona roa <math>X</math> sy <math>Y</math> dia zana-bondron' ny vondrona misy ny andian-tsinga roa misy filaharana <math>(x, y)</math> rehetra izay <math>x\in X</math> sy <math>y\in Y.</math> Ny vondrona misy ireo andian-tsinga roa rehetra ireo no antsoina hoe vokatry ny fampiarahana ny singan' ny vondrona <math>X</math> sy <math>Y</math>, ary soratana hoe <math>X\times Y.</math> Azo omena endrika manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara araka izao àry ilay famaritana etsy aloha. Ny lefa izay <math>X</math> no vondrona iaingany ary <math>Y</math> no vondrona ahatongavany dia fifandraisana <math>R</math> eo amin' ny singa roa avy amin' ny <math>X</math> sy ny <math>Y</math>, izay mahafeno ireto fepetra roa manaraka ireto:<ref>Paul R. Halmos, ''Naive Set Theory'', Springer, 1974, pp. 30–33.</ref> * Ho an' ny <math>x</math> tsirairay ao amin' ny <math>X</math>, dia misy <math>y</math> ao amin' ny <math>Y</math> izay <math>(x,y)\in R.</math> * Raha <math>(x,y)\in R</math> sy <math>(x,z)\in R,</math> dia <math>y=z.</math> Azo averina soratana amin' ny endrika manaraka fitsipika hentitra kokoa io famaritana io, tsy mila manonona mivantana ny foto-kevitry ny fifandraisana, saingy mampiasa famantarana maro kokoa, anisan' izany ny fanoratana vondrona amin' ny toetra mamaritra ny singany: Vondrona telo, izay matetika alahatra ho andian-tsinga telo misy filaharana, no mandrafitra ny lefa: ny vondrona iaingana <math>X,</math> ny vondrona ahatongavana <math>Y,</math> ary ny vondron' ny andian-tsinga roa ampifandraisin' ny lefa, na ny <math>R</math>. Mahafeno ireto fepetra telo manaraka ireto izy ireo: <ul> <li><math>R \subseteq \{(x,y) \mid x\in X, y\in Y\}</math></li> <li><math>\forall x\in X, \exists y\in Y, \left(x, y\right) \in R \qquad</math></li> <li><math>(x,y)\in R \land (x,z)\in R \implies y=z\qquad</math></li> </ul> Antsoina hoe fifandraisana mamaritra lefa ny fifandraisana mahafeno ireo fepetra ireo. Azo tsoahina avy amin' io famaritana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara io ny voambolana sy ny fanoratana mahazatra kokoa. Aoka ny <math>f</math> ho lefa faritan' ny fifandraisana <math>R</math> mamaritra lefa. Ho an' ny <math>x</math> tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona iaingan' ny <math>f</math>, ny singa tokana ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana izay mifandray amin' ny <math>x</math> dia soratana hoe <math>f(x)</math>. Raha <math>y</math> io singa io, dia matetika no soratana hoe <math>y=f(x)</math> fa tsy <math>(x,y)\in R\,</math> na <math>xRy</math>, ary lazaina hoe «mampifanandrify an' i <math>x</math> amin' i <math>y</math> ny <math>f</math>», na «ny <math>y</math> no dindon' i <math>x</math> amin' ny <math>f</math>», na koa «ny fampiharana ny <math>f</math> amin' ny <math>x</math> dia manome ny <math>y</math>», sy ny toy izany. === Lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany === Mitovy amin' ny famaritana ny lefa mahazatra ny famaritana ny lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany, saingy esorina ilay fepetra mitaky sanda voafaritra ho an' ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana. Izany hoe ny lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>Y</math> dia fifandraisana <math>R</math> eo amin' ny singa roa avy amin' ny <math>X</math> sy ny <math>Y</math>, ka ho an' ny <math>x\in X,</math> tsirairay dia iray raha be indrindra ny <math>y</math> ao amin' ny <math>Y</math> izay <math>(x,y) \in R.</math> Raha ampiasaina ny fanoratana mampiseho ny lefa sy ny singa ampidirina, dia midika izany fa, raha omena ny <math>x\in X,</math> dia na ao amin' ny <math>Y</math> ny <math>f(x)</math>, na tsy voafaritra izy io. Ny vondron' ny singa ao amin' ny <math>X</math> izay voafaritra sady ao amin' ny <math>Y</math> ny <math>f(x)</math> dia antsoina hoe vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra. Araka izany, ny lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>Y</math> dia lefa mahazatra izay zana-bondron' ny <math>X</math> no vondrona iaingany; io zana-bondrona io no antsoina hoe vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra. Raha mitovy amin' ny <math>X</math> izy io, dia lazaina matetika fa lefa voafaritra amin' ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana ilay lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany. Amin' ny sehatra maromaro amin' ny matematika, ny teny hoe «lefa» dia manondro ny lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany fa tsy ny lefa mahazatra voafaritra amin' ny singa rehetra. Toy izany indrindra rehefa azo faritana amin' ny fomba mahasarotra na tsy ahafahana mamantatra akory ny vondrona iaingany ny lefa. Ao amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana, ny lefa manana isa tena ho sandany sy miova mandray sanda isa tena, na lefa momba ny isa tena, dia lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany avy amin' ny vondron' ny isa tena <math>\R</math> mankany aminy ihany. Raha omena ny lefa momba ny isa tena <math>f:x\mapsto f(x)</math>, dia lefa momba ny isa tena koa ny lefa mifamadika aminy amin' ny fampitomboana, dia ny <math>x\mapsto 1/f(x)</math>. Ny famaritana ny vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra amin' ny lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa iray amin' ny fampitomboana dia mitaky ny fikajiana ny sanda mampiaotra an' ilay lefa: ireo no sanda ahitana sanda voafaritra amin' ilay lefa, nefa tsy ahitana izany amin' ny lefa mifamadika aminy amin' ny fampitomboana. Toy izany koa, ny lefa misy miova mandray sanda isa haro dia amin' ny ankapobeny lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany, ka zana-bondron' ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] <math>\Complex</math> ny vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra aminy. Maneho ny fahasarotan' ny famantarana io vondrona io amin' ny lefa momba ny isa haro ny lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa zeta an' i Riemann amin' ny fampitomboana: ny famantarana ny vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra amin' ny lefa <math>z\mapsto 1/\zeta(z)</math> dia saika mitovy amin' ny fanaporofoana na fandisoana ny iray amin' ny olana lehibe mbola tsy voavaha amin' ny matematika, dia ny vinavinan' i Riemann. Ao amin' ny teôria momba ny fahafahana manao kajy amin' ny algôritma, ny lefa rekorsiva ankapobeny dia lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany avy amin' ny isa tsimivaky mankany amin' ny isa tsimivaky, ka azo kajina amin' ny algôritma ny sandany, raha lazaina amin' ny fomba ankapobeny. Ny algôritma dia dingana voalamina sy voafaritra tsara entina manao kajy. Ny vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra amin' ny lefa toy izany dia vondron' ny singa ampidirina izay tsy mahatonga ny algôritma hitohy tsy misy farany. Misy teôrema fototra, izany hoe filazana voaporofo, ao amin' io teôria io milaza fa tsy mety hisy algôritma mandray lefa rekorsiva ankapobeny na inona na inona ary mamantatra raha anisan' ny vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra aminy ny <math>0</math>; izany no mifandray amin' ny olana momba ny fijanonan' ny algôritma. <span class="anchor" id="MULTIVARIATE_FUNCTION"></span><span class="anchor" id="Multivariate function"></span> === Lefa misy miova maromaro === Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fifandraisana ahafahan' ny singa iray manana sanda maro ny lefa misy miova maromaro. [[File:Binary operations as black box.svg|thumb|Ny asa kajy mandray singa roa dia ohatra mahazatra amin' ny lefa misy miova roa, izay mampifandray ny andian-tsinga roa <math>(x, y)</math> tsirairay amin' ny vokatra <math>x\circ y</math>.]] Ny '''lefa misy miova maromaro''', na '''lefa manana miova maro''', na '''lefa miankina amin' ny miova maro''', dia lefa miankina amin' ny singa ampidirina maromaro. Fahita ny lefa toy izany. Ohatra, ny toeran' ny fiara eny an-dalana dia lefa miankina amin' ny faharetan' ny diany sy ny salan' ny hafainganam-pandehany. Araka ny famaritana manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara, ny lefa misy miova <math>n</math> dia lefa izay vondron' ny andian-tsinga <math>n</math> misy filaharana no vondrona iaingany.<ref group="fanamarihana">Mety ho 1 koa ny <math>n</math>, ka tafiditra ao amin' izany ireo lefa voafaritra etsy aloha. Raha <math>n = 0</math>, dia tranga manokana amin' ny lefa misy miova maromaro koa ny sanda tsy miova tsirairay.</ref> Ohatra, ny fampitomboana isa tsimivaky dia lefa misy miova roa, na '''lefa miankina amin' ny miova roa''', izay vondron' ny andian-tsinga roa misy filaharana rehetra avy amin' ny isa tsimivaky no vondrona iaingany, ary ny vondron' ny isa tsimivaky no vondrona ahatongavany. Toy izany koa ny asa kajy mandray singa roa rehetra. Ny kisary maneho voho iray voafaritry ny miova roa eo ambonin' ny vondrona iaingana misy isa tena sy refy roa dia azo heverina ho mamaritra voho ara-jeômetria faritana amin' ny marika miova, araka izay ampiasaina, ohatra, amin' ny fanombanana sanda anelanelany amin' ny miova roa. Matetika no atao ao anaty fononteny ny andian-tsinga <math>n</math> misy filaharana rehefa soratana, toy ny amin' ny <math>(1,2,\ldots, n).</math> Rehefa ampiasaina ny fanoratana mampiseho ny lefa sy ny singa ampidirina, dia esorina matetika ireo fononteny manodidina ny andian-tsinga, ka soratana hoe <math>f(x_1,\ldots,x_n)</math> fa tsy <math>f((x_1,\ldots,x_n)).</math> Raha omena ny vondrona <math>n</math> <math>X_1,\ldots, X_n,</math> dia antsoina hoe vokatry ny fampiarahana ny singan' ny vondrona <math>X_1,\ldots, X_n,</math> ny vondron' ny andian-tsinga <math>n</math> misy filaharana <math>(x_1,\ldots,x_n)</math> rehetra izay <math>x_1\in X_1, \ldots, x_n\in X_n</math>, ary soratana hoe <math>X_1\times\cdots\times X_n.</math> Araka izany, ny lefa misy miova maromaro dia lefa izay vokatry ny fampiarahana ny singan' ny vondrona, na zana-bondrona tsy mitovy amin' io vokatra manontolo io, no vondrona iaingany: <math display="block">f: U\to Y,</math> ka ny vondrona iaingana <math>U</math> dia manana ny endrika <math display="block">U\subseteq X_1\times\cdots\times X_n.</math> Raha mitovy amin' ny vondron' ny isa tena <math>\R</math> avokoa ny <math>X_i</math>, dia lazaina fa lefa misy miova isa tena maromaro izy io; raha mitovy amin' ny vondron' ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] <math>\C</math> avokoa kosa ireo <math>X_i</math>, dia lazaina fa lefa misy miova isa haro maromaro izy io. == Fanoratana amin' ny famantarana == Misy fomba mahazatra maromaro entina manondro ny lefa. Ny fanoratana mampiseho ny lefa sy ny singa ampidirina no fampiasa indrindra; io no fomba voalohany hazavaina eto ambany. === Fanoratana mampiseho ny lefa sy ny singa ampidirina === Mitaky ny hanomezana anarana ny lefa io fomba fanoratana io. Raha lefa tsy voafaritra manokana no resahina, dia matetika ny litera <math>f</math> no anarana omena azy. Rehefa ampiharina amin' ny singa iray ilay lefa, dia soratana ny anarany, arahin' ilay singa ampidirina ao anaty fononteny. Raha lefa misy miova maromaro kosa izy, dia ireo singa ampidirina aminy no atao ao anaty fononteny, toy izao: <math display="block">f(x), \quad \sin(3),\quad \text{na}\quad f(x^2+1).</math> Mety ho miova, izay matetika soratana hoe <math>x</math> ary misolo singa iray na inona na inona ao amin' ny vondrona iaingan' ilay lefa, ny singa ampidirina eo anelanelan' ny fononteny. Mety ho singa voafaritra ao amin' io vondrona io koa izy, toy ny <math>3</math> amin' ilay ohatra etsy ambony, na fanehoana matematika izay manome singa ao amin' io vondrona io rehefa kajina, toy ny <math>x^2+1</math> amin' ilay ohatra. Azo ampiasaina ny miova tsy voafaritra manokana ao anaty fononteny mba hamaritana mazava ny lefa, toy ny amin' ny hoe «aoka ho <math>f(x)=\sin(x^2+1)</math>». Raha tarehintsoratra maromaro no mandrafitra ny marika manondro ny lefa, ary tsy misy hevitra roa mety hifangaro, dia azo esorina ny fononteny. Ohatra, mahazatra ny manoratra <math>\sin x</math> fa tsy <math>\sin(x)</math>. I Leonhard Euler no nampiasa voalohany io fomba fanoratana io tamin' ny 1734.<ref>Ron Larson; Bruce H. Edwards. ''Calculus of a Single Variable''. Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 19. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-538-73552-0</nowiki>.</ref> Misy lefa fampiasa betsaka izay marika ahitana litera maromaro no entina manondro azy, matetika litera roa na telo izay fanafohezana ny anarany. Amin' izany dia soratra mahitsy no fampiasa, toy ny «<math>\sin</math>» ho an' ny lefa ''sine'', izany hoe ny lefa mampifandray zoro amin' ny tahan' ny lafiny tandrifiny sy ny lafy lava indrindra amin' ny telozoro mahitsizoro. Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, ny marika misy litera tokana dia atao soramandry. Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba fiteny tsy hentitra koa io fanoratana io mba hilazana ny lefa sady hanondroana ny singa ampidirina aminy, toy ny hoe «aoka ny <math>f(x)</math> ho lefa iray». Fampiasana famantarana miala amin' ny heviny hentitra izany, saingy manamora ny fanehoana ny hevitra. === Fanoratana mampiasa zana-tsipìka === Ny fanoratana mampiasa zana-tsipìka dia mamaritra ny fitsipiky ny lefa ao anatin' ny andalana iray, nefa tsy mitaky ny hanomezana anarana ilay lefa. Ny marika ↦, izay vakina hoe «ampifandraisina amin' ny», no ampiasaina amin' izany. Ohatra, ny <math>x\mapsto x+1</math> dia ilay lefa mandray isa tena iray ka manome io isa io ampiana 1. Eto indray dia raisina an-kolaka fa samy <math>\R</math> ny vondrona iaingana sy ny vondrona ahatongavana. Azo ambara mazava koa ny vondrona iaingana sy ny vondrona ahatongavana, toy izao: <math display="block">\begin{align} \operatorname{sqr}\colon \Z &\to \Z\\ x &\mapsto x^2.\end{align}</math> Izany dia mamaritra lefa <math>\operatorname{sqr}</math> avy amin' ny isa tsimivaky mankany amin' ny isa tsimivaky, izay manome ny isa ampidirina ampitomboina amin' ny tenany. Fampiasana mahazatra an' io fanoratana io ny fanondroana lefa rehefa efa noferana ho sanda iray ny sasany amin' ny singa ampidirina aminy. Ohatra, aoka ny <math>f: X\times X\to Y;\;(x,t) \mapsto f(x,t)</math> ho lefa misy miova roa. Raha tiana hotondroina ilay lefa <math>X\to Y</math> azo rehefa ferana ho <math>t_0</math> ny singa faharoa ampidirina, nefa tsy omena anarana vaovao ilay lefa, dia azo soratana hoe <math>x\mapsto f(x,t_0)</math> izany. Ny fanehoana <math>x\mapsto f(x,t_0)</math>, izay vakina hoe «ilay fampiharana mampifandray ny <math>x</math> amin' ny <math>f</math> amin' ny <math>x</math>, faingo, <math>t</math> aotra», dia manondro io lefa vaovao io, izay singa iray monja no ampidirina aminy. Ny fanehoana <math>f(x_0,t_0)</math> kosa dia manondro ny sandan' ny lefa <math>f</math> eo amin' ny teboka <math>(x_0,t_0)</math>. === Fanoratana mampiasa tondro === Azo soloina fanoratana mampiasa tondro ny fanoratana mampiseho ny lefa sy ny singa ampidirina. Izany hoe, raha tokony hanoratra <math>f\,(x)</math>, dia soratana hoe <math>f_x.</math> Izany no fahita indrindra amin' ny lefa izay ny vondron' ny isa voajanahary no vondrona iaingany. Antsoina hoe tandahatra ny lefa toy izany, izany hoe andiana singa voalahatra; amin' io tranga io dia antsoina hoe singa faha-<math>n</math> amin' ilay tandahatra ny <math>f_n</math>. Azo ampiasaina koa ny tondro hanavahana ireo miova antsoina hoe masontsivana amin' ireo «miova tena izy». Ny masontsivana dia miova manokana izay raisina ho tsy miova mandritra ny fandinihana olana iray. Ohatra, ilay fampiharana <math>x\mapsto f(x,t)</math> voalaza etsy ambony dia soratana hoe <math>f_t</math> amin' ny fanoratana mampiasa tondro, raha faritana amin' ny raikipohy <math>f_t(x)=f(x,t)</math>, ho an' ny <math>x,t\in X</math> rehetra, ny fitambaran' ireo fampiharana <math>f_t</math>. === Fanoratana mampiasa marika solon' ny singa ampidirina === Amin' ny fanoratana <math>x\mapsto f(x),</math> dia tsy manondro sanda manokana ny marika <math>x</math>, fa misolo toerana fotsiny. Midika izany fa raha soloina sanda iray ny <math>x</math> eo ankavian' ny zana-tsipìka, dia io sanda io ihany koa no tsy maintsy asolo azy eo ankavanana. Noho izany, ao amin' ny fanehoana eo ankavanan' ny zana-tsipìka, dia azo soloina marika misolo toerana ny <math>x</math>. Matetika izany marika izany dia teboka eo afovoan' ny haavon' ny soratra, «<math>\cdot</math>», na tsipika «–». Azo ampiasaina ho fanoratana fohy an' ilay lefa mihitsy avy eo ilay fanehoana vaovao misy marika misolo toerana. Toy ny amin' ny fanoratana mampiasa zana-tsipìka, dia ilaina izany rehefa tsy omena anarana mazava toy ny <math>f</math> na <math>\sin</math> ilay lefa. Ohatra, ny <math> a(\cdot)^2</math> na ny <math> a(-)^2</math> dia afaka manondro ny lefa <math> x\mapsto ax^2</math>. Ny <math display="inline"> \int_a^{\, (\cdot)} f(u)\,du</math> na ny <math display="inline"> \int_a^{\, (-)} f(u)\,du</math> kosa dia afaka manondro lefa voafaritra amin' ny horona, izany hoe fanangonana habetsahana, izay miova ny fetrany ambony: <math display="inline"> x\mapsto \int_a^x f(u)\,du</math>. === Fanoratana manokana === Misy fanoratana manokana hafa entina manondro ny lefa ao amin' ny sampana samihafa amin' ny matematika. Ohatra, ao amin' ny aljebra mizotra sy ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy, ny lefa mizotra manana skalera ho sandany sy ireo vektera ampiharana azy dia aseho amin' ny alalan' ny fampiarahana ny lafiny roa mifamaly, dia ny lafin' ny lefa sy ny lafin' ny vektera (''dual pair''). Izany dia mampiseho ilay fifandraisana ifamalian' ireo lafiny roa ireo (''duality''). Mitovitovy amin' ny fanoratana ''bra–ket'', izay mampiaraka ireo marika maneho ireo lafiny roa ireo ao amin' ny mekanika kantika, izany fampiasana izany. Ao amin' ny lojika matematika sy ny teôrian' ny fanaovana kajy, dia ampiasaina ny fanoratana lefa amin' ny kajy lambda, rafitra iray anehoana ny lefa sy ny fampiharana azy. Io fanoratana io no entina maneho mazava ny hevitra fototra momba ny fanorenana lefa avy amin' ny fanehoana iray amin' ny fanondroana ny miova raisina ho singa ampidirina, ary ny fampiharana lefa amin' ny singa ampidirina. Ao amin' ny teôrian' ny sokajy matematika, izay mandinika zavatra matematika sy ireo fifandraisana azo ampifanesena eo aminy, ary ao amin' ny aljebra hômôlôjika, izay mandinika rafitra aljebrika amin' ny alalan' ny tandahatra misy fampiharana sy ny fifandraisana eo aminy, dia kisary no ampiasaina hanehoana ny tambajotran' ny lefa. Asehon' ireo kisary ireo ny fitovian' ny fampiharana mifanesy rehefa lalana samihafa no arahina eo anelanelan' ny fiandohana sy fiafarana iray ihany. Ireo kisary ireo dia manitatra sy mampihatra amin' ny toe-javatra ankapobeny kokoa ilay fanoratana lefa mampiasa zana-tsipìka voalaza etsy ambony. === Lefa misy miova mihoatra ny iray === Indraindray dia mety ho siroaroa misy filaharana, izay singa nalaina tao amin' ny vondrona iray na vondrona maromaro no mandrafitra azy, ny singa ampidirina amin' ny lefa. Ohatra, azo faritana ny lefa <math>f</math> iray izay mampifandray ny siroaroan' ny isa tena <math>(x, y)</math> tsirairay amin' ny tambatry ny isa tsirairay ampitomboina amin' ny tenany, <math>x^2 + y^2</math>. Matetika ny lefa toy izany dia soratana hoe <math>f(x, y)=x^2 + y^2</math>, ary antsoina hoe «lefa misy miova roa». Toy izany koa, mety hisy lefa misy miova telo na mihoatra, ka ampiasaina ny fanoratana toy ny <math>f(w,x, y)</math> sy <math>f(w,x, y, z)</math>. == Voambolana hafa == Lohahevitra midadasika kokoa: ny fampiharana amin' ny matematika (''map''). {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 50%" ! Voambolana ! Fahasamihafana amin' ny lefa (''function'') |- | rowspan="3" | Fampiharana (''map'' na ''mapping'') | Tsy misy; mitovy hevitra ireo teny ireo.<ref>Eric W. Weisstein. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Map.html ''Map'']. Wolfram MathWorld. Teny anglisy. Nojerena tamin' ny 2019-06-12.</ref> |- | Ny fampiharana (''map'') dia afaka manana ''vondrona na inona na inona'' ho vondrona ahatongavana, fa amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, indrindra ao amin' ny boky tranainy kokoa, ny vondrona ahatongavan' ny lefa (''function'') dia ny vondron' ny isa tena na ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] manokana.<ref name="Lang87p43">Serge Lang. ''Linear Algebra''. Toko III §1. Mappings. Springer, 1987. Fanontana faha-3, p. 43. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-96412-6</nowiki>. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0DUXym7QWfYC&pg=PA43 Google Books, p. 43]. Teny nalaina: “A function is a special type of mapping, namely it is a mapping from a set into the set of numbers, i.e. into, '''R''', or '''C''' or into a field ''K''.”</ref> |- | Araka ny fampiasana hafa indray, ny fampiharana (''map'') dia mifamatotra amin' ny ''firafitra manokana'', ohatra rehefa lazaina mazava ao amin' ny famaritana azy ny vondrona ahatongavana sy ny firafitra ananany. Anisan' izany ny fampiharana mizotra, izay mitahiry ny fanampiana sy ny fampitomboana amin' ny isa.<ref name="Apostol81p35" /> |- | Fampiharana mitahiry ny asa ao amin' ny firafitra (''homomorphism'') | Lefa eo amin' ny firafitra roa mitovy karazana, izay mitahiry ny asa kajy ao amin' ilay firafitra; ohatra, ny fampiharana eo amin' ny vondrona aljebrika roa izay mitahiry ny asa ao aminy (''group homomorphism'').<ref><span id="CITEREFJamesJames1992"></span>Robert C. James; Glenn James. ''Mathematics dictionary''. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992. Fanontana faha-5, p. 202. <nowiki>ISBN 0-442-00741-8</nowiki>. OCLC 25409557.</ref> |- | Haja (''morphism'') | Fanitarana ankapobe ny hevitra hoe fampiharana mitahiry ny asa ao amin' ny firafitra, ho an' ny sokajy matematika rehetra, izany hoe rafitra misy zavatra sy haja mampifandray azy. Mihatra izany na dia tsy vondrona aza ireo zavatra ao amin' ilay sokajy. Ohatra, ny vondrona aljebrika iray dia mamaritra sokajy iray tsy manana afa-tsy zavatra tokana, ary ny singan' ilay vondrona aljebrika no haja ao aminy; hita ao amin' ny fizarana momba ny ohatra amin' ny sokajy matematika io ohatra io sy ireo ohatra hafa mitovitovy aminy.<ref>[[#CITEREFJamesJames1992|James sy James (1992)]], p. 48.</ref> |} Azo antsoina koa hoe fampiharana ny lefa, ka ny teny anglisy ampiasaina dia ''map'' na ''mapping''. Misy mpanoratra anefa manavaka ny teny hoe ''map'' sy ''function'' (lefa). Matetika, ohatra, no atokana ho an' ny lefa manana firafitra manokana ny teny hoe ''map'', toy ny fampiharana eo amin' ny habaka izay mitovy endrika amin' ny habaka eoklidiana rehefa faritra kely manodidina ny teboka tsirairay no dinihina (''maps of manifolds''). Indrindra indrindra, azo ampiasaina ny teny hoe ''map'' hisoloana ny hoe ''homomorphism'' (fampiharana mitahiry ny asa ao amin' ny firafitra), mba hahafohy ny filazana. Ohatra amin' izany ny hoe fampiharana mizotra, na ny hoe fampiharana avy amin' i ''G'' mankany amin' i ''H'', fa tsy hoe fampiharana mitahiry ny asa ao amin' ny vondrona aljebrika avy amin' i ''G'' mankany amin' i ''H''. Ny mpanoratra sasany<ref name="Apostol81p35">T. M. Apostol. ''Mathematical Analysis''. Addison-Wesley, 1981. Fanontana faha-2, p. 35. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-201-00288-1</nowiki>. OCLC 928947543.</ref> dia tsy mampiasa ny teny hoe ''mapping'' (fampiharana) raha tsy rehefa tafiditra mazava ao amin' ny famaritana ny lefa ny firafitry ny vondrona ahatongavana. Ny mpanoratra sasany, toa an' i Serge Lang,<ref name="Lang87p43" /> dia tsy mampiasa ny teny hoe ''function'' (lefa) raha tsy hilazana fampiharana izay manana vondrona ahatongavana tafiditra ao amin' ny vondron' ny isa tena na ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]]. Ny teny hoe ''mapping'' (fampiharana) kosa no ampiasainy ho an' ny lefa ankapobeny kokoa. Ao amin' ny teôrian' ny rafitra dinamika, izay mamaritra ny fiovan' ny toe-javatra iray arakaraka ny fotoana, ny fampiharana (''map'') dia lefa mamaritra ny fivoaran' ilay toe-javatra, ampiasaina hamoronana rafitra dinamika izay dinihina amin' ny dingam-potoana misaraka. Jereo koa ny fampiharan' i Poincaré. Na inona na inona famaritana ny fampiharana (''map'') ampiasaina, dia mitovy amin' ny heviny ho an' ny lefa ihany ny hevitry ny voambolana mifandraika aminy, toy ny vondrona iaingana, ny vondrona ahatongavana, ny hoe mandefa singa samy hafa ho singa samy hafa, ary ny hoe mitohy. == Fomba amaritana lefa == Araka ny famaritana ny lefa <math>f</math>, ny singa <math>x</math> tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa <math>f</math> dia ampifandraisina amin' ny singa tokana, dia ny sanda <math>f(x)</math> raisin' ny <math>f</math> eo amin' ny <math>x</math>. Misy fomba maro ilazana na anoritsoritana ny fifandraisan' ny <math>x</math> amin' ny <math>f(x)</math>, na mivantana na an-kolaka. Indraindray dia teôrema na ankina no manambara ny fisian' ny lefa manana toetra sasany, nefa tsy manoritsoritra azy amin' ny antsipiriany kokoa. Matetika no antsoina hoe famaritana ny lefa <math>f</math> izany filazana na fanoritsoritana izany. === Amin' ny fitanisana ny sandan' ny lefa === Raha vondrona voafetra isa ny singany no iaingana, dia azo faritana ny lefa amin' ny fitanisana ireo singa ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana izay ampifandraisina amin' ny singa ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana. Ohatra, raha <math>A = \{ 1, 2, 3 \}</math>, dia azo faritana ny lefa <math>f: A \to \mathbb{R}</math> amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f(1) = 2, f(2) = 3, f(3) = 4.</math> === Amin' ny raikipohy === Matetika ny lefa no faritana amin' ny fanehoana matematika izay mampiaraka asa kajy amin' ny isa sy lefa efa voafaritra teo aloha. Ny raikipohy toy izany dia ahafahana mikajy ny sandan' ny lefa avy amin' ny sandan' izay singa ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana. Ohatra, amin' ilay ohatra etsy aloha, dia azo faritana amin' ny raikipohy <math>f(n) = n+1</math> ny <math>f</math>, ho an' ny <math>n\in\{1,2,3\}</math>. Rehefa faritana amin' izany fomba izany ny lefa, dia sarotra indraindray ny mamaritra ny vondrona iaingany. Raha misy fizarana ao amin' ny raikipohy mamaritra azy, dia tsy maintsy esorina ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana ireo sandan' ny miova izay mampiaotra ny mpizara, izany hoe ny fanehoana eo ambanin' ny tsipika amin' ny ampahany. Noho izany, raha lefa be pitsiny no dinihina, dia ilaina ny mikajy ireo sanda mampiaotra ny lefa fanampiny mba hamaritana ny vondrona iaingana. Toy izany koa, raha misy faka toradroa ao amin' ny famaritana ny lefa avy amin' ny <math>\mathbb{R}</math> mankany amin' ny <math>\mathbb{R},</math> dia tafiditra ao amin' ny vondron' ireo sandan' ny miova izay mahatonga ny fanehoana ao ambanin' ny famantarana faka toradroa ho tsy miiba ny vondrona iaingana. Ohatra, ny <math>f(x)=\sqrt{1+x^2}</math> dia mamaritra lefa <math>f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}</math> manana ny <math>\mathbb{R},</math> ho vondrona iaingana, satria miabo foana ny <math>1+x^2</math> raha isa tena ny ''x''. Etsy ankilany kosa, ny <math>f(x)=\sqrt{1-x^2}</math> dia mamaritra lefa avy amin' ny isa tena mankany amin' ny isa tena, izay voafetra amin' ny elanelana [−1, 1] ny vondrona iaingany. (Tao amin' ny lahatsoratra tranainy, ny vondrona iaingana toy izany dia nantsoina hoe ''vondron' ny singa ahitana sanda voafaritra'' an' ilay lefa.) Azo sokajina araka ny toetran' ny raikipohy mamaritra azy ny lefa: * Ny lefa maromiantoana ambaratonga faharoa dia lefa azo soratana hoe <math>f(x) = ax^2+bx+c,</math> ka sanda tsy miova ny ''a'', ''b'', ''c''. * Amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, ny lefa maromiantoana dia lefa azo faritana amin' ny raikipohy tsy ahitana afa-tsy fanampiana, fanalana, fampitomboana ary fanandratana amin' ny fanondro isa tsimivaky tsy miiba. Ohatra, lefa maromiantoana miankina amin' ny <math>x</math> ny <math>f(x) = x^3-3x-1</math> sy ny <math>f(x) = (x-1)(x^3+1) +2x^2 -1</math>. * Toy izany koa ny lefa faritana amin' ny vokatry ny fizarana maromiantoana, saingy azo ampiasaina koa ny fizarana, toy ny <math>f(x) = \frac{x-1}{x+1},</math> sy ny <math>f(x) = \frac 1{x+1}+\frac 3x-\frac 2{x-1}.</math> * Toy izany koa ny lefa aljebrika, saingy azo ampiasaina koa ny faka laharana ''n'' sy ny fakan' ny maromiantoana, izany hoe ireo sanda mampiaotra azy. * Toy izany koa ny lefa fototra amin' ny heviny ara-matematika,<ref group="fanamarihana">Eto, ny hoe « fototra » dia tsy manana ny heviny mahazatra tanteraka: na dia lefa fototra amin' ity heviny ity aza ny ankamaroan' ny lefa hita amin' ny fampianarana matematika ambaratonga fototra, dia misy lefa fototra sasany izay tsy azo lazaina ho tsotra araka ny hevitra mahazatra, ohatra ireo mampiasa fakan' ny maromiantoana manana ambaratonga ambony.</ref> saingy azo ampiasaina koa ny logaritima sy ny lefa eksponansialy, izay misy ny miova eo amin' ny fanondro. === Lefa mifamadika sy lefa faritana an-kolaka === Ny lefa <math>f : X\to Y,</math> manana ny ''X'' ho vondrona iaingana sy ny ''Y'' ho vondrona ahatongavana, dia fifampiakoana raha misy singa ''x'' iray sady tokana ao amin' ny ''X'' ho an' ny ''y'' tsirairay ao amin' ny ''Y'', ka ''y'' = ''f''(''x''). Amin' izany, ny lefa mifamadika amin' ny ''f'' dia ny lefa <math>f^{-1} : Y \to X</math> izay mampifandray ny <math>y\in Y</math> amin' ilay singa <math>x\in X</math> mahafeno ny ''y'' = ''f''(''x''). Ohatra, ny logaritima voajanahary, izany hoe ny logaritima manana fototra ''e'', dia fifampiakoana avy amin' ny isa tena miabo mankany amin' ny isa tena. Noho izany dia manana lefa mifamadika aminy izy, antsoina hoe lefa eksponansialy, izay mampifandray ny isa tena amin' ny isa miabo ka mahatratra azy rehetra. Raha tsy fifampiakoana ny lefa <math>f: X\to Y</math>, dia mety ho azo fidina ny zana-bondrona <math>E\subseteq X</math> sy <math>F\subseteq Y</math> ka ny famerana ny ''f'' amin' ny ''E'', izany hoe ny fitazonana ny sandany amin' ny singa ao amin' ny ''E'' ihany, dia fifampiakoana avy amin' ny ''E'' mankany amin' ny ''F'', ary manana lefa mifamadika aminy noho izany. Toy izany no amaritana ireo lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa efan-joro. Ohatra, rehefa ferana ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa ''cosine'', izay lefa efan-joro, dia azo ny fifampiakoana avy amin' ny elanelana [0, ''π''] mankany amin' ny elanelana [−1, 1]. Ny lefa mifamadika aminy, antsoina hoe ''arccosine'', dia mampifandray ny [−1, 1] amin' ny [0, ''π''] ka mahatratra azy manontolo. Toy izany koa no amaritana ny lefa mifamadika amin' ireo lefa efan-joro hafa. Amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, aoka ny ''R'' ho fifandraisana eo amin' ny singa roa avy amin' ny vondrona roa ''X'' sy ''Y'', ary ny ''E'' ho zana-bondron' ny ''X'' izay ahitana <math>y\in Y</math> mahafeno ny ''x R y'' ho an' ny <math>x\in E,</math> tsirairay. Raha misy fepetra ahafahana mifidy ''y'' toy izany ho an' ny <math>x\in E,</math> tsirairay, dia mamaritra lefa <math>f: E\to Y,</math> izany. Antsoina hoe lefa faritana an-kolaka izy io, satria amin' ny alalan' ny fifandraisana ''R'' no amaritana azy an-kolaka. Ohatra, ny fampimirana <math>x^2+y^2=1</math> an' ny faribolana manana foibe eo amin' ny fiandohana sy halavan' ny taratra mitovy amin' ny iray dia mamaritra fifandraisana eo amin' ny isa tena. Raha −1 < ''x'' < 1, dia misy sanda roa mety ho an' ny ''y'', ka miabo ny iray ary miiba ny iray. Raha ''x'' = ± 1, dia samy lasa 0 ireo sanda roa ireo. Ankoatra izany dia tsy misy sanda mety ho an' ny ''y''. Midika izany fa mamaritra lefa roa faritana an-kolaka ilay fampimirana, ka ny [−1, 1] no vondrona iaingan' izy roa, ary ny [0, +∞) sy ny (−∞, 0] kosa no vondrona ahatongavany avy. Amin' io ohatra io, dia azo vahana ho an' ny ''y'' ilay fampimirana, ka manome <math>y=\pm \sqrt{1-x^2},</math> nefa tsy azo atao izany amin' ny ohatra be pitsiny kokoa. Ohatra, ny fifandraisana <math>y^5+y+x=0</math> dia mamaritra ny ''y'' ho lefa faritana an-kolaka miankina amin' ny ''x'', antsoina hoe faka Bring, izay manana ny <math>\mathbb R</math> ho vondrona iaingana sy ho dindo, izany hoe ho vondron' ny sanda raisiny. Tsy azo aseho amin' ny alalan' ny asa kajy fototra efatra amin' ny isa sy ny faka laharana ''n'' ny faka Bring. Ny teôrema momba ny lefa faritana an-kolaka dia manome fepetra tsy dia henjana momba ny fahafahana manana sintona, izay miantoka ny fisiana sy ny maha-tokana ny lefa faritana an-kolaka eo amin' ny manodidina ny teboka iray. === Amin' ny kajy mampiasa sintona === Maro ny lefa azo faritana ho fipoiran' ny lefa iray hafa: ny sintonan' ilay fipoirana dia ilay lefa iray hafa. Toy izany ny logaritima voajanahary: fipoiran' ny 1/''x'' izy io, ary mandray ny sanda 0 rehefa ''x'' = 1. Ohatra iray hafa fahita koa ny lefan' ny hadisoana (''error function''). Amin' ny ankapobeny kokoa, maro ny lefa, anisan' izany ny ankamaroan' ireo lefa manokana, no azo faritana ho vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana, izany hoe fampimirana mampifandray lefa sy ny sintonany. Ny lefa eksponansialy angamba no ohatra tsotra indrindra: azo faritana ho ilay lefa tokana mitovy amin' ny sintonany sady mandray ny sanda 1 rehefa ''x'' = 0 izy. Azo ampiasaina ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova mba hamaritana lefa ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana izay anatonan' izany fitambarana izany fetra. Ohatra, omena amin' ny <math display="inline">e^x = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} {x^n \over n!}</math> ny lefa eksponansialy. Kanefa, satria azo fidina malalaka ihany ny fatra ampitomboana ny singa ao amin' ny andian-tsinga toy izany, dia matetika no faritana amin' ny fomba hafa ny lefa izay fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga manatona fetra. Amin' izany, ny tandahatra, na andiana singa voalahatra, misy ireo fatra ireo dia vokatry ny kajy mifototra amin' ny famaritana hafa. Avy eo dia azo ampiasaina hanitarana ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa ilay fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova. Amin' ny tranga mahazatra, raha mitovy amin' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga Taylor-ny ny lefa miankina amin' ny miova isa tena ao amin' ny elanelana iray, dia ahafahana manitatra avy hatrany ny vondrona iaingana ho zana-bondron' ny [[Isa haro|isa haro]] io fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova io. Io zana-bondrona io no faritra kapila anatonan' ilay fitambarana fetra. Avy eo, ny fanitarana analitika, izany hoe ny fanitarana lefa sady mitahiry ny fanehoana azy eo an-toerana amin' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga ahitana herin' ny miova, dia ahafahana manitatra bebe kokoa ny vondrona iaingana ka mampiditra saika ny lemaka maneho isa haro manontolo. Io dingana io no fomba ampiasaina amin' ny ankapobeny mba hamaritana ny logaritima, ny lefa eksponansialy ary ny lefa efan-joro ho an' ny isa haro. === Amin' ny famaritana avy amin' ny sanda teo aloha === Lohahevitra lehibe: fifandraisana mamaritra singa amin' ny alalan' ny singa teo aloha. Jereo koa: famaritana miantso ny tenany amin' ny matematika. Ny lefa manana ny isa tsimivaky tsy miiba ho vondrona iaingana, antsoina hoe tandahatra, dia faritana indraindray amin' ny fifandraisana mamaritra singa amin' ny alalan' ny singa teo aloha. Ohatra fototra ny lefa fananona amin' ny isa tsimivaky tsy miiba (<math>n\mapsto n!</math>), izay manome ny vokatry ny fampitomboana ny isa tsimivaky manomboka amin' ny 1 ka hatramin' ny ''n'' rehefa miabo ny ''n''. Azo faritana amin' ny fifandraisana amin' ny sanda teo aloha izy io: <math display="block">n!=n(n-1)!\quad\text{raha}\quad n>0,</math> miaraka amin' ny fepetra am-piandohana <math display="block">0!=1.</math> == Fanehoana lefa == Ampiasaina matetika ny kisary mba hahafahana mahita an-tsaina ny toetran' ny lefa iray. Ohatra, manampy amin' ny fahatakarana lefa ny kisariny satria mora ahitana raha mitombo na mihena ilay lefa. Azo aseho amin' ny kisary misy andry koa ny lefa sasany. <span id="Graph and plots"></span> <span id="Graphs and plots"></span> === Vondron-tsiroaroa sy kisary === [[File:Motor vehicle deaths in the US.svg|thumb|alt=Kisary misy tsipika maneho ny isan' ny olona matin' ny lozam-pifamoivoizana amin' ny fiara misy motera isan-taona any Etazonia.|Ny lefa mampifandray ny taona tsirairay amin' ny isan' ny olona matin' ny lozam-pifamoivoizana amin' ny fiara misy motera tamin' io taona io any Etazonia, aseho amin' ny kisary misy tsipika.]] [[File:Motor vehicle deaths in the US histogram.svg|thumb|alt=Kisary misy andry maneho io isan' ny maty isan-taona any Etazonia io ihany.|Io lefa io ihany, aseho amin' ny kisary misy andry.]] Raha omena ny lefa <math>f : X\to Y,</math> dia ny vondron' ny siroaroa misy filaharana ampifandraisin' ilay lefa (''graph''), araka ny famaritana hentitra, no vondrona <math display="block">G=\{(x,f(x))\mid x\in X\}.</math> Matetika ny <math>X</math> sy ny <math>Y</math> no zana-bondron' ny isa tena, na azo ampitovina amin' ny zana-bondrona toy izany, ohatra ny elanelana. Amin' izany, ny singa <math>(x,y)\in G</math> dia azo ampitovina amin' ny teboka manana fangitra <math>x, y</math> ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra manana refy roa, toy ny lemaka kartezianina. Azo anaovana kisary maneho ny lefa, na ny ampahany aminy, ny ampahany amin' io vondron-teboka io. Noho ny fampiasana kisary toy izany matetika dia antsoina koa hoe ''graph''-n' ny lefa izy ireny. Azo aseho amin' ny kisary ao amin' ny rafitra fangitra hafa koa ny lefa. Ohatra, ny vondron-tsiroaroan' ny lefa mampiakatra ho toradroa <math display="block">x\mapsto x^2,</math> izay ahitana ny teboka rehetra manana fangitra <math>(x, x^2)</math> ho an' ny <math>x\in \R,</math> dia manome ny tsipika ara-jeômetria fantatra amin' ny hoe parabôla rehefa aseho amin' ny fangitra kartezianina. Raha io lefa faritana amin' ny maromiantoana ambaratonga faharoa <math>x\mapsto x^2,</math> io ihany, miaraka amin' ilay vondron-tsiroaroa ara-pamaritana ihany, izay ahitana siroaroan' isa, no aseho amin' ny fangitra pôlera <math>(r,\theta) =(x,x^2),</math> dia ny tsipika miolikolika mihodidina antsoina hoe ''Fermat's spiral'' no kisary azo. === Tabilao === Azo aseho amin' ny tabilao misy sanda ny lefa iray. Raha voafetra isa ny singa ao amin' ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa, dia azo faritana manontolo amin' izany fomba izany ilay lefa. Ohatra, ny lefa fampitomboana <math>f:\{1,\ldots,5\}^2 \to \mathbb{R}</math> faritana amin' ny hoe <math>f(x,y)=xy</math> dia azo aseho amin' ity tabilao fampitomboana mahazatra ity: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Tabilao fampitomboana: ny <math>x</math> no mamaritra ny andalana, ary ny <math>y</math> no mamaritra ny tsanganana. ! scope="col" | <math>x</math> (andalana) / <math>y</math> (tsanganana) ! scope="col" | 1 ! scope="col" | 2 ! scope="col" | 3 ! scope="col" | 4 ! scope="col" | 5 |- ! scope="row" | 1 | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 2 | 2 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 3 | 3 || 6 || 9 || 12 || 15 |- ! scope="row" | 4 | 4 || 8 || 12 || 16 || 20 |- ! scope="row" | 5 | 5 || 10 || 15 || 20 || 25 |} Raha mitohy kosa ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa, dia afaka manome ny sandan' ilay lefa amin' ny sanda voafaritra ao amin' io vondrona io ny tabilao. Raha ilaina ny sanda eo anelanelany, dia azo tombanana avy amin' ny sanda efa fantatra ny sandan' ny lefa eo anelanelany.<ref group="fanamarihana">Raha mitohy ilay lefa; jereo ny [[#Real function|fizarana momba ny lefa momba ny isa tena etsy ambany]].</ref> Ohatra, azo omena toy izao ny ampahany amin' ny tabilaon' ny lefa ''sine'', izay manome ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro iray amin' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro mahitsy ao amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy. Boriboriana ho tarehimarika 6 aorian' ny teboka manasaraka ny ampahany manontolo sy ny ampahany vakiny ny sanda: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" | <math>x</math> ! scope="col" | <math>\sin x</math> |- | 1.289 || 0.960557 |- | 1.290 || 0.960835 |- | 1.291 || 0.961112 |- | 1.292 || 0.961387 |- | 1.293 || 0.961662 |} Talohan' ny nisian' ny milina fanaovana kajy azo entin-tanana sy ny solosaina manokana, dia matetika no nangonina sy navoaka ny tabilao toy izany ho an' ny lefa toy ny logaritima sy ny lefa momba ny zoro.<ref group="fanamarihana">Misy fitambarana tabilao tranainy, ohatra, ao amin' ny sokajy momba ny tabilao logaritima ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons.</ref> === Kisary misy andry === Ny kisary misy andry dia afaka maneho lefa izay vondrona misy singa voafetra isa, na ny isa voajanahary, na ny isa tsimivaky no vondrona iaingany. Amin' izany, ny singa <math>x</math> ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana dia aseho amin' ny elanelana iray amin' ny hitsin' ny fangitra <math>x</math>. Ny sandan' ny lefa mifanandrify aminy, <math>f(x)</math>, kosa dia aseho amin' ny mahitsizoro izay manana ilay elanelana mifanandrify amin' ny <math>x</math> ho fotony, ary <math>f(x)</math> ny haavony. Mety ho miiba io sanda io, ka amin' izany dia midina ambanin' ny hitsin' ny fangitra <math>x</math> ilay andry. == Toetra ankapobeny == Ity fizarana ity dia mamaritra ny toetra ankapoben' ny lefa, izay tsy miankina amin' ny toetra manokan' ny vondrona iaingana sy ny vondrona ahatongavana. === Lefa mahazatra === Misy lefa mahazatra maromaro izay hita matetika: * Ho an' ny vondrona <math>X</math> tsirairay, dia misy lefa tokana avy amin' ny vondrona tsy misy singa mankany amin' ny <math>X</math>, antsoina hoe <span id="empty function"></span>'''lefa manana vondrona iaingana tsy misy singa''', na '''fampiharana manana vondrona iaingana tsy misy singa'''. Ny vondron' ny tsiroaroa ampifandraisin' io lefa io dia ny vondrona tsy misy singa.<ref group="fanamarihana">Araka ny famaritana, ny vondron' ny tsiroaroa ampifandraisin' ny lefa manana vondrona iaingana tsy misy singa mankany amin' ny <math>X</math> dia zana-bondron' ny vokatry ny fampiarahana kartezianina <math>\varnothing \times X</math>, ary tsy misy singa io vokatra io.</ref> Ilaina ny fisian' ireo lefa ireo mba hirindran' ny teôria sy hisorohana ny fanavahana tranga manokana momba ny vondrona tsy misy singa ao amin' ny fanambarana maro. Araka ny famaritana mahazatra ao amin' ny teôrian' ny vondrona, izay mamaritra ny lefa ho andian-tsinga telo misy filaharana, na araka ny famaritana mitovy hevitra amin' izany, dia misy lefa manana vondrona iaingana tsy misy singa tokana ho an' ny vondrona tsirairay. Noho izany, ny lefa <math>\varnothing \to X</math> dia tsy mitovy amin' ny <math>\varnothing \to Y</math> raha ary raha ihany <math>X\ne Y</math>, na dia samy vondrona tsy misy singa aza ny vondron' ny tsiroaroa ampifandraisin' izy ireo. * Ho an' ny vondrona <math>X</math> tsirairay sy ny vondrona misy singa iray monja <math>\{s\}</math> tsirairay, dia misy lefa tokana avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>\{s\}</math>, izay mandefa ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny <math>X</math> ho <math>s</math>. Mandrakotra ny vondrona ahatongavana io lefa io, amin' ny hevitra hazavaina etsy ambany, raha tsy hoe vondrona tsy misy singa ny <math>X</math>. * Raha omena ny lefa <math>f: X\to Y,</math> dia ny ''fampiharana voajanahary mandrakotra ny dindon' ny <math>f</math>'' <math>f(X)=\{f(x)\mid x\in X\}</math>, izany hoe ny vondron' ny sanda tena azony, no lefa avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>f(X)</math> izay mandefa ny <math>x</math> ho <math>f(x)</math>. * Ho an' ny zana-bondrona <math>A</math> tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona <math>X</math>, ny ''fampidirana ny <math>A</math> ao amin' ny <math>X</math>'' dia ilay lefa mandefa ny singa tsirairay ao amin' ny <math>A</math> ho io singa io ihany. Tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa izy io, amin' ny hevitra hazavaina etsy ambany. * Ny ''lefa mampifandray ny singa tsirairay amin' ny tenany'' ao amin' ny vondrona <math>X</math>, izay soratana matetika hoe <math>\mathrm{id}_X</math>, dia ny fampidirana ny <math>X</math> ao amin' ny tenany ihany. <span id="Function composition"></span> === Fampiharana lefa mifanesy === Raha omena ny lefa roa <math>f: X\to Y</math> sy <math>g: Y\to Z</math>, ka ny vondrona iaingan' ny <math>g</math> no vondrona ahatongavan' ny <math>f</math>, dia ny ''fampiharana azy ireo mifanesy'' no lefa <math>g \circ f: X \rightarrow Z</math> faritana amin' ny hoe <math display="block">(g \circ f)(x) = g(f(x)).</math> Izany hoe, mba hahazoana ny sandan' ny <math>g \circ f</math>, dia ampiharina amin' ny <math>x</math> aloha ny <math>f</math> ka azo ny <math>y=f(x)</math>, ary ampiharina amin' ilay vokatra <math>y</math> avy eo ny <math>g</math> ka azo ny <math>g(y)=g(f(x))</math>. Amin' io fanoratana io, dia eo ankavanana hatrany no anoratana ilay lefa ampiharina voalohany. Ny fampiharana mifanesy <math>g\circ f</math> dia asa kajy amin' ny lefa, izay tsy voafaritra raha tsy ny vondrona ahatongavan' ny lefa voalohany no vondrona iaingan' ny faharoa. Na dia samy mahafeno ireo fepetra ireo aza ny <math>g \circ f</math> sy ny <math>f \circ g</math>, dia tsy voatery hitovy ny vokatra rehefa afamadika ny filaharana. Izany hoe, tsy voatery hitovy ny lefa <math>g \circ f</math> sy <math> f \circ g</math>, ary mety hanome sanda samy hafa ho an' ny sanda ampidirina iray ihany izy ireo. Ohatra, raha <math>f(x)=x^2</math> sy <math>g(x)=x+1</math>, dia <math>g(f(x))=x^2+1</math> sy <math> f(g(x)) = (x+1)^2</math> no azo, ary tsy mitovy ireo raha tsy <math>x=0.</math> Tsy manova ny vokatry ny fampiharana lefa mifanesy ny fanovana ny fomba anavondronana azy ireo: raha voafaritra ny iray amin' ny <math>(h\circ g)\circ f</math> sy <math>h\circ (g\circ f)</math>, dia voafaritra koa ny iray hafa, ary mitovy izy roa, izany hoe <math>(h\circ g)\circ f = h\circ (g\circ f).</math> Noho izany, dia soratana tsotra matetika hoe <math>h\circ g\circ f.</math> Ny lefa mampifandray ny singa tsirairay amin' ny tenany <math>\operatorname{id}_X</math> sy <math>\operatorname{id}_Y</math> dia singa tsy manova eo ankavanana sy eo ankavia, avy, ho an' ny lefa avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>Y</math>. Izany hoe, raha lefa manana vondrona iaingana <math>X</math> sy vondrona ahatongavana <math>Y</math> ny <math>f</math>, dia <math>f\circ \operatorname{id}_X = \operatorname{id}_Y \circ f = f.</math> <gallery widths="250" heights="300"> File:Function machine5.svg|Azo aseho ho fampiarahana « milina » roa ny lefa azo amin' ny fampiharana mifanesy ''g''(''f''(''x'')). File:Example for a composition of two functions.svg|Ohatra tsotra amin' ny fampiharana lefa mifanesy. File:Compfun.svg|Fampiharana mifanesy hafa. Amin' ity ohatra ity, <span class="texhtml">(''g'' ∘ ''f'' )(c) = #</span>. </gallery> === Dindo sy vondrona iavian' ny dindo === Aoka hatao hoe <math>f: X\to Y.</math> Ny ''dindon' ny'' singa <math>x</math> ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana <math>X</math>, amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f</math>, dia <math>f(x)</math>.<ref name="EOM Function" /> Raha zana-bondrona iray ao amin' ny <math>X</math> ny <math>A</math>, dia ny ''dindon' ny <math>A</math>'' amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f</math>, izay soratana hoe <math>f(A)</math>, no zana-bondron' ny vondrona ahatongavana <math>Y</math> ahitana ny dindon' ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny <math>A</math>,<ref name="EOM Function" /> izany hoe <math display="block">f(A)=\{f(x)\mid x\in A\}.</math> Ny ''dindon' ny <math>f</math>'' dia ny dindon' ny vondrona iaingana manontolo, izany hoe <math>f(X)</math>.<ref name="PCM p.11" /> Antsoina koa hoe vondron' ny sanda azon' ny <math>f</math>, na ''range'' amin' ny teny anglisy, izy io,<ref name="EOM Function" /><ref name="T&K Calc p.3" /><ref name="Trench RA pp.30-32" /><ref name="TBB RA pp.A4-A5" /> na dia mety hilaza ny vondrona ahatongavana koa aza ny teny hoe ''range''.<ref name="TBB RA pp.A4-A5" /><ref name="PCM p.11" /><ref name="standard">''Quantities and Units - Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology'', p. 15. ISO 80000-2 (ISO/IEC 2009-12-01)</ref> Etsy ankilany, ny ''vondrona iavian' ny dindo'' <math>y</math>, izay antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''inverse image'' na ''preimage'', amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f</math>, ho an' ny singa <math>y</math> ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana <math>Y</math>, dia ny vondron' ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana <math>X</math> izay manana dindo mitovy amin' ny <math>y</math> amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f</math>.<ref name="EOM Function" /> Soratana hoe <math>f^{-1}(y)</math> izy io, ary faritana amin' ny fampimirana <math display="block">f^{-1}(y) = \{x \in X \mid f(x) = y\}.</math> Toy izany koa, ny vondrona iavian' ny dindon' ny zana-bondrona <math>B</math> ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana <math>Y</math> dia ny vondrona ahitana ny singa iavian' ny dindon' ny singa ao amin' ny <math>B</math>. Izany hoe, izy io no zana-bondron' ny vondrona iaingana <math>X</math> ahitana ny singa rehetra ao amin' ny <math>X</math> izay manana dindo ao amin' ny <math>B</math>.<ref name="EOM Function" /> Soratana hoe <math>f^{-1}(B)</math> izy io, ary faritana amin' ny fampimirana <math display="block">f^{-1}(B) = \{x \in X \mid f(x) \in B\}.</math> Ohatra, ny vondrona iavian' ny dindon' ny <math>\{4, 9\}</math> amin' ny alalan' ny lefa mampiakatra ho toradroa dia ny vondrona <math>\{-3,-2,2,3\}</math>. Araka ny famaritana ny lefa, ny dindon' ny singa <math>x</math> ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana dia singa iray monja ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana hatrany. Ny vondrona iavian' ny dindo <math>f^{-1}(y)</math> ho an' ny singa <math>y</math> ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana kosa dia mety tsy hisy singa na hanana singa na firy na firy. Ohatra, raha ny <math>f</math> no lefa avy amin' ny isa tsimivaky mankany amin' ny isa tsimivaky, izay mandefa ny isa tsimivaky rehetra ho 0, dia <math>f^{-1}(0) = \mathbb{Z}</math>. Raha lefa ny <math>f : X\to Y</math>, zana-bondron' ny <math>X</math> ny <math>A</math> sy <math>B</math>, ary zana-bondron' ny <math>Y</math> ny <math>C</math> sy <math>D</math>, dia manana ireto toetra ireto izy ireo: <ul> <li><math>A\subseteq B \Longrightarrow f(A)\subseteq f(B)</math></li> <li><math>C\subseteq D \Longrightarrow f^{-1}(C)\subseteq f^{-1}(D)</math></li> <li><math>A \subseteq f^{-1}(f(A))</math></li> <li><math>C \supseteq f(f^{-1}(C))</math></li> <li><math>f(f^{-1}(f(A)))=f(A)</math></li> <li><math>f^{-1}(f(f^{-1}(C)))=f^{-1}(C)</math></li> </ul> Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny vondrona iavian' ny dindo <math>y</math> ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana, amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f</math>, dia antsoina koa hoe vondron' ny singa manana sanda <math>y</math> iray ihany, na ''fiber'' amin' ny teny anglisy. Raha manana lefa mifamadika aminy ny lefa <math>f</math>, araka ny hazavaina etsy ambany, dia soratana hoe <math>f^{-1}.</math> io lefa mifamadika io. Amin' izany, ny <math>f^{-1}(C)</math> dia mety hilaza na ny dindon' ny <math>C</math> amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f^{-1}</math> na ny vondrona iavian' ny dindon' ny <math>C</math> amin' ny alalan' ny <math>f</math>. Tsy miteraka olana izany satria mitovy ireo vondrona ireo. Mety hampisalasala ny fanoratana <math>f(A)</math> sy <math>f^{-1}(C)</math> raha misy zana-bondrona raisina ho singa ao anatin' ny vondrona dinihina, toy ny <math>\{x, \{x\}\}.</math> Amin' izany, dia mety hilaina ny fitandremana, ohatra ny fampiasana fononteny mahitsy <math>f[A], f^{-1}[C]</math> ho an' ny dindo sy ny vondrona iavian' ny dindon' ny zana-bondrona, ary ny fononteny mahazatra ho an' ny dindo sy ny vondrona iavian' ny dindon' ny singa. === Lefa tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa, lefa mandrakotra ary fifampiakoana === Aoka ny <math>f : X\to Y</math> ho lefa iray. Ny lefa <math>f</math> dia ''tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa'', antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''injective'', ''one-to-one'', na ''injection'', raha <math>f(a)\ne f(b)</math> ho an' ny singa roa samy hafa <math>a</math> sy <math>b</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>X</math>.<ref name="PCM p.11">Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (tonian-dahatsoratra) (2008). ''The Princeton Companion to Mathematics''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 11. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400830398 10.1515/9781400830398]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2</nowiki>. JSTOR: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sd01 j.ctt7sd01]. LCCN: [https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020450 2008020450]. MR: [https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2467561 2467561]. OCLC: [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227205932 227205932]. OL: [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19327100M 19327100M]. Zbl: [https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1242.00016 1242.00016].</ref><ref name="EOM Injection">Ivanova, O. A. (2001) [1994]. [https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Injection&oldid=30986 ''Injection'']. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press.</ref> Mitovy hevitra amin' izany ny filazana fa tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa ny <math>f</math> raha ary raha ihany, ho an' ny <math>y\in Y,</math> rehetra, dia tsy mihoatra ny iray ny singa ao amin' ny vondrona iavian' ny dindo <math>f^{-1}(y)</math>. Tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa hatrany ny lefa manana vondrona iaingana tsy misy singa. Raha tsy vondrona tsy misy singa ny <math>X</math>, dia tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa ny <math>f</math> raha ary raha ihany misy lefa <math>g: Y\to X</math> izay mahafeno ny <math>g\circ f=\operatorname{id}_X,</math> izany hoe raha manana ''lefa mifamadika avy eo ankavia'' ny <math>f</math>.<ref name="EOM Injection" /> ''Fanaporofoana'': raha tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa ny <math>f</math>, dia fidina ny singa <math>x_0</math> iray ao amin' ny <math>X</math> mba hamaritana ny <math>g</math>; misy io singa io satria heverina fa tsy vondrona tsy misy singa ny <math>X</math>.<ref group="fanamarihana">Tsy ilaina eto ny ankina momba ny fisafidianana, satria ao amin' ny vondrona iray monja no anaovana ny fisafidianana.</ref> Faritana avy eo ny <math>g</math> amin' ny hoe <math>g(y)=x</math> raha <math>y=f(x)</math>, ary <math>g(y)=x_0</math> raha <math>y\not\in f(X).</math> Mifamadika amin' izany, raha <math>g\circ f=\operatorname{id}_X,</math> sy <math>y=f(x),</math> dia <math>x=g(y),</math> ka noho izany <math>f^{-1}(y)=\{x\}.</math> Ny lefa <math>f</math> dia ''mandrakotra ny vondrona ahatongavana'', antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''surjective'', ''onto'', na ''surjection'', raha mitovy amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana <math>Y</math> ny vondron' ny sanda azony <math>f(X)</math>. Izany hoe, ho an' ny singa <math>y</math> tsirairay ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavana, dia misy singa <math>x</math> iray ao amin' ny vondrona iaingana ka <math>f(x) = y</math>; amin' ny teny hafa, misy singa ny vondrona iavian' ny dindo <math>f^{-1}(y)</math> ho an' ny <math>y\in Y</math> tsirairay.<ref name="PCM p.11" /><ref name="EOM Surjection">Ivanova, O.A. (2001) [1994]. [https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Surjection&oldid=35689 ''Surjection'']. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press.</ref> Raha ekena ny ankina momba ny fisafidianana, araka ny mahazatra amin' ny matematika maoderina, dia mandrakotra ny vondrona ahatongavana ny <math>f</math> raha ary raha ihany misy lefa <math>g: Y\to X</math> ka <math>f\circ g=\operatorname{id}_Y,</math> izany hoe raha manana ''lefa mifamadika avy eo ankavanana'' ny <math>f</math>.<ref name="EOM Surjection" /> Ilaina ny ankina momba ny fisafidianana satria, raha mandrakotra ny vondrona ahatongavana ny <math>f</math>, dia faritana ny <math>g</math> amin' ny hoe <math>g(y)=x,</math> ka singa iray ''fidina an-tsitrapo'' ao amin' ny <math>f^{-1}(y)</math> ny <math>x</math>. Ny lefa <math>f</math> dia ''fifampiakoana'', antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''bijective'', ''bijection'', na ''one-to-one correspondence'', raha sady tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa no mandrakotra ny vondrona ahatongavana.<ref name="PCM p.11" /><ref name="EOM Bijection">Ivanova, O. A. (2001) [1994]. [https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Bijection&oldid=30987 ''Bijection'']. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press.</ref> Izany hoe, fifampiakoana ny <math>f</math> raha misy singa iray monja ao amin' ny vondrona iavian' ny dindo <math>f^{-1}(y)</math> ho an' ny <math>y\in Y,</math> rehetra. Fifampiakoana ny lefa <math>f</math> raha ary raha ihany manana lefa mifamadika aminy izy, izany hoe lefa <math>g : Y\to X</math> izay mahafeno ny <math>g\circ f=\operatorname{id}_X</math> sy <math>f\circ g=\operatorname{id}_Y.</math><ref name="EOM Bijection" /> Tsy toy ny amin' ny lefa mandrakotra, dia tsy mitaky ny ankina momba ny fisafidianana izany, ary mivantana ny fanaporofoana. Azo zarazaraina ho fampiharana mifanesy <math>i\circ s</math> ny lefa <math>f: X\to Y</math> rehetra: lefa mandrakotra aloha no ampiharina, arahin' ny lefa tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa. Amin' izany, ny <math>s</math> no fampiharana voajanahary mandrakotra avy amin' ny <math>X</math> mankany amin' ny <math>f(X)</math>, ary ny <math>i</math> no fampidirana voajanahary ny <math>f(X)</math> ao amin' ny <math>Y</math>. Izany no ''fizarazarana voajanahary ny <math>f</math> ho fampiharana mifanesy''. Fahita kokoa tao amin' ny lahatsoratra anglisy tranainy ny teny hoe ''one-to-one'' sy ''onto''. Ny teny hoe ''injective'', ''surjective'' ary ''bijective'' kosa dia noforonin' ny vondrona Bourbaki ho teny frantsay tany amin' ny ampahefatra faharoan' ny taonjato faha-20, ary avy eo nampidirina tao amin' ny teny anglisy.<ref>Kevin Hartnett (9 November 2020). [https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-secret-math-society-known-as-nicolas-bourbaki-20201109/ ''Inside the Secret Math Society Known Simply as Nicolas Bourbaki'']. ''Quanta Magazine''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2024-06-05.</ref> Samy hafa ny hevitry ny hoe ''a one-to-one function'', izay lefa tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa, sy ny hoe ''one-to-one correspondence'', izay fifampiakoana. Toy izany koa, ny filazana amin' ny teny anglisy hoe « <math>f</math> maps <math>X</math> ''onto'' <math>Y</math> », izany hoe mandefa ny <math>X</math> ka mandrakotra ny <math>Y</math> ny <math>f</math>, dia tsy mitovy amin' ny hoe « <math>f</math> maps <math>X</math> ''into'' <math>B</math> », izany hoe mandefa ny <math>X</math> ho ao amin' ny <math>B</math> ny <math>f</math>. Ny voalohany dia milaza fa mandrakotra ny vondrona ahatongavana ny <math>f</math>, fa ny faharoa kosa tsy milaza toetra toy izany momba ny <math>f</math>. Amin' ny fanjohian-kevitra sarotra, dia mety tsy ho voamarika ny fahasamihafan' ny litera iray eo amin' ireo teny anglisy ireo. Noho ny fifangaroan-kevitra aterak' ireo voambolana tranainy ireo, dia nihena ny fampiasana azy raha oharina amin' ireo voambolan' i Bourbaki, izay mirindra kokoa koa ny fiforonan' ny endriny. <span class="anchor" id="Restrictions and extensions"></span> === Famerana sy fanitarana === Raha lefa ny <math>f : X \to Y</math> ary zana-bondron' ny <math>X</math> ny <math>S</math>, dia ny ''famerana'' ny <math>f</math> amin' ny <math>S</math>, izay soratana hoe <math>f|_S</math>, no lefa avy amin' ny <math>S</math> mankany amin' ny <math>Y</math> faritana amin' ny hoe <math display="block">f|_S(x) = f(x)</math> ho an' ny <math>x</math> rehetra ao amin' ny <math>S</math>. Azo ampiasaina hamaritana lefa mifamadika voafaritra amin' ny ampahany ny famerana. Raha misy zana-bondrona <math>S</math> ao amin' ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa <math>f</math> ka tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa ny <math>f|_S</math>, dia fifampiakoana ny fampiharana voajanahary mandrakotra avy amin' ny <math>f|_S</math> mankany amin' ny dindony <math>f|_S(S) = f(S)</math>. Noho izany, dia manana lefa mifamadika aminy avy amin' ny <math>f(S)</math> mankany amin' ny <math>S</math> izy. Ampiasaina, ohatra, izany hamaritana ireo lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa momba ny zoro, na lefa trigonometrika. Ny lefa ''cosine'', ohatra, dia tsy mampitovy sanda ny singa samy hafa rehefa ferana amin' ny elanelana mihidy <math>[0, \pi]</math>. Ny dindon' io famerana io dia ny elanelana <math>[-1, 1]</math>. Noho izany, dia manana lefa mifamadika aminy avy amin' ny <math>[-1, 1]</math> mankany amin' ny <math>[0, \pi]</math> ilay famerana, antsoina hoe ''arccosine'' ary soratana hoe <math>\operatorname{arccos}</math>. Azo ampiasaina koa ny famerana mba hampiraisana lefa izay mifanaraka eo amin' ny ampahany iombonan' ny vondrona iaingany. Aoka ny <math display="inline"> X=\bigcup_{i\in I}U_i</math> ho fanoratana ny <math>X</math> ho fampiraisana zana-bondrona, ary aoka hatao fa misy lefa <math>f_i : U_i \to Y</math> voafaritra ao amin' ny <math>U_i</math> tsirairay, ka ho an' ny tondro roa <math>i, j</math> tsirairay, dia mitovy ny famerana ny <math>f_i</math> sy ny <math>f_j</math> amin' ny fihaonana <math>U_i \cap U_j</math>. Izany dia mamaritra lefa tokana <math>f : X \to Y</math> izay mahafeno ny <math>f|_{U_i} = f_i</math> ho an' ny <math>i</math> rehetra. Io no fomba amaritana ny lefa ao amin' ny habaka mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana. Ny ''fanitarana'' ny lefa <math>f</math> dia lefa <math>g</math> izay manana ny <math>f</math> ho famerana azy. Ohatra mahazatra amin' ny fampiasana io hevitra io ny ''fanitarana analitika'': amin' izany, dia itarina ny lefa izay manana ampahany kely amin' ny lemaka maneho isa haro ho vondrona iaingana, ka lasa lefa izay manana saika io lemaka manontolo io ho vondrona iaingana. Ohatra mahazatra hafa amin' ny fanitarana lefa ny tranga hita amin' ny fandinihana ny fampiharana hômagrafika amin' ny hitsy maneho ny isa tena. Ny ''fampiharana hômagrafika'' dia lefa <math>h(x)=\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}</math> izay mahafeno ny <math>ad - bc \ne 0</math>. Ny vondrona iaingany dia ny vondron' ny isa tena rehetra afa-tsy <math>-d/c,</math> ary ny dindony dia ny vondron' ny isa tena rehetra afa-tsy <math>a/c.</math> Raha itarina ilay hitsy maneho isa tena ka ampiana ny <math>\infty</math>, mba hahazoana ny hitsy tena itarina amin' ny teboka tokana tsy manam-petra, dia azo itarina ho fifampiakoana avy amin' io hitsy nitarina io mankany amin' ny tenany ny <math>h</math>, amin' ny fametrahana ny <math>h(\infty)=a/c</math> sy ny <math>h(-d/c)=\infty</math>. == Ao amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana == Fanazavana fanampiny: tantaran' ny foto-kevitry ny lefa. Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, dia fototra niankinan' ny kajy vaovao momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana ny foto-kevitry ny lefa. Tamin' izany fotoana izany, ny lefa manana isa tena ho sandany sady miankina amin' ny miova iray mandray sanda isa tena ihany no nodinihina, ary noheverina fa azo alaina sintona hatrany, na impiry na impiry, ny lefa rehetra. Tsy ela anefa dia nitarina ho an' ny [[#MULTIVARIATE_FUNCTION|lefa miankina amin' ny miova maromaro]] sy ny lefa miankina amin' ny miova mandray sanda isa haro ny famaritana. Tamin' ny tapany faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 no nampidirana ny famaritana ny lefa manaraka fitsipika matematika hentitra, ka voafaritra ny lefa manana vondrona iaingana sy vondrona ahatongavana na inona na inona. Ampiasaina amin' ny sehatra rehetra amin' ny matematika ankehitriny ny lefa. Ao amin' ny fampidirana ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana, rehefa ampiasaina tsy misy fanamarihana manokana ny teny hoe «lefa», dia lefa manana isa tena ho sandany sady miankina amin' ny miova tokana mandray sanda isa tena no tiana holazaina. Matetika ny famaritana ankapobeny kokoa ny lefa no ampianarina ny mpianatra amin' ny taona faharoa na fahatelo eny amin' ny oniversite, izay manaraka lalam-piofanana STEM (siansa, teknolojia, injenieria ary matematika). Amin' ny taona farany amin' ny fianarany kosa dia ampidirina amin' ny kajy momba ny fiovana sy ny fanangonana habetsahana amin' ny sehatra mivelatra kokoa sy manaraka fitsipika hentitra kokoa izy ireo, ao amin' ny taranja toy ny fanadihadiana ny isa tena sy ny lefa momba azy, ary ny fanadihadiana ny isa haro sy ny lefa momba azy. <span id="Real function"></span> === Lefa momba ny isa tena === Lohahevitra mifandraika: fanadihadiana ny isa tena sy ny lefa momba azy. [[File:Gerade.svg|thumb|right|Kisary maneho lefa mizotra.]] [[File:Polynomialdeg2.svg|thumb|right|Kisary maneho lefa faritana amin' ny maromiantoana; lefa ambaratonga faharoa no aseho eto.]] [[File:Sine cosine one period.svg|thumb|right|Kisary maneho lefa efan-joro roa: ny ''sine'' sy ny ''cosine''. Ao amin' ny telozoro misy zoro mahitsy, ny voalohany dia ny tahan' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro amin' ny halavan' ny lafy mifanatrika amin' ny zoro mahitsy; ny faharoa kosa mampiasa ny lafy manila ilay zoro fa tsy ilay mifanatrika aminy.]] Ny ''lefa momba ny isa tena'' dia lefa manana isa tena ho sandany sady miankina amin' ny miova mandray sanda isa tena. Izany hoe, ny vondrona ahatongavany dia ny vatana aljebrikan' ny isa tena, izay ireo isa tena miaraka amin' ny asa fampianana sy fampitomboana ary ny fahafahana manao fanalana sy fizarana amin' ny isa tsy aotra. Ny vondrona iaingany kosa dia vondron' ny isa tena misy elanelana iray ao anatiny. Antsoina tsotra hoe «lefa» ireo lefa ireo ato amin' ity fizarana ity. Manana toetra mampirindra ny fiovaovany ny lefa dinihina matetika indrindra amin' ny matematika sy ny fampiharana azy: mitohy izy ireo, izany hoe manatona ny sanda eo amin' ny teboka iray ny sandany rehefa manatona io teboka io ny miova; azo alaina sintona koa izy ireo, ary azo aseho eo an-toerana mihitsy aza amin' ny fitambaran' ny andian-tsinga misy toraky ny miova izay mitambatra mankany amin' ny sanda voafaritra. Izany fananana toetra izany no ahafahana mampiseho ireo lefa ireo amin' ny alalan' ny [[#Graph and plots|kisariny]]. Ato amin' ity fizarana ity, ny lefa rehetra dia azo alaina sintona amin' ny elanelana iray. Azo anaovana asa kajy isaky ny teboka ny lefa. Izany hoe, raha lefa ny <math>f</math> sy <math>g</math>, dia lefa koa ny tambatr' izy ireo, ny vokatry ny fanalana azy ireo ary ny vokatry ny fampitomboana azy ireo, izay faritana amin' izao: <math display="block">\begin{align} (f+g)(x)&=f(x)+g(x)\\ (f-g)(x)&=f(x)-g(x)\\ (f\cdot g)(x)&=f(x)\cdot g(x)\\ \end{align}.</math> Ny vondrona iaingan' ireo lefa azo ireo dia ny fihaonan' ny vondrona iaingan' ny <math>f</math> sy <math>g</math>, izany hoe ny vondron' ny singa iombonan' izy roa. Toy izany koa no amaritana ny vokatry ny fizarana lefa roa, amin' izao: <math display="block">\frac fg(x)=\frac{f(x)}{g(x)},</math> saingy ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa azo dia ny fihaonan' ny vondrona iaingan' ny <math>f</math> sy <math>g</math>, rehefa nesorina tao ny sanda rehetra mampitovy ny sandan' ny <math>g</math> amin' ny aotra. Faritana amin' ny maromiantoana ny lefa maromiantoana, ary ny vondron' ny isa tena manontolo no vondrona iaingan' izy ireo. Anisan' izy ireo ny lefa manana sanda tsy miova, ny lefa mizotra ary ny lefa maromiantoana ambaratonga faharoa. Ny lefa faritana amin' ny vokatry ny fizarana maromiantoana kosa dia vokatry ny fizarana lefa maromiantoana roa. Ny vondrona iaingan' izy ireo dia ny isa tena, rehefa nesorina tao ny isa sasantsasany voafetra isa mba hisorohana ny fizarana amin' ny aotra. Ny tsotra indrindra amin' ireo lefa ireo dia ny lefa <math>x\mapsto \frac 1x,</math> izay manana kisary miendrika hiperbôla, dia tsipika ara-jeômetria ahitana sampana roa. Ny hitsin' ny isa tena manontolo afa-tsy ny 0 no vondrona iaingany. Ny sinton' ny lefa momba ny isa tena azo alaina sintona dia lefa momba ny isa tena koa. Io sintona io no maneho ny tahan' ny fiovana eo amin' ny teboka tsirairay. Ny fipoiran' ny lefa mitohy momba ny isa tena dia lefa momba ny isa tena izay manana ilay lefa voalohany ho sintonany. Ohatra, mitohy sady azo alaina sintona mihitsy aza amin' ny isa tena miabo ny lefa <math display="inline">x\mapsto\frac 1x</math>. Noho izany, ny iray amin' ny fipoirany, izay mandray ny sanda aotra rehefa <math>x = 1</math>, dia lefa azo alaina sintona antsoina hoe logaritima voajanahary. Ny lefa <math>f</math> momba ny isa tena dia tsy mihena na tsy mitombo amin' ny elanelana iray raha tsy miankina amin' ny safidin' ny <math>x</math> sy <math>y</math> ao amin' ilay elanelana ny famantarana miabo, miiba na aotra an' ny <math>\frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y}</math>. Raha azo alaina sintona ao amin' ilay elanelana ilay lefa, dia tsy mihena na tsy mitombo izy raha tsy miova ny famantaran' ny sintonany ao amin' ilay elanelana. Raha tsy mihena na tsy mitombo amin' ny elanelana <math>I</math> ny lefa <math>f</math> momba ny isa tena, dia manana lefa mifamadika aminy izy. Lefa momba ny isa tena io lefa mifamadika io, ka <math>f(I)</math> no vondrona iaingany ary <math>I</math> no dindony, izany hoe ny vondron' ny sanda rehetra avoakany. Toy izany no amaritana ny lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa efan-joro, amin' ny alalan' ireo lefa efan-joro eo amin' ny elanelana izay tsy ihena na tsy itomboany. Ohatra iray hafa ny logaritima voajanahary: tsy mihena na tsy mitombo izy amin' ny isa tena miabo, ary ny hitsin' ny isa tena manontolo no dindony. Noho izany, dia manana lefa mifamadika aminy izy, izay fifampiakoana eo amin' ny isa tena sy ny isa tena miabo: mifandray amin' ny isa tena miabo tokana ny isa tena tsirairay, ary toy izany koa amin' ny lalana mifamadika. Io lefa mifamadika io no lefa eksponansialy. Lefa maro hafa momba ny isa tena no faritana amin' ny alalan' ny teôrema momba ny lefa faritana an-kolaka, izay tranga manokana amin' izany ny lefa mifamadika, na amin' ny maha-vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana azy ireo. Ny fampimirana mielana dia fampimirana mampifandray lefa iray amin' ny sintonany. Ohatra, ny lefa ''sine'' sy ''cosine'', izay lefa efan-joro, no vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana mizotra <math display="block">y''+y=0</math> izay mahafeno ireto fepetra ireto: <math display="block">\sin 0=0, \quad \cos 0=1, \quad\frac{\partial \sin x}{\partial x}(0)=1, \quad\frac{\partial \cos x}{\partial x}(0)=0.</math> === Lefa manana vektera ho sandany === Lohahevitra fototra: lefa manana vektera ho sandany; saha misy vektera. Rehefa vektera ny singa ao amin' ny vondrona ahatongavan' ny lefa iray, dia antsoina hoe lefa manana vektera ho sandany ilay lefa. Ny vektera dia singa ao amin' ny habaka ahafahana manampy singa sy mampitombo azy amin' ny isa. Ilaina indrindra amin' ny fampiharana ireo lefa ireo, ohatra amin' ny famolavolana maodely maneho toetra ara-batana. Ohatra amin' izany ny lefa mampifandray ny teboka tsirairay ao amin' ny tsiranoka amin' ny vekteran' ny hafainganam-pandehany, izay maneho ny haben' ny hafainganam-pandeha sy ny fitodihan' ny fihetsehana. Ny lefa sasany manana vektera ho sandany dia faritana amin' ny zana-bondron' ny <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>, na amin' ny habaka hafa izay manana toetra ara-jeômetria na ara-anatoerana iraisana amin' ny <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>. Anisan' izany ny ovala, izany hoe habaka mitovy endrika eo an-toerana amin' ny habaka eoklidiana. Antsoina hoe ''saha misy vektera'' ireo lefa manana vektera ho sandany ireo. == Habaka misy lefa == Lahatsoratra amin' ny antsipiriany: habaka misy lefa; fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy. Eo amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika, ary indrindra eo amin' ny fanadihadiana ny habaka misy lefa sy ny fampiharana eo aminy, ny '''habaka misy lefa''' dia vondron' ny lefa manana skalera na vektera ho sandany, izay manana toetra manokana iombonana ary mandrafitra habaka misy vektera sy tôpôlôjia mifanaraka amin' ny asa kajy ao aminy. Ny tôpôlôjia eto dia firafitra ahafahana mamaritra ny fitohizana; mitohy araka io firafitra io ny fanampiana vektera sy ny fampitomboana azy amin' ny skalera. Ohatra, ireo lefa manana isa tena ho sandany, azo alaina sintona amin' ny filaharana rehetra, ary manana tohana kômpakta (''compact support''), izany hoe aotra any ivelan' ny vondrona kômpakta iray, dia mandrafitra habaka misy lefa izay fototry ny teôrian' ny paritaka, na fanitarana ara-matematika ny hevitry ny lefa. Manana anjara fototra eo amin' ny fanadihadiana matematika mandroso ny habaka misy lefa, satria ahafahana mampiasa ny toetrany ara-aljebra sy ara-tôpôlôjia handinihana ny toetran' ny lefa. Avy amin' ny fandinihana ny habaka misy lefa, ohatra, no ahazoana ny teôrema rehetra momba ny fisiana sy ny maha-tokana ny vahaolan' ny fampimirana mielana amin' ny miova mahaleo tena iray na ny fampimirana misy sintona ampahany. == Lefa misy sanda maro == ''Lahatsoratra fototra: lefa misy sanda maro.'' [[File:Function with two values 1.svg|thumb|right|Rehefa atambatra, ny faka toradroa roa ananan' ny isa tena tsy miiba rehetra dia mamorona tsipika ara-jeômetria malama tokana.]] [[File:Xto3minus3x.svg|thumb|right]] Misy fomba maromaro hamaritana ny lefa miankina amin' ny miova tena na haro izay miainga amin' ny famaritana eo an-toerana ny lefa eo amin' ny teboka iray na ao amin' ny faritra manodidina an' io teboka io, ary avy eo manitatra azy amin' ny alalan' ny fitohizana ho amin' ny vondrona iaingana lehibe lavitra. Matetika, ho an' ny teboka iaingana <math>x_0,</math> dia misy sanda iaingana maromaro azon' ny lefa raisina. Ohatra, rehefa faritana ho lefa mifamadika amin' ny lefa mampiakatra ho toradroa ny faka toradroa, dia misy safidy roa ho an' ny sandan' ny faka toradroan' izay isa tena miabo <math>x_0</math> rehetra: ny iray miabo ary soratana hoe <math>\sqrt {x_0},</math> fa ny iray kosa miiba ary soratana hoe <math>-\sqrt {x_0}.</math> Ireo safidy ireo dia mamaritra lefa mitohy roa izay samy manana ny isa tena tsy miiba ho vondrona iaingana; ny dindon' ny iray, izany hoe ny vondron' ny sanda raisiny, dia ny isa tena tsy miiba, fa ny an' ny iray kosa ny isa tena tsy miabo. Rehefa jerena ny kisarin' ireo lefa ireo, dia hita fa miara-mamorona tsipika ara-jeômetria malama tokana izy ireo. Noho izany dia matetika ilaina ny mihevitra ireo lefa faka toradroa roa ireo ho lefa tokana izay manana sanda roa rehefa miabo ny <math>x</math>, sanda iray ho an' ny 0, ary tsy manana sanda rehefa miiba ny <math>x</math>. Amin' ilay ohatra teo aloha, ny safidy iray, dia ny faka toradroa miabo, no heverina ho voajanahary kokoa noho ny iray hafa. Tsy izany anefa no mitranga amin' ny ankapobeny. Ohatra, azo dinihina ny lefa faritana an-kolaka izay mampifandray an' i <math>y</math> amin' ny faka <math>x</math> iray, izany hoe sanda mahafeno ny fampimirana <math>x^3-3x-y =0</math> (jereo ny sary eo ankavanana). Raha <math>y = 0</math>, dia azo fidina ho <math>x</math> ny <math>0, \sqrt 3,\text{ na } -\sqrt 3</math>. Araka ny teôrema momba ny lefa faritana an-kolaka, ny safidy tsirairay dia mamaritra lefa iray: ho an' ny voalohany, ny vondrona iaingana lehibe indrindra dia ny elanelana <math>[-2,2]</math> ary ny dindo dia <math>[-1,1]</math>; ho an' ny faharoa, ny vondrona iaingana dia <math>[-2,\infty)</math> ary ny dindo dia <math>[1,\infty)</math>; ho an' ny farany, ny vondrona iaingana dia <math>(-\infty,2]</math> ary ny dindo dia <math>(-\infty,-1]</math>. Satria miara-mamorona tsipika ara-jeômetria malama ireo kisary telo ireo, ary tsy misy antony hanomezana vahana ny safidy iray, dia matetika heverina ho lefa tokana misy sanda maro miankina amin' i <math>y</math> ireo lefa telo ireo: manana sanda telo izy rehefa <math>-2 < y < 2</math>, ary sanda iray monja rehefa <math>y \leq -2</math> sy <math>y \geq -2</math>. Miharihary kokoa ny ilana ny foto-kevitry ny lefa misy sanda maro rehefa dinihina ny lefa momba ny isa haro, indrindra fa ny lefa analitika, izany hoe lefa azo aseho eo an-toerana amin' ny rohitra misy herin' ny miova izay manana fitambarana voafaritra. Amin' ny ankapobeny, saika ny lemaka maneho isa haro manontolo no vondrona iaingana azo anitarana ny lefa momba ny isa haro amin' ny alalan' ny fanitarana analitika, izay manohy ny lefa sady mitahiry io toetra analitika io. Kanefa, rehefa lalana roa samy hafa no arahina amin' ny fanitarana ny vondrona iaingana, dia matetika sanda samy hafa no azo. Ohatra, rehefa itarina ny vondrona iaingan' ny lefa faka toradroa ka arahina lalana mandalo amin' ny isa haro manana ampahany vinany miabo, dia <math>i</math> no azo ho faka toradroan' ny −1; fa rehefa mandalo amin' ny isa haro manana ampahany vinany miiba kosa ny fanitarana, dia <math>-i</math> no azo. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia misy fomba roa hamahana izany olana izany. Azo faritana ny lefa iray izay tsy mitohy manaraka tsipika ara-jeômetria iray, antsoina hoe tsipika anapahana ny vondrona iaingana mba hisafidianana sanda tokana. Ny lefa toy izany dia antsoina hoe sanda fototra voafidin' ilay lefa. Ny fomba iray hafa dia ny mihevitra fa lefa misy sanda maro no misy, izay analitika eny rehetra eny afa-tsy eo amin' ny teboka miavaka mitokana, nefa mety «hitsambikina» ny sandany raha arahina lalana mihidy manodidina ny teboka miavaka iray. Io fitsambikinan' ny sanda io no antsoina hoe fiovan' ny sanda rehefa arahina lalana mihidy manodidina teboka miavaka (''monodromy''). == Ao amin' ny fototry ny matematika == Mitaky ny hevitry ny vondrona ny famaritana ny lefa omena ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, satria tsy maintsy ho vondrona avokoa ny sehatra iaingana sy ny sehatra ahatongavan' ny lefa. Tsy miteraka olana izany amin' ny matematika mahazatra, satria amin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy sarotra ny tsy mandinika afa-tsy ireo lefa izay samy vondrona voafaritra tsara ny sehatra iaingany sy ny sehatra ahatongavany, na dia tsy lazaina mazava aza ny famaritana ny sehatra iaingana. Indraindray anefa dia ilaina ny mandinika lefa ankapobeny kokoa. Ohatra, azo raisina ho lefa <math>x\mapsto \{x\}.</math> ny fananganana vondrona misy singa iray monja. Ho tafiditra ao amin' ny sehatra iaingan' izany lefa izany ny vondrona rehetra, ka tsy ho vondrona io sehatra iaingana io. Amin' ny matematika mahazatra dia ialana izany karazana olana izany amin' ny famaritana mazava ny sehatra iaingana, ka lefa maro samy mamorona vondrona misy singa iray monja no azo arakaraka ny sehatra iaingana nofidina. Rehefa mametraka ny fototry ny matematika anefa dia mety hilaina ny mampiasa lefa izay tsy voalaza mazava ny sehatra iaingany, ny sehatra ahatongavany, na izy roa ireo. Misy mpanoratra, izay matetika mpandinika ny lojika, manome famaritana hentitra an' ireny lefa tsy voafaritra amin' ny an-tsipiriany ireny.<ref>[[#CITEREFGödel1940|Gödel (1940)]], p. 16; [[#CITEREFJech2003|Jech (2003)]], p. 11; [[#CITEREFCunningham2016|Cunningham (2016)]], p. 57.</ref> Mety ho tena ilaina ireny lefa nitarina ho ankapobeny kokoa ireny amin' ny famolavolana fanehoana ny fototry ny matematika izay manaraka fitsipika voafaritra tsara. Ohatra, fanitarana ny teôrian' ny vondrona ny teôrian' ny vondrona Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel, izay mandray ny fitambaran' ny vondrona rehetra ho fitambarana tsy voatery ho vondrona (''class''). Tafiditra ao amin' io teôria io ny ankina momba ny fanoloana singa amin' ny sandan' ny lefa, izay azo ambara toy izao: raha vondrona ny <math>X</math> ary lefa ny <math>F</math>, dia vondrona ny <math>F[X]</math>. Amin' ny fomba hafa anehoana ny fototry ny matematika, izay mampiasa ny teôria momba ny karazana fa tsy ny teôrian' ny vondrona, dia raisina ho hevitra fototra ny lefa fa tsy faritana avy amin' ny zavatra hafa. Ny lefa no singa manana ireo karazana natao ho an' ny lefa, ary azo aorina amin' ny alalan' ny fanehoana matematika ao amin' ny kajy lambda izy ireo.<ref>Ansten Klev (2019), ''A comparison of type theory with set theory'', ao amin' ny ''Reflections on the Foundations of Mathematics: Univalent Foundations, Set Theory and General Thoughts''. Tonian-dahatsoratra: Stefania Centrone, Deborah Kant ary Deniz Sarikaya. ''Synthese Library'', boky 407. Cham: Springer, p. 271–292. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15655-8_12; <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-030-15654-1</nowiki>; MR 4352345.</ref> == Ao amin' ny siansan' ny solosaina == Lahatsoratra fototra: lefa amin' ny fandaharana rindrankajy; kajy lambda. Ao amin' ny fandaharana rindrankajy, ny lefa dia amin' ny ankapobeny zana-programa, izany hoe ampahan' ny programa antsoina mba hanatanteraka asa iray, izay mampihatra ny hevitra ankapobeny ara-matematika momba ny lefa. Izany hoe ampahan' ny programa izay manome vokatra iray ho an' ny sanda tsirairay ampidirina izy. Ny fandaharana rindrankajy mifototra amin' ny lefa dia fomba fanorenana programa izay tsy mampiasa afa-tsy zana-programa mitondra tena toy ny lefa matematika: tsy manova toe-javatra ivelan' ny sanda averiny izy ireo, ary tsy miankina afa-tsy amin' ny sanda ampidirina aminy. Noho izany, azo soloina amin' ny sandany ny fanehoana iray nefa tsy miova ny vokatry ny programa. Ohatra, ny <code>if_then_else</code> dia lefa mandray lefa telo ho sanda ampidirina; samy lefa tsy mandray sanda ampidirina ireo lefa telo ireo. Arakaraka ny sanda omen' ny lefa voalohany, izay marina na diso, dia mamerina ny sanda omen' ny lefa faharoa na ny lefa fahatelo ilay lefa. Tombony lehibe amin' ny fandaharana rindrankajy mifototra amin' ny lefa ny fanamorany ny fanaporofoana ny fahamarinan' ny programa, satria miorina amin' ny teôria manana fototra hentitra izy, dia ny kajy lambda voalaza etsy ambany. Na izany aza, ilaina amin' ny ankapobeny ny fanovana toe-javatra ivelan' ny sanda averina ho an' ny programa ampiasaina amin' ny asa tena izy, izay mandray sy mamoaka angona. Misy sokajin' ny fiteny fandaharana rindrankajy mifototra tanteraka amin' ny lefa, toy ny Haskell, izay mametraka ao anatin' ny karazan' ny lefa ny fahafahana manao izany fanovana toe-javatra izany. Ny hafa kosa, toy ny fianakaviam-piteny ML (fiteny fandaharana rindrankajy), dia mamela fotsiny ny fanaovana izany. Ao amin' ny fiteny fandaharana rindrankajy maro, antsoina hoe lefa ny zana-programa rehetra, na dia tsy mamerina vokatra aza fa manova toe-javatra fotsiny, ary na dia ny fanovana angona sasany ao amin' ny fitadidian' ny solosaina fotsiny aza no asa ataony. Rehefa tsy ao anatin' ny resaka fiteny fandaharana rindrankajy, dia manana ny heviny ara-matematika mahazatra ny teny hoe «lefa» ao amin' ny siansan' ny solosaina. Toetra iray tena dinihina amin' io sehatra io ny fahafahana mikajy ny sandan' ny lefa amin' ny algôritma, izany hoe fomba kajy voafaritra dingana isaky ny dingana. Mba hanomezana hevitra mazava tsara an' izany sy ny hevitra mifandray aminy momba ny algôritma, dia nampidirina ny maodely samihafa mamaritra ny dingan' ny kajy. Anisan' ireo voalohany ny lefa azo aorina amin' ny famaritana miverimberina sy ny fitadiavana sanda kely indrindra (''general recursive functions''), ny kajy lambda, ary ny milina Turing, izay maodely ara-teôria momba ny fanaovana kajy. Ny teôrema fototra ao amin' ny teôria momba ny fahafahana mikajy amin' ny algôritma dia milaza fa ireo maodely telo ireo dia mamaritra vondrona iray ihany ahitana ireo lefa azo kajina. Ny vinavina Church–Turing kosa dia ny filazana fa ny famaritana rehetra ny lefa azo kajina izay azo ekena amin' ny lafiny filôzôfia dia mamaritra ireo lefa ireo ihany koa. Ny maodely hafa rehetra momba ny lefa azo kajina amin' ny fomba azo tanterahina, izay efa naroso hatramin' izay, dia samy mamaritra io vondron' ny lefa azo kajina io ihany na vondrona kely kokoa noho izany. Ireo lefa azo aorina amin' ny famaritana miverimberina sy ny fitadiavana sanda kely indrindra ireo dia lefa voafaritra amin' ny ampahany amin' ny vondrona iaingana, avy amin' ny isa tsimivaky mankany amin' ny isa tsimivaky. Azo faritana avy amin' ireto izy ireo: * ny lefa manome sanda tsy miova; * ny lefa manome ny isa manaraka; * ny lefa tsipy, izay mifidy sanda ampidirina iray amin' ny toerana voafaritra; amin' ny alalan' ireto mpiasa matematika ireto, izay manorina lefa avy amin' ny lefa hafa: * ny [[#Function composition|fampiharana lefa mifanesy]]; * ny famaritana miverimberina fototra, izay miainga amin' ny sanda voalohany ary mamaritra ny sanda amin' ny dingana manaraka amin' ny alalan' ny sanda teo aloha; * ny fitadiavana ny sanda kely indrindra mahafeno fepetra. Na dia ho an' ny lefa avy amin' ny isa tsimivaky mankany amin' ny isa tsimivaky ihany aza no namaritana azy ireo, dia azony atao ny maneho ho maodely ny lefa azo kajina rehetra, noho ireto toetra manaraka ireto: * ny kajy dia fanodinana tandahatra misy famantarana voafetra isa, toy ny tarehimarika ao amin' ny isa, ny raikipohy, sy ny sisa; * azo avadika ho kaody amin' ny endrika tandahatra misy singa roa sanda, 0 na 1 (''bit''), ny tandahatra misy famantarana rehetra; * azo raisina ho fanoratana isa tsimivaky amin' ny fototra roa ny tandahatra misy singa roa sanda. Ny kajy lambda dia teôria mamaritra ny lefa azo kajina nefa tsy mampiasa ny teôrian' ny vondrona, ary izy no fototra ara-teôrian' ny fandaharana rindrankajy mifototra amin' ny lefa. Ahitana singa ara-panehoana izy, izay mety ho miova, famaritana lefa (singa λ), na fampiharana lefa amin' ny singa ara-panehoana. Ovana ireo singa ireo amin' ny fandraisana ny ankinan' ilay teôria ho fitsipika fanoratana indray, izay azo ampiasaina hanaovana kajy. Ireo ankina ireo dia ny fitoviana ''α'' araka ny fanovana anaran' ny miova voafatotra, ny fanatsorana ''β'' amin' ny fanoloana ny miova amin' ny singa ampidirina, ary ny fanovana ''η'' amin' ny fampidirana na fanesorana famaritana lefa izay mampihatra lefa iray amin' ny miova ampidirina, raha tsy ahitana an' io miova io ho miova malalaka ilay lefa. Tamin' ny endriny tany am-boalohany, dia tsy nahitana ny hevitra momba ny vondrona iaingana sy ny vondrona ahatongavan' ny lefa ny kajy lambda. Raha lazaina amin' ny ankapobeny, dia nampidirina tao amin' ilay teôria tamin' ny anarana hoe karazana ireo hevitra ireo, ao amin' ny kajy lambda misy karazana. Ny ankamaroan' ny endriky ny kajy lambda misy karazana dia afaka mamaritra lefa vitsy kokoa noho ny kajy lambda tsy misy karazana. == Jereo koa == === Pejy mifandraika === * Tantaran' ny hevitry ny lefa * Lisitry ny karazana lefa * Lisitry ny lefa * Fifantenana na fanitsiana lefa hifanaraka amin' ny angona * Lefa faritana an-kolaka === Fanitarana ankapobe === * Lefa mandray lefa hafa ho singa ampidirina na mamerina lefa hafa ho vokatra * Fampiharana mitahiry ny asa ao amin' ny rafitra (''homomorphism'') * Haja eo amin' ny zavatra ao amin' ny sokajy matematika (''morphism'') * ''Microfunction'' (zavatra ara-matematika ampiasaina handinihana ny tsy maha-analitika eo an-toerana sy arakaraka ny fitodihana) * Paritaka, izay manitatra ny hevitry ny lefa (''distribution'') * Mpandefa eo amin' ny sokajy matematika, izay mitahiry ny maha-izy sy ny fampifanesena haja (''functor'') === Lohahevitra mifandraika === * Firafitry ny angona mampifandray lakile amin' ny sanda * Fanehoana amin' ny asa kajy voafetra isa avy amin' ny lisitry ny asa ekena (''closed-form expression'') * Lefa fototra amin' ny heviny ara-matematika (''elementary function'') * Fampiharana mandray tsilo na lefa ka manome skalera (isa) ho sandany (''functional'') * Fizarazarana lefa ho lefa mifanesy * Filazana ara-lojika mamaritra sanda tokana ho an' ny singa ampidirina tsirairay * Fandaharana rindrankajy mifototra amin' ny lefa * Fampimirana mampiasa masontsivana * Lefa mandray vondrona ho singa ampidirina * Lefa manana sanda samihafa voafetra isa == Fanamarihana == <references group="fanamarihana" /> == Loharano == <references> <ref name="EOM Function">Kudryavtsev, L.D. (2001) [1994]. ''[https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Function&oldid=36823 Function]''. ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics''. EMS Press.</ref> </references> == Boky nampiasaina ho loharano == * <span id="CITEREFBartle1976"></span>Bartle, Robert (1976). ''The Elements of Real Analysis'' (fanontana faha-2). Wiley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-471-05465-8</nowiki>. OCLC 465115030. * <span id="CITEREFBloch2011"></span>Bloch, Ethan D. (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ_537n8zKYC Proofs and Fundamentals: A First Course in Abstract Mathematics]''. Springer. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4419-7126-5</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFCunningham2016"></span>Cunningham, Daniel W. (2016). ''Set theory: A First Course''. Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-12032-7</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFGödel1940"></span>Gödel, Kurt (1940). ''The Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis''. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-07927-1</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFHalmos1970"></span>Halmos, Paul R. (1970). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=x6cZBQ9qtgoC Naive Set Theory]''. Springer-Verlag. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-387-90092-6</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFJech2003"></span>Jech, Thomas (2003). ''Set theory'' (fanontana faha-3). Springer-Verlag. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-540-44085-7</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFSpivak2008"></span>Spivak, Michael (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7JKVu_9InRUC Calculus]'' (fanontana faha-4). Publish or Perish. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-914098-91-1</nowiki>. == Vakiteny fanampiny == * Anton, Howard (1980). ''[https://archive.org/details/studentssolution00anto Calculus with Analytical Geometry]'' (mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana). Wiley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-471-03248-9</nowiki>. * <span id="CITEREFBartle1976-further-reading"></span>Bartle, Robert G. (1976). ''The Elements of Real Analysis''. Fanontana faha-2. Wiley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-471-05464-1</nowiki>. * Dubinsky, Ed; Harel, Guershon (1992). ''The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy''. ''Mathematical Association of America''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-88385-081-7</nowiki>. * Hammack, Richard (2018). ''[https://richardhammack.github.io/BookOfProof/ Book of Proof]''. Fanontana faha-3, toko ''[https://richardhammack.github.io/BookOfProof/Main.pdf#page=235 12. Functions]''. Richard Hammack. Nojerena tamin' ny 2026-03-15. * Husch, Lawrence S. (2001). ''[http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ Visual Calculus]''. ''University of Tennessee''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2007-09-27. * Katz, Robert (1964). ''Axiomatic Analysis''. D. C. Heath and Company. * Kleiner, Israel (1989). ''Evolution of the Function Concept: A Brief Survey''. ''The College Mathematics Journal'' 20 (4): 282–300. DOI: 10.2307/2686848. JSTOR: 2686848. * Lützen, Jesper (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=B3WvWhJTTX8C&pg=PA468 Between rigor and applications: Developments in the concept of function in mathematical analysis]''. Ao amin' ny ''The Cambridge History of Science: The modern physical and mathematical sciences'' (Porter, Roy, mpandrindra). ''Cambridge University Press''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-57199-9</nowiki>. Araka ny [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1382534933 lahatsoratra niandohana], dia fanolorana ara-tantara mora takarina sady mahafinaritra vakina izy io. * Malik, M. A. (1980). ''Historical and pedagogical aspects of the definition of function''. ''International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology'' 11 (4): 489–492. DOI: 10.1080/0020739800110404. * Reichenbach, Hans (1947). ''Elements of Symbolic Logic''. Dover. <nowiki>ISBN 0-486-24004-5</nowiki>. * Ruthing, D. (1984). ''Old Intelligencer: Some definitions of the concept of function from Bernoulli, Joh. to Bourbaki, N.'' ''Mathematical Intelligencer'' 6 (4): 71–78. DOI: 10.1007/BF03026743. S2CID: 189883712. * Thomas, George B.; Finney, Ross L. (1995). ''[https://archive.org/details/calculusanalytic00geor_0 Calculus and Analytic Geometry]'' (mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana). Fanontana faha-9. Addison-Wesley. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-201-53174-9</nowiki>. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://functions.wolfram.com/ ''The Wolfram Functions''] – tranonkala manome raikipohy sy fanehoana amin' ny kisary momba ny lefa matematika maro. * [https://dlmf.nist.gov/ ''NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions''] (NIST: Ivon-toerana nasionaly momba ny fenitra sy ny teknolojia). [[:Sokajy:Matematika]] 92xaa4ek8ls77wok44udqcq42gq1tgf 2 302733 1153751 2026-11-11T22:29:30Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384394431; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1123491 1153751 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Amerika Avaratra na ny faritra avaratr' i Etazonia. {| class="wikitable" |+ Amerika Avaratra |- | colspan="2" | [[File:Location North America.svg|239x239px|alt=Sarin-tany mampiseho ny toerana misy an' i Amerika Avaratra.|Amerika Avaratra]]<br />Ny toerana misy an' i Amerika Avaratra. |- ! scope="row" | Velarana | 24,709 tapitrisa km² (9,54 tapitrisa mi²); [[Kôntinenta|laharana fahatelo]] |- ! scope="row" | Isan' ny mponina | 592&nbsp;296&nbsp;233, mitombo (2021; laharana fahefatra) |- ! scope="row" | Hakitroky ny mponina | 25,7 mponina/km² (66,4 mponina/mi²), tamin' ny 2021.<ref group="fanamarihana">Ity tarehimarika momba ny hakitroky ny mponina ao Amerika Avaratra ity dia mifototra amin' ny velaran-tany 23&nbsp;090&nbsp;542 km² ihany, izay ambany lavitra noho ny fitambaran' ny velaran-tany sy ny velaran-drano, izay mirefy 24,709 tapitrisa km².</ref> |- ! scope="row" | GDP (harin-karena faobe), arakaraka ny PPP (fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy)<ref group="fanamarihana">Ny harin-karena faobe dia ny fitambaran' ny sandam-bolan' ny entana sy tolotra farany vokarina ao amin' ny toekarena iray mandritra ny fe-potoana voafaritra. Ny fampitahana arakaraka ny fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy kosa dia ahitsy araka ny fahasamihafan' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra eo amin' ny toekarena samihafa.</ref> | US$ (dolara amerikanina) 36,6 tapitrisa tapitrisa (tombana ho an' ny 2025; laharana faharoa).<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD]; Lohateny: ''GDP PPP, current prices''; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Daty: 2021; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 January 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 22 January 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> |- ! scope="row" | GDP amin' ny vidiny amin' ilay fotoana | US$ 34,61 tapitrisa tapitrisa (tombana ho an' ny 2025; laharana faharoa).<ref>Lohateny: ''GDP Nominal, current prices''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD]; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Daty: 2021; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 January 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 February 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> |- ! scope="row" | GDP isaky ny mponina, amin' ny vidiny amin' ilay fotoana | US$ 67&nbsp;000 (tombana ho an' ny 2025; laharana faharoa).<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD]; Lohateny: ''Nominal GDP per capita''; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Daty: 2021; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 January 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 January 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Fivavahana, araka ireo loharanon' ny Pewforum.org | * Kristianisma: 74,6 %.<ref name="Survey">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf]; Lohateny: ''The Global Religious Landscape''; Mpamoaka: Pewforum.org; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 7 May 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 January 2017; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref name="pew-relig">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/]; Lohateny: ''Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050''; Tranonkala: pewforum.org; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 17 February 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 December 2019; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> * [[Tsy fivavahana|Tsy manana fivavahana]]: 19,2 %.<ref name="pew-relig"/> * Fivavahana jiosy: 1,6 %.<ref name="pew-relig"/> * Finoana silamo: 1,3 %.<ref name="pew-relig"/> * Hindoisma: 0,9 %.<ref name="pew-relig"/> * Bodisma: 0,9 %.<ref name="pew-relig"/> * Hafa: 1,3 %.<ref name="pew-relig"/> |- ! scope="row" | Anaran' ny mponina | Amerikanina avaratra |- ! scope="row" | Firenena | Fanjakana manana fiandrianam-pirenena miisa 23 |- ! scope="row" | Faritany tsy manana fiandrianam-pirenena | Faritany miisa 23 |- ! scope="row" | Fiteny | [[Fiteny anglisy|Anglisy]], [[Fiteny espaniôla|espaniôla]], [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]], [[Fiteny neerlandey|neerlandey]], [[Fiteny danoà|danôà]], [[Vondrom-piteny amerindiana|fitenin' ny tompon-tany]] ary [[Fiteny ao Amerika Avaratra|fiteny maro hafa]] |- ! scope="row" | Faritra ara-potoana | UTC−10:00 hatramin' ny UTC+00:00; UTC (ora iraisana voarindra) |- ! scope="row" | Tanàn-dehibe | Lisitry ny faritra an-tanàn-dehibe:<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Demographia.com''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 13 August 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 14 August 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814123122/http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> * Mexico City * New York City * Los Angeles * Chicago * San Francisco * Boston * Toronto * Washington * Dallas * Philadelphia |- ! scope="row" | Kaody M49 | <code>003</code> – Amerika Avaratra<br /><code>019</code> – [[Amerika|Amerika]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[Izao tontolo izao|Izao tontolo izao]] |} [[File:Map of populous North America (physical, political, population).jpg|thumb|alt=Sarin-tanin' i Amerika Avaratra mampiseho ny toetoetry ny tany, ny fizarana ara-pôlitika ary ny mponina tamin' ny 2018.|Sarin-tany mampiseho ny toetoetry ny tany, ny fizarana ara-pôlitika ary ny mponina ao Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 2018.]] I '''Amerika Avaratra''' dia [[Kôntinenta|kôntinanta]]{{#tag:ref|Any amin' ny firenena sasany dia heverina ho [[Kôntinenta|kôntinanta iray ihany]] i [[Amerika]], ka ahitana an' i Amerika Avaratra sy i [[Amerika Atsimo]].|group=fanamarihana}} ao amin' ny [[Ila bolantany avaratra|ila-bolantany avaratra]] sy ny [[Ila bolantany andrefana|ila-bolantany andrefana]].{{#tag:ref|Mivelatra hatrany amin' ny [[Ila bolantany atsinanana|ila-bolantany atsinanana]] ny nosy Aleutian any Alaska.|group=fanamarihana}} Ny [[Ranomasimbe Arktika]] no manamorona azy ao avaratra, ny [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]] ao atsinanana, i [[Amerika Atsimo]] sy ny [[Ranomasina Karaîba]] ao atsimo-atsinanana, ary ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]] ao atsimo sy andrefana. Manodidina ny 24 709 000 kilômetatra toradroa (9 540 000 mi²) ny velaran' i Amerika Avaratra, izany hoe eo amin' ny 16,5 % amin' ny velaran' ny tany maina eto [[Tany|an-tany]] sy 4,8 % amin' ny velaran' ny Tany manontolo. Izy no kôntinanta fahatelo lehibe indrindra raha ny velarana no jerena, aorian' i [[Azia]] sy i [[Afrika]], ary fahefatra be mponina indrindra, aorian' i Azia sy i Afrika ary i [[Eorôpa]]. Tamin' ny taona 2021 dia tombanana ho maherin' ny 592 tapitrisa ny mponina tao Amerika Avaratra, tao amin' ny fanjakana mahaleo tena sy faritany miisa 23, izany hoe manodidina ny 7,5 % amin' ny mponina eran' izao tontolo izao. Tafiditra ao amin' io kôntinanta io ny faritra avaratr' i Amerika Avaratra, na Northern America (izay ahitana an' i [[Kanada]], i [[Groenlanda]] ary ny ampahan' i Etazonia eo amin' ny taniben' ny kôntinanta, mbamin' ny faritanin-nosy [[Bermioda]] sy Saint Pierre and Miquelon), sy ny faritra antsoina hoe Middle America (izay ahitana an' i [[Meksika]], i [[Amerika Afovoany]] ary ny [[Karaîba|faritra Karaîba]]). Eo amin' ny jeôgrafian' ny olombelona, izay mandinika ny olona sy ny fiaraha-monina ary ny fifandraisany amin' ny toerana, dia matetika ireo teny anglisy hoe ''North America'' (Amerika Avaratra) sy ''North American'' (momba an' i Amerika Avaratra na olona avy ao) no ilazana an' i Northern America ihany.<ref>Anaran' ny mpanoratra ao amin' ny saha first 1: H. J.; Anaran' ny mpanoratra ao amin' ny saha last 1: de Blij; Anaran' ny mpanoratra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Peter O.; Anaran' ny mpanoratra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Mulle; Lohateny: ''Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts''; Mpamoaka: Wiley; Fanontana: 12th; Taona: 2005; Pejy: 30–31; ISBN: <nowiki>0-471-71786-X</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="MoC">Lohateny: ''The Myth of Continents''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Martin W.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Lewis; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Karen E.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Wigen; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano 2: Kären Wigen; Toko: ''Chapter One, The Architecture of Continents''; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; Taona: 1997; ISBN: <nowiki>0-520-20742-4</nowiki>; Pejy: 168.</ref><ref>Burchfield, R. W., ed. 2004. "America." ''[[Fowler's Modern English Usage]]'' (<nowiki>ISBN 0-19-861021-1</nowiki>) New York: Oxford University Press, p. 48</ref><ref>McArthur, Tom. 1992."North American." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (<nowiki>ISBN 0-19-214183-X</nowiki>) New York: Oxford University Press, p. 707.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Common Errors in English Usage''; Daty: 16 May 2016; Mpamoaka: Paul Brians, Washington State University; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/16/american/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 4 April 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 April 2022; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220424154758/https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/16/american/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Tsy fantatra mazava ny fomba sy ny fotoana nahatongavan' ireo mponina voalohany tao Amerika Avaratra. Fantatra fa efa nisy olona nonina tao [[Amerika]] 20 000 taona lasa izay, fara fahakeliny,<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Pigati; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Jeffrey S.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Springer; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Kathleen B.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Honke; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: Jeffrey S.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: Wahl; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: David; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 5: Champagne; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 5: Marie R.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 6: Zimmerman; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 6: Susan R. H.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 7: Gray; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 7: Harrison J.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 8: Santucci; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 8: Vincent L.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 9: Odess; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 9: Daniel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 10: Bustos; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 10: David; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 11: Bennett; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 11: Matthew R.; Daty: 6 October 2023; Lohateny: ''Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007]; Gazety: ''Science''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 382; Laharana: 6666; Pejy: 73–75; DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5007; PMID: 37797035; Bibcode: 2023Sci...382...73P; S2CID: 263672291; ISSN: <nowiki>0036-8075</nowiki>; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 December 2023; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 October 2023; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231005182411/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Fepetra fidirana amin' ny adiresy: subscription.</ref> nefa misy porofo isan-karazany milaza fa mety ho talohan' izany aza no efa nisy olona tao.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Goodyear; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Albert C.; Toko: ''The Pre-Clovis Occupation of the Topper Site, Allendale County, South Carolina''; Daty: 22 May 2018; Adiresin' ny toko: [http://florida.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5744/florida/9781683400349.001.0001/upso-9781683400349-chapter-002]; Lohateny: ''Early Human Life on the Southeastern Coastal Plain''; Pejy: 8–31; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 5 December 2023; Mpamoaka: University Press of Florida; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683400349.003.0002; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-68340-034-9</nowiki>; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Sain; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Douglas A.; Datin' ny tahiry: 7 December 2023; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231207012636/https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/27901/chapter-abstract/203874636?redirectedFrom=fulltext]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Fepetra fidirana amin' ny toko: subscription.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Ardelean; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Ciprian F.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Becerra-Valdivia; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Lorena; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Pedersen; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: Mikkel Winther; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: Schwenninger; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: Jean-Luc; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 5: Oviatt; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 5: Charles G.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 6: Macías-Quintero; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 6: Juan I.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 7: Arroyo-Cabrales; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 7: Joaquin; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 8: Sikora; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 8: Martin; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 9: Ocampo-Díaz; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 9: Yam Zul E.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 10: Rubio-Cisneros; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 10: Igor I.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 11: Watling; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 11: Jennifer G.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 12: de Medeiros; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 12: Vanda B.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 13: De Oliveira; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 13: Paulo E.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 14: Barba-Pingarón; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 14: Luis; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 15: Ortiz-Butrón; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 15: Agustín; Daty: 22 July 2020; Lohateny: ''Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0]; Gazety: ''Nature''; Fiteny: en; Boky: 584; Laharana: 7819; Pejy: 87–92; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0; PMID: 32699412; Bibcode: 2020Natur.584...87A; S2CID: 256819465; ISSN: <nowiki>1476-4687</nowiki>; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 December 2023; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 April 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030732/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Fepetra fidirana amin' ny adiresy: subscription.</ref> Ny vanim-potoanan' ireo teratany tranainy tao Amerika, antsoina hoe ''Paleo-Indian'', tao Amerika Avaratra dia nanaraka ny vanim-potoana farany niitaran' ny ranomandry. Naharitra hatramin' ny 10 000 taona lasa izay teo ho eo izany, izay nanombohan' ny vanim-potoana tranainy, na ''Archaic period''. Nanaraka azy io ny dingana arkeôlôjika klasika, na ''classic stage'', izay naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-13 teo ho eo. Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-10 ny fikarohan-tany sy fanjanahan-tany nataon' ny vahoaka skandinaviana fahiny (''Norse''); nanorina toeram-ponenana maromaro tao Groenlanda izy ireo, ary toeram-ponenana iray fara fahakeliny tao Newfoundland. Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1492, ny dia nataon' i Christopher Columbus dia nitarika fifanakalozana namakivaky ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika, anisan' izany ny fifindra-monin' ny mpanjana-tany eorôpeana nandritra ny vanim-potoanan' ny fikarohana sy fahitana tany sy ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo mpanjana-tany eorôpeana voalohany, ny [[Teratanin' i Amerika|vahoaka teratany]], ny Afrikanina natao andevo, ny mpifindra monina avy any Eorôpa sy Azia tatỳ aoriana, ary ny taranak' ireo vondrona tsirairay ireo no hita taratra amin' ny firafitra ara-kolontsaina sy ara-poko amin' izao fotoana izao. Vokatry ny fanjanahan-tany eorôpeana dia fiteny eorôpeana no tenenin' ny ankamaroan' ny mponina ao Amerika Avaratra, toy ny [[Fiteny anglisy|fiteny anglisy]], ny [[Fiteny espaniôla|fiteny espaniôla]] ary ny [[Fiteny frantsay|fiteny frantsay]], ary hita taratra matetika amin' ny kolontsain' ilay faritra ny fomban-drazana tandrefana. Na izany aza dia mbola betsaka ny mponina teratany izay manohy mitana ny fomban-drazany ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny avy talohan' ny fanjanahan-tany. == Anarana == <span id="Etymology"></span> Fanazavana fanampiny: Fanomezana anarana an' i Amerika; Espaina Vaovao; ''Turtle Island'' (Nosin' ny Sokatra); Vinland. [[File:Historisch Nordamerika (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' i Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny taona 1621]] [[File:The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter 1908 (135850870).jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' i Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny taona 1908, navoaka tao amin' ny ''The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetteer'']] Ireo mpanao sarintany alemàna Martin Waldseemüller sy Matthias Ringmann no nanome an' i [[Amerika]] anarana avy amin' ny anaran' ilay mpizaha tany italiana [[Amerigo Vespucci]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci]; Lohateny: ''Amerigo Vespucci''; Rakipahalalana: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 7 July 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 10 July 2012; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nizaha tany tany [[Amerika Atsimo]] i Vespucci teo anelanelan' ny taona 1497 sy 1502, ary izy no Eorôpeana voalohany nandroso ny hevitra fa vongan-tany mbola tsy fantatry ny Eorôpeana tamin' izany fotoana izany i Amerika. Tamin' ny taona 1507 dia namoaka sarintanin' izao tontolo izao i Waldseemüller, ary nametraka ny teny hoe ''America'' (Amerika) teo amin' ilay kaontinanta antsoina ankehitriny hoe Amerika Atsimo.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://archive.org/details/cosmographiintr00waldgoog]; Lohateny: ''The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile''; Fandraisan' anjara hafa: Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza, introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last: Herbermann; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first: Charles George; Toerana: New York; Mpamoaka: The United States Catholic Historical Society; Taona: 1907; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/cosmographiintr00waldgoog/page/n27 9]; Teny nalaina: <span lang="la">"Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium (ut in sequentibus audietur) inventa est, quam non video, cur quis jure vetet, ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam, cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina."</span>.</ref> Nantsoina hoe ''Parias'' kosa ilay kaontinanta tao avaratr' i Meksika ankehitriny tamin' izany fotoana izany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Arbuckle; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Alex; Daty: 24 December 2016; Lohateny: ''This 509-year-old map contains the first known use of the word 'America' — but not where you may think''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://mashable.com/feature/universalis-cosmographia]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 26 May 2022; Tranonkala: Mashable; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 May 2022; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220526014743/https://mashable.com/feature/universalis-cosmographia]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Teo amin' ny sarintanin' izao tontolo izao navoakan' i Petrus Apianus tamin' ny taona 1553,<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Apianus; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Petrus; Lohateny: ''English: 1553 world map – Charta Cosmographica, Cum Ventorum Propria Natura et Operatione''; Daty: 1553; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1553_world_map_-_Charta_Cosmographica,_Cum_Ventorum_Propria_Natura_et_Operatione.jpg]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 August 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 9 July 2022; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220709045708/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1553_world_map_-_Charta_Cosmographica,_Cum_Ventorum_Propria_Natura_et_Operatione.jpg]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> dia nantsoina hoe ''Baccalearum'' i Amerika Avaratra. Midika hoe «fanjakan' ny trondro antsoina hoe ''cod'' amin' ny teny anglisy» izany, ka nanondro ny habetsahan' ireo trondro ireo tany amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanan' i Etazonia.<ref>Mpamoaka: Stanford University; Toerana: Stanford, California; Lohateny: ''Charta Cosmographica, Cum Ventorum Propria Natura et Operatione''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://exhibits.stanford.edu/ruderman/catalog/dp027ft1928]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 August 2022; Tranonkala: Barry Lawrence Ruderman Map Collection – Spotlight at Stanford; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 March 2023; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033917/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/ruderman/catalog/dp027ft1928]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nampiasa ny endrika latina amin' ny anaran' i Vespucci, dia ny hoe ''Americus Vespucius'', i Waldseemüller, ka nataony tamin' ny endrika vavy ara-pitsipi-pitenenana hoe ''America'' izany, nanaraka ny ohatry ny hoe ''Europa'', ''Asia'' ary ''Africa'' (anarana latin' i Eorôpa sy Azia ary Afrika). Ny hoe ''Americus'' dia avy amin' ny hoe ''Emericus'' tamin' ny teny latina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany (jereo i Emeric, olo-masin' i Hôngria), izay avy amin' ny anarana hoe ''Emmerich'' tamin' ny teny alemàna ambony taloha. Taty aoriana dia nampiharin' ireo mpanao sarintany tamin' i Amerika Avaratra koa ny anarana hoe ''America'' (Amerika). Tamin' ny taona 1538, i [[Gérard Mercator|Gerardus Mercator]] dia nampiasa ny teny hoe ''America'' (Amerika) teo amin' ny sarintanin' izao tontolo izao nataony izay naneho ny [[Ila bolantany andrefana|ila bolantany andrefana]] manontolo.<ref name="Cohen">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/surgery/america.html]; Lohateny: ''The Naming of America: Fragments We've Shored Against Ourselves''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Jonathan; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Cohen; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 February 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 August 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164226/https://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/surgery/america.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Mpamoaka: Stony Brook Medicine.</ref> Teo amin' ny sarintany nataony tatỳ aoriana tamin' ny taona 1569 dia nantsoin' i Mercator hoe «Amerika na India Vaovao» (''America sive India Nova'') i Amerika Avaratra.<ref>Lohateny: ''Mercator 1587 &#124; Envisioning the World &#124; The First Printed Maps''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/wendt-world-maps/Mercator_1587.html]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 September 2020; Tranonkala: lib-dbserver.princeton.edu; Datin' ny tahiry: 12 September 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200912213223/https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/wendt-world-maps/Mercator_1587.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Nantsoin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla]] hoe ''Las Indias'' (ireo India) ny taniny tany Amerika Avaratra sy Amerika Atsimo, ary Filankevitry ny India no anarana nomena ny rafitra an' ny fanjakana izay nanara-maso io faritra io. == Famaritana == <span id="Usage of the term"></span> [[Sary:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|Sarin' i Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 2005, nalain' ny zanabolan' ny NASA (sampan-draharaham-pirenena amerikanina misahana ny sidina sy ny habakabaka).]] Araka ny fanasokajian' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] sy ny sampana misahana ny antontanisa ao aminy, dia ahitana faritra telo i Amerika Avaratra: ny faritra avaratr' i Amerika Avaratra (''Northern America''), i [[Amerika Afovoany]] (izay ahitana an' i Meksika araka io fanasokajiana io), ary i [[Karaîba]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/]; Lohateny: ''UNSD — Methodology''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Division; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: United Nations Statistics; Tranonkala: unstats.un.org; Fiteny: en; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 1 November 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: 30 August 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170949/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Teny nalaina: The continent of North America (numerical code 003) comprises Northern America (numerical code 021), Caribbean (numerical code 029), and Central America (numerical code 013)..</ref> Ao amin' ny sehatra voafetran' ny fifanarahana ara-barotra eo amin' ny firenena ao amin' ny faritra iray, toy ny NAFTA (fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka any Amerika Avaratra), dia firenena telo no tondroin' io anarana io: i [[Kanada]] sy i Meksika ary i [[Etazonia]]. Araka ny [[Kôntinenta|fanasokajiana mizara izao tontolo izao ho kôntinenta enina]], izay be mpampiasa any [[Amerika Latina]] sy any amin' ny faritra mampiasa ny [[Fiteny rômana|fiteny rômana]], ary koa any [[Grisia]], dia faritra ahitana an' i Kanada sy i Meksika sy i Saint Pierre and Miquelon ary i Etazonia no tondroina amin' ny hoe «Amerika Avaratra»; matetika koa no ampidirina ao i [[Bermioda]] sy ny nosy Clipperton ary i [[Groenlanda]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562468/Norteam%C3%A9rica.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130015145/http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562468/Norteam%C3%A9rica.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 30 January 2009; Lohateny: ''Norteamérica''; Dikan' ny lohateny voalazan' ny loharano: ''North America''; Fiteny: es; Teny nalaina: In Ibero-America, ''North America'' is considered a subcontinent containing Canada, the United States, Mexico, Greenland, Bermuda and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 January 2007; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Six or Seven Continents on Earth''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/qt/qzcontinents.htm]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2016; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 November 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161126015411/http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/qt/qzcontinents.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Teny nalaina: In Europe and other parts of the world, many students are taught of six continents, where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America. Thus, these six continents are Africa, America, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, and Europe..</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Continents''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.worldometers.info/geography/continents/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2016; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 December 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221035719/http://www.worldometers.info/geography/continents/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Teny nalaina: six-continent model (used mostly in France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and Latin America) groups together North America+South America into the single continent America..</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''AMÉRIQUE''; Daty: 24 February 2000; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geographie/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2016; Fiteny: fr; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 December 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205122940/http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geographie/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/america_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2016; Fiteny: it; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 December 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221042321/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/america_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nantsoina tamin' ny anarana hafa koa i Amerika Avaratra teo amin' ny tantara, anisan' izany ny hoe Amerika Avaratra espaniôla, Espaina Vaovao, [[Frantsa Vao]], Amerika Avaratra britanika, ary ''América Septentrional'' (midika hoe Amerika avaratra), izay anarana ofisialy voalohany nomena an' i Meksika.<ref name="AGN">Lohateny: ''Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional''; Dikan' ny lohateny voalazan' ny loharano: ''Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.agn.gob.mx/independencia/documentos.html]; Asa: ''Archivos de la Independencia''; Mpamoaka: Archivo General de la Nación; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 8 July 2011; Fiteny: es; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 August 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023151/http://www.agn.gob.mx/independencia/documentos.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Amin' ny fampiasana voafetra ilazana firenena telo, ny hoe Amerika Avaratra dia mamondrona an' i [[Etazonia]] sy i [[Kanada]] ary i [[Meksika]]. Misy bokin-jeôgrafia somary efa taloha izay manasokajy an' i Meksika ho ao [[Amerika Afovoany]]. <span id="Regions"></span> === Faritra === Jereo koa: Lisitry ny faritra ao Kanada; Lisitry ny faritra ao Etazonia. Ahitana faritra sy zana-paritra maromaro i Amerika Avaratra, izay samy manana ny fizaràny manokana araka ny kolontsaina sy ny toekarena ary ny jeôgrafia. Anisan' ny faritra ara-toekarena ireo faritra maromaro nofaritana tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy tao anatin' ny fifanarahana ara-barotra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21. Anisan' izany ny NAFTA (Fifanarahana momba ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra malalaka ao Amerika Avaratra) eo amin' i [[Kanada]] sy i [[Meksika]] ary i [[Etazonia]], sy ny CAFTA (Fifanarahana momba ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra malalaka eo amin' ny Repoblika Dôminikana sy Amerika Afovoany) eo amin' i [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy ny [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] ary i Etazonia. Raha ny fiteny sy ny kolontsaina no heverina, dia mizara ho faritra roa lehibe i Amerika Avaratra: i Anglo-America sy i [[Amerika Latina]]. Tafiditra ao amin' i Anglo-America ny ankamaroan' i Amerika Avaratra, i [[Belizy]], ary ireo nosy ao [[Karaîba]] izay manana mponina miteny [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]. Misy koa faritra manana mponina maro miteny frantsay, anisan' izany i [[Louisiana]] sy i [[Québec]]. Ao Québec sy ao Saint Pierre and Miquelon dia ny [[Fiteny frantsay|fiteny frantsay]] no fiteny ôfisialy.<ref name="language">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html]; Lohateny: ''Status of the French language''; Mpanoratra: Office Québécois de la langue francaise; Mpamoaka: Government of Quebec; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 November 2010; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153402/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2011.</ref><!--Original French: http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/charte/charte/clflgoff.html --> Ny tapany atsimon' i Amerika Avaratra dia ahitana an' i Amerika Afovoany sy ireo firenena ao Karaîba tsy miteny anglisy.<ref name="BritannicaCA">Lohateny: ''Central America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861670266/Central_America.html]; Rakipahalalana: ''Encarta Encyclopedia''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 May 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091103174029/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861670266/Central_America.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 November 2009; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Caribbean''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Caribbean]; Rakibolana: ''The Free Dictionary''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 May 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 6 November 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106140233/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Caribbean]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Misy faritra ekena sy fantatra koa ao avaratry ny kôntinenta. Raha mahafaoka ny kôntinantan' i Amerika Avaratra manontolo ny famaritana mahazatra ny hoe Amerika Avaratra, dia ampiasaina indraindray amin' ny heviny tery kokoa io anarana io, ilazana firenena efatra fotsiny ao amin' io famaritana io: i Kanada, i Groenlanda, i Meksika ary i Etazonia.<ref name="CIAGreenland">Lohateny: ''The World Factbook – North America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_noa.html]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 June 2011; Mpamoaka: Central Intelligence Agency; Datin' ny tahiry: 23 June 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623043844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_noa.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref name="CountryReports">Lohateny: ''Countries in North America – Country Reports''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.countryreports.org/maps/northamerica.aspx]; Mpamoaka: Country Reports; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150427050055/http://www.countryreports.org/maps/northamerica.aspx]; Datin' ny tahiry: 27 April 2015.</ref><ref name="eNotes">Lohateny: ''North America: World of Earth Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.enotes.com/earth-science/north-america]; Mpamoaka: eNotes Inc.; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 June 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101220133458/http://www.enotes.com/earth-science/north-america]; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 December 2010.</ref><ref name=Trilateral>Lohateny: ''North American Region''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.trilateral.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=12]; Mpamoaka: The Trilateral Commission; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 May 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204534/http://www.trilateral.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=12]; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 October 2012.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Parsons; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Alan; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Schaffer; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Jonathan; Lohateny: ''Geopolitics of oil and natural gas''; Mpamoaka: U.S. Department of State; Andiany: Economic Perspectives; Daty: May 2004.</ref> Ny Biraon' ny Fanisam-bahoaka ao Etazonia kosa dia mampiditra an' i Saint Pierre and Miquelon ao amin' ny famaritany, fa tsy mampiditra an' i [[Meksika]].<ref>Lohateny: ''Schedule C – Country Codes and Descriptions''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/schedules/c/countrycode.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231203204307/https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/schedules/c/countrycode.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 December 2023; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 December 2023; Mpamoaka: US Census Bureau.</ref> Ny hoe ''Northern America'' dia manondro ireo firenena sy fizaran-tany any amin' ny farany avaratr' i Amerika Avaratra: i Etazonia, i [[Bermioda]], i Kanada, i Groenlanda ary i Saint Pierre and Miquelon.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://esa.un.org/migration/index.asp?panel=3]; Lohateny: ''Definition of major areas and regions''; Mpamoaka: United Nations; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 October 2007; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2019; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703142031/https://esa.un.org/migration/index.asp?panel=3]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm]; Lohateny: ''Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings''; Mpamoaka: UN Statistics Division; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 October 2007; Datin' ny tahiry: 16 January 2019; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190116150809/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live. ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regnf.htm French] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101224062835/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regnf.htm Tahiry: 24 December 2010]).</ref> Na dia tsy manondro faritra iray miray aza ny anarana hoe Middle America,<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Berglee; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Royal; Daty: 17 June 2016; Lohateny: ''Chapter 5, Middle America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/part/chapter-5-middle-america/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180401174521/http://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/part/chapter-5-middle-america/]; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 April 2018; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 April 2018; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota.</ref> dia tafiditra amin' io faritra io i Meksika sy i Amerika Afovoany ary i Karaîba.<ref>Lohateny: ''Middle America (region, Mesoamerica)''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381099/Middle-America]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 June 2011; Rakipahalalana: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Datin' ny tahiry: 19 September 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110919063254/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381099/Middle-America]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> I Kanada sy i Etazonia no firenena lehibe indrindra ao Amerika Avaratra raha ny velaran-tany no heverina, ary samy manana zana-paritra voafaritra mazava sy ekena izy roa. Ao Kanada dia anisan' izany, avy atsinanana miankandrefana, i Atlantic Canada, i Central Canada, ny Canadian Prairies, ny British Columbia Coast, i Western Canada ary i Northern Canada. Ao Etazonia kosa dia ahitana an' i New England, i Mid-Atlantic, i South Atlantic, i East North Central, i West North Central, i East South Central, i West South Central, i Mountain ary ireo fanjakana manamorona an' i Pasifika (Pacific states). Ny faritry ny Farihy Lehibe (Great Lakes region) sy ny faritra avaratra-andrefana manamorona an' i Pasifika (Pacific Northwest) dia samy ahitana faritra ao Etazonia sy ao Kanada. <span id="Fizaràna_jeôpôlitika"></span> Anisan' ny firenena sy fizaran-tany ao avaratr' i [[Amerika]], miaraka amin' ireo nosy mifandray aminy, ireto manaraka ireto: [[Sary:North america.svg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Sarin-tany mampiseho ny fizaràna ara-pôlitika ao Amerika Avaratra.|Sarin-tany ara-pôlitikan' i Amerika Avaratra]] * Any avaratra-atsinanan' ny kôntinenta no misy ny nosy [[Groenlanda]] ("tanimaitso"). Ara-jeôgrafia dia ao amin' ny kôntinantan' i Amerika Avaratra izy io, fa ara-pôlitika kosa dia fizaran-tany mizaka tenan' ny Fanjakan' i [[Danemarka]]. * I [[Kanada]], miaraka amin' ireo nosy akaikiny: ** Ny nosin' i Vancouver sy ny Nosin' ny Mpanjakavavy Charlotte any andrefana; ** Ny nosin' i Printsy Edouard, i Terre-Neuve ary ny nosin' i Cap-Breton any atsinanana; ** Ny tambanosy arktika kanadiana, miaraka amin' ny nosin' i Ellesmere sy ny nosin' i Baffin ary ny nosy Victoria any avaratra. * Ny tambanosin' i Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, izay faritanin' i [[Frantsa]]. * I [[Etazonia]], miaraka amin' ny Nosy Aleota sy i [[Alaska]]. * I [[Bermioda]], izay faritany any ampitan-dranomasina mizaka tenan' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]]. * I [[Meksika]]. == Tantara == Lahatsoratra fototra: Tantaran' i Amerika Avaratra. === Vanim-potoana talohan' ny nahatongavan' i Christopher Columbus === Lahatsoratra fototra: Vanim-potoana talohan' ny nahatongavan' i Christopher Columbus. [[File:America 1000 BCE.png|thumb|Sarin-tanin' ny fomba fivelomana tany [[Amerika|Amerika]], anisan' izany i Amerika Avaratra, tamin' ny taona 1000 talohan' i Kristy.<br /> <span style="background:#FEFE00;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> Mavo: mpihaza sy mpioty zavamaniry hohanina.<br /> <span style="background:#00FE00;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> Maitso: fiarahamonina mpamboly manana fandaminana tsotra.<br /> <span style="background:#FE7F3F;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> Volomboasary: fiarahamonina mpamboly manana fandaminana saro-drafitra, anisan' izany ny vondrom-poko tarihin' ny lehibe iray sy ny [[Haifomba|sivilizasiona]]. ]] Manana [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|angano maro momba ny famoronana]] ny [[Teratanin' i Amerika|vazimba teratany any Amerika]]. Milaza ny sasany amin' ireo angano ireo fa efa teo amin' ilay tany hatramin' ny namoronana azy izy ireo,<ref name="Curtin2014">Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Jeremiah; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Curtin; Lohateny: ''Creation Myths of Primitive America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRK1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2]; Taona: 2014; Mpamoaka: Jazzybee Verlag; ISBN: <nowiki>978-3-8496-4454-3</nowiki>; Pejy: 2; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 22 November 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 9 February 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160209074925/https://books.google.com/books?id=PRK1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> nefa tsy misy porofo fa tao no nipoiran' ny olombelona tamin' ny alalan' ny fivoaran' ny karazana.<ref name="Krensky">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Krensky; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Stephen; Fandraisan' anjara hafa: Illustrated by Steve Sullivan; Lohateny: ''Who Really Discovered America?''; Taona: 1987; Mpamoaka: [[Scholastic Inc.]]; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-590-40854-7</nowiki>; Pejy: 13.</ref> Mbola anaovana fikarohana sy adihevitra ny antsipirian' ny fahatongavan' ny mponina voalohany tao Amerika avy amin' ireo Aziatika fahiny.<ref name="White2006">Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Phillip M.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: White; Lohateny: ''American Indian chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=_VnZ8_2kSScC&pg=PA1]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 29 November 2011; Taona: 2006; Mpamoaka: Greenwood Publishing Group; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-313-33820-5</nowiki>; Pejy: 1; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 January 2014; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140111211639/http://books.google.com/books?id=_VnZ8_2kSScC&pg=PA1]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Araka ny teôria nentim-paharazana, dia nidiran' ny mpihaza ilay tetezan-tany tao Bering nampitohy ny faritra atsinanan' i [[Siberia|Siberia]] sy i [[Alaska|Alaska]] ankehitriny, teo anelanelan' ny 27 000 sy 14 000 taona lasa izay.<ref name="HavilandPrins2013">Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: William; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Haviland; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Harald; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Prins; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano 2: Harald Prins; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: Dana; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Walrath; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: Bunny; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: McBride; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano 4: Bunny McBride; Lohateny: ''Anthropology: The Human Challenge''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0bpuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219]; Daty: 2013; Mpamoaka: Cengage Learning; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-285-67758-3</nowiki>; Pejy: 219, 220; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 22 November 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 7 February 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160207213447/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bpuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref name="Sonneborn-2007">Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Liz; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Sonneborn; Lohateny: ''Chronology of American Indian History''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC&pg=PA3]; Daty: January 2007; Mpamoaka: Infobase Publishing; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-8160-6770-1</nowiki>; Pejy: 3; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 29 November 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 January 2014; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140103103603/http://books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC&pg=PA3]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> {{#tag:ref|Mety ho nahafahan' ny mpifindra monina niampita ilay tetezan-tany hatramin' ny 40 000 taona lasa izay ny fihenan' ny haavon' ny ranomasimbe nandritra ireo [[Vanim-potoanan'ny ranomandry|vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry]] nifandimby.<ref name=really>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Krensky; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Stephen; Fandraisan' anjara hafa: Illustrated by Steve Sullivan; Lohateny: ''Who Really Discovered America?''; Taona: 1987; Mpamoaka: [[Scholastic Inc.]]; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-590-40854-7</nowiki>; Pejy: 11, 13.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Mihamitombo kosa ny mpanaraka ilay fiheverana fa niondrana an-tsambo avy tao Beringia ireo mponina voalohany tao Amerika, tokony ho 13 000 taona lasa izay,<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.science.org/content/article/most-archaeologists-think-first-americans-arrived-boat-now-they-re-beginning-prove-it]; Lohateny: ''Most archaeologists think the first Americans arrived by boat. Now, they're beginning to prove it''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Wade; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Lizzie; Gazety: ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''; Daty: 10 August 2017; DOI: 10.1126/science.aan7213; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 26 December 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: 31 January 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200131022108/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/08/most-archaeologists-think-first-americans-arrived-boat-now-they-re-beginning-prove-it]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> ary niely tamin' ny faritra maro tao Amerika ny fonenan' ny olona tamin' ny faran' ny vanim-potoanan' ny ranomandry farany, nandritra ilay fotoana nahatratraran' ny ranomandry ny fivelarany lehibe indrindra tamin' ny faramparan' io vanim-potoana io (''Late Glacial Maximum''), tokony ho 12 500 taona lasa izay.<ref name="Pauketat2012">Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Timothy R.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Pauketat; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Timothy R. Pauketat; Lohateny: ''The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology''; Daty: 23 February 2012; Mpamoaka: OUP US; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-19-538011-8</nowiki>; Pejy: 96.</ref> Efa tamin' ny 15 000 ka hatramin' ny 10 000 taona talohan' ny ankehitriny ireo sary voasokitra tamin' ny vatolampy tranainy indrindra any Amerika Avaratra.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.npr.org/2013/08/16/212569006/n-americas-oldest-known-petroglyphs-discovered-in-nevada]; Lohateny: ''N. America's Oldest Known Petroglyphs Discovered In Nevada''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Shogren; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Elizabeth; Daty: 16 August 2013; Tranonkala: [[NPR]]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 December 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 August 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200805060403/https://www.npr.org/2013/08/16/212569006/n-americas-oldest-known-petroglyphs-discovered-in-nevada]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Manondro fifindra-monina nifanesy hafa avy any Azia, namakivaky ny [[Andilan-dranomasin' i Bering|Andilan-dranomasin' i Bering]], nandritra ny fiandohana sy ny tapany afovoan' ny vanim-potoana jeôlôjika antsoina hoe ''Holocene'', ny fikarohana momba ny fototarazo sy ny [[Antrôpôlôjia|antropôlôjia, na fandinihana ny olombelona sy ny fiarahamoniny]].<ref name="SkoglundMallick2015">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Skoglund; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: P.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Mallick; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: S.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Bortolini; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: M. C.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: Chennagiri; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: N.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 5: Hünemeier; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 5: T.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 6: Petzl-Erler; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 6: M. L.; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano 6: Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 7: Salzano; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 7: F. M.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 8: Patterson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 8: N.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 9: Reich; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 9: D.; Daty: 21 July 2015; Lohateny: ''Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas''; Gazety: ''Nature''; Boky: 525; Laharana: 7567; Pejy: 104–8; Bibcode: 2015Natur.525..104S; DOI: 10.1038/nature14895; PMC: 4982469; PMID: 26196601.</ref><ref name="BellwoodNess2014">Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Peter; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Bellwood; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano 1: Peter Bellwood; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Immanuel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Ness; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano 2: Immanuel Ness; Lohateny: ''The Global Prehistory of Human Migration''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194]; Daty: 2014; Mpamoaka: John Wiley & Sons; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-118-97059-1</nowiki>; Pejy: 194; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 22 November 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 7 February 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160207210859/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Krensky; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Stephen; Fandraisan' anjara hafa: Illustrated by Steve Sullivan; Lohateny: ''Who Really Discovered America?''; Taona: 1987; Mpamoaka: [[Scholastic Inc.]]; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-590-40854-7</nowiki>; Pejy: 17–27.</ref> Talohan' ny nahatongavan' ny mpizaha tany sy ny mpanjana-tany eorôpeana tao Amerika Avaratra, dia nizara ho vondrona maro samy nanana ny fandaminana ara-pôlitikany ny vazimba teratany tao Amerika Avaratra, nanomboka tamin' ny vondrona madinika nahitana fianakaviana vitsivitsy ka hatramin' ny empira lehibe. Nipetraka tamin' ny faritra ara-kolontsaina maro izy ireo. Nifanandrify teo ho eo tamin' ny faritra ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-biôlôjia ireo faritra ireo, izay namolavola ny kolontsaina sy ny fomba fiaina nampiavaka ny vazimba teratany nonina tao aminy. Anisan' izany ny mpihaza bizona tany amin' ny Lemaka Lehibe sy ny mpamboly tany [[Mesôamerika|Mesoamerica]]. Sokajiana araka ny [[Vondrom-piteny amerindiana|fianakaviam-piteniny]] koa ireo vondron' ny vazimba teratany, anisan' izany ny fiteny [[Fiteny atabaskana|Athabaskan]] sy Uto-Aztecan. Tsy voatery hitovy anefa ny fitaovana sy zavatra ara-materialy mampiavaka ny kolontsain' ireo vazimba teratany manana fiteny mifanahaka, ary tsy voatery ho mpiray dina foana koa izy ireo. Mihevitra ireo mpandinika antropôlôjia fa tatỳ aoriana lavitra noho ireo vondron' ny vazimba teratany hafa no nahatongavan' ny [[Inoita (vahoaka)|Inuit]] any amin' ny faritra farany avaratry ny [[Arktika|Arktika]] tao Amerika Avaratra. Ny porofo iankinan' io fiheverana io dia ny fanjavonan' ireo zavatra vitan' ny olona avy amin' ny kolontsaina Dorset tao amin' ny tavela ara-materialy dinihin' ny arkeôlôjia, izay nosoloan' ny an' ny vahoaka Thule. Niova sy nifindra toerana ny kolontsaina nandritra ireo an' arivony taona nipetrahan' ny vazimba teratany teo amin' ny kaontinanta. Anisan' ny tranainy indrindra hita hatramin' izao ny kolontsaina Clovis, tokony ho tamin' ny taona 9550–9050 talohan' i Kristy, tao [[New Mexico|New Mexico]] ankehitriny.<ref name=bradshaw>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/south_america/serra_da_capivara/index.php]; Lohateny: ''America's Oldest Art – The Rock Art of Serra da Capivara''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nash; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: George; Taona: 2011; Tranonkala: [[Bradshaw Foundation]]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 December 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 September 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170924163146/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/south_america/serra_da_capivara/index.php]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Taorian' ny tapany voalohan' ny vanim-potoana tranainy antsoina hoe ''Archaic period'', dia anisan' ny fivoarana lehibe teo amin' ny faritra samihafa ny kolontsaina Mississippian, izay niely tao amin' ny lohasahan' ny [[Mississippi (ony)|reniranon' i Mississippi]] ary nanana foibe an-tanàn-dehibe misy dongon-tany voaorina manana tampony fisaka, sy ireo razamben' ny vahoaka Pueblo tao amin' ny faritr' i Four Corners. Ireo vondrona ara-kolontsaina tany amin' ny faritra atsimo kokoa tao Amerika Avaratra no [[Famolahana ho fihary|nampifanaraka tamin' ny fambolena]] ny voly mahazatra maro ampiasaina maneran-tany ankehitriny, toy ny voatabia, ny voatavo ary ny [[Zea mays|katsaka]]. Vokatry ny fivoaran' ny fambolena tany atsimo, dia nisy fandrosoana ara-kolontsaina maro hafa koa tany. Namolavola rafi-panoratana ny [[Sivilizasiôna Maia|Maya]], nanorina piramida sy tempoly goavana, nanana kalandrie saro-drafitra, ary namolavola ny foto-kevitry ny aotra, ilay isa milaza ny tsy fisian' ny habetsahana, tokony ho tamin' ny taona 400 taorian' i Kristy.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-the-origin-of-zer]; Lohateny: ''What is the origin of zero? How did we indicate nothingness before zero?''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Robert; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kaplan; Gazety: ''[[Scientific American]]''; Daty: 16 January 2007; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 19 February 2008; Datin' ny tahiry: 19 March 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110319151336/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-the-origin-of-zer]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ao amin' ny fitantarana lava nentin-drazan' ny vahoaka Norse no ahitana ny filazana eorôpeana voarakitra voalohany momba an' i Amerika Avaratra, izay antsoina ao hoe Vinland.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Groeneveld; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Emma; Lohateny: ''Vinland''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.worldhistory.org/Vinland/]; Tranonkala: World History Encyclopedia; Daty: 10 September 2018; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 June 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 April 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210420181420/https://www.worldhistory.org/Vinland/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Tokony ho tamin' ny taona 1000 taorian' i Kristy no nitrangan' ny fifandraisana namakivaky ranomasimbe talohan' ny nahatongavan' i Christopher Columbus tranainy indrindra azo hamarinina teo amin' ny kolontsaina eorôpeana iray sy ny tanibe amerikanina avaratra.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Linda S.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Cordell; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Kent; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Lightfoot; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: Francis; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: McManamon; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: George; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: Milner; Lohateny: ''L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site''; Rakipahalalana: ''Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82]; Daty: 2009; Mpamoaka: ABC-CLIO; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-313-02189-3</nowiki>; Pejy: 82; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 19 December 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 30 December 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230134928/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nitana porofo tsy azo isalasalana momba ny fonenan' ny vahoaka Norse ilay toerana arkeôlôjika ao L'Anse aux Meadows, izay any amin' ny tendrony avaratra indrindra amin' ny nosy Newfoundland.<ref>[[Helge Ingstad|H. Ingstad]] and [[A. Stine Ingstad]], ''The Viking Discovery of America'' (2000), p. 141.</ref> Heverina fa nitsidika io faritra io ilay mpizaha tany avy amin' ny vahoaka Norse [[Leif Ericson|Leif Erikson]], izay niaina tokony ho tamin' ny taona 970–1020 taorian' i Kristy.{{#tag:ref|Toa mifanaraka amin' ny Nosy Baffin, ny morontsirak' i Labrador akaikin' i Cape Porcupine, i Belle Isle, ary toerana iray izay nahatonga azy hanome an' ilay tany ny anarana hoe Vinland (''Wineland'', midika hoe «tanin' ny divay»), ireo filazalazana momba ny toerana nozahan' i Erikson.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Wernick; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Robert; Lohateny: ''The Vikings''; Daty: 1979; Mpamoaka: Time-Life Books; Toerana: Alexandria, VA; ISBN: <nowiki>0-8094-2709-5</nowiki>; Pejy: 149–151.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} I Erikson no Eorôpeana voalohany tonga an-tanety teo amin' ilay kaontinanta, raha tsy isaina i Groenlanda.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Little; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Becky; Lohateny: ''Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day?''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/10/151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history/]; Tranonkala: National Geographic; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 28 May 2020; Daty: 11 October 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 28 March 2019; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328203350/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''History – Leif Erikson''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/erikson_leif.shtml]; Tranonkala: BBC; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 8 June 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 January 2012; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120120185237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/erikson_leif.shtml]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Mbola nisy ny kolontsaina Maya tany atsimon' i Meksika sy tany [[Goatemala|Goatemala]] rehefa tonga ireo mpandresy miaramila espaniôla. Efa nifindra tany amin' ny Empira Azteka anefa ny fahefana ara-pôlitika nanjakazaka tao amin' ilay faritra. Tany avaratra kokoa, tao amin' ny Lohasahan' i Meksika, no nisy an' i [[Tenochtitlán|Tenochtitlan]], renivohitr' io empira io. Resin' i [[Hernán Cortés|Hernán Cortés]] ny Azteka tamin' ny taona 1521.<ref name="Grunberg">Bernard Grunberg, ''"La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés''", in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' n°322, July–August 2007 </ref> === Taorian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny Eoropeana, 1492–1910 === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fanjanahan-tany eoropeana tany Amerika. Fanazavana fanampiny: Filaharan' ny fanjanahan-tany eoropeana tany Amerika Avaratra araka ny fotoana, Amerika britanika, Amerika frantsay, Espaina Vaovao ary Fanjanahan-tany rosiana tany Amerika. [[File:Waldseemuller map 2.jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' izao tontolo izao nataon' ilay mpanao sarintany alemà Martin Waldseemüller (Alemaina, 1507), izay nampiasa voalohany ny anarana hoe ''America'']] [[File:QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg|thumb|Sarintanin' i Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 1702 mampiseho ny toby mimanda sy ny tanàna ary, amin' ny loko feno, ireo faritra nonenan' ny Eoropeana nanorim-ponenana ho mpanjana-tany]] Nandritra ilay antsoina hoe Vanim-potoan' ny Fikarohana, dia nanao dia fikarohana tany ampitan-dranomasina ny Eoropeana ary nilaza fa azy ny faritra samihafa tao Amerika Avaratra, na dia efa nonenan' ny teratany aza ny ampahany betsaka tamin' izany. Rehefa tonga tao amin' ny « [[Tontolo Vaovao|Tontolo Vaovao]] » ny Eoropeana, dia samihafa ny fihetsiky ny teratany: tao ny fahalianana, ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra, ny fiaraha-miasa, ny fanekena tsy fidiny ary ny fanoherana. Nihena be ny isan' ny teratany taorian' ny fahatongavan' ny Eoropeana. Ny antony lehibe indrindra dia ny fampidirana ireo aretina avy tany Eorôpa sy Azia, toy ny [[Nendra|nendra]] (na areti-mifindra vokatry ny viriosy; ''smallpox'' amin' ny teny anglisy); tsy nanana fiarovana tamin' ireo aretina ireo ny vatan' ny teratany. Anisan' ny antony koa ny fifandonana nahery vaika tamin' ny Eoropeana.<ref>Lohateny: ''A Concise History of World Population: An Introduction to Population Processes''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Massimo Livi Bacci; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Malden; Toerana: Massachusetts; Mpamoaka: Blackwell Publishing; Taona: 2001; Fanontana: 3rd; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-631-22335-1</nowiki>; Pejy: 42–46.</ref> Niova be ny kolontsain' ny teratany, ary niova koa ny fifamatorany tamin' ireo vondrona ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina. Nisy vondrona ara-piteny maromaro nanjavona, ary nisy hafa niova haingana dia haingana. Teo amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-atsinanan' i Amerika Avaratra, dia nitsidika sy nanome ny anarana hoe ''La Florida'' tamin' ny 1513 ilay Espaniola mpizaha tany [[Juan Ponce de León]], izay niaraka tamin' i Columbus tamin' ny diany faharoa.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Bergreen; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Lawrence; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Laurence Bergreen; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dyhtkk4VQcC]; Lohateny: ''Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504''; Mpamoaka: Penguin Group US; Taona: 2011; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-101-54432-7</nowiki>; Pejy: 127; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 13 September 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 December 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201217004027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dyhtkk4VQcC]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Rehefa nandeha ny vanim-potoan' ny fanjanahan-tany, dia naka ho azy sy nitaky faritany midadasika teo amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanana sy atsimon' i Amerika Avaratra i [[Espaina|Espaina]], ny fitondrana anglisy ary i Frantsa. Nanorina fonenana maharitra tany amin' ireo nosy karibeana [[Hispaniola (nosy)|Hispaniola]] sy [[Kiobà|Kiobà]] i Espaina tamin' ny taona 1490–1499: nanorina tanàna izy, nampiasa ny teratany nonina tao, namboly ho an' ny Espaniola mpanjana-tany, ary nanasivana fasika sy vatokely mba hahazoana volamena hampanan-karena ny Espaniola. Maty noho ny aretina sy ny asa tafahoatra ny ampahany betsaka tamin' ny teratany, ka vao mainka nanosika ny Espaniola hitaky tany sy vahoaka hafa izany. Nisy andiana mpanao dia fikarohana notarihin' ilay Espaniola mpanjana-tany [[Hernán Cortés]] nandeha an-tsambo niankandrefana tamin' ny 1519, nankany amin' izay fantatra tatỳ aoriana fa ny tanibe tao Meksika. Niaraka tamin' ny teratany teo an-toerana izay mpiara-dia taminy, dia nandresy ny empira azteka tao afovoan' i Meksika ny Espaniola tamin' ny 1521. Avy eo dia nanorina tanàna maharitra tao [[Meksika|Meksika]] sy Amerika Afovoany ary ny faritra espaniola tao Amerika Atsimo i Espaina, nandritra ny taonjato faha-16. Rehefa resin' ny Espaniola ireo [[Haifomba|sivilizasiôna]] nandroso an' ny Azteka sy ny Inka, dia nanjary faritra an-tsisiny tsy dia nandroso tao amin' ny [[Empira Espaniôla|empira espaniola]] i Karaîba. Nanomboka nisisika tamin' ireo faritra notakin' i Espaina ny fanjakana eoropeana hafa, anisan' izany ireo nosy karibeana. Nalain' i Frantsa ny antsasany andrefan' i [[Hispaniola (nosy)|Hispaniola]], ary novolavolainy ho zanatany namokatra siramamy avy amin' ny fary i Saint-Domingue, ka andevo mainty hoditra no nampiasaina tao. Nalain' ny fitondrana britanika i [[Barbady|Barbady]] sy i [[Jamaîka|Jamaîka]], ary naka ireo nosy efa notakin' i Espaina teo aloha ny Holandey sy ny Danoà. Tsy nanomboka nanorim-ponenana teo amin' ny taniben' i Amerika Avaratra ny fitondrana britanika raha tsy zato taona taorian' ny nanorenan' ny Espaniola ireo fonenana voalohany, satria nokendreny hofehezina aloha i Ireland, izay teo akaikiny. === Toeram-ponenana anglisy === Lahatsoratra fototra: Ireo faritra nofehezin' ny Britanika tany Amerika. Tao Jamestown, Virginia no nisy ny toeram-ponenana anglisy maharitra voalohany, tamin' ny taona 1607. Narahin' ny fanorenana toeram-panjanahana hafa teny amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanan' i Etazonia izany, nanomboka tany [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] ankehitriny any atsimo ka hatrany [[Massachusetts]] any avaratra, ka niforona tamin' izany ireo zanatany telo ambin' ny folo tany Amerika nofehezin' ny Britanika. Tsy nanorina toeram-ponenana tany avaratra na tany atsinanan' ny lohasahan' i St. Lawrence, ao Kanada ankehitriny, ny Anglisy raha tsy taorian' ny nifaranan' ny Ady ho an' ny Fahaleovantena Amerikana. Anisan' ny toeram-ponenana britanika voalohany tao Kanada ankehitriny i St. John's, Newfoundland, tamin' ny taona 1630, sy i [[Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], tamin' ny taona 1749. Tao Quebec City, Quebec kosa no nisy ny toeram-ponenana frantsay maharitra voalohany, izay naorina tamin' ny taona 1608. === Ady fito taona === Lahatsoratra fototra: Ady fito taona. Noho ny fandresena britanika tamin' ny Ady fito taona, dia natolotr' i Frantsa ho an' ny fitondrana britanika tamin' ny 1763 ny fitakiany zo amin' ireo faritany tany Amerika Avaratra, atsinanan' ny [[Mississippi (ony)|reniranon' i Mississippi]]. Nahazo zo tamin' ireo faritany andrefan' i Mississippi kosa i [[Espaina|Espaina]], ka nanjary sisintany nanasaraka ny fitakian' i Espaina sy ny fitondrana britanika tamin' ireo faritany io renirano io. Rehefa efa nanana traikefa tany Amerika Avaratra nandritra ny taranaka maromaro ireo mpanjana-tany frantsay, dia nanorim-ponenana tao amin' ny faritr' i Illinois izy ireo, ary niampita ny reniranon' i Mississippi nankany amin' ireo faritra tsy nisy an' i Espaina sy nahafahan' izy ireo nampiasa ho tombontsoany ireo toeram-ponenana frantsay efa nananan' izy ireo tany Louisiana, manodidina ny [[Hoalan' i Meksika|Hoalan' i Meksika]]. Niara-niasa tamin' ireo foko tompotany tao Midwest ireo Frantsay nanorim-ponenana tany am-boalohany ireo. Nanaraka ny fiitarana niankandrefana ny taranany nanana fiaviana mifangaro tatỳ aoriana, ka tonga hatrany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Ranomasimbe Pasifika]], eo amin' ny morontsiraka andrefan' i Etazonia amin' izao fotoana izao. === Revôlisiôna amerikanina === Lahatsoratra fototra: Revôlisiôna amerikanina; Ady ho an' ny fahaleovantena amerikanina. Tamin' ny 1776, taorian' ny ezaka samihafa handaminana ny tsy fifanarahana tamin' ny fanjakana britanika tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia nandefa solontena ho any amin' ny kongresy faharoa nivorian' ny solontenan' ireo zanatany amerikanina tao [[Philadelphia]] ireo zanatany telo ambin' ny folo tany Amerika nofehezin' ny Britanika. Nankatoavin' io kongresy io tamin' ny firaisan-kevitry ny rehetra ny Fanambarana ny Fahaleovantena tamin' ny 4 Jolay 1776. I [[Thomas Jefferson]] no tena nanoratra azy io; anisan' ilay komity nisy mpikambana dimy notendren' io kongresy faharoa io hanoratra ilay fanambarana izy. Tao amin' ilay fanambarana no nanambaran' ireo zanatany telo ambin' ny folo ny fahaleovantenany tamin' ny fitondram-panjaka britanika, izay notarihin' ny Mpanjaka [[George III.|George III]] tamin' izany fotoana izany, ary nanazavany tamin' ny an-tsipiriany ireo antony nandray anjara tamin' ny fanapahan-keviny. Tamin' ny alalan' ny fanasoniavana sy ny famoahana ny Fanambarana ny Fahaleovantena, dia nanome endrika ôfisialy ny Ady ho an' ny fahaleovantena amerikanina ireo zanatany telo ambin' ny folo sady nampitombo ny hamafiny. Efa nanomboka tamin' ny taona talohan' izany anefa io ady io, tamin' ireo ady tao Lexington sy Concord tamin' ny 19 Avrily 1775. Nivory tao Philadelphia taorian' ny nipoahan' ny ady ireo solontenan' ny zanatany telo ambin' ny folo, ka nanangana ny tafika niombonan' ireo zanatany amerikanina avy tamin' ireo vondron' olom-pirenena nirongo fiadiana samihafa nanohana ny revôlisiôna, izay efa nanohitra ny Britanika tamin' izany fotoana izany. Notendren' izy ireo ho mpitari-tafika an' io tafika niombonana io i [[George Washington]]. Rehefa nandroso ny Ady ho an' ny fahaleovantena amerikanina, dia nanomboka nahita ny mety hahazoan' ny Amerikanina fandresena amin' ilay ady i Frantsa sy i Espaina, izay samy fahavalon' ny fitondrana britanika tamin' izany fotoana izany. Nanomboka nanohana an' i Washington sy ny tolona ho an' ny revôlisiôna amerikanina izy ireo. Ny tafika britanika kosa dia notohanan' ireo vondron-tafika nantsoina hoe ''Hessian'', avy any amin' ny faritra misy an' i [[Alemaina]] ankehitriny. Tamin' ny 1783, taorian' ny ezaka nandritra ny valo taona handresena ny fikomiana amerikanina, dia nanaiky ny faharesen' ny fitondrana britanika tamin' ilay ady ny Mpanjaka George III. Nitarika ho amin' ny fanasoniavana ny Fifanarahan' i Paris tamin' ny 3 Septambra 1783 izany, ka nampiorina mafy ny fisian' i Etazonia amin' ny maha-fanjakana manana fiandrianam-pirenena azy. === Fiitarana niankandrefana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Ireo lalana nampiasaina tamin' ny fiitarana niankandrefana. Fanazavana fanampiny: Ny dia fikarohana nataon' i Lewis sy Clark; ny fividianana an' i Louisiana; ny dia fikarohana nataon' i Etazonia. [[File:Professor G. Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas 1886 (134038141).jpg|thumb|right|Sarintanin' i Gustav Droysen maneho ny fanjanahan-tany eorôpeana tany Amerika Avaratra sy ny fiovan' ny faritanin' i Etazonia.]] Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18, dia efa nanana toerana niorenany teo amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' ny morontsirak' i Pacific Northwest, ilay faritra avaratra-andrefana manamorona ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika, i Rosia. Nanao varotra hoditra misy volom-biby tamin' ny alalan' ny fitaterana an-dranomasina tao izy, ary nahazo fanohanana avy amin' ny toeram-ponenan' ny tompotany maro tao amin' ilay faritra. Noho izany, dia vao mainka liana tamin' ny fifehezana ny varotra teo amin' ny morontsirak' i Pasifika ny Espaniôla, ary nanao sarintany mampiseho ny ankamaroan' io morontsiraka io. Tamin' io fotoana io no nanandraman' ny Espaniôla voalohany nanorim-ponenana tao Alta California. Tonga hatrany amin' ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika ny dia fikarohana maro an-tanety nifandraika tamin' ireo mpanao dia ho an' ny varotra hoditra misy volom-biby (''voyageurs''), sy tamin' io varotra io, ary tamin' ireo dia fikarohana notarihin' i Etazonia, anisan' izany ny dia nataon' i Lewis sy Clark, sy ny nataon' i Frémont, ary ny nataon' i Wilkes. Tamin' ny 1803, nandritra ny fitondran' i Thomas Jefferson, filoha fahatelon' i Etazonia, dia namidin' i Napoleon Bonaparte tamin' i Etazonia ireo fitakian' i Frantsa zo mbola tavela tamin' ireo faritany tany Amerika Avaratra. Anisan' ireo faritany ireo ny faritra andrefan' ny reniranon' i Mississippi, ary tafiditra tao amin' ny fividianana an' i Louisiana izany. Nandamina ny fifanolanany momba ny sisintaniny tany andrefana i Espaina sy i Etazonia tamin' ny 1819, tamin' ny alalan' ny fifanarahana Adams–Onís. Niady ela mba hahazoana fahaleovantena tamin' i Espaina i Meksika, ary nahazo izany tamin' ny 1821; mbola tafiditra tao Meksika tamin' izany fotoana izany i Amerika Afovoany. Nikatsaka ny hanitatra ny faritaniny niankandrefana hatrany i Etazonia, ka niady tamin' ny Ady nifanaovan' i Meksika sy i Etazonia. Nahazo faritany midadasika izy tamin' izany, izay notakin' i Espaina aloha ary i Meksika avy eo, nefa tsy tena voafehin' ireo firenena ireo. Ny tompotany no tena nifehy ny ampahany betsaka tamin' ilay faritra, ary tsy nanaiky ny fitakian' i Espaina na i Frantsa na i Etazonia zo tamin' izany izy ireo. Tamin' ny 1867, dia namidin' i Rosia tamin' i Etazonia ny fitakiany zo tamin' ireo faritany tany Amerika Avaratra, anisan' izany ny fanjakan' i [[Alaska]] ao Etazonia amin' izao fotoana izao. === Kanada sy ny lakandranon' i Panamà === Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Kanada]] sy [[Lakandranon' i Panama|Lakandranon' i Panamà]]. Tamin' ny 1867, dia nitambatra ireo olona nanorim-ponenana tany amin' ny zanatany tao avaratr' i Etazonia ka namorona vondrona ara-pôlitika mizaka tena nantsoina hoe ''Dominion of Canada''. Nikasa hihady lakandrano mamakivaky ny [[Andilan-tanin' i Panamà]] i Etazonia, tao amin' ny faritra misy an' i [[Panamà]] ankehitriny, any Amerika Afovoany, izay mbola anisan' ny faritra misy an' i [[Kôlômbia]] ankehitriny tamin' izany fotoana izany. Nanampy ny Panamianina tamin' ny ady izay nitarika ny fisarahan' i Panamà tamin' i Kôlômbia i Etazonia. Avy eo dia nanokana faritra ho an' ny lakandranon' i Panamà i Etazonia ary nilaza fa manana ny fiandrianana amin' io faritra io. Taorian' ny asa naharitra am-polony taona, dia vita tamin' ny 1913 ny lakandranon' i Panamà, izay nampifandray ny [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]] sy ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]] ka nanamora be ny fivezivezen' ny sambo mpitatitra maneran-tany. == Jeôgrafia == Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôgrafian' i Amerika Avaratra. [[File:Physical Features of North America map by Tom Patterson v. 1.01, meters.jpg|thumb|Ny endriky ny vohon-tany sy ny rakotra ambonin' ny tany ao Amerika Avaratra, aseho amin' ny sarintany tamin' ny taona 2021]] [[File:Saguaro National Park - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg|thumb|Ny tany efitra Sonoran Desert ao [[Arizona]]]] [[File:Moraine Lake 17092005.jpg|thumb|Ny farihy Moraine ao amin' ny valan-javaboarim-pirenena Banff, ao [[Alberta]]]] [[File:Nuuk city below Sermitsiaq.JPG|thumb|I Nuuk, renivohitr' i [[Groenlanda]]]] [[File:North America satellite globe.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Sarin' i Amerika Avaratra azo avy amin' ny zanabolana]] Any amin' ny tapany avaratr' ilay velaran-tany lehibe antsoina matetika hoe Tontolo Vaovao, [[Ila bolantany andrefana|ila bolantany andrefana]], ny fitambaran' ireo Amerika, na Amerika fotsiny no misy an' i Amerika Avaratra. Any amin' ny firenena maro dia heverina ho kôntinenta tokana izany velaran-tany izany,<ref name="IOC">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_672.pdf]; Lohateny: ''The Olympic symbols''; Mpamoaka: [[International Olympic Committee]]; Taona: 2002; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307073846/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_672.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 7 March 2008; Toerana: Lausanne: Olympic Museum and Studies Centre. Ireo peratra dimy amin' ny saina ôlimpika dia maneho ireo kôntinenta dimy misy mponina sady mandray anjara ([http://www.moscow2001.olympic.org/en/pdf/members_by_continent.pdf Afrika, Amerika, Azia, Eorôpa ary Ôseania] [https://web.archive.org/web/20020223205800/http://www.moscow2001.olympic.org/en/pdf/members_by_continent.pdf Tahiry: 23 February 2002]).</ref><ref name="Oceano">Lohateny: ''Océano Uno, Diccionario Enciclopédico y Atlas Mundial''; Toko: ''Continente''; Pejy: 392, 1730; ISBN: <nowiki>978-84-494-0188-6</nowiki>; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Equipo; Taona: 1997; Mpamoaka: Océano.</ref><ref name="cincocontinentes">Lohateny: ''Los Cinco Continentes (The Five Continents)''; Mpamoaka: Planeta-De Agostini Editions; Taona: 1997; ISBN: <nowiki>978-84-395-6054-8</nowiki>.</ref> ary i Amerika Avaratra kosa dia [[Kôntinenta|zana-kôntinenta]], izany hoe ampahany lehibe ao anatin' ny kôntinenta iray.<ref>Lohateny: ''Encarta, "Norteamérica"''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562468/Norteam%C3%A9rica.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130015145/http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562468/Norteam%C3%A9rica.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 30 January 2009; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Fiteny: es; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 January 2007.</ref><ref name="britannica-northamerica">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America]; Lohateny: ''North America''; Rakipahalalana: ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 February 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 May 2012; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120520211322/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Map And Details Of All 7 Continents''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/contnent.htm]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2 September 2016; Mpamoaka: worldatlas.com; Teny nalaina: In some parts of the world, students are taught that there are only six continents, as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas.; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 March 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032048/http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/contnent.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Raha ny velarana no ampitahaina, dia laharana fahatelo amin' ny kôntinenta lehibe indrindra i Amerika Avaratra, aorian' i [[Azia]] sy i [[Afrika]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Rosenberg; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Matt; Daty: 11 April 2020; Lohateny: ''Ranking the 7 Continents by Size and Population''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.thoughtco.com/continents-ranked-by-size-and-population-4163436]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 August 2020; Tranonkala: ThoughtCo; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 November 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201101002537/https://www.thoughtco.com/continents-ranked-by-size-and-population-4163436]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''North America Land Forms and Statistics''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/nalandst.htm]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 June 2013; Mpamoaka: World Atlas.com; Datin' ny tahiry: 23 June 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130623010048/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/nalandst.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]] no mamaritra azy any andrefana sy any atsimo, ny [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]] any atsinanana, ary ny [[Ranomasimbe Arktika]] any avaratra. Any atsimo-atsinanana kosa no misy an' i [[Amerika Atsimo]] sy ny [[Ranomasina Karaîba]]. Ny hany fifandraisana an-tanin' i Amerika Avaratra amin' i [[Amerika Atsimo]] dia ao amin' i [[Panamà]] ankehitriny, eo amin' ny faritr' i Darién (Darien Gap), eo amin' ny sisintanin' i [[Kôlômbia]] sy i Panamà. Noho izany dia saika ao anatin' i Amerika Avaratra avokoa ny tanin' i Panamà.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas]; Lohateny: ''Americas''; Asa: ''Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''; Mpamoaka: United Nations Statistics Division; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 February 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 December 2009; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20091211114207/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061021010223/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view]; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 October 2006; Lohateny: ''North America''; Asa: ''Atlas of Canada''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 May 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref name="North America Atlas">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w]; Lohateny: ''North America Atlas''; Gazety: ''National Geographic''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 May 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 May 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200525180734/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/?xpop=1]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Misy kosa jeôlôga sasany mametraka ny fetra atsimon' ilay kôntinenta eo amin' ny andilan-tanin' i Tehuantepec (Isthmus of Tehuantepec), ao Meksika, raha ny endriky ny vohon-tany no ijerena azy. Araka izany famaritana izany, dia manomboka eo ka miitatra mianatsimo-atsinanana hatrany Amerika Atsimo i Amerika Afovoany.<ref>Lohateny: ''Central America''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102196/Central-America]; Rakipahalalana: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 28 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 8 July 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708183740/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102196/Central-America]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Heverina ho anisan' i Amerika Avaratra ireo nosin' i Karaîba, izay antsoina koa hoe West Indies.<ref name=britannica-northamerica/> Lava sady miolakolaka ny morontsirak' ilay kôntinenta. Ny [[Hoalan' i Meksika]] no rano midadasika indrindra misisika ao anatin' ny tanin' ilay kôntinenta, arahin' ny helodranon' i Hudson (Hudson Bay). Anisan' ny hafa koa ny hoalan' i Saint Lawrence (Gulf of Saint Lawrence) sy ny hoalan' i California (Gulf of California). Talohan' ny niforonan' ny andilan-tanin' i Amerika Afovoany dia tao ambany rano io faritra io. Ireo nosy antsoina hoe West Indies dia manamarika ny lalan' ny tany nampitohy fahiny an' i Amerika Avaratra sy i Amerika Atsimo, izay efa difotry ny rano ankehitriny. Nandalo tamin' ny faritra misy an' i [[Florida]] sy i [[Venezoela]] ankehitriny izany tany nampitohy izany. Maro ny nosy manamorona ny morontsirak' ilay kôntinenta. Ny lehibe amin' ireo vondron-nosy sy nosy ireo dia ny tambanosy arktika (Arctic Archipelago), i Bahamasy, i Turks and Caicos, ny [[Antilia Lehibe]] sy ny [[Antilia Kely]], ny nosy Aleutian, ny tambanosin' i Alexander (Alexander Archipelago), ireo nosy an' arivony maro manamorona ny morontsirak' i British Columbia, ary i Newfoundland. Ao amin' ny [[Ila bolantany atsinanana|ila bolantany atsinanana]] mihitsy ny sasany amin' ny nosy Aleutian. I [[Groenlanda]], nosy mizaka tena an' i Danemarka sady nosy lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao, dia eo amin' ilay takela-bato lehibe mandrafitra ny akorany ivelan' ny Tany antsoina hoe North American Plate, ary anisan' i Amerika Avaratra ara-jeôgrafia. Raha ny jeôlôjia no ijerena azy, dia tsy anisan' i Amerika i Bermioda, fa nosy an-dranomasimbe niforona teo amin' ny triatry ny tandavan-tendrombohitra afovoan' ny Atlantika (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), maherin' ny 100 tapitrisa taona lasa izay. Ny tendron-tany Cape Hatteras, ao [[Karolina Avaratra]], no tany akaiky azy indrindra. Matetika anefa i Bermioda no heverina ho anisan' i Amerika Avaratra, indrindra noho ny fifandraisany ara-tantara sy ara-pôlitika ary ara-kolontsaina amin' i [[Virjinia]] sy ny faritra hafa amin' ilay kôntinenta. Eo amin' ny takelaka North American Plate ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i Amerika Avaratra. Ny ampahany amin' ny faritra andrefan' i Meksika, anisan' izany i Baja California, sy ny ampahany amin' i [[Kalifornia]], anisan' izany ny tanànan' i San Diego, i [[Los Angeles]] ary i [[Santa Cruz, Kalifornia|Santa Cruz]], dia eo amin' ny sisiny atsinanan' ny takelaka Pacific Plate. Mifankahita manaraka ny vakin-tany San Andreas (San Andreas Fault) ireo takelaka roa ireo. Eo amin' ny takelaka Caribbean Plate kosa ny faritra atsimo indrindra amin' ilay kôntinenta sy ny ampahany betsaka amin' ireo nosy West Indies. Ny takelaka Juan de Fuca Plate sy Cocos Plate indray no manamorona ny sisiny andrefan' ny takelaka North American Plate. Azo zaraina ho faritra lehibe efatra ilay kôntinenta, ary samy ahitana zana-paritra maro ireo. Voalohany, ny [[Great Plains|lemaka lehibe Great Plains]], izay miainga eo amin' ny Hoalan' i Meksika ka mipaka hatrany amin' ny faritra arktikan' i Kanada. Faharoa, ny faritra be tendrombohitra any andrefana, izay mbola tanora raha ny tantara jeôlôjika no heverina, ary ahitana ny [[Rocky Mountains|tandavan-tendrombohitra Rocky Mountains]], ny faritra Great Basin, i Kalifornia ary i [[Alaska]]. Fahatelo, ny lembalemba avo nefa somary fisaka antsoina hoe Canadian Shield, any avaratra-atsinanana. Fahefatra, ny faritra atsinanana izay samihafa endriky ny vohon-tany, ahitana ny tendrombohitra Appalachian, ny lemaka amorontsiraka manaraka ny morontsiraka atlantika, ary ny saikanosin' i Florida. Ao amin' ny faritra andrefana ny ampahany betsaka amin' i Meksika, miaraka amin' ireo lembalemba mivelatra lavabe sy ireo tandavan-tendrombohitra ao aminy izay anisan' ny tandavan-tendrombohitra amerikanina. Miitatra mianatsimo manaraka ny Hoalan' i Meksika anefa ilay lemaka amorontsiraka any atsinanana. Mizara ho andiany roa ny tendrombohitra any andrefana: ny tandavan-tendrombohitra fototry ny Rocky Mountains, sy ny [[Passific Coast Ranges|tandavan-tendrombohitra amorontsiraka]] ao [[Kalifornia]], ao [[Oregon]], ao amin' ny fanjakan' i [[Washington]], ary ao British Columbia. Eo anelanelan' ireo no misy an' i Great Basin, faritra iva kokoa izay ahitana tandavan-tendrombohitra madinika kokoa sy tany efitra amin' ny toerana iva. I Denali, izay antsoina koa hoe Mount McKinley, any Alaska, no tampon-tendrombohitra avo indrindra. Araka ny ''U.S. Geological Survey'' (Sampan-draharahan' i Etazonia momba ny fandinihana ara-jeôlôjika), na USGS (Sampan-draharahan' i Etazonia momba ny fandinihana ara-jeôlôjika), dia «6 mi [10 km] any andrefan' i [[Balta, North Dakota|Balta, ao amin' ny distrikan' i Pierce, any North Dakota]]» no misy ny foibe ara-jeôgrafian' i Amerika Avaratra, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy an' ilay fanambarana. Eo amin' ny laharam-pehintany sy laharan-jarahasina manodidina ny 48°10′N 100°10′W izany, tokony ho 24 kilômetatra (15 mi) miala an' i [[Rugby, North Dakota|Rugby, any North Dakota]]. Milaza koa ny USGS, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy, fa: «Tsy misy toerana misy marika na tsangambato natsangan' ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana ho foibe ara-jeôgrafian' ireo fanjakana 50, na an' i Etazonia izay mifampitohy ny taniny, na an' ny kôntinentan' i Amerika Avaratra.»<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 22 July 2012; Lohateny: ''Elevations and Distances''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 9 December 2013; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Na izany aza, dia misy tsangambato vita amin' ny vato voaangona teny an-tsaha ao Rugby, miendrika andry mihamanify mankany an-tampony (''obelisk'') sady mirefy 4,6 metatra (15 ft) ny haavony, izay lazaina fa manamarika io foibe io. Ny toerana ao anatin' ny kôntinenta izay lavitra indrindra ny morontsiraka akaiky azy indrindra (''continental pole of inaccessibility'') ao Amerika Avaratra kosa dia eo anelanelan' i Allen sy i Kyle, any South Dakota, eo amin' ny laharam-pehintany sy laharan-jarahasina 43.36°N 101.97°W. Mirefy 1&nbsp;650 km (1&nbsp;030 mi) ny elanelany amin' ny morontsiraka akaiky indrindra.<ref name="PIA">DOI: 10.1080/14702540801897809; Boky: 123; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 227–233; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Garcia-Castellanos; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: D.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Lombardo; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: U.; Lohateny: ''Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth''; Gazety: ''Scottish Geographical Journal''; Daty: 2007; Bibcode: 2007ScGJ..123..227G; S2CID: 55876083; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140629230429/http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 29 June 2014; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 June 2011; ISSN: <nowiki>1470-2541</nowiki>.</ref> === Kanada === Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôgrafian' i Kanada. Azo zaraina ho faritra fito eo ho eo i Kanada raha ny endrika sy ny firafitra voajanaharin' ny velaran-tany no anasokajiana azy:<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Government of Canada; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Natural Resources Canada; Daty: 12 September 2016; Lohateny: ''Natural Resources Canada. The Atlas of Canada. Physiographic Regions of Canada''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 15 September 2024; Tranonkala: atlas.gc.ca.</ref> # Ny faritra ahitana eny ambonin' ny tany ny vatolampin' ny tapany tranainy sady mafy orina amin' ny hoditry ny kaontinanta (Canadian Shield). # Ny lemaka any anaty tanibe (Interior Plains). # Ny faritra iva manodidina ny Farihy Lehibe sy ny renirano St. Lawrence (Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands). # Ny faritr' i [[Appalaches]]. # Ny andiana tandavan-tendrombohitra any andrefana (Western Cordillera). # Ny faritra iva manodidina ny Helodranon' i Hudson (Hudson Bay Lowlands). # Ny tambanosy arktika kanadiana (Arctic Archipelago). === Etazonia === Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôgrafian' i Etazonia. Lahatsoratra fototra: Faritra ao Etazonia araka ny endrika voajanaharin' ny tany. Azo zaraina ho faritra valo eo ho eo araka ny endrika voajanaharin' ny tany ireo fanjakana 48 mifampitohy ao Etazonia:<ref>Daty: 15 May 2006; Lohateny: ''Physiographic Regions''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515044037/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 May 2006; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 15 September 2024; Mpamoaka: [[United States Geological Survey]].</ref> # Ny lembalemba eo anelanelan' ny tandavan-tendrombohitra (Intermontane Plateaus). # Ny faritra avo antsoina hoe Laurentian Upland, izay ampahany amin' ny Canadian Shield,<ref name="Marianopolis" /> sady ao amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' ny faritra avaratry ny Midwest any Etazonia (ny faritra afovoany andrefan' ilay firenena). # Ny lemaka ao afovoan-tany (Interior Plains). # Ny lemaka manamorona ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika (Atlantic Plain). # Ny faritra avo antsoina hoe Appalachian Highlands. # Ny faritra avo ao afovoan-tanin' i Etazonia (Interior Highlands). # Ny vondron-tandavan-tendrombohitra antsoina hoe Rocky Mountain system. # Ny [[Passific Coast Ranges|vondron-tandavan-tendrombohitra amin' ny sisin' i Pasifika]] (Pacific Mountain system). === Meksika === Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôgrafian' i Meksika. Azo zaraina ho faritra dimy ambin' ny folo eo ho eo araka ny endriky ny tany i Meksika:<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Bautista; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Francisco; Lohateny: ''El Kast de México''; Mpamoaka: Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre el Karst; Taona: 2023; Toerana namoahana: Ciudad de México; Pejy: 47; Fiteny: es; Dikan' ny lohateny voalazan' ny loharano: ''The Karst of Mexico''.</ref> # Ny saikinosin' i Baja California # Ny faritra misy tany iva sy tandavan-tendrombohitra antsoina hoe ''Sonoran Basin and Range'' # Ny Sierra Madre andrefana (Sierra Madre Occidental) # Ny tendrombohitra sy lemaka any avaratra # Ny Sierra Madre atsinanana (Sierra Madre Oriental) # Ny lemaka lehibe # Ny lemaka amorontsiraky ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika # Ny lemaka amorontsiraky ny Hoala any avaratra # Ny lembalemba afovoany # Ny faritra lavalava misy volkano (''Volcanic Axis'') # Ny Sierra Madre atsimo (Sierra Madre del Sur) # Ny lemaka amorontsiraky ny Hoala any atsimo # Ny Sierra Madre ao Chiapas # Ny tany avo ao Chiapas # Ny saikinosin' i Yucatán === Toetany === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map North America present.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Sarin-tanin' ny toetanin' i Amerika Avaratra araka ny fanasokajian' i Köppen]] Kôntinenta midadasika dia midadasika i Amerika Avaratra, manomboka any avaratry ny [[Faribolana Arktika]] ka mipaka any atsimon' ny [[Asorotany (zana-pehintany)|zana-pehintany Asorotany]]. Tany mangatsiaka tsy ahitan-kazo avo (''tundra'') i Groenlanda sy ny Canadian Shield, ary eo anelanelan' ny 10 sy 20&nbsp;°C (50 hatramin' ny 68&nbsp;°F) ny sala amin' ny mari-pana ao aminy; rakotra ranomandry midadasika dia midadasika kosa ny afovoan' i Groenlanda. Miitatra manerana an' i Kanada io karazan-tany io, saingy mifarana eo akaikin' ny Rocky Mountains ny sisiny, na dia mbola tafiditra ao aza i Alaska, ary eo amin' ny faran' ny Canadian Shield, akaikin' ireo [[Farihy Lehibe (Amerika Avaratra)|Farihy Lehibe]]. Lazaina fa antonony ny toetany any andrefan' ny [[Cascade Range|tandavan-tendrombohitra Cascade]], ka 20&nbsp;in (510&nbsp;mm) ny sala amin' ny rotsaka, izany hoe ny rano milatsaka avy eny amin' ny atmosfera amin' ny endriky ny orana, lanezy na endrika hafa.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://cses.washington.edu/cig/pnwc/pnwc.shtml]; Lohateny: ''Cascades weather''; Mpanoratra: University of Washington; Asa: ''University of Washington''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 7 June 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 10 March 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130310162902/http://cses.washington.edu/cig/pnwc/pnwc.shtml]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Lazaina fa [[Toetany mediteraneana|mediteraneana]] ny toetany eny amin' ny morontsirak' i Kalifornia, ka eo anelanelan' ny 57 sy 70&nbsp;°F (14 hatramin' ny 21&nbsp;°C) ny sala amin' ny mari-pana mandritra ny taona, any amin' ny tanàna toa an' i [[San Francisco]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.sftodo.com/sanfranciscoweather.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719235932/http://www.sftodo.com/sanfranciscoweather.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Datin' ny tahiry: 19 July 2013; Lohateny: ''Temperature of San Francisco''; Mpanoratra: SF to do; Asa: ''tourism''.</ref> Manomboka eny amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanan' i Etazonia ka hatrany amin' ny faritra atsinanan' i [[Dakôta Avaratra]], ary mianatsimo hatrany [[Kansas]], no misy ny toetany mando anaty kôntinenta (''humid continental climate''). Miavaka be ny fizaran-taona amin' io toetany io ary betsaka ny rotsaka isan-taona; mahatratra 50&nbsp;in (1&nbsp;300&nbsp;mm) ny sala amin' izany any amin' ny toerana toa an' i [[New York]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/New-York/average-yearly-precipitation.php]; Lohateny: ''Rainfall of NYC''; Asa: ''Current Results''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 7 June 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 July 2015; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150705180619/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/New-York/average-yearly-precipitation.php]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Manomboka eo amin' ny sisin-tany atsimon' io toetany mando anaty kôntinenta io ka mipaka hatrany amin' ny [[Hoalan' i Meksika]], sady mahafaoka ny antsasany atsinanan' i Texas, ny toetany mando amin' ny faritra manakaiky ny tropika (''humid subtropical climate''). Ao amin' io faritra io no misy ireo tanàna be rotsaka indrindra ao amin' ny faritanin' i Etazonia mifampitohy, ka mahatratra 67&nbsp;in (1&nbsp;700&nbsp;mm) isan-taona ny rotsaka ao [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile, any Alabama]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.livescience.com/1558-study-reveals-top-10-wettest-cities.html]; Lohateny: ''Top 10 wettest cities''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Andrea; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Thompson; Asa: ''livescience''; Daty: 18 May 2007; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 7 June 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 February 2015; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150215104426/http://www.livescience.com/1558-study-reveals-top-10-wettest-cities.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny toetany somary maina amin' ny faritra rakotra ahitra (''steppe'') sy ny toetany tena maina any an-tany efitra dia miitatra manomboka eo amin' ny sisin' ny faritra misy ny toetany mando anaty kôntinenta sy ny toetany manakaiky ny tropika, ka hatrany Sierra Nevada any andrefana, hatrany amin' ny tendrony atsimon' i [[Durango]] any atsimo, ary hatrany amin' ny sisin' ny faritra misy ny toetanin' ny tany mangatsiaka tsy ahitan-kazo avo any avaratra. Ireo no toetany maina indrindra ao Etazonia.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://home.comcast.net/~rhaberlin/crpptnts.htm]; Daty: 2015; Lohateny: ''Climate Regions of North America''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Rita D.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Haberlin; Asa: ''Peralta Colleges, Physical Geography''; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002103016/http://home.comcast.net/~rhaberlin/crpptnts.htm]; Datin' ny tahiry: 2 October 2015.</ref> Mamakivaky ny kôntinenta avy any avaratra ka hatrany atsimo ny toetany eny amin' ny tany avo, ka misy toetany manakaiky ny tropika na [[Toetany antonony|toetany antonony]] eo ambany kelin' ny faritra tropikaly, toy ny any afovoan' i [[Meksika]] sy any [[Goatemala]]. Ahitana [[Toetanin-jana-pehin-tany|toetany tropikaly]] ny faritra misy [[Nosy|nosy]] sy ilay ampahan' ny zana-kôntinenta tery, any amin' ireo firenena sy fanjakana amoron' ny [[Ranomasina Karaîba]], na any atsimon' ny Hoalan' i Meksika sy amoron' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]].<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Continents/north_america.htm]; Lohateny: ''Facts and Information about the Continent of North America''; Daty: 7 July 2016; Asa: ''Natural History on the Net''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 15 September 2018; Fiteny: en-US; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 September 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180915125641/http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Continents/north_america.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Miovaova arakaraka ny toerana ao amin' io faritra io ny fizaran' ny rotsaka, ka ahitana ny [[Toetanim-pehiben-tany|toetany mafana sady mando misy ala mikitroka]], ny toetany tropikaly misy orana entin' ny rivotra miova arakaraka ny fizaran-taona (''monsoon''), ary ny toetany tropikaly amin' ny faritra rakotra ahitra misy hazo miparitaka (''savanna''), miaraka amin' ny orana sy ny mari-pana ambony mandritra ny taona manontolo. === Ekôlôjia === [[Sary:NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png|thumb|Ireo tsipika lehibe mampisaraka ny faritra samy mampikoriana ny ranony mankany amin' ny toerana iray iombonana ao [[Kanada]], ao [[Etazonia]] ary ao [[Meksika]].]] Jereo koa: Biby sy zavamaniry miaina voajanahary any Meksika; Biby any Etazonia; [[Zavamaniry any Etazonia]]; Biby sy zavamaniry miaina voajanahary any Kanada. Anisan' ny biby misongadina ao Amerika Avaratra ny [[Bison amerikanina|bison amerikanina]], ny [[Bera mainty amerikanina|bera mainty amerikanina]], ny biby mpiremby ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny saka antsoina hoe ''jaguar'', ny [[Poma|poma]], ny biby mpikiky antsoina hoe ''prairie dog'', ny [[Vorontsiloza|vorontsiloza]], ny biby mampinono manan-tandroka antsoina hoe ''pronghorn'', ny [[Rakôna|rakôna]], ny biby mpiremby ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny alika antsoina hoe ''coyote'', ary ny lolo antsoina hoe ''monarch butterfly''. Anisan' ny zavamaniry misongadina izay novolavolain' ny olombelona mba hambolena tao Amerika Avaratra ny [[Paraky|paraky]], ny [[Zea mays|katsaka]], ny [[Cucurbita|voatavo]], ny [[Solanum lycopersicum|voatabia]], ny zavamaniry manana voninkazo mavo lehibe antsoina hoe ''sunflower'', ny zavamaniry mamoa voa madinika manga antsoina hoe ''blueberry'', ny [[Zavôkà|zavôkà]], ilay karazana landihazo antsoina hoe ''Mexican cotton'', ny zavamaniry mamoa sakay antsoina hoe ''chile pepper'', ary ny [[Vanila (zavamanitra)|vanila]]. === Jeôlôjia === Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôlôjian' i Amerika Avaratra. ==== Tantara ara-jeôlôjia ==== I Laurentia dia faritra tranainy sady mafy orina amin' ny hoditry ny tany ao amin' ny kaontinanta (''craton''), izay mamorona ny fototra ara-jeôlôjian' i Amerika Avaratra; niforona teo anelanelan' ny 1,5 sy 1,0 arivo tapitrisa taona lasa izy io, nandritra ilay fizaram-potoana lehibe amin' ny tantaran' ny Tany antsoina hoe Proterozoic.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Dalziel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: I. W. D.; Taona: 1992; Lohateny: ''On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia''; Gazety: ''GSA Today''; Boky: 2; Laharana: 11; Pejy: 237–241.</ref> Ny faritra antsoina hoe ''Canadian Shield'' no toerana midadasika indrindra isehoan' ny vatolampin' io faritra tranainy sady mafy orina io eny ambonin' ny tany. Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana ara-jeôlôjia Paleozoic ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana ara-jeôlôjia Mesozoic, dia nitambatra tamin' ireo kaontinanta hafa misy ankehitriny i Amerika Avaratra, ka anisan' i Pangaea, kaontinanta goavana nampiray kaontinanta maromaro; teo atsinanany i [[Eorazia]]. Anisan' ny vokatry ny fiforonan' i Pangaea ny tandavan-tendrombohitra [[Appalaches]], izay niforona tokony ho 480 tapitrisa taona lasa, ka anisan' ny tandavan-tendrombohitra tranainy indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao. Rehefa nanomboka nitriatra sy nisara-toerana i Pangaea tokony ho 200 tapitrisa taona lasa, dia lasa anisan' i Laurasia i Amerika Avaratra, talohan' ny nisarahany tamin' i Eorazia ka nahatonga azy ho kaontinanta misaraka nandritra ny tapaky ny vanim-potoana ara-jeôlôjia Cretaceous.<ref name="ReferenceA">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Merali; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Zeeya; Lohateny: ''Visualizing Earth Science''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Skinner; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Brian J.; Daty: 9 January 2009; Mpamoaka: Wiley; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-470-41847-5</nowiki>.</ref> Nanomboka niforona tamin' izany fotoana izany koa ny Rockies sy ireo tandavan-tendrombohitra hafa any andrefana, vokatry ny dingan' ny fiforonan-tendrombohitra antsoina hoe Laramide, teo anelanelan' ny 80 sy 55 tapitrisa taona lasa. Azo heverina fa tokony ho 12 ka hatramin' ny 15 tapitrisa taona lasa no niforonan' ny [[Andilan-tanin' i Panamà|andilan-tanin' i Panamà]], izay nampitohy an' ilay kaontinanta tamin' i Amerika Atsimo,<ref name="Origins">Daty: 10 April 2015; Lohateny: ''Land Bridge Linking Americas Rose Earlier Than Thought''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.livescience.com/50450-when-panama-land-bridge-appeared.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004171848/http://www.livescience.com/50450-when-panama-land-bridge-appeared.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 October 2015; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 October 2015; Asa: ''LiveScience.com''.</ref> ary ny fihemoran' ny [[Tahirin-dranomandry|tahirin-dranomandry]] tokony ho 10 000 taona lasa no nikiky ny tany ka namolavola ny [[Farihy Lehibe (Amerika Avaratra)|Farihy Lehibe]], mbamin' ny farihy sy renirano maro hafa misy rano tsy masira any avaratra. Avy amin' i Amerika Avaratra ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny fahalalan' ny olombelona momba ireo fizaram-potoana amin' ny tantaran' ny Tany.<ref name="dinopedia-american">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Dodson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Peter; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''; Mpamoaka: Academic Press; Taona: 1997; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Currie; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Phillip J.; Pejy: 10–13; Toko: ''American Dinosaurs''; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Padian; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Kevin.</ref> Tao amin' ilay faritra ara-jeôgrafia izay lasa i Etazonia tatỳ aoriana no nahitana [[Dinosauria|dinôzôro]] maro karazana kokoa noho ny tao amin' ny firenena hafa rehetra misy ankehitriny.<ref name="dinopedia-american" /> Araka ny filazan' i Peter Dodson, mpikaroka ny zavamananaina fahiny amin' ny alalan' ny fôsily, dia ny firafitra sy ny fifandaminan' ny sosona vatolampy, ny toetrandro sy ny jeôgrafia, ny olona afaka mandray anjara amin' ny fikarohana, ary ny tantara no tena anton' izany.<ref name="dinopedia-american" /> Ahitana vatolampy mipoitra sy miharihary eny ambonin' ny tany, izay maneho ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny vanim-potoana Mesozoic, ireo faritra maina maro ao amin' ilay kaontinanta.<ref name="dinopedia-american" /> Ny tahiry fôsily misy dinôzôro manan-danja indrindra ao Amerika Avaratra avy amin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana Jurassic, na Late Jurassic, dia ilay fitambaran-tsosona vatolampy antsoina hoe ''Morrison Formation'', any amin' ny faritra andrefan' i Etazonia.<ref name="jurassicdistribution">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Weishampel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: David B.; Lohateny: ''Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, North America)''; Mpamoaka: University of California Press; Taona: 2004; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-520-24209-8</nowiki>; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Weishampel; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: David B.; Andiany: The Dinosauria; Toerana: Berkeley; Pejy: 543–545; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Dodson; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Peter; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 3: Halszka; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 3: Osmólska.</ref> ==== Kanada ==== Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôlôjian' i Kanada. [[File:USGS Geologic Map of North America.jpg|thumb|Sarin-tany jeôlôjikan' i Amerika Avaratra navoakan' ny ''U.S. Geological Survey'' (Sampan-draharahan' i Etazonia momba ny fandinihana ny jeôlôjia).]] I [[Kanada]] dia anisan' ny faritra tranainy indrindra eto an-tany raha ny jeôlôjia no jerena: mihoatra ny antsasany amin' ny faritaniny no voaforon' ny vatolampy tamin' ny fotoana talohan' ny vanim-potoana ''Cambrian'' (''Precambrian''), izay efa ambonin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana ''Palaeozoic''.<ref name="Marianopolis">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Wallace; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Stewart W.; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/GeologyofCanada.htm]; Lohateny: ''Geology Of Canada''; Mpamoaka: University Associates of Canada; Taona: 1948; Andiany: The Encyclopedia of Canada; Boky: III; Toerana: Toronto; Pejy: 23–26; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 1 June 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100704145706/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/GeologyofCanada.htm]; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 July 2010; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Tamin' ny alalan' ny: Marianopolis College.</ref> Maro karazana sady be dia be ny harena an-kibon' ny tany ao Kanada.<ref name="Marianopolis" /> Manerana ny faritra ''Canadian Shield'' sy any avaratra dia misy tahiry betsaka amin' ny vy, nikela (''nickel''), [[Fanitso|fanitso]], varahina, volamena, firaka, [[Môlibdena|môlibdena]] ary [[Oraniôma|oraniôma]]. Araka ny fitantaran' ilay loharano, vao haingana no nampiroboroboana ny fitrandrahana ireo tahiry diamondra mivangongo betsaka any Arktika,<ref>Lohateny: ''Digging for Diamonds 24/7 Under Frozen Snap Lake''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.wired.com/2008/11/ff-diamonds-sb/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903095743/http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-12/ff_diamonds_sb]; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 September 2011; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 1 June 2011; Gazety: ''Wired''.</ref> ka nahatonga an' i Kanada ho anisan' ny mpamokatra diamondra lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izany. Manerana ny ''Canadian Shield'' dia misy tanàna maro mifototra amin' ny fitrandrahana ireo harena an-kibon' ny tany ireo. I [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], ao Ontario, no lehibe indrindra sady fantatra indrindra amin' ireo tanàna ireo. Tsy mitovy amin' ny fizotra mahazatra namoronana ny harena an-kibon' ny tany ao amin' ny ''Canadian Shield'' ny an' i Sudbury, satria misy porofo mavesa-danja manondro fa ny kovetan' i Sudbury (''Sudbury Basin'') dia vava lavaka tranainy nateraky ny fifandonan' ny vato avy eny amin' ny habakabaka tamin' ny tany. Misy fitoviana misongadina amin' ny kovetan' i Sudbury ilay faritra misy toetra tsy mahazatra amin' ny sahan' andriamby ao Temagami (''Temagami Magnetic Anomaly''), izay eo akaiky eo saingy tsy dia fantatra loatra. Mitovy dia mitovy amin' ny ao amin' ny kovetan' i Sudbury ireo toetra tsy mahazatra amin' ny sahan' andriamby ao aminy, ka mety ho vava lavaka faharoa nateraky ny fifandonana sady manankarena metaly io faritra io.<ref name="GH">Lohateny: ''3-D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients: Temagami anomaly''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://gdcinfo.agg.nrcan.gc.ca/app/3Dimaging/temagami_e.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090711184237/http://gdcinfo.agg.nrcan.gc.ca/app/3Dimaging/temagami_e.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 July 2009; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 13 March 2008.</ref> Rakotra ala midadasika mampiavaka ny faritra avaratra mangatsiaka koa ny ''Canadian Shield'', ary ireo ala ireo no mamatsy ny indostrian' ny fitrandrahana hazo manan-danja ao aminy. ==== Etazonia ==== Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôlôjian' i Etazonia. [[Sary:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Sary tamin' ny 2003 mampiseho ny vatolampy mafy ao ambanin' ny akora tsy mitambatra manarona ny tany (''bedrock'') sy ny endriky ny vohon-tany ao Amerika Avaratra.]] [[Sary:North america basement rocks.png|thumb|right|180px|Sarin-tany tamin' ny 2015 mampiseho ireo faritra tranainy sady mafy orina amin' ny hoditry ny tany ao amin' ny kaontinanta (''cratons'') sy ireo vatolampy fototra eo ambanin' ny soson' akora niangona manarona azy, raha misy izany (''basement rocks''), ao Amerika Avaratra.]] Azo zaraina ho faritra lehibe roa ambin' ny folo araka ny toetra sy ny tantarany ara-jeôlôjia i Etazonia:<ref>Daty: 25 June 2013; Lohateny: ''Geologic Provinces of the United States: Records of an Active Earth''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/index.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130625144411/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/index.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 June 2013; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 15 September 2024.</ref> # Faritra Pasifika # Lembalemban' i Columbia # Faritry ny lemaka iva sy ny tandavan-tendrombohitra (Basin and Range) # Lembalemban' i Colorado # Rocky Mountains # Tany avo Laurentian # Lemaka anatiny # Tany avo anatiny # Tany avo Appalaches # Lemaka Atlantika # Faritr' i [[Alaska]] # Faritr' i [[Hawaii]] Samy manana ny tantarany ara-jeôlôjia sy ny toetra mampiavaka azy ireo faritra ireo. Ahitana ireo toetra mahazatra ny jeôlôjian' ny vondron-tandavan-tendrombohitra, na ''cordillera'', ny jeôlôjian' i [[Alaska]]. Ny nosy lehibe ao [[Hawaii]] kosa dia voaforon' ny akora avy amin' ny volkano navoaka tamin' ny vanim-potoana ara-jeôlôjia ''Neogene'', teo ambonin' ny toerana ifantohan' ny asan' ny volkano vokatry ny hafanana avy any anaty tany (''hot spot''). ==== Amerika Afovoany ==== Lahatsoratra fototra: Jeôlôjian' i Amerika Afovoany. [[File:Tectonic plates Caribbean.png|thumb|Eo ambonin' ny takelaka lehibe sy mafy amin' ny sosona ivelan' ny Tany ao Karaîba no misy an' i [[Amerika Afovoany]].]] Mavitrika ny fizotran-javatra ara-jeôlôjia ao [[Amerika Afovoany]], ka misy fipoahan' ny volkano sy horohoron-tany tsindraindray. Tamin' ny 1976 dia nisy horohoron-tany lehibe namely an' i Goatemala ka nahafaty olona 23 000. Noravan' ny horohoron-tany tamin' ny 1931 sy 1972 i Managua, renivohitr' i Nikaragoa, ka ilay tamin' ny 1972 no nahafaty olona tokony ho 5 000. Horohoron-tany telo no nandrava an' i El Salvador: iray tamin' ny 1986 ary roa tamin' ny 2001. Tamin' ny 2009 dia nisy horohoron-tany nandrava ny faritra avaratra sy afovoan' i Kôsta Rika ka nahafaty olona 34 farafahakeliny. Tamin' io taona 2009 io ihany dia nisy horohoron-tany mahery tany Hôndorasy ka nahafaty olona fito. Matetika ny fipoahan' ny volkano ao amin' ilay faritra. Tamin' ny 1968 dia nipoaka ny volkano Arenal, any Kôsta Rika, ka nahafaty olona 87. Ny tany lonaka niforona rehefa niova sy potika noho ny toetrandro ireo vato avy amin' ny ranom-baton' ny volkano no nahafahan' ireo faritra avo be vokatra ara-pambolena namelona mponina maro mifanakaiky fonenana. Maro ny [[Tandavan-tendrombohitra|tandavan-tendrombohitra]] ao Amerika Afovoany; ny lava indrindra amin' ireo dia i Sierra Madre de Chiapas sy i Cordillera Isabelia ary i Cordillera de Talamanca. Eo anelanelan' ireo tandavan-tendrombohitra ireo no misy lohasaha lonaka mety honenana. Monina anaty lohasaha ny ankamaroan' ny mponina ao Hôndorasy sy Kôsta Rika ary Goatemala. Mety amin' ny fambolena kafe sy tsaramaso ary voly hafa koa ny lohasaha. == Lisitry ny fanjakana sy faritany == Lahatsoratra fototra: Lisitry ny fanjakana mahaleo tena sy ny faritany miankina ao Amerika Avaratra. Ity lisitra ity dia mandrakotra an' i Amerika Avaratra amin' ny heviny mivelatra, ka tafiditra ao koa ireo firenena ao [[Amerika Afovoany]]. Ny km² dia kilômetatra toradroa, ary ny mi² dia vondron-drefy velarana mifototra amin' ny vondron-drefy halavana mi amin' ny rafitra imperialy. Ny hakitroky ny mponina dia ny isan' ny mponina isaky ny vondron-drefy velarana voalaza. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" |- ! class="unsortable" | Mari-pamantarana (''coat of arms'') ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | Sainam-pirenena ! Firenena / Faritany miankina<ref name="spp">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.spp.gov/]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618182224/http://www.spp.gov/]; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 June 2008; Lohateny: ''SPP Background''; Mpamoaka: Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America; Asa: ''CommerceConnect.gov''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 November 2010.</ref><ref name="epa">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm]; Lohateny: ''Ecoregions of North America''; Mpamoaka: [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 May 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 December 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195609/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-health-and-environmental-effects-research-laboratory-nheerl]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> ! Velarana<ref>Raha tsy misy fanamarihana hafa, dia nalaina avy amin' ity loharano ity ny tarehimarika momba ny velaran-tany: Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2008/Table03.pdf]; Lohateny: ''Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density''; Mpamoaka: United Nations Statistics Division; Taona: 2008; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 October 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 December 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215827/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2008/Table03.pdf%0A]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> ! [[Lisitry ny firenena araka ny isan' ny mponina|Isan' ny mponina]]<br />(2021)<ref name="UN_WPP">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://population.un.org/wpp/]; Lohateny: ''World Population Prospects 2022''; Mpamoaka: [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: July 17, 2022.</ref><ref name="UN_WPP_2022">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx]; Lohateny: ''World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100''; Karazana: "Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"; Mpamoaka: [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: July 17, 2022; Endrika: XSLX.</ref> ! Hakitroky ny<br />mponina ! [[Renivohitra]] ! Anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny|fiteny]] ôfisialy ! ISO 3166-1<br />(fenitra momba ny kaody famantarana firenena) |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Anguilla|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Anguilla.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Anguilla]]</span> | Anguilla<br />([[Fanjakana Mitambatra]]) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007910000000000000♠"></span>91&nbsp;km²<br />(35&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 15,753 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996164800000000000♠"></span>164.8&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(427&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | The Valley | Anguilla | AIA |- | [[File:Insigne Antiquae et Barbudae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Antigoa-sy-Barboda|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Antigoa-sy-Barboda]]</span> | [[Antigoa-sy-Barboda]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008442000000000000♠"></span>442&nbsp;km²<br />(171&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 93,219 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996199100000000000♠"></span>199.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(516&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Saint John's|St. John's]] | Antigua and Barbuda | ATG |- | [[File:Insigne Arubae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Aruba|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Aruba.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Aruba]]</span> | [[Aruba]]<br />([[Nederlandy|Fanjakan' i Nederlandy]])<ref group="fanamarihana" name="two">Arakaraka ny famaritana ampiasaina, dia azo heverina ho firenena miitatra amin' ny kôntinanta samihafa i [[Panamà]], fa ireo nosy ABC ([[Aruba]], Bonaire ary Curaçao) sy i [[Trinite-sy-Tôbagô]] kosa dia azo heverina ho anisan' i Amerika Avaratra na anisan' i [[Amerika Atsimo]].</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008180000000000000♠"></span>180&nbsp;km²<br />(69&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 106,537 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996594399999999999♠"></span>594.4&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(1,539&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Oranjestad | Aruba | ABW |- | [[File:Insigne Bahamarum.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Bahamasy|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Bahamasy]]</span> | [[Bahamasy]]<ref group="fanamarihana" name="one">Ao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika fa tsy ao amin' ny [[Ranomasina Karaîba]] no misy ny tambanosy Lucayan. Noho izany, dia anisan' ny faritra antsoina hoe West Indies i [[Bahamasy]], nefa raha araka ny famaritana ara-jeôgrafia dia tsy anisan' i [[Karaîba]], na dia sokajin' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] miaraka amin' i Karaîba aza izy.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010139430000000000♠"></span>13,943&nbsp;km²<br />(5,383&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 407,906 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995245000000000000♠"></span>24.5&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(63&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Nassau, Bahamasy|Nassau]] | Bahamas | BHS |- | [[File:Insigne Barbatae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Barbady|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Barbady]]</span> | [[Barbady]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008430000000000000♠"></span>430&nbsp;km²<br />(170&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 281,200 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996595299999999999♠"></span>595.3&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(1,542&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Bridgetown]] | Barbados | BRB |- | [[File:Insigne Belizae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Belizy|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Belize.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Belizy]]</span> | [[Belizy]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010229660000000000♠"></span>22,966&nbsp;km²<br />(8,867&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 400,031 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995134000000000000♠"></span>13.4&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(35&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Belmopan]] | Belize | BLZ |- | [[File:Insigne Bermudae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Bermioda|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Bermioda]]</span> | [[Bermioda]]<br />(Fanjakana Mitambatra) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007540000000000000♠"></span>54&nbsp;km²<br />(21&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 64,185 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6997120370000000000♠"></span>1,203.7&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(3,118&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] | Bermuda | BMU |- | [[File:Insigne Insulae Boni Aëris.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Bonaire|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Bonaire.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Bonaire]]</span> | Bonaire<br />([[Nederlandy|Fanjakan' i Nederlandy]])<ref group="fanamarihana" name="two" /><ref name="nethant">Nalaina avy amin' ity loharano ity ny tombana momba ny isan' ny mponina: Mpanoratra: Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles; Lohateny: ''Statistical information: Population''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.cbs.an/population/population_b2.asp]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100501150627/http://www.cbs.an/population/population_b2.asp]; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 May 2010; Mpamoaka: Government of the Netherlands Antilles; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 October 2010.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008294000000000000♠"></span>294&nbsp;km²<br />(114&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 12,093 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995411000000000000♠"></span>41.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(106&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Kralendijk | Boneiru | BES |- | [[File:Insigne Insularum Virginis Britannicae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' ny British Virgin Islands|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' ny British Virgin Islands]]</span> | [[British Virgin Islands]]<br />(Fanjakana Mitambatra) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008151000000000000♠"></span>151&nbsp;km²<br />(58&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 31,122 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996152300000000000♠"></span>152.3&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(394&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Road Town | British Virgin Islands | VGB |- | [[File:Arms of Canada.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Kanada|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Kanada]]</span> | [[Kanada]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7012998467000000000♠"></span>9,984,670&nbsp;km²<br />(3,855,100&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 38,155,012 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6994370000000000000♠"></span>3.7&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(9.6&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Ottawa]] | Canada | CAN |- | [[File:Insigne Insularum Caimanenses.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Cayman Islands|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Cayman Islands]]</span> | Cayman Islands<br />(Fanjakana Mitambatra) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008264000000000000♠"></span>264&nbsp;km²<br />(102&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 68,136 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996212099999999999♠"></span>212.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(549&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | George Town | Cayman Islands | CYM |- | [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Frantsa|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of France.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Frantsa]]</span> | Clipperton Island (Frantsa) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7006600000000000000♠"></span>6&nbsp;km²<br />(2.3&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 0 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(0&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | — | Île de Clipperton | CPT |- | [[File:Insigne Costaricum.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Kôsta Rika|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Kôsta Rika]]</span> | [[Kôsta Rika]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010511800000000000♠"></span>51,180&nbsp;km²<br />(19,760&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,153,957 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995896000000000000♠"></span>89.6&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(232&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] | Costa Rica | CRI |- | [[File:Insigne Cubicum.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Kiobà|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Kiobà]]</span> | [[Kiobà]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7011109886000000000♠"></span>109,886&nbsp;km²<br />(42,427&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 11,256,372 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996102000000000000♠"></span>102.0&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(264&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[La Habana]] | Cuba | CUB |- | [[File:Blason an Curaçao.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Curaçao|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Curaçao.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Curaçao]]</span> | Curaçao<br />([[Nederlandy|Fanjakan' i Nederlandy]])<ref group="fanamarihana" name="two" /> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008444000000000000♠"></span>444&nbsp;km²<br />(171&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 190,338 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996317100000000000♠"></span>317.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(821&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Willemstad | Curaçao ([[Fiteny neerlandey|fiteny neerlandey]]); Kòrsou ([[Fiteny papiamentô|fiteny papiamentô]]) | CUW |- | [[File:Insigne Dominicae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Dôminika|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Dôminika]]</span> | [[Dôminika]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008751000000000000♠"></span>751&nbsp;km²<br />(290&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 72,412 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995892000000000000♠"></span>89.2&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(231&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Roseau | Dominica | DMA |- | [[File:Insigne Dominicum.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' ny Repoblika Dôminikana|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' ny Repoblika Dôminikana]]</span> | [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010486710000000000♠"></span>48,671&nbsp;km²<br />(18,792&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 11,117,873 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996207300000000000♠"></span>207.3&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(537&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Santo Domingo | República Dominicana | DOM |- | [[File:Insigne Salvatoriae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i El Salvador|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i El Salvador]]</span> | [[El Salvador]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010210410000000000♠"></span>21,041&nbsp;km²<br />(8,124&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 6,314,167 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996292999999999999♠"></span>293.0&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(759&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[San Salvador]] | El Salvador | SLV |- | [[File:Insigne Venetiolae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Venezoela|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Federal dependencies of Venezuela's Flag.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' ny faritany miankina amin' ny fanjakana federaly ao Venezoela]]</span> | Faritany miankina amin' ny fanjakana federaly ao Venezoela<br />([[Venezoela]]) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008342000000000000♠"></span>342&nbsp;km²<br />(132&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 2,155 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6994630000000000000♠"></span>6.3&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(16&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Gran Roque | Dependencias Federales de Venezuela | VEN-W |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Greenland.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana amin' ny ampinga an' i Groenlanda|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Groenlanda]]</span> | [[Groenlanda]]<br />(Fanjakan' i Danemarka) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7012216608600000000♠"></span>2,166,086&nbsp;km²<br />(836,330&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 56,243 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6992259999999999999♠"></span>0.026&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(0.067&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Nuuk | Kalaallit Nunaat ([[Fiteny grinlandika|fiteny grinlandika]]); Grønland ([[Fiteny danoà|fiteny danoà]]) | GRL |- | [[File:Insigne Granatae.png|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Grenady|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Grenady]]</span> | [[Grenady]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008344000000000000♠"></span>344&nbsp;km²<br />(133&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 124,610 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996302300000000000♠"></span>302.3&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(783&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | St. George's | Gwenad | GRD |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Guadeloupe]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of France.svg|45px|border|alt=Saina ao Guadeloupe]]</span> | [[Guadeloupe]]<br />(Frantsa) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7009162800000000000♠"></span>1,628&nbsp;km²<br />(629&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 396,051 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996246699999999999♠"></span>246.7&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(639&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Basse-Terre | Gwadloup | GLP |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Goatemala]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Goatemala]]</span> | [[Goatemala]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7011108889000000000♠"></span>108,889&nbsp;km²<br />(42,042&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 17,608,483 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996128800000000000♠"></span>128.8&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(334&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Guatemala City | Guatemala | GTM |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Haiti.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Haitỳ]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Haitỳ]]</span> | [[Haitỳ]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010277500000000000♠"></span>27,750&nbsp;km²<br />(10,710&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 11,447,569 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996361500000000000♠"></span>361.5&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(936&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Port-au-Prince]] | Ayiti/Haïti | HTI |- | [[File:Insigne Honduriae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Hôndorasy|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Hôndorasy]]</span> | [[Hôndorasy]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7011112492000000000♠"></span>112,492&nbsp;km²<br />(43,433&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 10,278,345 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995664000000000000♠"></span>66.4&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(172&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Tegucigalpa]] | Honduras | HND |- | [[File:Insigne Iamaicae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Jamaîka|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Jamaîka]]</span> | [[Jamaîka]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010109910000000000♠"></span>10,991&nbsp;km²<br />(4,244&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 2,827,695 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996247400000000000♠"></span>247.4&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(641&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Kingston | Jumieka | JAM |- | [[File:BlasonMartinique.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Martinique]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Martinique]]</span> | [[Martinique]]<br />(Frantsa) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7009112800000000000♠"></span>1,128&nbsp;km²<br />(436&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 368,796 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996352600000000000♠"></span>352.6&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(913&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Fort-de-France | Martinique (teny [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]); Matinik (fiteny kreôly ao Martinique) | MTQ |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Meksika]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Meksika]]</span> | [[Meksika]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7012196437500000000♠"></span>1,964,375&nbsp;km²<br />(758,449&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 126,705,138 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995571000000000000♠"></span>57.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(148&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Mexico]] | México | MEX |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Montserrat.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Montserrat|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Montserrat.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Montserrat]]</span> | Montserrat<br />(Fanjakana Mitambatra) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008102000000000000♠"></span>102&nbsp;km²<br />(39&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 4,417 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995587999999999999♠"></span>58.8&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(152&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Plymouth,<br />Brades<ref group="fanamarihana">Noho ny fitohizan' ny asan' ny volokano Soufriere Hills, izay nanomboka tamin' ny Jolay 1995, dia rava ny ampahany betsaka tamin' i Plymouth, ary nafindra tany Brades ny biraon' ny governemanta. Mbola i Plymouth no renivohitra araka ny lalàna.</ref> | Montserrat | MSR |- | [[File:Insigne Nicaraguae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Nikaragoa|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Nikaragoa]]</span> | [[Nikaragoa]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7011130373000000000♠"></span>130,373&nbsp;km²<br />(50,337&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 6,850,540 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995441000000000000♠"></span>44.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(114&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Managua | Nicaragua | NIC |- | [[File:Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta State.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Nueva Esparta]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Nueva Esparta.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Nueva Esparta]]</span> | Nueva Esparta<br />(Venezoela) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7009115100000000000♠"></span>1,151&nbsp;km²<br />(444&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 491,610 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996427100000000000♠"></span>427.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(1,106&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | La Asunción | Nueva Esparta | VEN-O |- | [[File:Insigne Panamae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Panamà|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Panama.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Panamà]]</span> | [[Panamà]]<ref group="fanamarihana" name="two" /><ref group="fanamarihana" name="three">Amin' ny ankapobeny dia heverina ho firenena ao Amerika Avaratra i Panamà, na dia misy manam-pahaizana sasany aza mametraka ny fizarana azy eo amin' ny [[Lakandranon' i Panama|Lakandranon' i Panamà]]. Ho an' ilay firenena manontolo ny tarehimarika omena eto.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7010754170000000000♠"></span>75,417&nbsp;km²<br />(29,119&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 4,351,267 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995457999999999999♠"></span>45.8&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(119&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Panama (tanàna)|Panama]] | Panamá | PAN |- | [[File:Insigne Portus divitis.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Pôrtô-Rikô|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Pôrtô-Rikô]]</span> | [[Pôrtô-Rikô]]<br />(Etazonia) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7009887000000000000♠"></span>8,870&nbsp;km²<br />(3,420&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 3,256,028 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996448899999999999♠"></span>448.9&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(1,163&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] | Puerto Rico | PRI |- | [[File:Insigne Sabae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Saba|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Saba.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Saba]]</span> | Saba<br />([[Nederlandy|Fanjakan' i Nederlandy]])<ref name="nethant" /> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007130000000000000♠"></span>13&nbsp;km²<br />(5&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,537 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996118200000000000♠"></span>118.2&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(306&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | The Bottom | Saba | BES |- | [[File:Escudo de San Andrés y Providencia.svg|30px|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i San Andrés sy Providencia]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of San Andrés y Providencia.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i San Andrés sy Providencia]]</span> | San Andrés sy Providencia<br />([[Kôlômbia]]) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007530000000000000♠"></span>53&nbsp;km²<br />(20&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 77,701 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6997146859000000000♠"></span>1,468.59&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(3,803.6&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | San Andrés | San Andrés | COL-SAP |- | [[File:BlasonSaintBarthelemy.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Saint Barthélemy|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of France.svg|45px|border|alt=Saina ampiasain' i Saint Barthélemy]]</span> | Saint Barthélemy<br />(Frantsa)<ref name="popcia">Ireo tombana momba ny isan' ny mponina ireo dia ho an' ny taona 2010, ary nalaina tao amin' ny Lohateny: ''The World Factbook: 2010 edition''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html]; Mpamoaka: Government of the United States, Central Intelligence Agency; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 October 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 November 2015; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151126112445/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007210000000000000♠"></span>21&nbsp;km²<br />(8.1&nbsp;mi²)<ref name="areacia">Ny tarehimarika momba ny velaran-tany dia nalaina tao amin' ny Lohateny: ''The World Factbook: 2010 edition''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html]; Mpamoaka: Government of the United States, Central Intelligence Agency; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 October 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: 31 January 2014; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 7,448 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996354699999999999♠"></span>354.7&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(919&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Gustavia | Saint-Barthélemy | BLM |- | [[File:Insigne Sancti Christophori et Nivium.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Santa-Kity-sy-Nevisy|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Santa-Kity-sy-Nevisy]]</span> | [[Santa-Kity-sy-Nevisy]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008261000000000000♠"></span>261&nbsp;km²<br />(101&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 47,606 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996199200000000000♠"></span>199.2&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(516&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Basseterre]] | Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA |- | [[File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Santa Losia|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Santa Losia]]</span> | [[Santa Losia]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008539000000000000♠"></span>539&nbsp;km²<br />(208&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 179,651 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996319100000000000♠"></span>319.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(826&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Castries]] | Sainte-Lucie | LCA |- | [[File:Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Francia).svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Saint Martin|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of France.svg|45px|border|alt=Saina ampiasain' i Saint Martin]]</span> | Saint Martin<br />(Frantsa)<ref name="popcia" /> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007540000000000000♠"></span>54&nbsp;km²<br />(21&nbsp;mi²)<ref name="areacia" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 29,820 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996552200000000000♠"></span>552.2&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(1,430&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Marigot | Saint-Martin | MAF |- | [[File:BlasonSaintPierreetMiquelon.svg|alt=Mari-pamantarana an' i Saint Pierre and Miquelon|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of France.svg|45px|border|alt=Saina ampiasain' i Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]</span> | Saint Pierre and Miquelon<br />(Frantsa) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008242000000000000♠"></span>242&nbsp;km²<br />(93&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,883 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995248000000000000♠"></span>24.8&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(64&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Saint-Pierre | Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon | SPM |- | [[File:Insigne Sancti Vincenti et Granatinae.svg|alt=Famantarana ara-panjakan' i Santa-Vinsanta-sy-Grenadina|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Santa-Vinsanta-sy-Grenadina]]</span> | [[Santa-Vinsanta-sy-Grenadina]] | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008389000000000000♠"></span>389&nbsp;km²<br />(150&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 104,332 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996280199999999999♠"></span>280.2&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(726&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Kingstown]] | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT |- | [[File:Insigne Insulae Eustathii.svg|alt=Famantarana ara-panjakan' i Sint Eustatius|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Sint Eustatius]]</span> | Sint Eustatius<br />([[Nederlandy|Fanjakan' i Nederlandy]])<ref name="nethant" /> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007210000000000000♠"></span>21&nbsp;km²<br />(8.1&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 2,739 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996130400000000000♠"></span>130.4&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(338&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Oranjestad | Sint Eustatius | BES |- | [[File:Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Nederlandia).svg|alt=Famantarana ara-panjakan' i Sint Maarten|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Sint Maarten]]</span> | Sint Maarten<br />([[Nederlandy|Fanjakan' i Nederlandy]]) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7007340000000000000♠"></span>34&nbsp;km²<br />(13&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 44,042 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6997117670000000000♠"></span>1,176.7&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(3,048&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Philipsburg | Sint Maarten | SXM |- | [[File:Insigne Trinitatis et Tobaci.svg|alt=Famantarana ara-panjakan' i Trinite-sy-Tôbagô|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Trinite-sy-Tôbagô]]</span> | [[Trinite-sy-Tôbagô]]<ref group="fanamarihana" name="two" /> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7009513000000000000♠"></span>5,130&nbsp;km²<br />(1,980&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,525,663 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996261000000000000♠"></span>261.0&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(676&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Port of Spain | Trinidad and Tobago | TTO |- | [[File:Shield of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|30px|alt=Ampinga famantarana an' i Turks and Caicos Islands]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Turks and Caicos Islands]]</span> | Turks and Caicos Islands<br />(Fanjakana Mitambatra)<ref group="fanamarihana">Koa satria ao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika fa tsy ao amin' ny [[Ranomasina Karaîba]] ny tangoro-nosy Lucayan, dia anisan' ny West Indies i Turks and Caicos Islands, saingy tsy anisan' i [[Karaîba]] raha ny famaritana ara-jeôgrafia hentitra no arahina, na dia atambatry ny Firenena Mikambana amin' i Karaîba aza izy ireo.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008948000000000000♠"></span>948&nbsp;km²<br />(366&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 45,114 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995348000000000000♠"></span>34.8&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(90&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) | Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA |- | [[File:Coat of arms of the United States.svg|alt=Famantarana ara-panjakan' i Etazonia|30px]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i Etazonia]]</span> | [[Etazonia]]<ref group="fanamarihana">Tafiditra amin' izany ny fanjakan' i Hawaii sy Alaska, izay samy misaraka amin' ny tapany mitambatra amin' ny taniben' i Etazonia. Any amin' ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika, lavitra ny velaran-tanin' i Amerika Avaratra i Hawaii, ka matetika kokoa no ampifandraisina amin' ireo faritany hafa ao Ôseania; i Alaska kosa dia eo anelanelan' i [[Azia]] ([[Rosia]]) sy [[Kanada]].</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7012962909100000000♠"></span>9,629,091&nbsp;km²<br />(3,717,813&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 336,997,624 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6995327000000000000♠"></span>32.7&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(85&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | [[Washington D.C.]] | United States of America | USA |- | [[File:Seal of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|30px|alt=Tombo-kasen' i United States Virgin Islands]] | <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|45px|border|alt=Sainan' i United States Virgin Islands]]</span> | United States Virgin Islands<br />(Etazonia) | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="7008347000000000000♠"></span>347&nbsp;km²<br />(134&nbsp;mi²) | style="text-align:right;"| 100,091 | style="text-align:right;"| <span data-sort-value="6996317000000000000♠"></span>317.0&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(821&nbsp;mponina/mi²) | Charlotte Amalie | U.S. Virgin Islands | VIR |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="3"| Fitambarany ! style="text-align:left;"| <span data-sort-value="7013245009950000000♠"></span>24,500,995&nbsp;km²<br />(9,459,887&nbsp;mi²) ! style="text-align:left;"| <span data-sort-value="7008583473912000000♠">583,473,912</span> ! style="text-align:left;"| <span data-sort-value="6995221000000000000♠"></span>22.1&nbsp;mponina/km²<br />(57&nbsp;mponina/mi²) ! colspan="3"| |} == Toekarena == Lahatsoratra fototra: Toekaren' i Amerika Avaratra. Jereo koa: Lisitry ny firenena ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny harin-karena faobe amin' ny vidiny amin' ilay fotoana; Lisitry ny firenena ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny harin-karena faobe arakaraka ny fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! scope="col" | Laharana ! scope="col" | Firenena na faritany ! scope="col" | GDP (harin-karena faobe) <small>(amin' ny vidiny amin' ilay fotoana, taona nahatratrarana ny sanda ambony indrindra)</small><br /><small>Tapitrisa USD (dollar amerikana)</small> ! scope="col" | GDP (harin-karena faobe)<ref name="IMF Data">Lohateny: ''World Economic Outlook Database April 2026''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 April 2026; Tranonkala: International Monetary Fund.</ref> <small>(PPP (fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy), taona nahatratrarana ny sanda ambony indrindra)</small><br /><small>Tapitrisa USD (dollar amerikana)</small> |- | 1 || align="left" | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' i Etazonia]] [[Etazonia]] || 32&nbsp;383&nbsp;920 || 32&nbsp;383&nbsp;920 |- | 2 || align="left" | [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' i Meksika]] [[Meksika]] || 2&nbsp;120&nbsp;855 || 3&nbsp;580&nbsp;952 |- | 3 || align="left" | [[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' i Kanada]] [[Kanada]] || 2&nbsp;507&nbsp;340 || 2&nbsp;910&nbsp;718 |- | 4 || align="left" | <span style="white-space:nowrap">[[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' i Kiobà]] [[Kiobà]]<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/GDP.pdf]; Lohateny: ''World Bank's GDP (Nominal) data for Cuba''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 July 2023; Datin' ny tahiry: 16 July 2023; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716085238/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/GDP.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> (2021, 2015)</span> || 545&nbsp;218 || 254&nbsp;865 |- | 5 || align="left" | [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' ny Repoblika Dôminikana]] [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] || 136&nbsp;148 || 353&nbsp;142 |- | 6 || align="left" | [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' i Goatemala]] [[Goatemala]] || 128&nbsp;886 || 303&nbsp;207 |- | 7 || align="left" | [[File:Flag of Panama.svg|23x15px|border|alt=Sainan' i Panamà]] [[Panamà]] || 95&nbsp;024 || 214&nbsp;435 |} Tamin' ny Oktobra 2016 dia notombanan' ny IMF ([[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena]]) ho $41,830 ny harin-karena faobe isaky ny mponina tao Amerika Avaratra, ka araka izany fanombanana izany dia izy no kaontinanta manankarena indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao,<ref name="IMFcapitaGDP"/> narahin' i [[Ôseania]].<ref name="cia-us"/> Araka ny ''U.S. Central Intelligence Agency'' (masoivohon' i Etazonia momba ny fitsikilovana) dia i Etazonia no manana ny toekarena lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao.<ref name="cia-us">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/]; Lohateny: ''United States, Economy''; Mpamoaka: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 1 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 March 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210321202516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Tamin' ny 2016, araka ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany]], dia notombanana ho $57,466 ny harin-karena faobe isaky ny mponina tao Etazonia araka ny PPP (fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy), ary ny toekareny no nandroso indrindra ara-teknôlôjia tamin' ireo firenena telo.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?year_high_desc=true]; Lohateny: ''GDP per capita (current US$) – Data''; Mpamoaka: World Bank; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 24 September 2017; Datin' ny tahiry: 13 September 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231748/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?year_high_desc=true]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Araka ny fanombanana tamin' ny 2010, ny sehatry ny tolotra dia nahaforona 77% amin' ny harin-karena faoben' i Etazonia, ny indostria 22%, ary ny fambolena sy fiompiana 1.2%.<ref name="cia-us"/> Araka ny tahirin' ny IMF tamin' ny Oktobra 2016 dia ny toekaren' i Etazonia koa no nitombo haingana indrindra tao Amerika Avaratra sy tao Amerika manontolo,<ref name=IMFcapitaGDP/><ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://statisticstimes.com/economy/south-american-countries-by-gdp-per-capita.php]; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: International Monetary Fund; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Lohateny: ''List of South American countries by GDP per capita''; Asa: ''World Economic Outlook''; Daty: October 2016; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 25 September 2017; Datin' ny tahiry: 10 October 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010112722/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/south-american-countries-by-gdp-per-capita.php]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> ary tao aminy ihany koa no ambony indrindra ny harin-karena faobe isaky ny mponina tao Amerika.<ref name="IMFcapitaGDP">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://statisticstimes.com/economy/north-american-countries-by-gdp-per-capita.php]; Mpanoratra: International Monetary Fund; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Lohateny: ''List of North American countries by GDP per capita''; Asa: ''World Economic Outlook''; Daty: October 2016; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 22 February 2017; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170924205236/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/north-american-countries-by-gdp-per-capita.php]; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 September 2017.</ref> Nisy fitomboana lehibe teo amin' ny sehatry ny tolotra, ny fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany ary ny famokarana entana tamin' ny fanodinana akora tao Kanada.<ref name="cia-ca">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/]; Lohateny: ''Canada, Economy''; Mpamoaka: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 1 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 22 September 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210922212931/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Notombanana ho $44,656 ny harin-karena faobe isaky ny mponina tao Kanada araka ny PPP, ary laharana faha-11 eran' izao tontolo izao izy tamin' ny haben' ny harin-karena faobe amin' ny vidiny tamin' ilay fotoana, tamin' ny 2014.<ref name="cia-ca"/> Araka ny fanombanana tamin' ny 2010, ny sehatry ny tolotra dia nahaforona 78% amin' ny harin-karena faoben' i Kanada, ny indostria 20%, ary ny fambolena sy fiompiana 2%.<ref name="cia-ca"/> Ny harin-karena faobe isaky ny mponina tao Meksika araka ny PPP dia $16,111; tamin' ny 2014, laharana faha-15 eran' izao tontolo izao izy tamin' ny haben' ny harin-karena faobe amin' ny vidiny tamin' ilay fotoana.<ref name="imf-mx">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=]; Lohateny: ''World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010''; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 5 March 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 29 April 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429202110/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Amin' ny maha-firenena vao misandratra ara-indostrialy (''newly industrialized country'') an' i Meksika,<ref name="AIA">Lohateny: ''Geography, An Integrated Approach''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: David; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Waugh; Toko: ''Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)''; Pejy: 563, 576–579, 633, and 640; Mpamoaka: Nelson Thornes Ltd.; Fanontana: 3rd; Taona: 2000; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-17-444706-1</nowiki>.</ref> dia sady misy fotodrafitrasa sy asa maoderina eo amin' ny indostria sy ny fambolena ary fiompiana ao aminy no misy ireo efa lany andro.<ref name="cia-mex">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/]; Lohateny: ''Mexico, Economy''; Mpamoaka: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 1 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 January 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Ny tena loharanom-bolany dia ny solitany, ny fanondranana vokatra indostrialy, ny entana vita amin' ny fanodinana, ny fitaovana elektrônika, ny indostria mavesatra, ny fiarakodia, ny fanorenana, ny sakafo, ny asa banky ary ny tolotra ara-bola.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.stratfor.com/global_market_brief_mexico_sees_decline_remittances]; Lohateny: ''Stratfor Global Market – Mexico''; Mpamoaka: Stratfor; Daty: 30 August 2007; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 May 2010; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204352/http://www.stratfor.com/global_market_brief_mexico_sees_decline_remittances]; Datin' ny tahiry: 7 March 2012.</ref> Voafaritra mazava ary voalamina ho faritra ara-toekarena telo lehibe ny toekaren' i Amerika Avaratra.<ref name="UANL">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: De la Torre; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Miguel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Benavides; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Benigno; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Saldaña; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: José; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: Fernández; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: Jesús; Lohateny: ''Sociología y Profesión''; Dikan' ny lohateny voalazan' ny loharano: ''Sociology and Profession''; Taona: 2008; Mpamoaka: Nuevo León Autonomous University (UANL); Toerana: Monterrey; ISBN: <nowiki>978-970-24-0051-6</nowiki>; Pejy: 116; Toko: ''Las profesiones en México: condiciones económicas, culturales y sociales''; Fiteny: es; Teny nalaina: La economía de América del Norte se encuentra bien definida y estructurada en tres principales áreas económicas: el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), el CARICOM y el Mercado Común Centroamericano.</ref> Ireo dia ny faritra eo ambanin' ny NAFTA (fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka any Amerika Avaratra), ny CARICOM (vondrom-piarahamonina sy tsena iombonan' i Karaîba), ary ny CACM (tsena iombonan' i Amerika Afovoany).<ref name="UANL"/> Mandray anjara amin' ny roa amin' ireo vondrona ara-barotra ireo i Etazonia. Ankoatra ireo vondrona ara-barotra lehibe kokoa ireo, dia misy koa ny fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka eo amin' i Kanada sy i Kôsta Rika, izay anisan' ny fifandraisana maro hafa momba ny varotra malalaka. Matetika ireo fifandraisana ireo no eo amin' ny firenena lehibe kokoa sy mandroso kokoa, etsy andaniny, ary ny firenena ao Amerika Afovoany sy Karaîba, etsy ankilany. [[File:President Donald J. Trump at the G20 Summit (44300765490).jpg|thumb|I Enrique Peña Nieto, filohan' i Meksika, sy i [[Donald Trump]], filohan' i Etazonia, ary i [[Justin Trudeau]], praiminisitr' i Kanada, manao sonia ny USMCA (fifanarahana eo amin' i Etazonia sy i Meksika ary i Kanada) nandritra ny fihaonana an-tampon' ny G20 (Vondrona 20) tany Buenos Aires tamin' ny 2018.]] Namorona ny iray amin' ireo vondrona ara-barotra efatra lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao ny NAFTA.<ref>Lohateny: ''Regional Trade Blocs''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php]; Mpamoaka: University of California, Santa Cruz; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 July 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110701135703/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Ny fampiharana azy tamin' ny 1994 dia natao hampitovy kokoa ny toetran' ny toekarena, ka nantenaina fa hofoanana ny sakana amin' ny varotra sy ny fampiasam-bola avy any ivelany eo amin' i Kanada sy i Etazonia ary i Meksika.<ref>Lohateny: ''North American Free Trade Agreement''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418784/North-American-Free-Trade-Agreement-NAFTA]; Rakipahalalana: ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 September 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904104559/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418784/North-American-Free-Trade-Agreement-NAFTA]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Efa nanana ny fifandraisana ara-barotra lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao teo amin' ny firenena roa i Kanada sy i Etazonia, ary mbola izany hatramin' izao; efa nahafahana nanao varotra tsy nandoavana hetram-pirenena sy haba amin' ny entana miampita sisintany koa ny fifandraisana ara-barotra teo amin' i Kanada sy i Etazonia.<ref>Lohateny: ''CRS Report for Congress: United States-Canada Trade and Economic Relationship – Prospects and Challenges''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL33087.pdf]; Mpamoaka: Congress Research Service; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Fergusson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Ian; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 9 June 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060806171755/http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL33087.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2006.</ref> Ny NAFTA kosa dia nahafahan' i Meksika nanao varotra tsy iharan' ny haba amin' ny entana miampita sisintany toy izany koa. Nahafahana nanafoana ireo haba nihatra teo aloha tamin' ny varotra teo amin' i Etazonia sy i Meksika io fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka io. Nitombo tsy tapaka isan-taona ny habetsahan' ny varotra, ary tamin' ny 2010 dia nahatratra fiakarana ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ny varotra tamin' ny alalan' ny fitaterana an-tanety teo amin' ireo firenena telo tao amin' ny NAFTA, dia 24,3 % na 791 arivo tapitrisa dôlara amerikana.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.integrationpoint.com/globaltradenews/index.php/nafta-trade-volume-increases/]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808161643/http://www.integrationpoint.com/globaltradenews/index.php/nafta-trade-volume-increases/]; Datin' ny tahiry: 8 August 2011; Lohateny: ''NAFTA Trade Volume Increases''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 May 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Ny GDP (harin-karena faobe) an' ny vondrona ara-barotra NAFTA, kajina araka ny PPP (fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy), no lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao, ka mitentina 17,617 tapitrisa tapitrisa dôlara amerikana.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=41&pr.y=16]; Lohateny: ''2010 Report Countries by GDP (PPP)''; Mpamoaka: International Monetary Fund; Daty: 14 September 2006; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 31 October 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 8 October 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008054821/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=41&pr.y=16]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Anisan' ny anton' izany ny maha-toekarem-pirenena lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao ny toekaren' i Etazonia; nahatratra 14,7 tapitrisa tapitrisa dôlara teo ho eo ny harin-karena faobe tao amin' io firenena io tamin' ny 2010, raha kajina amin' ny vidiny tamin' izany fotoana izany.<ref name="bea2011">Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2011/pdf/gdp4q10_adv.pdf]; Lohateny: ''BEA News Release: Gross Domestic Product''; Mpamoaka: Bureau of Economic Analysis; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 February 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: 9 July 2014; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140709041929/http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2011/pdf/gdp4q10_adv.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Anisan' ny mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-barotra lehibe indrindra amin' ny tsirairay avy koa ireo firenena ao amin' ny NAFTA. I Etazonia no mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-barotra lehibe indrindra amin' i Kanada sy i Meksika,<ref>Lohateny: ''United States Foreign Trade Highlights''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1012yr.html]; Mpamoaka: United States of America Bureau of the Census; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 February 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: 14 November 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003737/https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1012yr.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> fa i Kanada sy i Meksika kosa dia samy mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-barotra laharana fahatelo amin' ny ankilany.<ref>Lohateny: ''Canadian Manufacturing Association''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/increase-bilateral-trade-between-nafta-countries-cme-32091]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 9 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 June 2011; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035537/http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/increase-bilateral-trade-between-nafta-countries-cme-32091]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Mexico Free Trade Agreements''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40784.pdf]; Mpamoaka: Federation of American Scientists; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 9 June 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623092721/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40784.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 23 June 2011.</ref> Tamin' ny 2018 dia nosoloan' ny USMCA (fifanarahana eo amin' i Etazonia sy i Meksika ary i Kanada) ny NAFTA. Niforona tamin' ny taona 1973 ny vondrona ara-barotra any Karaîba, CARICOM (Vondrom-piarahamonina sy tsena iombonan' i Karaîba), rehefa nanao sonia fifanarahana ny firenena 15 any Karaîba. Tamin' ny taona 2000, nitentina 96 arivo tapitrisa dôlara amerikanina ny sandan' ny varotra tao amin' ny CARICOM. Ny CARICOM koa dia nahafahana namorona pasipaoro iombonana ho an' ireo firenena mifandray aminy. Nandritra ny folo taona farany, nifantoka indrindra tamin' ny fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka io vondrona ara-barotra io; teo ambany fiahian' ny ''CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations'' (birao misahana ny fifampiraharahana ara-barotra ao amin' ny CARICOM), dia nisy fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka natao sonia sy nampiharina. Nifamatotra ny toekaren' ireo firenena any Amerika Afovoany tamin' ny nanaovan-tsonia ny fifanarahana momba ny CACM (Tsena iombonan' i Amerika Afovoany) tamin' ny taona 1961; izany no andrana voalohany nampandraisana anjara ireo firenena ao amin' io faritra io tamin' ny fiaraha-miasa matanjaka kokoa teo amin' ny lafiny ara-bola. Nahatonga ny hoavin' ny CACM tsy hazava ny fampiharana ny CAFTA (Fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka any Amerika Afovoany) tamin' ny taona 2006.<ref>Lohateny: ''Central American Community and Market''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0811094.html]; Mpamoaka: Pearson Education; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 February 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 October 2012; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121015060116/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0811094.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Firenena dimy any Amerika Afovoany sy ny Repoblika Dôminikana ary i Etazonia no nanao sonia ny CAFTA. Ny tanjona fototry ny CAFTA dia ny hamorona faritra misy varotra malalaka mitovy amin' ny an' ny NAFTA (Fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka any Amerika Avaratra). Ankoatra an' i Etazonia, dia manana fifandraisana amin' ireo vondrona ara-barotra any Amerika Afovoany koa i Kanada. Mandray anjara amin' ny vondrona ara-barotra iraisan' ny kaontinanta koa ireo firenena ireo. Mandray anjara amin' ny G3 (fifanarahana momba ny varotra malalaka) miaraka amin' i Kôlômbia sy i Venezoela i Meksika, ary manana fifanarahana ara-barotra amin' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana). Nanolotra tolo-pifanarahana ara-barotra i Etazonia sady nitana fifanarahana ara-barotra tao anatin' ireto rafitra ireto: ny faritra momba ny varotra malalaka andaniny sy ankilany amin' ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika, eo amin' i Etazonia sy ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]]; ny faritra momba ny varotra malalaka eo amin' i Etazonia sy ny firenena maro any Atsinanana Afovoany; ary ny fiaraha-miasa stratejika ara-toekarena manerana ny Pasifika, eo amin' ireo firenena any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana sy i Aostralia ary i Zelandy Vaovao. <span id="Infrastructure"></span> === Fitaterana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitaterana ao Amerika Avaratra. [[File:Class1rr.png|thumb|Sarin' ny tambajotran-dalambin' ireo orinasa ao amin' ny sokajy antsoina hoe ''Class I'' any Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 2006]] Ny zotran-dalana antsoina hoe ''Pan-American Highway'' any Amerika dia ampahany amin' ny tambajotran-dalana manana halavana manakaiky ny 48 000&nbsp;km (30 000&nbsp;mi), izay mamakivaky ireo firenena eo amin' ny tanibe. Tsy misy halavana voafaritra raikitra ho an' ny ''Pan-American Highway'', satria tsy mbola namaritra tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy mihitsy ny fitondram-panjakan' i [[Etazonia]] sy [[Kanada]] hoe iza avy ireo zotran-dalana tafiditra ao aminy, ary maro kosa ny sampana ôfisialin' io lalana io ao [[Meksika]] izay mifandray amin' ny sisin-tanin' i Etazonia. Na izany aza, manodidina ny 26 000&nbsp;km (16 000&nbsp;mi) ny fitambaran' ny halavan' ilay ampahany manomboka ao Meksika ka hatrany amin' ny farany avaratra amin' io lalana io. Naorina tamin' ny taompolo 1860 ny lalamby voalohany niampita ny kaontinanta tao Etazonia, ka nampifandray ny tambajotran-dalamby tany atsinanan' i Etazonia tamin' i [[Kalifornia]] teo amin' ny morontsiraka Pasifika. Vita tamin' ny 10 Mey 1869, nandritra ilay lanonana malaza fantatra amin' ny hoe ''golden spike'' (fantsika volamena) tao Promontory Summit, Utah, izy io, ka namorona tambajotram-pitaterana nampiasa milina manerana ny firenena. Nanova tanteraka ny mponina sy ny toekaren' ny faritra andrefan' i Etazonia izay niitaran' ny fonenana izany, ary nanafaingana ny fifindrana avy amin' ny andian-tsarety niara-dia tamin' ireo taompolo teo aloha ho amin' ny rafi-pitaterana maoderina.<ref name="WDL">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11371/]; Lohateny: ''Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails", May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah''; Tranonkala: [[World Digital Library]]; Daty: 10 May 1869; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 July 2013; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 October 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131018052635/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11371/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Na dia zava-bita aza izany, ny fampifandraisana ireo lalamby maro tany atsinanan' i Etazonia tamin' ny Pasifika no nahatonga azy ho lalamby voalohany niampita ny kaontinanta. Tsy izy anefa no tambajotran-dalamby lehibe indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izay tao anatin' ny rafitra iray ihany. Efa nahatratra maherin' ny 2 055&nbsp;km (1 277&nbsp;mi) ny halavan' ny lalambin' ny ''Grand Trunk Railway'' (orinasan-dalamby kanadianina) tamin' ny 1867, tamin' ny fampifandraisana an' i [[Ontario]] tamin' ireo faritany kanadianina manamorona ny Atlantika, ka nipaka niankandrefana hatrany [[Port Huron, Michigan]], namakivaky an' i Sarnia, Ontario. === Fifandraisan-davitra === Ny ''North American Numbering Plan'' (rafitra fanomezana laharana an-telefaonina any Amerika Avaratra) dia rafitra an-telefaonina iombonana mampitambatra ny fanomezana laharana an-telefaonina ho an' ny firenena sy faritany 24: i Etazonia sy ireo faritany eo ambany fahefany, i Kanada, i Bermioda ary firenena 17 any Karaîba. == Demôgrafia == <span id="Demographics"></span> Jereo koa: Lisitry ny firenena ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny isan' ny mponina; Lisitry ny firenena ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny salan' ny taona antenaina hiainana. [[File:Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008.gif|thumb|Ny fifehezana sy ny fitakiana faritany nataon' ireo firenena tsy an' ny teratany amerikanina tao Amerika Avaratra, teo ho eo tamin' ny 1750–2008.]] I Kanada sy i Etazonia no firenena manankarena indrindra sady [[Firenena mandroso|mandroso indrindra]] ao amin' ilay kaontinanta, arahin' i Meksika, izay firenena vao niroborobo ny indostriany (''newly industrialized country'').<ref name="AIA"/> Samy hafa ny haavon' ny fandrosoana ara-toekarena sy ny fandrosoan' ny olombelona any amin' ny firenen' i Amerika Afovoany sy Karaîba. Araka ny fampitahana entina miaraka amin' ny ''2010 Human Development Report'' (tatitra momba ny fandrosoan' ny olombelona tamin' ny 2010), ohatra, ny firenena madinika ao amin' ny nosy any Karaîba, toa an' i Barbady, i Trinite-sy-Tôbagô ary i Antigoa-sy-Barboda, dia manana GDP (harin-karena faobe) isaky ny mponina, kajiana arakaraka ny fitovian' ny fahefa-mividy na PPP (fampitahana ahitsy araka ny fahasamihafan' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra), ambony kokoa noho ny an' i Meksika noho ny fahavitsian' ny mponina ao aminy. Ambony lavitra noho ny an' ireo firenena hafa ao Amerika Afovoany koa ny tondro fandrefesana ny fandrosoan' ny olombelona sy ny harin-karena faoben' i Panamà sy i Kôsta Rika.<ref name="UNDP">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108160356/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2010; Lohateny: ''2010 Human Development Report''; Daty: January 2010; Mpamoaka: [[United Nations Development Programme]]; Pejy: 148–151; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 May 2011.</ref> Araka ny lahatsoratra ''Independence on ice'' tao amin' ny ''The Economist'', navoaka tamin' ny 21 Janoary 2015, na dia manana tahirin-tsolitany sy harena an-kibon' ny tany betsaka aza i Groenlanda, dia mbola tsy voatrandraka ny ampahany betsaka amin' izany, ary miankina amin' ny jono sy ny fizahantany ary ny fanampiana ara-bola avy amin' i Danemarka ny toekaren' ilay nosy. Na izany aza, dia mandroso be ilay nosy.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21640224-falling-crude-prices-are-forcing-greenland-put-plans-split-denmark-independence-ice]; Lohateny: ''Independence on ice''; Daty: 21 January 2015; Gazety: ''The Economist''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 September 2017; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 July 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170701163114/http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21640224-falling-crude-prices-are-forcing-greenland-put-plans-split-denmark-independence-ice]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Maro karazana ny vondrom-poko mandrafitra ny mponina ao Amerika Avaratra. Araka ny fanasokajiana ao amin' ny ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', navoaka tamin' ny 2001, ny vondrona telo be olona indrindra dia ireo sokajiana ho fotsy hoditra, ireo manana razambe eorôpeana sy teratany amerikanina mifangaro (''Mestizo''), ary ny [[Mainty hoditra|mainty hoditra]].<ref name=Composed>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/faculty/documents/Pop.Comp.IESBS.2001.pdf]; Toko: ''Population Composition by Race and Ethnicity: North America''; Sampana: [[New York University]]; Mpamoaka: [[Elsevier Science]]; Pejy: 11745–11749; Lohateny: ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences''; ISBN: <nowiki>0-08-043076-7</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Mpandrindra 1: N.J. Smelser; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpandrindra voalazan' ny loharano 1: Neil Smelser; Mpandrindra 2: P.B. Baltes; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpandrindra voalazan' ny loharano 2: Paul Baltes; Taona: 2001; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 24 June 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 June 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204640/https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/faculty/documents/Pop.Comp.IESBS.2001.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Vitsy anisa ny teratany amerikanina sy ny [[Aziatika|Aziatika]], nefa mbola betsaka ihany ny isany; misy koa vondrona hafa izay vitsy kokoa.<ref name=Composed/> === Fiteny === [[File:Chinatown 1.jpg|thumb|Ny faritra sinoa ao Flushing, ao [[Queens]], ao [[New York]], dia lazaina fa nanjary foibe lehibe indrindra eran-tany amin' izao fotoana izao andraisana ny mpifindra monina sinoa, sady foibe iraisam-pirenena itarihana izany fifindra-monina izany. Fiteny maro no efa namaka teo amin' ny fiarahamonina any Amerika Avaratra.<ref name="NYC800Languages">Lohateny: ''Linguistics – Say what?''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2011/09/10/say-what]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 August 2024; Mpamoaka: The Economist.</ref><ref name="NYCPrimaryChineseDestination">Mpanoratra: Sullivan; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Eileen; Daty: 24 November 2023; Lohateny: ''Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 24 November 2023; Gazety: ''The New York Times''; Teny nalaina: Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..." New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood..</ref>]] Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Fiteny ao Amerika Avaratra]]. Ny fiteny manjaka ao Amerika Avaratra dia ny [[Fiteny anglisy|fiteny anglisy]], ny [[Fiteny espaniôla|fiteny espaniôla]] ary ny [[Fiteny frantsay|fiteny frantsay]]. Ampiasaina any [[Kanada]] sy any [[Etazonia]] ny teny anglisy, any [[Meksika]] sy any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i Etazonia ny teny espaniôla, ary ao [[Québec]], any amin' ny faritra atsinanan' i Kanada, ny teny frantsay. Be mpampiasa ao [[Groenlanda]] ny [[Fiteny danoà|teny danoà]], miaraka amin' ny [[Fiteny grinlandika|teny grinlandika]], ary ampiasaina miaraka amin' ny fiteny eo an-toerana ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]] ao Karaîba neerlandey. Ny hoe Amerika miteny anglisy (''Anglo-America'') dia entina ilazana ireo firenena miteny anglisy ao [[Amerika]]: i Kanada, izay samy fiteny ôfisialy ny teny anglisy sy ny teny frantsay, sy i Etazonia; tafiditra amin' io anarana io koa indraindray i [[Belizy]] sy ny faritra sasany eo anelanelan' ny zana-pehintany roa, indrindra ny ''Commonwealth Caribbean'' (faritra karaîba mifandray amin' ny Commonwealth). Ny hoe [[Amerika Latina]] kosa dia manondro ireo faritra hafa ao Amerika, izay amin' ny ankapobeny dia any atsimon' i Etazonia, ary anjakan' ny teny espaniôla sy ny [[Fiteny pôrtogey|teny pôrtogey]]. Samy [[Fiteny rômana|fiteny rômana]], avy amin' ny teny latina, ireo fiteny roa ireo. Matetika anefa no tsy ampidirina ao ireo firenena miteny frantsay. Ireto avy ireo faritra resahina: ireo repoblika hafa ao [[Amerika Afovoany]] (saingy tsy ampidirina ao mandrakariva i Belizy), ny ampahany amin' i [[Karaîba]] (fa tsy ireo faritra miteny neerlandey, anglisy na frantsay), i Meksika ary ny ankamaroan' i [[Amerika Atsimo]] (afa-tsy i [[Goiana]], i [[Sorinama]], i [[Goiana Frantsay]] [Frantsa] ary ny [[Nosy Falklands]] [Fanjakana Mitambatra]). Ahitana mponina samihafa fiaviana ara-poko i Etazonia, ary misy vondrona 37 araka ny fiavian' ny razana izay samy manana olona iray tapitrisa mahery.<ref name="An2000">Lohateny: ''Ancestry 2000''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf]; Daty: June 2004; Mpamoaka: U.S. Census Bureau; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 December 2004; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2 December 2016.</ref> Nandray anjara lehibe teo amin' ny tantaran' i Amerika Avaratra ny teny frantsay, ary mbola manana toerana mampiavaka azy any amin' ny faritra sasany. Manana fiteny ôfisialy roa i Kanada. Ny teny frantsay no fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritanin' i Québec, ka ny 95% amin' ny mponina ao no miteny azy ho fiteny voalohany na faharoa; samy fiteny ôfisialy kosa ny teny frantsay sy ny teny anglisy ao amin' ny faritanin' i New Brunswick. Anisan' ireo toerana hafa miteny frantsay ny faritanin' i [[Ontario]], izay ny teny anglisy no fiteny ôfisialy nefa tombanana ho 600 000 ny mponina anisan' ny fiarahamonina miteny frantsay ao; ny faritanin' i [[Manitoba]], izay samy manana sata ôfisialy ''de jure'' (izany hoe araka ny lalàna) ny teny frantsay sy ny teny anglisy; i [[Antilia Frantsay]] sy i Saint-Pierre et Miquelon; ary ny fanjakan' i [[Louisiana]] ao Etazonia, izay fiteny ôfisialy koa ny teny frantsay. Ampidirina amin' io vondrona io i [[Haitỳ]] noho ny fifandraisany ara-tantara, nefa sady miteny kreôly haitiana no miteny frantsay ny Haitiana. Toy izany koa, ampiasaina miaraka amin' ny teny anglisy ny teny frantsay sy ny teny kreôly frantsay antiliana any [[Santa Losia]] sy any [[Dôminika]]. Ny [[Fiteny ao Amerika Avaratra|fiteny ao Amerika Avaratra]] dia ireo fiteny ampiasain' ny mponina ao amin' io ampahan-kôntinenta io, anisan' izany i Amerika Afovoany sy ny tangoro-nosy [[Antilia]]. Ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny ireo dia nampidirin' ny mpanjana-tany eorôpeana. Niely taloha ny [[Vondrom-piteny amerindiana|fiteny amerindiana]]; nanjary nanjaka kosa ireo [[Fiteny ao Eorôpa|fiteny eorôpeana]] efatra lehibe, dia ny teny anglisy, ny teny espaniôla, ny teny frantsay ary ny teny neerlandey. Manampy an' ireo ny fitenin' ny mpifindra monina, indrindra ny [[Fiteny italiana|teny italiana]], ny [[Fiteny alemàna|teny alemàna]] ary ny [[Fiteny sinoa|fiteny sinoa]] maro. Maro koa ny fiteny kreôly niforona tao. === Fitenin' ny vahoaka teratany === Ahitana fitenin' ny vahoaka teratany izay [[Fiteny nibeazana|fiteny nibeazana]] i Etazonia, i Kanada, i Groenlanda ary ny tapany avaratr' i Meksika. Maro ny [[Vondrom-piteny amerindiana|fitenin' ny vahoaka teratany]] ampiasaina ao Amerika Avaratra. Ao Meksika, olona manodidina ny 6 tapitrisa no miteny fitenin' ny vahoaka teratany ao an-tokantrano.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Cocking; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Lauren; Lohateny: ''A Guide To Mexico's Indigenous Languages''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/a-guide-to-mexicos-indigenous-languages/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 August 2020; Tranonkala: Culture Trip; Daty: 23 December 2016; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 September 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200924142928/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/a-guide-to-mexicos-indigenous-languages/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Miisa 372 000 ny olona miteny fitenin' ny vahoaka teratany ao Etazonia,<ref>Lohateny: ''Census Shows Native Languages Count''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.languagemagazine.com/census-shows-native-languages-count/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 August 2020; Tranonkala: Language Magazine; Fiteny: en-US; Datin' ny tahiry: 10 August 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200810115520/https://www.languagemagazine.com/census-shows-native-languages-count/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> ary 225 000 eo ho eo kosa ao Kanada.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=Language&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1]; Lohateny: ''Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016''; Daty: 21 June 2018; Mpamoaka: Statistics Canada; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 August 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 19 November 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119101441/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=Language&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ao Etazonia sy Kanada, fitenin' ny vahoaka teratany 150 eo ho eo no mbola tenenin' ny olona, amin' ireo fiteny 300 nampiasaina talohan' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny Eorôpeana.<ref>Lohateny: ''North American Indian languages''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-American-Indian-languages]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 August 2020; Tranonkala: Encyclopedia Britannica; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 November 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195401/https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-American-Indian-languages]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> === Fivavahana === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fivavahana ao Amerika Avaratra. Jereo koa: Fivavahana eran' izao tontolo izao. [[File:North America Religious Belief.svg|thumb|alt=Isan-jaton' ny olona mitonona ho mpanaraka fivavahana iray ao Amerika Avaratra, araka ny angona tamin' ny 2010–2012.|Ny isan-jaton' ny olona mitonona ho mpanaraka fivavahana iray ao Amerika Avaratra, araka ny angona tamin' ny 2010–2012.]] Ny [[Kristianisma]] no fivavahana be mpanaraka indrindra ao Etazonia sy Kanada ary Meksika. Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny ''[[Pew Research Center]]'' (Foibem-pikarohana Pew) tamin' ny 2012, dia nihevitra ny tenany ho [[Kristianina]] ny 77 % amin' ny mponina.<ref>''[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113632/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf Tahiry: 24 September 2015] Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, p. 18</ref> Ny Kristianisma koa no fivavahana be mpanaraka indrindra ao amin' ireo faritany miankina miisa 23 ao Amerika Avaratra.<ref>''[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20130805020311/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf Tahiry: 5 August 2013] Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, p. 15.</ref> I Etazonia no manana Kristianina betsaka indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao, ka efa ho 247 tapitrisa izy ireo (70 %), na dia misy firenena hafa manana isan-jaton' ny Kristianina ambony kokoa aza raha oharina amin' ny mponina ao aminy.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/]; Lohateny: ''America's Changing Religious Landscape''; Mpamoaka: [[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life; Daty: 12 May 2015; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 July 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 February 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210201011958/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Laharana faharoa eran' izao tontolo izao i Meksika raha ny isan' ny Katôlika no jerena, ka i [[Brezila]] ihany no manana mihoatra azy.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20000818085719/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 August 2000; Lohateny: ''The Largest Catholic Communities''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 November 2007; Asa: ''Adherents.com''; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: usurped.</ref> Araka io fanadihadiana io ihany, dia manodidina ny 17 % amin' ny mponina ao Kanada sy Etazonia ireo [[Tsy fivavahana|tsy mitonona ho mpanaraka fivavahana iray]], anisan' izany ireo mihevitra fa tsy fantatra na tsy azo fantarina raha misy andriamanitra iray na maro (''agnostic'') sy ireo tsy mino fa misy andriamanitra iray na maro (''atheist'').<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx]; Lohateny: ''Religiously Unaffiliated''; Daty: 18 December 2012; Asa: ''Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 22 February 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 30 July 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730043126/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Manodidina ny 24 % amin' ny fitambaran' ny mponina ao Kanada ireo tsy mitonona ho mpanaraka fivavahana iray.<ref name="religion2011">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA]; Lohateny: ''Religions in Canada—Census 2011''; Mpamoaka: Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada; Daty: 8 May 2013; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 July 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 19 December 2015; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151219142107/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Misy vondrom-piarahamonina [[Jiosy]] (6&nbsp;tapitrisa, na manodidina ny 1,8 %),<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/]; Lohateny: ''The Global Religious Landscape: Jews''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2012; Asa: ''pewforum''; Daty: 18 December 2012; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 May 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518052016/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> mpanaraka ny Bodisma (3,8&nbsp;tapitrisa, na 1,1 %),<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/]; Lohateny: ''The Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2012; Asa: ''pewforum''; Daty: 18 December 2012; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 April 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180418052913/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> ary [[Mozilmana]] (3,4&nbsp;tapitrisa, na 1,0 %) any Kanada sy Etazonia ary Meksika.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/]; Lohateny: ''The Global Religious Landscape: Muslims''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 December 2012; Mpamoaka: Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life; Daty: 18 December 2012; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 March 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210321144033/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny isan' ny Jiosy dia be indrindra any Etazonia (5,4&nbsp;tapitrisa),<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=2941]; Lohateny: ''World Jewish Population, 2012''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 July 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 March 2016; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031023/http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=2941]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> arahin' i Kanada (375&nbsp;000)<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.jewishdatabank.org/studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113]; Lohateny: ''World Jewish Population, 2013''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Sergio; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: DellaPergola; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Sergio DellaPergola; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Arnold; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Dashefsky; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpandrindra voalazan' ny loharano 1: Arnold Dashefsky; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Ira; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Sheskin; Daty: 2013; Asa: ''Current Jewish Population Reports''; Mpamoaka: North American Jewish Data Bank; Toerana: [[Storrs, Connecticut]]; Endrika: PDF; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 July 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 October 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005011011/http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> sy i Meksika (67&nbsp;476).<ref name="INEGI">Lohateny: ''Panorama de las religiones en México 2010''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2010/panora_religion/religiones_2010.pdf]; Mpamoaka: [[INEGI]]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2 March 2015; Pejy: 3; Fiteny: es; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151021230003/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2010/panora_religion/religiones_2010.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 October 2015.</ref> Any Etazonia no betsaka indrindra ny Mozilmana ao Amerika Avaratra, izay miisa 2,7&nbsp;tapitrisa, na 0,9 % amin' ny mponina ao aminy,<ref name="pew2015">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/]; Lohateny: ''America's Changing Religious Landscape''; Mpamoaka: The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 12 May 2015; Daty: 12 May 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 1 February 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210201011958/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref name="Islam in the United States">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states]; Lohateny: ''Demographics''; Daty: 22 October 2008; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2 May 2013; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 April 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130426035056/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> fa any Kanada kosa dia manodidina ny iray tapitrisa ny Mozilmana, na 3,2 % amin' ny mponina.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&amp;TABID=1]; Lohateny: ''National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011''; Daty: September 11, 2013; Mpamoaka: Statistics Canada; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 29 January 2022; Datin' ny tahiry: 13 August 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180813191748/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nisy Mozilmana 3&nbsp;700 tany Meksika tamin' ny 2010.<ref name="2010-census">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est]; Lohateny: ''Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 – Cuestionario básico''; Taona: 2010; Mpamoaka: INEGI; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 4 March 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 December 2018; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211325/http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est%20]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Tamin' ny 2012, ny gazety ''U-T San Diego'' dia nanombana ho 1,2&nbsp;tapitrisa ny olona mpanaraka ny Bodisma tany Etazonia, ka ny 40 % tamin' ireo dia nonina tany amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Kalifornia.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Rowe; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Peter; Daty: 16 April 2012; Lohateny: ''Dalai Lama facts and figures''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/apr/16/all-about-dalai-lama]; Gazety: ''U-T San Diego''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 15 January 2015; Datin' ny tahiry: 8 June 2012; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608082954/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/apr/16/all-about-dalai-lama/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny Kristianisma no fivavahana be mpanaraka indrindra any Meksika sy Amerika Afovoany (96 %).<ref name="Christianity in its Global Context">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815184022/http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 August 2013; Lohateny: ''Christianity in its Global Context''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 30 December 2016.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny fanjanahan' ny Espaniôla an' i Meksika tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Rômanina|fivavahana katôlika rômanina]] ihany no fivavahana navelan' ny fitondram-panjaka espaniôla sy ny Eglizy Katôlika harahina. Nisy hetsika lehibe fampiovana finoana, nantsoina hoe « fandresena ara-panahy » (fandikana ny hoe ''spiritual conquest''), natomboka mba hampidirana ny tompon-tany ho ao amin' ny Kristianisma. Natsangana ny fitsarana ara-pivavahana tany Meksika nantsoina hoe ''Inquisition'' mba hiantohana fa nifanaraka tamin' ny fampianarana neken' ny Eglizy ny finoana sy ny fomba ara-pivavahana narahina. Mbola nanana anjara toerana lehibe ny Eglizy Katôlika, ka na dia taorian' ny fahazoana ny fahaleovantena ara-pôlitika aza dia mbola ny fivavahana katôlika rômanina no nanjaka. Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1960 dia nitombo ny vondrona kristianina hafa, indrindra ny [[Prôtestantisma]], ary koa ny fikambanana ara-pivavahana hafa sy ny olona nilaza ny tenany ho tsy manana fivavahana. Ny Kristianisma koa no fivavahana be mpanaraka indrindra any Karaîba (85 %).<ref name="Christianity in its Global Context"/> Anisan' ny fivavahana hafa ao amin' io faritra io ny [[Hindoisma]], ny [[Silamo]], ny [[Rastafarisma]] (any Jamaîka), ary ny fivavahan' ny taranaka afrikanina any Amerika, toy ny ''Santería'' sy ny ''Vodou'' any Haitỳ. === Isan' ny mponina === Jereo koa: Lisitry ny firenena ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny isan' ny mponina; Lisitry ny tanàna ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny isan' ny mponina; Lisitry ny faritra ahitana tanàn-dehibe sy ny tanàna manodidina azy ao Amerika Avaratra araka ny isan' ny mponina. <div style="float:right; clear:right;"> <div style="text-align:center;">Tanàna ao Amerika Avaratra</div> [[File:Mexico City Reforma skyline (cropped).jpg|thumb|none|200px|[[Mexico]]]] [[File:Luchtfoto van Lower Manhattan.jpg|thumb|none|200px|[[New York]]]] [[File:Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg|thumb|none|200px|[[Los Angeles]]]] [[File:Downtown Toronto in September 2018 (Early Sunday Morning, view from a kayak).jpg|thumb|none|200px|[[Toronto]]]] [[File:Chicago-00.jpg|thumb|none|200px|[[Chicago]]]] [[File:Zapopan Guadalajara Mexico 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|none|200px|Guadalajara]] </div> [[File:Life expectancy map -North America -2021 -with names.png|thumb|upright=0.91|Ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|salan' ny taona antenaina hiainana]] ao Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 2021]] I Amerika Avaratra no kaontinanta fahefatra be mponina indrindra, aorian' i Azia sy i Afrika ary i Eorôpa.<ref>Lohateny: ''North America Fast Facts''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/nafacts.htm]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 16 June 2013; Mpamoaka: World Atlas.com; Datin' ny tahiry: 23 June 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130623005828/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/nafacts.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> I Etazonia no firenena be mponina indrindra ao aminy, izay manana mponina 342,9&nbsp;tapitrisa. I Meksika no faharoa amin' ny isan' ny mponina, izay mahatratra 126&nbsp;tapitrisa.<ref>Lohateny: ''Census of Population and Housing (CPV) 2020''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://en.www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 December 2025; Tranonkala: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.</ref> I Kanada no firenena fahatelo be mponina indrindra, izay manana mponina 41,5&nbsp;tapitrisa.<ref>Daty: 27 June 2018; Lohateny: ''Population estimates, quarterly''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190109220020/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901]; Datin' ny tahiry: 9 January 2019; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 December 2025; Tranonkala: Statistics Canada.</ref> Latsaky ny iray tapitrisa ny isan' ny mponina ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny firenena nosy ao Karaîba. Mihoatra ny iray tapitrisa kosa ny mponina ao amin' i Kiobà, ny Repoblika Dôminikana, i Haitỳ, i Pôrtô-Rikô (faritanin' i Etazonia), i Jamaîka ary i Trinite-sy-Tôbagô tsirairay avy.{{#tag:ref|Lohateny: ''Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.one.cu/aec2009/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716124826/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm]; Datin' ny tahiry: 16 July 2010; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 November 2010; Mpamoaka: Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba; Fiteny: es; Fanontana: 2010. Fanamarihana: ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola izay mampitovy ny 1 CUC (sandam-bola kiobana resahina eto) amin' ny US$1.08 (dôlara amerikanina) no nampiasaina hamadihana ny GDP (harin-karena faobe, izany hoe ny fitambaran' ny sandam-bolan' ny entana sy tolotra farany vokarina ao amin' ny firenena iray mandritra ny fe-potoana voafaritra) ho sandam-bola hafa. {{#tag:ref|[https://web.archive.org/web/20211202000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba ''Cuba'']. ''The World Factbook'', fanontana 2021. ''Central Intelligence Agency'' (masoivohon' i Etazonia momba ny fitsikilovana). December 2, 2021.|group=lower-alpha}}|name=cubastat}}<ref name="prez">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071122172644/http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372]; Datin' ny tahiry: 22 November 2007; Lohateny: ''Presidencia de la República; Generalidades''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 December 2009; Fiteny: es; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''The World Factbook: Haiti''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/]; Mpamoaka: Central Intelligence Agency; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 11 June 2011; Datin' ny tahiry: 9 February 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/index.php]; Lohateny: ''2010 U.S. Census Data''; Mpamoaka: 2010.census.gov; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 February 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215083619/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/index.php]; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 February 2012.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''The World Factbook: Jamaica''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 11 June 2011; Mpamoaka: Central Intelligence Agency; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 January 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Kely ny isan' ny mponina ao Groenlanda, izay miisa 55&nbsp;984, raha oharina amin' ny velarany midadasika (2,166&nbsp;tapitrisa&nbsp;km², na 836&nbsp;300&nbsp;mi²). Noho izany dia izy no manana hakitroky ny mponina ambany indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao, izany hoe 0,026 mponina isaky ny km² (0,067 mponina isaky ny mi²).<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&theme=Population&link=BE]; Lohateny: ''Grønlands Statistik''; Tranonkala: stat.gl; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 29 November 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 19 November 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119100924/https://stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&theme=Population&link=BE]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Na dia i Etazonia sy i Kanada ary i Meksika aza no firenena be mponina indrindra, dia tsy ao amin' ireo firenena ireo ihany no misy tanàna be mponina. Misy tanàn-dehibe koa ao [[Karaîba]]. I [[Mexico]] (ao Meksika) sy i [[New York]] (ao Etazonia) no tanàna be mponina indrindra ao Amerika Avaratra, ka lavitra noho ny an' ireo tanàna hafa ny isan' ny mponina ao aminy. Ireo ihany no tanàna ao amin' ilay kôntinanta manana mponina mihoatra ny valo tapitrisa, ary anisan' ireo tanàna telo manana mponina mihoatra izany ao Amerika manontolo izy ireo. Manaraka azy ireo amin' ny isan' ny mponina i [[Los Angeles]] (ao Etazonia), i [[Toronto]],<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2013/03/05/torontos_population_overtakes_chicago.html]; Lohateny: ''Toronto's population overtakes Chicago''; Asa: ''Toronto Star''; Daty: 5 March 2013; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 6 September 2017; Datin' ny tahiry: 8 March 2013; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130308132904/http://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2013/03/05/torontos_population_overtakes_chicago.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> i [[Chicago]] (ao Etazonia), i Havana, i Santo Domingo ary i [[Montréal]]. Mitombo haingana ny tanàna ao amin' ireo faritra mafana antsoina hoe Sun Belt any Etazonia, toy ireo ao amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Kalifornia sy i [[Houston]], i [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], i Miami, i [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] ary i [[Las Vegas]]. Anisan' ny anton' izany ny hafanan' ny mari-pana, ny fisotroan-drononon' ireo taranaka teraka nandritra ny fitomboana be tamin' ny isan' ny zaza teraka taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa (''Baby Boomers''), ny fisian' ny indostria lehibe ary ny fahatongavan' ny mpifindra monina maro. Mitombo be koa ireo tanàna akaikin' ny sisin-tanin' i Etazonia, indrindra ireo any Meksika. Misongadina amin' izany i Tijuana, tanàna manamorona an' i San Diego, izay mandray mpifindra monina avy amin' ny faritra rehetra ao Amerika Latina sy avy amin' ny faritra sasany ao Eorôpa sy Azia. Kanefa, arakaraka ny itomboan' ireo tanàna ao amin' ireo faritra mafana kokoa ao Amerika Avaratra ireo no vao mainka tsy maintsy iatrehany ny olana lehibe ateraky ny tsy fahampian-drano.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Cetron; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Marvin J.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: O'Toole; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Thomas; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://archive.org/details/encounterswithfu00cetr]; Fepetra fidirana amin' ny adiresy: registration; Lohateny: ''Encounters with the future: a forecast of life into the 21st century''; Mpamoaka: Mcgraw-Hill; Daty: April 1982; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/encounterswithfu00cetr/page/34 34]; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-07-010347-4</nowiki>.</ref> Valo amin' ireo faritra folo be mponina indrindra ahitana tanàn-dehibe iray na maromaro sy ny manodidina mifandray aminy (''metropolitan area'') no ao Etazonia. Samy manana mponina mihoatra ny 5,5 tapitrisa ireo faritra ireo, ka anisan' izany ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i New York, ny an' i Los Angeles, ny an' i Chicago ary ny fitambaran' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i Dallas–Fort Worth.<ref name="PopEstCBSA">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table]; Lohateny: ''Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico more information 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data''; Asa: ''2010 United States Census''; Mpamoaka: [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division; Daty: 14 April 2011; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 14 April 2011.</ref> Na dia ao Etazonia aza ny ankamaroan' ireo faritra an-tanàn-dehibe be mponina indrindra, dia ao Meksika kosa no misy ilay be mponina indrindra ao Amerika Avaratra: ny faritra an-tanàn-dehibe ahitana an' i Mexico sy ny manodidina azy, antsoina hoe Greater Mexico City.<ref>Lohateny: ''The World Factbook: Mexico''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 June 2011; Mpamoaka: Central Intelligence Agency; Datin' ny tahiry: 26 January 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Tafiditra ao amin' ireo faritra an-tanàn-dehibe folo be mponina indrindra koa i Kanada, satria manana mponina enina tapitrisa ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i Toronto.<ref name="statcan2006">Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=535__&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=]; Lohateny: ''Toronto, Ontario (Census metropolitan area)''; Mpanoratra: Statistics Canada; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Statistics Canada; Asa: ''[[Canada 2006 Census|Census 2006]]''; Taona: 2006; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 29 January 2010; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114131145/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=535__&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=]; Datin' ny tahiry: 14 January 2015.</ref> Noho ny fifanakaikezan' ny tanàna eo amin' ny sisin-tany mampisaraka an' i Kanada sy i Etazonia ary eo amin' ny sisin-tany mampisaraka an' i Meksika sy i Etazonia, dia niforona ny faritra an-tanàn-dehibe miampita sisin-tany iraisam-pirenena. Ao Detroit–Windsor sy San Diego–Tijuana no ahitana ny lehibe indrindra sy ny mamokatra indrindra amin' ireo fitambaran-tanàna mifampitohy ireo (''urban agglomerations''), ary betsaka ny asa ara-barotra sy ara-toekarena ary ara-kolontsaina ao aminy. Ireo faritra an-tanàn-dehibe ireo dia ahitana fifanakalozana ara-barotra mitentina dôlara an-tapitrisany izay miankina amin' ny fitaterana entana iraisam-pirenena. Tamin' ny taona 2004, ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny ''Border Transportation Partnership'' (fiaraha-miasa momba ny fitaterana miampita sisintany) tao Detroit–Windsor dia nanatsoaka hevitra fa niankina tamin' ny fiampitana ny sisin-tany iraisam-pirenena tao Detroit–Windsor ny fifanakalozana mitentina 13 arivo tapitrisa dôlara amerikanina (US$). Tao San Diego–Tijuana kosa, ny entana nandalo tao amin' ny toeram-pidirana miampita sisintany ao Otay Mesa dia nitentina 20 arivo tapitrisa dôlara amerikanina.<ref>Mpamoaka: Detroit Regional Chamber; Taona: 2006; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.detroitchamber.com/detroiter/articles.asp?cid=7&detcid=531]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060321130504/http://www.detroitchamber.com/detroiter/articles.asp?cid=7&detcid=531]; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 March 2006; Lohateny: ''Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I – Detroit River International Crossing Study''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 June 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref name="Planning SD-TJ">Lohateny: ''Chapter IV Planning for the Future: Urban & Regional Planning in the San Diego-Tijuana Region''; Mpamoaka: International Community Foundation; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.icfdn.org/publications/blurredborders/documents/urbanch4.pdf]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 20 March 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723181848/http://www.icfdn.org/publications/blurredborders/documents/urbanch4.pdf]; Datin' ny tahiry: 23 July 2011.</ref> Fanazavana fanampiny: faritra midadasika mampifandray vondron-tanàn-dehibe ao Etazonia. Nitombo koa tao Amerika Avaratra ireo faritra mampifandray faritra an-tanàn-dehibe maromaro (''megapolitan area''). Misy faritra midadasika iraika ambin' ny folo ahitana vondron-tanàn-dehibe mifandray (''megaregion'') ao Etazonia. {| class="sortable wikitable" |+ Ireo faritra folo ahitana tanàn-dehibe sy ny manodidina azy izay be mponina indrindra ao Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 2013, araka ny tarehimarika avy amin' ny fanisam-bahoaka nasionaly tany Etazonia sy ny tombana avy amin' ny fanisam-bahoaka tany Kanada sy Meksika |- ! scope="col" | Tanàn-dehibe sy ny faritra manodidina azy ! scope="col" | Isan' ny mponina ! scope="col" | Velarana ! scope="col" | Firenena |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Mexico City sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 21,163,226^† | 7,346&nbsp;km² (2,836&nbsp;mi²) | Meksika |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | New York City sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 19,949,502 | 17,405&nbsp;km² (6,720&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Los Angeles sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 13,131,431 | 12,562&nbsp;km² (4,850&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Chicago sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 9,537,289 | 24,814&nbsp;km² (9,581&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Dallas–Fort Worth sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 6,810,913 | 24,059&nbsp;km² (9,289&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Houston sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 6,313,158 | 26,061&nbsp;km² (10,062&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Toronto sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 6,054,191^† | 5,906&nbsp;km² (2,280&nbsp;mi²) | Kanada |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Philadelphia sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 6,034,678 | 13,256&nbsp;km² (5,118&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Washington, D.C. sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 5,949,859 | 14,412&nbsp;km² (5,565&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Miami sy ny faritra manodidina azy | 5,828,191 | 15,896&nbsp;km² (6,137&nbsp;mi²) | Etazonia |} <small>^† Tarehimarika avy amin' ny fanisam-bahoaka tamin' ny 2011.</small> == Kolontsaina == Lahatsoratra fototra: Kolontsain' i Amerika Avaratra. [[File:Yankee Stadium upper deck 2010.jpg|thumb|Fantatra ho fialam-boly mampiavaka an' i Etazonia ny [[Baseball|''baseball'']], ary lalaovina koa any Kanada sy any amin' ny firenena maro ao Amerika Latina.]] [[Image:Ninenations.PNG|thumb|right|''The Nine Nations of North America'' (midika hoe « Ireo firenena sivy ao Amerika Avaratra »).]] Samihafa ny kolontsaina ao Amerika Avaratra. Maro ny fitoviana ara-kolontsaina eo amin' i Etazonia sy ny ampahany miteny anglisy amin' i Kanada, fa ny ampahany miteny frantsay amin' i Kanada kosa dia manana kolontsaina miavaka amin' ny an' ny ampahany miteny anglisy, ary arovan' ny lalàna izany kolontsaina izany. Faritra sasany izay anisan' ny Empira Espaniôla taloha, ary avy eo anisan' i Meksika nahaleo tena, no tafiditra tao amin' i Etazonia. Ankoatra izany, betsaka sady mitohy ny fifindran' ireo miteny espaniôla avy any atsimon' ny sisin-tanin' i Etazonia sy Meksika mankany Etazonia. Noho izany dia ahitana singa sy fomba amam-panao ara-kolontsaina lehibe mifandray amin' ny tontolo miteny espaniôla ny faritra atsimo-andrefan' i Etazonia, ary miely be ao ny fampiasana fiteny roa. Anisan' i [[Amerika Latina]] i Meksika sy i Amerika Afovoany, ary samy hafa ny kolontsain' izy ireo sy ny an' ny faritra miteny anglisy sy miteny frantsay ao Amerika Avaratra. Mitovy amin' i Etazonia anefa izy ireo amin' ny nananganana fitondram-panjakana taorian' ny fahaleovantena izay repoblika federaly misy solontenam-bahoaka, manana lalàm-panorenana an-tsoratra efa hatramin' ny nanorenana azy ho firenena. I Kanada kosa dia demôkrasia parlemantera federaly eo ambanin' ny fitondran' andriana fehezin' ny lalàm-panorenana. Tamin' ny 1867 no niandohan' ny lalàm-panorenan' i Kanada, tamin' ny nivondronan' ireo faritany ho federasiona araka ny ''British North America Act'' (lalàna momba an' i Amerika Avaratra Britanika), nefa tamin' ny 1982 vao nanana fahefana hanova ny lalàm-panorenany manokana i Kanada. Voaaro ao amin' ny lalàna ny lova ara-kolontsain' ireo miteny frantsay ao Kanada hatramin' ny nandanian' ny Parlemanta Britanika ny lalàna momba an' i Québec tamin' ny 1774. Katôlika ny Kanadiana miteny frantsay, fa ny ankamaroan' ireo mpanjanatany miteny anglisy tao Amerika Avaratra kosa dia Prôtestanta. Niantoka ny fahafahan' ny Kanadiana katôlika miteny frantsay manaraka ny fivavahany ilay lalàna momba an' i Québec, namerina ny zon' ny Eglizy Katôlika hametraka adidy handoa fahafolon-karena ho famatsiana azy, ary nametraka ny fampiharana ny rafitra lalàna frantsay mifototra amin' ny fehezan-dalàna amin' ny ankamaroan' ny toe-javatra. Voasoritra ao amin' ny lalàna kanadiana ny maha-manokana ny teny sy ny kolontsaina frantsay, ka samy voatendry ho fiteny ôfisialy ny teny anglisy sy ny teny frantsay. Tsy manana fiteny ôfisialy i Etazonia, fa ny teny anglisy no fitenim-pireneny. Nandray fepetra hiarovana ny kolontsaina kanadiana ny governemantan' i Kanada, ka nametra ny votoaty tsy kanadiana alefa amin' ny fampielezam-peo sy fahitalavitra ary nanangana ny ''Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission'' (Vaomiera Kanadiana momba ny Radio, ny Fahitalavitra ary ny Fifandraisan-davitra) hanara-maso ny votoaty kanadiana. Tao [[Québec]], ny governemantam-paritany dia nanangana ny ''Quebec Office of the French Language'' (Biraon' i Québec momba ny Teny Frantsay), izay matetika omen' ny mpiteny anglisy ny anaram-bosotra hoe «polisin' ny fiteny» (dikanteny avy amin' ny teny anglisy). Io birao io no mitaky ny fampiasana voambolana frantsay sy soratra amin' ny teny frantsay amin' ny takelaka.<ref>''[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/yes-the-quebec-language-police-does-serve-a-purpose/article36329861/ "Yes, the Quebec language police does serve a purpose"]''. Accessed 5 July 2021 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210814033935/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/yes-the-quebec-language-police-does-serve-a-purpose/article36329861/ Tahiry: 14 August 2021]</ref> Hatramin' ny 1968, ny antenimiera tokana mpanao lalàna dia nantsoina hoe ''Quebec National Assembly'' (Antenimieram-pirenen' i Québec). Ny fetin' i Saint-Jean-Baptiste, amin' ny 24 Jiona, no fetim-pirenen' i Québec ary ankalazain' ny Kanadiana mpiteny frantsay manerana an' i Kanada. Tao Québec, ny rafi-pampianarana dia nizara ho sekoly katôlika sy sekoly prôtestanta, izay nantsoina hoe sekoly ara-pinoana. Araka ny lahatsoratra navoakan' ny ''The Conversation'', dia mihasimba hatrany ny fototra ijoroan' ny fampianarana amin' ny teny anglisy ao Québec.<ref>''[https://theconversation.com/quebecs-bill-40-further-undermines-the-provinces-english-language-school-system-131595 Quebec's Bill 40 further undermines the province's English language school system"]''. Accessed 5 July 2021 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184520/https://theconversation.com/quebecs-bill-40-further-undermines-the-provinces-english-language-school-system-131595 Tahiry: 9 July 2021]</ref> Mafy orina ny kolontsaina latinô ao amin' ny faritra atsimo andrefan' i Etazonia, ary koa ao amin' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehibe ahitana an' i New York sy ny manodidina ary ao [[Florida]], izay misarika mponin' i Amerika Latina avy amin' ny firenena maro ao amin' ny [[Ila bolantany andrefana|ila bolantany andrefana]]. Iharan' ny fiantraikany lehibe avy amin' ny kolontsaina sy ny fomba fiainan' i Etazonia ny faritra avaratr' i Meksika, indrindra fa ny tanànan' i [[Monterrey]], i Tijuana, i Ciudad Juárez ary i Mexicali. I Monterrey, izay tanàna môderina ahitana vondron' orinasa indostrialy lehibe, dia efa noheverina ho tanàna ao Meksika nandray indrindra ny kolontsaina sy ny fomba fiainan' i Etazonia, araka ny tatitra navoakan' ny Reuters.<ref name="MonterreyFall">Lohateny: ''Special report: If Monterrey falls Mexico falls – Reuters''; Sampan-draharaha: Reuters; Daty: 1 June 2011; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Emmot; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Robert.</ref> Ny fanjakana mpiteny anglisy any Karaîba dia nanatri-maso sady nandray anjara tamin' ny fitotongan' ny Empira Britanika sy ny fihenan' ny fiantraikany teo amin' ilay faritra, ary koa tamin' ny fitomboan' ny hery ara-toekaren' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Amerika (''Northern America'') teo amin' ireo firenena mpiteny anglisy any Karaîba. Anisan' ny anton' izany ny isan' ny mponina somary vitsy ao amin' ny firenena mpiteny anglisy any Karaîba, ary koa ny fisian' ny firenena maro amin' izy ireo izay efa manana olona monina any ivelany betsaka kokoa noho ireo mbola mitoetra ao an-tanindrazana.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kirton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Claremont; Lohateny: ''Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count''; Mpamoaka: Inter-American Development Bank; Taona: 2005; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last: Terry; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first: Donald; Toerana: Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America; Pejy: 261–296; Fiteny: en-US; Toko: ''Remittances: The Experience of the English-speaking Caribbean''; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Wilson; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Steven.</ref> Nisy andiana mpifindra monina maro nifandimby tonga tao [[Groenlanda]] avy any avaratr' i Kanada, anisan' izany ny vahoaka Thule. Noho izany dia misy fifandraisana ara-kolontsaina iombonan' i Groenlanda amin' ireo vahoaka tompon-tany ao Kanada. Heverina ho anisan' ny [[Firenena nôrdika|tontolo nôrdika]] koa i Groenlanda, ary manana fifandraisana matanjaka amin' i Danemarka noho ny fanjanahan' i Danemarka azy nandritra ny taonjato maro.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://arcticfriend.dk/bag-om-groenland/]; Lohateny: ''BAG OM GRØNLAND''; Tranonkala: Arctic Friend; Fiteny: da-DK; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 April 2020; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 August 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200804211108/https://arcticfriend.dk/bag-om-groenland/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> === Fanatanjahantena === Lahatsoratra fototra: Fanatanjahantena ao Amerika Avaratra. Manana ekipa lehibe mifaninana amin' ny fanatanjahantena samihafa i Etazonia sy Kanada, anisan' izany ny [[Baseball|''baseball'']] (lalao baolina kapohina amin' ny kibay), ny [[Baskety|baskety]], ny lalao fikapohana kapila amin' ny tehina eo ambonin' ny ranomandry (''ice hockey''), ary ny [[Baolina kitra|baolina kitra]]. Niara-nampiantrano ny Amboara Eran-tany amin' ny baolina kitra 2026 an' ny FIFA (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baolina Kitra) i Kanada sy Meksika ary Etazonia. Heverina ho fanatanjahantena nasionaly ao Kanada ny lalao avy amin' ny teratany amerikana ampiasana tehina misy harato handraisana sy hanipazana baolina (''lacrosse''). Fanatanjahantena lehibe amin' ny ririnina ao Kanada ny lalao fampikisahana vato eo ambonin' ny ranomandry (''curling''), ary anisan' ireo taranja amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika amin' ny ririnina izany. Ny ''cricket'', izay lalao anglisy ampiasana kibay hikapohana baolina sy iarovana tsatokazo, dia be mpitia any amin' ny faritra sasany miteny anglisy ao Kanada, ary tena be mpitia any amin' ny faritra sasany amin' ny Empira Britanika teo aloha, nefa heverina ho fanatanjahantena tsy dia lehibe ao Kanada. Fanatanjahantena lehibe koa ny ady totohondry any amin' ny firenena sasany, toa an' i Meksika sy Panamà ary Pôrtô-Rikô, ary heverina ho iray amin' ireo fanatanjahantena lehibe ifanandrinan' ny mpilalao tsirairay, fa tsy ekipa, ao Etazonia. Manana ligy manokana i Kanada, dia ny ''Canadian Football League'' (ligy kanadiana ho an' ny lalao baolina lavalava araka ny fitsipika kanadiana), izay misaraka amin' ny ekipan' i Etazonia. Ity tabilao manaraka ity dia mampiseho ireo ligy ara-panatanjahantena misongadina indrindra ao Amerika Avaratra, alahatra araka ny salan' ny vola miditra.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151209/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/theres-a-big-five-in-north-american-pro-sports/ "The 'Big Five' in North American Pro Sports"]'', FiveThirtyEight, Nate Silver, 4 April 2014.</ref><ref>''[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/mar/12/mls-soccer-nfl-nba-mlb-nhl-epl-business "MLS vs the major leagues: can soccer compete when it comes to big business?"]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119005010/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/mar/12/mls-soccer-nfl-nba-mlb-nhl-epl-business Tahiry: 19 November 2016], Guardian.com, 12 March 2014.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Ligy !! Fanatanjahantena !! Firenena<br />tena misy azy !! Taona niorenana !! Ekipa !! Vola miditra<br />(arivo tapitrisa dolara amerikana, US$) !! Salan' ny<br />isan' ny mpijery |- | align=left | ''National Football League'' — NFL (ligim-pirenena amin' ny baolina amerikana) || Baolina amerikana || align=left | Etazonia || 1920 || 32 || $9.0 || <span data-sort-value="7004676040000000000♠">67,604</span> |- | align=left | ''Major League Baseball'' — MLB (ligy lehibe amin' ny baseball) || [[Baseball|Baseball]] || align=left | Etazonia<br />Kanada || 1869 || 30 || $8.0 || <span data-sort-value="7004304580000000000♠">30,458</span> |- | align=left | ''National Basketball Association'' — NBA (fikambanam-pirenena amin' ny baskety) || [[Baskety|Baskety]] || align=left | Etazonia<br />Kanada || 1946 || 30 || $5.0 || <span data-sort-value="7004173470000000000♠">17,347</span> |- | align=left | ''National Hockey League'' — NHL (ligim-pirenena amin' ny hôkey ambony ranomandry) || Hôkey ambony ranomandry || align=left | Etazonia<br />Kanada || 1917 || 32 || $3.3 || <span data-sort-value="7004177200000000000♠">17,720</span> |- | align=left | ''Liga MX'' (ligy amin' ny baolina kitra ao Meksika) || [[Baolina kitra|Baolina kitra]] || align=left | Meksika || 1943 || 18 || $0.6 || <span data-sort-value="7004255570000000000♠">25,557</span> |- | align=left | ''Major League Soccer'' — MLS (ligy lehibe amin' ny baolina kitra) || [[Baolina kitra|Baolina kitra]] || align=left | Etazonia<br />Kanada || 1994 || 28 || $0.5 || <span data-sort-value="7004215740000000000♠">21,574</span> |- | align=left | ''Canadian Football League'' — CFL (ligin' ny baolina kanadiana) || Baolina kanadiana || align=left | Kanada || 1958 || 9 || $0.3 || <span data-sort-value="7004238900000000000♠">23,890</span> |} <references group="sn" /> == Jereo koa == * Sainan' i Amerika Avaratra * Lisitry ny tanàna ao Amerika Avaratra * Tolo-kevitra momba ny firaisan' i Amerika Avaratra – Hevitra momba ny firaisan' i Kanada sy i Meksika ary i Etazonia. * Fomba amam-panao eo am-pisakafoana ao Amerika Avaratra – Fahalalam-pomba sy fomba fanao ao Amerika Avaratra. === Ny kôntinanta === * [[Afrika]] * [[Azia]] * [[Eorôpa]] * [[Amerika]] * [[Antarktika]] * [[Ôseania]] === Faritra ao Amerika === * Amerika Avaratra * [[Amerika Atsimo]] * [[Amerika Afovoany]] * [[Amerika Latina]] == Loharano == === Fanamarihana === <references group="fanamarihana" /> <references group="lower-alpha" /> === Fanondroana === <references /> == Vakiteny fanampiny == * Lohateny: ''The Cambridge History of America and the World: Volume 1, 1500–1820''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Gould; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: E.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Mapp; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: P.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Pestana; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: C. G.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-108-31781-8</nowiki>; Taona: 2022; Mpamoaka: [[Cambridge University Press]]. * Lohateny: ''North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: McIlwraith; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: T. F.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Muller; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: E. K.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Conzen; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: M. P.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: DeVorsey; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: L.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 5: Earle; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 5: C.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 6: Grim; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 6: R. E.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 7: Groves; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 7: P. A.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 8: Guelke; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 8: J. K.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 9: Harris; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 9: C.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 10: Harris; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 10: R.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-4616-3960-2</nowiki>; LCCN: 2020740684; Taona: 2001; Mpamoaka: [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. * Lohateny: ''National Geographic Visual History of the World''; Mpanoratra: Berndl; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: K.; Mpanoratra 2: National Geographic Society (U.S.); ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-7922-3695-5</nowiki>; LCCN: 2005541553; Taona: 2005; Mpamoaka: [[National Geographic Society]]. * Lohateny: ''After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America''; Mpanoratra: Axtell; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: J.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-19-802206-0</nowiki>; LCCN: 87034886; Taona: 1988; Mpamoaka: Oxford University Press. * Lohateny: ''North America before the European Invasions''; Mpanoratra: Kehoe; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: A. B.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-317-49544-4</nowiki>; LCCN: 2016054024; Taona: 2016; Mpamoaka: [[Taylor & Francis]]. * Lohateny: ''A Population History of North America''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Haines; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: M. R.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Steckel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: R. H.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-521-49666-7</nowiki>; LCCN: 99023284; Taona: 2000; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press. * Lohateny: ''Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America''; Mpanoratra: Kruer; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: M.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-674-26956-9</nowiki>; Taona: 2022; Mpamoaka: [[Harvard University Press]]. * Lohateny: ''The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America''; Mpanoratra: Axtell; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: J.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-19-502904-8</nowiki>; LCCN: lc80025084; Taona: 1981; Mpamoaka: [[Oxford University Press]]. == Rohy ivelany == * ''[http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=North%20America North America]'' — loharano an-tranonkala omen' ny GovPubs ao amin' ny ''University of Colorado Boulder Libraries'' (trano famakiam-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Colorado ao Boulder). * ''[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612 North America]'' ao amin' ny ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. * ''[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/north-america-human-geography/ North America: Human Geography]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230929160456/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/north-america-human-geography/ tahiry: 29 September 2023]), ao amin' ny ''[[National Geographic Society]]'' (Fikambanana Nasionaly momba ny Jeôgrafia). * ''[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/european-colonization-north-america/ European Colonization of North America]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230928052219/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/european-colonization-north-america/ tahiry: 28 September 2023]), ao amin' ny ''National Geographic Society'' (Fikambanana Nasionaly momba ny Jeôgrafia). * ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/North_America North America]''. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', boky faha-19, fanontana faha-11, 1911, pejy 760–765. * ''[http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060901152611/http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ tahiry: 1 September 2006]), ''Columbia University Press'' (trano famoaham-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Columbia). * ''[https://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna Colonial North America at Harvard Library]''. ''Harvard Library'' (Tranombokin' i Harvard), 2015. Toerana: Cambridge, Massachusetts. Fiteny: anglisy (en). LCCN (laharana famantarana ny firaketana ao amin' ny Tranombokin' ny Kongresy): 2019234716. Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 25 March 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230325121642/https://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna Tahiry tamin' ny 25 March 2023]; voamarika ho tsy mandeha ao amin' ny loharano ny adiresin-tranonkala tany am-boalohany. * [[Media:Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008 SMIL.svg|Endrika SVG (endrika rakitra sary azo ampitomboina nefa tsy very antsipiriany) azo ifandraisana, amin' ilay sary mihetsika mampiseho ny fifehezan' ireo firenena tsy vazimba teratany tany Amerika Avaratra tamin' ny 1750–2008]]. == Loharanon' ny sary sy fahazoan-dalana == Ireto ny anaran' ny mpamorona sy ny fahazoan-dalana voalaza ao amin' ny pejy fanoritsoritana ireo rakitra. Tsy novana ireo sary tamin' ny fampidirana azy teto; ny soratra manazava azy no nadika amin' ny teny malagasy. Ny rohy amin' ny anaran-drakitra dia mankany amin' ny pejy fanoritsoritana azy. Ny CC BY (fahazoan-dalana mitaky ny fanononana ny mpamorona) sy ny CC BY-SA (fahazoan-dalana mitaky ny fanononana ny mpamorona sy ny fizarana ny asa novaina amin' ny fahazoan-dalana mitovy na mifanaraka aminy) dia mitaky ny fitazonana ny filazana momba ny fahazoan-dalana. Ny CC0 (fanolorana ny asa ho azon' ny rehetra ampiasaina tsy misy fameperana avy amin' ny zon' ny mpamorona, araka izay avelan' ny lalàna) kosa dia tsy mitaky ny fanononana ny mpamorona. Ireo filazana ireo dia tsy antoka fa tsy misy fameperana hafa mihatra amin' ny fampiasana ny sary, anisan' izany ny fitsipika momba ny mari-pamantarana ofisialy. * [[:File:America 1000 BCE.png|America 1000 BCE.png]] — Moxy sur Wikipedia Anglisy; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5 CC BY 2.5]. * [[:File:Arms of Canada.svg|Arms of Canada.svg]] — Sodacan; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. Rakitra niavian' ny sary: [[:File:Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|Arms of the United Kingdom.svg]]. * [[:File:Blason an Curaçao.svg|Blason an Curaçao.svg]] — Zigeuner; ZigeunerAlt (fanovana ny lokon’ ny lay); [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. Zigeuner no voatondro ho mpamorona ny sary tany am-boalohany, izay voalaza ho asan' ny tenany. * [[:File:BlasonMartinique.svg|BlasonMartinique.svg]] — Superbenjamin; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:BlasonSaintBarthelemy.svg|BlasonSaintBarthelemy.svg]] — Superbenjamin; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:BlasonSaintPierreetMiquelon.svg|BlasonSaintPierreetMiquelon.svg]] — Superbenjamin; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Chicago-00.jpg|Chicago-00.jpg]] — Andrew Horne; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 CC BY 2.0]. * [[:File:Chinatown 1.jpg|Chinatown 1.jpg]] — Chad Davis; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 CC BY-SA 2.0]. * [[:File:Class1rr.png|Class1rr.png]] — Kmusser; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 CC BY-SA 2.5]. * [[:File:Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg|Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg]] — Vectorized by Froztbyte (Froztbyte no namadika azy ho sary faritana amin' ny tsipika sy endrika); [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg|Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg]] — Brieg; [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:Downtown Toronto in September 2018 (Early Sunday Morning, view from a kayak).jpg|Downtown Toronto in September 2018 (Early Sunday Morning, view from a kayak).jpg]] — Maksim Sokolov (maxergon.com); [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Escudo de San Andrés y Providencia.svg|Escudo de San Andrés y Providencia.svg]] — Milenioscuro; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:Federal dependencies of Venezuela's Flag.svg|Federal dependencies of Venezuela's Flag.svg]] — Vexilio; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 CC BY 3.0]. * [[:File:Flag of Saba.svg|Flag of Saba.svg]] — Mysid at the English Wikipedia; [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg|Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg]] — User:Andrwsc; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Antiquae et Barbudae.svg|Insigne Antiquae et Barbudae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Arubae.svg|Insigne Arubae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Bahamarum.svg|Insigne Bahamarum.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Barbatae.svg|Insigne Barbatae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Belizae.svg|Insigne Belizae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Bermudae.svg|Insigne Bermudae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Costaricum.svg|Insigne Costaricum.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Cubicum.svg|Insigne Cubicum.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Dominicae.svg|Insigne Dominicae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Dominicum.svg|Insigne Dominicum.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Granatae.png|Insigne Granatae.png]] — ArthurE.Wil; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Honduriae.svg|Insigne Honduriae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Iamaicae.svg|Insigne Iamaicae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Insulae Boni Aëris.svg|Insigne Insulae Boni Aëris.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Insulae Eustathii.svg|Insigne Insulae Eustathii.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Francia).svg|Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Francia).svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Nederlandia).svg|Insigne Insulae Sancti Martini (Nederlandia).svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Insularum Caimanenses.svg|Insigne Insularum Caimanenses.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Insularum Virginis Britannicae.svg|Insigne Insularum Virginis Britannicae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Nicaraguae.svg|Insigne Nicaraguae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Panamae.svg|Insigne Panamae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Portus divitis.svg|Insigne Portus divitis.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Sabae.svg|Insigne Sabae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. Rakitra niavian' ny sary: [[:File:Saba wapen.svg|Saba wapen.svg]]. * [[:File:Insigne Salvatoriae.svg|Insigne Salvatoriae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Sancti Christophori et Nivium.svg|Insigne Sancti Christophori et Nivium.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Sancti Vincenti et Granatinae.svg|Insigne Sancti Vincenti et Granatinae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Trinitatis et Tobaci.svg|Insigne Trinitatis et Tobaci.svg]] — Sodacan; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Insigne Venetiolae.svg|Insigne Venetiolae.svg]] — Ssolbergj; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Koppen-Geiger Map North America present.svg|Koppen-Geiger Map North America present.svg]] — Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. F.; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC BY 4.0]. Loharano: ''Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution''. ''Nature Scientific Data''. DOI (famantarana maharitra ny asa navoaka amin' ny endrika nomerika): 10.1038/sdata.2018.214. * [[:File:Life expectancy map -North America -2021 -with names.png|Life expectancy map -North America -2021 -with names.png]] — Lady3mlnm; [http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en CC0]. * [[:File:Location North America.svg|Location North America.svg]] — Bosonic dressing; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg|Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg]] — Alek Leckszas; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Luchtfoto van Lower Manhattan.jpg|Luchtfoto van Lower Manhattan.jpg]] — Daniele Pieroni; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 CC BY-SA 2.0]. * [[:File:Map of populous North America (physical, political, population).jpg|Map of populous North America (physical, political, population).jpg]] — Janwillemvanaalst; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC BY 4.0]. * [[:File:Mexico City Reforma skyline (cropped).jpg|Mexico City Reforma skyline (cropped).jpg]] — Jonathan Salvador; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. * [[:File:Ninenations.PNG|Ninenations.PNG]] — A Max J; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 CC BY 3.0]. * [[:File:Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008 SMIL.svg|Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008 SMIL.svg]] — Esemono, cmglee; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. Rakitra niavian' ny sary: [[:File:Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008.gif|Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008.gif]]. * [[:File:North America Religious Belief.svg|North America Religious Belief.svg]] — Ccalderon22; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. * [[:File:NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png|NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png]] — Pfly; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0]. Rakitra niavian' ny sary: [[:File:BlankMap-North America-Subdivisions.svg|BlankMap-North America-Subdivisions.svg]] sy [[:File:Ocean drainage.png|Ocean drainage.png]]. * [[:File:QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg|QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg]] — User:Magicpiano; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. Ny firafitry ny sary, fa tsy ireo faritra aseho ho voafehy, no nalaina avy amin' ny [[:File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|Nouvelle-France map-en.svg]]. * [[:File:Saguaro National Park - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg|Saguaro National Park - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg]] — Joe Parks from Berkeley, CA; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 CC BY 2.0]. * [[:File:Shield of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|Shield of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg]] — The Radioactive Box; [http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en CC0]. * [[:File:Yankee Stadium upper deck 2010.jpg|Yankee Stadium upper deck 2010.jpg]] — Matt Boulton; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 CC BY-SA 2.0]. * [[:File:Zapopan Guadalajara Mexico 2 (cropped).jpg|Zapopan Guadalajara Mexico 2 (cropped).jpg]] — Sisgeo; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0]. Rakitra niavian' ny sary: [[:File:Zapopan Guadalajara Mexico 2.jpg|Zapopan Guadalajara Mexico 2.jpg]]. [[:Sokajy:Kontinenta]] [[:Sokajy:Amerika Avaratra| ]] bgmfawaz1f34k5ip2veuycu7aht5u3i 0 302734 1153752 2026-11-12T01:24:31Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1381289358 1153752 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Ity lahatsoratra ity dia momba ny Renaissance tany Eorôpa tamin' ny taonjato faha-14 sy faha-15. Ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tany Eorôpa talohan' izany, tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, sy ireo hevitra hafa fonosin' ny anarana Renaissance dia lohahevitra hafa. Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fitsikilovana ara-tafika (reconnaissance) izany.'' [[Sary:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|250px|Ny ''Vitruvian Man'' (tokony ho 1490) nataon' i [[Leonardo da Vinci]] dia maneho ny fiantraikan' ny mpanoratra tamin' ny Andro Taloha teo amin' ny mpandinika tamin' ny Renaissance. Sary: Luc Viatour / https://Lucnix.be]] ; Lafin' ny Renaissance : Maritrano · Dihy · Zavakanto hita maso · Manam-pahaizana grika · Homanisma · Haisoratra · Majia · Mozika · Filôzôfia · Siansa · Teknôlôjia · Fanaovana ady ; Faritra nisehoan' ny Renaissance : Angletera · Frantsa · Alemaina · Italia · Pôlônia · Pôrtogaly · Espaina · Ekôsy · Eorôpa Avaratra · Tany Iva, faritra ara-tantara any avaratra andrefan' i Eorôpa ; Tantara sy fandalinana : Vanim-potoan' ny fikarohana tany · Fiheverana fa nitohy ny fivoarana ara-tsiansa avy tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany · Fotoana faratampon' ny Renaissance Ny '''''Renaissance''''' (fanononana anglisy any amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra: /rɪˈneɪsəns/ ''rin-AY-sənss''; fanononana anglisy amerikanina: /ˈrɛnəsɑːns/ ''REN-ə-sahnss''; midika hoe « fahaterahana indray »)<ref>Lohateny: ''renaissance''; Asa: ''Cambridge Dictionary''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/renaissance]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 4 April 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: 6 May 2024; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240506034636/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/renaissance]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Wells; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: John; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: John C. Wells; Lohateny: ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary''; Mpamoaka: Pearson Longman; Fanontana: 3rd; Taona: 2008; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1405881180</nowiki>.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Amin' ny teny frantsay, /ʁənɛsɑ̃s/ ny fanononana azy, ary « fahaterahana indray » no heviny; avy amin' ny matoanteny ''renaître'', izay midika hoe « teraka indray », izy io. [[Sary:Renaissance fr.wav|Fanononana amin' ny teny frantsay]]. Amin' ny teny italiana, ''Rinascimento'' /rinaʃʃiˈmento/ no anarany, avy amin' ny ''rinascere'', izay samy manana ireo hevitra ireo ihany.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=renaissance&searchmode=none]; Lohateny: ''Online Etymology Dictionary: "Renaissance"''; Tranonkala: Etymonline.com; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 31 July 2009; Datin' ny tahiry: 29 June 2009; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090629203811/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=renaissance&searchmode=none]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} dia vanim-potoana teo amin' ny tantara sady hetsika fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tany Eorôpa, teo amin' ny fiafaran' ny tapany farany amin' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina tany Eorôpa. Samy hafa ny famaritana ny fe-potoana naharetany: misy mametra azy ho ny taonjato faha-15 sy faha-16,<ref>Casini, Lorenzo. "[https://iep.utm.edu/renaissa/ Renaissance Philosophy] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240228192845/https://iep.utm.edu/renaissa/ Tahiry: 28 February 2024]". ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Accessed December 2025.</ref><ref name="History">"[https://www.history.com/articles/renaissance Renaissance] [https://web.archive.org/web/20251029223525/https://www.history.com/articles/renaissance Tahiry: 29 October 2025]". ''History''. A&E Television Networks, LLC., April 2018.</ref> fa amin' ny famaritana mivelatra kokoa kosa dia naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 izy.<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Renaissance ''"Renaissance"'']. ''Cambridge Dictionary'' (Online). Cambridge University Press. n.d.</ref> Nampiavaka azy ny fahitan' ny Eorôpeana indray sy ny famelomany indray ny zava-bita teo amin' ny haisoratra, ny filôzôfia ary ny zavakanto tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]].<ref name="History"/> Nifandray tamin' ny fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny zavakanto, ny maritrano, ny pôlitika, ny haisoratra, ny fikarohana tany ary ny teknôlôjia ny Renaissance. Tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Florence no foibeny voalohany, ary avy eo izy dia niely tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Italia, vao niely nanerana an' i Eorôpa. [[Sary:En-us-Renaissance.ogg|Fanononana anglisy amerikanina]] Ny fototra ara-pisainan' ny Renaissance dia ilay endrika homanisma nivoatra tamin' io vanim-potoana io, izay namelona indray ny fandinihana ny teny, ny haisoratra, ny fahalalana ary ny soatoavina grika sy rômana. Io homanisma io dia niainga avy tamin' ny hevitra rômana nantsoina hoe ''humanitas'', momba ny fanabeazana sy ny fanolokoloana ny mahaolona, ary avy tamin' ny fahitana indray ny filôzôfia grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha klasika. Anisan' izany ny filôzôfian' i Protagoras, izay nilaza, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy, fa « ny olombelona no fandrefesana ny zavatra rehetra ». Na dia nanafaingana ny fielezan' ny hevitra aza ny famoronana ireo tapa-metaly azo afindrafindra, samy misy litera na marika ampiasaina amin' ny fanontam-pirinty, nanomboka tamin' ny tapany farany amin' ny taonjato faha-15, dia tsy nitovy nanerana an' i Eorôpa ny fiovana nentin' ny Renaissance. Efa tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-13 no niseho tany Italia ny soritra voalohany, indrindra tao amin' ny asa soratr' i Dante sy ny hosodokon' i [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]]. Amin' ny maha hetsika ara-kolontsaina azy, ny Renaissance dia nahitana firoboroboana nitondra zava-baovao teo amin' ny teny latina nampiasaina tamin' ny haisoratra sy fitomboana lehibe teo amin' ny haisoratra nosoratana tamin' ny fitenim-bahoaka. Nanomboka tamin' ny fiverenan' ny fandalinana mifototra amin' ny loharano tamin' ny Andro Taloha klasika izany, tamin' ny taonjato faha-14; i [[Francesco Petrarca|Petrarch]] no nolazain' ny mpiara-belona taminy fa nampisy izany fiverenan' ny fandalinana izany. Tafiditra tao amin' ilay hetsika koa ny fampivelarana ny fomba fanehoana halalina amin' ny sary amin' ny alalan' ny tsipika mahitsy toa mifanojo any amin' ny teboka iray sy ireo teknika hafa enti-mampiseho ny zava-misy amin' ny endriny voajanahary kokoa amin' ny hosodoko, ary ny fanavaozana ny fanabeazana izay niandalana nefa niely patrana. Nahitana fivoarana ara-javakanto marobe sy fandraisan' anjara avy tamin' ireo olona nanana fahalalana lalina tamin' ny sehatra maro, toa an' i [[Leonardo da Vinci]] sy [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], io vanim-potoana io. Izy ireo no nahatonga ny fitenenana hoe ''Renaissance man'', ilazana olona mahafehy sehatra maro.<ref>Lohateny: ''Learn about Leonardo da Vinci''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2025-10-26; Tranonkala: BBC Science; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 December 2019; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191205132502/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Lohateny: ''Michelangelo''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/michelangelo.shtml]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2025-10-26; Tranonkala: BBC History; Fiteny: en-GB; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 December 2019; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191225210110/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/michelangelo.shtml]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Teo amin' ny pôlitika, ny Renaissance dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fivoaran' ny fomba amam-panao sy ny fitsipika nifanarahana teo amin' ny fifandraisana diplômatika. Nahitana fiovana goavana teo amin' ny fanontam-pirinty sy ny fitetezana an-dranomasina koa io vanim-potoana io, ary nipoitra tamin' izany ny rafitra môderina momba ny banky sy ny sehatry ny fitanana sy fandinihana ny kaonty.<ref name="jkdiwan" /> == Vanim-potoana == Nanomboka tany Italia ny Renaissance, nandritra ny krizy tamin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany. Samy hafa kosa ny fotoana nisiany sy ny toetra nampiavaka azy tany avaratry ny tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa sy tany Espaina. Amin' ny fizarana mahazatra ny tantara any Italia, dia faranana amin' ny fotoana nihalemen' ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, izay namelona indray ny fandalinana ny teny sy ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana, sy nipoiran' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta]] (1517), na amin' ny fandrobana an' i Roma (1527), na amin' ny [[Fanoheram-panavaozana]] (1545) io vanim-potoana io; raha ny zavakanto kosa no resahina, dia amin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana barôka. Ireo mpanohana ny fiheverana hoe «Renaissance maharitra ela» anefa dia mety hilaza fa mbola nitohy hatrany amin' ny taonjato faha-17 io vanim-potoana io, tany ivelan' i Italia.{{#tag:ref| Araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: «Matetika ny mpahay tantara amin' ny sehatra samihafa no misafidy ny Renaissance maharitra ela (raha atao hoe 1300–1600), na ny Renaissance fohy (1453–1527), na vanim-potoana eo anelanelan' ireo (ny taonjato faha-15 sy faha-16, araka izay fahita amin' ny fanoratana ny tantaran' ny mozika).»<ref>''The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music: Volume 1'', p. 4, 2005, Cambridge University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mHJvKVq0vXoC&pg=PA4 Google Books].</ref> Na koa manomboka amin' i [[Francesco Petrarca|Petrarch]] ka hatramin' i [[Jonathan Swift]], izany hoe vanim-potoana mbola lava kokoa.<ref>See Rosalie L. Colie, quoted in Hageman, Elizabeth H., in ''Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700'', p. 190, 1996, ed. Helen Wilcox, Cambridge University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0521467773</nowiki>, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CVgF5yTALgAC&pg=PA190 Google Books].</ref> Misy loharano iray hafa mamaritra azy ho nanomboka tamin' ny 1350 ka nifarana tamin' ny 1620.<ref>Lohateny: ''Renaissance Era Dates''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/literature-general/renaissance#:~:text=Historians%20also%20argue%20over%20how,it%20lasted%20until%20about%201620.]; Tranonkala: encyclopedia.com; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 17 September 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 May 2024; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524153924/https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/literature-general/renaissance#:~:text=Historians%20also%20argue%20over%20how,it%20lasted%20until%20about%201620.]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> |group=fanamarihana}} Ny fomba fijery nentim-paharazana dia manasongadina kokoa ireo lafin' ny Renaissance mifandray amin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderna, ary mihevitra fa nisaraka tamin' ny lasa izy io. Maro kosa ny mpahay tantara ankehitriny no manasongadina kokoa ireo lafiny mifandray amin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ary mihevitra fa fitohizan' io vanim-potoana io ny Renaissance.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NCKoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP14]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Humanism, from the Middle Ages to Modern Times''; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1351904391</nowiki>; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Monfasani; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: John; Taona: 2016; Mpamoaka: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=bdIBlQXSKi8C&pg=PA63]; Mpamoaka: Reaktion Books; Lohateny: ''Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity''; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1861891549</nowiki>; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Boia; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Lucian; Taona: 2004.</ref> === Renaissance tany Italia === ''Lahatsoratra mifantoka amin' ity lohahevitra ity: Renaissance tany Italia.'' Ny fiandohan' io vanim-potoana io — izany hoe ny fiandohan' ny Renaissance tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 sy ny dingana nialoha azy tany Italia, antsoina hoe ''Proto-Renaissance'', nanomboka tany amin' ny taona 1250 na 1300 — dia nifanindry betsaka tamin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany, izay matetika faritana ho teo anelanelan' ny taona 1350 sy 1500 tany ho any. Ny Andro Antenatenany koa dia vanim-potoana lava nahitana fiovana niandalana maro, toy ny vanim-potoana maoderina. Koa satria vanim-potoana tetezamita teo anelanelan' izy roa ireo ny Renaissance, dia misy fitoviana akaiky amin' izy roa, indrindra amin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana maoderina. Tao Florence, iray tamin' ireo fanjakana maro tao Italia, no nanomboka ny Renaissance.<ref>Burke, P., ''The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries'' 1998</ref> Nifarana tamin' ny taona 1527 ny Renaissance tany Italia, rehefa nandefa fanafihana an' i Rôma i [[Carlos V, emperora rômana masina|Charles V, amperora rômana masina]], nandritra ny adin' ny ''League of Cognac'' (Vondron' i Cognac). Na izany aza, dia mbola hita tao amin' ny zavakanton' ireo mpanao hosodoko italiana malaza toa an' i [[Le Tintoret|Tintoretto]], Sofonisba Anguissola ary [[Paul Véronèse|Paolo Veronese]] ny fiantraikany, satria mbola nanohy ny asany izy ireo nanomboka teo antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny faramparan' io taonjato io.<ref>Lohateny: ''The Renaissance: At a Glance &#124; Britannica''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Renaissance-At-a-Glance-2235613]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2025-03-14; Tranonkala: www.britannica.com; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 March 2025; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250321012046/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Renaissance-At-a-Glance-2235613]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Maro ny petra-kevitra naroso hanazavana ny niandohany sy ny toetrany. Lafin-javatra samihafa no ifantohan' ireny, anisan' izany ireo mampiavaka an' i Florence tamin' izany fotoana izany teo amin' ny fiaraha-monina sy ny fiainan' ny olom-pirenena: ny rafitra pôlitikany, ny fanohanana ny asa ara-kolontsaina nataon' ny fianakaviana nanana fahefana lehibe tao aminy, dia ny Medici,<ref name="strathern">Strathern, Paul ''The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance'' (2003)</ref> ary ny fifindran' ireo manam-pahaizana grika nitondra ny lahatsorany nankany Italia taorian' ny nahalavoan' i Constantinople teo an-tanan' ny [[Empira Ôtômàna]].<ref name="Britannica1">''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Renaissance", 2008, O.Ed.</ref><ref>Harris, Michael H. ''History of Libraries in the Western World'', Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, p. 69, <nowiki>ISBN 0810837242</nowiki></ref><ref name="Norwich">Norwich, John Julius, ''A Short History of Byzantium'', 1997, Knopf, <nowiki>ISBN 0679450882</nowiki></ref> Anisan' ireo foibe lehibe hafa i Venice, Genoa, Milan, Rôma nandritra ny fitondran' ny papa tamin' ny Renaissance, ary Naples. Avy tany Italia no nielezan' ny Renaissance nanerana an' i Eorôpa, ary koa tany amin' ireo faritany tany Amerika sy Afrika ary Azia izay nofehezin' ny fanjakana eorôpeana mpanjanaka tamin' izany fotoana izany, na niasan' ireo misionera kristiana. Lava sy be pitsiny ny [[Histôriôgrafia|histôriôgrafia]] momba ny Renaissance, izany hoe ny fandalinana ny fanoratana ny tantarany. Niteraka adihevitra be teo amin' ny mpahay tantara ny fanehoan-kevitra manoloana ny fanandratana natao tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ny «Renaissance» sy ireo maherifon' ny kolontsaina tsirairay izay nankalazaina ho «olona mahafehy sehatra maro tamin' ny Renaissance». Nifanaraka tamin' ny fisalasalana ankapobeny momba ny fizarana ny tantara ho vanim-potoana misaraka mazava izany adihevitra izany. Nametra-panontaniana izy ireo momba ny maha-ilaina ny teny hoe ''Renaissance'', na amin' ny maha-teny azy na amin' ny fampiasana azy hamaritana vanim-potoana ara-tantara.<ref name = "brotton"/> Nisy mpandinika nametra-panontaniana raha tena «fandrosoana» ara-kolontsaina raha oharina amin' ny Andro Antenatenany ny Renaissance. Heverin' izy ireo kosa fa vanim-potoana nanjakan' ny fijery manjombona momba ny fiainana sy ny fanembonana ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|andro taloha klasika]] izy io.<ref name="huizinga">Huizanga, Johan, ''The Waning of the Middle Ages'' (1919, trans. 1924)</ref> Ny mpahay tantara ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena kosa, indrindra ireo manaraka ny fomba fandinihana ny fiovana sy ny fitohizana mandritra ny fotoana lava, na ''longue durée'', dia nifantoka tamin' ny fitohizana teo amin' ireo vanim-potoana roa ireo.<ref name="starn">Mpanoratra: Starn, Randolph; JSTOR: 2650779; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Redux''; Gazety: ''The American Historical Review''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 1; Taona: 1998; Pejy: 122–124; DOI: 10.2307/2650779; ISSN: <nowiki>0002-8762</nowiki>.</ref> Araka ny fanamarihan' i Panofsky, dia mifamatotra «amin' ny fatorana arivo» izy roa ireo, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy.<ref>Panofsky 1969:6.</ref>{{#tag:ref| Nisy manam-pahaizana nitaky ny hampitsaharana ny fampiasana io teny io. Heverin' izy ireo fa vokatry ny fijerena ny lasa amin' ny mason' ny idealy maoderina (''presentism'') izy io, izany hoe fampiasana ny [[Tantara|tantara]] hanamarinana sy hanandratana ireo idealy maoderina.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Trinkaus; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Charles; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Rabil; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Albert; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Purnell; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: Frederick; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Ideas and the Idea of the Renaissance''; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; Daty: 1990; Boky: 51; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 667–684; DOI: 10.2307/2709652; JSTOR: 2709652; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709652]; ISSN: <nowiki>0022-5037</nowiki>; Fepetra fidirana amin' ny adiresy: subscription; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 March 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 3 March 2024; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240303020112/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709652]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> |group=fanamarihana}} == Fijery ankapobeny == Ny Renaissance dia hetsika ara-kolontsaina izay nisy fiantraikany lalina teo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsaina tany Eorôpa tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Nanomboka tany Italia izy io ary efa niparitaka nanerana ny faritra hafa tao Eorôpa tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Tsapa teo amin' ny zavakanto, ny maritrano, ny filôzôfia, ny haisoratra, ny mozika, ny siansa, ny teknôlôjia, ny pôlitika, ny fivavahana ary ny sehatra hafa tamin' ny fikarohana ara-tsaina ny heriny. Nampiasa ny fomba fandalinan' ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance ny manam-pahaizana, izany hoe ny fiverenana amin' ny fiteny sy ny haisoratra ary ny fahalalana grika sy rômana fahiny; teo amin' ny zavakanto kosa dia niezaka naneho ny zava-misy sy ny fihetseham-pon' ny olombelona izy ireo.<ref name="perry-humanities">Perry, M. [http://college.hmco.com/humanities/perry/humanities/1e/students/summaries/ch13.html Humanities in the Western Tradition] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090429045555/http://college.hmco.com/humanities/perry/humanities/1e/students/summaries/ch13.html Tahiry: 29 April 2009], Ch. 13</ref> Nitady ireo asa haisoratra sy asa ara-tantara ary lahateny amin' ny teny latina avy tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|andro taloha klasika]] tany amin' ny tranombokin' ny monasitera tany Eorôpa ny mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, toa an' i Poggio Bracciolini. Ny fahalavoan' i Constantinople tamin' ny 1453 kosa dia nahatonga manam-pahaizana grika maro hifindra monina, nitondra sora-tanana sarobidy tamin' ny [[Fiteny grika taloha|teny grika taloha]], ka maro tamin' ireny no efa tsy dia fantatra intsony tany Andrefana. Izany fifantohana vaovao tamin' ny lahatsoratra momba ny haisoratra sy ny tantara izany no tena nampiavaka ny manam-pahaizana tamin' ny Renaissance tamin' ireo manam-pahaizana nandritra ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, tao anatin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Ireto farany dia nifantoka tamin' ny fandalinana ireo asa soratra tamin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]] momba ny siansan' ny natiora, ny filôzôfia ary ny matematika, na ny fandalinana ny isa sy ny bika ary ny fifandraisan' izy ireny, fa tsy tamin' ireo lahatsoratra ara-kolontsaina ireo. [[Sary:Sandro Botticelli - Idealized Portrait of a Lady (Portrait of Simonetta Vespucci as Nymph) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Portrait of a Young Woman'' (Sarin-jatovovavy), tokony ho tamin' ny 1480–1485, mampiseho an' i Simonetta Vespucci, nataon' i [[Sandro Botticelli]].]] Tamin' ny fifohazan' ny [[Neôplatônisma|neôplatônisma]], dia tsy nanda ny [[Kristianisma|kristianisma]] ny mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance. Mifanohitra amin' izany aza, maro tamin' ireo asa niavaka indrindra tamin' ny Renaissance no natokana ho an' ny kristianisma, ary nanohana ny famoronana zavakanto maro tamin' io vanim-potoana io ny Fiangonana.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kennedy; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Lesley; Daty: 2021-09-27; Lohateny: ''How the Renaissance Challenged the Church and Influenced the Reformation''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.history.com/articles/renaissance-influence-reformation-humanism]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2025-10-26; Tranonkala: HISTORY; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 October 2025; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251017021611/https://www.history.com/articles/renaissance-influence-reformation-humanism]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nisy fiovana tsy dia niharihary anefa teo amin' ny fomba nandalinan' ny manam-pahaizana ny fivavahana, ary hita taratra tamin' ny sehatra maro hafa teo amin' ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina izany.<ref name="openuni">Open University, ''[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/religion.htm Looking at the Renaissance: Religious Context in the Renaissance] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170725034622/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/religion.htm Tahiry: 25 July 2017]'' (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Ankoatra izany, asa soratra kristiana grika maro, anisan' izany ny Testamenta Vaovao amin' ny teny grika, no naverina avy tany amin' ny Empira Bizantina ho any Eorôpa Andrefana. Sambany hatramin' ny fiafaran' ny andro taloha no nandalinan' ny manam-pahaizana tandrefana azy ireny indray. Io fandalinana vaovao ny asa soratra kristiana grika io, indrindra fa ny fiverenana tamin' ny lahatsoratra grika niandohan' ny Testamenta Vaovao izay nampirisihin' ireo mpanaraka ny homanisma Lorenzo Valla sy [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]], dia nanampy tamin' ny fanomanana ny lalana ho an' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta]]. Efa ela taorian' ny nisehoan' ny fiverenana voalohany tamin' ny fomba zavakanto grika sy rômana fahiny teo amin' ny sary sokitr' i Nicola Pisano, dia niezaka naneho ny vatan' ny olombelona araka ny tena endriny ireo mpanao hosodoko tao Florence notarihin' i [[Masaccio]]. Namolavola teknika izy ireo mba hanehoana amin' ny fomba manakaiky kokoa ny zava-misy ny halalina sy ny elanelana eo amin' ny sary fisaka ary koa ny hazavana. Ireo [[Filôzôfia pôlitika|filôzôfa momba ny pôlitika]], ka i [[Nicolas Machiavel|Niccolò Machiavelli]] no anisan' ny malaza indrindra, dia niezaka namaritra ny fiainana ara-pôlitika araka ny tena zava-misy, izany hoe nahatakatra azy tamin' ny fampiasana ny saina sy ny fandresen-dahatra. Nanoratra ny ''De hominis dignitate'' (''Oration on the Dignity of Man'', 1486) i Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, ka nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance tany Italia. Fitambaran' ny tsangan-kevitra momba ny filôzôfia, ny fisainana momba ny natiora, ny finoana ary ny majika izy io, izay narovany tamin' ny alalan' ny fandresen-dahatra manoloana izay rehetra nanohitra azy. Ankoatra ny fandalinana ny teny latina sy grika klasika, dia nanomboka nampiasa bebe kokoa ny fiteny andavanandron' ny mponina teo an-toerana koa ireo mpanoratra tamin' ny Renaissance. Izany, niaraka tamin' ny fampidirana ny milina fanontam-pirinty, dia nahatonga olona maro lavitra kokoa hahazo boky, indrindra fa ny Baiboly.<ref>Daty: 2025-10-12; Lohateny: ''The Open University''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://fass.open.ac.uk/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2025-10-26; Tranonkala: fass.open.ac.uk; Fiteny: en-gb; Datin' ny tahiry: 16 July 2017; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716120230/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/economic.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia azo heverina ho ezaka nataon' ny manam-pahaizana handalinana sy hanatsarana ny fiainana ivelan' ny sehatra ara-pivavahana sy ny raharahan' izao tontolo izao ny Renaissance, na tamin' ny famelomana indray ny hevitra tamin' ny andro taloha izany na tamin' ny fomba fisainana vaovao. I Hans Kohn, filôzôfa momba ny pôlitika, dia mamaritra azy ho vanim-potoana izay, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy, « nitadiavan' ny olona fototra vaovao ». Ny sasany, toa an' i [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] sy [[Thomas More]], dia nihevitra fototra ara-panahy vaovao nohavaozina; ny hafa kosa, araka ny tenin' i Machiavelli, dia nikatsaka ny ''una lunga sperienza delle cose moderne ed una continua lezione delle antiche'' (araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: « traikefa maharitra amin' ny fiainana môderina sy fianarana tsy an-kijanona avy amin' ny andro taloha »).<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Kohn; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Hans; Lohateny: ''The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background''; Daty: 1944; Mpamoaka: Macmillan; Toerana: New York.</ref> Manamaivana ny anjara toeran' ny Renaissance i Rodney Stark, sôsiôlôga, ka manome lanja kokoa ireo fanavaozana efa nisy tany amin' ny tanàna-fanjakana italiana nandritra ny vanim-potoana afovoany tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Nampifandray ny fitondrana nahay namaly ny filan' ny vahoaka, ny kristianisma ary ny fahaterahan' ny [[Kapitalisma|kapitalisma]] ireo fanavaozana ireo.<ref>Stark, Rodney, ''The Victory of Reason'', Random House, NY: 2005</ref> Araka io famakafakana io, dia fanjakana nitanan' ny mpanjaka fahefana tsy refesi-mandidy ireo fanjakana lehibe tany Eorôpa, dia i Frantsa sy i Espaina, ary nisy fanjakana hafa teo ambany fifehezan' ny Fiangonana mivantana. Ireo [[Tanàna-fanjakana|tanàna repoblika]] mahaleo tena tany Italia kosa no nandray ny foto-kevitry ny kapitalisma noforonina tany amin' ny tanin' ny monasitera. Araka io famakafakana io ihany, izy ireo no nampihetsika fiovana ara-barotra goavana tsy mbola nisy toa azy, izay nialoha ny Renaissance sady namatsy vola azy. Manolotra fijery mitsikera i Leon Poliakov, mpahay tantara, ao amin' ny ''The Aryan Myth'', asa fikarohany nametraka fototra teo amin' ny fandalinana ny fisainana fanavakavaham-bolonkoditra tany Eorôpa. Araka an' i Poliakov, ireo mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance no nampiasa voalohany ny angano momba ny fiavian' ny foko, mba, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy, « hanompoana ilay fanindrahindram-pirenena tafahoatra vao nipoitra ».<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Fernandez-Armesto; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Felipe; Lohateny: ''The Medieval Frontiers of Latin Christendom''; Daty: 2017; Mpamoaka: Taylor & Francis; Toerana: United Kingdom.</ref><ref>Leon Poliakov, [https://archive.org/details/aryanmythhistory0000poli ''The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe''], trans. E. Howard (Basic Books, 1974), pp. 21–22, cited in Fernandez-Armesto (2017)</ref> == Fiandohana == Lahatsoratra fototra: Renaissance tany Italia. [[Sary:Sunset over florence 1.jpg|thumb|Tazana eto i Florence, toerana niandohan' ny Renaissance.]] Maro no milaza fa tany Florence, tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-13 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-14, no nipoiran' ireo hevitra nampiavaka ny Renaissance, indrindra fa tao amin' ny asa soratr' i [[Dante Alighieri]] (1265–1321) sy [[Francesco Petrarca|Petrarch]] (1304–1374), ary koa tao amin' ny sary hosodokon' i [[Giotto di Bondone]] (1267–1337). Misy mpanoratra mametra mazava tsara ny fotoana niandohan' ny Renaissance; anisan' ny fotoana atolotra ho fiandohany ny taona 1401, fony nifaninana hahazo ny fifanarahana hanaovana ny varavarana halimo ho an' ny trano fanaovam-batisan' ny katedralin' i Florence ireo lehilahy roa nanana talenta niavaka sady nifampifaninana, dia i Lorenzo Ghiberti sy [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] (i Ghiberti no nandresy).<ref>Walker, Paul Robert, ''The Feud that sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World'' (New York, Perennial-Harper Collins, 2003)</ref> Ny hafa kosa mihevitra fa ny fifaninanana ankapobe kokoa teo amin' ny mpanakanto sy ny olona nanana fahalalana lalina tamin' ny sehatra maro, toa an' i Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, [[Donatello]] ary [[Masaccio]], mba hahazoana iraka hamoronana asa kanto, no niteraka ny fahaiza-mamorona tamin' ny Renaissance. Mbola iadian-kevitra betsaka anefa ny antony niandohan' ny Renaissance tany Italia sy ny antony niandohany tamin' io fotoana io. Noho izany, dia nisy fanazavana ara-kevitra maro natolotra momba ny fiandohany. Araka ny hevitra naroson' i Peter Rietbergen, dia nisy hetsika maro samihafa nialoha ny Renaissance sady nanana fiantraikany lehibe (''Proto-Renaissance'') nipoitra tany amin' ny faritra maro tao [[Eorôpa]], nanomboka teo amin' ny taona 1300 teo ho eo.<ref name=":02">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Rietbergen; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: P. J. A. N.; Lohateny: ''A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day''; Mpamoaka: Bekking; Taona: 2000; ISBN: <nowiki>90-6109-440-2</nowiki>; Fanontana: 4th; Toerana: Amersfoort; Pejy: 59; OCLC: 52849131.</ref> === Ny dingana latina sy grika tamin' ny homanisma nandritra ny Renaissance === Jereo koa: ireo manam-pahaizana grika tamin' ny Renaissance; ny fampitana ny asa klasika grika. [[Sary:Salutati.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coluccio Salutati]] Nifanohitra tanteraka tamin' ny zava-nisy tamin' ny vanim-potoana afovoan' ny Andro Antenatenany ny zavatra nifantohan' ny manam-pahaizana tamin' ny Renaissance. Saika nifantoka manontolo tamin' ny fandalinana ny asa soratra amin' ny teny grika sy arabo momba ny siansan' ny zavaboary, ny filôzôfia ary ny matematika ny manam-pahaizana nampiasa ny teny latina tamin' io vanim-potoana teo aloha io,<ref group="fanamarihana">Momba io fomba fandalinana teo aloha io, izay tena hafa sady niompana tamin' ny karazana lahatsoratra fahiny hafa, dia lahatsoratra ara-tsiansa fa tsy lahatsoratra ara-kolontsaina, dia jereo ny fandikana ho amin' ny teny latina tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 sy ny anjara birikin' ny tontolo silamo tamin' i Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.</ref> fa ny fitadiavana indray sy ny fandalinana ny haisoratra, ny asa soratra momba ny tantara ary ny lahateny amin' ny teny latina sy grika no tena nahaliana ny manam-pahaizana tamin' ny Renaissance. Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14 izany, tamin' ny dingana nifantohana tamin' ny teny latina. Nikaroka fatratra tao amin' ny trano famakiam-bokin' i Eorôpa ireo manam-pahaizana tamin' ny Renaissance, toa an' i [[Francesco Petrarca|Petrarch]], i Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406), i Niccolò de' Niccoli (1364–1437) ary i Poggio Bracciolini (1380–1459), mba hahitana ny asan' ny mpanoratra latina toa an' i [[Cicero]], i Lucretius, i [[Tito Livio|Livy]] ary i [[Seneka Zandriny|Seneca]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Reynolds; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: L. D.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Wilson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Nigel; Lohateny: ''Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature''; Daty: 1974; Mpamoaka: Clarendon Press; Toerana: Oxford; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0199686339</nowiki>; OL: OL26919731M. Pejy: 113–123.</ref> Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-15, dia efa hita indray ny ampahany lehibe indrindra tamin' ireny haisoratra latina mbola voatahiry ireny. Efa nanomboka koa ny dingana grika tamin' ny homanisma nandritra ny Renaissance, satria nitodika tamin' ny fitadiavana indray ny haisoratra sy ny asa soratra momba ny tantara ary ny lahateny sy ny asa soratra momba ny teôlôjia amin' ny teny grika fahiny ny manam-pahaizana tany Eorôpa Andrefana.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Reynolds; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: L. D.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Wilson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Nigel; Lohateny: ''Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature''; Daty: 1974; Mpamoaka: Clarendon Press; Toerana: Oxford; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0199686339</nowiki>; OL: OL26919731M. Pejy: 123, 130–137.</ref> Tsy toy ny lahatsoratra latina, izay notehirizina sy nodinihina tany Eorôpa Andrefana hatramin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Taloha, dia tena voafetra ny fandalinana ny lahatsoratra grika fahiny tany Eorôpa Andrefana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Efa nodinihina hatramin' ny vanim-potoana afovoan' ny Andro Antenatenany tany Eorôpa Andrefana, ary nandritra ny vanim-potoana volamenan' ny sivilizasiôna silamo, ny asa soratra grika fahiny momba ny siansa sy ny matematika ary ny filôzôfia, ka fandikan-teny no nampiasaina tamin' ny ankapobeny. Tsy nodinihina kosa ny haisoratra grika sy ny lahateny ary ny asa soratra grika momba ny tantara, toy ny asan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], ireo mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra grika, i [[Demosthenes]] ary i [[Thucydides]], na tany amin' ny tontolo nampiasa ny teny latina na tany amin' ny [[Tontolo Silamo|tontolo silamo]] tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Ny manam-pahaizana tao amin' ny Empira Bizantina ihany no nandalina ireny karazana lahatsoratra ireny tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Misy milaza fa ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tamin' ny andron' ny Timorida tao [[Samarkand]] sy Herat, izay nitaha tamin' i Florence tamin' ny famirapiratany ho foiben' ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina,<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=71LfAfvseeYC&dq=Periods%20of%20World%20History%3A%20A%20Latin%20American%20Perspective&pg=PP1]; Lohateny: ''Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective''; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-89581-863-8</nowiki>; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Truxillo; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Charles A.; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: Jain Publishing Company.</ref><ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&dq=%27%27The%20Empire%20of%20the%20Steppes%3A%20A%20History%20of%20Central%20Asia%27%27%2C&pg=PP1]; Lohateny: ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia''; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-8135-1304-1</nowiki>; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Grousset; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: René; Daty: 1970; Mpamoaka: Rutgers University Press; Datin' ny tahiry: 23 December 2025; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 13 June 2025; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004933/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&dq=%27%27The%20Empire%20of%20the%20Steppes%3A%20A%20History%20of%20Central%20Asia%27%27%2C&pg=PP1]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> dia nifandray tamin' ny [[Empira Ôtômàna]], izay nahatonga ny fifindran' ny manam-pahaizana grika tany amin' ireo tanàna tany Italia noho ny fandreseny ara-tafika.<ref name=Britannica1/><ref>Harris, Michael H. ''History of Libraries in the Western World'', Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 145, <nowiki>ISBN 0810837242</nowiki>.</ref> Anisan' ny zava-bita lehibe indrindra tamin' ireo manam-pahaizana tamin' ny Renaissance ny famerenana tany Eorôpa Andrefana an' io sokajin' ny asa soratra ara-kolontsaina grika manontolo io, sambany hatramin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Taloha. Nandova ny hevitra grika ireo [[Mozilmana|Mozilmana]] mpandinika ny fitsipiky ny fanjohian-kevitra, indrindra fa i [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] sy i [[Ibn Rushd|Averroes]], taorian' ny nanafihan' ny Mozilmana sy nahazoany an' i Ejipta sy ny faritra Ampiposahana. Nandalo ny faritra andrefan' ny tontolo arabo ny fandikan-teniny sy ny fanazavany momba ireny hevitra ireny, ka tonga tany Iberia sy Sicilia, izay lasa foibe lehibe nampitana izany. Teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-11 sy faha-13, dia sekoly maro natokana handikana ny asa soratra momba ny filôzôfia sy ny siansa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo klasika|teny arabo klasika]] ho amin' ny teny latina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany no naorina tany Iberia, ka anisan' ny niavaka indrindra ny sekolin' ny mpandika teny tao Toledo. Na dia tsy nisy drafitra na fandaminana aza ny ampahany betsaka tamin' io asa fandikan-teny avy amin' ny kolontsaina silamo io, dia anisan' ny fampitana hevitra lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantara izany.<ref name="MP">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kKGgoNo4un0C&pg=PA261 Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society]'', Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret C. Jacob, James R. Jacob, 2008, pp. 261–262.</ref> Matetika no raisina ho fiandohan' ny hetsika namerenana ny fandalinana tsy tapaka ny haisoratra sy ny asa soratra momba ny tantara ary ny lahateny sy ny asa soratra momba ny teôlôjia amin' ny teny grika tao amin' ny fandaharam-pianarana tany Eorôpa Andrefana ny fanasana nataon' i Coluccio Salutati tamin' ny taona 1396 an' i Manuel Chrysoloras (tokony ho 1355–1415), diplaomaty sy manam-pahaizana avy tao amin' ny Empira Bizantina, mba hampianatra ny teny grika tao Florence.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Reynolds; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: L. D.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Wilson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Nigel; Lohateny: ''Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature''; Daty: 1974; Mpamoaka: Clarendon Press; Toerana: Oxford; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0199686339</nowiki>; OL: OL26919731M. Pejy: 119, 131.</ref> Nanohy izany lova izany ireo manam-pahaizana grika maro nonina tany ivelan' ny tanindrazany, nanomboka tamin' i Basilios Bessarion ka hatramin' i Leo Allatius. === Firafitra ara-tsosialy sy ara-pôlitika tany Italia === Ny firafitra ara-pôlitika niavaka tany [[Italia]] tamin' ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany dia nahatonga ny sasany hamolavola ny hevitra fa ny toe-piainana ara-tsosialy tsy nahazatra tao no nahafahan' ny kolontsaina niroborobo tamin' ny fomba mahalana. Tsy nitambatra ho [[Fanjakana-firenena|vondrona pôlitika iray]] i Italia tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Nizara ho tanàna-fanjakana sy faritany madinika kosa izy: ny tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Naples no nifehy ny atsimo; ny tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Florence sy ny Fanjakan' ny Papa, izany hoe ny avy tao Roma, no nifehy ny afovoany; ny tao amin' ny Dokean' i Milan sy ny Repoblikan' i Genoa no nifehy ny avaratra sy ny andrefana avy; ary ny tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Venice no nifehy ny avaratra atsinanana. Mbola fanjakana maromaro no nandrafitra ny [[Saikanosy Italiana]] tamin' ny 1494 tany ho any. Anisan' ny faritra nanjakan' ny fiainana an-tanàn-dehibe indrindra tany Eorôpa i Italia tamin' ny taonjato faha-15.<ref>Kirshner, Julius, ''Family and Marriage: A socio-legal perspective'', ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89 Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550]'', ed. John M. Najemy (Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 89 (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Maro tamin' ireo tanàna ireo no nijoro teo anivon' ny sisan' ny trano rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha; toa azo inoana fa nifandray tamin' ny niandohan' ny Renaissance tao amin' ny faritra fototry ny Empira Rômana ny fironany ho amin' ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha.<ref>Burckhardt, Jacob, ''The Revival of Antiquity'', ''[http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.html The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20070407181825/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.html Tahiry: 7 April 2007] (trans. by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878)</ref> Milaza ilay mpahay tantara sady filôzôfa pôlitika Quentin Skinner fa i Otto of Freising (tokony ho 1114–1158), eveka alemà nitsidika ny avaratr' i Italia tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, dia nahatsikaritra endrika vaovao niely patrana teo amin' ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika sy ara-tsosialy. Araka ny fandinihan' io eveka io, dia toa efa niala tamin' ny feôdalisma, na ny rafitra ara-tsosialy mifototra amin' ny fananana tany sy loharanon-karena ary ny fifamatoran' ny tompo sy ny olona mankatò azy, i Italia, ka ny mpivarotra sy ny varotra indray no fototry ny fiarahamoniny. Nifandray tamin' izany ny fisainana nanohitra ny fitondram-panjaka. Hita ao amin' ilay andian-tsary malaza tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Renaissance, natao tamin' ny loko teo amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Allegory of Good and Bad Government'', nosoratan' i Ambrogio Lorenzetti tamin' ny 1338–1340, izany fisainana izany. Hafatra mafonja momba ny hasarobidin' ny tsy fitanilana, ny rariny, ny fitondrana repoblikana ary ny fitantanana tsara no entin' io andian-tsary io. Nihazona ny Eglizy sy ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika|Empira]] tsy hitsabaka aminy ireo repoblika an-tanàn-dehibe ireo, sady nifikitra tamin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny fahafahana. Milaza i Skinner fa nisy endrika maro niarovana ny fahafahana. Anisan' izany ny fankalazan' i Matteo Palmieri (1406–1475) ny fahaiza-mamoron' ny mponin' i Florence, tsy teo amin' ny zavakanto, ny sokitra ary ny maritrano ihany, fa teo amin' «ny firoboroboana niavaka teo amin' ny filôzôfia momba ny fitondran-tena, ny fiarahamonina ary ny pôlitika, izay nitranga tao Florence tamin' izany fotoana izany koa», araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy.<ref name="Skinner, Quentin p. 69">Skinner, Quentin, ''The Foundations of Modern Political Thought'', vol I: ''The Renaissance''; vol II: ''The Age of Reformation'', Cambridge University Press, p. 69</ref> [[Sary:Tommaso da modena, ritratti di domenicani (Ugo di Provenza) 1352 150cm, treviso, ex convento di san niccolò, sala del capitolo (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ampahany amin' ny sarin' ny kardinaly Hugh of Saint-Cher, manao solomaso, nosoratan' i Tommaso da Modena tamin' ny 1352. Niofana tao Venice i Tommaso ary tany avaratr' i Italia no tena niasany.]] Na ny tanàna sy fanjakana tany ivelan' ny afovoan' i Italia aza, toy ny Repoblikan' i Florence tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia niavaka koa noho ireo repoblika nifototra tamin' ny varotra, indrindra fa ny Repoblikan' i Venice. Na dia olona vitsy aza no tena nitana ny fahefana tao amin' izy ireo, ka tsy dia nitovy tamin' ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia]] môderina izy ireo, dia nanana toetra demôkratika ihany: nisy endrika fandraisana anjara tamin' ny fitantanana sy finoana ny fahafahana, ary nisy fandraisan' ny fanjakana ny hetahetan' ny vahoaka.<ref name="Skinner, Quentin p. 69"/><ref>Stark, Rodney, ''The Victory of Reason'', New York, Random House, 2005</ref><ref>Martin, J. and Romano, D., ''Venice Reconsidered'', Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000</ref> Ny fahafahana ara-pôlitika somary malalaka nomen' izy ireo dia nanamora ny fandrosoan' ny fianarana sy ny zavakanto.<ref name="burckhardt-republics">Burckhardt, Jacob, ''The Republics: Venice and Florence'', ''[http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/1-7.html The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20070407035616/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/1-7.html Tahiry: 7 April 2007], translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878.</ref> Toy izany koa, ny toerana notanan' ny tanàna italiana toa an' i Venice tamin' ny maha-foibem-barotra lehibe azy dia nahatonga azy ireny ho toerana nihaonan' ny hevitra sy ny fahalalana samihafa. Nitondra hevitra avy tany amin' ny faritra lavitra eran-tany ny mpivarotra, indrindra fa avy tany [[Ampiposahana (faritra)|Ampiposahana]]. I Venice no vavahadin' i Eorôpa tamin' ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra tamin' ny Atsinanana,<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Pirenne; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Henri; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Henri Pirenne; Anaran' ny mpandika teny ao amin' ny saha last: Halsey; Anaran' ny mpandika teny ao amin' ny saha first: Frank D.; Lohateny: ''Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade''; Taona: 2014; Taona namoahana voalohany: 1925; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press; Toerana: Princeton, NJ; Andiany: Princeton Classics; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-691-16239-3</nowiki>; Teny nalaina: Thanks to her insular situation, the conquerors who successively overran the peninsula - first the Lombards, then Charlemagne, and finally, still later, the German emperors - were not successful in their attempts to gain possession. [Venice] remained, therefore, under the sovereignty of Constantinople, thus forming at the upper end of the Adriatic and at the foot of the Alps an isolated outpost of Byzantine civilization. While Western Europe was detaching herself from the east, she continued to be part of it. And this circumstance is of capital importance. The consequence was that Venice did not cease to gravitate in the orbit of Constantinople. Across the waters, she was subject to the attraction of that great city and herself grew great under its influence...By the eighth century she was devoting herself with greater and greater success to the provisioning of Constantinople. Her ships transported thither the products of the countries which were contiguous to her on the east and the west: wheat and wine from Italy, wood from Dalmatia, salt from the lagoons, and, in spite of the prohibitions of the Pope and the Emperor himself, slaves which she easily secured among the Slavic peoples of the shores of the Adriatic. Thence they brought back, in return, the precious fabrics of Byzantine manufacture, as well as spices which Asia furnished to Constantinople. By the tenth century the activity of the port had already attained extraordinary proportions.. Araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy an' ny tenin' i Henri Pirenne: «Noho izy teo amin' ny nosy, dia tsy nahomby tamin' ny fikasany haka azy ireo mpandresy nifandimby nanafika ny saikanosy: ny Lombards aloha, avy eo i Charlemagne, ary farany, tatỳ aoriana kokoa, ireo emperora alemà. Noho izany dia nijanona teo ambanin' ny fiandrianan' i Constantinople [i Venice], ka nanjary toby mitokana nandrosoan' ny sivilizasiôna bizantina, teo amin' ny tendrony avaratry ny Ranomasina Adriatic sy teo am-pototry ny Alpa. Raha nihataka tamin' ny Atsinanana i Eorôpa Andrefana, dia mbola anisan' izany kosa i Venice. Ary tena zava-dehibe izany toe-javatra izany. Vokatr' izany dia tsy nitsahatra nihodidina teo amin' ny tontolon-kery nananan' i Constantinople i Venice. Na dia teo ampitan' ny rano aza izy, dia voasinton' io tanàna lehibe io ary nitombo hery koa noho ny heriny... Tamin' ny taonjato faha-8, dia vao mainka nahomby hatrany ny asa nataony hamatsiana an' i Constantinople. Nentin' ny sambony nankany ny vokatra avy tamin' ny tany nanodidina azy tany atsinanana sy tany andrefana: varimbazaha sy divay avy tany Italia, hazo avy tany Dalmatia, sira avy tamin' ireo farihy amorontsiraka; ary, na dia noraran' ny Papa sy ny Emperora mihitsy aza, dia andevo mora azony teo amin' ireo vahoaka slava nonina teny amoron' ny Ranomasina Adriatic. Ho takalon' izany, dia nitondra nody lamba sarobidy vita bizantina izy ireo, ary koa zava-manitra izay avy tany Azia no namatsiana an' i Constantinople. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-10, dia efa nahatratra habe niavaka ny asan' ilay seranan-tsambo.»</ref> sady namokatra fitaratra avo lenta,<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Mumford; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Lewis; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Lewis Mumford; Lohateny: ''Technics and Civilization''; Taona: 1963; Taona namoahana voalohany: 1934; Mpamoaka: Harcourt, Brace & World; Toerana: New York; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-15-688254-5</nowiki>; Pejy: 125; Teny nalaina: As early as 1300 pure colorless glass was made in Murano: a fact that is established by a law imposing a heavy punishment upon the utilization of ordinary glass for eye glasses.. Araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy an' ny tenin' i Lewis Mumford: «Efa tamin' ny 1300 dia nisy fitaratra madio tsy miloko novokarina tao Murano: zava-misy voaporofon' ny lalàna nametraka sazy henjana ho an' izay nampiasa fitaratra tsotra hanaovana solomaso izany.»</ref> fa i Florence kosa dia foibe lehibe tamin' ny famokarana lamba. Ny harena nentin' izany raharaham-barotra izany tany Italia dia nahafahana naniraka mpanakanto hanao tetikasa lehibe ho an' ny daholobe sy ho an' ny olon-tsotra, ary nanome fotoana malalaka kokoa ho an' ny tsirairay hianarana.<ref name="burckhardt-republics" /> === Fahafatesana Mainty === Lahatsoratra fototra: [[Fahafatesana Mainty]]. [[Sary:The Triumph of Death P001393.jpg|thumb|Ny ''The Triumph of Death'' nataon' i Pieter Bruegel (tokony ho tamin' ny 1562) dia maneho ny fikorontanana ara-tsosialy sy ny horohoro taorian' ny pesta (na areti-mifindra niteraka fahafatesana betsaka) izay nandrava an' i Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.]] Araka ny teôria iray naroso, ny faharavana tao Florence vokatry ny [[Fahafatesana Mainty]], izay namely an' i Eorôpa teo anelanelan' ny 1348 sy 1350, dia nanova ny fomba fijerin' ny olona an' izao tontolo izao tany Italia tamin' ny taonjato faha-14. Tena mafy ny pesta namely an' i Italia, ary nisy nihevitra fa ny fahazarana nahita fahafatesana vokatr' izany no nanosika ny mpandinika hifantoka kokoa tamin' ny fiainany teto an-tany fa tsy tamin' ny [[Fiainana ara-panahy|fiainana ara-panahy]] sy ny [[Fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana|fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana]].<ref>Barbara Tuchman (1978) ''A Distant Mirror'', Knopf <nowiki>ISBN 0394400267</nowiki>.</ref> Nisy koa nanazava fa ny Fahafatesana Mainty dia niteraka firongatry ny fitiavam-bavaka vaovao, izay niseho tamin' ny fanohanana ara-bola ny famoronana sanganasa ara-pivavahana.<ref>''[https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/blackdeath.html The End of Europe's Middle Ages: The Black Death]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20130309162102/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/blackdeath.html Tahiry: 9 March 2013] University of Calgary website. (Retrieved 5 April 2007)</ref> Tsy manazava tanteraka anefa izany ny antony nipoiran' ny Renaissance manokana tany Italia tamin' ny taonjato faha-14. Pandemia (na valanaretina miparitaka amin' ny faritra midadasika ka mahakasika olona maro) ny Fahafatesana Mainty, ary nahakasika an' i Eorôpa manontolo tamin' ireo fomba voalaza ireo, fa tsy an' i Italia ihany. Azo inoana indrindra fa ny fifandraisana sarotra teo amin' ireo anton-javatra voalaza etsy aloha no niteraka ny fipoiran' ny Renaissance tany Italia.<ref name="brotton">Brotton, J., ''The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction'', OUP, 2006 <nowiki>ISBN 0192801635</nowiki>.</ref> Nentin' ny parasy teny amin' ny sambo lay niverina avy tany amin' ny seranan-tsambon' i Azia ny pesta, ary niparitaka haingana noho ny tsy fahampian' ny fahadiovana sy ny fanadiovana sahaza. Tamin' ny mponin' i Angletera, izay tokony ho 4,2 tapitrisa tamin' izany, dia olona 1,4 tapitrisa no matin' ny [[Aretina bubonika|aretina bubonika]] (na karazana pesta ahitana fivontosan' ny atoditarimo; ''bubonic plague'' amin' ny teny anglisy). Saika nihena ho antsasany ny mponin' i Florence tamin' ny taona 1348. Noho ny fahafatesan' ny mponina maro dia nitombo ny lanjan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa, ary nanjary nanana fahalalahana bebe kokoa ny olon-tsotra. Mba hamaliana ny fitomboan' ny filàna mpiasa dia nifindrafindra toerana ny mpiasa mba hitady ny asa nahazoany tombony ara-toekarena indrindra.<ref>Netzley, Patricia D. ''Life During the Renaissance''. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1998.</ref> Nisy vokany ara-toekarena ny fihenan' ny isan' ny mponina noho ny pesta: nidina ny vidin-tsakafo, ary nihena 30–40 isan-jato ny sandan' ny tany tany amin' ny ankamaroan' ny faritra tao Eorôpa teo anelanelan' ny 1350 sy 1400.<ref>Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). ''A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization'' (Vol. 2, p. 217). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.</ref> Niharan' ny fatiantoka lehibe ny tompon-tany, fa nahazo tombony tsy nampoizina kosa ny lehilahy sy vehivavy olon-tsotra. Hitan' ireo tafavoaka velona tamin' ny pesta fa tsy ny vidin-tsakafo ihany no nihena, fa betsaka kokoa koa ny tany azo nampiasaina, ary maro tamin' izy ireo no nandova fananana avy tamin' ny havany maty. Araka ny fitantarana ara-tantara mifototra amin' ny ''Renaissance And Reformation France'' an' i Mack P. Holt, dia nihanaka lavitra kokoa tany amin' ny faritra nahantra ny aretina. Nandrava ny tanàna ny [[Valanaretina|valanaretina]] (na fiparitahan' aretina mahazo olona maro ao amin' ny mponina iray), ary ny ankizy indrindra no niharam-pahavoazana. Voalaza ao amin' izany fitantarana izany fa nanamora ny fihanaky ny valanaretina ny hao, ny rano fisotro tsy madio, ny tafika, na ny tsy fahampian' ny fahadiovana sy ny fanadiovana. Io fitantarana io koa dia manazava ny fahavoazana mafy indrindra nahazo ny ankizy amin' ny filazana fa aretina maro, toy ny tifisy (na vondron' areti-mifindra fantatra amin' ny tazo mahery miverimberina; ''typhus'' amin' ny teny anglisy) sy ny sifilisy hatrany am-bohoka (na areti-mifindra atao hoe sifilisy efa misy eo amin' ny zaza rehefa teraka; ''congenital syphilis'' amin' ny teny anglisy), no namely ny hery fiarovan' ny vatana (na rafitra miaro ny vatana amin' ny mikraoba sy ny zavatra avy any ivelany), ka namela ny ankizy madinika ho tsy afa-niaro tena tamin' ireny aretina ireny. Araka io fitantarana io hatrany, dia voakasiky ny fihanaky ny aretina kokoa ny ankizy nipetraka tany an-tanàn-dehibe noho ny zanaky ny mpanankarena.<ref>"''Renaissance And Reformation France''" Mack P. Holt pp. 30, 39, 69, 166</ref> Niteraka fikorontanana lehibe kokoa teo amin' ny rafitra ara-tsosialy sy ara-pôlitikan' i Florence ny Fahafatesana Mainty noho ireo valanaretina tatỳ aoriana. Na dia betsaka aza ny maty teo amin' ny saranga nitondra, dia nitohy niasa ny governemantan' i Florence nandritra io vanim-potoana io. Naato ny fivoriana ôfisialin' ireo solontena voafidy tamin' ny fotoana nahery indrindra ny valanaretina, noho ny fikorontanana tao an-tanàna. Vondrona kely nahitana manam-pahefana anefa no notendrena hitantana ny raharahan' ny tanàna, ka niantoka ny fitohizan' ny fitondram-panjakana izany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Hatty; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Suzanne E.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Hatty; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: James; Lohateny: ''Disordered Body: Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation''; Mpamoaka: SUNY Press; Pejy: 89; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgC&pg=PA89]; Taona: 1999; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0791443651</nowiki>.</ref> === Ny toe-javatra ara-kolontsaina tao Florence === ''Jereo koa: Zavakanton' ny Renaissance tao Florence.'' [[Sary:Vasari-Lorenzo.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sarin' i Lorenzo de' Medici nataon' i Vasari.|[[Lorenzo de' Medici]], mpitondra an' i Florence sady mpanohana ny zavakanto (sarin' olona nataon' i Vasari).]] Efa hatry ny ela no niadian-kevitra ny antony niandohan' ny Renaissance tao Florence fa tsy tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Italia. Nomarihin' ny manam-pahaizana fa nisy lafiny maromaro nampiavaka ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina tao Florence izay mety ho niteraka izany hetsika ara-kolontsaina izany. Maro no nanasongadina ny anjara asan' ny fianakaviana Medici, izay niasa teo amin' ny sehatry ny banky ary lasa [[Tarana-mpanjaka|fianakaviana nitondra nanana ny anaram-boninahitry ny andriana hoe ''duke'']] tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny fanohanana sy fampiroboroboana ny zavakanto. Nisy mpahay tantara nanolo-kevitra fa kisendrasendra no nahatonga an' i Florence ho toerana nahaterahan' ny Renaissance, izany hoe satria sendra teraka tao ny « Lehilahy niavaka » (araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy ny hoe ''Great Men''):<ref name="burckhardt-individual">Burckhardt, Jacob, ''The Development of the Individual'', ''[http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/2-1.html The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003000844/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/2-1.html Tahiry: 3 October 2008]'', translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878.</ref> samy teraka tany [[Toskana]] i Leonardo, i Botticelli ary i Michelangelo. Nilaza kosa ny mpahay tantara hafa fa toa tsy azo inoana loatra ny hisian' izany kisendrasendra izany, ka noho ny toe-javatra ara-kolontsaina nisy tamin' izany fotoana izany ihany no nahafahan' ireo « Lehilahy niavaka » nisongadina.<ref>Stephens, J., ''Individualism and the cult of creative personality'', ''The Italian Renaissance'', New York, 1990 p. 121.</ref> Nandrisika fanohanana ny zavakanto betsaka dia betsaka i [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] (1449–1492), ka nampirisika ireo mpiray tanindrazana taminy hanafatra sanganasa tamin' ireo mpanakanto nisongadina tao Florence, anisan' izany i [[Leonardo da Vinci]], i [[Sandro Botticelli]] ary i [[Michelangelo Buonarroti]].<ref name="strathern" /> Efa nanafatra sanganasan' i Neri di Bicci, i Botticelli, i Leonardo ary i Filippino Lippi koa ny trano fivavahan' ny relijiozy San Donato in Scopeto tao Florence.<ref>Guido Carocci, ''I dintorni di Firenze'', Vol. II, ''Galletti e Cocci, Firenze'', 1907, pp. 336–337</ref> Efa nizotra tokoa ny Renaissance talohan' ny nahatongavan' i Lorenzo de' Medici teo amin' ny fitondrana, ary efa talohan' ny nahazoan' ny fianakaviana Medici toerana nanjakazaka teo amin' ny fiarahamonin' i Florence aza. == Toetra mampiavaka == === Homanisma === Lohahevitra lehibe: homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance; homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance tany Eorôpa Avaratra; lisitry ny mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance. Amin' ny lafiny sasany, tsy filôzôfia ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, ilay hetsika namelomana indray ny fandalinana ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana fahiny, fa fomba fianarana. Ny fomba [[Skôlastika|skôlastika]], izay fomba fandalinana nampiasaina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia nifantoka tamin' ny famahana ny fifanoherana teo amin' ny mpanoratra. Ny mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance kosa dia nandalina ny lahatsoratra fahiny tamin' ny fiteny nanoratana azy tany am-boalohany, ary nitsara ny lanjany tamin' ny fampiarahana ny fandanjalanjan-tsaina sy ny porofo azo avy amin' ny fandinihana sy ny fanandramana. Niorina tamin' ny fandaharam-pianarana ''Studia Humanitatis'', izany hoe ny fianarana ny [[Fiolonana|fiolonana]] na taranja mandalina ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy, ny fanabeazana narahin' izy ireo. Taranja dimy no voakasik' izany: ny [[Pôezia|tononkalo]], ny [[Fitsipi-pitenenana|fitsipi-pitenenana]], ny [[Tantara|tantara]], ny filôzôfia momba ny fitondran-tena, ary ny fahaiza-mandaha-teny sy mampiasa ny teny handresena lahatra. Na dia sahirana namaritra mazava tsara ny homanisma aza ny mpahay tantara indraindray, dia nanaiky izao famaritana izao ny ankamaroany, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: «famaritana antonony... ilay hetsika hamerenana, handikana hevitra ary handraisana ho an' ny tena ny fiteny, ny haisoratra, ny fahalalana ary ny soatoavin' i Grisia sy Rôma fahiny».<ref>Burke, P., "''The spread of Italian humanism''", in ''The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe'', ed. A. Goodman and A. MacKay, London, 1990, p. 2.</ref> Ambonin' izany rehetra izany, nanamafy izao hevitra izao ny mpanaraka ny homanisma, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: «ny hakingan-tsain' ny olombelona&nbsp;... ny fahaizana tsy manam-paharoa sy miavaka ananan' ny sain' ny olombelona».<ref>As asserted by Gianozzo Manetti in ''On the Dignity and Excellence of Man'', cited in Clare, J., ''Italian Renaissance''.</ref> [[Sary:Pico1.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sarin' i Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.|Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, mpanoratra ilay asa malaza ''Oration on the Dignity of Man'', izay nantsoina hoe «Fanambaràna ny foto-kevitry ny Renaissance», araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy.<ref>Pico Della Mirandola. ''[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/pico.html Oration on the Dignity of Man]''. Richard Hooker, mpandika teny. ''Reading About the World, Volume 1''. Tamin' ny alalan' ny World Civilizations at Washington State University. URL tsy mandeha; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110104024142/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/pico.html tahiry], 4 January 2011.</ref>]] Namolavola ny tontolon' ny fisainana nandritra ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina ny manam-pahaizana mpanaraka ny homanisma. Ny mpandinika ny filôzôfia pôlitika toa an' i Niccolò Machiavelli sy [[Thomas More]] dia namelona indray ny hevitr' ireo mpandinika grika sy rômana ary nampihatra izany tamin' ny fitsikerana ny fitondram-panjakana tamin' ny androny, ka nanaraka ny dian' i [[Ibn Khaldoun|Ibn Khaldun]] teo amin' ny fisainana silamo.<ref>John H. Miller. ''Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli : an examination of paradigms''. OCLC 11117374.</ref><ref>''Religion and Political Development: Some Comparative Ideas on Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli'' by Barbara Freyer Stowasser</ref> I Pico della Mirandola no nanoratra ny ''Oration on the Dignity of Man'', ilay nantsoina hoe «fanambaràna ny foto-kevitry ny Renaissance», araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy, izay fiarovana amin-kery ny fisainana. I Matteo Palmieri (1406–1475), mpanaraka ny homanisma koa, dia fantatra indrindra noho ny asany ''Della vita civile'' («Momba ny fiainam-pirenena», araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy; natao pirinty tamin' ny 1528), izay nanohana ny homanisma mifantoka amin' ny fiainam-pirenena, ary noho ny anjara asany tamin' ny fanatsarana ny fiteny fampiasan' ny mponina tany Toskana mba hampitovy lenta azy amin' ny teny latina. Naka hevitra tamin' ny filôzôfa sy ny mpamolavola teôria rômana i Palmieri, indrindra tamin' i [[Cicero]]. Tahaka an' i Palmieri, i Cicero dia nandray anjara mavitrika tamin' ny fiainam-bahoaka tamin' ny naha olom-pirenena sy tompon' andraikitra azy, sady mpamolavola teôria sy filôzôfa. Naka hevitra tamin' i Quintilian koa i Palmieri. Angamba ao amin' ny ''La città di vita'', asa amin' ny endrika tononkalo tamin' ny 1465, no ahitana ny fanehoana fohy indrindra ny fomba fijeriny ny homanisma; mivelatra kokoa anefa ny lohahevitra resahin' ny ''Della vita civile'', asa nosoratany talohan' izany. Andiana fifanakalozan-kevitra natao tao amin' ny trano iray ambanivohitra tany Mugello, ivelan' i Florence, nandritra ny valanaretina tamin' ny 1430, no endrika nandrafetana ity asa ity. Ao no anazavan' i Palmieri ny toetran' ny olom-pirenena tonga lafatra. Voaresaka ao amin' ireo fifanakalozan-kevitra ireo ny fivoaran' ny ankizy ara-tsaina sy ara-batana, ny fomba ahafahan' ny olom-pirenena mitondra tena araka ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena, ary ny fomba ahafahan' ny olom-pirenena sy ny fanjakana miantoka ny fahitsiana sy ny fahamarinana eo amin' ny fiainam-bahoaka. Ahitana adihevitra lehibe momba ny fahasamihafan' izay mahasoa amin' ny fampiharana sy izay marina sy mahitsy koa izy ireo. Nino ny mpanaraka ny homanisma fa zava-dehibe ny miampita ho amin' ny fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana miaraka amin' ny saina sy vatana tonga lafatra, ary nino izy ireo fa azo tratrarina amin' ny alalan' ny fanabeazana izany fahalavorariana izany. Ny tanjon' ny homanisma dia ny hamolavola olona mahay amin' ny sehatra maro, izay mampiray ny fahaizana ambony ara-tsaina sy ara-batana eo amin' ny tenany sady afaka mitondra tena amim-boninahitra saika amin' ny toe-javatra rehetra.<ref>Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). ''A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization'' (Vol. 2, pp. 245–246). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.</ref> Ny hoe ''uomo universale'', izany hoe olona mahay sy voavolavola amin' ny sehatra maro, no anarana niantsoana io foto-kevitra io, izay idealy grika sy rômana fahiny. Ny haisoratra sy ny tantara fahiny no tena nandrafitra ny fampianarana tamin' ny Renaissance, satria noheverina fa nanome fanabeazana momba ny fitondran-tena sy fahatakarana lalina ny fitondran' ny olombelona ireo asa klasika. === Homanisma sy trano famakiam-boky === Anisan' ny nampiavaka ny trano famakiam-boky sasany tamin' ny Renaissance ny fisokafany ho an' ny besinimaro. Toerana nifanakalozana hevitra ireny trano famakiam-boky ireny, ary noheverina fa sady nahafinaritra no nahasoa ny saina sy ny fanahy ny fandalinam-pahalalana sy ny famakiana boky tao. Satria anisan' ny nampiavaka izany vanim-potoana izany ny fahalalahana misaina, dia nahitana ny sanganasan' ny mpanoratra maro samihafa ny trano famakiam-boky maro. Nisy ny lahatsoratra grika sy rômana fahiny niaraka tamin' ny soratry ny mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance. Nisy fiantraikany lalina teo amin' ny kolontsain' ny Renaissance ireo fiarahana tsy ara-pomba teo amin' ny manam-pahaizana ireo. Fitaovana tena nilaina teo amin' ny fitantanana trano famakiam-boky tamin' ny Renaissance ny katalaogy, izay nitanisa sy nanoritsoritra ary nanasokajy ny boky tao amin' ny trano famakiam-boky iray.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Murray; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Stuart; Lohateny: ''The Library: An Illustrated History''; Mpamoaka: Skyhorse Publishing; Taona: 2009; Pejy: 88.</ref> Nanorina trano famakiam-boky toy ny tempoly natokana ho an' ny boky sy ny fahalalana ny sasany tamin' ireo mpitia boky nanankarena indrindra. Nisy trano famakiam-boky niseho ho fanehoana harena goavana nampiarahina tamin' ny fitiavana boky. Tamin' ny toe-javatra sasany, dia niezaka koa ireo mpanorina trano famakiam-boky nanam-pahalalana sy kolontsaina mba hanome fahafahana ny hafa hampiasa ny tahirim-bokiny. Nanangana trano famakiam-boky lehibe ho fampiasan' ireo olona tao amin' ny lapany ny olona ambony nanan-kaja teo amin' ny saranga andriana sy ireo mpitondra ambony tao amin' ny Fiangonana. Nantsoina hoe «trano famakiam-boky an-dapa» izy ireny, ary napetraka tao amin' ny trano goavana natao tamin' ny fomba mirenty, voaravaka asa hazo be haingo sy sary hosodoko tamin' ny lalotra mbola lena teo amin' ny rindrina (Murray, Stuart A.P.). === Zavakanto === Lahatsoratra fototra: zavakanton' ny Renaissance. Ny zavakanton' ny Renaissance dia manamarika fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tamin' ny faran' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny fiandohan' ny tontolo môderina. Anisan' ny nampiavaka azy ny fampivoarana fomba fanehoana halalina tamin' ny sary, tamin' ny alalan' ny tsipika mahitsy toa mifanojo any amin' ny teboka iray, ka nahatonga ny sary hitovy akaiky amin' ny zava-misy. I [[Giotto di Bondone]] (1267–1337) no heverina ho voalohany nandray ny sary hosodoko ho toy ny varavarankely ahitana ny habaka. Tsy voarafitra ho teknika ara-javakanto anefa io fomba fanehoana halalina io raha tsy taorian' ny fampisehoana nataon' ilay mpanao mari-trano [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] (1377–1446) sy ny asa soratr' i Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) nanaraka izany.<ref>Clare, John D. & Millen, Alan, ''Italian Renaissance'', London, 1994, p. 14.</ref> [[Sary:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|Ny ''Vitruvian Man'' nataon' i [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (manodidina ny 1490) dia mampiseho ny herin' ny mpanoratra tamin' ny Andro Taloha teo amin' ny mpandinika tamin' ny Renaissance. Niainga tamin' ny famaritana tao amin' ny ''De architectura'' nosoratan' i [[Vitruve|Vitruvius]] (taonjato voalohany talohan' i Kristy) i Leonardo, ka niezaka nanao sarin' ny lehilahy iray mifanaraka tanteraka ny refy eo amin' ny faritra samihafa amin' ny vatany. Ao amin' ny ''Gallerie dell'Accademia'' (Tranombakoky ny Akademia), [[Venezia]]. Sary: Luc Viatour / [https://Lucnix.be https://Lucnix.be].]] Tafiditra tao anatin' ny fironana midadasika kokoa ho amin' ny fanehoana ny zava-misy araka ny endriny eo amin' ny zavakanto ny fampivoarana ny fomba fanehoana ny halalina sy ny elanelana eo amin' ny sary fisaka.<ref>Stork, David G. ''[http://sirl.stanford.edu/~bob/teaching/pdf/arth202/Stork_SciAm04.pdf Optics and Realism in Renaissance Art] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614023308/http://sirl.stanford.edu/~bob/teaching/pdf/arth202/Stork_SciAm04.pdf Tahiry: 14 June 2007]'' (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Namolavola teknika hafa koa ny mpanao hosodoko tamin' ny fandalinana ny hazavana sy ny aloka ary ny hairafibatan' ny olombelona (na fandalinana ny firafitry ny vatan' olombelona). Fantatra manokana amin' io fandalinana ny vatana io i [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. Niorina tamin' ny faniriana nifoha indray haneho ny hatsaran' ny natiora sy hamantatra ny fitsipika fototry ny [[Estetika|fandalinana ny hatsarana]] ireo fiovan' ny fomba fanaovana zavakanto ireo. Anisan' ny zava-bita ambony indrindra teo amin' ny zavakanto ny sanganasan' i Leonardo sy [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]] ary [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raphael]], ka maro ny mpanakanto hafa naka tahaka azy ireny.<ref>Vasari, Giorgio, ''Lives of the Artists'', translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics, 1965, <nowiki>ISBN 0140441646</nowiki>.</ref> Anisan' ny mpanakanto hafa nisongadina koa i [[Sandro Botticelli]], izay niasa ho an' ny fianakaviana Medici tany Florence, sy [[Donatello]], izay avy any Florence ihany koa, ary [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]] tany Venezia, ankoatra ny hafa. Niroborobo manokana ny kolontsaina ara-javakanto tany amin' ny faritra ara-tantara antsoina hoe Tany Iva. Nanan-kery manokana teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny hosodoko tany Italia ny sanganasan' i Hugo van der Goes sy [[Jan van Eyck]], na teo amin' ny teknika, tamin' ny fampidirana ny loko afangaro menaka sy ny lamba fanaovana hosodoko, na teo amin' ny fomba, tamin' ny fanehoana zavatra mifanaraka amin' ny endriny voajanahary. Taty aoriana, ny sanganasan' i Pieter Brueghel the Elder dia nanosika ny mpanakanto haneho lohahevitra avy amin' ny fiainana andavanandro.<ref>''[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bruegel/pieter_e/biograph.html Peter Brueghel Biography] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160921103210/http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?%2Fbio%2Fb%2Fbruegel%2Fpieter_e%2Fbiograph.html Tahiry: 21 September 2016]'', Web Gallery of Art (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Teo amin' ny mari-trano, dia lohalaharana tamin' ny fandalinana ny sisa tavela tamin' ny trano klasika fahiny i Filippo Brunelleschi. Nampiasa ny fahalalana hita indray avy tamin' ilay mpanoratra tamin' ny taonjato voalohany, [[Vitruve|Vitruvius]], sy ny matematika, izay taranja nandroso tamin' izany fotoana izany sady mandalina ny isa sy ny bika ary ny fifandraisan' izy ireny, izy. Tamin' izany no namolavolany ny fomba fanorenana tamin' ny Renaissance, izay naka tahaka sy nanatsara ny bika klasika. Ny fanorenana ny tafo mivohitra boribory eo amin' ny katedralin' i Florence no zava-bitany lehibe teo amin' ny teknika fanorenana.<ref>Hooker, Richard, ''[http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/Architec/RenaissanceArchitecture/ArchitectureandPublicSpace/ArchitectureandPublicSpace.htm Architecture and Public Space] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070522160730/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/Architec/RenaissanceArchitecture/ArchitectureandPublicSpace/ArchitectureandPublicSpace.htm Tahiry: 22 May 2007]'' (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Trano iray hafa ahitana io fomba io ny ''Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua'' (Bazilikan' i Sant'Andrea any Mantua), izay naorin' i Alberti. Ny fanorenana indray ny [[Bazilika Masindahy Piera]] no asa niavaka teo amin' ny mari-trano nandritra ny fotoan' ny firoboroboana faratampon' ny Renaissance. Nampiarahina tamin' izany ny fahaizan' i Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Sangallo ary Maderno. Nokendren' ny mpanao mari-trano tamin' ny Renaissance ny hampiasa ny andry sy ny andry mipetaka amin' ny rindrina (''pilaster'') ary ny firafitra mitsivalana eo ambonin' ny lohan' ny andry (''entablature'') ho rafitra iray mifamatotra. Nampiasaina ny fomba rômana roa fandrafetana andry, dia ny ''Tuscan'' sy ny ''Composite''. Mety ho anisan' ny rafitra mpitondra enta-mavesatra ireo, ka manohana filaharan' ny andohalambo na ny tapany ambany amin' ilay firafitra mitsivalana izay mipetraka eo ambonin' ny lohan' ny andry (''architrave''). Mety ho haingon-trano fotsiny koa anefa izy ireo, ka apetraka manaraka ny rindrina amin' ny endriky ny andry mipetaka aminy. Anisan' ny trano voalohany nampiasa ny andry mipetaka amin' ny rindrina ho rafitra iray mifamatotra ny ''Old Sacristy'' (efitra tranainy fitahirizana fitaovam-pivavahana), naorin' i Brunelleschi tamin' ny 1421–1440.<ref>Lohateny: ''Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings''; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Saalman; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Howard; Mpamoaka: Zwemmer; Taona: 1993; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0271010670</nowiki>.</ref> Matetika no nampiasaina tamin' ny filaharan' ny andohalambo ny andohalambo miendrika antsasaky ny faribolana, na, tamin' ny fomba ''Mannerist'' (fomba ara-javakanto antsoina hoe manerisma), miendrika tsipìka faribolana latsaky ny antsasaky ny faribolana. Tohanana amin' ny andry matevina na andry misy lohany ireo andohalambo ireo. Mety hisy ampahany amin' ilay firafitra mitsivalana eo anelanelan' ny lohan' ny andry sy ny fiandohan' ny fiolahan' ny andohalambo. Anisan' ireo voalohany nampiasa andohalambo tamin' ny habe goavana i Alberti. Tsy misy ireo singa lava sy tery misongadina eo amin' ny velarany, toy ny taolana manohana azy, ny tafo miolaka mandrakotra efitra toy ny andohalambo (''vault'') tamin' ny Renaissance. Miendrika antsasaky ny faribolana na tsipìka faribolana latsaky ny antsasaky ny faribolana ny fiolahany, ary toradroa ny bikan' ny firafiny raha jerena avy eny ambony. Tsy toy izany kosa ny tafo miolaka amin' ny fomba gôtika, izay matetika mahitsizoro ny bikan' ny firafiny raha jerena avy eny ambony. Tsy mpanompo sampy ny mpanakanto tamin' ny Renaissance, na dia nankafy ny Andro Taloha aza izy ireo sady nitahiry hevitra sy tandindona sasany avy tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Naka tahaka ny bika klasika i Nicola Pisano (manodidina ny 1220 – manodidina ny 1278) tamin' ny fanehoana tantara ao amin' ny Baiboly. Ny ''Annunciation'' (Filazana ny fahaterahan' i Jesoa) nataony, ao amin' ny trano fanaovam-batisa ao Pisa, dia mampiseho fa efa nisy herin' ny modely klasika teo amin' ny zavakanto italiana talohan' ny niorenan' ny Renaissance ho hetsika ara-haisoratra.<ref>Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). ''A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization'' (Vol. 2, pp. 250–251). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.</ref> === Fanontam-pirinty === ''Vakio koa: ny fiparitahan' ny vaovao sy ny hevitra vokatry ny milina fanontam-pirinty.'' [[Sary:Printing towns incunabula.svg|thumb|alt=Saritany maneho an' i Eorôpa, misy teboka manamarika ireo tanàna efa nisy milina fanontam-pirinty tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-15|Ny fielezan' ny fanontam-pirinty teo anelanelan' ny 1440 sy 1500.]] Avy tamin' ny trano fanontam-pirinty tokana tao [[Mainz]], any Alemaina, manodidina ny 1440, dia niely tany amin' ny tanàna manodidina ny 270 fara fahakeliny tany Eorôpa Afovoany sy Andrefana ary Atsinanana ny fampiasana milina fanontam-pirinty nampiasa singa misaraka, samy mitondra tarehin-tsoratra iray ary azo afindrafindra sy alahatra indray. Efa namokatra boky vita pirinty maherin' ny 20 tapitrisa ireo milina ireo tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-15.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f.">Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). ''The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800''. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo''. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. <nowiki>ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2</nowiki>. pp. 58f.</ref> Nanamora ny fahazoan' ny olona maro kokoa boky ara-pahaizana ny fanontam-pirinty, ka nahafahan' ny mpikaroka nandinika an-kalalahana ireo lahatsoratra fahiny sy nampitaha ny vokatry ny fandinihany tamin' ny an' ireo manam-pahaizana hafa.<ref>"Printing made it possible for [[Tycho Brahe|Brahe]] to survey a wide range of publications (there were over a hundred on the comet of 1577, though many were merely astrological prognostications) and demonstrate that the four best observers had produced results compatible with his own. It also ensured that Brahe's new system was quickly known throughout Europe, so that his arguments could be tested against the nova of 1604 and the comets of 1618. Printing created a community of astronomers working on common problems with common methods and reaching agreed solutions." Wootton, David. ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'' (Penguin, 2015). pp.197-198. <nowiki>ISBN 0-06-175952-X</nowiki></ref> Araka ny fanadihadian' i David Wootton, namarana ny kolontsaina nifototra tamin' ny sora-tanana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, izay nahalana ny zava-misy fantatra, ny fanontam-pirinty, ka nanolo izany tamin' ny kolontsaina nifototra tamin' ny zavatra vita pirinty, izay nihanitombo haingana ny zava-misy azo nitokisana sy voarakitra an-tsoratra ary nanjary fototra azo antoka ho an' ny fahalalana siantifika.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Wootton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: David; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: David Wootton (historian); Lohateny: ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution''; Mpamoaka: Penguin; Taona: 2015; Pejy: 282; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0-06-175952-9</nowiki>; Teny nalaina: ...a manuscript culture, in which experience is unspecific, indirect, and amorphous...a print culture, in which experience is specific, direct, documented and retrievable...In comparison to the world of print, manuscript culture is one of rumour and gossip. The printing press represents an information revolution, and secure facts are its consequence..</ref> === Fitetezana an-dranomasina sy jeôgrafia === Fanazavana fanampiny: Vanim-potoan' ny fikarohana sy fahitana tany. [[Sary:Cantino planisphere (1502).jpg|thumb|250px|Ny sarintanin' izao tontolo izao antsoina hoe Cantino (1502), izay sarintanin' izao tontolo izao voalohany indrindra mampiseho amin' ny an-tsipiriany ny fikarohana an-dranomasina nataon' ny Pôrtogey.]] Tamin' ny 1492, dia niampita ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika avy tany Espaina i [[Christophe Colomb|Christopher Columbus]], nitady lalana mivantana ho any India tao amin' ny soltanatan' i Delhi. Tonga tsy nampoizina tany Amerika anefa izy, saingy nino fa efa tonga tany [[India Atsinanana (faritra)|India Atsinanana]]. Nahavita ny dia voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra izay niainga mivantana avy tany Eorôpa nankany amin' ny zana-kôntinanta indiana (1497–1499) ilay mpikaroka tany pôrtogey Vasco da Gama. Ny taratasy ''Mundus Novus'' nosoratan' i [[Amerigo Vespucci]], izay avy any Florence, dia navoaka tamin' ny 1503 ary natao pirinty indray imbetsaka. Io no fanambarana mazava voalohany tao amin' ny soratra vita pirinty fa tsy ny sisin' i Azia ireo tany hitan' ny mpandeha an-dranomasina eorôpeana tany andrefana, fa [[Amerika|kôntinanta hafa tanteraka]] (« Tontolo Vaovao »).<ref>Varnhagen, ''Amerígo Vespucci'' (1865: [https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13 pp. 13–26]), dia mampiseho mifanila ny dika mitovy amin' ny ''Mundus Novus'' amin' ny teny latina tamin' ny 1503 sy ny fandikana azy indray ho amin' ny teny italiana tamin' ny 1507, "''El Nuovo Mondo de Lengue Spagnole interpretato in Idioma Ro. Libro Quinto''" (avy amin' ny ''Paesi Nuovamente retrovati''). Natao pirinty indray imbetsaka ny dika latina amin' ny ''Mundus Novus'' (jereo Varnhagen, 1865: [https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9 p. 9], ahitana ny lisitry ny fanontana indray tany am-boalohany).</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny 1519 sy 1522, dia nahavita ny dia voalohany nihodidina an' i Tany teo amin' ny tantara ny vondrona mpanao dia fikarohana Magellan–Elcano.<ref>Taona: 2010; Lohateny: ''Ferdinand Magellan''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/magellan/magellan.html]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240315154103/https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/magellan/magellan.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 15 March 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 2024-05-09; Tranonkala: library.princeton.edu; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Library.</ref> Tafiditra tao anatin' izany ny fiampitana voalohany ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika nataon' ny vondrona eorôpeana mpanao dia fikarohana, ka nampiseho ny halehiben' io ranomasimbe io.<ref>Redondo, J.M.G., & Martín, J.M.M. (2021). ''[https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5141676&publisher=FZ1670#page=11 Making a Global Image of the World: Science, Cosmography and Navigation in Times of the First Circumnavigation of Earth, 1492–1522]''. ''Spanish National Research Council'' (Filankevi-pirenena espaniôla momba ny fikarohana). ''Culture & History Digital Journal''. 10(2). ISSN 2253-797X</ref> Notsidihin' ny Eorôpeana ny kôntinanta rehetra ary voarakitr' izy ireo tamin' ny sarintany ny ankabeazan' ny faritr' ireo kôntinanta ireo, afa-tsy ilay kôntinanta any amin' ny tendrontany atsimo izay fantatra ankehitriny amin' ny anarana hoe [[Antarktika]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Woodward; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: David; Lohateny: ''The History of Cartography, Volume Three: Cartography in the European Renaissance''; Daty: 2007; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; Toerana: Chicago and London; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0226907338</nowiki>.</ref> Nisy fiantraikany lalina teo amin' ny fiainana ara-tsaina tany Eorôpa tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ny fahitan' ny Eorôpeana ireo kôntinanta izay tsy fantatry ny olona tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika]] mihitsy.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park; Lohateny: ''Wonders and the Order of Nature''; Taona: 1998; Mpamoaka: Zone Books; Toerana: USA: New York; Pejy: 147; Teny nalaina: ...the revelation that the world included whole new continents undreamed of by the ancients opened up a fissure in time as well as space. Compared to earlier writing on travel, the work from the decades after 1492 demonstrate a heightened sense of novelty and possibility - of just how new and different things were able to be..</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Mauries; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Patrick; Lohateny: ''Cabinets of Curiosities''; Taona: 2002; Mpamoaka: Thames and Hudson.</ref> Satria nampahafantatra « Tontolo Vaovao » izay tsy fantatry ny olona tamin' ny Andro Taloha izany, dia nampihena manokana koa ny fitokisana ny fahefan' i Claudius Ptolemy teo amin' ny fahalalana ny fihaonan' ny Eorôpeana tamin' i [[Amerika]]. Manam-pahaizana tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 izy, ary efa ela no noheverina ho tsy mety diso ny modely momba ny jeôgrafia sy ny astrônômia novolavolainy.<ref>"...before Columbus discovered America in 1492 there was no clear-cut and well-established idea of discovery; the idea of discovery is, as will become apparent, a precondition for the invention of science....the discovery of America disproved a central claim about the world which had been generally accepted before 1492...This was a crucial precondition for the astronomical revolution which followed." Wootton, David. ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'' (Penguin, 2015) . xiv + 769 pp. <nowiki>ISBN 0-06-175952-X</nowiki></ref> === Fivavahana === Jereo koa: ny fitondran' ny papa tamin' ny Renaissance; ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta]]; ny [[Fanoheram-panavaozana]]. [[Sary:Pope Alexander Vi.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Aleksandra VI (papa)|Alexander VI]], papa avy amin' ny fianakaviana Borgia, izay ratsy laza noho ireo kolikoly niampangana azy.]] Na dia tsy nifantoka loatra tamin' ny fivavahana aza ny lafiny sasany tamin' ireo foto-kevitra vaovao nentin' ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, dia tao anatin' ny tontolo kristianina no nitomboan' izy ireo, indrindra nandritra ny Renaissance tany avaratr' i Eorôpa. Io homanisma io dia nifantoka tamin' ny famelomana indray ny fandalinana ny teny sy ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana fahiny. Betsaka tamin' ireo sanganasa vaovao teo amin' ny zavakanto, ary mety ho ny ankamaroany mihitsy aza, no notontosaina araka ny baikon' ny Fiangonana katôlika rômana na natokana ho azy.<ref name="openuni" /> Nisy fiantraikany lalina teo amin' ny [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjia]], izany hoe ny fandalinana momba an' Andriamanitra sy ny finoana ara-pivavahana, tamin' izany fotoana izany anefa ny Renaissance, indrindra teo amin' ny fomba nahatakaran' ny olona ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona sy Andriamanitra.<ref name="openuni" /> Maro tamin' ireo teôlôjiana nanan-danja indrindra tamin' io vanim-potoana io no nanaraka ny fomba fandalinana nentin' ny homanisma, anisan' izany i [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]], i [[Ulrich Zwingli|Huldrych Zwingli]], i [[Thomas More]], i [[Martin Lotera|Martin Luther]] ary i [[Jean Calvin|John Calvin]]. Tao anatin' ny korontana ara-pivavahana no nanombohan' ny Renaissance. Nanamarika ny faramparan' ny Andro Antenatenany ny tetika miafina pôlitika nanodidina ny fitondran' ny papa. Niafara tamin' ny Fisaraham-bazana Lehibe tany Andrefana izany, ka lehilahy telo no samy nilaza tamin' ny fotoana iray fa izy no tena [[Eveka|evekan' ny]] diôsezin' i Rôma.<ref>''Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13539a.htm Western Schism]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180123062503/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13539a.htm tahiry], 23 January 2018) (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Na dia voavahan' ny Kônsily tao Constance (1414) aza ilay fisarahana, dia nisy hetsika fanavaozana naterany, izay fantatra amin' ny hoe ''Conciliarism'', na fiheverana mametraka ny fahefan' ny kônsily ho fomba famerana ny fahefan' ny papa. Nikendry ny hametra izany fahefana izany io hetsika io. Na dia tafaverina ho fahefana tampony tamin' ny raharaha ara-piangonana aza ny fitondran' ny papa tamin' ny Kônsily fahadimy tao Lateran (1511), dia mbola niharan' ny fiampangana kolikoly tsy an-kijanona izy. Anisan' ny nalaza indrindra tamin' izany ny raharahan' ny [[Aleksandra VI (papa)|Papa Alexander VI]], izay nampangaina ho nividy na nivarotra andraikitra ara-piangonana, ho nanao [[Kiantranoantrano|kiantranoantrano]] tamin' ny fanomezana tombontsoa ny havany, ary ho niteraka tamin' izy mbola [[Kardinaly|kardinaly]]. Nampanambadiana ny ankamaroan' ireo zanany ireo, izay heverina fa natao hanamafisana ny fahefany.<ref>''Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm Alexander VI]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20000511122014/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm tahiry], 11 May 2000) (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Nanolotra fanavaozana ho an' ny Fiangonana ireo olon' ny fiangonana toa an' i Erasmus sy Luther. Matetika izany no nifototra tamin' ny [[Fitsikerana lahatsoratra|fitsikerana lahatsoratra]] nampiharin' ny homanisma tamin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]], izany hoe ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo lahatsoratra mba hahafantarana ny endriny tany am-boalohany.<ref name="openuni" /> Tamin' ny Ôktôbra 1517, dia namoaka ny ''[[Tsangan-kevitra 95n' i Lotera|Ninety-five Theses]]'' (Tsangan-kevitra 95) i Luther, ka nanohitra ny fahefan' ny papa sy nitsikera ny kolikoly hitany teo amin' izany fitondrana izany, indrindra ireo tranga nivarotana [[Endolzansy|endolzansy]].<ref group="fanamarihana">Misy mihevitra indraindray fa nivarotra endolzansy tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny Fiangonana tamin' izany fotoana izany, tamin' ny naha-andrim-pivavahana azy. Tsy izany anefa no fanao. Matetika no nisy fanomezana voaray, nefa olona sasantsasany ihany no nitaky izany ho tsy maintsy atao, ary nomelohina ireo olona ireo.</ref> Araka ny finoana katôlika, ny endolzansy dia famelana manontolo na ampahany ny sazy vokatry ny fahotana efa nahazoana famelan-keloka. Nitarika ho amin' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta]] ireo Tsangan-kevitra 95 ireo. Fisarahana tamin' ny Fiangonana katôlika rômana izany, nefa io Fiangonana io no nilaza teo aloha fa nanana ny fahefana nanjaka indrindra tany [[Eorôpa Andrefana]]. Nandray anjara mivantana tamin' ny fampipoahana ny Fanavaozana prôtestanta àry ny homanisma sy ny Renaissance, ary toy izany koa tamin' ny adihevitra sy fifandirana ara-pivavahana maro hafa tamin' izany fotoana izany. [[Sary:Clovio magi.jpg|thumb|upright|Ny ''Adoration of the Magi'' (Fiankohofan' ny Magy) sy ny ''[[Sôlômôna|Solomon]] adored by the [[Mpanjakavavin' i Saba|Queen of Sheba]]'' (Solomon omem-boninahitra avy amin' ny mpanjakavavin' i Saba), ao amin' ny ''Farnese Hours'' (1546) nataon' i Giulio Clovio. Ireo, miaraka amin' ny ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' (Lisitry ny boky voarara), no manamarika ny fiafaran' ny Renaissance italiana teo amin' ny sora-tanana voaravaka sary sy haingo.]] Nandray ny toeran' ny papa i [[Paoly III|Papa Paul III]] (1534–1549) taorian' ny fandrobana an' i Rôma tamin' ny 1527, raha mbola nanjaka tao amin' ny Fiangonana katôlika ny tsy fahazoana antoka taorian' ny Fanavaozana prôtestanta. Natokan' i Nicolaus Copernicus ho an' i Paul III ny ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' (Momba ny fihodinan' ny bolan-danitra). Lasa raiben' i Alessandro Farnese i Paul III. Nanana hosodoko nataon' i [[Tiziano Vecellio|Titian]], i [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]] ary i [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raphael]] i Alessandro Farnese, niaraka tamin' ny tahirin-tsary natao tamin' ny tsipika izay nanan-danja. Izy koa no nanafatra ny sanganasa miavaka nataon' i Giulio Clovio, dia ny ''Farnese Hours'', izay azo heverina ho ny sora-tanana voaravaka sary sy haingo lehibe farany. === Filôzôfia momba ny natiora === Lohahevitra fototra: ny siansa tamin' ny Renaissance sy ny teknôlôjia tamin' ny Renaissance. [[Sary:Kopernikus, Nikolaus Epitaph Thorn.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Sarin' i Nikolas Copernicus eo amin' ny tsangambato misy ny soratra fahatsiarovana azy ao Torun, 1589.]] [[Sary:Pacioli.jpg|thumb|''Sarin' i Luca Pacioli'', rain' ny taranja momba ny fitanana sy famakafakana kaonty, nolokoin' i Jacopo de' Barbari,{{#tag:ref|Heverina fa mety ho i [[Leonardo da Vinci]] no nandoko ilay vatana jeômetrika misy tava telozoro sy tava toradroa, antsoina hoe ''rhombicuboctahedron''.<ref>DOI: 10.2307/3619717; Lohateny: ''The Portrait of Fra Luca Pacioli''; Gazety: ''The Mathematical Gazette''; Boky: 77; Laharana: 479; Pejy: 143; Taona: 1993; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: MacKinnon; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Nick; JSTOR: 3619717; S2CID: 195006163.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} tamin' ny 1495 (ao amin' ny ''Museo di Capodimonte'', na Mozea Capodimonte).]] Tamin' ny vanim-potoana voalohan' ny Renaissance tany Italia, dia naleon' ireo mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance nandalina ny [[Fiolonana|fiolonana]], izany hoe ireo taranja mandalina ny olombelona sy ny kolontsainy, toy izay ny filôzôfia momba ny natiora na ny matematika ampiharina amin' ny olana azo tsapain-tanana. Ny fanajan' izy ireo ny loharano grika sy rômana tamin' ny Andro Taloha koa dia vao mainka nanamafy ny fomba fijerin' i [[Aristôty|Aristotle]] sy ny môdelin' i Ptolemy momba izao rehetra izao. Tao amin' ny asa soratra nataony manodidina ny taona 1450, dia nilaza i [[Nicholas of Cusa]] fa tsy maintsy tsy manam-petra ny fivelaran' izao rehetra izao, ka tsy manana ivo izany noho izany.<ref>''A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler'', Dreyer, John Louis Emil. Dover Publications, 1953 [1906], pp. 283-284. New York, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-486-60079-6</nowiki></ref> Nifangaro ny filôzôfia momba ny natiora, izay fandalinana ny natiora tamin' izany fotoana izany, sy ny zavakanto tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Renaissance. Nanao sary momba ny hairafibatana (na ny firafitry ny vatana sy ny fandalinana azy) sy ny natiora, niorina tamin' ny fandinihana mivantana, ireo mpanakanto nanam-pahaizana tamin' ny sehatra maro, toa an' i [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. Nanao fanandramana izay nifehezana ny fepetra nanaovana azy i Leonardo teo amin' ny fikorianan' ny rano sy ny fandidiana vatana (na fanokafana sy fizarazarana vatana mba handalinana ny firafiny) ho an' ny fandinihana ara-pitsaboana. Nandalina tamin' ny fomba mirindra ny fihetsehana sy ny fihetsehan' ny rivotra ary ny fifandraisany amin' ny zavatra koa izy, izany hoe ny ''aerodynamics''. Namolavola fitsipika momba ny fomba fikarohana izy, ka izany no nahatonga an' i Fritjof Capra hiantso azy hoe «rain' ny siansa môderina», araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy.{{#tag:ref|Araka ny fandinihana lalina nataon' i Fritjof Capra tamin' ny 2007, dia mpahay siansa lehibe lavitra noho izay noheverina teo aloha i Leonardo, fa tsy mpamorona fitaovana fotsiny. Nitondra zava-baovao teo amin' ny teôria siantifika sy teo amin' ny fanatanterahana ny fikarohana siantifika izy. Tao amin' ny famakafakana amin' ny an-tsipiriany nataon' i Capra momba ireo sora-tanana maro mbola voatahiry, dia nifanaraka tamin' ireo fomba fandalinana siantifika mandinika ny zavatra ho iray manontolo ny siansan' i Leonardo. Tsy manazava ny zavatra rehetra ho toy ny fiasan' ny milina ireo fomba ireo, ary tsy mametra ny fanazavana ny zavatra iray amin' ny ampahany mandrafitra azy fotsiny; miha-mahazo vahana izy ireo amin' ny fotoana resahin' ilay fanadihadiana.<ref>Capra, Fritjof, ''The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance'', New York, Doubleday, 2007.</ref>|group=fanamarihana}} Anisan' ny fandraisan' anjaran' i Da Vinci tamin' io vanim-potoana io koa ny milina natao hitsofa marbra sy hanainga vato lehibe tokana, ary ny zava-baovao hitany teo amin' ny siansa momba ny feo, ny siansa momba ny zavamaniry, ny jeôlôjia na ny fandalinana ny firafitra sy ny tantaran' ny Tany, ny hairafibatana, ary ny mekanika na ny fandalinana ny fihetsehana sy ny hery miasa amin' ny zavatra.<ref>''"Columbus and Vesalius – The Age of Discoverers"''. ''JAMA''. 2015;313(3):312. <nowiki>DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.11534</nowiki></ref> Raha nifandona ny Fanavaozana prôtestanta sy ny [[Fanoheram-panavaozana]], dia hita teo amin' ny Renaissance tany amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Eorôpa ny fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny zavatra nifantohan' ny fandinihana: niala tamin' ny filôzôfia momba ny natiora araka an' i Aristotle izany ka nitodika tany amin' ny simia sy ny siansa momba ny zavamananaina, izany hoe ny siansa momba ny zavamaniry, ny hairafibatana ary ny fitsaboana.<ref>Allen Debus, ''Man and Nature in the Renaissance'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).</ref> Tao amin' ny ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' (''On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'', na Momba ny fihodinan' ny bola eny amin' ny lanitra), dia nametraka ny hevitra i Nikolas Copernicus fa mihodina manodidina ny Masoandro ny Tany. Niitatra hatrany amin' ny varotra ny fampiharana ireo zava-baovao. Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-15, dia namoaka ny asa soratra voalohany momba ny fitanana ny kaonty, izany hoe ny firaketana mirindra ny fifanakalozana ara-bola, i Luca Pacioli. Izany no nahatonga azy ho mpanorina ny taranja momba ny fitanana sy famakafakana kaonty.<ref name=jkdiwan>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Diwan; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Jaswith; Lohateny: ''Accounting Concepts & Theories''; Mpamoaka: Morre; Toerana: London; Famantarana: id# 94452; Pejy: 1–2.</ref> === Fitsaboana === Lohahevitra lehibe: ny fitsaboana tamin' ny Renaissance. Nisy firesahana momba ny Andro Taloha grika tao amin' ny lahatsoratra sy ny teôria ara-pitsaboana, indrindra momba an' i Aristotle sy Plato ary ny fisalasalana filôzôfika, izay mandinika ny fahafahana mahazo fahalalana azo antoka.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 496–497; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Teo amin' ny fitsaboana, ireo olona tamin' ny Andro Taloha nifantohan' ny saina indrindra dia i [[Hippocrate|Hippocrates (460–370 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy)]] sy [[Claude Galien|Galen (129–216)]]. Nifamatotra tamin' ny fandrosoana teo amin' ny hairafibatana (na fandalinana ny firafitry ny vatana) ny zavakanto naneho zavatra araka ny tena endriny. Nangataka tamin' ny mpanakanto ny manam-pahaizana momba ny fitsaboana mba hamorona asa vaovao. Namoaka ny ''De humani corporis fabrica libri septem'' tamin' ny 1543 i [[André Vésale|Andreas Vesalius (1514–64)]], dokotera ''Flemish'' (anisan' ny vahoakan' i Flanders).<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 253–256.</ref> Rakipahalalana momba ny hairafibatana izy io, ary nalaza noho ny sariny nampiseho marina ny firafitry ny vatan' olombelona. Nanjary fototry ny hairafibatana tamin' ny Renaissance izy io satria izy no asa soratra nanome ny filazalazana an-tsipiriany indrindra momba ny vatan' olombelona.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 255.</ref> Anisan' ny nanoratra momba ny hairafibatana koa i Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (maty tamin' ny 1530), mpampianatra ambony tao Bologna, izay nanoratra ny ''The Commentary'' tamin' ny 1521, niaraka tamin' ny sary momba ny firafitry ny vatana.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 250–252.</ref> Nisy nanohitra izany fifantohana mafy tamin' ny teôria fahiny izany, indrindra i Vesalius, izay nitsikera an' i Galen tao amin' ny lahatsoratra maro.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 494; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Na dia teo aza izany fandalinana vaovao izany, dia mbola nifototra tamin' ny teôrian' i Galen momba ny ranon' ny vatana (na fiheverana fahiny fa mifandray amin' ny fifandanjan' ny ranon' ny vatana ny fahasalamana sy ny aretina) sy ny fomba fitsaboany (na ireo fomba nampiasainy hitsaboana aretina) ireo asa ireo. Mbola nitohy nandritra ny taonjato maro izany teôria sy fomba fitsaboana izany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Pejy: 6–7; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184.</ref> Ny fifantohana tamin' ny hairafibatana dia ampahany tamin' ny fitohizan' ny fiantraikan' ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, izay namelona indray ny fandalinana ny fiteny sy ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana fahiny. Nampisongadina ny fandinihana sy ny filazalazana koa izany fifantohana izany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 491–499; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nihamaro sady nahazo haja bebe kokoa ny fandidiana ho an' ny hairafibatana (na fanokafana vatana mba handinihana ny firafiny), ary nitombo koa ny anjara toeran' ny fizahana faty (na fandinihana ny vatan' ny olona maty mba hahitana izay mety ho anton' ny nahafatesany) teo amin' ny fampianarana ny fitsaboana.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 501; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nisy teknika vaovao nivoatra teo amin' ny fandidiana ara-pitsaboana (na fitsaboana atao amin' ny fanokafana na fanapahana faritra amin' ny vatana). Niteraka fahalianana vaovao tamin' ny alkimia (na fanao fahiny nikatsaka ny hanova akora sy hamokatra fanafody) sy ny kimiatrika (na fitsaboana nampiasa ny fanodinana akora simika; ''chymiatrics'') ny fifantohana tamin' ny fahalalana azo avy amin' ny fandinihana sy ny fanandramana. Nipoitra ny firehana vaovao izay nanokan-tena tanteraka tamin' ny fandalinana ny fitsaboana nampiasa akora simika sy ny fitsaboana nampiasa alkimia.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 499–505; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Niainga tamin' ny hevitr' i [[Paracelse|Paracelsus (1493–1541)]], dokotera nampiasa akora simika tamin' ny fitsaboana, ny firehana nanaraka azy. Nanasongadina ny fanamboarana fanafody nantenaina hitondra fiovana sy hanalava ny aina izany firehana izany. Nolaviny ny teôrian' i Galen momba ny ranon' ny vatana, ka naleony ny fanazavana ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny akora simika.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 278–287.</ref> Niteraka adihevitra ny firehana nanaraka an' i Paracelsus, indrindra teo amin' ny oniversite sy ny mpitsabo nanaraka ny skôlastika, izany hoe ny fomba fandinihan' ny manam-pahaizana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 505–506; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Mbola nitana toerana fototra teo amin' ny fitsaboana ny asa soratra sy ny lahatsoratra. Araka ny tantaran' ny fitsaboana tamin' ny Renaissance nosoratan' i Vivian Nutton, ny famoronana ny milina fanontam-pirinty tamin' ny 1457 dia nahafahana nampitombo haingana kokoa ny dika mitovy tamin' ny asa soratra nandalina ny fitsaboana, sady namoaka izany tamin' ny fiteny fampiasan' ny olona teo an-toerana. Nitatra nihoatra ny olona ambony sy ny mpitondra fivavahana àry ny vondron' ny olona nahay namaky teny afaka nandray anjara tamin' izany sehatra izany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 70–72.</ref> Anisan' ny mpamoaka boky momba ny fitsaboana nalaza indrindra tamin' ny Renaissance i Johannes Oporinus.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 70.</ref> Nanampy ny fitomboan' ny fahalianana tamin' ny fitsaboana nampiasa akora avy amin' ny natiora ny fanontam-pirinty, tamin' ny alalan' ny famoahana boky fianarana momba ny zavamaniry sy ny bôtanika (na fandalinana ny zavamaniry).<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Siraisi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Nancy G.; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Medicine, 1450–1620, and the History of Science''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Gazety: ''Isis''; Boky: 103; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 500–501; DOI: 10.1086/667970; ISSN: <nowiki>0021-1753</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 April 2024; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417185405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667970]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Namoaka ny ''De Historia Stirpium'', asa soratra nandalina ny zavamaniry nampiasaina ho fanafody, tamin' ny 1542 i Leonhart Fuchs, Alemà manam-pahaizana momba ny zavamaniry fampiasa amin' ny fitsaboana.<ref name="Elliott 2011 26">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Elliott; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Brent; Daty: 2011; Lohateny: ''The world of the Renaissance herbal''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420235]; Gazety: ''Renaissance Studies''; Boky: 25; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 26; ISSN: <nowiki>0269-1213</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 June 2023; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203328/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420235]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Tamin' ny 1544 dia namoaka ny fanazavany momba ny asan' i Dioscorides, dokotera sady mpandalina zavamaniry grika fahiny, i Pietro Andrea Mattioli.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Elliott; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Brent; Daty: 2011; Lohateny: ''The world of the Renaissance herbal''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420235]; Gazety: ''Renaissance Studies''; Boky: 25; Laharana: 1; Pejy: 25; ISSN: <nowiki>0269-1213</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 June 2023; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 April 2026; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203328/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420235]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> I Fuchs no manam-pahaizana voalohany momba ny zavamaniry fampiasa amin' ny fitsaboana nanome filazalazana momba ireo zavamaniry nentina avy any Amerika, toy ny katsaka.<ref name="Elliott 2011 26"/> Ny dia fizahana nataon' ny olona avy any Espaina sy Pôrtogaly tany Amerika dia nahafahan' ny fitsaboana tamin' ny Renaissance nahafantatra zavamaniry fampiasa amin' ny fitsaboana sy fanafody vaovao, ary koa aretina vaovao.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 19–23.</ref> Efa tamin' ny 1508 no nanafatra ny hazon' ny ''Guaiac'' avy any Karaiba mba hampiasaina hiadiana tamin' ilay aretina avy any amin' ny Tontolo Vaovao izay niely nanerana an' i Eorôpa. Sifilisy (na areti-mifindra antsoina hoe ''syphilis'') izany aretina izany. Araka ny notaterin' i Ulrich von Hutten, mpanaraka ny homanisma, dia azo nampiasaina ho fanafody mahasitrana ny fanaintainana naterak' izany aretina izany ny ''Guaiac''.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 14.</ref> Nitombo ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny zavamaniry fampiasa amin' ny fitsaboana sy ny fanafody avy any Amerika rehefa nitatra ny fifandraisana tamin' io faritra io. Tamin' ny 1570 dia nanendry an' i Francisco Hernandez ho lehiben' ny mpitsabo tao New Spain (Espaina Vaovao) i Phillip II mpanjaka.<ref name="Nutton 20">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Nutton; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Vivian; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003223184]; Lohateny: ''Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century''; Daty: 2022-02-17; Mpamoaka: Routledge; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1-003-22318-4</nowiki>; Fanontana: 1; Toerana: London; Fiteny: en; DOI: 10.4324/9781003223184; Pejy: 20.</ref> Na izany aza, tsy niorim-paka ny fanafarana fanafody avy any amin' ny Tontolo Vaovao tamin' ny habetsahana betsaka raha tsy tamin' ny folo taona farany tamin' ny taonjato faha-16.<ref name="Nutton 20"/> === Mozika === Lahatsoratra fototra: Mozika tamin' ny Renaissance. Jereo koa: Dihy tamin' ny Renaissance; Lisitry ny mpamoron-kira tamin' ny Renaissance. Avy tamin' io fiarahamonina niova io no nipoiran' ny fomba fanehoana mozika niombonana sy nampiray, indrindra fa ny fomba fampiarahana feon-kira maro samy mahaleo tena (''polyphony'') tao amin' ny firehana frantsay-flamandy. Nahafahan' ny mozika niely tamin' ny faritra midadasika ny fivoaran' ny fanontam-pirinty. Nitombo ny filàna mozika, na ho fialam-boly izany na ho zavatra ataon' ireo olona nahita fianarana izay nanao mozika noho ny fitiavany azy fa tsy ho asa fivelomana, niaraka tamin' ny fipoiran' ny saranga antonony (''bourgeoisie''). Nifanindran-dalana tamin' ny fielezan' ny hira amin' ny teny frantsay (''chanson''), ny sanganasa mozika mampiaraka feon-kira mahaleo tena natao ho an' ny tononkira masina (''motet''), ary ny sanganasa mozika nandrindrana ny ampahany amin' ny lamesa katolika nanerana an' i Eorôpa ny fitambaran' ny fomba fampiarahana feon-kira mahaleo tena ho fomba mozika iray mikoriana tsara. Nahatratra ny fara tampony izany fomba izany tamin' ny tapany faharoa amin' ny taonjato faha-16, tao amin' ny sanganasan' ny mpamoron-kira toa an' i [[Giovanni da Palestrina|Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], Orlande de Lassus, [[Tomás Luis de Victoria]] ary William Byrd. === Fahatsiarovan-tena ara-tantara === [[Sary:The historian Leonardo Bruni.jpg|thumb|upright|Leonardo Bruni]] Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, dia efa nahatsapa tsara ny fiovana nitranga ny mpanoratra sy ny mpanakanto ary ny mpanao mari-trano tany Italia. Nampiasa fomba fiteny toy ny hoe ''modi antichi'' (araka ny fomban' ny Ntaolo) na ''alle romana et alla antica'' (araka ny fomban' ny Rômana sy ny Ntaolo) izy ireo mba hamaritana ny asany. Tamin' ny taona 1330–1339, dia nantsoin' i [[Francesco Petrarca|Petrarch]] hoe ''antiqua'' (taloha) ny fotoana talohan' ny kristianisma, ary hoe ''nova'' (vaovao) ny vanim-potoana kristianina.<ref name=mommsen>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Mommsen; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Theodore E.; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Theodor Ernst Mommsen; Lohateny: ''Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'<nowiki />''; Gazety: ''Speculum''; Boky: 17; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 226–242; Taona: 1942; DOI: 10.2307/2856364; JSTOR: 2856364; S2CID: 161360211.</ref> Ho an' i Petrarch, raha ny fijeriny ny tantaran' i Italia, dia vanim-potoana nihemoran' ny firenena io vanim-potoana vaovao io, izay nahafaoka ny androny ihany koa.<ref name=mommsen/> I Leonardo Bruni no voalohany nampiasa fizarana ny tantara ho vanim-potoana telo tao amin' ny ''History of the Florentine People'' (1442).<ref name="Hankins">Leonardo Bruni, James Hankins, ''History of the Florentine people'', Volume 1, Books 1–4 (2001), p. xvii.</ref> Nifototra tamin' ny an' i Petrarch ireo vanim-potoana roa voalohany nofaritan' i Bruni, saingy nanampy vanim-potoana fahatelo izy satria nino fa tsy tao anatin' ny fihemorana intsony i Italia. Nampiasa rafitra mitovitovy amin' izany i Flavio Biondo tao amin' ny ''Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire'' (1439–1453). Nilaza ireo mpahay tantara mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance fa namerina ny fifandraisana mivantana tamin' ny Andro Taloha Klasika ny fandalinana tamin' ny androny, ka nandalo tsy niantehitra tamin' ny vanim-potoana antenatenany. Tamin' izay no nomen' izy ireo voalohany ny anarana hoe « Andro Antenatenany » izany vanim-potoana teo anelanelany izany. Tamin' ny taona 1469 no nisehoan' io teny io voalohany tamin' ny teny latina, tamin' ny endrika hoe ''media tempestas'' (fotoana eo anelanelany).<ref name="Albrow">Albrow, Martin, ''The Global Age: state and society beyond modernity'' (1997), Stanford University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwmdxMMjOd4C&pg=PA205 p. 205] <nowiki>ISBN 0804728704</nowiki>.</ref> Ny teny hoe ''rinascita'' (fahaterahana indray) kosa dia niseho voalohany tamin' ny heviny malalaka tao amin' ny ''Lives of the Artists'' nosoratan' i Giorgio Vasari, izay nivoaka tamin' ny taona 1550 ary nohavaozina tamin' ny taona 1568.<ref name="panofsky">[[Erwin Panofsky|Panofsky, Erwin]]. ''Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art'', New York: Harper and Row, 1960.</ref><ref>The Open University Guide to the Renaissance, ''[http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance/defining.htm Defining the Renaissance] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090721070445/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance/defining.htm Tahiry: 21 July 2009]'' (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> Nozarain' i Vasari ho dingana telo io vanim-potoana io: tao amin' ny dingana voalohany i Cimabue sy [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] ary i Arnolfo di Cambio; tao amin' ny faharoa kosa i [[Masaccio]] sy [[Filippo Brunelleschi|Brunelleschi]] ary i [[Donatello]]; ny fahatelo dia nifantoka tamin' i [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ary nahatratra ny fara tampony tamin' i [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]]. Araka ny filazan' i Vasari, dia tsy ny fitomboan' ny fahalalana ny Andro Taloha Klasika ihany no nanosika izany fivoarana izany, fa ny faniriana nitombo handinika sy haka tahaka ny zavaboary koa.<ref>Sohm, Philip. ''Style in the Art Theory of Early Modern Italy'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) <nowiki>ISBN 0521780691</nowiki>.</ref> == Fielezana == Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, niely haingana avy tao Florence, toerana niandohany, nankany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Italia ny Renaissance, ary tsy ela dia niely tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Eorôpa. Ny famoronan' ilay mpanao pirinty alemà [[Johannes Gutenberg]] ny milina fanontam-pirinty no nahafahana nampita haingana ireo hevitra vaovao ireo. Rehefa niely ny Renaissance, dia nihamaro karazana sy niova ireo hevitra nentiny, sady nampifanarahana tamin' ny kolontsaina teo an-toerana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, nanomboka nanasokajy ny Renaissance ho hetsika samihafa arakaraka ny faritra sy ny firenena ny manam-pahaizana. === Angletera === Lohahevitra lehibe: Renaissance tany Angletera. [[Sary:Cobbe portrait of Shakespeare.jpg|thumb|upright|« Asa mahatalanjona tokoa ny olombelona: mendrika erỳ amin' ny fisainany, tsy manam-petra erỳ amin' ny fahaiza-manaony, voakaly sy mahatehidera erỳ ny bikany sy ny fihetsiny, amin' ny asany dia tahaka ny anjely, amin' ny fahatakarany dia tahaka ny andriamanitra! » — Avy amin' ny ''Hamlet'' nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]], araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy.]] Matetika no heverina ho fotoana nahatratra ny fara tampony ny Renaissance tany Angletera ny vanim-potoanan' i Elizabeth, tamin' ny tapany faharoa amin' ny taonjato faha-16. Maro amin' ny manam-pahaizana no mametraka ny fiandohany tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-16, nandritra ny fanjakan' i [[Henry VIII, mpanjakan' i Angletera|Henry VIII]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Foundation; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Poetry; Daty: 16 January 2024; Lohateny: ''The English Renaissance''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/collections/154826/an-introduction-to-the-english-renaissance]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 17 January 2024; Tranonkala: Poetry Foundation; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 11 January 2021; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111151435/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/collections/154826/an-introduction-to-the-english-renaissance]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Misy lafiny maro mampiavaka ny Renaissance tany Angletera amin' ny Renaissance tany Italia. Araka ny fanazavan' i Michael Best, ny [[Haisoratra|haisoratra]] sy ny [[Mozika|mozika]] no endrika zavakanto nanjaka tamin' ny Renaissance tany Angletera, ary niroborobo be izy ireo.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Best; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Michael; Lohateny: ''Art in England: Life and Times - Internet Shakespeare Editions''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/literature/art/england.html]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 January 2024; Tranonkala: internetshakespeare.uvic.ca; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 January 2024; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240118000909/https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/literature/art/england.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Araka ny ''Art in Renaissance England'', dia kely lavitra ny anjara toeran' ny zavakanto hita maso tamin' ny Renaissance tany Angletera raha oharina amin' ny Renaissance tany Italia. Taty aoriana lavitra noho ny tany Italia koa no nanomboka ny vanim-potoanan' ny Renaissance teo amin' ny zavakanto tany Angletera; tany Italia kosa dia efa niroso tamin' ny fomba kanto antsoina hoe ''Mannerism'' ny zavakanto tamin' ny taompolo 1530.<ref>Lohateny: ''Art in Renaissance England''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0512.xml]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 January 2024; Tranonkala: obo; Fiteny: en; Datin' ny tahiry: 6 November 2023; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231106124737/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0512.xml]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Teo amin' ny haisoratra, dia niroborobo nandritra ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 ny haisoratra tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' i Elizabeth. Nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny tononkalo ny haisoratra italiana tamin' ny Renaissance, fa nanana fomba niavaka avy tao an-toerana kosa ny teatra tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' i Elizabeth. Anisan' ny mpanoratra tamin' izany i [[William Shakespeare]] (1564–1616), i [[Christopher Marlowe]] (1564–1593), i [[Edmund Spenser]] (1552–1599), i ''Sir'' [[Thomas More]] (1478–1535), ary i ''Sir'' Philip Sidney (1554–1586). Nifaninana tamin' ny mozika tany Eorôpa ny mozika anglisy tamin' ny Renaissance, niaraka tamin' ireo mpamoron-kira toa an' i Thomas Tallis (1505–1585), i John Taverner (1490–1545), ary i William Byrd (1540–1623). Ny maritrano tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' i Elizabeth dia namokatra ireo trano fonenana goavana sy mirentirenty nantsoina hoe ''prodigy houses'', izay an' ireo olona nanana toerana teo anivon' ny lapan' ny mpanjaka. Tamin' ny taonjato nanaraka kosa dia nipoitra i [[Inigo Jones]] (1573–1652), izay nampiditra tao Angletera ny maritrano manaraka ny fomban' i Palladio (''Palladian architecture'').<ref>Lohateny: ''A Brief History of Architecture in Britain''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/1358E11C695C4670BC764FA5CAB2EEFE/Architecture%20of%20London%20Preparatory%20Materials.pdf]; Mpamoaka: University of Southampton; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 January 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: 18 January 2024; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240118011021/https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/1358E11C695C4670BC764FA5CAB2EEFE/Architecture%20of%20London%20Preparatory%20Materials.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Teo amin' ny sehatra hafa kosa, i ''Sir'' [[Francis Bacon]] (1561–1626) dia mpisava lalana teo amin' ny fisainana siantifika môderina, ary matetika no heverina ho iray amin' ireo mpanorina ny Revolisiona siantifika.<ref>Lohateny: ''The Scientific Revolution''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Scientific-Revolution/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 17 January 2024; Tranonkala: Historic UK; Fiteny: en-GB; Datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 2024; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240117194848/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Scientific-Revolution/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Klein; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Jürgen; Lohateny: ''Francis Bacon''; Daty: 2012; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/francis-bacon/]; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last: Zalta; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first: Edward N.; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 17 January 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191022212025/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/francis-bacon/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live; Fanontana: Winter 2016; Mpamoaka: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University; Datin' ny tahiry: 22 October 2019; Rakipahalalana: ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.</ref> === Frantsa === Lohahevitra lehibe mifandraika amin' izany ny Renaissance tany Frantsa sy ny maritrano tamin' ny Renaissance tany Frantsa. [[Sary:Chateau de chambord.jpg|thumb|left|Château de Chambord (1519–1547), iray amin' ny ohatra malaza indrindra amin' ny maritrano tamin' ny Renaissance. Sary: Éléosud.]] Ny teny hoe ''Renaissance'' dia nindramina avy amin' ny teny frantsay, izay midika hoe «fahaterahana indray». Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 no nampiasana azy voalohany, ary tatỳ aoriana dia nampiely azy ilay mpahay tantara frantsay Jules Michelet (1798–1874), tao amin' ny bokiny ''Histoire de France'' (Tantaran' i Frantsa) tamin' ny 1855.<ref name="Michelet, Jules 1847">Michelet, Jules. ''History of France'', trans. G.H. Smith (New York: D. Appleton, 1847)</ref><ref name="Cronin2011">Mpanoratra: Vincent Cronin; Lohateny: ''The Florentine Renaissance''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=aU8z-Sge6WgC]; Taona: 2011; Mpamoaka: Random House; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1446466544</nowiki>.</ref> Tonga tany Frantsa tamin' ny 1495 ny Renaissance italiana, izay nentin' ny Mpanjaka Charles VIII rehefa avy nanafika an' i Italia izy. Raha ny fanazavana ara-tantara momba izany fielezana izany, dia anisan' ny antony nampiroborobo ny fomba fisainana mifantoka amin' ny fiainana eto an-tany fa tsy amin' ny fivavahana ny tsy fahafahan' ny Fiangonana nitondra fanampiana hiatrehana ny [[Fahafatesana Mainty]]. Nampiditra zavakanto sy mpanakanto italiana i [[François I|Francis I]], anisan' izany i [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Primaticcio, Rosso Fiorentino, Niccolò dell'Abbate ary Benvenuto Cellini. Nandany vola be koa izy nanorenana lapa voahaingo fatratra, toy ny lapan' i Fontainebleau sy ny lapan' i Chambord. Naka aingam-panahy avy amin' ny Renaissance koa ireo mpanoratra toa an' i [[François Rabelais]], Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay ary [[Michel de Montaigne]], ireo mpanao hosodoko toa an' i Jean Clouet sy François Clouet, ary ireo mpanao mozika toa an' i Jean Mouton. Anisan' ny mpanao sokitra tamin' ny Renaissance tany Frantsa i Michel Colombe, Jean Goujon, Pierre Bontemps, Ligier Richier ary Germain Pilon. Anisan' ireo mpanao maritrano nanana anjara toerana lehibe tamin' izany fotoana izany kosa i Pierre Lescot, izay nanorina ny elatra Henri II tao amin' ny lapan' i Louvre, sy Philibert Delorme ary Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau. Tamin' ny 1533, fony izy efatra ambin' ny folo taona, dia nanambady an' i Henry II, mpanjakan' i Frantsa, i [[Catherine de Medicis|Catherine de' Medici]] (1519–1589). Teraka tany Florence izy, zanak' i Lorenzo de' Medici, diokan' i Urbino, sy Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. I Henry II kosa dia zanakalahy faharoan' ny Mpanjaka Francis I sy ny Mpanjakavavy Claude. Na dia nalaza sady nanana laza ratsy noho ny anjara asany tamin' ny Ady ara-pivavahana tany Frantsa aza i Catherine, dia nandray anjara mivantana tamin' ny fitondrana ny zavakanto sy ny siansa ary ny mozika avy any Florence, tanàna niaviany, ho ao amin' ny lapan' ny mpanjaka frantsay izy. Anisan' izany ny fiandohan' ny dihy an-tsehatra antsoina hoe [[Ballet|''ballet'']]. === Alemaina === Lohahevitra lehibe: ny Renaissance tany Alemaina sy ny Renaissance tany Weser. [[Sary:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|thumb|upright|''Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I'' (Sarin' ny emperora Maximilian I), nataon' i [[Albrecht Dürer]], 1519]] Tamin' ny tapany faharoa amin' ny taonjato faha-15, dia niely tany [[Alemaina]] sy tany amin' ny faritra ara-tantara antsoina hoe Tany Iva ny toe-tsain' ny Renaissance. Tany amin' ireo faritra ireo, dia nialoha ny fiantraikany avy any Italia ny fivoaran' ny milina fanontam-pirinty (manodidina ny 1450) sy ny fisian' ny mpanakanto Renaissance toa an' i [[Albrecht Dürer]] (1471–1528). Tany amin' ireo faritr' i Alemaina nandray voalohany ny prôtestantisma, dia nifamatotra akaiky tamin' ny korontana nateraky ny Fanavaozana prôtestanta ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, izay namelona indray ny fandalinana ny teny sy ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana taloha. Matetika no hita taratra tamin' ny zavakanto sy ny asa soratra tamin' ny Renaissance tany Alemaina izany fifandirana izany.<ref>JSTOR: 560776; Taona: 1965; Lohateny: ''The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists''; Mpanoratra: Strauss, Gerald; Gazety: ''English Historical Review''; Boky: 80; Laharana: 314; Pejy: 156–157; DOI: 10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXIV.156.</ref> Na izany aza, dia ny fomba gôtika sy ny filôzôfia skôlastika tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, izany hoe ny fomba fisainana filôzôfika nampianarina tany amin' ny sekoly tamin' izany fotoana izany, ihany no nitoetra hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-16. Ny emperora [[Maximilian I, Emperora Romana Masina|Maximilian I]], avy amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Habsburg (nanjaka tamin' ny 1493–1519), no mpanjaka voalohany tena nanana ny toetran' ny Renaissance tao amin' ny [[Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika]]. === Hôngria === Lohahevitra mifandraika: ny maritrano Renaissance tany Eorôpa Afovoany sy Atsinanana. Araka ny boky ''Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance'', ny Fanjakan' i Hôngria no firenena eorôpeana voalohany nisehoan' ny Renaissance taorian' i Italia.<ref>Mpanoratra 1: Louis A. Waldman; Mpanoratra 2: Péter Farbaky; Mpanoratra 3: Louis Alexander Waldman; Lohateny: ''Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=l-OKuQAACAAJ]; Taona: 2011; Mpamoaka: Villa I Tatti; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0674063464</nowiki>.</ref> Tonga mivantana avy tany Italia ny endrika Renaissance nandritra ny ''Quattrocento'', izany hoe ny taona 1400–1499, ka ny Fanjakan' i Hôngria no nandraisana azy voalohany tao amin' ny faritr' i Eorôpa Afovoany. Izany dia vokatry ny fivoaran' ny fifandraisana hongroà sy italiana tany am-boalohany, izay nihamafy nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14: tsy ny fifamatoran' ny tarana-mpanjaka ihany no voakasik' izany, fa ny fifandraisana ara-kolontsaina, ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance — izay namelona indray ny fandalinana ny teny sy ny haisoratra ary ny fahalalana grika sy rômana fahiny — ary ny fifandraisana ara-barotra koa. Antony faharoa ny fifandraisan' ny endrika maritrano gôtika hongroà sy italiana: tsy natao be loatra ny fisokafana teo amin' ny rindrina, fa ny firafitra madio endrika sy maivana no nomena vahana. Nanome asa betsaka sy naharitra ho an' ny mpanakanto ny tetikasa fanorenana lehibe, toy ny fanorenana ny lapan' i Buda nantsoina hoe Friss («Vaovao»), sy ireo lapa mimandan' i Visegrád, Tata ary Várpalota. Tao amin' ny lapan' i [[Sigismund, Emperora Romana Masina|Sigismund]] dia nisy mpanohana ny zavakanto toa an' i Pippo Spano, taranaky ny fianakaviana Scolari avy any Florence, izay nanasa an' i Manetto Ammanatini sy Masolino da Panicale ho any amin' ny Fanjakan' i Hôngria.<ref>''Hungary'' (4th ed.) Authors: Zoltán Halász / András Balla (photo) / Zsuzsa Béres (translation) Published by Corvina, in 1998 <nowiki>ISBN 9631341291; ISBN 9631347273</nowiki></ref> Nifangaro tamin' ny fomban-javakanto efa nisy tao amin' ilay firenena ilay fironana italiana vaovao, ka namorona zavakanto Renaissance nanana endrika manokana teo an-toerana. Nampandroso ny fandraisana ny zavakanto Renaissance ny fahatongavan' ny hevitra avy amin' ny homanisma tsy an-kijanona tao amin' ilay firenena. Tanora hongroà maro nianatra tany amin' ny oniversite italiana no nanjary nifandray akaiky kokoa tamin' ny foiben' ny homanisma tao Florence, ka nitombo ny fifandraisana mivantana tamin' i Florence. Nanampy izany fizotrany izany ny fitomboan' ny isan' ny mpivarotra italiana nifindra monina tany amin' ny Fanjakan' i Hôngria, indrindra fa tao Buda. Nitondra ireo hevitra vaovao ireo koa ny manam-pahefana ambony tao amin' ny Fiangonana nanaraka ny homanisma, anisan' izany i Vitéz János, arsevekan' i Esztergom sady iray tamin' ireo mpanorina ny homanisma hongroà.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.fondazione-delbianco.org/inglese/relaz00_01/mester.htm]; Lohateny: ''the influences of the florentine renaissance in hungary''; Mpamoaka: Fondazione-delbianco.org; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 31 July 2009; Datin' ny tahiry: 21 March 2009; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090321190654/http://www.fondazione-delbianco.org/inglese/relaz00_01/mester.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Nandritra ny fanjakana naharitra nataon' ny emperora Sigismund avy any Luxemburg, dia azo inoana fa nanjary ny lapa gôtika lehibe indrindra tamin' ny faramparan' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]] ny lapan' ny mpanjaka tao Buda. Ny mpanjaka [[Matthias Corvinus]], izay nanjaka tamin' ny 1458–1490, dia nanorina indray ilay lapa tamin' ny endrika Renaissance tany am-boalohany ary mbola nanitatra azy koa.<ref>History section: Miklós Horler: ''Budapest műemlékei I'', Bp: 1955, pp. 259–307</ref><ref>Post-war reconstruction: László Gerő: ''A helyreállított budai vár'', Bp, 1980, pp. 11–60.</ref> Taorian' ny fanambadian' ny mpanjaka Matthias tamin' i Beatrice of Naples tamin' ny 1476, dia nanjary iray tamin' ireo foiben-javakanto lehibe indrindra tamin' ny Renaissance tany avaratry ny [[Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa]] i Buda.<ref name="czigany">Czigány, Lóránt, ''A History of Hungarian Literature'', "''[http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02042/html/5.html The Renaissance in Hungary]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170603103725/http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02042/html/5.html Tahiry: 3 June 2017]" (Retrieved 10 May 2007)</ref> I Antonio Bonfini sy ilay pôeta hongroà malaza Janus Pannonius no lehibe indrindra tamin' ireo mpanaraka ny homanisma nipetraka tao amin' ny lapan' i Matthias.<ref name="czigany" /> Nanangana milina fanontam-pirinty tao Buda i András Hess tamin' ny 1472. Ny tranombokin' i Matthias Corvinus, ny ''Bibliotheca Corviniana'' (Tranombokin' i Corvinus), no nanana ny tahirin-boky tsy ara-pivavahana lehibe indrindra tany Eorôpa tamin' ny taonjato faha-15: fitantarana an-tsoratra ny zava-nitranga ara-tantara, asa momba ny filôzôfia ary asa ara-tsiansa. Raha ny habeny no jerena, dia ny Tranombokin' i Vatikàna ihany no nihoatra azy; Baiboly sy tahirin-kevitra ara-pivavahana anefa no tena betsaka tao amin' ny Tranombokin' i Vatikàna.<ref>Marcus Tanner, ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library'' (New Haven: Yale U.P., 2008)</ref> Tamin' ny 1489 dia nanoratra i Bartolomeo della Fonte avy any Florence fa ny ohatra nomen' ilay mpanjaka hongroà no nandrisika an' i Lorenzo de' Medici hanorina ny tranombokiny manokana nisy boky grika sy latina. Araka ny loharano voatonona momba ny lova an-tsoratra ao Hôngria, dia anisan' ny Lova Iraisam-pirenen' ny UNESCO (Fikambanan' ny Firenena Mikambana misahana ny Fanabeazana sy ny Siansa ary ny Kolontsaina) ny tranombokin' i Corvinus.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20051105150132/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D15976%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Documentary heritage concerning Hungary and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World International Register]''. portal.unesco.org</ref> Nanomboka tetikasa fanorenana lehibe roa, fara fahakeliny, i Matthias.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: E. Kovács; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Péter; Taona: 1990; Lohateny: ''Matthias Corvinus''; Mpamoaka: Officina Nova; ISBN: <nowiki>9637835490</nowiki>; Fiteny: hu. Pejy: 177, 180–181.</ref> Tokony ho tamin' ny taona 1479 no nanombohan' ny asa tao Buda sy Visegrád.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Engel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Pál; Taona: 2001; Lohateny: ''The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526''; Mpamoaka: I.B. Tauris Publishers; ISBN: <nowiki>1860640613</nowiki>. Pejy: 319.</ref> Nampiana elatra vaovao roa sy zaridaina mihantona, izany hoe zaridaina natsangana teo amin' ny toerana avo, ny lapa mimandan' ny mpanjaka tao Buda, ary naorina indray tamin' ny endrika Renaissance ny lapa tao Visegrád.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Engel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Pál; Taona: 2001; Lohateny: ''The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526''; Mpamoaka: I.B. Tauris Publishers; ISBN: <nowiki>1860640613</nowiki>. Pejy: 319.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: E. Kovács; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Péter; Taona: 1990; Lohateny: ''Matthias Corvinus''; Mpamoaka: Officina Nova; ISBN: <nowiki>9637835490</nowiki>; Fiteny: hu. Pejy: 180–181.</ref> Notendren' i Matthias hitarika ireo tetikasa ireo i Chimenti Camicia, izay italiana, sy i Giovanni Dalmata, izay dalmatiana.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Engel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Pál; Taona: 2001; Lohateny: ''The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526''; Mpamoaka: I.B. Tauris Publishers; ISBN: <nowiki>1860640613</nowiki>. Pejy: 319.</ref> Nampanaovin' i Matthias asa handravahana ny lapany ireo mpanakanto italiana anisan' ny lohalaharana tamin' ny androny: niasa ho azy, ohatra, ny mpanao sokitra Benedetto da Majano sy ny mpanao hosodoko Filippino Lippi ary [[Andrea Mantegna]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kubinyi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: András; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''Matthias Rex''; Mpamoaka: Balassi Kiadó; ISBN: <nowiki>978-9635067671</nowiki>. Pejy: 171–172.</ref> Mbola voatahiry ny dika iray amin' ny sarin' i Matthias nataon' i Mantegna.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kubinyi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: András; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''Matthias Rex''; Mpamoaka: Balassi Kiadó; ISBN: <nowiki>978-9635067671</nowiki>. Pejy: 172.</ref> Nokaramain' i Matthias koa ilay injeniera italiana momba ny fanorenana ara-tafika, [[Aristotile Fioravanti|Aristotele Fioravanti]], mba hitarika ny fanorenana indray ireo toby mimanda nanaraka ny sisin-tany atsimo.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: E. Kovács; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Péter; Taona: 1990; Lohateny: ''Matthias Corvinus''; Mpamoaka: Officina Nova; ISBN: <nowiki>9637835490</nowiki>; Fiteny: hu. Pejy: 181.</ref> Nasainy naorina tamin' ny endrika gôtika faramparany ny monasitera vaovao ho an' ny relijiozy fransiskanina tao Kolozsvár, Szeged ary Hunyad, ary ho an' ny relijiozy paolinina, ao amin' ny fikambanan' i Masindahy Paoly Erimita Voalohany, tao Fejéregyháza.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Klaniczay; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Tibor; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Porter; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Roy; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Teich; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Mikuláš; Lohateny: ''The Renaissance in National Context''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 1992; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164 164–179]; Toko: ''The age of Matthias Corvinus''; ISBN: <nowiki>0521369703</nowiki>; Adiresin' ny toko: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164]. Pejy: 168.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kubinyi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: András; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''Matthias Rex''; Mpamoaka: Balassi Kiadó; ISBN: <nowiki>978-9635067671</nowiki>. Pejy: 183.</ref> Tamin' ny lohataonan' ny taona 1485, tany amin' ny ila-bolantany avaratra, dia nandeha tany amin' ny Fanjakan' i Hôngria tamin' ny anaran' i Sforza i [[Leonardo da Vinci]] mba hihaona tamin' ny mpanjaka Matthias Corvinus, ary nampanaovin' io mpanjaka io sarin' i Maria Renin' i Jesoa (''Madonna'') izy.<ref>Franz-Joachim Verspohl, ''Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci: Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505'' (Wallstein Verlag, 2007), p. 151.</ref> Tian' i Matthias ny niaraka tamin' ireo mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, ary niady hevitra tamim-pahavitrihana tamin' izy ireo momba ny lohahevitra samihafa izy.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Klaniczay; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Tibor; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Porter; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Roy; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Teich; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Mikuláš; Lohateny: ''The Renaissance in National Context''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 1992; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164 164–179]; Toko: ''The age of Matthias Corvinus''; ISBN: <nowiki>0521369703</nowiki>; Adiresin' ny toko: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164]. Pejy: 166.</ref> Nampirisika manam-pahaizana maro, izay italiana ny ankamaroany, honina tao Buda ny lazan' ny fahalalahan-tanany.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Cartledge; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Bryan; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Bryan Cartledge; Taona: 2011; Lohateny: ''The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary''; Mpamoaka: C. Hurst & Co.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1849041126</nowiki>. Pejy: 67.</ref> Nandany taona maro tao amin' ny lapan' i Matthias i Antonio Bonfini, Pietro Ranzano, Bartolomeo Fonzio ary Francesco Bandini.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: E. Kovács; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Péter; Taona: 1990; Lohateny: ''Matthias Corvinus''; Mpamoaka: Officina Nova; ISBN: <nowiki>9637835490</nowiki>; Fiteny: hu. Pejy: 185.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Klaniczay; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Tibor; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Porter; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Roy; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Teich; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Mikuláš; Lohateny: ''The Renaissance in National Context''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 1992; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164 164–179]; Toko: ''The age of Matthias Corvinus''; ISBN: <nowiki>0521369703</nowiki>; Adiresin' ny toko: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164]. Pejy: 166.</ref> Io vondron' ny lehilahy nahita fianarana io no nampiditra tao Hôngria ny hevitra avy amin' ny [[Neôplatônisma|neôplatônisma]], fironana filôzôfika miainga amin' ny fampianaran' i Plato.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Klaniczay; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Tibor; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Porter; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Roy; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Teich; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Mikuláš; Lohateny: ''The Renaissance in National Context''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 1992; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164 164–179]; Toko: ''The age of Matthias Corvinus''; ISBN: <nowiki>0521369703</nowiki>; Adiresin' ny toko: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164]. Pejy: 167.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Engel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Pál; Taona: 2001; Lohateny: ''The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526''; Mpamoaka: I.B. Tauris Publishers; ISBN: <nowiki>1860640613</nowiki>. Pejy: 321.</ref> Araka ny fitantaran' i Hendrix, i Matthias, tahaka ny manam-pahaizana rehetra tamin' ny androny, dia resy lahatra fa nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny fiainan' ny tsirairay sy teo amin' ny tantaran' ny firenena ny fihetsehana sy ny fifandaminan' ny kintana ary ny planeta.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Hendrix; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Scott E.; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Astrological forecasting and the Turkish menace in the Renaissance Balkans''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/9fedd563ae93475ebb3cb94cd9bdf75e.pdf]; Gazety: ''Anthropology''; Mpamoaka: Universitatis Miskolciensis; Boky: 13; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 57–72; ISSN: <nowiki>1452-7243</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 July 2022; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 March 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092501/http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/9fedd563ae93475ebb3cb94cd9bdf75e.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead. Pejy: 59.</ref> Raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia nofaritan' i Martius Galeotti ho «mpanjaka sady mpanandro» izy, ary nilaza i Antonio Bonfini fa i Matthias dia «tsy nanao na inona na inona mihitsy raha tsy naka hevitra tamin' ny kintana».<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Hendrix; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Scott E.; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Astrological forecasting and the Turkish menace in the Renaissance Balkans''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/9fedd563ae93475ebb3cb94cd9bdf75e.pdf]; Gazety: ''Anthropology''; Mpamoaka: Universitatis Miskolciensis; Boky: 13; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 57–72; ISSN: <nowiki>1452-7243</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 July 2022; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 March 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092501/http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/9fedd563ae93475ebb3cb94cd9bdf75e.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead. Pejy: 63, 65.</ref> Noho ny fangatahany, dia nanangana toerana fandinihana ny kintana sy ny zavatra hafa eny amin' ny lanitra tao Buda ireo astrônôma nalaza tamin' izany andro izany, dia i Johannes Regiomontanus sy i Marcin Bylica. Nampitaovan' izy ireo fitaovana fandrefesana ny haavo ahitana ny Masoandro sy ny kintana eny amin' ny lanitra (''astrolabe'') sy maodelin' ny lanitra miendrika baolina izay maneho ny toeran' ny kintana (''celestial globe'') io toerana io.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Tanner; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Marcus; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library''; Mpamoaka: Yale University Press; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0300158281</nowiki>. Pejy: 99.</ref> Natokan' i Regiomontanus ho an' i Matthias ilay bokiny momba ny fitarihan-dalana amin' ny fivezivezen' ny sambo, izay nampiasain' i [[Christophe Colomb|Christopher Columbus]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Cartledge; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Bryan; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Bryan Cartledge; Taona: 2011; Lohateny: ''The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary''; Mpamoaka: C. Hurst & Co.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1849041126</nowiki>. Pejy: 67.</ref> Anisan' ireo olona hafa nanana anjara toerana lehibe tamin' ny Renaissance tao Hôngria i Bálint Balassi (poeta), Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos (poeta), Bálint Bakfark (mpamoron-kira sady mpitendry ''lute'', zavamaneno misy tadiny tendrena amin' ny fanintonana sy famotsorana ny tadiny), ary Master MS (mpanao sary hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, na ''fresco''). === Tany Iva === Lahatsoratra fototra: Renaissance tao amin' ny Tany Iva; hosodoko neerlandey sy flamandy tamin' ny Renaissance. [[Sary:Holbein-erasmus.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sarin' i Erasmus of Rotterdam nataon' i Hans Holbein the Younger tamin' ny 1523.|Erasmus of Rotterdam tamin' ny 1523, araka ny sary nataon' i [[Hans Holbein le Jeune|Hans Holbein the Younger]].]] Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-15, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny kolontsaina tao amin' ny faritra ara-tantara antsoina hoe Tany Iva ny Renaissance italiana, tamin' ny alalan' ny varotra nandalo tao [[Bruges]], izay nampanan-karena an' i Flanders. Nanafatra asa tamin' ny mpanakanto ireo andriana tao aminy, ary nanjary fantatra nanerana an' i Eorôpa ireo mpanakanto ireo.<ref name="Heughebaert">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Heughebaert; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: H.; Mpanoratra 2: Defoort, A.; Mpanoratra 3: Van Der Donck, R.; Taona: 1998; Lohateny: ''Artistieke opvoeding''; Mpamoaka: Den Gulden Engel bvba.; Toerana: Wommelgem, Belgium; ISBN: <nowiki>978-9050352222</nowiki>.</ref> Teo amin' ny siansa dia nisava lalana i [[André Vésale|Andreas Vesalius]], mpandalina ny [[Hairafibatana|hairafibatana]] (na fandalinana ny firafitry ny vatana); teo amin' ny fanaovana sarintany kosa, dia nanampy ny mpikaroka tany sy ny mpitari-dalana an-dranomasina ny sarintanin' i [[Gérard Mercator|Gerardus Mercator]]. Teo amin' ny zavakanto, ny hosodoko neerlandey sy flamandy tamin' ny Renaissance dia nahitana karazana asa samihafa, nanomboka tamin' ny asa hafahafa nataon' i [[Jérôme Bosch|Hieronymus Bosch]]<ref name="Janson">Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Janson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: H.W.; Mpanoratra 2: Janson, Anthony F.; Taona: 1997; Lohateny: ''History of Art''; Fanontana: 5th, rev.; Mpamoaka: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.; Toerana: New York; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.abramsbooks.com/]; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0810934429</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 5 February 2020; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 June 2014; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200205113236/http://www.abramsbooks.com/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> ka hatramin' ny fanehoan' i Pieter Brueghel the Elder ny fiainana andavanandro.<ref name="Heughebaert"/> Araka ny filazan' i P. J. A. N. Rietbergen, dia azo heverina fa i Erasmus no mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance (fifohazan' ny fandalinana ny teny, ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana fahiny) sady manam-pahaizana katôlika nalaza indrindra tao amin' ny Tany Iva nandritra ny Renaissance.<ref name=":02" /> === Eorôpa Avaratra === Lohahevitra lehibe: Renaissance tany Avaratra. Antsoina hoe Renaissance tany Avaratra ny Renaissance tany Eorôpa Avaratra. Raha niely nianavaratra avy tany Italia ny hevitra nentin' ny Renaissance, dia nisy koa zava-baovao teo amin' ny sehatra sasany niara-niely nianatsimo tamin' izany, indrindra teo amin' ny mozika tamin' ny Renaissance.<ref name="musical-quarterly">Mpanoratra: Láng, Paul Henry; JSTOR: 738699; Lohateny: ''The So Called Netherlands Schools''; Gazety: ''The Musical Quarterly''; Boky: 25; Laharana: 1; Taona: 1939; Pejy: 48–59; DOI: 10.1093/mq/xxv.1.48.</ref> Ny mozikan' ny ''Burgundian School'' (vondron' ny mpamoron-kira borgôna) tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 no nanamarika ny fiandohan' ny Renaissance teo amin' ny mozika. Ny fomba nampiarahana feon-kira mahaleo tena maromaro (''polyphony'') nataon' ireo mpanao mozika tao amin' ny sekoly frankô-flamanda avy any amin' ny Tany Iva (''Franco-Flemish School'') kosa dia niely niaraka tamin' ireo mpanao mozika ireo nankany Italia, ka nanjary fototry ny fomba [[Mozika|mozika]] iraisam-pirenena tena izy voalohany hatramin' ny nampitoviana ho fenitra ny hira gregôriana (''Gregorian Chant'') tamin' ny taonjato faha-9.<ref name="musical-quarterly" /> Tamin' ny mozikan' ilay mpamoron-kira italiana [[Giovanni da Palestrina|Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]] no nahatratra ny fara tampony io sekoly avy any amin' ny Tany Iva io. Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-16, dia lasa foiben' ny zava-baovao teo amin' ny mozika indray i Italia, noho ny fivoaran' ny fomba fampihirana antoko mpihira maromaro na antoko iray zaraina ho vondrona mifamaly hira (''polychoral'') tao amin' ny sekolin-kira tao Venezia (''Venetian School''). Niely nianavaratra nankany Alemaina izany fomba izany manodidina ny taona 1600. Tany [[Danemarka]], ny Renaissance dia nandrisika ny fandikana ny sanganasan' i Saxo Grammaticus ho amin' ny teny danoà, ary koa ny fanomezan' i [[Frederik II (Danemark sy Norvezy)|Frederick II]] sy [[Christian IV de Danemark|Christian IV]] baiko hanavao ny haingo na hanorina tsangambato ara-maritrano lehibe maromaro, dia i Kronborg sy Rosenborg ary Børsen.<ref>Lohateny: ''Renæssance i Europa og Danmark''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/danmark/renaessance-1536-1660/renaessance-i-europa-og-danmark/]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 24 November 2023; Tranonkala: Nationalmuseet; Fiteny: da; Datin' ny tahiry: 24 November 2023; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20231124210025/https://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/danmark/renaessance-1536-1660/renaessance-i-europa-og-danmark/]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Samy hafa ny hosodoko tamin' ny Renaissance italiana sy ny tamin' ny Renaissance tany Avaratra. Anisan' ny voalohany nandoko seho tsy ara-pivavahana ireo mpanakanto tamin' ny Renaissance italiana, ka niala tamin' ny zavakanto nifantoka tanteraka tamin' ny fivavahana nataon' ireo mpanao hosodoko tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany. Ireo mpanakanto tamin' ny Renaissance tany Avaratra kosa dia mbola nifantoka tamin' ny lohahevitra ara-pivavahana tany am-boalohany, toy ny fikorontanana ara-pivavahana tamin' izany fotoana izany izay nasehon' i [[Albrecht Dürer]]. Tatỳ aoriana, ny sanganasan' i Pieter Bruegel the Elder dia nandrisika ny mpanakanto handoko seho avy amin' ny fiainana andavanandro, fa tsy lohahevitra ara-pivavahana na avy amin' ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana fahiny. Tamin' ny Renaissance tany Avaratra koa no nanatsaran' ireo mpirahalahy flamanda Hubert van Eyck sy [[Jan van Eyck]] ny teknikan' ny fandokoana amin' ny loko misy menaka ho lavorary. Araka ny fanazavana ao amin' ny tranonkalan' ny ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' (Tranombakoky ny zavakanto Metropolitan), izany teknika izany dia nahafahan' ny mpanakanto namorona loko misongadina teo ambonin' ny velarana mafy izay afaka naharitra taonjato maro.<ref>''[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/optg/hd_optg.htm Painting in Oil in the Low Countries and Its Spread to Southern Europe] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171220002323/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/optg/hd_optg.htm Tahiry: 20 December 2017]'', Metropolitan Museum of Art website. (Retrieved 5 April 2007)</ref> Anisan' ny nampiavaka ny Renaissance tany Avaratra ny fampiasana ny fiteny fampiasan' ny olona teo an-toerana ho solon' ny teny latina na grika, izay nanome fahalalahana bebe kokoa hanehoana hevitra. Efa nanomboka tany Italia izany fironana izany, tamin' ny fiantraikan' i [[Dante Alighieri]] izay nanana anjara toerana nanapa-kevitra teo amin' ny fivoaran' ireo fiteny teo an-toerana. Ny fifantohana tamin' ny fanoratana tamin' ny teny italiana anefa dia nahatonga ny loharano lehibe iray nirakitra hevitra avy tao Florence, izay nambara tamin' ny teny latina, ho natao an-tsirambina.<ref>Celenza, Christopher (2004), ''The Lost Italian Renaissance: Humanists, Historians, and Latin's Legacy''. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press</ref> Ny fielezan' ny teknolojian' ny milina fanontam-pirinty dia nampandroso ny Renaissance tany Eorôpa Avaratra tahaka ny tany amin' ny faritra hafa, ary lasa foiben' ny fanontam-pirinty maneran-tany i Venezia. === Pôlônia === Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Renaissance tany Pôlônia. [[Sary:Wawel-kaplica1.jpg|thumb|125px|alt=Trano fiangonana kelin' i Sigismund|Trano fiangonana kelin' i Sigismund.]] [[Sary:Nagrobek Zygmunta Starego i Zygmunta Augusta.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Tsangam-pasana|Tsangam-pasan' ireo mpanjaka pôlôney, vita tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 araka ny fomba Renaissance, ao anatin' ny trano fiangonana kelin' i Sigismund ao [[Kraków]], Pôlônia. I Bartolommeo Berrecci no namolavola io trano fiangonana manana tafo mibontsina miloko volamena io.]] Naharitra nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-15 ka hatramin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 ny Renaissance tany Pôlônia, ary io no vanim-potoana volamenan' ny kolontsaina pôlôney. Nandray anjara mavitrika tamin' ny Renaissance niely manerana an' i Eorôpa ny Fanjakan' i Pôlônia, izay notantanan' ny tarana-mpanjaka Jagiellonian, ary fantatra tamin' ny anarana hoe Fanjakana iombonan' i Pôlônia sy Litoania nanomboka tamin' ny 1569. Anisan' ireo Italiana voalohany mpanaraka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, izay namelona indray ny fandalinana ny fiteny sy ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana fahiny, tonga tany Pôlônia tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-15 i Filippo Buonaccorsi. Nampiasaina ho mpanolotsain' ny mpanjaka sy mpikambana tao amin' ny filankeviny izy. Ny fasan' i John I Albert, izay novitain' i Francesco Fiorentino tamin' ny 1505, no ohatra voalohany amin' ny fandaminana ara-javakanto araka ny fomba Renaissance tao amin' ilay firenena.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Rundle; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: David; Daty: 2012; Lohateny: ''Humanism in fifteenth-century Europe''; Toerana: Oxford; Mpamoaka: The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature; Pejy: 143; ISBN: <nowiki>9780907570400</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Suchodolski; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Bogdan; Daty: 1973; Lohateny: ''Poland, the Land of Copernicus''; Toerana: Wrocław; Mpamoaka: Ossolineum, Polska Akademia Nauk PAN; Pejy: 150; OCLC: 714705.</ref> Mpanakanto italiana maro no tonga tany Pôlônia tatỳ aoriana niaraka tamin' i Bona Sforza avy any [[Milano]], rehefa nanambady an' i Sigismund I mpanjaka izy tamin' ny 1518.<ref>[http://en.poland.gov.pl/Bona,Sforza,%281494,%E2%80%93,1557%29,1958.html Bona Sforza (1494–1557)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140506203103/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Bona,Sforza,(1494,%E2%80%93,1557),1958.html Tahiry: 6 May 2014]. poland.gov.pl (Retrieved 4 April 2007)</ref> Nanohana izany ny fanamafisana nandritra ny fotoana voafetra ny fitondram-panjaka tany amin' ireo faritra roa ireo, ary koa ireo oniversite vao naorina.<ref>Ohatra amin' izany ny fananganana indray ny Oniversite Jagiellonian tamin' ny 1364. Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Waltos; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Stanisław; Daty: 31 October 2002; Lohateny: ''The Past and the Present''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/historia/historiatxt.jsp&lang=en#narodziny]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20021120144715/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fhistoriatxt.jsp&lang=en]; Datin' ny tahiry: 20 November 2002; Tranonkala: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.</ref> Nandritra ny Renaissance dia niroborobo be ny kolontsaina tao amin' ny fanjakana pôlôney izay nahitana firenena maro. Anisan' ny nahatonga izany ny fisian' ny taonjato iray tsy nisian' ny ady lehibe, ankoatra ireo fifandonana tany amin' ny faritra manamorona ny sisin-tany atsinanana sy atsimo, izay vitsy mponina. Nanjary voakaly kokoa sy nanan-karena haingon-trano kokoa ny maritrano. Nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny famolavolana izay heverina ankehitriny ho fomba maritrano tena mampiavaka an' i Pôlônia ny fironana ara-javakanto sy ara-maritrano antsoina hoe ''Mannerism''. Ny mampiavaka izany fomba izany dia ireo tapany avo amin' ny rindrina eo ambonin' ny haingo marindrano mivoaka amin' ny lafin-trano, izay antsoina hoe ''cornice''; antsoina hoe ''attics'' ireo tapany avo ireo, ary voaravaka haingo avo maranitra sy andry fisaka mipetaka amin' ny rindrina (''pilasters'').<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.historiasztuki.com.pl/strony/002-00-14-STYLE-RENESANS.html]; Lohateny: ''HISTORIA ARCHITEKTURY EUROPEJSKIEJ TYLKO DLA ORŁÓW - SKRÓT''; Tranonkala: www.historiasztuki.com.pl; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 27 August 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: 3 September 2022; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220903201625/https://www.historiasztuki.com.pl/strony/002-00-14-STYLE-RENESANS.html]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Tamin' io fotoana io koa no namoahana ireo sanganasa lehibe voalohany tamin' ny haisoratra pôlôney, indrindra ireo nosoratan' i Mikołaj Rey sy Jan Kochanowski, ary nanjary [[Lingua franca|fiteny ifandraisan' ny olona samy hafa fitenin-drazana]] tao amin' ny faritra atsinanana amin' i Eorôpa Afovoany ny [[Fiteny pôlôney|teny pôlôney]].<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Koyama; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Satoshi; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/contents.html]; Lohateny: ''Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present''; Mpamoaka: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University; Taona: 2007; ISBN: <nowiki>978-4-938637-43-9</nowiki>; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Hayashi; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Tadayuki; Pejy: 137–153; Toko: ''Chapter 8: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 23 May 2019; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Fukuda; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Hiroshi; Adiresin' ny toko: [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/08_koyama.pdf]; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200225015447/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/contents.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 25 February 2020; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: live.</ref> Nanjary toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe ho an' ilay faritra ny Oniversite Jagiellonian, ary nandray manam-pahaizana niavaka maro, indrindra i [[Nicolas Copernic|Nicolaus Copernicus]] sy Conrad Celtes. Nisy toeram-pampianarana ambony telo hafa naorina tao Königsberg tamin' ny 1544, tao Vilnius tamin' ny 1579, ary tao Zamość tamin' ny 1594. Niely tamim-pilaminana nanerana ilay firenena ny Fanavaozana prôtestanta, ka niteraka ny vondrona antsoina hoe ''Polish Brethren'' (Rahalahy pôlôney), izay [[Antitrinitarisma|tsy nanaiky ny foto-pampianarana momba ny Trinite]].<ref>Phillip Hewett, ''Racovia: An Early Liberal Religious Community'', Providence, Blackstone Editions, 2004, p.20-21.</ref> Nihatsara ny fari-piainana, nitombo ny tanàn-dehibe, ary nampanan-karena ny mponina ny fanondranana ny vokatry ny fambolena, indrindra fa ny andriana (''szlachta'') sy ireo andriana mpanankarena sy manam-pahefana lehibe. Nahazo toerana nanjakazaka tao amin' ny rafitra pôlitika vaovao antsoina hoe ''Golden Liberty'' (Fahalalahana volamena) ny andriana. Nampifandanja ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka tsy voafetra tao amin' ny [[Mônarsia|fitondram-panjaka]] io rafitra io.<ref>Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes'', Oxford University Press, 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-925339-0</nowiki>, p.262</ref> === Pôrtogaly === Lohahevitra fototra: Renaissance tany Pôrtogaly. [[Sary:Camões, por Fernão Gomes.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Heverina ho poeta lehibe indrindra amin' ny [[Fiteny pôrtogey|teny pôrtogey]] i [[Luís de Camões]], ary heverina ho tampon' ny haisoratra pôrtogey ny sanganasany fototra, ''Os Lusíadas''.]] Na dia voafetra aza ny fiantraikan' ny Renaissance italiana teo amin' ny zavakanto pôrtogey, dia nandray anjara lehibe tamin' ny fanitarana ny fomba fijerin' ny Eorôpeana an' izao tontolo izao ny Fanjakan' i Pôrtogaly,<ref name=JCBL>Lohateny: ''Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Overseas.html]; Asa: ''Portugal and Renaissance Europe''; Mpamoaka: The John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions, Brown University; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 19 July 2011; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112175553/http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Overseas.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: 12 November 2011.</ref> ka nandrisika ny fikarohana araka ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, izay namelona indray ny fianarana sy ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana. Tonga tao ny Renaissance noho ny fitaoman' ny mpivarotra italiana sy flamanda nanan-karena, izay nampiasa ny volany tamin' ny varotra nahazoam-bola tany ampitan-dranomasina. Amin' ny maha foibe nialoha lalana tamin' ny dia fikarohana eorôpeana azy, dia niroborobo i [[Lisboa]] tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-15. Nahasarika manam-pahaizana nahavita fandrosoana lehibe maromaro teo amin' ny matematika, ny astrônômia na fandalinana ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, ary ny teknolojia momba ny sambo sy ny fitetezana an-dranomasina izy, anisan' izany i Pedro Nunes, João de Castro, Abraham Zacuto ary Martin Behaim. Nanao fandrosoana lehibe teo amin' ny fanaovana sarintanin' izao tontolo izao ireo mpanao sarintany Pedro Reinel, Lopo Homem, Estêvão Gomes ary Diogo Ribeiro. Nanangona sy namoaka asa soratra momba ny zavamaniry sy ny fanafody i Tomé Pires, mpanomana sy mpivarotra fanafody tamin' izany fotoana izany, sy ireo mpitsabo Garcia de Orta sy Cristóvão da Costa. Tsy ela dia nadikan' i Carolus Clusius, Flamanda anisan' ny mpisava lalana tamin' ny fandalinana ny zavamaniry, ireo asa soratra ireo. Teo amin' ny maritrano, ny tombom-barotra goavana azo tamin' ny varotra zava-manitra no namatsy vola ny fomba iray nampifangaro endrika maro sy nanana haingo mirenty tamin' ireo folo taona voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Nantsoina hoe ''Manueline'' izany fomba izany, ary nampiditra endrika nalaina avy amin' ny tontolon' ny ranomasina.<ref>Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last: Bergin; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first: Thomas G.; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpandrindra voalazan' ny loharano: Thomas G. Bergin; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Speake; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Jennifer; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpandrindra voalazan' ny loharano 2: Jennifer Speake; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Infobase Publishing; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0816054510</nowiki>; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&pg=PP1].</ref> I Nuno Gonçalves, Gregório Lopes ary Vasco Fernandes no mpanao hosodoko lehibe indrindra. Teo amin' ny mozika, namokatra boky fanangonan-kira efatra i Pedro de Escobar sy Duarte Lobo, anisan' izany ny ''Cancioneiro de Elvas''. [[Sary:Convento do Cristo (31).jpg|thumb|right|Ny lalantsara mitafo manodidina ny tokotany anatiny, naorina tamin' ny fomba Renaissance, ao amin' ny tranom-pitokanamonin' i Kristy ao Tomar.]] Teo amin' ny haisoratra, noraketin' i [[Luís de Camões]] tao amin' ny ''Os Lusíadas'', tononkalo lava mitantara zava-bita mahery fo, ny zava-bitan' ny Pôrtogey tany ampitan-dranomasina. Nampiditra ny endrika italiana amin' ny firafitry ny andininy amin' ny tononkalo i Sá de Miranda, ary namolavola ny tantara foronina mampiseho ny fiainana ambanivohitra ho toy ny fiainana lavorary i Bernardim Ribeiro. Ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Gil Vicente kosa dia nampifangaro io karazana haisoratra io tamin' ny kolontsain' ny sarambabem-bahoaka, sady naneho ny fiovan' ny vanim-potoana. Niroborobo indrindra ny haisoratra momba ny dia: i João de Barros, Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, António Galvão, Gaspar Correia, Duarte Barbosa ary Fernão Mendes Pinto, ankoatra ny hafa, dia nilazalaza tany vaovao. Nadika ny asa soratr' izy ireo ary naely tamin' ny alalan' ilay milina fanontam-pirinty vaovao.<ref name="JCBL"/> Rehefa avy nandray anjara tamin' ny dia fikarohana pôrtogey tany Brezila tamin' ny taona 1500 i [[Amerigo Vespucci]], dia namorona ny voambolana hoe [[Tontolo Vaovao]],<ref name=Bergin>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Bergin; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Speake; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Jennifer; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Thomas G.; Lohateny: ''Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation''; Taona: 2004; Mpamoaka: Infobase Publishing; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0816054510</nowiki>; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&pg=PP490]; Pejy: 490.</ref> tao amin' ireo taratasiny ho an' i Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici. Nipoitra avy tamin' ireo fifanakalozana iraisam-pirenena mafonja ny manam-pahaizana maromaro nanaraka ny homanisma sady nisokatra tamin' ny kolontsain' ny firenena maro, anisan' izany i Francisco de Holanda, André de Resende ary Damião de Góis. Naman' i Erasmus ity farany, ary nanoratra momba ny fotoana nanjakan' ny Mpanjaka [[Manuel I (Portugal)|Manuel I]] tamin' ny fahaleovantenan-tsaina tsy fahita firy. Nanao fanavaozana lehibe teo amin' ny fampianarana tamin' ny alalan' i Frantsa i Diogo de Gouveia sy André de Gouveia. Ny vaovao sy ny vokatra avy any ivelany tao amin' ny tobim-barotra pôrtogey tao [[Antwerpen|Antwerp]] dia nahatonga an' i [[Thomas More]]<ref name=Bietenholz>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Bietenholz; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: Peter G.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Deutscher; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Thomas Brian; Lohateny: ''Contemporaries of Erasmus: a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1–3''; Taona: 2003; Mpamoaka: University of Toronto Press; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0802085771</nowiki>; Pejy: 22; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC&pg=RA1-PA22].</ref> sy [[Albrecht Dürer]] ho liana tamin' izao tontolo izao ivelan' ny faritra nahazatra azy.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Lach; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Donald Frederick; Taona: 1994; Lohateny: ''Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines''; Mpamoaka: University of Chicago Press; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&pg=PA6]; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 15 July 2011; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0226467337</nowiki>.</ref> Tao no nanampian' ny tombom-barotra sy ny fahalalana azo ampiharina tamin' ny fampiroboroboana ny Renaissance sy ny vanim-potoana volamena tany amin' ny faritra neerlandey, indrindra taorian' ny nahatongavan' ilay vondrom-piarahamonina jiosy nanan-karena sy nanana kolontsaina, izay noroahina avy tany Pôrtogaly. === Espaina === Lahatsoratra fototra: Renaissance tany Espaina. Jereo koa: Maritrano tamin' ny Renaissance tany Espaina. [[Sary:Monasterio de El Escorial en Madrid.jpg|thumb|right|Ny monastera an' ny mpanjaka San Lorenzo del Escorial, novolavolain' i Juan de Herrera sy Juan Bautista de Toledo.]] Tonga tao amin' ny Saikanosy Iberika ny Renaissance tamin' ny alalan' ireo tany nofehezin' ny fitambaran' ny fanjakana teo ambany satroboninahitr' i Aragon tany amin' ny faritr' i Mediteranea sy ny tanànan' i Valencia. Maro tamin' ireo mpanoratra tany am-piandohan' ny Renaissance espaniola no avy tamin' ireo fanjakana teo ambany satroboninahitr' i Aragon, anisan' izany i Ausiàs March sy Joanot Martorell. Teo amin' ireo fanjakana teo ambany satroboninahitr' i Castile kosa, dia nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny fiandohan' ny Renaissance ny homanisma italianina, izany hoe ilay hetsika ara-tsaina sy ara-kolontsaina nampiroborobo indray ny fandalinana ny teny sy ny haisoratra ary ny kolontsaina grika sy rômana taloha. Nanomboka tamin' ireo mpanoratra sy pôeta toa an' i Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana izany; izy no nampiditra ny pôezia italianina vaovao tany Espaina tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-15. Ny mpanoratra hafa, toa an' i Jorge Manrique, Fernando de Rojas, Juan del Encina, Juan Boscán Almogáver ary Garcilaso de la Vega, ilay pôeta, dia nanoratra sanganasa nitovy akaiky tamin' ireo lasitra ara-haisoratra italianina. Heverina ho tantara foronina lava tandrefana voalohany ny ''Don Quixote'', sanganasa tena miavaka nosoratan' i [[Miguel de Cervantes]]. Niroborobo tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-16 ny homanisma tamin' ny Renaissance, niaraka tamin' ireo mpanoratra nanan-kery teo amin' ny tontolon' ny hevitra, toa an' i Juan Luis Vives, filôzôfa, Antonio de Nebrija, mpandalina ny fitsipi-pitenenana, ary Pedro de Mexía, mpandalina ny zavaboary. I Luisa de Medrano, pôeta sady filôzôfa, dia nankalazain' ireo niara-belona taminy tamin' ny Renaissance ho anisan' ny ''puellae doctae'', teny latina ilazana ny tovovavy manam-pahalalana. Izy no vehivavy voalohany lasa prôfesora tany Eorôpa, tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Salamanca. Taty aoriana dia nirona tamin' ny lohahevitra ara-pivavahana sy ny finoana fa azo atao ny mifandray mivantana amin' Andriamanitra ny Renaissance espaniola, ka anisan' ireo pôeta nanaraka izany i Luis de León, Teresa of Ávila ary [[Jean de la Croix|John of the Cross]]. Nodinihiny koa ireo raharaha nifandraika tamin' ny fizahana ny [[Tontolo Vaovao]], niaraka tamin' ireo mpanoratra tantara nalahatra araka ny fizotry ny fotoana sy mpanoratra hafa toa an' i Inca Garcilaso de la Vega sy [[Bartolomé de las Casas]]. Niteraka fitambaran-tsanganasa izay fantatra ankehitriny amin' ny anarana hoe haisoratra tamin' ny Renaissance espaniola izany. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny Renaissance tany Espaina dia nisy mpanoratra momba ny pôlitika sy ny fivavahana toa an' i Tomás Fernández de Medrano, mpanakanto toa an' i [[El Greco]], ary mpamoron-kira toa an' i [[Tomás Luis de Victoria]] sy Antonio de Cabezón. === Firenena hafa === * Renaissance tany Krôasia * Renaissance tany Ekôsy == Histôriôgrafia == === Fiforonan' ny hevitra === [[Sary:Vite.jpg|thumb|alt=Fonon' ny boky Lives of the Artists nosoratan' i Giorgio Vasari.|Fonon' ny ''Lives of the Artists'' nosoratan' i Giorgio Vasari.]] Eo amin' ny histôriôgrafia, izany hoe ny fandalinana ny fanoratana tantara, dia dinihina ny fomba namaritana ny Renaissance. Ny mpanakanto sy mpitsikera italiana Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) no nampiasa voalohany ny teny hoe ''rinascita'' (fahaterahana indray) tao amin' ny bokiny ''The Lives of the Artists'', izay navoaka tamin' ny 1550. Tao amin' io boky io dia niezaka namaritra izay nolazainy ho fisarahana tamin' ny toetra tsy mandroso sy tsy voakolokolo nananan' ny zavakanto gôtika i Vasari. Araka ny heviny, dia nitotongana ny zavakanto rehefa nirodana ny [[Empira Rômana]], ary ny mpanakanto avy any [[Toskana]] ihany, nanomboka tamin' i Cimabue (1240–1301) sy [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] (1267–1337), no nanomboka namadika izany fitotonganana izany ho fandrosoana indray. Noheverin' i Vasari fa nitana anjara toerana fototra teo amin' ny fifohazana indray ny zavakanto italiana ny zavakanto tamin' ny Andro Taloha.<ref>Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/defining.htm]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218135235/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/defining.htm]; Datin' ny tahiry: 2008-12-18; Lohateny: ''Defining the Renaissance, Open University''; Mpamoaka: Open.ac.uk; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 31 July 2009.</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ihany anefa vao niely ny fampiasana ny teny frantsay hoe ''renaissance'' hilazana ilay hetsika ara-kolontsaina nahatsapa ny maha-hetsika azy, izay nifototra tamin' ny famelomana indray ny modely rômana ary nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-13. Tao amin' ny ''Histoire de France'', nosoratany tamin' ny 1855, dia nofaritan' ilay mpahay tantara frantsay Jules Michelet (1798–1874) ho vanim-potoana iray manontolo teo amin' ny tantara ny «Renaissance», nefa voafetra kokoa ny hevitra nampiasana ilay teny talohan' izany.<ref name=mur>Murray, P. and Murray, L. (1963) ''The Art of the Renaissance''. London: Thames & Hudson (World of Art), p. 9. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0500200087</nowiki>. "...in 1855 we find, for the first time, the word 'Renaissance' used – by the French historian Michelet – as an adjective to describe a whole period of history and not confined to the rebirth of Latin letters or a classically inspired style in the arts."</ref> Ho an' i Michelet, dia fivoarana teo amin' ny siansa kokoa ny Renaissance noho ny teo amin' ny zavakanto sy ny kolontsaina. Nilaza izy fa nandrakotra ny fotoana nanomboka tamin' i [[Christophe Colomb|Columbus]], nandalo tamin' i Copernicus, ka hatramin' i Galileo izany, izany hoe nanomboka tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-15 ka hatramin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-17.<ref name="Michelet, Jules 1847"/> Ankoatra izany, dia navahan' i Michelet ny toetran' ny Andro Antenatenany izay nantsoiny hoe «hafahafa sy mahatsiravina», araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy, sy ny soatoavina mifototra amin' ny [[Demôkrasia|demôkrasia]] izay nofidiny ho hita tao amin' ny Renaissance, tamin' ny naha-mpanohana naneho hevitra an-karihary ny fitondrana repoblikana azy.<ref name="brotton" /> Amin' ny maha-mpanindrahindra ny firenena frantsay azy, dia niezaka ihany koa i Michelet nilaza fa hetsika frantsay ny Renaissance.<ref name="brotton" /> Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, tao amin' ny ''The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy'' (1860), dia nofaritan' ilay mpahay tantara avy any [[Soisa]], Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897), ho ny vanim-potoana teo anelanelan' i [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] sy [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]] tany Italia ny Renaissance, izany hoe nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-14 ka hatramin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-16. Hitany tao amin' ny Renaissance ny fipoiran' ny toe-tsaina môderina manome lanja ny [[Fiolonolonana|maha-izy ny olona tsirairay]], izay noheveriny fa nosakanan' ny Andro Antenatenany tsy hivelatra.<ref>Burckhardt, Jacob. ''[http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/burckhardt.html The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921145058/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/burckhardt.html Tahiry: 21 September 2008]'' (trans. S.G.C. Middlemore, London, 1878)</ref> Maro no namaky ny bokiny, ary nanan-kery teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny fandikana môderina ny hevitry ny Renaissance italiana izany.<ref>Gay, Peter, ''Style in History'', New York: Basic Books, 1974.</ref> Tatỳ aoriana kokoa, dia nisy mpahay tantara tsy dia nazoto intsony hamaritra ny Renaissance ho vanim-potoana ara-tantara iray, na ho hetsika ara-kolontsaina iray mirindra mihitsy aza. Nilaza toy izao tamin' ny 1998 ilay mpahay tantara Randolph Starn, avy ao amin' ny ''University of California Berkeley'' (Oniversiten' i California ao Berkeley), araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: <blockquote> Tsy voatery ho vanim-potoana manana fiandohana sy fiafarana voafaritra mazava, ary manana votoaty mifanaraka hatrany eo anelanelan' ireo, ny Renaissance, fa azo heverina kosa ho hetsika ahitana fomba fanao sy hevitra, izay samy namalian' ny vondrona manokana sy ny olona azo fantarina tamin' ny fomba samihafa, tamin' ny fotoana sy tany amin' ny toerana samihafa; ary efa nisy nihevitra azy toy izany indraindray. Raha raisina amin' izany heviny izany izy, dia ho tambajotran' ny kolontsaina samihafa, izay indraindray mifanojo ary indraindray mifanohitra, fa tsy kolontsaina tokana voafetra ao anatin' ny vanim-potoana iray.<ref name="starn" /> </blockquote> === Adihevitra momba ny fandrosoana === Jereo koa: Fiheverana ny fitohizan' ny fivoarana ara-tantara (''continuity thesis''). Misy adihevitra momba ny halehiben' ny fanatsarana nentin' ny Renaissance raha ampitahaina amin' ny kolontsain' ny Andro Antenatenany. Samy nazoto nanoritsoritra ny fandrosoana vita tamin' ny Renaissance ho amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina i Michelet sy i Burckhardt. Nampitahain' i Burckhardt tamin' ny fanesorana voaly teo amin' ny mason' ny olombelona izany fiovana izany, ka nahafahan' ny olombelona nahita mazava.<ref name="burckhardt-individual" /> Izao no nosoratan' i Jacob Burckhardt tao amin' ny ''The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy'', araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: <blockquote>Tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, dia samy nandry nanonofy na mbola sondrian-tory tao ambanin' ny voaly iray ihany ireo lafiny roan' ny fahatsiarovan-tenan' ny olombelona — na ilay nitodika tany anatiny na ilay nitodika tany ivelany. Notenomina tamin' ny finoana sy ny hevi-diso ary ny fiheverana raiki-tampisaka toy ny an' ny ankizy ilay voaly, ka tamin' ny alalan' izany no nahitana izao tontolo izao sy ny tantara nitafy loko hafahafa.<ref>Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Burckhardt; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Jacob; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Jacob Burckhardt; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/2-1.html]; Lohateny: ''The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy''; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: August 31, 2008; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003000844/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/2-1.html]; Datin' ny tahiry: October 3, 2008; Endriky ny daty voalazan' ny loharano: mdy-all.</ref></blockquote> Ny zava-dehibe dia ny ninoan' ireo mpanakanto sy mpanoratra ary mpanohana ny zavakanto nandray anjara tamin' ny hetsika ara-kolontsain' ny Renaissance tamin' izany fotoana izany fa niaina tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana vaovao izy ireo, izay nisaraka tanteraka tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.<ref name="panofsky" /> Niaiky ny fisian' ny Renaissance i Johan Huizinga (1872–1945), nefa nisalasala raha fiovana ho amin' ny tsara izany. Tao amin' ny bokiny ''The Autumn of the Middle Ages'', dia nilaza izy fa vanim-potoanan' ny fihemorana raha ampitahaina amin' ny tapany afovoan' ny Andro Antenatenany ny Renaissance, ary nandrava zavatra manan-danja maro.<ref name="huizinga" /> Ny teny latina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ohatra, dia efa niova be hatramin' ny vanim-potoana klasika, ary mbola fiteny velona nampiasaina tao amin' ny fiangonana sy tany an-kafa. Ny fifikirana fatratra tamin' ny fahadiovan' ny endrika klasika nandritra ny Renaissance dia nampitsahatra ny fivoarany, ka niverina tamin' ny endriny klasika ny teny latina tamin' izany fotoana izany. Misy anefa ny fikarohana vao haingana momba ny teny latina taorian' ny Andro Antenatenany izay manohitra amin' ny ampahany izany fomba fijery izany. Ny mpahay tantara marksista sasany dia aleony manazava ny Renaissance amin' ny alalan' ny toe-piainana ara-materialy. Heverin' izy ireo fa anisan' ny fironana ara-toekarena ankapobeny niala tamin' ny feôdalisma, na rafitra nifototra tamin' ny fananan-tany sy ny fifamatorana teo amin' ny tompo sy ny olona niankina taminy, ho amin' ny [[Kapitalisma|kapitalisma]] ny fiovana teo amin' ny zavakanto sy ny haisoratra ary ny filôzôfia. Niteraka saranga bôrjoazy, na sarangan' ny mpanana renivola, nanana fotoana malalaka natokana ho an' ny zavakanto izany.<ref>''[http://www.hull.ac.uk/renforum/v2no2/siar.htm Renaissance Forum]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614012823/http://www.hull.ac.uk/renforum/v2no2/siar.htm Tahiry: 14 June 2012] tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Hull, tamin' ny fararano 1997 (nojerena tamin' ny 10 Mey 2007)</ref> [[Sary:La masacre de San Bartolomé, por François Dubois.jpg|thumb|left|Sary hosodokon' i François Dubois mampiseho ny famonoana faobe tamin' ny fetin' i Masindahy Bartholomew, izay zava-nitranga iray nandritra ny Ady ara-pivavahana tany Frantsa.]] Mpahay tantara maro no milaza fa toa niharatsy tamin' io vanim-potoana io ny ankamaroan' ireo toe-javatra ara-tsosialy ratsy izay ampifandraisin' ny olona matetika amin' ny Andro Antenatenany, toy ny fahantrana sy ny ady ary ny fanenjehana ara-pivavahana sy ara-pôlitika. Tamin' io vanim-potoana io no nitomboan' ny pôlitika nampiasa hafetsena tsy voafehin' ny fitsipi-pitondrantena (''Machiavellian politics''), nitrangan' ny Ady ara-pivavahana tany Frantsa, nisian' ireo papa mpanao kolikoly avy amin' ny fianakaviana Borgia, ary nihamafy ny fihazana ireo nampangaina ho mpamosavy tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Nilaza i Robert S. Lopez fa vanim-potoanan' ny fitotonganana ara-toekarena lalina izany.<ref>Mpanoratra 1: Lopez, Robert S.; Mpanoratra 2: Miskimin, Harry A.; Fomba fanoratana ny lisitry ny anarana: amp; Lohateny: ''The Economic Depression of the Renaissance''; Gazety: ''Economic History Review''; JSTOR: 2591885; Boky: 14; Taona: 1962; Pejy: 408–426; DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.1962.tb00059.x; Laharana: 3.</ref> Olona maro niaina tamin' ny Renaissance no tsy nihevitra azy io ho ilay «vanim-potoana volamena», na vanim-potoanan' ny firoboroboana, noeritreretin' ny mpanoratra sasany tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, fa niahiahy noho ireo olana ara-tsosialy ireo.<ref>Ohatra iray lehibe maneho izany ahiahy izany ny lazan' i [[Girolamo Savonarola]]. Anisan' ny ohatra hafa ny sivana nataon' i [[Philip II an'i Espaina|Philip II an' i Espaina]] tamin' ny sary hosodoko avy any Florence, izay noresahin' i Edward L. Goldberg tao amin' ny ''"Spanish Values and Tuscan Painting"'', ''Renaissance Quarterly'' (1998) p. 914</ref> Samy nilaza i George Sarton sy i Lynn Thorndike fa mety ho tsy nitondra zava-baovao betsaka araka ny fiheverana nahazatra ny fandrosoana ara-tsiansa tamin' ny Renaissance.<ref>Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Lynn Thorndike; Mpanoratra: Thorndike, Lynn; Taona: 1943; Lohateny: ''Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance''; Pejy: 49–74; Gazety: ''Journal of the History of Ideas''; JSTOR: 2707236; Boky: 4; Laharana: 1; DOI: 10.2307/2707236; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Johnson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: F.R.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 3: Kristeller; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 3: P. O.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 4: Lockwood; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 4: D.P.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 5: Thorndike; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 5: L..</ref> I Joan Kelly kosa dia nilaza fa niteraka fanasarahana mafimafy kokoa ny anjara toerana ara-tsosialin' ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy ny Renaissance, ka nampihena ny fahafahan' ny vehivavy nanapa-kevitra sy nanao zavatra araka ny safidiny raha ampitahaina amin' ny nananany tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.<ref>Kelly-Gadol, Joan. ''"Did Women Have a Renaissance?"'' ''Becoming Visible: Women in European History''. Edited by Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.</ref> Farany, nanomboka nihevitra ny mpahay tantara fa mirakitra fitsarana momba ny lanjan' ilay vanim-potoana mihoatra noho izay ilaina ny teny hoe ''Renaissance'': milaza fifohazana izay tsy isalasalana fa miabo izy io, avy amin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ilay antsoina hoe «Vanim-potoana maizina» izay heverina fa mbola tsotra sy tsy mandroso kokoa. Ny ankamaroan' ny mpahay tantara ara-pôlitika sy ara-toekarena ankehitriny dia aleony mampiasa ny teny hoe «fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana môderina» ho an' io vanim-potoana io sy ho an' ny fotoana mbola naharitra ela taoriany. Ny tanjon' izany anarana izany dia ny hanasongadina fa vanim-potoana tetezamita teo anelanelan' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny vanim-potoana môderina izy io.<ref>Stephen Greenblatt ''Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare'', University of Chicago Press, 1980.</ref> Ny hafa, toa an' i Roger Osborne, dia nanjary nihevitra ny Renaissance tany Italia ho toerana nifamorian' ny angano sy ny idealy momba ny tantaran' ny tontolo tandrefana amin' ny ankapobeny, ary ho vanim-potoana nitondrana zava-baovao lehibe fa tsy ho fifohazan' ny hevitra fahiny.<ref>Mpanoratra: Osborne, Roger; Lohateny: ''Civilization: a new history of the Western world''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [https://archive.org/details/00book2095698803]; Fepetra fidirana amin' ny adiresy: registration; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 10 December 2011; Taona: 2006; Mpamoaka: Pegasus Books; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1933648194</nowiki>; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/00book2095698803/page/180 180]–.</ref> Izao no nolazain' ilay mpahay tantaran' ny zavakanto [[Erwin Panofsky]] momba izany fanoherana ny foto-kevitra hoe «Renaissance» izany, araka ny fandikan-teny malagasy: <blockquote>Mety tsy ho kisendrasendra ny hoe ireo izay tsy voatery hifantoka amin' ny lafiny momba ny hatsarana eo amin' ny sivilizasiona noho ny asany — dia ny mpahay tantaran' ny fivoarana ara-toekarena sy ara-tsosialy, ny toe-javatra ara-pôlitika sy ara-pivavahana, ary indrindra indrindra ny siansan' ny natiora — no tena nametra-panontaniana mafy indrindra ny amin' ny maha-zava-nisy ara-tantara ny Renaissance tany Italia; nefa mahalana ihany no nanaovan' ny mpandinika haisoratra izany, ary saika tsy nanao izany mihitsy ny mpahay tantaran' ny zavakanto.<ref>Panofsky, ''Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art'' 1969:38; ny toko nosoratan' i Panofsky hoe ''"'Renaissance – self-definition or self-deception?"'' dia mampahafantatra fohifohy ny adihevitra momba ny fanoratana tantara, miaraka amin' ny fanamarihana ambany pejy maro manondro ny asa soratra momba izany.</ref></blockquote> == Fifohazana ara-kolontsaina hafa == Nampiasaina koa ny teny ''Renaissance'', izay ilazana fifohazana ara-kolontsaina, hanondroana vanim-potoana hafa ankoatra ny taonjato faha-15 sy faha-16, dia ireo vanim-potoana taloha kokoa tao amin' ny Andro Antenatenany.<ref name=mur /> Ohatra, i Charles H. Haskins (1870–1937) dia nanohana ny hevitra fa nisy fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-12.<ref>Haskins, Charles Homer, ''The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927 <nowiki>ISBN 0674760751</nowiki>.</ref> Nisy mpahay tantara hafa nanohana ny fisian' ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina antsoina hoe ''Carolingian Renaissance'' tamin' ny taonjato faha-8 sy faha-9, ny ''Ottonian Renaissance'' tamin' ny taonjato faha-10, ary ny ''Timurid Renaissance'' tamin' ny taonjato faha-14. Ilay vanim-potoana antsoina hoe ''Islamic Golden Age'' (vanim-potoana niroboroboan' ny kolontsaina silamo) dia antsoina koa indraindray hoe ''Islamic Renaissance'' (fifohazana ara-kolontsaina silamo).<ref>Hubert, Jean, ''L'Empire carolingien'' (English: ''The Carolingian Renaissance'', translated by James Emmons, New York: G. Braziller, 1970).</ref> Ny hoe ''Macedonian Renaissance'' kosa dia anarana ilazana vanim-potoana iray tao amin' ny Empira Rômana, teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-9 sy faha-11 taorian' i Kristy. Nisy vanim-potoana hafa nahitana fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tamin' ny vanim-potoana môderina izay nantsoina koa hoe ''renaissances'', toy ireo fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Bengal Renaissance'', ''Tamil Renaissance'', ''Nepal Bhasa renaissance'', ''al-Nahda'', ary ''Harlem Renaissance''. Azo ampiasaina eo amin' ny sehatry ny sarimihetsika koa io teny io. Eo amin' ny sarimiaina, ny ''Disney Renaissance'' dia ilazana ny vanim-potoana nanomboka tamin' ny 1989 ka hatramin' ny 1999. Voalaza fa nandritra izany no niverenan' ilay trano mpamokatra sarimihetsika tamin' ny haavo ara-kalitao izay tsy tratrany intsony hatramin' ilay vanim-potoana niroboroboan' ny sarimiaina tao aminy, antsoina hoe ''Golden Age of Animation''. Ny ''San Francisco Renaissance'' kosa dia vanim-potoana navitrika, nahitana fikarohana fomba vaovao teo amin' ny famoronana tononkalo sy ny fanoratana tantara foronina, tao [[San Francisco]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20. == Jereo koa == Lohahevitra mifandray: fiarahamonina sy zavakanto. * Fanondroana ny lahatsoratra momba ny Renaissance * Topimaso voarafitra momba ny Renaissance * Lisitry ny olona nisongadina tamin' ny Renaissance * Lisitry ny trano sy ny fanorenana hafa mifandray amin' ny Renaissance * Renaissance tao Rome * Renaissance tao Venezia == Loharano == === Fanamarihana === <references group="fanamarihana" /> === Fanondroana === <references /> === Loharano ankapobeny === * Burckhardt, Jacob, ''The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy'' (1860), asa soratra malaza manana lanja maharitra; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1426400934 sombin-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny fanontana 2007] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704093956/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1426400934 Tahiry: 4 July 2022]; azo vakina koa ny [https://books.google.com/books?id=kLkNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 lahatsoratra manontolo an-tserasera]. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Cartledge; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Bryan; Anaran' ny pejy momba ny mpanoratra voalazan' ny loharano: Bryan Cartledge; Taona: 2011; Lohateny: ''The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary''; Mpamoaka: C. Hurst & Co.; ISBN: <nowiki>978-1849041126</nowiki>. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: E. Kovács; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Péter; Taona: 1990; Lohateny: ''Matthias Corvinus''; Mpamoaka: Officina Nova; ISBN: <nowiki>9637835490</nowiki>; Fiteny: hu. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Engel; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Pál; Taona: 2001; Lohateny: ''The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526''; Mpamoaka: I.B. Tauris Publishers; ISBN: <nowiki>1860640613</nowiki>. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Hendrix; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Scott E.; Taona: 2013; Lohateny: ''Astrological forecasting and the Turkish menace in the Renaissance Balkans''; Adiresin-tranonkala: [http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/9fedd563ae93475ebb3cb94cd9bdf75e.pdf]; Gazety: ''Anthropology''; Mpamoaka: Universitatis Miskolciensis; Boky: 13; Laharana: 2; Pejy: 57–72; ISSN: <nowiki>1452-7243</nowiki>; Datin' ny tahiry: 4 July 2022; Daty nijerena voalazan' ny loharano: 18 March 2020; Adiresin' ny tahiry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092501/http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/9fedd563ae93475ebb3cb94cd9bdf75e.pdf]; Toetry ny adiresy voalazan' ny loharano: dead. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Klaniczay; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Tibor; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 1: Porter; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 1: Roy; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha last 2: Teich; Anaran' ny mpandrindra ao amin' ny saha first 2: Mikuláš; Lohateny: ''The Renaissance in National Context''; Mpamoaka: Cambridge University Press; Taona: 1992; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164 164–179]; Toko: ''The age of Matthias Corvinus''; ISBN: <nowiki>0521369703</nowiki>; Adiresin' ny toko: [https://archive.org/details/renaissanceinnat0000unse/page/164]. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Kubinyi; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: András; Taona: 2008; Lohateny: ''Matthias Rex''; Mpamoaka: Balassi Kiadó; ISBN: <nowiki>978-9635067671</nowiki>. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 1: Reynolds; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 1: L. D.; Anarana ao amin' ny saha last 2: Wilson; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first 2: Nigel; Lohateny: ''Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature''; Daty: 1974; Mpamoaka: Clarendon Press; Toerana: Oxford; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0199686339</nowiki>; OL: OL26919731M. * Anarana ao amin' ny saha last: Tanner; Anarana ao amin' ny saha first: Marcus; Taona: 2009; Lohateny: ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library''; Mpamoaka: Yale University Press; ISBN: <nowiki>978-0300158281</nowiki>. == Vakiteny fanampiny == * Cronin, Vincent (1969), ''The Flowering of the Renaissance'', <nowiki>ISBN 0712698841</nowiki> * Cronin, Vincent (1992), ''The Renaissance'', <nowiki>ISBN 0002154110</nowiki> * Campbell, Gordon. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance''. (2003). 862 pejy. Hita an-tserasera ao amin' ny OUP (trano famoaham-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Oxford). * Davis, Robert C. and Beth Lindsmith. ''Renaissance People: Lives that Shaped the Modern Age''. (2011). <nowiki>ISBN 978-1606060780</nowiki> * Ergang, Robert (1967), ''The Renaissance'', <nowiki>ISBN 0442023197</nowiki> * Ferguson, Wallace K. (1962), <nowiki>[</nowiki>''Europe in Transition, 1300–1500''<nowiki>]</nowiki>, <nowiki>ISBN 0049400088</nowiki> * Fisher, Celia. ''Flowers of the Renaissance''. (2011). <nowiki>ISBN 978-1606060629</nowiki> * Fletcher, Stella. ''The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe, 1390–1530''. (2000). 347 pejy. * Grendler, Paul F., mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra. ''The Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students''. (2003). 970 pejy. * Hale, John. ''The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance''. (1994). 648 pejy; famelabelarana ankapobeny ahitana fifehezana lalina ny lohahevitra, misy sary maro; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684803526 ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704094219/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684803526 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Hall, Bert S. ''Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics'' (2001); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801869943 ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092850/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801869943 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Hattaway, Michael, mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra. ''A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture''. (2000). 747 pejy. * Jensen, De Lamar (1992), ''Renaissance Europe'', <nowiki>ISBN 0395889472</nowiki> * Johnson, Paul. ''The Renaissance: A Short History''. (2000). 197 pejy. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002NKDU2 ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704094047/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002NKDU2 Tahiry: 4 July 2022]; misy koa [https://archive.org/details/renaissance00paul dika azo vakina maimaim-poana an-tserasera] * Keene, Bryan C. ''Gardens of the Renaissance''. (2013). <nowiki>ISBN 978-1606061435</nowiki> * King, Margaret L. ''Women of the Renaissance'' (1991) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226436187 ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704094136/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226436187 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Kristeller, Paul Oskar, and Michael Mooney. ''Renaissance Thought and its Sources'' (1979); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231045131 ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704093604/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231045131 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Nauert, Charles G. ''Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance''. (2004). 541 pejy. * Patrick, James A., mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra. ''Renaissance and Reformation'' (boky 5, 2007), 1584 pejy; rakipahalalana mandrakotra lafin-javatra maro amin' ilay lohahevitra. * Plumb, J.H. ''The Italian Renaissance'' (2001); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0618127380 ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092942/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0618127380 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Paoletti, John T. and Gary M. Radke. ''Art in Renaissance Italy'' (fanontana faha-4, 2011) * Potter, G.R. mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 1: The Renaissance, 1493–1520'' (1957) [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-new-cambridge-modern-history/1F3A455FF6D62052CBCFF0DBFD109803 hita an-tserasera] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092642/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-new-cambridge-modern-history/1F3A455FF6D62052CBCFF0DBFD109803 Tahiry: 4 July 2022]; lahatsoratra famakafakana lehibe nosoratan' ny manam-pahaizana maro. Mamintina ny fomba fijery tamin' ny taompolo 1950. * Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra. ''Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England'' (2007) 459 pejy. * Rowse, A.L. ''The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society'' (2000); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/156663315X ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210310072510/https://www.amazon.com/dp/156663315X Tahiry: 10 March 2021] * Ruggiero, Guido. ''The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015). 648 pejy. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43204 tsikera an-tserasera] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704093335/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43204 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Rundle, David, mpandrindra ny lahatsoratra. ''The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance''. (1999). 434 pejy; lahatsoratra fohy maro [https://www.questia.com/read/95888138?title=The%20Hutchinson%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance fanontana an-tserasera] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223440/http://www.questia.com/read/95888138?title=The%20Hutchinson%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance Tahiry: 28 June 2011] * Turner, Richard N. ''Renaissance Florence'' (2005); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0131344013/ ampahan-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana teny ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092633/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0131344013/ Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Ward, A. ''[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html The Cambridge Modern History. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902)]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20140210213151/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html Tahiry: 10 February 2014]; lahatsoratra famakafakana taloha kokoa nosoratan' ny manam-pahaizana; ny pôlitika no ifantohany. === Vakiteny momba ny histôriôgrafia === * Bouwsma, William J. ''The Renaissance and the drama of Western history.'' ''American Historical Review'' (1979): 1–15. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1855657 ao amin' ny JSTOR] (tahirin' asa fikarohana an-tserasera) [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092403/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1855657 Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Caferro, William. ''Contesting the Renaissance'' (2010); [https://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Renaissance-William-Caferro/dp/1405123702/ sombin-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220704092759/https://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Renaissance-William-Caferro/dp/1405123702/ Tahiry: 4 July 2022] * Ferguson, Wallace K. ''The Interpretation of the Renaissance: Suggestions for a Synthesis.'' ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' (1951): 483–495. Hita an-tserasera ao amin' ny JSTOR * Ferguson, Wallace K. ''Recent trends in the economic historiography of the Renaissance.'' ''Studies in the Renaissance'' (1960): 7–26. * Ferguson, Wallace Klippert. ''The Renaissance in historical thought'' (AMS Press, 1981) * Grendler, Paul F. ''The Future of Sixteenth Century Studies: Renaissance and Reformation Scholarship in the Next Forty Years'', ''Sixteenth Century Journal'' Spring 2009, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp.&nbsp;182+ * Murray, Stuart A.P. ''The Library: An Illustrated History''. American Library Association, Chicago, 2012. * Ruggiero, Guido, ed. ''A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance''. (2002). 561 pp. * Starn, Randolph. ''A Postmodern Renaissance?'' ''Renaissance Quarterly'' 2007 60(1): 1–24 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ren/summary/v060/60.1starn.html ao amin' ny ''Project MUSE''] (sehatra ahitana asa fikarohana an-tserasera) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203623/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ren/summary/v060/60.1starn.html Tahiry: 4 March 2016] * Summit, Jennifer. ''Renaissance Humanism and the Future of the Humanities''. ''Literature Compass'' (2012) 9#10 pp: 665–678. * Trivellato, Francesca. ''Renaissance Italy and the Muslim Mediterranean in Recent Historical Work'', ''Journal of Modern History'' (March 2010), 82#1 pp: 127–155. * Woolfson, Jonathan, ed. ''Palgrave advances in Renaissance historiography'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) === Loharano voalohany === * Bartlett, Kenneth, mpandrindra ny fanontana. ''The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance: A Sourcebook'' (fanontana faha-2, 2011) * Ross, James Bruce, sy Mary M. McLaughlin, mpandrindra ny fanontana. ''The Portable Renaissance Reader'' (1977); [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0140150617 sombin-dahatsoratra sy fikarohana ao amin' ny lahatsoratra] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220704093351/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0140150617 tahiry], 4 July 2022) == Rohy ivelany == * ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546tq "The Renaissance"]'' (momba ny Renaissance), fizarana iray amin' ny fandaharana an-dradio ''In Our Time'', izay ahitana adihevitra niarahana tamin' i Francis Ames-Lewis, Peter Burke ary Evelyn Welch tao amin' ny ''BBC Radio 4'' (onjam-peo faha-4 an' ny BBC, orinasa britanika misahana ny fampielezam-peo sy fahitalavitra), tamin' ny 8 Jona 2000. * Symonds, John Addington (1911). ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Renaissance,_The "Renaissance, The"]'' (lahatsoratra momba ny Renaissance). Ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (rakipahalalana Britannica), boky faha-23, fanontana faha-11, takila 83–93. * ''[https://iep.utm.edu/renaissa/ Renaissance Philosophy]'' (filôzôfia tamin' ny Renaissance), lahatsoratra ao amin' ny ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (rakipahalalana momba ny filôzôfia ao amin' ny Aterineto). * [http://www.rensoc.org.uk/ Tranonkala ofisialy] an' ny ''Society for Renaissance Studies'' (fikambanana mandalina ny Renaissance). * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Renaissance Rakitra momba ny Renaissance] ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons'' (tahiry iombonan' ny sary sy rakitra hafa). * ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Civilization_of_the_Renaissance_in_Italy The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]'' (boky momba ny kolontsaina tamin' ny Renaissance tany Italia), lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lohahevitra ity ao amin' ny ''Wikisource'' amin' ny teny anglisy (tahirin' ny lahatsoratra loharano). * [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Renaissance Teny nindramina mifandray amin' ny Renaissance] ao amin' ny ''Wikiquote'' (tahirin' ny teny nindramina). * [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Renaissance Ny teny hoe ''Renaissance''] ao amin' ny ''Wiktionary'' amin' ny teny anglisy (rakibolana malalaka). === Loharano, mpamorona ary fahazoan-dalana momba ny sary sy feo === Ity tabilao ity dia mitahiry ny filazana momba ny mpamorona sy ny fahazoan-dalana hita ao amin' ny fanoritsoritana ireo rakitra. Filazana araka ireo angona momba ny rakitra ireo no aseho eto, fa tsy antoka fa mitovy ny sata ara-dalànan' ny fampiasana rehetra. Ny rohy mankany amin' ny fahazoan-dalana no manondro ny fepetra feno. Ny CC dia fanafohezana ny anarana hoe ''Creative Commons'' (rafitra fahazoan-dalana hampiasana asa). Ny BY dia manondro ny ''Attribution'' (filazana ny mpamorona sy ny loharano); ny SA dia manondro ny ''Share Alike'' (fizarana ny asa novaina araka ny fahazoan-dalana mitovy). Ny hoe ''Public domain'' dia filazana fa tsy voafehin' ny zo manokan' ny mpamorona ilay asa. Ny marika hoe ''de'' amin' ny fahazoan-dalana iray eto dia manondro ny dika natao ho an' i Alemaina. {| class="wikitable" |+ Filazana momba ireo rakitra sary sy feo ! Rakitra sy loharanon' ny fanoritsoritana ! Mpamorona na filazana momba azy, araka ny angon-drakitra ! Fahazoan-dalana na sata voalaza |- | [[:Sary:Chateau de chambord.jpg|Chateau de chambord.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_de_chambord.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Éléosud | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0] |- | [[:Sary:Convento do Cristo (31).jpg|Convento do Cristo (31).jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convento_do_Cristo_(31).jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Hugo Ferreira | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0] |- | [[:Sary:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Leonardo da Vinci; sary: Luc Viatour / https://Lucnix.be | ''Public domain'', araka ny sata voalaza ao amin' ny angon-drakitra; voatazona eto koa ny filazana ny mpaka sary Luc Viatour. |- | [[:Sary:En-us-Renaissance.ogg|En-us-Renaissance.ogg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Renaissance.ogg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Dvortygirl | [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0] |- | [[:Sary:Monasterio de El Escorial en Madrid.jpg|Monasterio de El Escorial en Madrid.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_El_Escorial_en_Madrid.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Zvonimir Stamenov | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0] |- | [[:Sary:Nagrobek Zygmunta Starego i Zygmunta Augusta.jpg|Nagrobek Zygmunta Starego i Zygmunta Augusta.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Poznaniak | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 CC BY-SA 2.5] |- | [[:Sary:Printing towns incunabula.svg|Printing towns incunabula.svg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Printing_towns_incunabula.svg pejy fanoritsoritana] | NordNordWest/Wikipedia | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 de]; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/legalcode lahatsoratra ara-dalàna feno momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. |- | [[:Sary:Sunset over florence 1.jpg|Sunset over florence 1.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_over_florence_1.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Steve Hersey | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 CC BY 2.0], araka ny anaran' ny fahazoan-dalana voarakitra; misy koa filazana [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0 CC BY-SA 1.0] ao amin' ny fanazavana momba ny fahazoan-dalana. Samy voatazona eto ireo filazana roa ireo. |- | [[:Sary:The historian Leonardo Bruni.jpg|The historian Leonardo Bruni.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_historian_Leonardo_Bruni.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Izao no filazana voarakitra momba ny mpamorona: “Unknown author, pasaravela riabian reinassaine artist: Francesco Melzi”. Filazana manjavozavo ao amin' ny angon-drakitra izany, fa tsy fanamarinana ny maha mpanao hosodoko na ny maha olona aseho amin' ny sary. | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0] |- | [[:Sary:Wawel-kaplica1.jpg|Wawel-kaplica1.jpg]] — [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wawel-kaplica1.jpg pejy fanoritsoritana] | Izao no filazana voarakitra: “L’auteur n’a pas pu être identifié automatiquement. Il est supposé qu'il s'agit de : Akumiszcza (étant donné la revendication de droit d’auteur).” Izany hoe tsy voafaritra ho azy ny mpamorona, fa heverina ho Akumiszcza noho ny filazana momba ny zon' ny mpamorona; tsy fanondroana azy amim-pahatokiana izany. | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 CC BY 3.0] |} [[:Sokajy:Tantara]] [[:Sokajy:Kolontsaina]] pxasaclmmdvhbpmom62bq43b7jiemzb 0 302735 1153760 2026-11-12T05:30:42Z Thelezifor 15140 Fianakavian-javamaniry ao amin' ny filaharana Liliales 1153760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax aspera.jpg|vignette|''Smilax aspera'']] Ny '''''Smilacaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]], izay ahitana karazana miisa 370 mitsinjara amina vondron-karazana 2 na 3. Ahitra afaka maniry maharitra taona maro na vahy mianika izy ireo, matetika manana taho ambanin' ny tany ([[Taranja (taova)|taranja]]) na vodiny tahaka ny an' ny ovy, ary hita any amin' ny faritra manomboka amin' ny toetany antonony ka hatramin' ny toetany trôpikaly. Fianakaviana miparitaka be izy io. == Vondron-karazana == Ny [[fanasokajiana APG II]] tamin' ny taona 2003 (izay tsy niova raha oharina amin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG]] tamin' ny taona 1998) dia manaiky ity fianakaviana ity ary mametraka azy ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]], ao anatin' ny vondrona [[Tokan-dravin-tsimoka|mônôkôtiledôna]]. Taloha dia nahitana vondron-karazana roa izy io, dia ny ''[[Heterosmilax]]'' sy ny ''[[Silamo|Smilax]]''; saingy nasehon' ny fikarohana momba ny [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ADN]] fa avy amin' ny ''Smilax'' no nipoitra ny ''Heterosmilax'', ka natambatra ho iray ireo vondrona roa ireo ankehitriny. Vokatr' izany dia ny ''Smilax'' sisa no hany vondron-karazana ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''Smilacaceae'', izay ahitana karazan-javamaniry 210 eo ho eo. Hita manerana ny faritra trôpikaly sy faritra mafana antonony eran-tany ity fianakaviana ity. Nesorina tsy ho ao amin' ny ''Smilacaceae'' koa ny vondron-karazana ''[[Lapageria]]'' izay nampiirina ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Philesiaceae]]''. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' d0h027nhr0au8ubjffrxga9bcyaxgtg 1153763 1153760 2026-11-12T06:03:15Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitatra votoatiny 1153763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax aspera.jpg|vignette|''Smilax aspera'']] Ny '''''Smilacaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]]<ref><small>Holmes, Walter C. (2002). "[https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10827 Smilacaceae]". In ''Flora of North America'' Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-01-14 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri and Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</small></ref>, izay ahitana karazana miisa 210 hatramin' ny 370 mitsinjara amina vondron-karazana iray ka hatramin' ny telo arakaraka ny fanasokajiana. Ahitra afaka maniry maharitra taona maro na vahy mianika izy ireo, matetika manana taho ambanin' ny tany ([[Taranja (taova)|taranja]]) na vodiny tahaka ny an' ny ovy, ary hita any amin' ny faritra manomboka amin' ny toetany antonony ka hatramin' ny toetany trôpikaly. Fianakaviana miparitaka be izy io. == Vondron-karazana == [[Sary:Heterosmilax_japonica_karasukibasnkri01.jpg|ankavia|vignette|264x264px|''Heterosmilax japonica'']] Ny [[fanasokajiana APG II]] tamin' ny taona 2003 (izay tsy niova raha oharina amin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG]] tamin' ny taona 1998) dia manaiky ity fianakaviana ity ary mametraka azy ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]], ao anatin' ny vondrona [[Tokan-dravin-tsimoka|mônôkôtiledôna]]. Taloha dia nahitana vondron-karazana roa izy io, dia ny ''[[Heterosmilax]]'' sy ny ''[[Silamo|Smilax]]''; saingy nasehon' ny fikarohana momba ny [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ADN]] fa avy amin' ny ''Smilax'' no nipoitra ny ''Heterosmilax'', ka natambatra ho iray ireo vondrona roa ireo ankehitriny. Vokatr' izany dia ny ''Smilax'' sisa no hany vondron-karazana ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''Smilacaceae'', izay ahitana karazan-javamaniry 210 eo ho eo<ref><small>Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "[https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase]". ''Phytotaxa''. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.</small></ref>. Hita manerana ny faritra trôpikaly sy faritra mafana antonony eran-tany ity fianakaviana ity. Nesorina tsy ho ao amin' ny ''Smilacaceae'' koa ny vondron-karazana ''[[Lapageria]]'' izay nampiirina ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Philesiaceae]]''. [[Sary:Smilax lasioneura kz02.jpg|vignette|278x278px|''Smilax lasioneura'' (anisan' ny fizaràna ''Nemexia'']] Misy ny taksônômista manasaraka ny zavamaniry malemy taho teratany any [[Amerika Avaratra]], izay ao anatin' ny ''Smilax'', ka mametraka azy ireo ao anatin' ny ''[[Nemexia]]'', vondron-karazana fantatra amin' ny fananany vony ratsy fofona. Raha izany no mitranga, dia ny zavamaniry manana vatana mafy minofon-kazo, miendrika vahy sady misy tsilo ihany sisa no ho tafiditra ao anatin' ny ''Smilax''. Na izany aza, ny ''Flora of North America'' dia tsy manaiky ny fisian' ny Nemexia, ary toy izany koa ny tranonkala ''[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]'' karakarain' ny ''[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]''<ref><small>"[https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 14.], www.mobot.org, Notsidihina tamin' ny 12/11/2026</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' lv4rvzu1j2xayl0ttcwaqikulacbwzp 1153764 1153763 2026-11-12T06:03:46Z Thelezifor 15140 Loharano 1153764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax aspera.jpg|vignette|''Smilax aspera'']] Ny '''''Smilacaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]]<ref><small>Holmes, Walter C. (2002). "[https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10827 Smilacaceae]". In ''Flora of North America'' Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-01-14 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri and Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</small></ref>, izay ahitana karazana miisa 210 hatramin' ny 370 mitsinjara amina vondron-karazana iray ka hatramin' ny telo arakaraka ny fanasokajiana. Ahitra afaka maniry maharitra taona maro na vahy mianika izy ireo, matetika manana taho ambanin' ny tany ([[Taranja (taova)|taranja]]) na vodiny tahaka ny an' ny ovy, ary hita any amin' ny faritra manomboka amin' ny toetany antonony ka hatramin' ny toetany trôpikaly. Fianakaviana miparitaka be izy io. == Vondron-karazana == [[Sary:Heterosmilax_japonica_karasukibasnkri01.jpg|ankavia|vignette|264x264px|''Heterosmilax japonica'']] Ny [[fanasokajiana APG II]] tamin' ny taona 2003 (izay tsy niova raha oharina amin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG]] tamin' ny taona 1998) dia manaiky ity fianakaviana ity ary mametraka azy ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]], ao anatin' ny vondrona [[Tokan-dravin-tsimoka|mônôkôtiledôna]]. Taloha dia nahitana vondron-karazana roa izy io, dia ny ''[[Heterosmilax]]'' sy ny ''[[Silamo|Smilax]]''; saingy nasehon' ny fikarohana momba ny [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ADN]] fa avy amin' ny ''Smilax'' no nipoitra ny ''Heterosmilax'', ka natambatra ho iray ireo vondrona roa ireo ankehitriny. Vokatr' izany dia ny ''Smilax'' sisa no hany vondron-karazana ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''Smilacaceae'', izay ahitana karazan-javamaniry 210 eo ho eo<ref><small>Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "[https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase]". ''Phytotaxa''. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.</small></ref>. Hita manerana ny faritra trôpikaly sy faritra mafana antonony eran-tany ity fianakaviana ity. Nesorina tsy ho ao amin' ny ''Smilacaceae'' koa ny vondron-karazana ''[[Lapageria]]'' izay nampiirina ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Philesiaceae]]''. [[Sary:Smilax lasioneura kz02.jpg|vignette|278x278px|''Smilax lasioneura'' (anisan' ny fizaràna ''Nemexia'']] Misy ny taksônômista manasaraka ny zavamaniry malemy taho teratany any [[Amerika Avaratra]], izay ao anatin' ny ''Smilax'', ka mametraka azy ireo ao anatin' ny ''[[Nemexia]]'', vondron-karazana fantatra amin' ny fananany vony ratsy fofona. Raha izany no mitranga, dia ny zavamaniry manana vatana mafy minofon-kazo, miendrika vahy sady misy tsilo ihany sisa no ho tafiditra ao anatin' ny ''Smilax''. Na izany aza, ny ''Flora of North America'' dia tsy manaiky ny fisian' ny Nemexia, ary toy izany koa ny tranonkala ''[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]'' karakarain' ny ''[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]''<ref><small>"[https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 14.], www.mobot.org, Notsidihina tamin' ny 12/11/2026</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' == Loharano == 5cct62llb8u6hxtyjvn5gzlhaqq6m0p 0 302736 1153761 2026-11-12T05:44:17Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Smilacaceae 1153761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Heterosmilax japonica karasukibasnkri01.jpg|vignette|''Heterosmilax japonica'']] Ny '''''Heterosmilax''''' dia noheverina ho vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Smilacaceae]]''<ref><small>"[https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115355 Heterosmilax Kunth]", ''www.efloras.org''</small></ref>. Teratany any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] izy io. Nasehon' ny fanadihadiana ara-pototarazo natao tatỳ aoriana fa tafiditra ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Smilax]]'' izy, ka lasa fizaràna manokana ao anatin' io vondron-karazana io<ref><small>Qi, Zhechen; Cameron, Kenneth M.; Li, Pan; Zhao, Yunpeng; Chen, Shichao; Chen, Guangcun; Fu, Chengxin (December 2013). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263238692_Phylogenetics_character_evolution_and_distribution_patterns_of_the_greenbriers_Smilacaceae_Liliales_a_near-cosmopolitan_family_of_monocots_Phylogenetics_of_Smilacaceae Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots]". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society''. 173 (4): 535–548. doi:10.1111/boj.12096.</small></ref>. == Lisitry ny karazana == Indreto ny karazana natao tao amin' ny ''Heterosmilax'': * ''Heterosmilax borneensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Heterosmilax chinensis'' <small>F.T.Wang</small> * ''Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana'' <small>(Kunth) Maxim</small> * ''Heterosmilax longiflora'' <small>K.Y.Guan & Noltie</small> * ''Heterosmilax micrandra'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Heterosmilax micrantha'' <small>(Blume) Bakh.f.</small> * ''Heterosmilax paniculata'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Heterosmilax pertenuis'' <small>(T.Koyama) T.Koyama</small> * ''Heterosmilax polyandra'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Heterosmilax seisuiensis'' <small>(Hayata) F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Heterosmilax septemnervia'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Heterosmilax yunnanensis'' <small>Gagnep.</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Smilax]]'' == Loharano == 3xtfrzgwjsskrswrcm0fxhuwspudpl2 2 302737 1153762 2026-11-12T05:45:39Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384697016; nampidirina ny https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1123017 1153762 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="hatnote">Ny tarika mitondra io anarana io dia ''Agriculture''; misy koa ny gazety akademika ''Agriculture''.</div> [[Sary:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|alt=Fitaovana fanondrahana mihodina manodidina ny ivony eo amin' ny saha.|Fambolena maoderina: rafitra fanondrahana mihodina manodidina ny ivony eo amin' ny saha.]] <div class="navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Lohahevitra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; max-width:100%; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.5em;"> <div>Fambolena sy fiompiana</div> [[Sary:Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|250px|alt=Sary hosodoko ejipsianina fahiny mampiseho mpamboly miasa tany.]] <div>Tantara</div> * Fiandohan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Azia Andrefana * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Ejipta fahiny * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Grisia fahiny * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Rôma fahiny * Zavamaniry sy biby nolamahana ho fihary tany Austrônezia * Tantaran' ny siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * ''Agricultural History Review'' * Fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana arabo * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Arzantina * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Kanada * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Sina * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Silia * Fifanakalozana teo amin' ny Tontolo Vaovao sy ny Tontolo Taloha (''Columbian exchange'') * [[Revôlisiôna Maitso]] * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany amin' ny zana-kôntinenta indiana * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Mesôamerika * Fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany * Fiovana lehibe tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana nandritra ny Neôlitika * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Palestina * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Però * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra ** Fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Britaina ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Cheshire ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Ekôsy * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Etazonia ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompian' ny Afrô-Amerikana ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Kalifornia <div>Eny an-tanety</div> * Fambolena ampiarahina amin' ny famokarana herinaratra avy amin' ny masoandro * [[Fiompiana]] ** [[Omby]] ** Fiompiana kisoa ** Fiompiana akoho amam-borona ** Fiompiana ondry * Fiompiana hahazoana ronono * Fambolena amin' ny tany maina * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa tany malalaka nefa vitsy ny enti-mamokatra isaky ny velaran-tany * [[Zezika]] * Fiompiana mamela ny biby hivezivezy eny ivelany * Fampiraofana biby ** Fifandimbiasan' ny voly sy ny kijana eo amin' ny tany iray ** Fampifandimbiasana ny toerana ampiraofana biby * Toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana atao ho fialam-boly * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa enti-mamokatra betsaka isaky ny velaran-tany ** Fiompiana biby ** Fiompiana kisoa ** Fambolena voly * Fambolena manaraka ny fizotra voajanahary * Fambolena karazan-javamaniry tokana * Tanim-boankazo * Fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika * [[Tanimbary]] * Fiompiana amin' ny tany malalaka (''ranching'') * Fambolena ifampizarana ny vokatra amin' ny tompon-tany * Famafazana * ''Colonia'' any Madeira * Tavy * Toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana madinika * Fambolena amin' ny tany natao tohatra * Famonoana ny zavamananaina ao amin' ny tany amin' ny eton-drano <div>Fambolena mampiasa rano ho solon' ny tany</div> * Fiompiana biby sy fambolena zavamaniry anaty rano * Fiompiana anaty rano ampiarahina amin' ny fambolena tsy mampiasa tany (''aquaponics'') * Fambolena amin' ny rano misy otrikaina fa tsy amin' ny tany (''hydroponics'') * Fambolena amin' ny fakany mihantona eny amin' ny rivotra sady atondraka zavona misy otrikaina (''aeroponics'') <div>Lohahevitra mifandraika</div> * Orinasa sy raharaham-barotra mifandraika amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Kôperativam-pambolena sy fiompiana * Fitaovana sy akora famatsiana ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Famolavolana fitaovana sy rafitra ara-teknika ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Teknôlôjian' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ** Fambolena sy fiompiana mampifanaraka ny fikarakarana amin' ny filana voarefy isam-toerana ** Fampiasana zavamananaina amin' ny teknôlôjian' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fambolena hazo ampiarahina amin' ny voly na fiompiana * Siansa momba ny famokarana voly sy ny fitantanana ny tany * [[Fiompiana]] * Fambolena tsy mampiasa biby na akora avy amin' ny biby * Voly natao hamidy * Famokarana vokatra ara-pambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny alalan' ny fambolena sela * Fomba fambolena * Fambolena sy fiompiana araka ny fifanarahana amin' ny mpividy * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa tany malalaka nefa vitsy ny enti-mamokatra isaky ny velaran-tany * Toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana * Trano fonenana eo amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana * Fampitahana ny vidin-tsakafom-biby sy ny vidim-bokatra amin' ny fiompiana * Fiompiana mamela ny biby hivezivezy eny ivelany * Fambolena an-jaridaina * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa enti-mamokatra betsaka isaky ny velaran-tany ** Fiompiana biby ** Fiompiana kisoa ** Fambolena voly * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa milina * Fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika * Fambolena amin' ny tany mando misy tôrba * Famolavolana rafitra fambolena sy fiainana maharitra (''permaculture'') * Fambolena midadasika natao hamokarana vokatra amidy * Fambolena karazan-javamaniry maromaro ** Fambolem-bary ampiarahina amin' ny fiompiana ganagana ** Fambolem-bary ampiarahina amin' ny fiompiana trondro * Fambolena sy fiompiana maharitra * Rafitra ara-tsakafo maharitra * Oniversite sy sekoly ambony momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fambolena sy fiompiana an-tanàn-dehibe <div>Lisitra</div> * Asa maha matihanina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Milina fambolena sy fiompiana * Fiavian' ny sakafo * Minisiteram-panjakana misahana ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Oniversite sy sekoly ambony momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana <div>Sokajin-dahatsoratra</div> * Milina fambolena sy fiompiana * Fambolena sy fiompiana ary tontolo iainana * Fambolena sy fiompiana araka ny firenena * Orinasa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Teknôlôjia mampiasa zavamananaina * Fambolena rongony * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Biby fiompy * Indostrian' ny hena * Fiompiana akoho amam-borona [[Sary:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f33e.svg|17x15px|alt=Voamadinika]] Vavahady momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana<br /> <small>Sary famantarana: Google; ''Apache License 2.0'' (fahazoan-dalana Apache, kinova 2.0).</small> </div> Ny '''fambolena sy fiompiana''' dia ny fiasana ny tany, ny fametrahana sy fikarakarana ary fijinjana voly, na hohanina na tsia, ary ny famokarana biby fiompy. Ny fambolena manokana dia asa sahanin' ny [[olombelona]] ikarakarana ny [[zavamaniry]] mba hahazoana [[sakafo]] na [[akora fanodina]]. Ao amin' ny famaritana mivelatra kokoa dia tafiditra koa ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala ary ny fiompiana biby sy fambolena zavamaniry anaty rano. Anisan' ny anton-javatra lehibe nahatonga ny fipoiran' ny [[Haifomba|sivilizasiônan' ny olombelona]] miorim-ponenana ny fambolena sy fiompiana: ny fambolena zavamaniry sy fiompiana biby [[Famolahana ho fihary|nolamahana ho fihary]] dia namokatra ambim-bava nahafahan' ny olona nonina an-tanàn-dehibe. Na dia efa nanomboka nanangona voamadinika aza ny olombelona 105 000 taona lasa izay, fara fahakeliny, dia tokony ho 11 500 taona lasa izay vao nanomboka namboly azy ireo ny tantsaha voalohany. Tokony ho 10 000 taona lasa izay no nolamahana ho fiompy ny ondry, ny osy, ny kisoa ary ny omby. Nisy fambolena zavamaniry nipoitra tsy niankina tamin' ny tany an-kafa tany amin' ny faritra 11, fara fahakeliny, teto an-tany. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, ny fambolena sy fiompiana [[Indostria|indostrialy]], izay nifototra tamin' ny fambolena karazan-javamaniry tokana tamin' ny tany midadasika, no nanjaka teo amin' ny famokarana ara-pambolena sy fiompiana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-21 dia olona manodidina ny 2 lavitrisa no niankina tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana natao indrindra hamelomana ny mpamokatra sy ny ankohonany. [[Sary:Farm in Hainan 01.jpg|thumb|298x298px|alt=Toeram-pambolena any Hainan, any Sina.|Toeram-pambolena any Hainan, any Sina]] Tamin' ny taona 2021, ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana madinika, izay iray hekitara (tokony ho 2,5 ''acre'') na latsaka ny tena ankamaroany, no namokatra tokony ho ny ampahatelon' ny sakafo eran-tany. Venti-pandrefesana ny velaran-tany ny ''acre''. Ankoatra izany, ny dimy amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana enina eran-tany dia latsaky ny 2 hekitara (tokony ho 4,9 ''acre'') ary manodidina ny 12 % monja amin' ny tany fambolena sy fiompiana rehetra no misy azy ireo.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Raha ny fitambaran' ny velaran-tany ampiasaina kosa no jerena, dia ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana lehibe no manjaka.<ref name="Lowder-2021">Lowder, Sarah K.; Sánchez, Marco V.; Bertini, Raffaele (1 June 2021). ''Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated?'' ''World Development'' (amin' ny teny anglisy), 142, laharan-dahatsoratra 105455. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455] (azo idirana malalaka). S2CID: 233553897. ISSN: 0305-750X. Bibcode: 2021WoDev.14205455L.</ref> Na dia 1 % monja amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana rehetra eran-tany aza no mihoatra ny 50 hekitara (tokony ho 120 ''acre''), dia mahafaoka mihoatra ny 70 % amin' ny tany fambolena sy fiompiana eran-tany izy ireo.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Ankoatra izany, efa ho 40 % amin' ny tany fambolena sy fiompiana rehetra eran-tany no ao amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana mihoatra ny 1 000 hekitara (tokony ho 2 500 ''acre'').<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Misy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny toekarena ambanivohitra ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana sy ny asa atao ao aminy, sady mamolavola be ny fiarahamonina ambanivohitra. Voakasik' izany na ny olona miasa mivantana amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana na ireo orinasa sy raharaham-barotra midadasika kokoa izay manohana ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana sy ny mponina mivelona amin' ireo asa ireo. Azo sokajiana amin' ny ankapobeny ho [[Sakafo|sakafo]], [[Tsiraka|tsiraka]], [[Fandrehitra|fandrehitra]] ary akora fanodina, toy ny [[Fingotra voajanahary|fingotra]] sy ny hazo ampiasaina amin' ny fanamboarana, ny vokatra lehibe avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Anisan' ny sokajin-tsakafo ny [[Voamadinika|voamadinika]] sy ny voany, ny [[Legioma|legioma]], ny [[Voankazo|voankazo]], ny menaka fandrahoan-tsakafo, ny [[Hena|hena]], ny [[Ronono|ronono]], ny [[Atody|atody]] ary ny holatra fihinana. Maneran-tany, mahatratra 11 lavitrisa taonina eo ho eo ny sakafo vokarin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana,<ref>''[https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets]''. ''Food and Agriculture Organization'' ([[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]]). Nojerena: 12 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS Tahiry tamin' ny 4 January 2024]. Satan' ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> 32 tapitrisa taonina ny tsiraka voajanahary,<ref>''[https://dnfi.org/ Discover Natural Fibres Initiative – DNFI.org]''. dnfi.org. Nojerena: 3 February 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230410102509/https://dnfi.org/ Tahiry tamin' ny 10 April 2023]. Satan' ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> ary 4 lavitrisa m³ ny [[Hazo (akora)|hazo]].<ref>''[http://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO FAOSTAT. Forestry Production and Trade]''. ''Food and Agriculture Organization'' ([[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]]). Nojerena: 12 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO Tahiry tamin' ny 4 January 2024]. Satan' ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Manodidina ny 14 % amin' ny sakafo eran-tany anefa no very manomboka eo amin' ny famokarana ka hatramin' ny fotoana alohan' ny hahatongavany amin' ny varotra antsinjarany.<ref>''[https://fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction]''. ''Food and Agriculture Organization'' ([[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]]), Rome, 2023. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4140en 10.4060/cc4140en]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-137588-4</nowiki>. Nojerena: 4 January 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230927144130/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en Tahiry tamin' ny 27 September 2023]. Satan' ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Nampitombo be ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany ny siansa maoderina momba ny famokarana voly sy ny fitantanana ny tany, ny fifantenana sy fampitomboana taranaky ny zavamaniry, ny akora simika ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena, toy ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly sy ny [[Zezika|zezika]], ary ny fandrosoana ara-teknôlôjia. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fahasimban' ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainana ary ny fahasimban' ny tontolo iainana koa anefa ireo. Toy izany koa, nampitombo ny hena vokarina ny fifantenana biby hampitomboina taranaka sy ny fomba maoderina amin' ny [[Fiompiana|fiompiana]], saingy niteraka ahiahy momba ny fiahiana sy ny fahasalaman' ny biby ary ny fahasimban' ny tontolo iainana. Anisan' ny olana ara-tontolo iainana ny fandraisana anjara amin' ny fiovan' ny toetany, ny fihenan' ny rano ao amin' ny sosona ambanin' ny tany mitahiry rano, ny [[Fandripahana ala|fandripahana ala]], ny fahatohitry ny mikrôba ny antibiôtika (na ny fahafahany mbola miaina na mitombo na dia misy antibiôtika tokony hiasa hamely azy aza), ary ny fandotoana hafa vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Sady mahatonga ny fahasimban' ny tontolo iainana no mora voakasik' izany ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Anisan' izany fahasimbana izany ny fihenan' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina, ny fivadihana ho tany efitra, ny fahasimban' ny nofon-tany ary ny [[Fiovan' ny toetany|fiovan' ny toetany]], izay samy mety hampihena ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany. Ampiasaina betsaka ny zavamananaina novana ara-pototarazo, na dia misy firenena mandrara azy ireny aza. <span id="Etymology"></span><span id="Scope"></span> == Fiavian' ny teny sy sehatra voakasika == Lohahevitra mifandraika: ny sehatra voakasiky ny fambolena an-jaridaina. Ny teny anglisy hoe ''agriculture'' dia fampifanarahana ny teny latina hoe ''agricultūra'', izay natao tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoan' ny teny anglisy antenatenany. Avy amin' ny teny latina hoe ''ager'', izay midika hoe «saha», sy ''cultūra'', izay midika hoe «fiasana ny tany» na «fampaniriana», io teny io.<ref>Chantrell, Glynnis (mpamoaka lahatsoratra) (2002). ''[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/14 The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories]''. Oxford University Press, p. [https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/14 14]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-863121-7</nowiki>. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana.</ref> Miovaova ny sehatra rakotry ny famaritana ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Amin' ny heviny mivelatra indrindra, dia fampiasana ny harena voajanahary izy io mba, araka izao famaritana izao, «hamokarana zavatra ilaina amin' ny fitohizan' ny aina, anisan' izany ny sakafo, ny [[Tsiraka|tsiraka]], ny vokatry ny ala, ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena an-jaridaina, ary ny asa fanompoana mifandraika amin' ireo» (dika amin' ny teny malagasy).<ref name="Maine" /> Araka izany famaritana izany, dia tafiditra ao ny fambolena eny an-tsaha, ny fambolena an-jaridaina, ny [[Fiompiana|fiompiana]] ary ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala. Matetika anefa no tsy ampidirina ao ny fambolena an-jaridaina sy ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala rehefa ampiasaina ilay teny.<ref name="Maine">''[http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html Definition of Agriculture]''. State of Maine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html Tahiry], 23 March 2012. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 May 2013.</ref> Azo zaraina ho sehatra roa lehibe koa izy io: ny fambolena, izay miompana amin' ny fambolena zavamaniry ilaina,<ref name="Stevenson1971">Stevenson, G. C. (1971). ''Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10''. ''Experimental Agriculture'', 7 (4), p. 363. Cambridge University Press (CUP). ISSN 0014-4797. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700023371 10.1017/s0014479700023371]. S2CID: 85571333.</ref> sy ny fiompiana, izany hoe ny famokarana biby fiompy.<ref name="Herren2012">Herren, R.V. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-fQIAAAAQBAJ Science of Animal Agriculture]''. Cengage Learning. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-133-41722-4</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 1 May 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220531005013/https://books.google.com/books?id=-fQIAAAAQBAJ Tahiry], 31 May 2022. url-status: live.</ref> Na dia asa ataon' ny olombelona aza no tondroin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny ankapobeny, dia efa nanao fambolena nandritra ny fe-potoana mahatratra hatramin' ny 60 tapitrisa taona ny karazam-biby hafa, toy ny vitsika sasany (jereo ny fambolena ataon' ny vitsika),<ref>St. Fleur, Nicholas (6 October 2018). ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/science/ants-fungus-amber.html An Ancient Ant-Bacteria Partnership to Protect Fungus]''. ''The New York Times''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/science/ants-fungus-amber.html Tahiry], 1 January 2022. Voafetra ny fidirana amin' ny rohy voalohany. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 July 2020.</ref><ref>Li, Hongjie; Sosa Calvo, Jeffrey; Horn, Heidi A.; Pupo, Mônica T.; Clardy, Jon; Rabeling, Cristian; Schultz, Ted R.; Currie, Cameron R. (2018). ''Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants''. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', 115 (42), p. 10725. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809332115 10.1073/pnas.1809332115] (azo vakina maimaim-poana). PMID: 30282739. PMC: 6196509. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..11510720L. ISSN 0027-8424.</ref> ny [[Vitsikazo|vitsikazo]] ary ny voangory sasany.<ref>Mueller, Ulrich G.; Gerardo, Nicole M.; Aanen, Duur K.; Six, Diana L.; Schultz, Ted R. (December 2005). ''The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects''. ''Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics'', 36, pp. 563–595. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626].</ref> == Tantara == Lahatsoratra fototra: Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. [[File:Vavilov-centers updated.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Sarintanin' ny faritra niavian' ny zavamaniry volena, ahitana ny faritra 3 sy ny faritra P.|<span style="color:#000000;">■</span> Mainty: faritra niavian' ny zavamaniry volena, araka ny fanisana nomen' i Nikolai Vavilov azy ireo tamin' ny taompolo 1930.<br /><span style="color:#a0a0a0;">■</span> Volondavenona: tsy ekena ho faritra niavian' ny zavamaniry volena intsony ny faritra 3.<br /><span style="color:#f6501c;">■</span> Mena: tatỳ aoriana kokoa no nahafantarana an' i [[Ginea Vaovao]] (faritra P) ho faritra niavian' ny zavamaniry volena.<ref name="Larson2014"/><ref>Denham, T. P. (2003). ''Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea''. ''Science'', 301 (5630), 189–193. DOI: 10.1126/science.1085255 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 12817084. S2CID: 10644185.</ref>]] === Fiandohana === Lohahevitra mifandray: ny revôlisiôna neôlitika, na ny fiovana lehibe tamin' ny Vanim-potoanan' ny Vato Vaovao. Ny fivoaran' ny fambolena sy ny fiompiana dia nahafahan' ny isan' ny olombelona nitombo avo maro heny raha oharina amin' ny isan' olona azon' ny fihazana sy ny fanangonana sakafo avy amin' ny zavaboary novelomina.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre. ''When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition''. ''Science'', 29 July 2011, 333 (6042), 560–561. DOI: 10.1126/science.1208880; PMID: 21798934; Bibcode: 2011Sci...333..560B; S2CID: 29655920.</ref> Nipoitra tsy nifampiankina tany amin' ny faritra samihafa eran-tany ny fambolena sy ny fiompiana,<ref name="Stephens 897–902">Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael. ''Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use''. ''Science'', 30 August 2019, 365 (6456), 897–902. DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1192; ISSN: 0036-8075; PMID: 31467217; HDL: 10150/634688 (free); Bibcode: 2019Sci...365..897S; S2CID: 201674203.</ref> ary nahafaoka vondron-javamananaina maro samihafa araka ny fanasokajiana biôlôjika, tany amin' ny faritra niaviany miavaka 11 farafahakeliny.<ref name="Larson2014">Larson, G.; Piperno, D. R.; Allaby, R. G.; Purugganan, M. D.; Andersson, L.; Arroyo-Kalin, M.; Barton, L.; Climer Vigueira, C.; Denham, T.; Dobney, K.; Doust, A. N.; Gepts, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Gremillion, K. J.; Lucas, L.; Lukens, L.; Marshall, F. B.; Olsen, K. M.; Pires, J.C.; Richerson, P. J.; Rubio De Casas, R.; Sanjur, O.I.; Thomas, M. G.; Fuller, D.Q. ''Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies''. ''PNAS'', 2014, 111 (17), 6139–6146. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323964111 (free); PMID: 24757054; PMC: 4035915; Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.6139L.</ref> Efa nanangona sy nihinana voamadinika dia ny olombelona nanomboka tamin' ny 105&nbsp;000 taona lasa farafahakeliny.<ref>Harmon, Katherine. ''[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/humans-feasting-on-grains-for-at-least-100000-years/ Humans feasting on grains for at least 100,000 years]''. ''[[Scientific American]]'', 17 December 2009. Nojerena tamin' ny 28 August 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160917013143/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/humans-feasting-on-grains-for-at-least-100000-years/ Tahiry], 17 September 2016. URL-status: live.</ref> Tany Ampiposahana tamin' ny Vanim-potoanan' ny Vato Taloha, 23&nbsp;000 taona lasa, dia nahitana porofon' ny fambolena voamadinika teo akaikin' ny [[Farihy Tiberiada|farihy Tiberiada]], dia ny karazam-barimbazaha atao hoe ''emmer'', ny [[Vary ôrza|vary ôrza]] ary ny voamadinika atao hoe ''oats''.<ref>Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud. ''The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming''. ''PLOS One'', 22 July 2015, 10 (7), e0131422. Fiteny: en. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 (free); ISSN: 1932-6203; PMC: 4511808; PMID: 26200895; Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1031422S.</ref><ref>''[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation]''. ''ScienceDaily''. Fiteny: en. Nojerena tamin' ny 23 April 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm Tahiry], 23 April 2022. URL-status: live.</ref> Tany Sina no namolahana ny vary ho zavamaniry volena teo anelanelan' ny taona 11&nbsp;500 sy 6200 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy; ny fambolena azy tranainy indrindra fantatra kosa dia nanomboka tamin' ny taona 5700 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.<ref>Zong, Y.; When, Z.; Innes, J. B.; Chen, C.; Wang, Z.; Wang, H. ''[https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China]''. ''Nature'', 2007, 449 (7161), 459–462. PMID: 17898767; DOI: 10.1038/nature06135; Bibcode: 2007Natur.449..459Z; S2CID: 4426729.</ref> Narahin' ny tsaramaso atao hoe ''mung'', ''soy'' ary ''azuki'' izany. Tany [[Mesôpôtamia]] no namolahana ny ondry ho biby fiompy teo anelanelan' ny 13&nbsp;000 sy 11&nbsp;000 taona lasa.<ref>Ensminger, M. E.; Parker, R. O. ''Sheep and Goat Science'', Fifth edition. Interstate Printers and Publishers, 1986. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8134-2464-4</nowiki>.</ref> Ny omby dia avy amin' ny famolahana ny omby dia atao hoe ''aurochs'' ho biby fiompy tany amin' ny faritra misy an' i Torkia sy Pakistàna ankehitriny, tokony ho 10&nbsp;500 taona lasa.<ref name="McTavish">McTavish, E. J.; Decker, J. E.; Schnabel, R. D.; Taylor, J. F.; Hillis, D. M. ''New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events''. ''PNAS'', 2013, 110 (15), E1398–1406. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303367110 (free); PMID: 23530234; PMC: 3625352; Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110E1398M.</ref> Nipoitra tany Eorazia, anisan' izany i Eorôpa sy Azia Atsinanana ary Azia Atsimo Andrefana, ny fiompiana kisoa,<ref>Larson, Greger; Dobney, Keith; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina. ''[https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication]''. ''Science'', 11 March 2005, 307 (5715), 1618–1621. DOI: 10.1126/science.1106927; PMID: 15761152; Bibcode: 2005Sci...307.1618L; S2CID: 39923483.</ref> ary tany no namolahana voalohany ny [[Kisoadia|kisoadia]] ho biby fiompy tokony ho 10&nbsp;500 taona lasa.<ref>Larson, Greger; Albarella, Umberto; Dobney, Keith; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Schibler, Jörg; Tresset, Anne; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Schlumbaum, Angela. ''Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe''. ''PNAS'', 25 September 2007, 104 (39), 15276–15281. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703411104 (free); PMID: 17855556; PMC: 1976408; Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10415276L.</ref> Tany amin' ny tandavan-tendrombohitra [[Andes]] any Amerika Atsimo, teo anelanelan' ny 10&nbsp;000 sy 7000 taona lasa, no namolahana ny ovy ho zavamaniry volena, niaraka tamin' ny tsaramaso sy ny zavamaniry ''coca'', ary namolahana ho biby fiompy ny [[Lamà fotsy|lamà]], ny biby ''alpaca'' ary ny biby mpikiky atao hoe ''guinea pig''. Tany [[Ginea Vaovao]] no namolahana ny [[Fary|fary]] sy ny legioma sasany fihinana ny tapany ambanin' ny tany ho zavamaniry volena, tokony ho 9000 taona lasa. Efa namolahana ho zavamaniry volena tany amin' ny faritr' i [[Sahely]] any Afrika ny voamadinika atao hoe ''sorghum'' tamin' ny 7000 taona lasa. Efa namolahana ho zavamaniry volena tany Però ny landihazo tamin' ny 5600 taona lasa,<ref name="Broudy1979">Broudy, Eric. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=shN5_-W1RzcC The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present]''. UPNE, 1979, p. 81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87451-649-4</nowiki>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180210232500/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Book_of_Looms.html?id=shN5_-W1RzcC Tahiry], 10 February 2018. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019. URL-status: live.</ref> ary nisy famolahana azy tsy niankina tamin' izany koa tany Eorazia. Tany Mesôamerika dia nanaovana fifantenana sy fampitomboana ny zavamaniry dia atao hoe ''teosinte'' ka nanjary [[Zea mays|katsaka]], teo anelanelan' ny 10&nbsp;000 sy 6000 taona lasa.<ref>''[http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ The Evolution of Corn]''. University of Utah HEALTH SCIENCES. Nojerena tamin' ny 2 January 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ Tahiry], 13 July 2019.</ref><ref name="benz">Benz, B. F. ''Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca''. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 2001, 98 (4), 2104–2106. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 (free); PMID: 11172083; PMC: 29389; Bibcode: 2001PNAS...98.2104B.</ref><ref>Johannessen, S.; Hastorf, C. A. (eds.) ''Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World'', Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.</ref> Ny [[Soavaly|soavaly]] dia namolahana ho biby fiompy tany amin' ny lemaka midadasika rakotra ahitra any Eorazia, tokony ho tamin' ny taona 3500 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.<ref>Dance, Amber. ''[https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse The tale of the domesticated horse]''. ''Knowable Magazine'', 4 May 2022. DOI: 10.1146/knowable-050422-1 (free). Nojerena tamin' ny 28 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse Tahiry], 29 September 2022. URL-status: live; URL-access: subscription.</ref> Nandroso vinavina maro ny manam-pahaizana mba hanazavana ny fiandohan' ny fambolena sy ny fiompiana teo amin' ny tantara. Ny fandinihana ny fiovana avy amin' ny fiarahamonina nivelona tamin' ny fihazana sy ny fanangonana sakafo avy amin' ny zavaboary ho amin' ny fiarahamonina mpamboly sy mpiompy dia manondro fa nisy dingana voalohany izay nihamafy ny asa famokarana sakafo ary nihamafy koa ny fiorenam-ponenana maharitra amin' ny toerana iray. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' izany ny kolontsaina Natufian tany [[Ampiposahana (faritra)|Ampiposahana]] sy ny fiandohan' ny Vanim-potoanan' ny Vato Vaovao tany Sina. Taorian' izany dia nanomboka nambolena ireo zavamaniry nitombo ho azy izay efa nakana vokatra teo aloha, ary nanjary zavamaniry voafolaka ho volena tsikelikely.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996). ''Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation''. In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. <nowiki>ISBN 9781857285383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Sato, Y. (2003). ''Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin''. In Y. Yasuda (ed.) ''The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture'', Roli Books, New Delhi, p. 196.</ref><ref name="b1">Gerritsen, R. ''Australia and the Origins of Agriculture''. ''Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology''. Archaeopress, 2008, pp. 29–30. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4073-0354-3</nowiki>; DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1896; S2CID: 129339276.</ref> === Sivilizasiôna === [[File:Centres of origin and spread of agriculture.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Sarintanin' izao tontolo izao mampiseho, amin' ny fomba manakaiky fa tsy tena marina tanteraka, ireo faritra niavian' ny fambolena sy ny fielezany nandritra ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny tantara.<ref>Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003). ''Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions''. ''Science'', 300 (5619), pp. 597–603. DOI: 10.1126/science.1078208. PMID: 12714734. Bibcode: 2003Sci...300..597D. S2CID: 13350469.</ref> Nasehon' ny fandinihana ny DNA (asidra deôksiribôniokleika, izay mitahiry ny torohay momba ny lova ara-pirazanana) fa nampidirin' ny fielezan' ireo tantsaha voalohany avy any Anatolia tany Eorôpa ny fambolena, tokony ho 9 000 taona lasa izay.<ref>''[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved/ When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved]''. ''Scientific American'', 1 July 2020. Nojerena tamin' ny 28 October 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220525055649/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved/ Tahiry], 25 May 2022. url-status: live.</ref>]] Tany Atsinanana Afovoany, nanomboka nonina an-tanàna madinika ny mponin' i [[Somera]] tokony ho tamin' ny taona 8000 talohan' i Kristy, ka niankina tamin' ny ony [[Tigrisy]] sy [[Eofrata]] ary tambajotran-dakandrano izy ireo mba hanondrahana ny voly. Hita amin' ny soratra mampiasa sary ny [[Angadinomby|angadinomby]] manodidina ny taona 3000 talohan' i Kristy, ary ny angadinomby sady mamafy voa manodidina ny taona 2300 talohan' i Kristy. Namboly varimbazaha, vary ôrza, legioma toy ny zavamaniry fihinam-boa atao hoe ''lentil'' sy ny tongolo, ary voankazo toy ny voan' antrendry, voaloboka ary voan' aviavy ny tantsaha.<ref name="BritMus">''[http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html Farming]''. British Museum. Nojerena tamin' ny 15 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html Tahiry], 16 June 2016.</ref> Niankina tamin' ny ony Nile sy ny tondra-drano niseho isaky ny vanim-potoana ny fambolena tany Ejipta taloha. Nanomboka tamin' ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny fanjakan' ireo dinastia, tany amin' ny fiafaran' ny [[Paleôlitika]], taorian' ny taona 10 000 talohan' i Kristy, ny fambolena. Voamadinika toy ny varimbazaha sy ny vary ôrza no voly fototry ny sakafo, ary teo anilan' ireo dia nisy voly natao hahazoana akora fanodina, toy ny [[Linum usitatissimum|rongonimbazaha]] sy ny zavamaniry atao hoe ''papyrus''.<ref name="Janick">Janick, Jules. ''[https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture]''. ''Acta Hort.'', 583, pp. 23–39. Nojerena tamin' ny 1 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf Tahiry], 25 May 2013. url-status: live.</ref><ref>Kees, Herman (1961). ''[https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptcult0000kees Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography]''. University of Chicago Press. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana. Fanontana indray: <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-42914-4</nowiki>.</ref> Tany India, efa voafolaka ho fihary ny varimbazaha, ny vary ôrza ary ny [[Ziziphus jujuba|mokonazy]] tamin' ny taona 9000 talohan' i Kristy, ary tsy ela taorian' izany dia narahin' ny ondry sy ny osy.<ref name="gupta">Gupta, Anil K. (2004). ''[http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration]''. ''Current Science'', 87 (1), p. 59. JSTOR: 24107979. Nojerena tamin' ny 23 April 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf Tahiry], 20 January 2019. url-status: dead.</ref> Efa voafolaka ho fiompy teo amin' ny kolontsaina Mehrgarh ny omby, ny ondry ary ny osy tamin' ny taona 8000–6000 talohan' i Kristy.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. State University of New York Press. 19. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7914-2919-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="harrisandgosden385">Harris, David R. and Gosden, C. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds''. Routledge. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85728-538-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Possehl">Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). ''Mehrgarh'' in ''Oxford Companion to Archaeology'', Ed. Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press.</ref> Efa nambolena ny landihazo tamin' ny arivo taona fahadimy ka hatramin' ny fahefatra talohan' i Kristy.<ref>Stein, Burton (1998). ''A History of India''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. <nowiki>ISBN 0-631-20546-2</nowiki>.</ref> Manondro ny fisian' ny [[Angadinomby|angadinomby]] notarihin' ny biby nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2500 talohan' i Kristy tao amin' ny sivilizasiônan' ny lohasahan' i Indus ny porofo arkeôlôjika.<ref name="lal">Lal, R. (2001). ''Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000''. ''Soil and Tillage Research'', 61 (1–2), pp. 3–12. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2. Bibcode: 2001STilR..61....3L.</ref> Tany Sina, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia nisy tambajotran' ny trano fitehirizam-boamadinika nanerana ny firenena ary niely patrana ny fiompiana landy.<ref>[[#Needham|Needham]], Vol. 6, Part 2, pp. 55–57.</ref> Efa nampiasaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany talohan' i Kristy ny fikosoham-boamadinika nahodin' ny herin' ny rano,<ref>[[#Needham|Needham]], Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 89, 110, 184.</ref> ary nanaraka izany ny fanondrahana.<ref>[[#Needham|Needham]], Vol. 4, Part 2, p. 110.</ref> Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faharoa, dia efa novolavolaina ny angadinomby mavesatra nisy lelany vy sy takela-pamadihana ny bainga.<ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. <nowiki>ISBN 1404205586</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Wang Zhongshu, trans. by K. C. Chang and Collaborators, ''Han Civilization'' (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982).</ref> Niely niankandrefana namakivaky an' i Eorazia ireo fitaovana ireo.<ref>Glick, Thomas F. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA270 Medieval Science, Technology And Medicine: An Encyclopedia]''. Psychology Press, p. 270. Volume 11 of The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages Series. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035807/https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA270 Tahiry], 13 April 2023. url-status: live.</ref> Nofolahana ho fihary ny vary aziatika 8 200–13 500 taona lasa izay, arakaraka ny tombana azo amin' ny fomba famaritana fotoana mifototra amin' ny fiovan' ny molekiola ara-pirazanana ampiasaina,<ref name="pnas1">Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011). ''Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice''. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 108 (20), pp. 8351–8356. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104686108 (azo vakina maimaim-poana). PMID: 21536870. PMC: 3101000. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..108.8351M.</ref> teo amin' ny ony Pearl any atsimon' i Sina, ary iray ny fiaviany ara-pototarazo, avy amin' ny vary dia ''Oryza rufipogon''.<ref name="nature1">Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; Lu, Hengyun; Li, Wenjun; Gu, Yunli; Lu, Yiqi; Zhou, Congcong; Fan, Danlin; Weng, Qijun; Zhu, Chuanrang; Huang, Tao; Zhang, Lei; Wang, Yongchun; Feng, Lei; Furuumi, Hiroyasu; Kubo, Takahiko; Miyabayashi, Toshie; Yuan, Xiaoping; Xu, Qun; Dong, Guojun; Zhan, Qilin; Li, Canyang; Fujiyama, Asao; Toyoda, Atsushi (2012). ''A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice''. ''Nature'', 490 (7421), pp. 497–501. DOI: 10.1038/nature11532 (azo vakina maimaim-poana). PMID: 23034647. PMC: 7518720. Bibcode: 2012Natur.490..497H.</ref> Tany Grisia sy Rôma, ny varimbazaha, ny karazam-barimbazaha atao hoe ''emmer'', ary ny vary ôrza no voamadinika lehibe nambolena, niaraka tamin' ny legioma toy ny pitipoà, tsaramaso ary ôliva. Ny hahazoana ronono sy vokatra avy aminy no tena anton' ny fiompiana ondry sy osy.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. <nowiki>ISBN 3-11-014693-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="White">White, K. D. (1970), ''Roman Farming''. Cornell University Press.</ref> [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Seho momba ny fambolena tany Ejipta taloha: fikapohana ny voamadinika hanasarahana ny voany, trano fitehirizam-bokatra, fijinjana amin' ny antsy miolaka, fihadiana, fanapahana hazo ary fiasana ny tany amin' ny angadinomby. Fasan' i Nakht, taonjato fahadimy ambin' ny folo talohan' i Kristy.]] Tany Amerika, ankoatra ny zavamaniry mitovitovy amin' ny katsaka atao hoe ''teosinte'', dia anisan' ny voly nofolahana ho fihary tany [[Mesôamerika]] ny voatavo, ny tsaramaso ary ny [[Kakaô (zavamaniry)|kakaô]].<ref name="Murphy2011">Murphy, Denis (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=etQsieKuRH8C&pg=PA153 Plants, Biotechnology and Agriculture]''. CABI, p. 153. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84593-913-7</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=etQsieKuRH8C&pg=PA153 Tahiry], 13 April 2023. url-status: live.</ref> Ny Mayo Chinchipe tao amin' ny faritra ambonin' i Amazona no namolaka ny kakaô ho fihary manodidina ny taona 3000 talohan' i Kristy.<ref>Davis, Nicola (29 October 2018). ''[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/29/origin-of-chocolate-shifts-1400-miles-and-1500-years-cacao-ecuador Origin of chocolate shifts 1,400 miles and 1,500 years]''. ''The Guardian''. Nojerena tamin' ny 31 October 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181030234709/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/29/origin-of-chocolate-shifts-1400-miles-and-1500-years-cacao-ecuador Tahiry], 30 October 2018. url-status: live.</ref> Azo inoana fa tany Meksika na tany amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefan' i Etazonia no namolahana ny vorontsiloza ho fiompy.<ref name="Speller">Speller, Camilla F. et al. (2010). ''Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication''. ''PNAS'', 107 (7), pp. 2807–2812. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909724107 (azo vakina maimaim-poana). PMID: 20133614. PMC: 2840336. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..107.2807S.</ref> Namolavola tambajotram-panondrahana ny Aztec, nanao tanimboly miendrika ambaratonga teny amin' ny tehezan-kavoana, nanisy zezika ny taniny, ary nanamboatra ''chinampa'', na nosy namboarin' olombelona. Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 400 talohan' i Kristy, dia nampiasa tambajotran-dakandrano sy tanimboly nasandratra midadasika ny [[Sivilizasiôna Maia|Maia]] mba hambolena teny amin' ny tany honahona.<ref>Mascarelli, Amanda (5 November 2010). ''[http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html Mayans converted wetlands to farmland]''. ''Nature''. DOI: 10.1038/news.2010.587. Nojerena tamin' ny 17 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html Tahiry], 23 April 2021. url-status: live; url-access: subscription.</ref><ref>Morgan, John (6 November 2013). ''Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science''. ''Soil Horizons'', 53 (6), p. 3. DOI: 10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf (azo vakina maimaim-poana).</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">Spooner, David M.; McLean, Karen; Ramsay, Gavin; Waugh, Robbie; Bryan, Glenn J. (2005). ''A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping''. ''PNAS'', 102 (41), pp. 14694–14699. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507400102 (azo vakina maimaim-poana). PMC: 1253605. PMID: 16203994. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..10214694S.</ref><ref name="online">Office of International Affairs (1989). ''[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904264X&page=92 Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation]''. National Academies.org, p. 92. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-04264-2</nowiki>. DOI: 10.17226/1398. Nojerena tamin' ny 1 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202134137/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904264X&page=92 Tahiry], 2 December 2012. url-status: live.</ref><ref name="John Michael Francis 2005">Francis, John Michael (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA867 Iberia and the Americas]''. ABC-CLIO. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-426-4</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035809/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA867 Tahiry], 13 April 2023. url-status: live.</ref> Mety ho nanomboka manodidina ny taona 9000 talohan' i Kristy ny fambolena tany Amerika Atsimo, tamin' ny famolahana ny voatavo (''Cucurbita'') sy ny zavamaniry hafa ho fihary.<ref name="Piperno">Piperno, Dolores R. (2011). ''[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments]''. ''Current Anthropology'', 52 (S-4), pp. S453–S470. DOI: 10.1086/659998. S2CID: 83061925. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 Tahiry], 19 October 2021. url-status: live; url-access: subscription.</ref> Nofolahana ho fihary tany Andes ny zavamaniry ''coca'', ary toy izany koa ny voanjo, ny [[Solanum lycopersicum|voatabia]], ny paraky ary ny [[Mananasy|mananasy]].<ref name="Murphy2011" /> Efa nofolahana ho fihary tany Però ny landihazo tamin' ny taona 3600 talohan' i Kristy.<ref name="Broudy1979 p81">Broudy, Eric (1979). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=shN5_-W1RzcC&pg=PA81 The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present]''. UPNE, p. 81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87451-649-4</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035756/https://books.google.com/books?id=shN5_-W1RzcC&pg=PA81 Tahiry], 13 April 2023. url-status: live.</ref> Nofolahana ho fiompy tany koa ny biby toy ny [[Lamà fotsy|lamà]], ny ''alpaca'' (biby fiompy mitovitovy amin' ny lamà), ary ny ''guinea pig'' (biby mpikiky kely ompiana).<ref name="RischkowskyPilling2007">Rischkowsky, Barbara; Pilling, Dafydd (2007). ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture''. Food & Agriculture Organization, p. 10. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-105762-9</nowiki>. Google Books: id=Skpj197tU0oC; page=10; plainurl=y.</ref> Tany Amerika Avaratra, ny vazimba tany atsinanana dia namolaka voly ho fihary, toy ny tanamasoandro, ny paraky,<ref>Heiser, Carl B. Jr. (1992). ''On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America''. ''Current Anthropology'', 33, pp. 54–56. DOI: 10.1086/204032. S2CID: 144433864.</ref> ny voatavo ary ny ''Chenopodium''.<ref>Ford, Richard I. (1985). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eeuzAAAAIAAJ Prehistoric Food Production in North América]''. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Publications Department, p. 75. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-915703-01-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Adair, Mary J. (1988) ''Prehistoric Agriculture in the Central Plains.'' Publications in Anthropology 16. University of Kansas, Lawrence.</ref> Nangonina koa ny sakafo avy amin' ny zavamaniry dia, anisan' izany ny voan' ny [[Zizania|zavamaniry an-drano atao hoe ''Zizania'']] sy ny siramamy avy amin' ny ranon-kazon' ny ''maple''.<ref name="Smith2013">Smith, Andrew (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America]''. Oxford University Press, p. 1. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-973496-2</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019.</ref> Ny [[Fragaria ×ananassa|frezy]] ambolena dia safiotra avy amin' ny karazana iray avy any Silia sy karazana iray avy any Amerika Avaratra, novolavolaina tamin' ny fampifampiterahana tany Eorôpa sy Amerika Avaratra.<ref>Hardigan, Michael A. ''[https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time]''. ''PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018)''. Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California. Nojerena tamin' ny 28 February 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 Tahiry], 1 March 2018. url-status: live.</ref> Nanao fambolena tao anaty ala sy nampiasa afo hitantanana ny zavamaniry ny vazimba tany amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana sy tany amin' ny faritra avaratra-andrefana manamorona ny Pasifika. Nifehy ny afo teo amin' ny faritra midadasika ny vazimba mba hamoronana tontolo iainana iasan' ny afo tsy mahery, izay nahafahana nampaharitra fambolena tsy nifanizina sady nifandimby tamin' ny toerana samihafa araka ny fandaminana tsy hentitra; karazana fambolena maharitra na ''permaculture'' «dia» izany.<ref>Sugihara, Neil G.; Van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Shaffer, Kevin E.; Fites-Kaufman, Joann; Thode, Andrea E. (mpamoaka lahatsoratra) (2006). ''[https://archive.org/details/firecaliforniase00sugi Fire in California's Ecosystems]''. University of California Press, toko 17, p. [https://archive.org/details/firecaliforniase00sugi/page/n433 417]. Voafetra ny fidirana. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-24605-8</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Blackburn, Thomas C.; Anderson, Kat (mpamoaka lahatsoratra) (1993). ''Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians''. Ballena Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87919-126-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Cunningham2010">Cunningham, Laura (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYuYGHwCygC&pg=PA135 State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California]''. Heyday, pp. 135, 173–202. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-59714-136-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Anderson, M. Kat (2006). ''[https://archive.org/details/tendingwildnativ0000ande Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources]''. University of California Press. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-24851-9</nowiki>.</ref> Novolavolaina tany Amerika Avaratra ny fomba fampiarahana voly antsoina hoe «Ireo Mpirahavavy Telo». Ny voly telo niarahana dia ny voatavo jinjaina rehefa matoy ka azo tehirizina (''winter squash''), ny katsaka ary ny tsaramaso mandady miakatra.<ref name="wilson">Wilson, Gilbert (1917). ''[http://www.bookdepository.com/publishers/Dodo-Press Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation]''. Dodo Press, pp. 25 and passim. ref: wilson1917. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055513/http://www.bookdepository.com/publishers/Dodo-Press Tahiry], 14 March 2016. Fanontana indray: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4099-4233-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="landon">Landon, Amanda J. (2008). ''[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche]''. ''Nebraska Anthropologist'', pp. 110–124. Nojerena tamin' ny 1 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro Tahiry], 21 September 2013. url-status: live.</ref> Ny vazimba aostralianina, izay noheverina hatramin' ny ela ho mpihaza sy mpanangona sakafo nifindrafindra monina, dia nanao fandoroana voalamina, angamba mba hampitomboana ny vokatra voajanahary tamin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana afo hitantanana ny zavamaniry.<ref>Jones, R. (2012). ''Fire-stick Farming''. ''Fire Ecology'', 8 (3), pp. 3–8. DOI: 10.1007/BF03400623 (azo vakina maimaim-poana). Bibcode: 2012FiEco...8c...3J.</ref> Nohazavain' ny mpikaroka fa mila tontolo iainana mamokatra betsaka ny mpihaza sy mpanangona sakafo mba hahafahany manangona sakafo nefa tsy mamboly. Noho ny havitsian' ny zavamaniry fihinana any amin' ny alan' i Ginea Vaovao, dia mety ho nampiasa fandoroana nifantina ny toerana hodorana ny olombelona tany am-boalohany mba hampitomboana ny voa vokarin' ny hazo fihinam-boa dia atao hoe ''karuka'', ka hanohanana ny fomba fiaina mifototra amin' ny fihazana sy fanangonan-tsakafo.<ref>Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Layton, Robert (27 March 2011). ''Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations''. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', 366 (1566), pp. 849–862. ISSN 0962-8436. PMID: 21320899. PMC: 3048996. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0307.</ref> Nanomboka tokony ho 5 000 taona lasa izay, dia namolavola fomba fiompiana amalona sy tambajotram-pandrika hazandrano ny Gunditjmara sy ny vondrona hafa.<ref>Williams, Elizabeth (1988). ''Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia''. ''Archaeopress Archaeology'', 423.</ref> Misy porofo momba ny «fanamafisana ny famokarana» nanerana ilay kôntinenta nandritra izany fotoana izany.<ref>Lourandos, Harry (1997). ''Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Tany amin' ny faritra roa any Aostralia, dia ny tapany afovoan' ny morontsiraka andrefana sy ny tapany afovoany atsinanana, no nambolen' ny tantsaha tany am-boalohany oviala, voamadinika madinika teratany atao hoe ''millet'', ary zavamaniry dia fihinam-pototra antsoina hoe ''bush onions''; mety ho nonina tamin' ny tanàna maharitra izy ireo.<ref name="b1" /><ref>Gammage, Bill (October 2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aUddY9fGkNMC The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia]''. Allen & Unwin, pp. 281–304. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-74237-748-3</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 18 February 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035807/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUddY9fGkNMC Tahiry], 13 April 2023. url-status: live.</ref> === Fiovana lehibe === [[File:Crescenzi calendar.jpg|thumb|alt=Kalandrie mampiseho ny asa fambolena araka ny volana.|Kalandrie momba ny fambolena, tokony ho 1470, avy amin' ny sora-tanan' i Pietro de Crescenzi.]] Nandritra ny [[Andro Antenatenany]], raha oharina amin' ny vanim-potoana rômana, dia nifantoka kokoa tamin' ny famokarana mba hahavita tena ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Eorôpa Andrefana. Tao anatin' ny rafitra feôdaly, dia matetika navondrona tao amin' ny fananan-tany lehibe (''manor'') ny mponina niasa tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Nahitana tany mirefy ''acre'' an-jatony maro na mihoatra izany fananan-tany izany, ary tompo iray no nifehy azy; nisy trano fiangonana katôlika rômana sy pretra koa tao. Venti-pandrefesana ny velaran-tany ny ''acre''.<ref name="NatGeographic2015">National Geographic (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Q5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 ''Food Journeys of a Lifetime'']. ''[[National Geographic Society]]'', p. 126. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4262-1609-1</nowiki>. Daty nijerena: 10 February 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035806/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Q5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 Tahiry], 13 April 2023. Toetran' ny URL voarakitra: ''live''.</ref> Niova ny fambolena sy fiompiana eorôpeana noho ny fifanakalozana tamin' i Al-Andalus, izay nisehoan' ny fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana arabo tamin' izany fotoana izany. Nihatsara ny teknika ary niparitaka ny zavamaniry ambolena, ka anisan' izany ny fampidirana ny siramamy, ny vary, ny landihazo ary ny hazo fihinam-boa, toy ny voasary.<ref name="Watson">Andrew M. Watson (1974). ''The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100''. ''The Journal of Economic History'', 34 (1), pp. 8–35. DOI: 10.1017/s0022050700079602. S2CID: 154359726.</ref> Taorian' ny 1492, dia nitondra voly avy any amin' ny Tontolo Vaovao ho any Eorôpa ny fifanakalozana antsoina hoe ''Columbian exchange'', toy ny katsaka, ny ovy, ny voatabia, ny [[Vomanga|vomanga]] ary ny mangahazo. Nitondra voly avy any amin' ny Tontolo Taloha ho any Amerika koa izany, toy ny varimbazaha, ny vary ôrza, ny vary ary ny legioma fihinam-pototra atao hoe ''turnip'', ary koa biby fiompy, anisan' izany ny soavaly, ny omby, ny ondry ary ny osy.<ref>Crosby, Alfred (December 2011). [http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange ''The Columbian Exchange'']. ''The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History''. Daty nijerena: 11 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange Tahiry], 3 July 2013. Toetran' ny URL voarakitra: ''live''.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-17, niaraka tamin' ny fiovana lehibe teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Britaina, dia nandroso ny [[Fitarihan-drano|fitarihan-drano]], ny [[Fifandimbiasan' ny voly|fifandimbiasan' ny voly]] ary ny [[Zezika|zezika]], ka nahafahan' ny isan' ny mponina eran-tany nitombo betsaka. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1900, dia nitombo be ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny asa sy ny fitaovana ampiasaina teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany amin' ny firenena mandroso, ary toy izany koa tany amin' ny tany an-dalam-pandrosoana saingy tamin' ny ambaratonga ambany kokoa. Izany dia vokatry ny fampiasana milina hisolo ny asan' olombelona, izay nampian' ny zezika vokarina amin' ny fanodinana simika, ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly, ary ny fifantenana ny biby na zavamaniry hampiterahina mba hahazoana toetra irina. Ny fomba Haber–Bosch dia nahafahana namokatra ara-tsimika, tamin' ny ambaratonga indostrialy, ny zezika vita amin' ilay sira simika atao hoe ''ammonium nitrate''. Nampitombo be ny habetsahan' ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany iray izany ary nanohana ny fitomboana fanampiny teo amin' ny isan' ny mponina eran-tany.<ref>Janick, Jules. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf ''Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical'']. ''Purdue University''. Daty nijerena: 24 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074054/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec32.pdf Tahiry], 25 May 2013. Toetran' ny URL voarakitra: ''live''.</ref><ref>Reid, John F. (2011). [http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx ''The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture'']. ''The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology'', 41 (3). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033809/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx Tahiry], 5 November 2013. Toetran' ny URL voarakitra: ''live''.</ref> == Karazany == Jereo koa: Sakafo fototra. [[File:Reindeer herding.jpg|thumb|alt=Andiana karibo karakarain' ny mpiompy.|Ny andiana [[Karibo|karibo]] no fototry ny fiompiana amin' ny kijana ho an' ny vahoaka maromaro any amin' ny faritra Arktika sy ny faritra manakaiky azy.]] [[File:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|alt=Milina mpijinja sy mpively varimbazaha miaraka amin' ny traktera sy tranofiara.|Fijinjana varimbazaha amin' ny milina mpijinja sy mpively, miaraka amin' ny traktera sy tranofiara.]] Ny fiompiana amin' ny kijana dia ahitana ny fitantanana ny biby fiompy mihinana ahitra. Amin' ny fiompiana mifindrafindra toerana, dia afindra avy amin' ny toerana iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa ny andiam-biby fiompy mba hitadiavana kijana, vilona ary rano. Ampiharina any amin' ny faritra maina sy somary maina ao [[Sahara]], any Azia Afovoany ary any amin' ny faritra sasany ao India io karazam-piompiana io.<ref>Blench, Roger (2001). ''[http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf Pastoralists in the new millennium]''. FAO. p. 11–12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120201000745/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf Tahiry], 1 February 2012. Toetry ny URL voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: url-status=dead.</ref> [[File:Manuring a vegetable garden.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanaparitahana zezika amin' ny tanana ao anaty tanimboly.|Fanaparitahana zezika avy amin' ny taim-biby amin' ny tanana any Zambia.]] Amin' ny fambolena mifindrafindra toerana, dia diovina amin' ny alalan' ny tavy ny ampahana ala kely, izany hoe tapahina sy dorana ny hazo. Ampiasaina hambolena mandritra ny taona vitsivitsy ilay tany voadio, mandra-pihenan' ny fahavokaran' ny nofon-tany ka tsy mety amin' ny voly intsony, ary ajanona ny fambolena eo amin' ilay tany avy eo. Tany hafa no fidina, ka averina indray izany dingana izany. Any amin' ny faritra be rotsak' orana izay ahafahan' ny ala mitsiry indray haingana no tena ampiharana io fomba fambolena io. Ampiasaina any amin' ny tapany avaratra atsinanan' i India, any Azia Atsimo Atsinanana ary any amin' ny faritra fanangonan-dranon' i Amazôna izany fomba izany.<ref>''[http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden Shifting cultivation]''. Survival International. Notsidihina tamin' ny 28 August 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160829015112/http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden Tahiry], 29 August 2016. Toetry ny URL voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Ny fambolena ho an' ny fivelomana dia natao hanomezana izay ilain' ny fianakaviana na ny mponina eo an-toerana ihany, ka kely ny ambim-bokatra azo entina any an-toeran-kafa. Ampiharina betsaka any amin' ny faritra iharan' ny rivotra miova lalana arakaraka ny vanim-potoana any Azia sy any Azia Atsimo Atsinanana izy io.<ref>Waters, Tony (2007). ''The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: life beneath the level of the marketplace''. Lexington Books.</ref> Tombanana ho 2,5&nbsp;lavitrisa ny tantsaha nanao izany fambolena ho an' ny fivelomana izany tamin' ny 2018, ka namboly tamin' ny 60% eo ho eo amin' ny tany azo volena eto an-tany izy ireo.<ref><!--no byline-->''Chinese project offers a brighter farming future''. Editorial. ''Nature'', 7 March 2018, boky 555, laharana 7695, p. 141. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-02742-3 10.1038/d41586-018-02742-3] (doi-access=free). PMID: 29517037. Bibcode: 2018Natur.555R.141.</ref> Ny fambolena mafonja dia fomba fambolena natao hampitomboana araka izay azo atao ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny asa sy ny enti-mamokatra ampiasaina. Kely amin' ny tany ampiasaina ny ampahany avela tsy hovolena mandritra ny fotoana iray, ary betsaka kosa ny rano, ny zezika ary ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly ampiasaina, sady ampiasaina betsaka koa ny fitaovana mandeha ho azy. Any amin' ny firenena mandroso no tena ampiharana azy io.<ref>''[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060705221311/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 Tahiry], 5 July 2006.</ref><ref name="bbcFactSheet">''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml BBC School fact sheet on intensive farming]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503035007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml Tahiry], 3 May 2007.</ref> == Fambolena sy fiompiana ankehitriny == [[File:agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|alt=Sarintany mampiseho ny ampahan' ny GDP (fitambaran' ny sandan' ny vokatra sy ny tolotra farany novokarina tao anatin' ny faritra iray nandritra ny fe-potoana voafaritra) azo avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, 2024.|Ampahan' ny GDP (fitambaran' ny sandan' ny vokatra sy ny tolotra farany novokarina tao anatin' ny faritra iray nandritra ny fe-potoana voafaritra) azo avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, 2024.]] === Toe-javatra misy === [[File:Inherent Land Quality Map.png|thumb|354x354px|alt=Sarintany mampiseho ny fahafahan' ny tany maneran-tany ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana.|Fahafahan' ny tany maneran-tany ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana (''US Department of Agriculture'', na Departemantan' ny Fambolena sy Fiompiana ao Etazonia, 1998).]] [[File:Employment in agriculture, forestry and fishing by region.svg|thumb|221x221px|alt=Kisary mampitaha isam-paritra ny fiovan' ny asa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala ary ny jono.|Fironan' ny asa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, araka ny faritra, ka tafiditra ao ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala ary ny jono.<ref name="FAO-2025a">FAO (2025). ''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd4313en World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2025]''. FAO. Fiteny: English. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-140174-3</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cd4313en.</ref>]] Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nampitombo ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany ny fambolena sy fiompiana mafonja, izay mampiasa akora sy loharanon-karena betsaka mba hahazoana vokatra bebe kokoa amin' ny tany iray. Nampiasaina ho solon' ny asa nataon' ny olona ny zezika vokarina amin' ny fanodinana simika sy ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly, saingy nampitombo ny fandotoana ny rano izany, ary matetika no niaraka tamin' ny fanampiana ara-bola ho an' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana. Anisan' ny olana lehibe mampanahy maneran-tany ny fahasimban' ny nofon-tany sy ny aretina toy ny aretina harafesin' ny taho (''stem rust'');<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ Wheat Stem Rust – UG99 (Race TTKSK)]''. FAO. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 January 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140107064545/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ Tahiry tamin' ny 7 January 2014]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> manodidina ny 40% amin' ny tany fambolena sy fiompiana eran-tany no simba mafy.<ref>Sample, Ian (31 August 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food "Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160429094959/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food Tahiry tamin' ny 29 April 2016].</ref><ref>"[http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1214-unu.html Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025]". [[Mongabay]]. 14 December 2006. Nojerena tamin' ny 15 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111127175559/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1214-unu.html Tahiry tamin' ny 27 November 2011].</ref> Niteraka na niatrika olana ara-tontolo iainana, ara-pôlitika ary ara-toekarena ny fambolena sy fiompiana môderina. Anisan' izany ny fandotoana ny rano, ny solika azo avy amin' ny akora avy amin' ny zavamananaina, ny zavamananaina novana fototarazo, ny haba amin' ny entana nafarana na naondrana ary ny fanampiana ara-bola ho an' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana. Nitarika ho amin' ny fomba hafa, toy ny hetsika manohana ny famokarana biôlôjika, izany.<ref name="motherjones1">Philpott, Tom (19 April 2013). "[https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/04/history-nitrogen-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer]". ''Mother Jones''. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130505115125/https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/04/history-nitrogen-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate Tahiry tamin' ny 5 May 2013]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref name="smh.com.au">"[http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html Ten worst famines of the 20th century]". ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 15 August 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063152/http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html Tahiry tamin' ny 3 July 2014]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana tsy azo tohizana maharitra tany Amerika Avaratra dia nitarika ho amin' ilay tranga antsoina hoe ''Dust Bowl'', izay nisian' ny tafio-drivotra nitondra vovoka, tamin' ny taompolo 1930.<ref>Hobbs, Peter R; Sayre, Ken; Gupta, Raj (12 February 2008). ''The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture''. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', 363 (1491), p. 543–555. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2169. PMID: 17720669. PMC: 2610169.</ref> Tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia nisy fanoherana ny fiantraikan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana mahazatra amin' ny tontolo iainana. Niteraka hetsika ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika, ny fomba mamelona indray ny tany ary ny fomba azo tohizana maharitra izany.<ref name="motherjones1"/><ref>Scheierling, Susanne M. (1995). ''[http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1]''. [[Banky Maneran-Tany|The World Bank]]. Nojerena tamin' ny 15 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605112426/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 Tahiry tamin' ny 5 June 2013].</ref> Anisan' ny tena nanohana io hetsika io ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]], izay nanomboka nanamarina ny sakafo vokarina amin' ny fomba biôlôjika tamin' ny 1991. Nanomboka nanavao ny CAP (pôlitika iombonana momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana) izy tamin' ny 2005, mba hanafoanana tsikelikely ny fanampiana ara-bola mifamatotra amin' ny famokarana entam-barotra ara-pambolena sy fiompiana;<ref>European Commission (2003). ''[http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm CAP Reform]''. Nojerena tamin' ny 15 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101017124251/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 17 October 2010]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> atao hoe ''decoupling'' io fanapahana ny rohy eo amin' ny fanampiana ara-bola sy ny famokarana io. Ny fitomboan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika dia namelona indray ny fikarohana momba ny teknôlôjia hafa, toy ny fampiarahana fomba maro hifehezana ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly, ny fifantenana ny zavamaniry na biby hiteraka taranaka manana toetra irina,<ref>Poincelot, Raymond P. (1986). ''Organic Farming'', ao amin' ny ''Toward a More Sustainable Agriculture'', p. 14–32. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1506-3_2. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4684-1508-7</nowiki>.</ref> ary ny fambolena ao anatin' ny tontolo fehezina.<ref>"[http://www.agweek.com/business/agriculture/4527042-cutting-edge-technology-will-change-farming The cutting-edge technology that will change farming]". ''Agweek''. 9 November 2018. Nojerena tamin' ny 23 November 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181117020138/http://www.agweek.com/business/agriculture/4527042-cutting-edge-technology-will-change-farming Tahiry tamin' ny 17 November 2018].</ref><ref>Charles, Dan (3 November 2017). "[https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/11/02/561462293/hydroponic-veggies-are-taking-over-organic-and-a-move-to-ban-them-fails Hydroponic Veggies Are Taking Over Organic, And A Move To Ban Them Fails]". NPR. Nojerena tamin' ny 24 November 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055050/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/11/02/561462293/hydroponic-veggies-are-taking-over-organic-and-a-move-to-ban-them-fails Tahiry tamin' ny 24 November 2018]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Misy ahiahy momba ny vokatra ambany kokoa isaky ny velaran-tany mifandray amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika sy ny fiantraikan' izany amin' ny [[Fanjarian-tsakafo|fisian' ny sakafo sy ny fahafahan' ny olona mahazo azy]] eran-tany.<ref>Knapp, Samuel; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. (7 September 2018). ''A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture''. ''Nature Communications'', 9 (1), p. 3632. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05956-1 (fidirana malalaka). PMID: 30194344. PMC: 6128901. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.3632K. ISSN: 2041-1723.</ref> Anisan' ny fandrosoana ara-teknôlôjia vao haingana teo amin' ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana be mpampiasa ny sakafo azo avy amin' ny zavamananaina novana fototarazo.<ref>''[http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file15655.pdf GM Science Review First Report]''. Nomanin' ny UK GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Filoha: David King, p. 9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100707/http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file15655.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 16 October 2013].</ref> Nandritra ny fe-potoana 60 taona teo anelanelan' ny 1964 sy 2023, ny ankamaroan' ny fitomboan' ny famokarana tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana dia azo tamin' ny fanamafisana ny famokarana amin' ny tany efa nampiasaina, fa 8% monja kosa ny fitomboan' ny velaran-tany fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="FAO-2025b">''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7488en The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2025]''. FAO, 2025. Fiteny: English. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-140285-6</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cd7488en.</ref> Tamin' ny taonjato faha-21, teo anelanelan' ny 2001 sy 2023, dia nihena 78 tapitrisa hekitara (Mha) ny velaran-tany fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany (−2%). Nitombo 78 Mha ny velaran-tany ambolena, fa nihena 151 Mha kosa ny tanim-bozaka sy kijana maharitra. Samy hafa be arakaraka ny faritra ireo fiovana ireo. Tao [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà]], dia nitombo 69 Mha ny tany ambolena, ary niaraka tamin' izany ny fahaverezan' ny ala mirefy 72 Mha. Tao [[Amerika Latina]] kosa, dia nitombo 25 Mha ny tany ambolena, ary niaraka tamin' izany ny fihenan' ny velaran' ala, izay nahatratra 85 Mha rehefa esorina ny fitomboany. Ny fanitarana ny tany fambolena sy fiompiana no mbola tena mahatonga ny fandripahana ala maneran-tany, ka io no anton' ny efa ho 90% amin' ny fahaverezan' ny ala. Amin' ity taonjato ity koa, dia manodidina ny 3,6 Mha ny tany ambolena avela tsy hampiasaina intsony isan-taona; azo inoana fa manana anjara lehibe amin' izany fahaverezana izany ny fahasimban' ny tany.<ref>FAO (2025). ''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7067en The State of Food and Agriculture 2025]''. FAO. Fiteny: English. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-140142-2</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cd7067en.</ref> [[File:Agricultural output of China.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|alt=Kisary mampiseho ny fiovan' ny sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana any Sina nanomboka tamin' ny 1961, amin' ny dolara amerikanina araka ny sandany tamin' ny 2015.|Fiovan' ny sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana any Sina nanomboka tamin' ny 1961, amin' ny dolara amerikanina araka ny sandany tamin' ny 2015.]] Tamin' ny 2015, dia i Sina no nanana ny sandan' ny vokatra ambony indrindra eran-tany avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, narahin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana, i India ary i Etazonia.<ref name="UNCTAD2017"/> Refesin' ny mpahay toekarena ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana raha oharina amin' ny fitambaran' ny akora sy loharanon-karena ampiasaina amin' izany. Araka io fandrefesana io, dia 1,7 heny eo ho eo no mahavokatra kokoa ny fambolena sy fiompiana any Etazonia raha oharina amin' ny tamin' ny 1948.<ref>''[http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ Agricultural Productivity in the United States]''. USDA Economic Research Service. 5 July 2012. Nojerena tamin' ny 22 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201021133/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/ Tahiry tamin' ny 1 February 2013].</ref> Ny fitomboan' ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny loharanon-karena ampiasaina mandritra ny fotoana maharitra dia lehibe indrindra rehefa mitodika amin' ny voankazo, ny legioma ary ny voly ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny tsaramaso ny fikarohana sy fampandrosoana momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref>FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO (2026). ''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd8306en The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026]''. FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO. Fiteny: English. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-140461-4</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cd8306en.</ref> Nampiasa olona 873 tapitrisa ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny 2021, izany hoe 27% amin' ny hery miasa maneran-tany, ary 916 tapitrisa tamin' ny 2023, raha 1 027 tapitrisa (na 40%) kosa izany tamin' ny 2000. Tsy niova firy ny ampahan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tao amin' ny GDP (fitambaran' ny sandan' ny vokatra sy ny tolotra farany novokarina tao anatin' ny faritra iray nandritra ny fe-potoana voafaritra) maneran-tany, fa nijanona ho manodidina ny 4% nandritra ny 2000–2023.<ref name="FAO-2023b">''[https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023]''. [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|FAO]], 2023. Amin' ny alalan' ny FAODocuments. Nojerena tamin' ny 13 December 2023. DOI: 10.4060/cc8166en. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-138262-2</nowiki>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231215161116/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en Tahiry tamin' ny 15 December 2023]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Na dia nitombo aza ny famokarana sy ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny loharanon-karena ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana,<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022">''The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2022. Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-136499-4</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cc0639en. HDL: 10654/44801. S2CID: 264474106.</ref> dia olona teo anelanelan' ny 702 sy 828 tapitrisa no niharan' ny hanoanana tamin' ny 2021.<ref>''In Brief to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2022. Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-136502-1</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cc0640en.</ref> Mety ho vokatry ny fifandonana, ny toe-javatra tafahoatra sy ny fiovaovan' ny toetany ary ny fiovaovan' ny toekarena ny tsy fahazoana antoka ny fisian' ny sakafo sy ny fahazoana azy, ary ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo (na tsy fahampiana na tsy fifandanjan' ny sakafo ilain' ny vatana).<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022"/> Mety hateraky ny toetra fototry ny firenena iray koa izany, toy ny fari-pidiram-bola sy ny harena voajanahary ananany, ary ny fifandraisan' ny pôlitika sy ny toekarena ao aminy.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022"/> Nitombo 62% ny fampiasana akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly tamin' ny fambolena teo anelanelan' ny 2000 sy 2021. Tao amin' ny kôntinenta amerikanina no nampiasaina ny antsasany tamin' izany tamin' ny 2021.<ref name="FAO-2023b"/> Araka ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fampandrosoana ny Fambolena|''International Fund for Agricultural Development'']] (Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena ho an' ny Fampandrosoana ny Fambolena), dia mety ho anisan' ny vahaolana amin' ny ahiahy momba ny vidin-tsakafo sy ny [[Fanjarian-tsakafo|fisian' ny sakafo ary ny fahafahan' ny olona mahazo azy]] amin' ny ankapobeny ny fampitomboana ny fambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny toeram-pamokarana madinika, raha jerena ny vokatra tsara azo tany Vietinamy.<ref>''[http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution]''. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Nojerena tamin' ny 24 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 5 May 2013].</ref> Tombanana ho 3,26 arivolavitrisa dolara amerikanina ny fatiantoka nateraky ny loza tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana nandritra ny 33 taona (1991–2023), izany hoe 99 lavitrisa dolara amerikanina isan-taona raha atao salan' isa. Ny voly voamadinika no niharan' ny fatiantoka lehibe indrindra, ka 4,6 lavitrisa taonina no very, narahin' ny voankazo sy legioma (2,8 lavitrisa taonina), ary 900 tapitrisa taonina kosa ny hena sy vokatra avy amin' ny ronono very.<ref>FAO (2025). ''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025]''. FAO. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-140180-4</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cd7185en. Nojerena tamin' ny 20 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260422164923/https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en Tahiry tamin' ny 22 April 2026]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> === Mpiasa === Jereo koa: ny anjara asan' ny lahy sy ny vavy eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. [[File:Employment in agriculture, forestry and fishing (2023).svg|thumb|alt=Asa eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala ary ny jono maneran-tany tamin' ny 2023|Asa eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala ary ny jono maneran-tany tamin' ny 2023.<ref name="FAO-2025a"/>]] Manome ny ampahefatry ny asa rehetra maneran-tany eo ho eo ny fambolena sy fiompiana; mihoatra ny antsasany izany ao [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà]], ary efa ho 60% any amin' ny firenena ambany fidiram-bola.<ref> ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)]''. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2021. Nodinihina tamin' ny 12 May 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS Tahiry tamin' ny 7 October 2019]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Araka ny fizotry ny tantara, rehefa mandroso ny firenena dia misarika ny mpiasa hiala amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny asa hafa. Mampitombo ny vokatra azo isaky ny habetsahan' asa atao koa ny fanavaozana mampihena ny asa ilana olona, satria mampihena ny habetsahan' asa ilaina isaky ny singam-bokatra izany.<ref> Michaels, Guy; Rauch, Ferdinand; Redding, Stephen J. (2012). ''Urbanization and Structural Transformation''. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127 (2), pp. 535–586. DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjs003. JSTOR: 23251993. ISSN: 0033-5533.</ref><ref> Gollin, Douglas; Parente, Stephen; Rogerson, Richard (2002). ''The Role of Agriculture in Development''. The American Economic Review, 92 (2), pp. 160–164. DOI: 10.1257/000282802320189177. JSTOR: 3083394. ISSN: 0002-8282.</ref><ref> Lewis, W. Arthur (1954). ''Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour''. The Manchester School, 22 (2), pp. 139–191. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x. ISSN: 1463-6786.</ref> Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana, dia niara-nampihena ny ampahan' ny mponina miasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fironan' ny isan' ny olona manolotra ny asany sy ny filàna mpiasa eo amin' ny mpampiasa.<ref> ''[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home FAOSTAT: Employment Indicators: Agriculture]''. FAO, Rome, 2022. Nodinihina tamin' ny 6 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074500/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home Tahiry tamin' ny 14 November 2021]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref><ref> ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)]''. data.worldbank.org. Nodinihina tamin' ny 14 March 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS Tahiry tamin' ny 7 October 2019]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> [[File:Transition from agriculture to developed economy.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|alt=Fifindrana avy amin' ny toekarena mifototra amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ho amin' ny toekarena mandroso|Araka ny teôrian' ny fizarana ny toekarena ho sehatra telo, dia mihena ny ampahan' ny olona miasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana rehefa mandroso kokoa ny toekarena. Ny tsanganana maitso eo ankavia amin' ny vondrona tsirairay no maneho izany ampahany izany.|220x220px]] Tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 tany Eorôpa, dia teo anelanelan' ny 55 sy 75% ny mponina niasa tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana; tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 kosa dia efa nidina ho eo anelanelan' ny 35 sy 65% izany.<ref>Allen, Robert C. ''[http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800]''. European Review of Economic History, 3, pp. 1–25. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141027195415/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 27 October 2014].</ref> Latsaky ny 10% kosa ny tarehimarika ho an' ireo firenena ireo voalaza ao amin' ilay loharano nodinihina tamin' ny 4 Mey 2013.<ref name="LaborForce">''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html Labor Force – By Occupation]''. The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Nodinihina tamin' ny 4 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140522214333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html Tahiry tamin' ny 22 May 2014].</ref> Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-21, dia olona iray lavitrisa teo ho eo, izany hoe mihoatra ny 1/3-n' ny olona rehetra afaka miasa, no niasa tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Io sehatra io no nahitana ny 70% eo ho eo amin' ny asa ataon' ny ankizy maneran-tany. Amin' ny firenena maro koa dia ny fambolena sy fiompiana no manana ny isan-jaton' ny vehivavy ambony indrindra raha ampitahaina amin' ny sehatra rehetra.<ref name="ILO"/> Tamin' ny 2007, dia nihoatra ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny sehatry ny asa fanompoana ka nanjary sehatra nampiasa olona betsaka indrindra maneran-tany.<ref>Associated Press (26 January 2007). ''[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/191279 Services sector overtakes farming as world's biggest employer: ILO]''. The Financial Express. Nodinihina tamin' ny 24 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131013062206/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/191279 Tahiry tamin' ny 13 October 2013]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Any amin' ny firenena mandroso maro, dia manampy mameno ny tsy fahampian' ny mpiasa amin' ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana mamokatra zavatra lafo vidy nefa sarotra ampiasana milina ny mpifindra monina avy any ivelany.<ref> ''[https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA1554EN In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development]''. FAO, Rome, 2018. Nodinihina tamin' ny 6 February 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230203150041/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA1554EN Tahiry tamin' ny 3 February 2023]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Tamin' ny 2013, dia mpiasa vahiny avy indrindra tany Eorôpa Atsinanana sy Afrika Avaratra ary Azia Atsimo ny ampahatelony teo ho eo tamin' ny mpiasa mandray karama teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Espaina, Italia, Grisia ary Pôrtogaly.<ref> Caruso, F.; Corrado, A. (2015). ''Migrazioni e lavoro agricolo: un confronto tra Italia e Spagna in tempi di crisi''. Ao amin' ny ''Tempo di cambiare. Rapporto 2015 sulle migrazioni interne in Italia''. M. Colucci &amp; S. Gallo (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). Donizelli, Rome, pp. 58–77.</ref><ref> Kasimis, Charalambos (1 October 2005). ''[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe]''. migrationpolicy.org. Nodinihina tamin' ny 6 February 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172236/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe Tahiry tamin' ny 6 February 2023]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref><ref> Nori, M. (2017). ''The shades of green: Migrants' contribution to EU agriculture. Context, trends, opportunities, challenges''. Migration Policy Centre, Florence. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-9084-556-0</nowiki>. DOI: 10.2870/785454. HDL: 1814/49004. ISSN: 2467-4540. DOI-access: free; HDL-access: free.</ref><ref> Fonseca, Maria Lucinda (November 2008). ''New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal''. Population, Space and Place, 14 (6), pp. 525–535. DOI: 10.1002/psp.514.</ref> Tany Etazonia, dia mpifindra monina avy any ivelany ny antsasany mahery tamin' ny mpiasa rehetra nokaramaina tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana (mpiasa 450 000 eo ho eo) tamin' ny 2019. Na izany aza, dia nihena 75% ny isan' ny mpifindra monina vaovao tonga tao amin' io firenena io mba hiasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana nandritra ireo taona vitsivitsy farany resahin' ny loharano, ary ny fiakaran' ny karama dia manondro fa niteraka tsy fahampian' ny mpiasa lehibe tany amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana tany Etazonia izany.<ref> Preibisch, Kerry (2010). ''Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture''. The International Migration Review, 44 (2), pp. 404–441. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00811.x. JSTOR: 25740855. S2CID: 145604068. ISSN: 0197-9183.</ref><ref> ''[https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ Agriculture: How immigration plays a critical role]''. New American Economy. Fiteny voarakitra: en-US. Nodinihina tamin' ny 6 February 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406024221/https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ Tahiry tamin' ny 6 April 2023]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> ==== Vehivavy eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ==== Maneran-tany, ampahany lehibe amin' ny olona miasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny vehivavy.<ref name="FAO-2017">''[https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I7658EN The State of Food and Agriculture 2017. Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation]''. FAO, Rome, 2017. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-109873-8</nowiki>. Notsidihina tamin' ny 6 February 2023; [https://web.archive.org/web/20230314142843/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I7658EN tahiry tamin' ny 14 March 2023]. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Mitombo io ampahany io any amin' ny faritra an-dalam-pandrosoana rehetra, afa-tsy any Azia Atsinanana sy Azia Atsimo Atsinanana, izay efa mahatratra 50 isan-jato eo ho eo amin' ny mpiasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny vehivavy.<ref name="FAO-2017"/> Any Afrika atsimon' i Sahara, vehivavy ny 47 isan-jaton' ny mpiasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana; tsy niova firy io taha io tao anatin' ny am-polony taona vitsivitsy lasa.<ref name="FAO-2017"/> Na izany aza, heverin' ny ''[[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]'' (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana), izay hafohezina hoe FAO (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), fa mety hiova ny anjara asa sy ny andraikitry ny vehivavy eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Ohatra amin' izany ny fialana amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana natao indrindra hamelomana ny ankohonana ho amin' ny asa andraisan-karama, ary ny fiovana avy amin' ny maha-mpikambana ao amin' ny ankohonana manampy amin' ny asa ho amin' ny maha-mpamokatra fototra azy, ao anatin' ny toe-javatra izay ifindran' ny lehilahy monina any an-toeran-kafa.<ref name="FAO-2017"/> Amin' ny ankapobeny, lehibe kokoa ny ampahan' ny vehivavy eo amin' ireo miasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana rehefa ambany kokoa ny haavon' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena. Mametra mafy ny fahafahan' ny vehivavy miasa ivelan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana mantsy ny tsy fahampian' ny fanabeazana, ny fahasarotan' ny fahazoana mampiasa fotodrafitrasa fototra sy mahazo tsena, ny vesatry ny asa tsy andraisan-karama, ary ny tsy fahampian' ny asa hafa azo atao any ambanivohitra ankoatra ny fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="FAO-2023a">''The status of women in agrifood systems - Overview''. FAO, Rome, 2023. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5060en 10.4060/cc5060en]. S2CID: 258145984.</ref> Matetika ny vehivavy miasa amin' ny famokarana eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana no manao izany ao anatin' ny toe-javatra tena tsy mahasoa azy ireo. Mirona hifantoka any amin' ireo firenena mahantra indrindra izy ireo, izay tsy ahitana fomba hafa ahazoana fivelomana, ary mbola mitazona ny hamafin' ny asany ihany rehefa misy fikorontanan' ny toetrandro ateraky ny toetany na rehefa misy fifandonana. Tsy dia mandray anjara amin' ny maha-mpandraharaha sy mpamboly mahaleo tena ny vehivavy, ary voly tsy dia ahazoana tombom-barotra no vokariny.<ref name="FAO-2023a"/> Mahatratra 24 isan-jato ny elanelana eo amin' ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany, rehefa ampitahaina ny toeram-pambolena mitovy velarana tantanan' ny vehivavy sy ny tantanan' ny lehilahy. Raha ny salan' isa, dia latsaka 18,4 isan-jato noho ny an' ny lehilahy ny karama azon' ny vehivavy amin' ny asa andraisan-karama eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana; izany hoe mahazo 82 sentima ny vehivavy isaky ny dôlara iray azon' ny lehilahy. Miadana ihany koa ny fandrosoana amin' ny fampihenana ny elanelana eo amin' ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy eo amin' ny fahazoana mampiasa fitarihan-drano sy eo amin' ny fananana biby fiompy.<ref name="FAO-2023a"/> Mbola voafetra lavitra noho ny an' ny lehilahy ny fahafahan' ny vehivavy miasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana mahazo ireo akora sy fitaovana ilaina amin' ny famokarana, anisan' izany ny masomboly nohatsaraina, ny zezika ary ny fitaovana mandeha amin' ny milina. Teo anelanelan' ny 2017 sy 2021 kosa, dia nihena avy amin' ny 25 isan-jato ho 16 isan-jato ny elanelana eo amin' ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy eo amin' ny fahazoana mampiasa aterineto amin' ny tambajotran-telefaonina finday any amin' ny firenena ambany sy antonony fidiram-bola; nihena avy amin' ny isa isan-jato 9 ho isa isan-jato 6 koa ny elanelana eo amin' ny fahazoana kaonty any amin' ny banky. Mitovy ny mety handraisan' ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy teknôlôjia vaovao sy hampiasany izany rehefa apetraka ireo fepetra ilaina hahafahana mampiasa izany, sady mitovy ny fahafahan' izy ireo mahazo ireo akora, fitaovana ary loharanon-karena hafa ilaina ho famenony.<ref name="FAO-2023a"/> === Fiarovana sy fahasalamana === Lohahevitra fototra: fiarovana sy fahasalamana amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. [[File:Ford Tractor with ROPS bar fitted.JPG|thumb|Traktera Fordson tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20, nampiana tatỳ aoriana bara fiarovana raha mivadika ilay traktera.]] Mbola sehatra mampidi-doza ny fambolena sy fiompiana, indrindra ny asa eny amin' ny toeram-pambolena. Mbola avo maneran-tany ny mety hahazoan' ny tantsaha ratra vokatry ny asa, aretin' ny havokavoka (na aretina mahakasika ny havokavoka), fihenan' ny fandrenesana vokatry ny tabataba (na fahaverezan' ny fahafahana mandre amin' ny ampahany na manontolo noho ny feo mahery), aretin-koditra (na aretina mahakasika ny hoditra), ary karazana kansera sasany (na aretina itomboan' ny sela tsy voafehy) mifandray amin' ny fampiasana akora simika sy ny fianjadian' ny masoandro maharitra. Amin' ny toeram-pambolena mampiasa fomba indostrialy dia matetika mifandray amin' ny fampiasana milina fambolena ny ratra; anisan' ny antony fahita mahatonga ratra mahafaty eo amin' ny asa fambolena any amin' ny firenena mandroso ny fivadihan' ny traktera.<ref name="aginjury">[https://wwwa.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ ''NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries'']. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'' (CDC, Ivontoerana momba ny fifehezana sy fisorohana ny aretina). Notsidihina: 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028181205/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ Tahiry], 28 October 2007. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Mety hampidi-doza ny fahasalaman' ny mpiasa ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly sy ny akora simika hafa ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena. Mety harary na hanan-janaka manana tsy fahatomombanana hatrany am-bohoka (na tsy fahatomombanana efa misy rehefa teraka) ny mpiasa iharan' ireo akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ireo.<ref name="NIOSH_pest">[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/ ''NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers'']. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 2011. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012108 10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012108] (fidirana malalaka). Notsidihina: 15 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402004253/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012%2D108/ Tahiry], 2 April 2013. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Matetika ny fianakaviana no miara-miasa sy monina eo amin' ny toeram-pambolena ihany, ka mety hiharan' ny ratra, aretina ary fahafatesana ny fianakaviana manontolo.<ref name="NIOSH Agri">[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ ''NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agriculture'']. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. Notsidihina: 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009224012/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ Tahiry], 9 October 2007. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Mety ho vondrona tena marefo amin' ireo loza amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ireo ny ankizy 0–6 taona.<ref name="WeicheltGorucu2018">Weichelt, Bryan; Gorucu, Serap. 17 February 2018. [http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 ''Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org'']. ''Injury Prevention'' 25 (3), pejy injuryprev–2017–042671. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671 10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671]. PMID: 29386372. S2CID: 3371442. Notsidihina: 18 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180427133711/http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 Tahiry], 27 April 2018. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live; fidirana amin' ny famandrihana.</ref> Anisan' ny antony fahita mahatonga ratra mahafaty amin' ny tanora miasa eny amin' ny toeram-pambolena ny faharendrehana sy ny loza mahakasika milina sy fiarakodia, anisan' izany ireo mahakasika fiara afaka mandeha amin' ny karazan-tany samihafa.<ref name="NIOSH Agri"/><ref name="WeicheltGorucu2018"/><ref>The PLOS ONE staff. 6 September 2018. ''Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study''. ''PLOS One'' 13 (9), laharan-dahatsoratra e0203842. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203842 10.1371/journal.pone.0203842] (fidirana malalaka). ISSN: 1932-6203. PMC: 6126865. PMID: 30188948. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1303842.</ref> Asehon' ny tahirin-kevitra momba ny fahafatesana vokatry ny asa nandritra ny folo taona farany noresahin' ny fikarohana fa, raha ampitahaina ny sehatra rehetra, dia ny fambolena sy fiompiana no nahitana ny isan' ny tanora maty noho ny asa betsaka indrindra. Teo amin' io sehatra io, ny tanora 10–15 taona no niharan' ny ratra tsy nahafaty vokatry ny asa betsaka indrindra.<ref>Lee, Barbara C.; Salzwedel, Marsha A. 2023-01-30. ''Safeguarding youth from agricultural injury and illness: The United States' experience''. ''Frontiers in Public Health'' 11, laharan-dahatsoratra 1048576. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048576 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048576] (fidirana malalaka). ISSN: 2296-2565. PMC: 9922745. PMID: 36794078. Bibcode: 2023FrPH...1148576L.</ref> Na dia mampidi-doza aza ny asa eny amin' ny toeram-pambolena, dia nodinihin' ny fikarohana koa ny fisian' ny tombontsoa maro azo avy amin' ny fitomboana sy ny fiainana eo amin' ireny toeram-pambolena ireny.<ref>Burke, Richard R.; Berg, Richard L.; Weichelt, Bryan P.; Gabor, Rachel M.; Rudolphi, Josie M.; Bendixsen, Casper G.; VanWormer, Jeffrey J. April 2026. ''A PheWAS Analysis of the Risks and Benefits of Growing Up on a Farm''. ''Journal of Agromedicine'' 31 (2), pejy 254–262. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2025.2591079 10.1080/1059924X.2025.2591079]. ISSN: 1545-0813. PMID: 41275339.</ref> Heverin' ny ''International Labor Organization'' (ILO, Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Asa) ho «iray amin' ireo sehatra ara-toekarena mampidi-doza indrindra» ny fambolena sy fiompiana, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ny filazany.<ref name="ILO">[http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm ''Safety and health in agriculture'']. ''International Labour Organization''. 21 March 2011. Notsidihina: 1 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180318105845/http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm Tahiry], 18 March 2018. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Tombanan' io fikambanana io ho 170 000 farafahakeliny ny isan' ny mpiasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana maty isan-taona noho ny asa, ary avo roa heny amin' ny salan' isa amin' ny tahan' ny fahafatesana amin' ny asa hafa ny tahan' izany fahafatesana izany. Matetika koa no tsy anaovana tatitra ny fahafatesana, ratra ary aretina mifandray amin' ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="ILO2">[http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm ''Agriculture: A hazardous work'']. ''International Labour Organization''. 15 June 2009. Notsidihina: 1 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041758/http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm Tahiry], 3 March 2018. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Namolavola ny Fifanarahana momba ny fiarovana sy fahasalamana amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny 2001 ilay fikambanana. Voakasik' io fifanarahana io ny karazan-doza amin' io asa io, ny fisorohana azy ireo ary ny anjara asa tokony hotanan' ny olona sy ny fikambanana miasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="ILO"/> Any Etazonia, ny ''National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health'' (NIOSH, Ivontoerana nasionaly momba ny fiarovana sy ny fahasalamana eo amin' ny asa) dia namaritra ny fambolena sy fiompiana ho sehatra laharam-pahamehana ao amin' ny ''National Occupational Research Agenda'' (NORA, Drafitra nasionaly momba ny fikarohana mikasika ny asa), mba hamantarana ny olana ara-pahasalamana sy ara-piarovana eo amin' ny asa ary hanolorana paikady handraisana fepetra momba azy ireo.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html ''CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council'']. NIOSH. 21 March 2018. Notsidihina: 7 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190618084010/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html Tahiry], 18 June 2019. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref><ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ ''CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: Program Description'']. NIOSH. 28 February 2018. Notsidihina: 7 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073850/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ Tahiry], 8 April 2018. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ao amin' ny Vondrona Eorôpeana, ny ''European Agency for Safety and Health at Work'' (Sampan-draharaha eorôpeana momba ny fiarovana sy ny fahasalamana eo amin' ny asa) dia namoaka torolalana momba ny fampiharana ireo toromarika ara-dalàna momba ny fahasalamana sy ny fiarovana amin' ny fambolena, fiompiana, fambolena an-jaridaina, ary fambolena sy fitantanana ala.<ref>[https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view ''Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry'']. ''European Agency for Safety and Health at Work''. 17 August 2017. Notsidihina: 10 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180929143326/https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view Tahiry], 29 September 2018. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny ''Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America'' (ASHCA, Filankevitra amerikanina momba ny fiarovana sy ny fahasalamana amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana) koa dia manao fihaonana an-tampony isan-taona handinihana ny fiarovana.<ref>Heiberger, Scott. 3 July 2018. ''The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona''. ''Journal of Agromedicine'' 23 (3), pejy 302–304. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2018.1485089 10.1080/1059924X.2018.1485089]. ISSN: 1059-924X. PMID: 30047853. S2CID: 51721534.</ref> === Fiantraikany amin' ny harena voajanahary === Nandrakotra velaran-tany 4,8 lavitrisa hekitara ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny taona 2025, izany hoe ny ampahatelon' ny velaran-tany maina eto an-tany. Lehibe kokoa noho ny an' ny sehatra ara-toekarena hafa rehetra ny fiantraikany amin' ny harena an-tany sy ny rano. Nanimba mafy ny fahombiazan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana sy ny fahafahany mivoatra amin' ny hoavy ny tsindry mihatra amin' ny tany, ny nofon-tany ary ny rano. Vokatr' izany dia mbola nihena ny tany afaka mamokatra sy ny rano azo ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy ireo endrika hafa amin' ny famokarana ara-pambolena sy fiompiana. Mampisy fandripahana ala ny fanitarana ny tany ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ary anisan' ny antony lehibe mahatonga ny fahasimban' ny fitambaran' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany izay manankarena karbônina, toy ny tany misy tôrba (sisan-javamaniry tsy lo tanteraka miangona). Tombanana fa tandindomin' ny fandotoana ateraky ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny 64% amin' ny tany ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Manimba ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina izany fandotoana izany amin' ny famongorana ireo zavamananaina mamindra vovobony avy amin' ny faritra lahy mankany amin' ny faritra vavy amin' ny voninkazo, ary manimba ireo zavamananaina bitika ao amin' ny nofon-tany. Mampihena koa ny fahafahan' ny rafitra mifamatotra amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ary ny sakafo miatrika sy miverina amin' ny laoniny aorian' ny fanelingelenana vokatry ny zavamananaina mpanimba, ny zavamananaina na singa hafa miteraka aretina ary ny fiovan' ny toetany izany. Ny fambolena sy fiompiana no anaovana ny 72% amin' ny fakana rano mamy eran-tany, ary vinavinaina fa mbola hiakatra io taha io amin' ny hoavy. Mandray anjara amin' ny tsy fahampian-drano io sehatra io sady miha-mizaka ny vokatr' izany. Miely patrana ny fitrandrahana tafahoatra ny rano ambanin' ny tany sy ny fidiran' ny ranomasina ao amin' ny sosona vatolampy na tany ambanin' ny tany mitahiry sy mampita rano any amin' ny morontsiraka, ka misy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny fanjarian-tsakafo.<ref name="FAO-2025b"/> == Famokarana == Lisitra lehibe: Lisitry ny firenena araka ny firafitry ny GDP (fitambaran' ny sandan' ny vokatra sy ny tolotra farany novokarina tao anatin' ny faritra iray nandritra ny fe-potoana voafaritra) isaky ny seha-pihariana. Jereo koa: Lisitry ny voly manan-danja indrindra maneran-tany. [[File:Value of agricultural production, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|alt=Sarintanin' izao tontolo izao mampiseho ny sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny 2024.|Sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany, 2024.]] Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fitambaran' ny vokatra, araka ny asehon' ireto tabilao ireto. {| class="wikitable" |+ Firenena 20 manana sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana lehibe indrindra, amin' ny vidiny amin' ny fotoana nandrefesana azy sy amin' ny sanda avo indrindra tratra hatramin' ny 2018, araka ny IMF (Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena) sy ny ''CIA World Factbook'' (boky mirakitra ny momba ny firenena eran-tany avoakan' ny CIA, na Sampam-pitsikilovana Foibe). |- ! scope="col" | Laharana ! scope="col" | Toekarena ! scope="col" | Sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana (lavitrisa USD, izany hoe dôlara amerikanina) |- | 01 ! scope="row" | Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina | 1&nbsp;117 |- | 02 ! scope="row" | India | 414 |- | — ! scope="row" | [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]] (vondrom-pirenena, tsy omena laharana amin' ny firenena) | 308 |- | 03 ! scope="row" | Etazonia | 185 |- | 04 ! scope="row" | Brezila | 162 |- | 05 ! scope="row" | Indônezia | 141 |- | 06 ! scope="row" | Nizerià | 123 |- | 07 ! scope="row" | Rosia | 108 |- | 08 ! scope="row" | Pakistàna | 76 |- | 09 ! scope="row" | Arzantina | 70 |- | 10 ! scope="row" | Torkia | 64 |- | 11 ! scope="row" | Japàna | 62 |- | 12 ! scope="row" | Frantsa | 59 |- | 13 ! scope="row" | Iràna | 57 |- | 14 ! scope="row" | Aostralia | 56 |- | 15 ! scope="row" | Meksika | 51 |- | 16 ! scope="row" | Italia | 50 |- | 17 ! scope="row" | Espaina | 43 |- | 18 ! scope="row" | Bangladesy | 41 |- | 19 ! scope="row" | Tailandy | 40 |- | 20 ! scope="row" | Ejipta | 40 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Firenena manana sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana lehibe indrindra tamin' ny 2015, araka ny UNCTAD (Fihaonamben' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Varotra sy ny Fampandrosoana), ka ny vidiny sy ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola tamin' ny 2005 no ampiasaina ho fototra tsy miova.<ref name="UNCTAD2017">[http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 UNCTADstat – Table view]. Notsidihina: 26 November 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020072414/http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 Tahiry], 20 October 2017. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> |- ! scope="col" | Laharana ! scope="col" | Toekarena ! scope="col" | Sandan' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny 2015 (tapitrisa USD, izany hoe dôlara amerikanina, amin' ny vidiny sy ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola tamin' ny 2005) |- | 01 ! scope="row" | Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina | 418&nbsp;455 |- | 02 ! scope="row" | India | 196&nbsp;592 |- | 03 ! scope="row" | Etazonia | 149&nbsp;023 |- | 04 ! scope="row" | Nizerià | 77&nbsp;113 |- | 05 ! scope="row" | Brezila | 59&nbsp;977 |} === Fomba fandaminana ny voly === [[File:An example of slash and burn agriculture practice Thailand.jpg|thumb|alt=Tanimboly nodorana ao anaty ala, misy vatan-kazo voakapa.|Fambolena mifindrafindra toerana amin' ny alalan' ny tavy, any Tailandy.]] [[File:Intercropping coconut n Tagetes erecta.jpg|thumb|alt=Hazo voaniho sy voninkazo Tagetes erecta ambolena miaraka eo amin' ny tany iray.|Hazo voaniho sy [[Tagetes erecta|''Tagetes erecta'']] ambolena miaraka; voninkazo antsoina amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''Mexican marigold'' ity farany.]] Miovaova isaky ny toeram-pambolena ny fomba fandaminana ny voly, arakaraka ny loharanon-karena azo ampiasaina sy ny sakana misy; ny toerana ara-jeôgrafia sy ny toetanin' ilay toeram-pambolena; ny pôlitikan' ny governemanta; ny tsindry ara-toekarena sy ara-piarahamonina ary ara-pôlitika; ary ny foto-pisainana sy ny kolontsain' ny mpamboly.<ref name="FAO FS">''Food and Agriculture Organization'' (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena). [http://www.fao.org/farmingsystems/description_en.htm ''Analysis of farming systems'']. Nojerena: 22 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806063804/http://www.fao.org/farmingsystems/description_en.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 6 August 2013]. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: dead.</ref><ref name="PCP APS">''Agricultural Production Systems''. pp. 283–317 in [[#Acquaah|Acquaah]].</ref> Ny fambolena mifindrafindra toerana amin' ny alalan' ny tavy dia fomba izay andoroana ny ala, ka mamoaka otrikaina ahafahana mamboly eo mandritra ny taona maromaro. Voly mahavita ny tsingerim-piainany ao anatin' ny fotoam-paniriana iray no ambolena aloha, ary [[Zavamaniry velona mihoatra ny roa taona|voly velona mandritra ny taona maro]] no ambolena aorian' izany.<ref name="CS">''Farming Systems: Development, Productivity, and Sustainability'', pp. 25–57 in [[#Chrispeels|Chrispeels]]</ref> Avela tsy hambolena ilay tany avy eo mba hanirian' ny ala indray, ary mifindra amin' ny tany vaovao ny mpamboly, ka rehefa afaka taona maro, izany hoe 10–20 taona, vao miverina eo amin' ilay tany teo aloha. Hafohezina io fotoana amelana ny tany tsy hambolena io raha mihamaro ny mponina isaky ny velaran-tany iray, ka ilaina ny manampy otrikaina amin' ny alalan' ny zezika na [[Zezi-pahitra|zezi-pahitra]], ary ny manao asa sasany iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba amin' ny tanana. Ny fambolena isan-taona tsy misy fotoana amelana ny tany tsy hambolena no dingana manaraka amin' ny fampitomboana ny hamafin' ny fampiasana ny tany. Mitaky famatsiana otrikaina sy ezaka iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba mbola betsaka kokoa izany.<ref name="CS"/> Ny fitomboan' ny fampiasana fomba indostrialy dia nitarika ho amin' ny fambolena voly tokana: karazam-boly nofantenana iray (''cultivar'') ihany no volena amin' ny velaran-tany midadasika. Noho ny fahakelezan' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina dia mitovy ny fampiasan' ny voly ny otrikaina, ary mirona hitombo isa ny zavamananaina mpanimba, ka ilaina ny mampiasa akora iadiana amin' ireo sy zezika betsaka kokoa.<ref name="PCP APS"/> Misy koa ny fambolena voly maromaro mifandimby ao anatin' ny taona iray, sy ny fambolena voly maromaro miaraka amin' ny fotoana iray. Fomba hafa fandaminana ny voly ambolena isan-taona ireo, ary tafiditra ao amin' ny fambolena voly maro samy hafa.<ref name="CS"/> Any amin' ny faritra akaikin' ny tropika sy ny faritra maina dia mety ho voafetran' ny rotsak' orana ny fotoana sy ny velaran' ny fambolena. Mety tsy hahafahana mamboly voly mahavita ny tsingerim-piainany ao anatin' ny fotoam-paniriana iray imbetsaka ao anatin' ny taona iray izany, na mety hitaky fitarihan-drano. Any amin' ireo tontolo rehetra ireo dia ambolena ny voly velona mandritra ny taona maro, toy ny kafe sy ny voly ahazoana sôkôla, ary ampiharina ny fomba toy ny fambolena mampiaraka voly sy hazo. Any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony kosa, izay ahitana tontolo iainana nanjakan' ny tany rakotra ahitra na ny lemaka midadasika rakotra ahitra (''prairie''), dia ny fambolena mamokatra betsaka, izay mampiasa voly mahavita ny tsingerim-piainany ao anatin' ny fotoam-paniriana iray, no fomba fambolena manjaka.<ref name="CS"/> Anisan' ny sokajy lehibe amin' ny voly ara-tsakafo ny voamadinika, ny voly ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny tsaramaso, ny voly atao sakafom-biby, ny voankazo ary ny legioma.<ref name="FAO"/> Ny tsiraka voajanahary dia ahitana ny landihazo, ny [[Volonondry|volonondry]], ny rongony ambolena hahazoana tsiraka (''hemp''), ny landy ary ny [[Linum usitatissimum|rongonimbazaha]].<ref>FAO (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), 2009. [http://www.fao.org/natural-fibres-2009/about/15-natural-fibres/en/ ''Profiles of 15 of the world's major plant and animal fibres'']. Nojerena: 26 March 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201203113011/http://www.fao.org/natural-fibres-2009/about/15-natural-fibres/en/ Tahiry tamin' ny 3 December 2020]. Toetry ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Volena any amin' ny faritra fambolena samy hafa maneran-tany ny voly tsirairay. Aseho amin' ny taonina tapitrisa ny habetsahan' ny vokatra ao amin' ireto tabilao ireto, araka ny tomban' ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|FAO]] (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena).<ref name="FAO"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Vokatra lehibe indrindra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, araka ny sokajim-boly — angona tamin' ny 2004 |- ! scope="col" | Sokajy ! scope="col" | Habetsahana (taonina tapitrisa) |- | Voamadinika || style="text-align:right;" | 2 263 |- | Legioma sy voatango || style="text-align:right;" | 866 |- | [[Faka]] sy taova mibontsina fitehirizan-tsakafo (''tuber'') || style="text-align:right;" | 715 |- | Ronono || style="text-align:right;" | 619 |- | Voankazo || style="text-align:right;" | 503 |- | Hena || style="text-align:right;" | 259 |- | [[Menaka zavamaniry|Voly ahazoana menaka]] || style="text-align:right;" | 133 |- | Trondro (tombana tamin' ny 2001) || style="text-align:right;" | 130 |- | Atody || style="text-align:right;" | 63 |- | Voan' ny voly ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny tsaramaso, maina sy fihinana || style="text-align:right;" | 60 |- | Tsiraka avy amin' ny zavamaniry || style="text-align:right;" | 30 |- | colspan="2" | Loharano: [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]].<ref name="FAO">[http://faostat.fao.org/ ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT)'']. Nojerena: 2 February 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130118190636/http://faostat.fao.org/ Tahiry tamin' ny 18 January 2013].</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Vokatra lehibe indrindra avy amin' ny fambolena, araka ny voly tsirairay — angona tamin' ny 2011 |- ! scope="col" | Voly ! scope="col" | Habetsahana (taonina tapitrisa) |- | Fary || style="text-align:right;" | 1794 |- | Katsaka || style="text-align:right;" | 883 |- | Vary || style="text-align:right;" | 722 |- | Varimbazaha || style="text-align:right;" | 704 |- | Ovy || style="text-align:right;" | 374 |- | Beteravy ahazoana siramamy || style="text-align:right;" | 271 |- | Sôja || style="text-align:right;" | 260 |- | Mangahazo || style="text-align:right;" | 252 |- | Voatabia || style="text-align:right;" | 159 |- | Vary ôrza || style="text-align:right;" | 134 |- | colspan="2" | Loharano: [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]].<ref name="FAO"/> |} === Fomba fandaminana ny famokarana amin' ny fiompiana === Lohahevitra fototra: biby fiompy sy [[Fiompiana|fiompiana]]. Jereo koa: lisitry ny biby nataon' ny olombelona ho biby fiompy. [[File:Hog confinement barn interior.jpg|thumb|alt=Kisoa ompiana ao anaty trano fiompiana.|Kisoa ompiana amin' ny fomba mafonja.]] Ny fiompiana dia fampiterahana sy fitaizana biby mba hahazoana hena, ronono, atody na volon' ondry, ary mba hampiasana azy amin' ny asa sy ny fitaterana.<ref name="Clutton-Brock">Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA1 ''A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals'']. Cambridge University Press, p. 1–2. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2019.</ref> Efa taonjato maro no nampiasana biby miasa, anisan' izany ny soavaly, ny biby safiotra avy amin' ny soavaly sy ny ampondra (''mule''), ny omby miasa, ny omby an-drano (''water buffalo''), ny rameva, ny ''llama'', ny ''alpaca'', ny ampondra ary ny alika, mba hanampy amin' ny fiasana ny saha, ny fiotazana ny vokatra, ny famoriana sy fitarihana biby hafa, ary ny fitaterana ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana ho any amin' ny mpividy.<ref>Falvey, John Lindsay (1985). ''Introduction to Working Animals''. Melbourne, Australia: MPW Australia. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-86252-992-2</nowiki>. Anaran' ny pejin' ny mpanoratra tao amin' ny loharano: Lindsay Falvey.</ref> Azo sokajiana araka ny fiavian' ny sakafom-biby ny fomba fandaminana ny famokarana amin' ny fiompiana: ny miankina amin' ny faritra rakotra ahitra, ny mampifangaro loharanon-tsakafo samihafa, ary ny miankina amin' ny sakafo avy any ivelan' ny toeram-piompiana.<ref name="FAO lps">Sere, C.; Steinfeld, H.; Groeneweld, J. (1995). [http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6101E/x6101e00.htm#Contents ''Description of Systems in World Livestock Systems – Current status issues and trends'']. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Nojerena tamin' ny 8 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026004040/http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6101E/X6101E00.HTM#Contents Tahiry tamin' ny 26 October 2012]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Tamin' ny 2010, nampiasaina tamin' ny fiompiana ny 30 % tamin' ny velaran' ny Tany izay tsy rakotry ny ranomandry na rano, ary olona manodidina ny 1,3 lavitrisa no niasa tamin' io sehatra io. Teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1960 sy ny taompolo 2000, nitombo be ny famokarana biby fiompy, na araka ny isan' ny biby na araka ny lanjan' ny fatim-biby voaomana ho hena. Niavaka tamin' izany ny omby fiompy ho an' ny hena, ny kisoa ary ny akoho; ny famokarana akoho dia nitombo ka nahatratra efa ho avo folo heny noho ny teo aloha. Nitombo be koa ny famokarana avy amin' ny biby tsy fiompy ho an' ny hena, toy ny ombivavy ompiana hakana ronono sy ny akoho manatody. Araka ny vinavina, hitohy hitombo be hatramin' ny 2050 ny isan' ny omby, ondry ary osy eran-tany.<ref name="LP">Thornton, Philip K. (27 September 2010). ''Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects''. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B'' 365 (1554): 2853–2867. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0134 10.1098/rstb.2010.0134] (azo vakina malalaka). PMID: 20713389. PMC: 2935116.</ref> Ny fiompiana anaty rano resahina eto, izany hoe ny fiompiana trondro hohanin' ny olona ao amin' ny toerana voafetra, dia anisan' ny sehatry ny famokarana sakafo mitombo haingana indrindra: nahatratra 9 % isan-taona ny salan' isan' ny fitomboany teo anelanelan' ny 1975 sy 2007.<ref>Stier, Ken (19 September 2007). [http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1663604,00.html ''Fish Farming's Growing Dangers'']. ''Time''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130907071708/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1663604,00.html Tahiry tamin' ny 7 September 2013]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Nandritra ny antsasany faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, nifantoka tamin' ny famoronana firazanan' ny biby fiompy sy biby safiotra mampitombo ny famokarana ireo mpiompy nampiasa fifantenana ny biby hampiterahina mba hahazoana toetra irina. Tsy dia noraharahain' izy ireo anefa ny filàna mitahiry ny fahasamihafan' ny fototarazo. Nitarika fihenana lehibe teo amin' ny fahasamihafana sy ny loharanon-karena ara-pototarazo teo anivon' ny firazanan' ny biby fiompy izany fironana izany. Vokatr' izany dia nihena koa ny fahafahana manohitra aretina sy ny fifanarahana amin' ny toe-javatra eo an-toerana, izay hita teo amin' ireo firazanana nentim-paharazana.<ref>Ajmone-Marsan, P. (May 2010). [http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/148417 ''A global view of livestock biodiversity and conservation – Globaldiv'']. ''Animal Genetics'' 41 (supplement S1): 1–5. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02036.x 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02036.x]. PMID: 20500752. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170803140941/https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/148417 Tahiry tamin' ny 3 August 2017]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> [[File:Broiler Chicks.jpg|thumb|alt=Akoho ompiana ao anaty trano fiompiana akoho fakana hena.|Fiompiana akoho amin' ny fomba mafonja ao anaty trano, mba hamokarana hena.]] Ny famokarana biby fiompy miankina amin' ny faritra rakotra ahitra dia mampiasa zavamaniry avy amin' ny kirihitrala, ny tany fiandrasana biby ary ny kijana mba hamahanana ny biby mandinika, izany hoe ny biby mamerina mitsako ny sakafo efa nateliny. Azo ampiasaina ny akora mahavelona avy any ivelany, nefa miverina mivantana eo amin' ny faritra rakotra ahitra ny tain-biby ka anisan' ny loharanon' akora mahavelona lehibe ao. Manan-danja indrindra io fomba io any amin' ny faritra tsy ahafahana mamboly noho ny toetany na ny tany, ary mpiompy miandry biby eny amin' ny kijana miisa 30–40 tapitrisa no mampiasa azy.<ref name="CS" /> Amin' ny fomba fampifangaroana loharanon-tsakafo kosa dia ampiasaina ny ahitra, ny voly sakafom-biby ary ny voly voamadinika ho sakafon' ny biby mandinika sy ny biby tokam-bavony, indrindra ny akoho sy ny kisoa. Matetika ny tain-biby no averina ampiasaina ho zezika ho an' ny voly amin' io fomba mifangaro io.<ref name="FAO lps" /> Miankina amin' ny sakafom-biby avy any ivelan' ny toeram-piompiana ireo fomba tsy mampifandray mivantana ny fiompiana amin' ny tany amokarana ny sakafon' ny biby. Maneho ny fisarahan' ny famokarana voly sy ny famokarana biby fiompy izany, ary hita matetika kokoa any amin' ny firenena mpikambana ao amin' ny OECD (Fikambanana momba ny Fiaraha-miasa sy ny Fampandrosoana ara-toekarena). Miankina bebe kokoa amin' ny zezika vokarina ara-tsimika ny famokarana voly, ary sady lasa sarotra ny fampiasana ny tain-biby no loharanon' ny fandotoana izany.<ref name="FAO lps" /> Mampiasa ireo fomba ireo ny firenena mandroso ara-taozava-baventy mba hamokarana ampahany betsaka amin' ny famatsiana akoho amam-borona sy henan-kisoa eran-tany. Tombanan' ny mpahay siansa fa ny 75 % amin' ny fitomboan' ny famokarana biby fiompy eo anelanelan' ny 2003 sy 2030 dia ho avy amin' ny toeram-piompiana itazonana sy amahanana biby ao amin' ny toerana voafetra, izay antsoina koa indraindray hoe fiompiana araka ny fomba fiasan' ny orinasa. Ny ampahany betsaka amin' izany fitomboana izany dia mitranga any amin' ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana any Azia, fa kely lavitra kosa ny fitomboana any Afrika.<ref name="LP" /> Miteraka adihevitra ny fomba sasany ampiasaina amin' ny fiompiana ara-barotra, anisan' izany ny fampiasana hôrmônina mampitombo (na akora mandrindra ny fitomboan' ny vatana).<ref>[http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-02-604_en.pdf ''Growth Promoting Hormones Pose Health Risk to Consumers, Confirms EU Scientific Committee'']. European Union, 23 April 2002. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502123053/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-02-604_en.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 2 May 2013]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> === Fomba fanao amin' ny famokarana === [[Sary:Fendt Tractor Ripping up Kulin.jpg|thumb|alt=Traktera miasa ny nofon-tany eo amin' ny saha.|Fiasana ny tany eo amin' ny saha azo ambolena.]] Jereo koa: fiasana ny tany, [[Fifandimbiasan' ny voly|fifandimbiasan' ny voly]] ary [[Fitarihan-drano|fitarihan-drano]]. Ny fiasana ny tany dia famakiana sy famotehana ny nofon-tany amin' ny fitaovana toy ny angadinomby na fitaovana misy nify fanorotoroana bainga, mba hanomanana ny fambolena, hampifangaroana otrikaina amin' ny nofon-tany, na hiadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba. Samy hafa ny hamafin' izany fiasana izany, manomboka amin' ny famadihana ny tany amin' ny fomba mahazatra ka hatramin' ny fambolena tsy amadihana ny tany. Mety hanatsara ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny asa sy ny akora ampiasaina izy io, satria mampafana ny nofon-tany, mampifangaro ny zezika ao aminy ary mifehy ny ahidratsy. Kanefa mahatonga ny nofon-tany ho mora kaohina kokoa koa izy io, mampiroborobo ny fahalovan' ny akora avy amin' ny zavamananaina ka mamoaka etona karbônika (CO₂), ary mampihena ny habetsahana sy ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina ao amin' ny nofon-tany.<ref name="Soil nutrient" /><ref name="PCP Tillage">''Land Preparation and Farm Energy'', pp. 318–338 in [[#Acquaah|Acquaah]].</ref> Ny ady amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba dia ahitana ny fifehezana ny ahidratsy, ny bibikely, ny biby madinika havan' ny hala atao hoe ''mite'', ary ny aretina. Ampiasaina amin' izany ny fomba simika, izany hoe akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba, ny fomba mampiasa zavamananaina hafa hifehezana ny mpanimba, ny fomba mekanika toy ny fiasana ny tany, ary ny teknika fitantanana ny fambolena. Anisan' ireo teknika fitantanana ireo ny fifandimbiasan' ny voly, ny fifantenana sy fanesorana ireo biby na zavamaniry tsy tiana, ny fambolena voly mandrakotra ny nofon-tany, ny fambolena voly samy hafa miaraka eo amin' ny tany iray, ny fanaovana zezika amin' ny fampahalovana akora avy amin' ny zavamananaina, ny fisorohana ny fanafihan' ny mpanimba, ary ny fampiasana voly mahatohitra azy. Ny fitantanana ny mpanimba amin' ny fampiarahana fomba maro dia mikendry ny hampiasa ireo fomba rehetra ireo mba hitazonana ny isan' ny mpanimba ho ambanin' ny fetra izay mety hiteraka fatiantoka ara-toekarena. Araka io fomba fitantanana io, ny akora iadiana amin' ny mpanimba no ampiasaina ho vahaolana farany.<ref name="PCP Pest">''Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production'', pp. 240–282 in [[#Acquaah|Acquaah]].</ref> Ny fitantanana ny otrikaina dia mahafaoka ny fiavian' ny akora manome otrikaina ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ary ny fomba fampiasana ny zezika avy amin' ny biby fiompy. Mety ho zezika simika tsy ôrganika, zezika avy amin' ny taim-biby, zavamaniry ambolena ka afangaro amin' ny nofon-tany mba ho zezika, zezika azo avy amin' ny fampahalovana akora avy amin' ny zavamananaina, na akora mineraly ireo akora manome otrikaina ireo.<ref name="PCP Soil">''Soil and Land'', pp. 165–210 in [[#Acquaah|Acquaah]].</ref> Azo tantanana amin' ny alalan' ny teknika fambolena toy ny fifandimbiasan' ny voly na ny famelana ny tany tsy hambolena mandritra ny fe-potoana iray koa ny fampiasan' ny voly ny otrikaina. Ampiasaina ny zezika avy amin' ny biby fiompy amin' ny alalan' ny fitazonana ireo biby eo amin' ny toerana anirian' ny voly hohaniny, toy ny amin' ny fampiraofana mifandimby tantanana amin' ny fomba mafonja, na amin' ny fanaparitahana zezika maina na ranony amin' ny fitaovana fanaparitahana zezika eny amin' ny tany ambolena na ny [[Kijana|tany firaofan' ny biby]].<ref name="Soil nutrient">Brady, N. C.; Weil, R. R. (2002). ''Practical Nutrient Management'', pp. 472–515 in ''Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils''. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0135051955</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="CS nutrient">''Nutrition from the Soil'', pp. 187–218 in [[#Chrispeels|Chrispeels]].</ref> Ilaina ny fitantanana ny rano any amin' ny toerana tsy ampy na miovaova ny rotsak' orana; hita amin' ny ambaratonga samy hafa izany any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny faritra eto an-tany.<ref name="CS" /> Mampiasa fitarihan-drano ny mpamboly sasany mba hanampiana ny rano avy amin' ny orana. Any amin' ny faritra hafa, toy ny [[Great Plains]] any Etazonia sy Kanada, dia avelan' ny mpamboly tsy hambolena mandritra ny taona iray ny tany mba hitahirizana ny hamandoan' ny nofon-tany ho an' ny taona manaraka.<ref name="PCP Water">''Plants and Soil Water'', pp. 211–239 in [[#Acquaah|Acquaah]].</ref> Ny fanavaozana ara-teknika vao haingana eo amin' ny fambolena mampifanaraka ny fikarakarana sy ny akora ampiasaina amin' ny toe-javatra voara-maso dia ahafahana manara-maso ny toetry ny rano sy mampandeha ho azy ny fampiasana azy, ka mahatonga ny fitantanana ho mahomby kokoa.<ref name="FAO-2022a">''The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems''. FAO, Rome, 2022. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-136043-9</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cb9479en.</ref> Ny fambolena sy fiompiana dia mandrafitra ny 70% amin' ny fampiasana rano mamy maneran-tany.<ref name="Pimentel water">Pimentel, D.; Berger, D.; Filberto, D.; Newton, M. (2004). ''Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues''. ''BioScience'', 54 (10), pp. 909–918. DOI: <nowiki>10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0909:WRAAEI]2.0.CO;2</nowiki> (azo vakina maimaim-poana).</ref> Na izany aza, miovaova be arakaraka ny haavon' ny fidiram-bola ny tahan' ny rano alaina avy amin' ny loharano ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Any amin' ny firenena faran' izay kely fandrosoana sy ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana tsy manana morontsiraka, dia mety hahatratra 90% amin' ny fitambaran' ny rano alaina avy amin' ny loharano ny ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana; eo amin' ny 60% eo ho eo kosa izany any amin' ny fanjakana nosy madinika an-dalam-pandrosoana.<ref name="FAO-2020">''The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Overcoming water challenges in agriculture''. FAO, Rome, 2020. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-133441-6</nowiki>. DOI: 10.4060/cb1447en. S2CID: 241788672.</ref> Araka ny tatitra navoakan' ny ''International Food Policy Research Institute'' (Ivon-toerana Iraisam-pirenena Manao Fikarohana momba ny Pôlitikan' ny Sakafo) tamin' ny taona 2014, dia hisy fiantraikany lehibe indrindra amin' ny famokarana sakafo ny teknolojia ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana raha ampiharina miaraka. Nampiasa fomba fanahafana sy fanaovana tombana ara-kajy io ivon-toerana io mba handinihana ny mety ho fiantraikan' ny teknolojia iraika ambin' ny folo amin' ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny asa sy ny akora ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fanjarian-tsakafo ary ny varotra hatramin' ny taona 2050. Araka ny vokatr' izany tombana izany, raha ampiharina miaraka ireo teknolojia ireo, dia mety hahatratra 40% ny fihenan' ny isan' ny olona atahorana ho tratran' ny hanoanana, ary mety hihena efa ho antsasany ny vidin-tsakafo.<ref name="ifpri">Rosegrant, Mark W.; Koo, Jawoo; Cenacchi, Nicola; Ringler, Claudia; Robertson, Richard D.; Fisher, Myles; Cox, Cindy M.; Garrett, Karen; Perez, Nicostrato D.; Sabbagh, Pascale (2014). [https://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-security-world-natural-resource-scarcity-role-agricultural-technologies ''Food Security in a World of Natural Resource Scarcity'']. International Food Policy Research Institute. DOI: 10.2499/9780896298477. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140305043943/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-security-world-natural-resource-scarcity Tahiry tamin' ny 5 March 2014]; satan' ny URL voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Ny fandoavam-bola ho tambin' ny tombontsoa azo avy amin' ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany dia fomba iray fanomezana fandrisihana fanampiny ny mpamboly mba hitahiry lafiny sasany amin' ny tontolo iainana. Mety ho anisan' ny fepetra raisina ny fandoavana ny fambolen-kazo indray any amin' ny faritra ambony renirano izay mamatsy tanàna iray, mba hanatsarana ny famatsiana rano mamy ao aminy.<ref>Tacconi, L. (2012). ''Redefining payments for environmental services''. ''Ecological Economics'', 73 (1), pp. 29–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.028. Bibcode: 2012EcoEc..73...29T.</ref> === Fampiasana fitaovana mandeha ho azy === Misy famaritana samy hafa ny fampiasana fitaovana mandeha ho azy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ary koa ireo karazana fitaovana sy teknôlôjia ampiasaina mba hampandehanana ho azy ny famokarana. Araka ny famaritana iray, izany dia ny fivezivezen' ny rôbô tsy mila fitarihana na fidiran' ny olombelona an-tsehatra.<ref>Gan, H.; Lee, W. S. (1 January 2018). ''Development of a Navigation System for a Smart Farm''. IFAC-PapersOnLine, andiana famoahana: 6th IFAC Conference on Bio-Robotics BIOROBOTICS 2018, boky 51, laharana 17, p. 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.051. ISSN 2405-8963. doi-access=free.</ref> Araka ny famaritana iray hafa kosa, izany dia ny fanatanterahana ny asa famokarana amin' ny alalan' ny fitaovana afaka mifindra toerana sy miasa samirery ary mandray fanapahan-kevitra, sady mampitambatra rafitra mekanika sy elektrônika.<ref>Lowenberg-DeBoer, James; Huang, Iona Yuelu; Grigoriadis, Vasileios; Blackmore, Simon (1 April 2020). ''Economics of robots and automation in field crop production''. Precision Agriculture, boky 21, laharana 2, p. 278–299. doi:10.1007/s11119-019-09667-5. S2CID 254932536. ISSN 1573-1618. doi-access=free. bibcode:2020PrAgr..21..278L.</ref> Na izany aza, araka ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|FAO]] (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), dia tsy mahafaoka ny lafiny sy endrika rehetra amin' ny fampandehanana ho azy ireo famaritana ireo. Anisan' ny tsy voafaokany ny milina rôbôtika tsy mifindra toerana izay maka ronono amin' ny biby, ny ankamaroan' ny milina misy môtera izay mampandeha ho azy ny fanatanterahana ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana, ary ny fitaovana nomerika, toy ny fitaovana mpitsikaritra, izay ny fizahana sy fanombanana ny toe-javatra ihany no ataony ho azy.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Faritan' ny FAO ho fampiasana milina sy fitaovana amin' ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana izany mba hanatsarana ny fizahana sy fanombanana ny toe-javatra, ny fandraisana fanapahan-kevitra na ny fanatanterahana ny asa. Izany dia mampihena ny hasasaran' ny asa, na manatsara ny fanatanterahana azy amin' ny fotoana tokony hanaovana azy, ary mety hanatsara koa ny fahamarinan' ny fanatanterahana azy.<ref name="FAO-2022b">''In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems''. FAO, 2022. Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-137005-6</nowiki>. doi:10.4060/cc2459en.</ref> Tafiditra tao amin' ny fivoaran' ny teknôlôjia amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fifindrana tsikelikely avy amin' ny fitaovana ampiasaina amin' ny tanana ho amin' ny fampiasana biby hisintona, avy eo ho amin' ny milina ampandehanin' ny môtera, ny fitaovana nomerika, ary farany ny rôbôtika mampiasa AI (faharanitan-tsaina artifisialy, na fahafahan' ny milina manao asa mitaky faharanitan-tsaina).<ref name="FAO-2022b"/> Ny fampiasana milina ampandehanin' ny môtera dia mampandeha ho azy ny fanatanterahana asa toy ny famadiha-tany sy ny fakana ronono amin' ny biby.<ref name="Kienzle, J.-2020">Santos Valle, S.; Kienzle, J. (2020). [https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb2186en ''Agriculture 4.0 – Agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production'']. FAO. Nojerena tamin' ny 6 February 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114430/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb2186en Tahiry tamin' ny 10 February 2023]. url-status=live (sata voarakitry ny loharano).</ref> Ny teknôlôjia nomerika fampandehanana ho azy kosa dia ahafahana mampandeha ho azy koa ny fizahana sy fanombanana ny toe-javatra ary ny fandraisana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="FAO-2022b"/> Ohatra, afaka mioty sy mamafy ny rôbô miasa samirery amin' ny voly, fa ny fitaovana manidina tsy misy mpanamory kosa dia afaka manangona vaovao hanampy amin' ny fampandehanana ho azy ny fampidirana ireo akora ilaina amin' ny famokarana.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Mampiasa matetika ireo teknôlôjia ireo ny fambolena izay manara-maso ny toe-javatra sy mampifanaraka amin' izany ny fampidirana akora ilaina amin' ny famokarana.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Mihamitombo ny fampiarahana ny milina misy môtera amin' ny fitaovana nomerika vaovao izay mampandeha ho azy ny fizahana sy fanombanana ny toe-javatra ary ny fandraisana fanapahan-kevitra; mety hisolo ireo milina ireo mihitsy aza ny fitaovana nomerika.<ref name="Kienzle, J.-2020"/> Ohatra, azo ovana ho fiara mandeha ho azy ny traktera mahazatra, ka afaka mamafy saha iray samirery.<ref name="Kienzle, J.-2020"/> Nitombo be maneran-tany ny fampiasana milina ampandehanin' ny môtera tao anatin' ireo taona nodinihin' ny loharano, na dia momba ny traktera ihany aza no misy angona azo itokisana maneran-tany izay mahafaoka firenena maro, ary hatramin' ny taona 2009 ihany ireo angona ireo.<ref>[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ ''FAOSTAT: Discontinued archives and data series: Machinery'']. Food and Agriculture Organization. Nojerena tamin' ny 1 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074500/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ Tahiry tamin' ny 14 November 2021]. url-status=live (sata voarakitry ny loharano).</ref> I Afrika atsimon' i Sahara no hany faritra izay tsy nitombo intsony ny fandraisana sy fampiasana milina ampandehanin' ny môtera nandritra ny folo taona maromaro talohan' ireo tatitra.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/><ref>Daum, Thomas; Birner, Regina (1 September 2020). ''Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda''. Global Food Security, boky 26, laharan' ny lahatsoratra 100393. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393. S2CID 225280050. ISSN 2211-9124. doi-access=free. bibcode:2020GlFS...2600393D. s2cid-access=free.</ref> Mihamitombo ny fampiasana teknôlôjia mandeha ho azy amin' ny fitantanana biby fiompy, na dia tsy ampy aza ny porofo momba ny fandraisana sy fampiasana azy. Nitombo ny varotra rafitra fakana ronono amin' ny biby mandeha ho azy maneran-tany tao anatin' ireo taona nodinihin' ny loharano, saingy azo inoana fa any Eorôpa Avaratra no tena ampiasaina izy ireny,<ref>Rodenburg, Jack (2017). [https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(17)30649-5/fulltext ''Robotic milking: Technology, farm design, and effects on work flow'']. Journal of Dairy Science, boky 100, laharana 9, p. 7729–7738. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11715. <nowiki>PMID 28711263</nowiki>. S2CID 11934286. ISSN 0022-0302. doi-access=free. s2cid-access=free. url-status=live (sata voarakitry ny loharano). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035814/https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(17)30649-5/fulltext Tahiry tamin' ny 13 April 2023].</ref> ary azo inoana fa saika tsy ampiasaina mihitsy any amin' ny firenena ambany sy antonontonony fidiram-bola. Misy koa ny milina mandeha ho azy famahanana ombivavy sy akoho amam-borona, saingy vitsy ihany koa ny angona sy porofo momba ny fironan' ny fandraisana sy fampiasana azy ireo ary ny antony mandrisika izany.<ref>Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. (2022). ''Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2022''. FAO. Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-137080-3</nowiki>. doi:10.4060/cc2624en. doi-access=free.</ref><ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Sarotra ny mandrefy ny fiantraikan' ny fampiasana fitaovana mandeha ho azy amin' ny asa amin' ny ankapobeny, satria mitaky angona maro manaraka ny fiovana rehetra sy ny fifindran' ny mpiasa mifandray amin' izany, na amin' ny asa mialoha ny famokarana eny amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana na amin' ny asa manaraka azy ao anatin' ny rojom-pamokarana.<ref name="FAO-2022b"/> Na dia mampihena ny filàna mpiasa amin' ireo asa vao nampandehanana ho azy aza ireo teknôlôjia ireo, dia miteraka filàna mpiasa vaovao amin' ny asa hafa koa izy, toy ny fikojakojana sy fampandehanana fitaovana.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Mety hampitombo ny asa koa ny fampiasana fitaovana mandeha ho azy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, satria ahafahan' ny mpamokatra manitatra ny famokarany izany ary miteraka asa hafa ao anatin' ny rafitra mifamatotra amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ary ny sakafo.<ref name="FAO-2022c">''Enabling inclusive agricultural automation''. FAO, 2022. Rome. doi:10.4060/cc2688en. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-137099-5</nowiki>. doi-access=free.</ref> Mihatra indrindra izany rehefa mihamitombo ny tsy fahampian' ny mpiasa any ambanivohitra, toy ny any amin' ny firenena avo fidiram-bola sy any amin' ny firenena maro antonontonony fidiram-bola.<ref name="FAO-2022c"/> Etsy ankilany, raha terena handroso izany fampiasana fitaovana mandeha ho azy izany, ohatra amin' ny alalan' ny fanampiana ara-bola avy amin' ny fanjakana any amin' ny toerana be mpiasa any ambanivohitra, dia mety hanala mpiasa amin' ny asany sy hampihena ny karama na hampijanona ny fitomboany. Ny mpiasa mahantra sy tsy ampy fahaiza-manao no tena mety hiharan' izany.<ref name="FAO-2022c"/> === Fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny vokatra azo === ''Lohahevitra fototra: Fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana.'' [[File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Sarintanin' ny vinavinan' ny fiovan' ny hamandoan' ny tany maneran-tany rehefa miakatra 2.0 °C ny maripana.|Ny tatitra fanombanana fahenina nataon' ny IPCC (Vondrona iraisan' ny governemanta momba ny fiovan' ny toetany) dia maminavina ny fiovan' ny salan' isan' ny hamandoan' ny tany rehefa miakatra 2.0&nbsp;°C ny maripana. Ampitahaina amin' ny fototra tamin' ny 1850–1900 izany fiovana izany, ka ny venti-pandrefesana ampiasaina dia ilay refin' ny fiparitahan' ny sanda manodidina ny salan' isa (''standard deviation'').]] Mifandray maneran-tany ny [[Fiovan' ny toetany|fiovan' ny toetany]] sy ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Misy fiantraikany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny alalan' ny fiovan' ny salan' isan' ny maripana, ny rotsak' orana ary ny toetrandro mahery vaika, toy ny tafio-drivotra sy ny hafanana tafahoatra maharitra andro maromaro; ny fiovan' ny zavamananaina mpanimba sy ny aretina; ny fiovan' ny tahan' ny [[Etona karbônika|etona karbônika]] ao amin' ny atmosfera sy ny tahan' ny ôzôna eny akaikin' ny velaran-tany; ny fiovan' ny kalitaon' ny sakafo sasany eo amin' ny otrikaina ao aminy;<ref name="science-news">Milius, Susan (13 December 2017). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/nutrition-climate-change-top-science-stories-2017-yir ''Worries grow that climate change will quietly steal nutrients from major food crops'']. ''Science News''. Nojerena tamin' ny 21 January 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190423165315/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/nutrition-climate-change-top-science-stories-2017-yir Tahiry tamin' ny 23 April 2019]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> ary ny fiovan' ny haavon' ny ranomasina.<ref>Hoffmann, U., ''Section B: Agriculture – a key driver and a major victim of global warming'', ao amin' ny ''Lead Article'', toko 1, ao amin' ny [http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=666 ''Trade and Environment Review 2013: Wake up before it is too late: Make agriculture truly sustainable now for food security in a changing climate'']. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2013. Tonian-dahatsoratra: Hoffmann, U. Geneva, Switzerland, p. 3, 5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141128140551/http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=666 Tahiry tamin' ny 28 November 2014].</ref> Efa misy fiantraikany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fiakaran' ny maripana maneran-tany, ary tsy mitovy ny fiparitahan' izany fiantraikany izany eran' izao tontolo izao.<ref name="porter summary">Porter, J. R., ''et al.''., ''Executive summary'', ao amin' ny [http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap7_FINAL.pdf ''Chapter 7: Food security and food production systems''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141105164634/https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap7_FINAL.pdf tahiry tamin' ny 5 November 2014]), ao amin' ny IPCC AR5 WG2 A, [http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'']. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Tonian-dahatsoratra: Field, C. B., sy ny hafa, p. 488–489. Nojerena tamin' ny 26 March 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140416051047/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ Tahiry tamin' ny 16 April 2014]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Ao amin' ny tatitra iray nivoaka tamin' ny 2022, ny IPCC (Vondrona iraisan' ny governemanta momba ny fiovan' ny toetany) dia milazalaza fa nampiadana ny fitomboan' ny fahombiazan' ny famokarana amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, izany hoe ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny asa sy ny fitaovana ampiasaina, ny fiakaran' ny maripana vokatry ny asan' ny olombelona nandritra ny 50 taona nialoha izany, tany amin' ny faritra manana halavirana antonony na kely amin' ny ekoatera.<ref name="IPCC">[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ ''Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability'']. IPCC. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 March 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Tahiry tamin' ny 28 February 2022]. Toetry ny URL voarakitry ny loharano: live.</ref> Nisy fiantraikany ratsy tamin' ny habetsahan' ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany ny famoahana etona metanina, satria nampiakatra ny maripana sy ny tahan' ny ôzôna eny akaikin' ny velaran-tany izany.<ref name="IPCC"/> Misy fiantraikany ratsy amin' ny kalitaon' ny voly sy ny tany rakotra ahitra ary amin' ny fitoniana eo amin' ny habetsahan' ny vokatra voajinja koa ny fiakaran' ny maripana.<ref name="IPCC"/> Nampihena ny habetsahan' ny trondro azo jonoina maharitra avy amin' ny vondron-trondro sasany miaina voajanahary ny fiakaran' ny maripanan' ny ranomasimbe, ary efa nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny karazan-javamananaina ompiana anaty rano ny fitomboan' ny maha-asidra ny ranomasimbe sy ny fiakaran' ny maripanany.<ref name="IPCC"/> Azo inoana fa hampitombo ny mety tsy hahazoan' ny vondron' olona mora voakasika sasany, toy ny mahantra, sakafo ampy sy mahavelona ny fiovan' ny toetany.<ref>Andalana 4, ao amin' ny ''Summary and Recommendations'', ao amin' ny HLPE, [http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ ''Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security'']. June 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p. 12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ Tahiry tamin' ny 12 December 2014].</ref> === Vinavina === Araka ny tombana nataon' ny FAO ([[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]]), izay ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana, dia mila ampitomboina eo ho eo amin' ny 50% amin' ny taona 2050, raha oharina amin' ny habetsahana novokarina tamin' ny taona 2012, ny habetsahan' ny sakafo ho an' ny olona, ny sakafo ho an' ny biby ary ny tsiraka vokarin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, mba hamaliana ny filan' ny mponina eran-tany izay mitombo isa. Hampitombo ny tsindry amin' ny loharanon-drano sy ny tany ary ny nofon-tany maneran-tany, izay efa mizaka tsindry tafahoatra, ny fanatratrarana ireo tanjona ireo. Any amin' ny faritra mihamaro, tandindomin-doza ny fanjarian-tsakafo sy ireo rafitra mampifandray ny famokarana sy ny famatsiana ary ny fihinanana sakafo avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, vokatry ny fomba fitantanana ny harena voajanahary izay mandany na manimba izany ka tsy azo tohizana maharitra, ny fititaran' ny tanàn-dehibe, ny fitomboan' ny filàna sakafo sy rano sy angovo ary akora avy amin' ny zavamananaina, ary ny tsy fitoviana ara-tsosialy sy ny tsy fitoviana eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy izay mbola mitohy eo amin' ny fahafahana misitraka ireo harena ireo sy eo amin' ny fitantanana sy ny fandraisana fanapahan-kevitra momba azy.<ref name="FAO-2025b"/> == Fanovana ny voly sy fampiasana ny zavamananaina amin' ny teknika == === Fifantenana sy fampiterahana zavamaniry === Lohahevitra fototra: fifantenana sy fampiterahana zavamaniry. [[File:Wheat selection k10183-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Karazana varimbazaha roa ampitahaina amin' ny fahazakany sira betsaka; eo ankavia ny mahazaka izany.|Karazana varimbazaha mahazaka sira levona betsaka (eo ankavia), ampitahaina amin' ny karazana tsy mahazaka izany.]] Efa an' arivony taona ny olombelona no nanova ny zavamaniry amboleny, hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny sivilizasiôna. Ny fanovana ny voly amin' ny alalan' ny fifantenana sy ny fampiterahana dia manova ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny zavamaniry mba hahazoana voly manana toetra mahasoa kokoa ny olombelona, ohatra, voa na voankazo lehibe kokoa, fahazakana ny tsy fahampian-drano, na fanoherana ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly. Nisy fandrosoana lehibe teo amin' ny fifantenana sy fampiterahana zavamaniry taorian' ny asan' ilay mpahay momba ny fototarazo [[Gregor Mendel]]. Nandinika ny endriky ny fototarazo antsoina hoe alely izy: ny alely manjaka, izay miseho ny toetrany rehefa miaraka amin' ny alely anjakana, sy ny alely anjakana, izay takona ny toetrany amin' izany. Nanampy ny mpifantina sy mpampiteraka zavamaniry hahatakatra kokoa ny fototarazo sy ny teknika fampiterahana ny asany, na dia tsy dia noraharahaina aza izany tamin' ny voalohany nandritra ny efa ho 50 taona. Tafiditra amin' ny fifantenana sy fampiterahana voly ny teknika toy ny fifantenana zavamaniry manana toetra irina, ny famindrana vovobony eo amin' ny voninkazo ao amin' ny zavamaniry iray ihany, ny famindrana vovobony avy amin' ny zavamaniry iray ho amin' ny iray hafa, ary ny teknika ampiharina amin' ny môlekiola mba hanovana ny fototarazon' ilay zavamananaina.<ref>[http://www.cls.casa.colostate.edu/TransgenicCrops/history.html ''History of Plant Breeding'']. ''Colorado State University'', 29 January 2004. Daty nijerena: 11 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130121061931/http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/TransgenicCrops/history.html Tahiry], 21 January 2013.</ref> Nandritra ny taonjato maro, ny fampifanarahana ny zavamaniry mba hambolena dia nampitombo ny vokatra azo, nanatsara ny fanoherana ny aretina sy ny fahazakana ny tsy fahampian-drano, nanamora ny fijinjana, ary nanatsara ny tsiro sy ny sanda ara-tsakafon' ny zavamaniry ambolena. Nisy fiantraikany lehibe dia lehibe tamin' ny toetran' ny zavamaniry ambolena ny fifantenana sy fampiterahana natao tamim-pitandremana. Tamin' ny taompolo 1920 sy 1930, dia nanatsara ny zavamaniry eny amin' ny kijana tany Zelandy Vaovao izany fifantenana sy fampiterahana izany, na ny ahitra na ilay zavamaniry fihinan' ny biby atao hoe ''clover''. Ny ezaka betsaka natao tamin' ny taompolo 1950 mba hampisy fiovana amin' ny fototarazo tamin' ny alalan' ny taratra X sy ny taratra mihoatra ny volomparasy (''ultraviolet''), izany hoe fomba mbola tsotra tamin' ny fanovana ny fototarazo amin' ny teknika, dia nahazoana ireo karazana voamadinika amidy amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina, toy ny varimbazaha, ny katsaka ary ny vary ôrza.<ref>Stadler, L. J.; Sprague, G.F. (15 October 1936). [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/22/10/579.pdf ''Genetic Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation in Maize: I. Unfiltered Radiation'']. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', 22 (10), pp. 572–578. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.22.10.572. PMID: 16588111. PMC: 1076819. Bibcode: 1936PNAS...22..572S. DOI azo vakina malalaka. Daty nijerena: 11 October 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024233407/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/22/10/579.pdf Tahiry], 24 October 2007. Toetran' ny URL voarakitra: ''live''.</ref><ref>Berg, Paul; Singer, Maxine (15 August 2003). [https://archive.org/details/georgebeadleunco0000berg ''George Beadle: An Uncommon Farmer. The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th century'']. ''Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory'' Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87969-688-7</nowiki>. Fidirana amin' ny URL: mila fisoratana anarana.</ref> [[File:Seedlings in Green House.jpg|thumb|alt=Zana-javamaniry ao anaty trano fambolena voarakotra mangarahara.|Zana-javamaniry ao anaty trano fambolena voarakotra mangarahara, izay ampiasaina amin' ny fifantenana sy fampiterahana zavamaniry.]] Nampiely ny fampiasana ny fampifampiterahana karazana tamin' ny fomba mahazatra ny [[Revôlisiôna Maitso]], mba hampitomboana be ny vokatra azo amin' ny alalan' ny famoronana «karazana mamokatra be». Ohatra, ny salan' isan' ny vokatra katsaka tany Etazonia dia nitombo avy amin' ny 2.5 taonina isaky ny hekitara (t/ha) teo ho eo tamin' ny 1900, izany hoe 40 ''bushel'' isaky ny ''acre'', ho 9.4 t/ha teo ho eo tamin' ny 2001, izany hoe 150 ''bushel'' isaky ny ''acre''. Venti-pandrefesana ampiasaina amin' ny voamadinika ny ''bushel'', ary venti-pandrefesana ny velaran-tany ny ''acre''. Toy izany koa, ny salan' isan' ny vokatra varimbazaha eran-tany dia nitombo avy amin' ny latsaky ny 1 t/ha tamin' ny 1900 ho mihoatra ny 2.5 t/ha tamin' ny 1990. Manodidina ny 2 t/ha ny salan' isan' ny vokatra varimbazaha any Amerika Atsimo, latsaky ny 1 t/ha ny any Afrika, ary mahatratra 3.5 hatramin' ny 4 t/ha ny any Ejipta sy Arabia rehefa misy fanondrahana. Ny any amin' ny firenena toa an' i Frantsa kosa dia mihoatra ny 8 t/ha ny salan' isan' ny vokatra varimbazaha. Ny fahasamihafan' ny toetany, ny fototarazo, ary ny haavon' ny fampiasana teknika fambolena mifantoka amin' ny fampitomboana ny vokatra no tena mahatonga ny fahasamihafan' ny vokatra azo. Anisan' ireo teknika ireo ny fampiasana zezika, ny ady amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba amin' ny alalan' ny akora simika, ary ny fifehezana ny fitomboan' ny zavamaniry mba hisorohana ny fianjerany.<ref>Ruttan, Vernon W. (December 1999). [http://www.agbioforum.org/v2n1/v2n1a10-ruttan.pdf ''Biotechnology and Agriculture: A Skeptical Perspective'']. ''AgBioForum'', 2 (1), pp. 54–60. Toetran' ny URL voarakitra: ''dead''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521021149/http://www.agbioforum.org/v2n1/v2n1a10-ruttan.pdf Tahiry], 21 May 2013.</ref><ref>Cassman, K. (5 December 1998). [http://www.lsc.psu.edu/nas/Speakers/Cassman%20manuscript.html ''Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: The Challenge of increasing crop yield potential and precision agriculture'']. ''Proceedings of a National Academy of Sciences Colloquium, Irvine, California''. Daty nijerena: 11 October 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024001804/http://www.lsc.psu.edu/nas/Speakers/Cassman%20manuscript.html Tahiry], 24 October 2007.</ref><ref>Fanamarihana momba ny fanovam-benty: 1 ''bushel'' varimbazaha = 60&nbsp;''pound'' (lb) ≈ 27.215&nbsp;kg. 1 ''bushel'' katsaka = 56&nbsp;''pound'' ≈ 25.401&nbsp;kg. Venti-pandrefesana ny lanja ny ''pound''.</ref> [[File:IP Related Innovation in Agriculture 2000-2021.png|left|thumb|alt=Kisary momba ny fitambaran' ny isan' ny fangatahana fiarovana ara-dalàna ny zava-baovao eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana eran-tany.|Fitomboan' ny fiarovana ny fananana ara-tsaina mifandraika amin' ny famoronana eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, araka ny fitambaran' ny isan' ny fangatahana fiarovana ara-dalàna ny famoronana (''patent''), fiarovana ny famoronana amin' ny rafitra atao hoe ''utility model'', ary fiarovana mitovy lenta ho an' ny karazan-javamaniry, izay napetraka ho an' ny zava-baovao eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana eran-tany. Sary: WIPO (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fananana Ara-tsaina).]] Mitaky fotoana maharitra ny fampiasam-bola amin' ny zava-baovao eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Mila fotoana mantsy ny fanovana ny vokatry ny fikarohana ho zavatra azo amidy, sy ny fampifanarahana ny teknôlôjia amin' ny filan' ny faritra maro ary amin' ny toromarika nasionaly, alohan' ny handraisan' ny tantsaha azy sy hampiasany azy amin' ny voly eny an-tsahany. Ohatra, nila 60 taona farafahakeliny, nanomboka tamin' ny fampidirana ny teknôlôjian' ny katsaka safiotra, vao niely patrana ny fampiasana azy.<ref name="World Intellectual Property Report 2024">[https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-report-2024/en/3-the-importance-of-local-capabilities-in-agtech-specialization.html ''World Intellectual Property Report 2024 - 3 The importance of local capabilities in AgTech specialization'']. ''World Intellectual Property Report 2024''. Teny: en. Daty nijerena: 9 September 2024.</ref><ref>Griliches, Zvi (1957). ''Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change''. ''Econometrica'', 25 (4), pp. 501–522. DOI: 10.2307/1905380. JSTOR: 1905380. ISSN: 0012-9682.</ref> Tsy mora afindra sy ampiasaina any amin' ny faritra hafa manana toe-piainan' ny fambolena sy ny tontolo iainana samy hafa ny zava-baovao novolavolaina ho an' ny toe-piainana manokan' ny faritra iray. Tsy maintsy ampifanarahana amin' ny toe-piainana manokan' ilay faritra hafa kosa izany, sady manaja ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina ao aminy sy ny fepetra ary ny toromarika momba ny tontolo iainana. Azo jerena amin' ny fitomboana mitohy eo amin' ny isan' ny karazan-javamaniry voaaro eo ambanin' ny rafitra fiarovana ny karazan-javamaniry, tantanan' ny ''International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants'' (UPOV; Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena miaro ny Karazan-javamaniry Vaovao), ny sasany amin' izany fampifanarahana izany.<ref name="World Intellectual Property Report 2024" /> === Fanovana ny fototarazo amin' ny teknika === ''Lohahevitra fototra: Fanovana ny fototarazo amin' ny teknika.'' ''Jereo koa: Sakafo avy amin' ny zavamananaina novana ara-pototarazo; voly novana ara-pototarazo; fitsipika momba ny famoahana zavamananaina novana ara-pototarazo ho any amin' ny tontolo iainana; adihevitra momba ny sakafo avy amin' ny zavamananaina novana ara-pototarazo.'' [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 382 Genetically Modified Potatoes.jpg|thumb|alt=Zavamaniry ovy novana ara-pototarazo eo ankavia, ampitahaina amin' ny zavamaniry tsy novana eo ankavanana izay simban' ny aretina vokatry ny viriosy.|Mahatohitra ny aretina vokatry ny viriosy ny zavamaniry ovy novana ara-pototarazo (ankavia), fa simban' ireo aretina ireo kosa ny zavamaniry tsy novana (ankavanana).]] Ny GMO (zavamananaina novana ara-pototarazo) dia zavamananaina izay novana ny akora mitondra ny toetra ifandovany tamin' ny alalan' ny teknika fanovana ny fototarazo. Antsoina amin' ny ankapobeny hoe teknika fampifangaroana sombin' ny DNA (asidra mitahiry ny fampahalalana ara-pototarazo; ''deoxyribonucleic acid'' amin' ny teny anglisy) ireo teknika ireo. Nampitombo ny fototarazo azon' ny mpifantina sy mpampiteraka zavamaniry ampiasaina ny fanovana ny fototarazo amin' ny teknika, mba hamoronana taranam-boly vaovao manana ny lova ara-pototarazo irina izay ampitaina amin' ny alalan' ny sela fananahana. Anisan' ny toetra nampidirina tamin' ny voly tamin' izany ny faharetana bebe kokoa, ny otrikaina ao aminy, ny fahaizana manohitra ny bibikely sy ny viriosy, ary ny fahazakana akora famonoana ahidratsy.<ref>''World Health Organization''. [https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.html ''20 Questions on Genetically Modified Foods'']. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130327015739/http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.html Tahiry tamin' ny 27 March 2013]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Misy olona manahy momba ny fiarovana ara-pahasalamana ny sakafo sy ny fametahana marika amin' ny sakafo noho ny voly GMO. Firenena maro no nametra ny famokarana, ny fanafarana na ny fampiasana sakafo sy voly GMO.<ref>Whiteside, Stephanie (28 November 2012). [http://current.com/groups/news-blog/93975745_peru-bans-genetically-modified-foods-as-us-lags.htm ''Peru bans genetically modified foods as US lags'']. ''Current TV''. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130324013255/http://current.com/groups/news-blog/93975745_peru-bans-genetically-modified-foods-as-us-lags.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 24 March 2013].</ref> Ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena momba ny fiarovana amin' ny loza mety ateraky ny fampiasana zavamananaina, antsoina hoe ''Biosafety Protocol'', dia mifehy ny varotra GMO. Mitohy ny adihevitra momba ny fametahana marika amin' ny sakafo vita avy amin' ny GMO. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1997 no nananan' ny EU (Vondrona Eorôpeana) fepetra mitaky ny fametahana marika amin' ny sakafo GMO.<ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/memo_03_196 ''Question and Answers on the regulation of GMOs in the EU'']. ''European Commission - European Commission''. Nojerena tamin' ny 2025-10-07. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251127174707/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/memo_03_196 Tahiry tamin' ny 27 November 2025]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref><ref>Shiva, Vandana (2005). ''Earth Democracy: Justice, Sustainability, and Peace''. South End Press, Cambridge, MA.</ref> Tamin' ny 2022 dia nitaky ny fametahana marika amin' ny sakafo misy akora avy amin' ny GMO koa i Etazonia.<ref>Program, Human Foods (2024-09-05). [https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/how-gmos-are-regulated-united-states ''How GMOs Are Regulated in the United States'']. FDA. Fiteny: en. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 October 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230602235136/https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/how-gmos-are-regulated-united-states Tahiry tamin' ny 2 June 2023]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref><ref>Hernandez, Joe (2022-01-05). [https://www.npr.org/2022/01/05/1070212871/usda-bioengineered-food-label-gmo ''GMO is out, 'bioengineered' is in, as new U.S. food labeling rules take effect'']. NPR. Fiteny: en. Nojerena tamin' ny 2025-10-07.</ref> Ny masomboly mahatohitra akora famonoana ahidratsy dia nampidirana fototarazo ao anatin' ny fitambaran' ny akora ara-pototarazony, ka mahatonga ny zavamaniry hahazaka ireo akora ireo, anisan' izany ny ''glyphosate''. Ahafahan' ny mpamboly mamboly voly azo fafazana akora famonoana ahidratsy ireo masomboly ireo, mba hifehezana ny ahidratsy nefa tsy hanimba ilay voly mahatohitra izany. Mampiasa voly mahazaka akora famonoana ahidratsy ny mpamboly maneran-tany.<ref>Kathrine Hauge Madsen; Jens Carl Streibig. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm ''Benefits and risks of the use of herbicide-resistant crops'']. FAO, ''Weed Management for Developing Countries''. Nojerena tamin' ny 4 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130604013840/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 4 June 2013]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Miaraka amin' ny fitomboan' ny fampiasana voly mahazaka akora famonoana ahidratsy dia mitombo koa ny fampiasana akora famonoana ahidratsy misy ''glyphosate'' izay afafy amin' ny voly. Tany amin' ny faritra sasany dia nisy ahidratsy nanjary nahatohitra ny ''glyphosate'', ka nahatonga ny mpamboly hifindra amin' ny akora famonoana ahidratsy hafa.<ref name="Farmers Guide to GMOs">[http://www.rafiusa.org/pubs/Farmers_Guide_to_GMOs.pdf ''Farmers Guide to GMOs''] (11 January 2013). ''Rural Advancement Foundation International''. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120501145751/http://www.rafiusa.org/pubs/Farmers_Guide_to_GMOs.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 1 May 2012]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref><ref>Hindo, Brian (13 February 2008). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-02-13/report-raises-alarm-over-superweedsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice ''Report Raises Alarm over <nowiki>'Super-weeds'</nowiki>'']. ''Bloomberg Businessweek''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161226181242/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-02-13/report-raises-alarm-over-superweedsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice Tahiry tamin' ny 26 December 2016]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Ny fanadihadiana sasany koa dia mampifandray ny fampiasana ''glyphosate'' miely patrana amin' ny tsy fahampian' ny vy ao amin' ny voly sasany. Mampanahy momba ny famokarana voly sy ny kalitaony ara-tsakafo izany, ary mety hisy fiantraikany ara-toekarena sy ara-pahasalamana.<ref>Ozturk ''et al.'' (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5669940 ''Glyphosate inhibition of ferric reductase activity in iron deficient sunflower roots'']. ''New Phytologist'', 177 (4): 899–906. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02340.x. PMID: 18179601. Bibcode: 2008NewPh.177..899O. Sahan-kevitra voatahiry: display-authors=etal; doi-access=free. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170113232909/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5669940 Tahiry tamin' ny 13 January 2017]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Anisan' ny voly GMO hafa ampiasain' ny mpamboly ny voly mahatohitra bibikely. Manana fototarazo avy amin' ny Bt (fanafohezana ny anaran' ny bakteria anaty tany ''Bacillus thuringiensis'') izy ireo; io bakteria io dia mamokatra poizina izay mikendry bibikely manokana. Mahatohitra ny fahasimbana ateraky ny bibikely ireo voly ireo.<ref>[http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/biotech/insect.htm ''Insect-resistant Crops Through Genetic Engineering'']. ''University of Illinois''. Nojerena tamin' ny 4 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130121073949/http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/biotech/insect.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 21 January 2013]. Toetry ny rohy voarakitry ny loharano: url-status=dead.</ref> Misy mihevitra fa azo amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fifantenana sy fampiterahana zavamaniry ny fahaizana manohitra ireo zavamananaina manimba voly izay mitovy amin' izany na tsara kokoa aza. Azo amin' ny fampifangaroana taranaka na amin' ny famindrana vovobony avy amin' ny zavamaniry iray ho amin' ny iray hafa, ka ampifandraisina amin' ny karazana dia, koa ny fahaizana manohitra zavamananaina manimba voly isan-karazany. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny karazana dia no loharano lehibe indrindra ahazoana ireo toetra mahatohitra ireo. Ny karazam-boly voatabia sasany izay nanjary nahatohitra aretina 19 farafahakeliny dia nahazo izany tamin' ny fampiterahana azy niaraka tamin' ny vondrona voatabia dia.<ref>Kimbrell, A. (2002). ''Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture''. Island Press, Washington.</ref> == Fiantraikany amin' ny tontolo iainana == Lohahevitra mifandraika: olana amin' ny tontolo iainana mifandraika amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. === Fiantraikany sy ny sarany === [[File:Water pollution in the Wairarapa.JPG|upright|thumb|Fandotoana rano ao amin' ny sakeli-drano iray any ambanivohitra, vokatry ny rano mikoriana avy amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana any Zelandy Vaovao.]] Sady mahatonga ny fahasimban' ny tontolo iainana ny fambolena sy fiompiana no mora voakasik' izany fahasimbana izany, toy ny fihenan' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina, ny fiovan' ny tany ho tany efitra, ny fahasimban' ny nofon-tany ary ny fiovan' ny toetany, izay mampihena ny vokatra azo amin' ny voly.<ref>''Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies''. 2021. ''United Nations Environment Programme'' (Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana). [https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature Loharano]; notsidihina: 9 June 2021; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211102/https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature tahiry], 23 March 2021; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Anisan' ny antony lehibe indrindra mahatonga ny tsindry mihatra amin' ny tontolo iainana ny fambolena sy fiompiana, indrindra amin' ny fanovana ny fonenan' ny zavamananaina, ny fiovan' ny toetany, ny fampiasana rano ary ny famoahana akora misy poizina. Io sehatra io no loharano lehibe indrindra ipoiran' ny akora misy poizina avoaka any amin' ny tontolo iainana, anisan' izany ny akora famonoana bibikely, indrindra ireo ampiasaina amin' ny landihazo.<ref>''International Resource Panel'' (Vondrona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Harena Voajanahary). 2010. ''Priority products and materials: assessing the environmental impacts of consumption and production''. ''United Nations Environment Programme'' (Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana), pejy 13 &amp; 40. [http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/PriorityProducts/tabid/56053/Default.aspx Loharano]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20121224061455/http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/PriorityProducts/tabid/56053/Default.aspx tahiry], 24 December 2012; notsidihina: 7 May 2013.</ref><ref>Jan Frouz; Jaroslava Frouzová. 2022. ''Applied Ecology: How agriculture, forestry and fisheries shape our planet'', pejy 116 &amp; 165. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-030-83224-7</nowiki>; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4; S2CID: 245009867. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4 Loharano]; notsidihina: 19 December 2021; [https://web.archive.org/web/20220129031136/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4 tahiry], 29 January 2022; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Nilaza ny tatitra momba ny toekarena maitso navoakan' ny UNEP (Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana) tamin' ny 2011 fa avy amin' ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana ny 13% eo ho eo amin' ny etona mampihiboka hafanana avoakan' ny asan' ny olombelona maneran-tany. Tafiditra amin' izany ny etona avy amin' ny fampiasana zezika mineraly, ny akora simika iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly ary ny akora famonoana zavamaniry tsy ilaina, mbamin' ny angovo avy amin' ny solika fôsily ampiasaina amin' ny famokarana.<ref name="unep.org">''Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication''. UNEP (Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana), 2011. [https://www.unenvironment.org/search/node?keys=Towards+a+Green+Economy%3A+Pathways+to+Sustainable+Development+and+Poverty+Eradication Loharano]; notsidihina: 9 June 2021; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200510022300/https://www.unenvironment.org/search/node?keys=Towards+a+Green+Economy:+Pathways+to+Sustainable+Development+and+Poverty+Eradication tahiry], 10 May 2020; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=dead.</ref> Mampitondra sara maro ho an' ny fiarahamonina, ankoatra ny sara mivantana zakain' ny mpamokatra, ny fambolena sy fiompiana: anisan' izany ny fahavoazana ateraky ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba amin' ny zavaboary, indrindra ny akora famonoana zavamaniry tsy ilaina sy ny akora famonoana bibikely, ny fitondran' ny rano mikoriana ireo otrikaina, ny fampiasana rano tafahoatra ary ny fahaverezan' ny tontolo voajanahary. Ny fanombanana ny fambolena sy fiompiana tao amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra natao tamin' ny taona 2000 dia nametra ho £2 343 tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ireo sara zakain' ny fiarahamonina ireo tamin' ny 1996, izany hoe £208 isaky ny hekitara.<ref name="Pretty2000">J. Pretty; C. Brett; D. Gee; R. E. Hine; C. F. Mason; J. I. L. Morison; H. Raven; M. D. Rayment; G. Van Der Bijl. 2000. ''An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture''. ''Agricultural Systems'', 65 (2), pejy 113–136. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00031-7; doi-access=free; bibcode=2000AgSys..65..113P; display-authors=1. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222549141 Loharano]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20170113233847/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222549141 tahiry], 13 January 2017; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Ny famakafakana ireo sara ireo tany Etazonia tamin' ny taona 2005 kosa dia nanatsoaka hevitra fa manodidina ny $5–16 lavitrisa ny sara ateraky ny tany ambolena, izany hoe $30 ka hatramin' ny $96 isaky ny hekitara, raha $714 tapitrisa kosa no ateraky ny famokarana amin' ny fiompiana.<ref name="Tegtmeier2005">E. M. Tegtmeier; M. Duffy. 2005. ''External Costs of Agricultural Production in the United States''. ''The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Agriculture''. [http://www.organicvalley.coop/fileadmin/pdf/ag_costs_IJAS2004.pdf Loharano]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205134016/http://www.organicvalley.coop/fileadmin/pdf/ag_costs_IJAS2004.pdf tahiry], 5 February 2009; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=dead.</ref> Samy nifantoka tamin' ny fiantraikany ara-bola ihany ireo fanadihadiana roa ireo, ary samy nanatsoaka hevitra fa tokony hisy ezaka bebe kokoa hampidirana ireo sara zakain' ny fiarahamonina ireo ao amin' ny sara sy ny fanapahan-kevitry ny mpamokatra. Samy tsy nampiditra ny fanampiana ara-bola tao amin' ny famakafakany izy ireo, saingy nilaza fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny sara entin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ho an' ny fiarahamonina koa izany fanampiana izany.<ref name="Pretty2000"/><ref name="Tegtmeier2005"/> Mikendry ny hampitombo ny vokatra azo sy hampihena ny sara ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ka matetika mampiasa fepetra mampidina ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina ho amin' ny ambaratonga tena ambany. Mitombo ny vokatra azo amin' ny fampidirana akora toy ny zezika sy ny fanesorana ny zavamananaina na singa hafa miteraka aretina, ny biby mpiremby ary ireo mpifaninana amin' ny voly, toy ny ahi-dratsy. Mihena ny sara rehefa mitombo ny haben' ny toeram-pamokarana, ohatra amin' ny fanitarana ny saha; midika izany fa esorina ny fefy velona, ny tatatra ary ireo toerana hafa fonenan' ny zavamananaina. Mamono bibikely sy zavamaniry ary holatra ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba. Mampihena ny vokatra tena azo ny fahaverezan' ny vokatra eny amin' ny toeram-pambolena, izay mety ho vokatry ny fomba famokarana tsy mahomby mandritra ny fijinjana, ny fikarakarana ary ny fitahirizana.<ref>''The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief''. [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|''Food and Agriculture Organization'']] (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), 2019, pejy 12. [http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en Loharano]; notsidihina: 4 May 2021; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210429155350/http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en tahiry], 29 April 2021; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Ny fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny tontolo iainana dia mampiseho fa tena ilaina ny fikarohana momba ireo zavamananaina mpanimba sy aretina izay tsy fahita matetika amin' ny faritra iray. Araka ny fitantaran' ny ''European Investment Bank'' (Banky Eorôpeana ho an' ny Fampiasam-bola), nahita aretina harafesin' ny taho (''stem rust'') tamin' ny varimbazaha tany amin' ny faritr' i Champagne, any Frantsa, ny tantsaha tamin' ny taona 2021; araka io fitantarana io, tany Marôka ihany no nisehoan' ilay aretina nandritra ny 20 ka hatramin' ny 30 taona talohan' izany. Noho ny fiovan' ny toetany, dia velona sy mihamaro ireo bibikely izay maty nandritra ny ririnina taloha.<ref>''French firm breeds plants that resist climate change''. ''European Investment Bank'' (Banky Eorôpeana ho an' ny Fampiasam-bola). [https://www.eib.org/en/stories/breeding-plants-climate-change Loharano]; notsidihina: 25 January 2023; [https://web.archive.org/web/20230202152944/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/breeding-plants-climate-change tahiry], 2 February 2023; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref><ref>Reuters. 3 February 2017. ''New virulent disease threatens wheat crops in Europe and North Africa – researchers''. [https://www.reuters.com/article/mediterranean-food-infection-idAFL5N1FO2GJ Loharano]; notsidihina: 25 January 2023; [https://web.archive.org/web/20230125152806/https://www.reuters.com/article/mediterranean-food-infection-idAFL5N1FO2GJ tahiry], 25 January 2023; sata voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> === Olana mifandray amin' ny fiompiana === [[File:Biogas.jpg|thumb|Fitaovana ao amin' ny toeram-piompiana, izay ampiasan' ny zavamiaina bitika handravana akora ao anatin' ny tontolo tsy misy ôksizenina, no manova ny fako avy amin' ny zavamaniry sy ny tain' ny biby fiompy ho gazy azo ampiasaina ho solika (''biogas'').]] Nilaza i Henning Steinfeld, tompon' andraikitra ambony iray ao amin' ny UN (Firenena Mikambana), hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Ny biby fiompy dia anisan' ny tena mitondra anjara lehibe amin' ireo olana ara-tontolo iainana mavesatra indrindra amin' izao fotoana izao.»<ref>''Livestock a major threat to environment''. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 29 November 2006. [http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html URL]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080328062709/http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html tahiry], 28 March 2008. Nijerena: 24 April 2013. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: dead.</ref> Mampiasa ny 70% amin' ny tany rehetra natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fiompiana, izany hoe ny 30% amin' ny velaran-tanin' ny planeta. Anisan' ny loharano lehibe indrindra ahazoana [[Etona mampihiboka hafanana|etona mampihiboka hafanana]] izy io, ka tompon' andraikitra amin' ny 18% amin' ny famoahana izany etona izany maneran-tany, raha refesina amin' ny habetsahana mitovy fiantraikany amin' ny CO₂. Raha ampitahaina amin' izany, ny fitaterana rehetra dia mamoaka ny 13.5% amin' ny CO₂ avoaka. (Fantatra tatỳ aoriana anefa fa zavatra tsy azo ampitahaina mivantana no nampitahaina tamin' ireo tarehimarika ireo.<ref>''UN to look at climate meat link''. 2010-03-24. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8583308.stm URL]. Nijerena: 2025-04-21. Fiteny: en-GB.</ref>) Mamokatra ny 65% amin' ny prôtôksida-na azôta (N₂O) mifandray amin' ny asan' ny olombelona ny fiompiana; avo 296 heny amin' ny an' ny CO₂ ny fahafahan' io etona io mampiakatra ny hafanan' ny tany. Izy io koa no mamokatra ny 37% amin' ny metanina rehetra ateraky ny asan' ny olombelona; avo 23 heny amin' ny an' ny CO₂ ny fiantraikan' ny metanina amin' ny fiakaran' ny hafanana. Avy aminy koa ny 64% amin' ny [[Amôniaka|amôniaka]] avoaka. Voalaza fa anisan' ny antony lehibe mahatonga ny [[Fandripahana ala|fandripahana ala]] ny fanitarana ny fiompiana; ao amin' ny faritry ny reniranon' i Amazon sy ny sakeli-dranony, ny 70% amin' ny velaran-tany rakotra ala taloha dia efa kijana, ary ny ambiny kosa ampiasaina hambolena sakafom-biby.<ref name="LEAD">Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006). ''Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental issues and options''. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. [http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf URL]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf tahiry], 25 June 2008. Nijerena: 5 December 2008. Satan' ny URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: usurped.</ref> Mampihena ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina koa ny fiompiana, amin' ny alalan' ny fandripahana ala sy ny fahasimban' ny tany. Anisan' ny tranga voarakitra tsara ny fihanaky ny zavamaniry misy taho mafy toy ny hazo ao amin' ny tany fiandrasana biby, vokatry ny fihinanan' ny biby ahitra tafahoatra.<ref>Archer, Steven R.; Andersen, Erik M.; Predick, Katharine I.; Schwinning, Susanne; Steidl, Robert J.; Woods, Steven R. (2017). ''Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences''. Ao amin' ny: Briske, David D. (mpanonta), ''Rangeland Systems''. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 25–84. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2 10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2]. Fidirana amin' ny DOI voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: free. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-46707-8</nowiki>.</ref> Ankoatra izany, milaza ny ''United Nations Environment Programme'' (UNEP; Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana) hoe, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Araka ny vinavina, hitombo 60 isan-jato amin' ny taona 2030 ny famoahana metanina avy amin' ny biby fiompy maneran-tany raha mitohy ny fomba fanao sy ny fomba fanjifana ankehitriny.»<ref name="unep.org"/> === Olana momba ny tany sy ny rano === Jereo koa: Fiantraikan' ny fitarihan-drano amin' ny tontolo iainana. [[File:Share of water withdrawal by agriculture in total withdrawal, top countries (2022).svg|thumb|440x440px|alt=Firenena ahitana ny ampahany lehibe indrindra amin' ny rano alaina izay atokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, raha oharina amin' ny rano alaina rehetra, tamin' ny 2022.|Firenena ahitana ny ampahany lehibe indrindra amin' ny rano alaina izay atokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, raha oharina amin' ny fitambaran' ny rano alaina (2022).<ref name="FAO-2025a"/>]] [[File:Crops Kansas AST 20010624.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Saha boribory any Kansas, misy voly maitso sy varimbazaha mivolombolamena ary saha volontany.|Saha boribory ambolena voly sy [[Fitarihan-drano|itarihan-drano]] any Kansas. Maitso ny [[Zea mays|katsaka]] sy ny voamadinika atao hoe ''sorghum'' izay salama sy mbola mitombo; mety ho hatsatra kely kokoa ny lokon' ny ''sorghum''. Mivolombolamena mamirapiratra ny varimbazaha. Ny saha volontany kosa dia efa nojinjaina sy nasaina vao haingana, na navela tsy hambolena nandritra ilay taona.]] Ny fanovana ny tany, izany hoe ny fampiasana azy hahazoana entana sy asa fanompoana, no fomba lehibe indrindra anovan' ny olombelona ny tontolo iainan' ny zavamananaina eto an-tany sy ny fifandraisan' ireo ao aminy, ary izy no antony lehibe mahatonga ny fihenan' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina. Miovaova eo anelanelan' ny 39 sy 50% ny tombana momba ny ampahan' ny tany efa novan' ny olombelona.<ref name="Vitousek">P. M. Vitousek; H. A. Mooney; J. Lubchenco; J. M. Melillo (1997). ''Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems''. [[Science (gazetiboky)|Science]], 277 (5325), pp. 494–499. DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5325.494. S2CID: 8610995.</ref> Tombanana fa ny 24% amin' ny tany maneran-tany no iharan' ny fahasimban' ny tany, izany hoe ny fihenana maharitra eo amin' ny fiasan' ny tontolo iainan' ny zavamananaina sy ny fahafahany mamokatra; voa mafy kokoa noho ny tany hafa ny tany ambolena.<ref name="FAO GLADA">Z.G. Bai &amp; D.L. Dent &amp; L. Olsson &amp; M.E. Schaepman (November 2008). [http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs/Report%202008_01_GLADA%20international_REV_Nov%202008.pdf ''Global assessment of land degradation and improvement: 1. identification by remote sensing'']. [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|''Food and Agriculture Organization'']]/ISRIC. Notsidihina: 24 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213041558/http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs/Report%202008_01_GLADA%20international_REV_Nov%202008.pdf Tahiry], 13 December 2013.</ref> Ny fitantanana ny tany no antony lehibe mahatonga izany fahasimbana izany; olona 1.5&nbsp;lavitrisa no miantehitra amin' ny tany mihasimba. Mety hiseho amin' ny alalan' ny fandripahana ala, ny fiovan' ny tany ho efitra, ny [[Fikao-tany|fikao-tany]], ny fihenan' ny mineraly ao amin' ny tany, ny fitomboan' ny toetra asidra ao amin' ny tany, na ny fitomboan' ny sira ao aminy izany fahasimbana izany.<ref name="CS"/> Tamin' ny 2021, dia 4.79 lavitrisa hekitara (ha) ny velaran' ny tany natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany, izany hoe nihena 2%, na 0.09 lavitrisa ha, raha oharina amin' ny 2000. Teo anelanelan' ny 2000 sy 2021, dia tokony ho ny roa ampahatelon' ny tany natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana no tanim-bozaka sy kijana maharitra; nahatratra 3.21 lavitrisa ha izany tamin' ny 2021, ary nihena 5% (0.17 lavitrisa ha) nandritra io vanim-potoana io. Ny ampahatelon' ny fitambaran' ny tany natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana kosa dia tany ambolena; nahatratra 1.58 lavitrisa ha izany tamin' ny 2021, ary nitombo 6% (0.09 lavitrisa ha).<ref name="FAO-2023b"/> Any Etazonia, dia tombanana ho 56% ny ampahan' ny tany ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref>[https://insideanimalag.org/land-use-for-agriculture/ ''Land Use for Agriculture - Inside Animal Ag'']. insideanimalag.org, 2025-06-28. Fiteny: en-US. Notsidihina: 2026-04-02.</ref> Raha ampidirina ny tany iandrasana biby, dia manodidina ny 80% amin' ny tany natokana ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana no ampiasaina amin' ny fiompiana.<ref>[https://insideanimalag.org/land-use-for-animal-ag/ ''Land Use for Animal Ag - Inside Animal Ag'']. insideanimalag.org, 2025-06-28. Fiteny: en-US. Notsidihina: 2026-04-02.</ref> Ny fitomboana tafahoatry ny otrikaina ao amin' ny tontolo iainan' ny zavamananaina anaty rano, izay antsoina hoe ''eutrophication'', dia mahatonga ny ahidrano hihamaro tampoka sy ny rano tsy hanana ôksizenina. Mitarika ho amin' ny fahafatesan' ny trondro sy ny fihenan' ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina izany, ary mahatonga ny rano tsy ho azo sotroina na hampiasaina amin' ny taozava-baventy. Ny fanasiana zezika sy tain-biby be loatra amin' ny tany ambolena, ary ny hamaroan' ny biby fiompy raha oharina amin' ny velaran-tany iompiana azy, dia mahatonga ny otrikaina, indrindra ny [[Azôta|azôta]] sy ny [[Fôsfôro|fôsfôro]], hoentin' ny rano mikoriana eny ambonin' ny tany, ary koa ho levona ka hoentin' ny rano mitsika ao anaty tany. Anisan' ny akora mandoto avy amin' ny toerana maro miparitaka fa tsy avy amin' ny loharano tokana ireo otrikaina ireo. Mandray anjara amin' ny fitomboana tafahoatry ny otrikaina ao amin' ny tontolo iainan' ny zavamananaina anaty rano sy ny fandotoana ny rano ambanin' ny tany izy ireo, ka misy vokany manimba amin' ny mponina.<ref name="Eutr">S. R. Carpenter; N. F. Caraco; D. L. Correll; R. W. Howarth; A. N. Sharpley; V. H. Smith (1998). ''Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen''. ''Ecological Applications'', 8 (3), pp. 559–568. DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2. HDL: 1808/16724 (fidirana malalaka).</ref> Mampihena ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina an-tanety koa ny zezika, satria mampitombo ny fifaninanana hahazoana hazavana ka manome tombony ireo karazana afaka manararaotra ny otrikaina nampiana.<ref name="Hautier Niklaus Hector">Y. Hautier; P. A. Niklaus; A. Hector (2009). [https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/18666/2/Hautier_2009.pdf ''Competition for Light Causes Plant Biodiversity Loss After Eutrophication'']. ''Science'', 324 (5927), pp. 636–638. DOI: 10.1126/science.1169640. PMID: 19407202. Bibcode: 2009Sci...324..636H. S2CID: 21091204. Karazana: ''Submitted manuscript''. Notsidihina: 3 November 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102011324/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/18666/2/Hautier_2009.pdf Tahiry], 2 November 2018. Sata URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Miatrika ny fitomboan' ny filàna rano mamy ny fambolena sy fiompiana, sady iharan' ny fiovaovana tsy araka ny mahazatra amin' ny rotsak' orana, toy ny haintany, ny tondra-drano, ary ny rotsak' orana sy trangan-toetrandro mahery vaika, eo amin' ny saha sy ny tany iandrasana biby izay miankina amin' ny orana.<ref name="FAO-2020"/> Ny fambolena sy fiompiana no maka ny 70% amin' ny rano alaina avy amin' ny loharanon-drano mamy.<ref>D. Molden (tonian-dahatsoratra). [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/About_IWMI/Strategic_Documents/Annual_Reports/2006_2007/pdf/IWMI%20Annual%20Report%202006-07.pdf ''Findings of the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture'']. ''Annual Report 2006/2007''. ''International Water Management Institute'' (Ivontoerana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fitantanana ny Rano). Notsidihina: 6 January 2014. Sata URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140107031305/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/About_IWMI/Strategic_Documents/Annual_Reports/2006_2007/pdf/IWMI%20Annual%20Report%202006-07.pdf Tahiry], 7 January 2014.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank; Arthus-Bertrand, Yann (2019). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water ''On Water'']. Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2867/509830. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-861-4319-9</nowiki>. Notsidihina: 7 December 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201129051604/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water Tahiry], 29 November 2020. Sata URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live.</ref> Tombanana fa ny 41% amin' ny rano ampiasaina amin' ny fitarihan-drano maneran-tany amin' ny fotoana resahin' ilay tatitra dia alaina ka mampihena ny rano tokony havela hikoriana mba hitandroana ny tontolo iainana.<ref name="FAO-2020"/> Any Etazonia, dia eo amin' ny 80% amin' ny fitambaran' ny fanjifana rano no avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Ny antsasaky ny rano lanin' io sehatra io, izany hoe manodidina ny 40% amin' ny fanjifana rano manontolo, dia lanin' ny fiompiana.<ref>[https://insideanimalag.org/animal-ag-water-usage-2/ ''Animal Ag Water Use Overview - Inside Animal Ag'']. insideanimalag.org, 2023-06-07. Fiteny: en-US. Notsidihina: 2026-04-02.</ref> Efa ela no fantatra fa mihena ny tahirin-drano ao amin' ny sosona ambanin' ny tany mitahiry rano, any amin' ny faritra samy hafa toy ny avaratr' i Sina, ny faritra ambony amin' ny [[Ganga]], ary ny andrefan' i Etazonia. Nasehon' ny fikarohana tatỳ aoriana fa miseho koa izany olana izany amin' ny sosona mitahiry rano any Iràna, Meksika ary Arabia Saodita.<ref>Sophia Li (13 August 2012). [http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/stressed-aquifers-around-the-globe/ ''Stressed Aquifers Around the Globe'']. ''The New York Times''. Notsidihina: 7 May 2013. Sata URL voarakitra tao amin' ny loharano: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402141530/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/stressed-aquifers-around-the-globe/ Tahiry], 2 April 2013.</ref> Mitombo ny fanerena ataon' ny taozava-baventy sy ny tanàn-dehibe amin' ny loharanon-drano. Vokatr' izany dia mihamitombo ny tsy fahampian-drano, ka miatrika ny fahasarotan' ny famokarana sakafo bebe kokoa ho an' ny mponina eran-tany mitombo ny fambolena sy fiompiana, nefa mihena ny rano azony ampiasaina.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0511sp2.htm ''Water Use in Agriculture'']. [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|''Food and Agriculture Organization'']], November 2005. Notsidihina: 7 May 2013. [https://archive.today/20130615091527/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0511sp2.htm Tahiry], 15 June 2013.</ref> Nihena nandritra ireo folo taona maromaro teo aloha ny rano alain' ny taozava-baventy, ary kely ihany ny fitomboan' ny rano alaina ho an' ny tanàna nanomboka tamin' ny 2010. Ny rano alaina ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana kosa dia nitombo hatrany, sady nihahaingana hatrany ny fitomboany.<ref name="FAO-2020"/> Mety hiteraka olana lehibe amin' ny tontolo iainana koa ny fampiasana rano amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana rehefa tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny fitarihan-drano. Anisan' izany ny fahapotehan' ny faritra mando voajanahary, ny fielezan' ny aretina mifindra amin' ny alalan' ny rano, ary ny fahasimban' ny tany vokatry ny fitomboan' ny sira sy ny fahafenoan' ny rano ao amin' ny nofon-tany.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0303sp1.htm ''Water Management: Towards 2030'']. [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|''Food and Agriculture Organization'']], March 2003. Notsidihina: 7 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184315/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0303sp1.htm Tahiry], 10 May 2013.</ref> === Akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba === Lohahevitra mifandraika: Fiantraikan' ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba amin' ny tontolo iainana. [[File:Crop spraying near St Mary Bourne - geograph.org.uk - 392462.jpg|thumb|Famafazana akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba amin' ny voly.]] Nitombo nanomboka tamin' ny 1950 ny habetsahan' ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ampiasaina maneran-tany, ka nahatratra 2,5&nbsp;tapitrisa ''short ton'' isan-taona. Ventim-pandrefesan-danja amerikanina ny ''short ton''. Na izany aza, tsy niova firy ny fahaverezan' ny vokatra vokatry ny zavamananaina mpanimba.<ref name="Pimentel pesticide">Pimentel, D.; Culliney, T. W.; Bashore, T. (1996). [http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/pimentel.htm ''Public health risks associated with pesticides and natural toxins in foods'']. Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook. [https://web.archive.org/web/19990218073023/http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/pimentel.htm Tahiry tamin' ny 18 February 1999]. Nojerena tamin' ny 7 May 2013.</ref> Tamin' ny 1992, ny WHO ([[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]]) dia nanombana fa nisy tranga fanapoizinana (na fahavoazana ateraky ny akora misy poizina) telo tapitrisa isan-taona vokatry ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba, ka nahafatesana olona 220 000.<ref name="WHO">''Our planet, our health: Report of the WHO commission on health and environment''. Geneva: [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|World Health Organization]] (1992).</ref> Ao amin' ny vondron' ny zavamananaina mpanimba, ny fampiasana ireo akora ireo dia manome tombony ho an' ireo mahatohitra azy. Miteraka fihodinana miverimberina antsoina hoe ''pesticide treadmill'' izany: rehefa mahatohitra ilay akora ny zavamananaina mpanimba, dia ilaina ny mamolavola akora vaovao iadiana aminy.<ref name="CS Pest">''Strategies for Pest Control'', pp. 355–383 ao amin' ny [[#Chrispeels|Chrispeels]].</ref> Misy hevitra hafa milaza fa ny fampiasana akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba sy ny fambolena mampiasa akora sy asa betsaka ary ahazoana vokatra be no fomba «hamonjena ny tontolo iainana» sy hisorohana ny mosary. Ohatra maneho izany hevitra izany ny teny eo amin' ny tampon' ny tranonkalan' ny ''Center for Global Food Issues'' (Foibe momba ny olan' ny sakafo maneran-tany), izay azo adika hoe: «Ny famokarana betsaka kokoa isaky ny ''acre'' dia mamela tany betsaka kokoa ho an' ny zavaboary». Ventim-pandrefesana ny velaran-tany ny ''acre''.<ref name="DAvery">Avery, D.T. (2000). [https://archive.org/details/savingplanetwith00aver ''Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Plastic: The Environmental Triumph of High-Yield Farming'']. Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55813-069-2</nowiki>. Fidirana amin' ny URL: registration.</ref><ref>cgfi.org. [http://www.cgfi.org Center for Global Food Issues]. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160716190009/http://www.cgfi.org/ Tahiry tamin' ny 16 July 2016].</ref> Ny mpitsikera kosa milaza fa tsy voatery hifanohitra ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana sy ny fanomezana ny sakafo ilaina,<ref name="WH">Lappe, F. M.; Collins, J.; Rosset, P. (1998). [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bi430-fs430/Documents-2004/10B-DEVEL%20WORLD/World%20Hunger--Twelve%20Myths.pdf ''Myth 4: Food vs. Our Environment'']. Ao amin' ny ''World Hunger, Twelve Myths'', pp. 42–57. New York: Grove Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8021-3591-9</nowiki>. Tamin' ny alalan' ny Oregon State University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210304102909/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bi430-fs430/Documents-2004/10B-DEVEL%20WORLD/World%20Hunger--Twelve%20Myths.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 4 March 2021].</ref> ary mety hisolo ny fomba fambolena tsara, toy ny fambolena voly samy hafa mifandimby eo amin' ny tany iray, ny fampiasana ireo akora ireo.<ref name="CS Pest" /> Ny fomba fifehezana ny zavamananaina mpanimba antsoina hoe ''push–pull'' dia mampiaraka voly samy hafa eo amin' ny saha iray. Ampiasaina amin' izany ny fofon' ny zavamaniry mba hampanalavirana ny zavamananaina mpanimba amin' ny voly (''push'') sy hitaomana azy ho any amin' ny toerana ahafahana manaisotra azy avy eo (''pull'').<ref name="PushPull">Cook, Samantha M.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Pickett, John A. (2007). ''The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management''. Annual Review of Entomology, 52, pp. 375–400. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407. PMID: 16968206.</ref> === Fandraisana anjara amin' ny fiovan' ny toetany === Lohahevitra mifandraika: Famoahana etona mampihiboka hafanana avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. [[File:World farm-gate greenhouse gas emissions by activity.svg|thumb|Famoahana etona mampihiboka hafanana eran-tany amin' ny dingana famokarana eny amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana, alohan' ny fanodinana sy fitaterana manaraka, araka ny asa atao.<ref name="FAO-2025a"/>]] Mandray anjara amin' ny fiovan' ny toetany ny fambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny alalan' ny famoahana etona mampihiboka hafanana sy ny famadihana tany tsy nampiasaina tamin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, toy ny ala, ho tany ampiasaina amin' ireo asa ireo.<ref>Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, ao amin' ny: HLPE (June 2012). ''[http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security]''. Rome, Italy: ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'' (Fikambanan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena). p. 67–69. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/ Tahiry tamin' ny 12 December 2014].</ref> Ny sehatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fambolena sy fitantanana ala ary ny fampiasana ny tany no ipoiran' ny 13% hatramin' ny 21% amin' ny famoahana etona mampihiboka hafanana eran-tany.<ref name="IPCC2022">Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; sy ny hafa. [https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)]. Ao amin' ny ''[https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/agriculture-forestry-and-other-land-uses-afolu Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change]''. p. 750. DOI: 10.1017/9781009157926.009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221226114238/https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 26 December 2022]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra: live.</ref> Mihoatra ny antsasaky ny fitambaran' ny etona mampihiboka hafanana avoakan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny prôtôksida-na azôta (N₂O) sy ny metanina (CH₄) raha atambatra.<ref name="FAO2020">FAO (2020). ''[https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018.]'' FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series, 18. Rome. p. 2. ISSN: 2709-0078. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210617210116/https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 17 June 2021]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra: live.</ref> Loharano lehibe iray amin' ny famoahana etona mampihiboka hafanana ny [[Fiompiana|fiompiana]].<ref>''[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 How livestock farming affects the environment]''. downtoearth.org.in. Nojerena tamin' ny 10 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130055211/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 Tahiry tamin' ny 30 January 2023].</ref> Avy amin' ny famokarana sakafo azo avy amin' ny biby ny 57% eo ho eo amin' ny etona mampihiboka hafanana avoakan' ny famokarana sakafo eran-tany, raha 29% kosa no avy amin' ny sakafo azo avy amin' ny zavamaniry ary mifandraika amin' ny fampiasana hafa ny 14% ambiny.<ref name="Xu-2021">Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Smith, Pete; Campbell, Nelson; Jain, Atul K. (2021). ''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00358-x Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods]''. ''Nature Food'', 2 (9), p. 724–732. DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x. PMID: 37117472. Bibcode: 2021NatFo...2..724X. HDL: 2164/18207 (azo idirana maimaim-poana). S2CID: 240562878. ISSN: 2662-1355. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 March 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230403203405/https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00358-x Tahiry tamin' ny 3 April 2023]. Satan' ny URL voarakitra: live; mila famandrihana ny fidirana amin' ny URL.</ref> Tao amin' io fanadihadiana io, ny fitantanana ny tany ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana sy ny fiovan' ny fampiasana ny tany dia samy nanana anjara lehibe tamin' ny fitambaran' ny famoahana etona, dia 38% sy 29%, araka izany filaharany izany. Ny vary sy ny henan' omby kosa no vokatra avy amin' ny zavamaniry sy avy amin' ny biby nanana anjara lehibe indrindra tamin' izany famoahana etona izany, dia 12% sy 25%, araka izany filaharany izany.<ref name="Xu-2021"/> I Azia Atsimo, i Azia Atsimo Atsinanana ary i Amerika Atsimo no faritra namoaka etona mampihiboka hafanana betsaka indrindra avy amin' ny famokarana.<ref name="Xu-2021"/> === Fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana === Fanazavana fanampiny: Fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Efa tandindomin-doza noho ny fiovan' ny toetany ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny voly raha vao mahatratra 1.5&nbsp;°C ny fiakaran' ny maripana maneran-tany. Any Amerika Avaratra, Eorôpa ary Azia Afovoany, dia somary kely ny ampahany amin' ny voly tandindomin-doza amin' io haavon' ny fiakaran' ny maripana io; any amin' ny faritr' i Atsinanana Afovoany sy Afrika Avaratra kosa, ohatra, dia manakaiky ny 50% amin' ny velaran' ny tany ambolena no tandindomin-doza. Rehefa mbola miakatra ny maripana, dia mitombo any amin' ny faritra rehetra izany loza mety hitranga izany, saingy lehibe kokoa ny fitomboany any amin' ny sasany ary kely kokoa any amin' ny hafa. Ho an' ny vondrom-boly lehibe rehetra, dia mihena maneran-tany ny velaran' ny tany ambolena ao anatin' ny faritra manana toetany azo antoka ho an' ireo voly rehefa mihoatra ny 1.5&nbsp;°C ny fiakaran' ny maripana.<ref>Sara Heikonen; Matias Heino; Mika Jalava; Stefan Siebert; Daniel Viviroli; Matti Kummu. ''Climate change threatens crop diversity at low latitudes''. Nature Food, 4 March 2025, volume 6, issue 4, pp. 331–342. DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01135-w (doi-access: free). PMID: 40038529; PMC: 12018264; bibcode: 2025NatFo...6..331H. Teny nalaina amin' ny loharano: “At the level of crop groups, the global net change in cropland area within the SCS would be negative in all groups if global warming exceeded 1.5&nbsp;°C”.</ref><ref>[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/over-50-global-crop-production-could-be-threatened-at-15-2c-warming ''Over 50% global crop production could be threatened at 1.5-2&nbsp;°C warming'']. Down to Earth, 6 March 2025. Publisher: Nature Food. Access-date: 12 March 2025.</ref> === Faharetan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana === [[File:TerracesBuffers.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Saha misy tanimboly atao ambaratonga sy fehin-tany misy zavamaniry any Iowa.|Mampihena ny [[Fikao-tany|fikaohan' ny riaka ny nofon-tany]] sy ny fandotoana ny rano eto amin' ity toeram-pambolena any Iowa ity ny tanimboly atao ambaratonga, ny fiasana ny tany amin' ny fomba mitahiry ny nofon-tany ary ny fehin-tany misy zavamaniry arovana mba hitahiry ny tany sy ny rano.]] Lohahevitra lehibe: fambolena sy fiompiana azo tohizana maharitra. Nahatonga ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny tahirin-drano, ny fikaohana mafy ny nofon-tany ary ny fihenan' ny fahalonahan' ny tany ny fomba fambolena ampiasaina. Tsy ampy ny rano hahafahana manohy ny fambolena amin' ireo fomba ireo; noho izany dia ilaina ny mandinika indray ny fomba ampiasana ny rano, ny tany ary ny harena ao anatin' ny fitambaran' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany mba hampitomboana ny vokatra azo amin' ny voly. Mety ho vahaolana ny fanomezana lanja ireny fitambaran' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany ireny, sady ekena fa mety hisy tombontsoa azo amin' ny lafiny tontolo iainana nefa misy fatiantoka eo amin' ny fivelomana, na ny mifamadika amin' izany, ary ampifandanjaina ny zon' ireo mpampiasa sy ireo tombontsoa samy hafa voakasika.<ref>E. Boelee (editor), ''[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/topics/ecosystems/ Ecosystems for water and food security]''. IWMI/UNEP, 2011. access-date: 24 May 2013; url-status: live (source-recorded); [https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025920/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Topics/Ecosystems/ archive-url], archive-date: 23 May 2013.</ref> Raha ampiharina ireny fepetra ireny, dia ilaina koa ny miatrika ny tsy fitoviana aterany, toy ny famindrana ny rano natokana ho an' ny mahantra ho an' ny manankarena, ny fanadiovana tany mba hanomezana toerana ny tany fambolena mamokatra bebe kokoa, na ny fiarovana faritra mando izay mametra ny zo hanjono.<ref>D. Molden, ''[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/news_room/pdf/The-scientist_com-Opinion_The%20Water_Deficit.pdf Opinion: The Water Deficit]''. ''The Scientist''. access-date: 23 August 2011; url-status: live (source-recorded); [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113125654/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/news_room/pdf/The-scientist_com-Opinion_The%20Water_Deficit.pdf archive-url], archive-date: 13 January 2012.</ref> Manampy amin' ny fanomezana fitaovana sy enti-miasa ho an' ny tantsaha ny fandrosoana ara-teknôlôjia, mba hahafahana manao fambolena sy fiompiana azo tohizana maharitra kokoa.<ref>Safefood Consulting, Inc., ''[http://croplife.intraspin.com/pesticides/paper.asp?id=461 Benefits of Crop Protection Technologies on Canadian Food Production, Nutrition, Economy and the Environment]''. CropLife International, 2005. access-date: 24 May 2013; [https://archive.today/20130706005846/http://croplife.intraspin.com/pesticides/paper.asp?id=461 archive-url], archive-date: 6 July 2013.</ref> Ahafahana mampihatra fomba vaovao ny teknôlôjia, toy ny fiasana ny tany amin' ny fomba mitahiry ny nofon-tany, izay manampy amin' ny fisorohana ny fahaverezan-tany vokatry ny fikaohana, mampihena ny fandotoana ny rano ary mampitombo ny fisintonana sy fitahirizana karbônina avy ao amin' ny atmosfera.<ref>Trewavas, Anthony, ''A critical assessment of organic farming-and-food assertions with particular respect to the UK and the potential environmental benefits of no-till agriculture''. ''Crop Protection'', 23(9), 2004, pp. 757–781. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.009; bibcode: 2004CrPro..23..757T.</ref> Afaka manampy amin' ny fiatrehana ny sasany amin' ireo olana mifandray amin' ny fiovan' ny toetany ny fampandehanana ho azy ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana, ka manamora ny ezaka fampifanarahana amin' izany.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Ohatra, ny fampiasana teknôlôjia nomerika hampandehanana ho azy ny asa, toy ny amin' ny fambolena ampifanarahana amin' ny filàna voarefy isaky ny toerana, dia mety hampitombo ny vokatra azo raha oharina amin' ny harena ampiasaina, ao anatin' ny toe-javatra izay mihasarotra ny fahazoan' ny mpamokatra ireo harena ilainy.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Rehefa ampiasaina amin' ny fandrefesana sy fanaraha-maso amin' ny fitaovana mpamantatra ary amin' ny fampitandremana mialoha koa ireny teknôlôjia ireny, dia afaka manampy amin' ny fiatrehana ny tsy fahazoana antoka sy ny fahasarotan' ny faminavinana ny toetrandro izay mifandray amin' ny fiovan' ny toetany mihahaingana.<ref name="FAO-2022a"/> Anisan' ny fomba hafa mety hahafahana mampaharitra ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny fambolena mitahiry ny tany sy ny harena voajanahary, ny fampiarahana ny fambolena hazo amin' ny voly na ny fiompiana, ny fanatsarana ny fampiraofana biby amin' ny rafitra ifandimbiasan' ny kijana sy ny voly, ny fisorohana ny fanovana ny tany rakotra ahitra ho fampiasana hafa, ary ny fampiasana saribao natao hanatsarana ny tany (''biochar'').<ref>Griscom, Bronson W.; Adams, Justin; Ellis, Peter W.; Houghton, Richard A.; Lomax, Guy; Miteva, Daniela A.; Schlesinger, William H.; Shoch, David; Siikamäki, Juha V.; Smith, Pete; Woodbury, Peter, ''Natural climate solutions''. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 114(44), 2017, pp. 11645–11650. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1710465114; pmid: 29078344; pmc: 5676916; bibcode: 2017PNAS..11411645G; issn: 0027-8424; doi-access: free.</ref><ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, ''Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda''. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, pp. 117, 125, 135. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48452-7</nowiki>; doi: 10.17226/25259; pmid: 31120708; s2cid: 134196575.</ref> Any Etazonia, ny fomba fambolena voly tokana ampiasaina dia misakana ny fampiharana miely patrana ireo fomba azo tohizana maharitra, toy ny fifandimbiasan' ny voly 2–3 izay mampiditra ahitra na vilona maina miaraka amin' ny voly fanao isan-taona, raha tsy ampidirina ao amin' ny pôlitika ny tanjona hanesorana etona mampihiboka hafanana avy ao amin' ny atmosfera betsaka kokoa noho izay avoaka, toy ny fitahirizana karbônina ao anaty tany.<ref>''[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda]''. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, p. 97. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48452-7</nowiki>; doi: 10.17226/25259; pmid: 31120708; s2cid: 134196575. access-date: 21 February 2020; archive-date: 22 November 2021; [https://web.archive.org/web/20211122220642/https://www.nap.edu/read/25259/chapter/1 archive-url]; url-status: live (source-recorded).</ref> Araka ny vinavina momba ny isan' ny mponina eto an-tany sy ny fiovan' ny toetany, dia mety ho voavaly ny filàna ara-tsakafon' ireo mponina vinavinaina ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fanatsarana ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fanitarana ny velaran-tany ampiasaina amin' izany ary ny fomba fisainan' ny mpanjifa mifantoka amin' ny faharetan' ny fampiasana ny harena.<ref>''[https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ecological-modelling Ecological Modelling]''. url-status: live (source-recorded); [https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072613/https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ecological-modelling archive-url], archive-date: 23 January 2018.</ref> === Fiankinana amin' ny angovo === [[File:Baumwoll-Erntemaschine auf Feld.jpeg|thumb|left|Fambolena mampiasa milina: hatramin' ireo milina andiany voalohany tamin' ny taompolo 1940, ny fitaovana toy ny milina fiotazana landihazo dia afaka nisolo mpiasa 50 tany amin' ny toeram-pambolena, saingy nitaky fampiasana betsaka kokoa ny akora fandrehitra avy amin' ny sisan-javamananaina fahiny, na akora fandrehitra fôsily.]] Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1940 dia nitombo be ny fahafaha-mamokatra eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, indrindra noho ny fitomboan' ny fampiasana milina, zezika ary fanafody famonoana na fanakanana ny mpanimba voly, izay samy mitaky angovo betsaka. Avy amin' ny akora fandrehitra fôsily ny ampahany tena betsaka amin' io angovo ampiasaina io.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/world-oil-supplies-are-set-to-run-out-faster-than-expected-warn-scientists-453068.html ''World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists'']. ''The Independent''. 14 June 2007. Nojerena tamin' ny 14 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101021233714/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/world-oil-supplies-are-set-to-run-out-faster-than-expected-warn-scientists-453068.html Tahiry tamin' ny 21 October 2010].</ref> Teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1960 sy ny taompolo 1980 dia nanova ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany ny Revôlisiôna Maitso: nitombo be ny famokarana voamadinika eran-tany, ka teo anelanelan' ny 70% sy 390% ny fitomboan' ny famokarana varimbazaha ary teo anelanelan' ny 60% sy 150% ny an' ny vary, arakaraka ny faritra ara-jeografia,<ref>Herdt, Robert W. [http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/06132caf-3d72-49e4-817d-ae89e0249d18.pdf ''The Future of the Green Revolution: Implications for International Grain Markets'']. ''The Rockefeller Foundation'' (Fondasiôna Rockefeller). 30 May 1997, p. 2. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. Sata URL voarakitry ny loharano: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019153636/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/06132caf-3d72-49e4-817d-ae89e0249d18.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 19 October 2012].</ref> raha nitombo ho avo roa heny kosa ny isan' ny mponina eran-tany. Ny fiankinana betsaka amin' ny akora simika azo avy amin' ny solitany dia niteraka ahiahy fa mety hampiakatra ny fandaniana sy hampihena ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny tsy fahampian' ny solitany.<ref name="ncseonline.org" /> Miankina amin' ny akora fandrehitra fôsily amin' ny fomba fototra roa ny fambolena sy fiompiana araka ny fomba indostrialy: ny fampiasana azy mivantana ao amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana, ary ny fanamboarana ireo akora sy fitaovana ampiasaina ao. Anisan' ny fampiasana mivantana ny fampiasana akora fanosorana mampihena ny fifampikasohan' ny kojakoja sy ny akora fandrehitra hampandehanana ny fiara sy ny milina ao amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="ncseonline.org">Schnepf, Randy. [http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32677.pdf ''Energy use in Agriculture: Background and Issues'']. ''CRS Report for Congress''. ''Congressional Research Service'' (Sampan-draharahan' ny Kongresy momba ny Fikarohana). 19 November 2004. Nojerena tamin' ny 26 September 2013. Sata URL voarakitry ny loharano: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190908/http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32677.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 27 September 2013].</ref> Anisan' ny fampiasana ankolaka kosa ny fanamboarana zezika, fanafody famonoana na fanakanana ny mpanimba voly, ary milina fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="ncseonline.org" /> Indrindra indrindra, mety handany mihoatra ny antsasaky ny angovo ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny famokarana zezika manome azôty.<ref>Woods, Jeremy; Williams, Adrian; Hughes, John K.; Black, Mairi; Murphy, Richard. ''Energy and the food system''. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', 365 (1554), pp. 2991–3006, August 2010. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0172 10.1098/rstb.2010.0172] (azo vakina maimaim-poana). PMID: 20713398. PMC: 2935130.</ref> Araka ny tatitra tamin' ny 2004, ny fampiasana angovo mivantana sy ankolaka ao amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana any Etazonia, raha atambatra, dia manodidina ny 2% amin' ny angovo ampiasain' ilay firenena. Nahatratra ny ambaratonga avo indrindra tamin' ny 1979 izany fampiasana angovo mivantana sy ankolaka izany, ary nihena tsikelikely taorian' izany.<ref name="ncseonline.org" /> Tsy ny fambolena sy fiompiana ihany no tafiditra ao amin' ny rafitra momba ny sakafo, fa koa ny fanodinana, ny famonosana, ny fitaterana, ny fampivarotana, ny fanjifana ary ny fanariana ny sakafo sy ny zavatra mifandraika aminy, izay atao ivelan' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana. Latsaky ny ampahadimin' ny angovo ampiasain' ny rafitra momba ny sakafo any Etazonia no lanin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana.<ref name="ers.usda.gov">Canning, Patrick; Charles, Ainsley; Huang, Sonya; Polenske, Karen R.; Waters, Arnold. [http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/ERR94/ ''Energy Use in the U.S. Food System'']. ''USDA Economic Research Service Report No. ERR-94''. ''United States Department of Agriculture'' (Departemantan' ny Fambolena any Etazonia), 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100918182458/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err94/ Tahiry tamin' ny 18 September 2010].</ref><ref name="css.snre.umich.edu">Heller, Martin; Keoleian, Gregory. [http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS00-04.pdf ''Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System'']. ''University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Food Systems'' (Ivon-toeran' ny Oniversiten' i Michigan momba ny Rafitra Maharitra momba ny Sakafo), 2000. Nojerena tamin' ny 17 March 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314094203/http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS00-04.pdf Tahiry tamin' ny 14 March 2016].</ref> === Fandotoana ateraky ny plastika === Lohahevitra lehibe: fandotoana ateraky ny plastika sy fampiasana plastika amin' ny fambolena. Ampiasaina betsaka amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny vokatra plastika, anisan' izany ny fampitomboana ny habetsahan' ny vokatra azo isaky ny velaran-tany iray sy ny fanatsarana ny fahombiazan' ny fampiasana rano sy akora simika amin' ny fambolena. Anisan' ny vokatra plastika ho an' ny fambolena ny takelaka manify handrakofana trano fambolena mitahiry hafanana sy fialofam-boly miendrika tonelina, ny rakotra apetraka eo ambonin' ny tany (ohatra, mba hanakanana ny ahi-dratsy, hitsitsiana rano, hampiakarana ny hafanan' ny tany ary hanamorana ny fametrahana zezika), ny lamba fanalokalofana, ny fitoeran' ny akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly, ny lovia fametrahana zana-ketsa, ny harato fiarovana ary ny fantsona fitarihan-drano ho an' ny voly. Ny pôlimera, na akora ahitana molekiola misy singa miverimberina maro, fampiasa indrindra amin' ireo vokatra ireo dia ny LPDE (polietilena ambany hakitroka), ny LLDPE (polietilena ambany hakitroka manana rojo molekiola mahitsy), ny PP (poliprôpilena) ary ny PVC (pôlivinil klôrida).<ref name="UN Environment-2021">UN Environment (21 October 2021). [http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics ''Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics'']. UNEP – UN Environment Programme. access-date: 23 March 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122658/https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics archive-url]; archive-date: 21 March 2022. url-status: live (araka ny firaketana tao amin' ny loharano).</ref> Sarotra refesina ny fitambaran' ny habetsahan' ny plastika ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Nitatitra ny fanadihadiana iray tamin' ny 2012 fa efa ho 6.5 tapitrisa taonina isan-taona no nampiasaina eran-tany, fa ny fanadihadiana iray natao tatỳ aoriana kosa dia nanombana fa teo anelanelan' ny 7.3 tapitrisa sy 9 tapitrisa taonina ny filàna maneran-tany tamin' ny 2015. Nahatonga ny fisian' ny sisa tavela betsaka ny fampiasana miely patrana ny rakotra plastika eo ambonin' ny tany sy ny tsy fisian' ny fanangonana sy fitantanana voalamina. Mampiparitaka tsikelikely ny rakotra ho sombiny ny fiantraikan' ny toetrandro sy ny fahasimbany. Miangona ao amin' ny tany ireo sombiny ireo sy ny tapa-plastika lehibe kokoa. Nahitana sisan-drakotra 50 hatramin' ny 260&nbsp;kg isaky ny hekitara tao amin' ny sosona ambony amin' ny tany, tany amin' ny faritra efa nampiasana rakotra nandritra ny 10 taona mahery. Manamafy izany fa anisan' ny loharano lehibe mahatonga ny fandotoana ny tany amin' ny sombin-plastika bitika sy lehibe ny fampiasana rakotra plastika.<ref name="UN Environment-2021"/> Tsy mora avadika ho akora azo ampiasaina indray ny plastika avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, indrindra ny takelaka plastika manify, noho ny habetsahan' ny loto miraikitra aminy sy ny fahasarotan' ny fanangonana azy. Mety hahatratra 40–50% amin' ny lanjany ny loto, izay ahitana akora iadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba ny voly, zezika, tany sy poti-javatra, zavamaniry mando, rano mitsika avy amin' ny vilona notehirizina tsy azon-drivotra sy novain' ny asan' ny zavamiaina bitika (''silage''), ary akora miaro ny plastika amin' ny UV (taratra ôltraviôle, izay any ankoatry ny loko volomparasy amin' ny hazavana hita maso). Noho izany dia matetika alevina na avela eny an-tsaha sy any amin' ny lalan-drano ireny plastika ireny, na dorana. Mampiharatsy ny tany ireo fomba fanariana ireo, ary mety handoto ny tany sy hampivoaka sombin-plastika bitika ho any amin' ny tontolo an-dranomasina, entin' ny fikorianan' ny ranon' orana eny ambonin' ny tany sy ny fanasan' ny ranomasina rehefa miakatra sy midina ny rano. Ankoatra izany, ny akora fanampiny ao amin' ny sisa tavela amin' ny takelaka plastika manify, toy ny akora miaro azy amin' ny UV sy ny hafanana, dia mety hisy vokany ratsy amin' ny fitomboan' ny voly, ny firafitry ny tany, ny fivezivezen' ny otrikaina ary ny habetsahan' ny sira. Misy ny loza mety hitranga hoe hampiharatsy ny kalitaon' ny tany ny rakotra plastika, hampihena ny tahirin' ny akora ôrganika ao amin' ny tany, hahasarotra kokoa ny fahalenan' ny tany amin' ny rano ary hamoaka etona mampihiboka hafanana. Ny sombin-plastika bitika mivoaka rehefa miparitaka ho sombiny ny plastika avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana dia afaka mitroka sy manangona loto ho betsaka kokoa ao aminy, ary mety hifindra miakatra manaraka ny rojo ara-tsakafo ireo loto ireo.<ref name="UN Environment-2021"/> == Sehatra fandalinana == === Toekaren' ny fambolena sy fiompiana === ''Lahatsoratra fototra: toekaren' ny fambolena sy fiompiana.'' [[File:1846 - Anti-Corn Law League Meeting.jpg|thumb|Tany Britaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, ny lalàna ''Corn Laws'', izay niaro ny mpamokatra an-toerana tamin' ny fifaninanana avy any ivelany, dia nahatonga ny vidiny ho ambony ary niteraka hetsi-panoherana niely patrana, toy ity fivorian' ny ''Anti–Corn Law League'' (fikambanana nanohitra ny lalàna ''Corn Laws'') tamin' ny 1846 ity.<ref>[http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/history/anti-corn-law-league/ ''The Anti-Corn Law League'']. ''Liberal History''. Nojerena tamin' ny 26 March 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202833/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/history/anti-corn-law-league/ Tahiry], 26 March 2018. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref>]] Ny toekaren' ny fambolena sy fiompiana dia ny taranja toekarena izay mifandraika amin' ny «famokarana, fitsinjarana ary fanjifana entana sy asa fanompoana [avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana]» (dikan-teny).<ref>[http://www.uidaho.edu/cals/aers/agriculturaleconomics ''Agricultural Economics'']. University of Idaho. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130401181613/http://www.uidaho.edu/cals/aers/agriculturaleconomics Tahiry], 1 April 2013.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny fampifandraisana ny famokarana avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny teôria ankapobeny momba ny fampiroboroboana sy fivarotana vokatra ary ny fandraharahana ho taranja ianarana, ary nitombo be izany nandritra ny taonjato faha-20.<ref>Runge, C. Ford (June 2006). [http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/13649/1/wp06-01.pdf ''Agricultural Economics: A Brief Intellectual History'']. Center for International Food and Agriculture Policy, p. 4. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021133005/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/13649/1/wp06-01.pdf Tahiry], 21 October 2013. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref> Na dia vao haingana ihany aza no nanombohan' ny fandalinana ny toekaren' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, dia efa nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny toekarem-pirenena sy ny toekarena iraisam-pirenena nandritra ny tantara ny fironana lehibe teo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Anisan' izany ny tantsaha nanofa tany sy ny fambolena tany ka nizarana ny vokatra tamin' ny tompon-tany, tany amin' ny faritra atsimon' i Etazonia taorian' ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikana]],<ref>Conrad, David E. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/t/te009.html ''Tenant Farming and Sharecropping'']. ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''. Oklahoma Historical Society. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 September 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527204119/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TE009.html Tahiry], 27 May 2013.</ref> ary ny rafitra feôdaly nifototra tamin' ny fananan-tany lehibe fehezin' ny tompo (''manorialism'') tany Eorôpa.<ref>Stokstad, Marilyn (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_YjJc_c4BxsC ''Medieval Castles'']. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 43. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-32525-0</nowiki>. Nojerena tamin' ny 17 March 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220516160241/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_YjJc_c4BxsC&hl=en Tahiry], 16 May 2022. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref> Any Etazonia sy any an-toeran-kafa, dia nitombo ny ampahan' ny vidin-tsakafo mifandray amin' ny fanodinana sakafo, ny fitsinjarana ary ny fampiroboroboana sy fivarotana ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana, izay antsoina indraindray hoe rojo fampitomboana ny sandan' ny vokatra, fa nihena kosa ny ampahany mifandray amin' ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana eny amin' ny toeram-pamokarana. Mifandray amin' ny fahombiazan' ny asa fambolena sy fiompiana izay nitombo izany, miaraka amin' ny fitomboan' ny sanda ampian' ireo dingana misesy amin' ny famatsiana vokatra, ohatra amin' ny alalan' ny vokatra mandalo fanodinana bebe kokoa. Nitombo koa ny fifantohan' ny tsena teo am-pelatanan' ny orinasa vitsy kokoa tao amin' io sehatra io. Na dia azo inoana aza fa ny fitomboan' ny fahombiazana no vokatra ankapoben' izany fifantohan' ny tsena izany, dia mamindra ny tombontsoa ara-toekarena azo amin' ny fifanakalozana hiala amin' ny mpamokatra (tantsaha) sy ny mpanjifa ireo fiovana ireo, ary mety hisy fiantraikany ratsy amin' ny fiarahamonina ambanivohitra.<ref name="Sexton2000">Sexton, R. J. (2000). ''Industrialization and Consolidation in the US Food Sector: Implications for Competition and Welfare''. ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics'', 82 (5), pp. 1087–1104. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00106 10.1111/0002-9092.00106]. Fidirana amin' ny DOI araka ny loharano: free.</ref> Afaka manova be ny tsena ara-toekaren' ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny pôlitikan' ny fitondram-pirenena, toy ny hetra, ny fanampiana ara-bola, ny fadintseranana ary ny hafa.<ref name="LloydCroserAnderson2013">Lloyd, Peter J.; Croser, Johanna L.; Anderson, Kym (March 2009). [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4101/WPS4864.pdf?sequence=1 ''How Do Agricultural Policy Restrictions to Global Trade and Welfare Differ across Commodities?'']. ''Policy Research Working Paper #4864''. The World Bank, pp. 2–3. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125346/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4101/WPS4864.pdf?sequence=1 Tahiry], 5 June 2013. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref> Farafahakeliny hatramin' ny taompolo 1960, dia nisy fiantraikany tamin' ny tantsaha tany amin' ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana sy tany amin' ny firenena mandroso ny fitambaran' ny famerana ny varotra, ny pôlitika momba ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ary ny fanampiana ara-bola. Tamin' ny taompolo 1980, dia niharan' ny voka-dratsin' ny pôlitikam-pirenena izay nampidina tsy araka ny fizotran' ny tsena ny vidin' ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany ny tantsaha tsy nahazo fanampiana ara-bola tany amin' ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana. Teo anelanelan' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1980 sy ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 2000, dia fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena maromaro no nametra ny fadintseranana momba ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny fanampiana ara-bola ary ny famerana hafa ny varotra.<ref>Anderson, Kym; Valenzuela, Ernesto (April 2006). [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/8699/wps3901.pdf?sequence=1 ''Do Global Trade Distortions Still Harm Developing Country Farmers?'']. ''World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3901''. [[Banky Maneran-Tany|World Bank]], pp. 1–2. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605145451/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/8699/wps3901.pdf?sequence=1 Tahiry], 5 June 2013. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref> Tamin' ny 2009 anefa, dia mbola lehibe ny fiovan' ny vidin' ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany izay vokatry ny pôlitika fa tsy ny fizotran' ny tsena. Ny siramamy, ny ronono ary ny vary no vokatra telo nahitana fiviliana lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny varotra, indrindra noho ny hetra. Teo amin' ny voa ahazoana menaka, ny voan' ny ''sesame'' (voly ahazoana voa hakana menaka) no niharan' ny hetra ambony indrindra; saingy amin' ny ankapobeny, dia ambany lavitra noho ny an' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fiompiana ny hetra tamin' ny voamadinika ho sakafom-biby sy ny voa ahazoana menaka. Hatramin' ny taompolo 1980, nandritra ny fanavaozana ny pôlitika momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany, dia nihena bebe kokoa teo amin' ny vokatra avy amin' ny fiompiana noho ny teo amin' ny vokatry ny voly ireo fiviliana ateraky ny pôlitika.<ref name="LloydCroserAnderson2013" /> Na dia teo aza izany fandrosoana izany, dia mbola nampidina tsy araka ny fizotran' ny tsena ny vidin' ny voly sasany, toy ny landihazo, ny fanampiana ara-bola tany amin' ny firenena mandroso, ka niteraka fahasahiranana tany amin' ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana izay tsy nahazo fanampiana ara-bola ny tantsaha.<ref>Kinnock, Glenys (24 May 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/24/american-cotton-subsidies-illegal-obama-must-act ''America's $24bn subsidy damages developing world cotton farmers'']. ''The Guardian''. Nojerena tamin' ny 16 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130906122834/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/24/american-cotton-subsidies-illegal-obama-must-act Tahiry], 6 September 2013. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref> Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny entam-barotra mbola tsy voahodina, toy ny katsaka, ny soja ary ny omby, dia sokajina araka ny kalitaony, ka misy fiantraikany amin' ny vidiny azon' ny mpamokatra izany. Matetika ny entam-barotra no taterina araka ny habetsahana vokarina, toy ny hadiry, ny isa na ny lanja.<ref>[http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/studies/AgriculturesBounty.pdf ''Agriculture's Bounty''] (May 2013). Nojerena tamin' ny 19 August 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130826100413/http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/studies/AgriculturesBounty.pdf Tahiry], 26 August 2013. Satan' ny URL araka ny loharano: live.</ref> === Siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana === Lohahevitra fototra: Siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Famakiana fanampiny: ''Agronomy'' (siansa momba ny voly sy ny tany ampiasaina amin' ny famokarana). [[File:Research-mapping plant genomes.jpg|thumb|alt=Manam-pahaizana momba ny voly sy ny tany manao sarintanin' ny fampahalalana lovain' ny zavamaniry.|Manam-pahaizana momba ny voly sy ny tany manao sarintanin' ny fitambaran' ny fampahalalana lovain' ny zavamaniry iray (''genome''). Sary nomen' ny ''Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University'' (Departemanta momba ny siansan' ny voly sy ny tany ao amin' ny Oniversitem-panjakan' i Iowa).]] Ny siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana dia sehatra mivelatra ao amin' ny biôlôjia izay mampifandray taranja maro. Tafiditra ao aminy ireo ampahan' ny siansa eksakta (izay mampiasa fomba ara-kajy na ara-pandrefesana hentitra), ny siansan' ny natiora, ny toekarena ary ny siansan' ny fiarahamonina izay ampiasaina amin' ny fanaovana sy ny fahatakarana ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Anisan' ny lohahevitra dinihiny ny siansa momba ny voly sy ny tany, ny fanatsarana taranaka zavamaniry sy ny fandalinana ny fototarazo ary ny fandovan-toetra, ny fandalinana ny aretin-javamaniry, ny fanahafana ara-kajy ny fizotry ny fitomboana sy ny famokaran' ny voly, ny siansa momba ny tany, ny fandalinana ny bibikely, ny teknika famokarana sy ny fanatsarana azy, ny fandalinana ny zavamananaina manimba ny famokarana sy ny fifehezana azy, ary ny fandalinana ny voka-dratsy eo amin' ny tontolo iainana toy ny fahasimban' ny tany, ny fitantanana ny fako ary ny fanadiovana tontolo voaloto amin' ny alalan' ny zavamananaina.<ref name="Bosso 2015">Bosso, Thelma (2015). ''Agricultural Science''. Callisto Reference. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-63239-058-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref name="Boucher 2018">Boucher, Jude (2018). ''Agricultural Science and Management''. Callisto Reference. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-63239-965-6</nowiki>.</ref> Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 ny fandalinana ara-tsiansa ny fambolena sy fiompiana, rehefa nanao fanandramana momba ny fampiasana ny gipsa (solfatan-kalsioma misy rano tafiditra ao amin' ny firafitry ny kristaliny; ''gypsum'') ho zezika i Johann Friedrich Mayer.<ref name="JB 1840">John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. ''A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden.'' 1840. p. 45.</ref> Nanjary narindra kokoa ny fikarohana rehefa nanomboka andiam-panandramana maharitra momba ny voly sy ny tany teny an-tsaha i John Lawes sy Henry Gilbert tamin' ny 1843, tao amin' ny ''Rothamsted Research Station'' (Tobim-pikarohana Rothamsted), tany Angletera. Mbola mitohy ny sasany amin' ireo fanandramana ireo, toy ny ''Park Grass Experiment'' (fanandramana Park Grass).<ref>''[https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments The Long Term Experiments]''. Rothamsted Research. access-date: 26 March 2018; archive-date: 27 March 2018; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments Tahiry]; url-status: live (araka ny loharano).</ref><ref>Silvertown, Jonathan; Poulton, Paul; Johnston, Edward; Edwards, Grant; Heard, Matthew; Biss, Pamela M. (2006). ''The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: its contribution to ecology''. ''Journal of Ecology'', volume 94, issue 4, pp. 801–814. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01145.x; doi-access: free; bibcode: 2006JEcol..94..801S.</ref> Tany Etazonia, ny lalàna ''Hatch Act of 1887'' dia nanome famatsiam-bola ho an' ilay sehatra izay nantsoiny voalohany hoe ''agricultural science'' (siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana), vokatry ny fahalianan' ny mpamboly tamin' ny zezika.<ref>Hillison, J. (1996). ''[http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?]''. archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081002140821/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf Tahiry]; archive-date: 2 October 2008. ''Journal of Agricultural Education''.</ref> Teo amin' ny fandalinana ny bibikely mifandray amin' ny fambolena, ny USDA (Departemantan' ny Fambolena any Etazonia) dia nanomboka nikaroka ny fifehezana zavamananaina manimba amin' ny alalan' ny zavamananaina hafa tamin' ny 1881. Tamin' ny 1905 no nananganany ny fandaharan' asa lehibe voalohany momba izany, ka nitadiavany tany Eorôpa sy Japàna ireo fahavalo voajanaharin' ny samoina ''spongy moth'' (''Lymantria dispar dispar'') sy ny samoina ''brown-tail''. Tamin' io fandaharan' asa io no nampiorenana tany Etazonia ireo zavamananaina mivelona eo amin' ny vatan' ireo biby manimba ireo na ao anatiny mandritra ny fivoarany ka mamono azy amin' ny farany (''parasitoid'', toy ny fanenitra miaina mitokana), ary ireo biby mpihaza sy mihinana azy roa karazana ireo.<ref name="Coulson J. R. 2000">Coulson, J. R.; Vail, P. V.; Dix M. E.; Nordlund, D. A.; Kauffman, W. C.; Eds. 2000. ''[[iarchive:CAT30852465/page/n3/mode/2up|110 years of biological control research and development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883–1993]]''. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. pp. 3–11</ref><ref name="Berkeley">''[https://nature.berkeley.edu/biocon/BC%20Class%20Notes/6-11%20BC%20History.pdf History and Development of Biological Control (notes)]''. University of California Berkeley. access-date: 10 April 2017; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151124001647/http://nature.berkeley.edu/biocon/BC%20Class%20Notes/6-11%20BC%20History.pdf Tahiry]; archive-date: 24 November 2015.</ref><ref>Reardon, Richard C. ''[http://www.main.nc.us/SERAMBO/BControl/gypsy.html#conclu Biological Control of The Gypsy Moth: An Overview]''. Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative Workshop. access-date: 10 April 2017; url-status: dead (araka ny loharano); archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160905052259/http://www.main.nc.us/SERAMBO/BControl/gypsy.html Tahiry]; archive-date: 5 September 2016.</ref> == Pôlitika momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana == ''Lohahevitra lehibe: pôlitika momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana.'' {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ Fanampiana ara-bola mivantana ho an' ny vokatra avy amin' ny biby sy ny sakafom-biby, nomen' ny firenena ao amin' ny OECD (Fikambanana momba ny fiaraha-miasa sy ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena) tamin' ny 2012, amin' ny lavitrisa dôlara amerikanina<ref>''Meat Atlas''. ''Heinrich Boell Foundation'', ''Friends of the Earth'' Europe, 2014. https://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas <!--no ISBN exists--> (access-date: 17 April 2018; archive-date: 22 April 2018; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180422045513/http://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas Tahiry]; url-status: dead).</ref> ! scope="col" | Vokatra !! scope="col" | Fanampiana ara-bola |- | Hen' omby sy henan-janak' omby || 18.0 |- | Ronono || 15.3 |- | Kisoa || 7.3 |- | Vorona fiompy || 6.5 |- | Voanjo soja || 2.3 |- | Atody || 1.5 |- | Ondry || 1.1 |} Ny pôlitika momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana dia fitambaran' ny fanapahan-kevitra sy ny asa ataon' ny governemanta momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana ao amin' ny firenena ary ny fanafarana vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana avy any ivelany. Matetika ny governemanta no mampihatra izany pôlitika izany mba hahazoana vokatra voafaritra eo amin' ny tsenan' ny vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana ao amin' ny firenena. Anisan' ny lohahevitra ankapobeny voakasik' izany ny fitantanana ny loza mety hitranga sy ny fampifanarahana amin' ny fiovana, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny pôlitika momba ny fiovan' ny toetany, ny fiarovana ny sakafo tsy hampidi-doza ary ny loza voajanahary; ny fitoniana ara-toekarena, anisan' izany ny pôlitika momba ny hetra; ny harena voajanahary sy ny fitandroana ny tontolo iainana mba haharitra, indrindra ny pôlitika momba ny fitantanana ny loharanon-drano; ny fikarohana sy ny fampandrosoana; ary ny fahafahan' ny entam-barotra vokarina ao amin' ny firenena miditra amin' ny tsena, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny fifandraisana amin' ny fikambanana maneran-tany sy ny fifanarahana amin' ny firenen-kafa.<ref>Lindsay Hogan; Paul Morris. ''Agricultural and food policy choices in Australia''. ''Sustainable Agriculture and Food Policy in the 21st Century: Challenges and Solutions'', October 2010, p. 13. http://coserve.com.au/PDF/VirtualMeeting/ABARE-Agric_food_policy_CONFERENCE_PAPER-2010.pdf (access-date: 22 April 2013; archive-date: 15 December 2019; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191215034141/http://coserve.com.au/PDF/VirtualMeeting/ABARE-Agric_food_policy_CONFERENCE_PAPER-2010.pdf Tahiry]; url-status: dead).</ref> Mety hahakasika ny kalitaon' ny sakafo koa izany pôlitika izany, mba hahazoana antoka fa tsy miovaova sady fantatra ny kalitaon' ny sakafo famatsy; ny fanjarian-tsakafo, mba hahazoana antoka fa mahafeno ny filan' ny mponina ny famatsiana sakafo; ary ny fiarovana ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo onenany. Mety ho fandaharanasa ara-bola, toy ny fanampiana ara-bola, ny fandaharanasa ao anatin' izany pôlitika izany, na ho fampirisihana ny mpamokatra hiditra amin' ny fandaharanasa fiantohana ny kalitao andraisana anjara an-tsitrapo.<ref>''Agriculture: Not Just Farming''. [[Vondrona Eorôpeana|European Union]], 16 June 2016. https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/agriculture_en (access-date: 8 May 2018; archive-date: 23 May 2019; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190523204253/https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/agriculture_en Tahiry]; url-status: live).</ref> Araka ny tatitra iray tamin' ny 2021, dia mitentina efa ho 540 lavitrisa dôlara amerikanina isan-taona ny fanohanana omena ny mpamokatra eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana maneran-tany.<ref name="FAO, UNDP, and UNEP-2021">''A multi-billion-dollar opportunity – Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems''. FAO, UNDP, and UNEP, 2021. doi:10.4060/cb6562en. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-134917-5</nowiki>.</ref> Araka io tatitra io ihany, dia mitovy amin' ny 15% amin' ny fitambaran' ny sandan' ny famokarana eo amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana izany fanohanana izany, ary mitanila be mankany amin' ny fepetra izay tsy mampahomby ny fampiasana ny loharanon-karena, sady tsy mitovy ny fitsinjarana azy no manimba ny tontolo iainana sy ny fahasalaman' ny olombelona.<ref name="FAO, UNDP, and UNEP-2021" /> Anisan' ny endrika iray isehoan' ny tsy fahombiazan' ny fampiasana loharanon-karena ny fampiasana ny voly ho an' ny fiompiana. Tombanana ho avo 50 hatramin' ny 100 heny noho ny an' ny safidy avy amin' ny zavamaniry ny velaran-tany ilain' ny fiompiana mba hamokarana angovo ara-tsakafo 1 kcal na prôteinina 1 g; venti-pandrefesana ny angovo ny kcal, fa venti-pandrefesana ny lanja kosa ny g. Ankoatra izany, arakaraka ny maha-lehibe kokoa ny biby fiompy no maha-ambany kokoa ny fahombiazan' ny fampiasana angovo, izany hoe ny angovo azo zaraina amin' ny angovo lanin' ilay biby amin' ny sakafony, izay samy refesina amin' ny kcal. Eo amin' ny famokarana hen' omby, ohatra, dia tombanana ho 2% izany taha izany.<ref>Hannah Ritchie. ''If the world adopted a plant-based diet, we would reduce global agricultural land use from 4 to 1 billion hectares''. ''Our World in Data'', 2021-03-04; language: en. https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-diets (archive-date: 24 September 2023; access-date: 2 April 2026; archive-url: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230924113630/https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-diets Tahiry]; url-status: live).</ref> === Fandresen-dahatra ny mpanapa-kevitra === Matetika ny orinasa misehatra amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana, ny vondrona miaro ny tontolo iainana, ny sendikan' ny mpiasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ary ny fikambanana misolo tena ny karazam-bokatra tsirairay amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana no manao fandresen-dahatra ny mpanapa-kevitra momba io sehatra io.<ref>Ikerd, John (2010). [http://faculty.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/SFT-Corporatization%20of%20Fm%20Pol%20(9-10).htm ''Corporatization of Agricultural Policy'']. ''Small Farm Today Magazine''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160807024012/http://faculty.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/SFT-Corporatization%20of%20Fm%20Pol%20(9-10).htm Tahiry], 7 August 2016. Sata voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> Mety hahatonga ny fidiran' ny mpifindra monina ho betsaka kokoa noho izay irin' ny mpifidy eo afovoan' ny filaharana, rehefa alahatra araka ny safidiny ny mpifidy, io fandresen-dahatra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana io.<ref name="r125">Facchini, Giovanni; Testa, Cecilia (2021). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022199620301306 ''The rhetoric of closed borders: Quotas, lax enforcement and illegal immigration'']. ''Journal of International Economics'', boky 129, lahatsoratra 103415. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103415. Nojerena tamin' ny 2026-07-21.</ref> Ny FAO (Fikambanan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena) no mitarika ny ezaka iraisam-pirenena hanafoanana ny hanoanana sady manome sehatra hifampiraharahana momba ny fitsipika sy ny fifanarahana maneran-tany mahakasika ny fambolena sy fiompiana. Milaza i Samuel Jutzi, talen' ny sampan-draharahan' ny FAO momba ny famokarana avy amin' ny fiompiana sy ny fahasalaman' ny biby, fa nanakana ireo fanavaozana izay tokony hanatsara ny fahasalaman' ny olombelona sy ny tontolo iainana ny fandresen-dahatra nataon' ny orinasa lehibe. Ohatra nomeny ny tolo-kevitra tamin' ny 2010 momba ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena harahin' ny sehatry ny fiompiana an-tsitrapo, izay tokony ho nanome fandrisihana hanatsarana ny fenitra momba ny fahasalamana sy ny fitsipika momba ny tontolo iainana, toy ny isan' ny biby azon' ny velaran-tany iray velomina nefa tsy miteraka fahasimbana maharitra. Araka ny filazany, dia voasakana ireo tolo-kevitra ireo noho ny fanerena nataon' ny orinasa lehibe mpamokatra sakafo.<ref>Jowit, Juliette (22 September 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/22/food-firms-lobbying-samuel-jutzi ''Corporate Lobbying Is Blocking Food Reforms, Senior UN Official Warns: Farming Summit Told of Delaying Tactics by Large Agribusiness and Food Producers on Decisions that Would Improve Human Health and the Environment'']. ''The Guardian''. Nojerena tamin' ny 8 May 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190505113448/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/22/food-firms-lobbying-samuel-jutzi Tahiry], 5 May 2019. Sata voarakitra ao amin' ny loharano: url-status=live.</ref> == Jereo koa == Lahatsoratra fototra: Topimaso momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana. * [[Fambolena trôpikaly]] * [[Fambolena mangahazo]] * [[Fiompiana]] * [[Jono]] * [[Harena an-kibon' ny tany]] * [[Vary]] * [[Katsaka]] * [[Varimbazaha]] * [[Toekarena]] * [[Seha-pihariana]] * [[Seha-pihariana voalohany]] * Fambolena misy faka mihantona eny amin' ny rivotra sy tifirina ranon-tsakafo (''aeroponics'') * Fiaramanidina ampiasaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Famolavolana fitaovana sy rafitra ara-teknika ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana (''agricultural engineering'') * Famatsiam-bola ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Milina mahavita asa fambolena sy fiompiana ho azy (''agricultural robot'') * Fandalinana sy fampiharana ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina sy ny tontolo iainany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana (''agroecology'') * Akora mineraly ampiasaina hanatsarana ny fahavokaran' ny tany (''agrominerals'') * Fambolena sy fiompiana ampidirina ao anatin' ny rafitry ny trano (''building-integrated agriculture'') * Famokarana ara-pambolena sy fiompiana araka ny fifanarahana amin' ny mpividy (''contract farming'') * Fambolena sy fiompiana tantanan' ny orinasa (''corporate farming'') * Fambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny tany madinika ao anatin' ny fomba fitanana sy fampiasana tany any Ekôsy (''crofting'') * Fambolena sy fiompiana ampifandraisina amin' ny fiarovana ny fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina sy ny fiveloman' ny mponina ambanivohitra (''ecoagriculture'') * Mpiasa amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fahaverezana sy fandaniam-poana ny sakafo * [[Fanjarian-tsakafo]] * Fambolena sy fiompiana eny amin' ny havoana sy ny tany avo * Lisitry ny horonantsary fanadihadiana momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fampiasana zavamananaina novaina ara-pandovana hamokarana akora fanaovana fanafody (''pharming'') * Fandinihana amin' ny alalan' ny angona azo avy lavitra, tsy ikasihana mivantana ny zavatra dinihina (''remote sensing'') * Fampandrosoana ny ambanivohitra * Fahasamihafan' ny zavamananaina ao amin' ny tany * Toekarena miompana amin' ny famokarana izay ilaina amin' ny fivelomana (''subsistence economy'') * Fambolena sy fiompiana maharitra * Fambolena sy fiompiana an-tanàn-dehibe * Fambolena amin' ny sosona mifanaingina (''vertical farming'') * Fambolena legioma == Fanondroana == <references /> == Loharano == Ny lahatsoratra eto dia fandikana sy fampifanarahana ny lahatsoratra ''Agriculture'' nosoratan' ny mpandray anjara tao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny anglisy, araka ny [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384697016 fanitsiana 1384697016]. Nampidirina koa ny votoaty mifanaraka aminy avy amin' ny lahatsoratra ''Fambolena'' nosoratan' ny mpandray anjara tao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny malagasy, araka ny [https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1123017 fanitsiana 1123017]. Ireo asa voalaza ao amin' ny fanamarihana momba ny fahazoan-dalana eto ambany dia loharanon' ny lahatsoratra efa nampidirina tao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy, ary voalaza tao fa misy votoaty azo ampiasaina indray araka ny fepetra momba azy. Nadika sy nampifanarahana tamin' ny teny malagasy izany lahatsoratra izany; tsy aseho ho fandikan-teny ofisialin' ireo fikambanana namoaka ny asa niaviany izy ity. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5eda804a-d21d-4042-a0fd-39088374c9df/content/cd8306en.html#gsc.tab=0 ''The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026''] ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny namoaka azy dia ny ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'' ([[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena]]), na FAO (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena). Milaza ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy fa eo ambanin' ny CC BY 4.0 (fahazoan-dalana Creative Commons mitaky ny fanononana ny mpamorona) io asa io; ity ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/63b052f9-f2c1-453b-97a3-1d814facea36 rohy momba ny fahazoan-dalana nomena tao]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/d5d99685-b925-404f-b457-33a685333a23/download ''The State of Food and Agriculture 2025''], navoakan' ny ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'' (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Milaza ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy fa eo ambanin' ny CC BY 4.0 io asa io; ity ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/6dfa0079-e156-47a2-9089-0274119e9cb7 rohy momba ny fahazoan-dalana nomena tao]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a7f92713-890a-4ff8-85ae-eb2aa76ae702/content/cd7488en.html ''The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2025''], navoakan' ny ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'' (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), na FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Milaza ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy fa eo ambanin' ny CC BY 4.0 io asa io; ity ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/feba76d0-dc7e-4ad3-b287-39426f3822fd rohy momba ny fahazoan-dalana nomena tao]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/d18d9cb5-3e78-469a-b268-0aed1799d147/download ''The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025''], navoakan' ny ''The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'' (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena), ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Milaza ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy fa eo ambanin' ny CC BY 4.0 io asa io; ity ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/74d08f97-306a-4653-8ffe-140a2fc4d783 rohy momba ny fahazoan-dalana nomena tao]. * <span id="Acquaah"></span>Acquaah, George (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IzMhAQAAMAAJ ''Principles of Crop Production: Theory, Techniques, and Technology'']. Prentice Hall. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-13-022133-9</nowiki>. * <span id="Chrispeels"></span>Chrispeels, Maarten J.; Sadava, David E. (1994). ''Plants, Genes, and Agriculture''. Boston, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-86720-871-9</nowiki>. * <span id="Needham"></span>Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China''. Taipei: Caves Books. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics ''Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics''], navoakan' ny ''United Nations Environment Programme'' (Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana), na UNEP (Fandaharan' asan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Tontolo Iainana), ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Voalaza ho eo ambanin' ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO] io asa io: fahazoan-dalana Creative Commons ho an' ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena iraisan' ny governemanta, mitaky ny fanononana ny mpamorona sy ny fizarana ny asa nasiam-panovana amin' ny fahazoan-dalana mitovy. Ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en ''In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny angona momba ilay rakitra ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons dia manondro ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO] ho fahazoan-dalana momba azy; ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_Food_and_Agriculture_2019._Moving_forward_on_food_loss_and_waste_reduction,_In_brief.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0640en ''In Brief to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny angona momba ilay rakitra ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons dia manondro ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO] ho fahazoan-dalana momba azy; ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In_brief_to_the_State_of_Food_Security_and_Nutrition_in_the_World_2022.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA1554EN ''In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny angona momba ilay rakitra ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons dia manondro ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO] ho fahazoan-dalana momba azy; ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In_brief_to_the_State_of_Food_and_Agriculture_2018.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2459en ''In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy dia milaza fa azo ampiasaina indray araka ny fepetra momba azy ny votoatin' io asa io, ary manome ity [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In_brief_-_The_State_of_Food_and_Agriculture_2022.pdf rohy momba ny fahazoan-dalana] ity. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2688en ''Enabling inclusive agricultural automation''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny angona momba ilay rakitra ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons dia manondro ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO] ho fahazoan-dalana momba azy; ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enabling_inclusive_agricultural_automation.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5060en ''The status of women in agrifood systems – Overview''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy dia milaza ny CC BY-SA 3.0, fa ny angona momba ilay rakitra ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons kosa dia manondro ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO]. Ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_status_of_women_in_agrifood_systems_-_Overview.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en ''World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023''], navoakan' ny FAO, ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Voalaza ho eo ambanin' ny [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO] io asa io; ity ny [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana]. Misy lahatsoratra nadika sy nampifanarahana avy amin' ny [https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-report-2024/en/3-the-importance-of-local-capabilities-in-agtech-specialization.html ''World Intellectual Property Report 2024 - The importance of local capabilities in AgTech specialization''], navoakan' ny WIPO (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fananana Ara-tsaina), ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity. Ny anaran' io fikambanana io amin' ny teny anglisy dia ''World Intellectual Property Organization'' (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Fananana Ara-tsaina). Milaza ny fanondroana loharano ao amin' ilay lahatsoratra anglisy fa eo ambanin' ny CC BY 4.0 io asa io; ity ny [https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/world-intellectual-property-report-2024/en/copyright-notice.html rohy momba ny fahazoan-dalana nomena tao]. == Rohy ivelany == * [[:q:Special:Search/Agriculture|Teny nambara momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana ao amin' ny Wikiquote]]. * [[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Agriculture|Lahatsoratra ''Agriculture'' ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911]], ao amin' ny Wikisource. * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ ''Food and Agriculture Organization''] (Fikambanana momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena). * [https://www.usda.gov/ ''United States Department of Agriculture''] (Departemantan' ny Fambolena any Etazonia). * [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Tahirin-kevitra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana] avy amin' ny Vondron' ny Banky Maneran-Tany. * [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/agriculture-and-farming Vaovao sy fanehoan-kevitra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana] nangonin' ny gazety ''[[The New York Times]]''. * [https://www.theguardian.com/science/agriculture Vaovao sy fanehoan-kevitra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana] nangonin' ny gazety ''The Guardian''. === Lohahevitra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana === * Topimaso momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fanondroana ny lahatsoratra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana ==== Asa aman-draharaha ==== * Manam-pahaizana momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Injeniera momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Mpamboly sy mpiompy * Mpiasa amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana * Mpiandry biby fiompy ==== Lohahevitra ankapobe sy rafitra ara-tsakafo ==== * Orinasa sy raharaham-barotra momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Kôperativam-pambolena sy fiompiana * Fivarotana kojakoja sy akora ilaina amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Famolavolana fitaovana sy rafitra ara-teknika ho an' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Teknôlôjia momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana ** Fambolena sy fiompiana ampifanarahana amin' ny filana voarefy eo amin' ny toerana tsirairay ** Fampiasana zavamananaina sy ny singany amin' ny teknikan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fampiarahana ny fambolena hazo amin' ny voly na fiompiana * Siansa momba ny voly sy ny tany fambolena * [[Fiompiana]] * Fambolena tsy mampiasa biby na vokatra avy amin' ny biby * Voly natao hamidy * Famokarana vokatry ny fambolena sy fiompiana amin' ny fampitomboana sela amin' ny tontolo voafehy * Fomba fikarakarana ny voly sy ny tontolo itomboany * Fambolena sy fiompiana araka ny fifanarahana amin' ny mpividy * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa tany malalaka nefa vitsy ny enti-mamokatra isaky ny velaran-tany * Toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana * Trano fonenana eo amin' ny toeram-pambolena sy fiompiana * Fampitahana ny vidin-tsakafom-biby sy ny vidim-bokatra amin' ny fiompiana * Fiompiana ahafahan' ny biby mivoaka sy mivezivezy eny an-kalamanjana * Fambolena sy fikarakarana zavamaniry an-jaridaina * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa enti-mamokatra betsaka isaky ny velaran-tany ** Fiompiana biby amin' izany fomba izany ** Fiompiana kisoa amin' izany fomba izany ** Fambolena voly amin' izany fomba izany * Fambolena sy fiompiana mampiasa milina * Fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika * Fambolena amin' ny tany mando tsy hamainina, na ''paludiculture'' * Famolavolana rafi-pambolena sy fiainana maharitra mifototra amin' ny fifandraisan' ny zavamananaina, na ''permaculture'' * Tanimboly lehibe, indrindra ho an' ny voly amidy * Fambolena karazam-boly maro amin' ny toerana iray ** Fampiarahana ny fambolem-bary sy ny fiompiana ganagana ** Fampiarahana ny fambolem-bary sy ny fiompiana trondro * Fambolena sy fiompiana maharitra * Rafitra ara-tsakafo maharitra * Lisitry ny oniversite sy sekoly ambony momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fambolena sy fiompiana an-tanàn-dehibe ==== Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ==== * Fiandohan' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Azia Andrefana * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Grisia tamin' ny Andro Taloha * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Rôma tamin' ny Andro Taloha * Zavamaniry famboly sy biby fiompy teo amin' ny Aostrôneziana * Tantaran' ny siansa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * ''Agricultural History Review'' (gazetiboky momba ny tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana) * Revôlisiônan' ny fambolena arabo * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Arzantina * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Kanada * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Sina * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Silia * Fifanakalozana kôlômbiana teo amin' ny Tontolo Taloha sy ny Tontolo Vaovao * [[Revôlisiôna Maitso]] * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tao amin' ny zana-kôntinenta indiana * Fambolena sy fiompiana tany Mesôamerika * Fambolena sy fiompiana tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany * Revôlisiônan' ny fambolena tamin' ny Neôlitika * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Palestina * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Però * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra ** Revôlisiônan' ny fambolena britanika ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Cheshire ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Ekôsy * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany Etazonia ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana teo amin' ny Amerikana taranaka Afrikana ** Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana tany California ==== Karazana fambolena sy fiompiana ==== * Fampiasana tany iray hiarahana mamboly sy mamokatra angovon' ny masoandro * Fiompiana sy fambolena zavamananaina anaty rano * [[Omby]] * Fambolena rongony * Fiompiana hahazoana ronono * Fambolena any an-tany efitra * Fambolena amin' ny tany maina * Fiompiana biby hahazoana hoditra misy volo * Fiompiana osy * Firaofan' ny biby ahitra ** Fampifandimbiasana tany fambolena voly sy tany firaofan' ny biby ahitra ** Fampifandimbiasana ny faritra ampiraofana biby ahitra ** Famindrana ny andiam-biby fiompy amin' ny kijana samihafa arakaraka ny vanim-potoana * Fambolena tsy mampiasa nofon-tany fa rano misy otrikaina, na ''hydroponics'' * Fiompiana bibikely * Biby fiompy ** [[Kijana]] * Fampiarahana ny fambolena voly sy ny fiompiana biby * Fambolena karazam-boly tokana * Tanim-boankazo * [[Tanimbary]] * Fiompiana biby miantehitra amin' ny firaofana ahitra ** Tontolo ahitana tanimbilona sy ala mifangaro ary saha voazarazaran' ny fefy velona, na ''bocage'' * Fiompiana kisoa * Fiompiana vorona * Toeram-piompiana midadasika ampiraofana biby ahitra, na ''ranch'' * Fambolena miantehitra amin' ny ranon' orana * Fambolena sy fiompiana natao indrindra hameloman-tena sy ny ankohonana * Fiompiana ondry * Fambolena amin' ny tany nalamina ho tohatra * Fiompiana bibidia ==== Lohahevitra momba ny fiantraikany amin' ny tontolo iainana ==== * Fanitarana ny tany fambolena sy fiompiana * Fandotoana ateraky ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Rano maloto avy amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Fiantraikan' ny fitarihan-drano amin' ny tontolo iainana ** Fitrandrahana rano ambanin' ny tany mihoatra noho ny famenon' ny natiora azy * Fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetany amin' ny fambolena sy fiompiana ** Fikorontanana miaraka amin' ny famokarana voamadinika any amin' ny faritra mpamokatra lehibe maro * Firaofan' ny biby ahitra tafahoatra ==== Vondron-dohateny ==== * Milina fambolena sy fiompiana * Fambolena sy fiompiana ary tontolo iainana * Fambolena sy fiompiana isam-pirenena * Orinasa momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Teknôlôjia mampiasa zavamananaina sy ny singany * Fambolena rongony * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Biby fiompy * Indostrian' ny hena * Fiompiana vorona ==== Lisitra ==== * Asa maha manam-pahaizana momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Lisitry ny milina fambolena sy fiompiana * Lisitry ny toerana niavian' ny sakafo * Lisitry ny minisiteran' ny fambolena sy fiompiana * Lisitry ny oniversite sy sekoly ambony momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana * [[:commons:Agriculture|Tahirin-tsary sy haino aman-jery momba ny fambolena sy fiompiana ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]] === Lohahevitra momba ny fambolena sy fikarakarana zaridaina === ==== Fambolena sy fikarakarana zaridaina ==== * Tany zaraina ho sombin-tanimboly ampiasain' ny olona na fianakaviana tsirairay * Zaridaina fanangonana sy fandalinana karazan-kazo, na ''arboretum'' * Fikarakarana zaridaina ho toeram-ponenan' ny lolo * Fikarakarana zaridaina mikendry ny hampihena ny etona mampihiboka hafanana * Fambolena zaridaina iarahan' ny vondron' olona iray * Fambolena zaridaina manaraka ny firafitry ny ala * Fampidirana zavamaniry fihinana amin' ny fanatsarana ny endriky ny zaridaina * Fambolena an-jaridaina amin' ny toerana kely mba hahazoana vokatra betsaka, araka ny fomba frantsay * Zaridaina * Famolavolana zaridaina ** Famolavolana zaridaina ampian' ny solosaina * Fikojakojana ny tany sy ny zavamaniry eo amin' ny toerana voalamina * Fitaovana fikarakarana zaridaina * Rindrina rakotra zavamaniry ambolena eo aminy * Fambolena zaridaina amin' ny tany tsy ananan' ny mpamboly zo hambolena, na ''guerrilla gardening'' * Fiarovana sy famerenana amin' ny endriny ny zaridaina manan-tantara * Tantaran' ny fambolena sy fikarakarana zaridaina * Fanajariana zaridaina amin' ny zavamaniry teratany eo an-toerana * Sombin-jaridaina misy fandaminana mazava ny voly sy ny lalan-kely, na ''parterre'' * Fanangonana ampahan-javamaniry nariana mba hampaniriana zavamaniry vaovao, na ''proplifting'' * Fambolena amin' ny nofon-tany nasandratra ambonin' ny haavon' ny tany manodidina * Fambolena zaraina ho efamira mirefy iray ''foot'' (ventin-drefy halavana anglisy) isaky ny lafy, na ''Square foot gardening'' * Fikarakarana zaridaina maharitra * Fanajariana zaridaina mampihena na manafoana ny filana fanondrahana, na ''xeriscaping'' ==== Karazana zaridaina ==== * Zaridaina misy zavamaniry avy eny an-tendrombohitra avo * Zaridaina tany Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha * Fambolena sy fikarakarana zaridaina any Aostralia * Zaridaina ao ambadiky ny trano * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba ''baroque'' * Zaridaina misy zavamaniry voalaza ao amin' ny Baiboly * Zaridaina amin' ny tany mando lalandava nefa tsy difotry ny rano * Zaridaina fanangonana zavamaniry ho an' ny fikarohana, fiarovana ary fampianarana * Zaridaina ao anaty tavoahangy * Trano fiompiana sy fampirantiana lolo * Zaridaina bizantina * Zaridaina misy kaktisy * Zaridaina mamerina ny fomba tamin' ny vanim-potoana fanjanahantany, na ''Colonial Revival garden'' * Zaridaina arindra araka ny lokon' ny zavamaniry * Zaridaina iarahan' ny mponina manodidina mampiasa ** Zaridaina an-tanàn-dehibe voahodidin' ny trano * Zaridaina iarahan' ny vondron' olona mamboly * Zaridaina ambolena ao anaty fitoerana fa tsy mivantana amin' ny tany * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba ''cottage garden'', ahitana voly haingo sy voly fihinana mifangaro * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba any Nederlandy * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba aziatika atsinanana ** Zaridaina amin' ny fomba sinoa *** Zaridaina klasika ao Suzhou *** Zaridaina amin' ny fomba kantôney ao Lingnan *** Zaridaina amin' ny fomba any Sichuan ** Zaridaina amin' ny fomba japôney *** ''Roji'', zaridaina andalovana mankany amin' ny trano fisotroana dite *** Zaridaina vato japôney amin' ny fomba ''Zen'' ** Zaridaina amin' ny fomba kôreana ** ''Hòn non bộ'', zavakanto vietinamiana fanaovana tontolo bitika maneho tendrombohitra sy nosy * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba anglisy maka tahaka ny endriky ny natiora ** ''Sharawadgi'', fomba fanajariana tsy manaraka lamina hentitra mba hanahaka ny natiora * Zaridaina fanangonana sy fampirantiana ampanga * ''Chinampa'', tany natsangana hambolena amin' ny faritra marivo amin' ny farihy na honahona * Zaridainam-boninkazo * Zaridaina misy lamina hentitra sy mazava * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba frantsay ** Zaridaina frantsay misy lamina hentitra ** Zaridaina frantsay maka tahaka ny endriky ny natiora ** Zaridaina tamin' ny Renaissance tany Frantsa * Zaridaina eo anoloan' ny trano * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba alemàna * Zaridaina grika * Trano fambolena misy tafo sy rindrina mangarahara mifehy ny tontolo itomboan' ny voly * Zaridaina mihantona * Zaridaina mifandray amin' ny toeram-piasana indostrialy (''industrial garden'') * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba silamo * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba italiana ** Zaridaina tamin' ny Renaissance tany Italia * Zaridaina nasandratra misy fidirana miendrika loaka fanalahidy * Zaridaina fambolena sakafo ho an' ny tokantrano * Zaridaina misy voly arindra ho toy ny tadiny mifampiditra, na ''knot garden'' * Zaridaina fambolena vokatra hamidy eo an-toerana * Zaridaina natokana ho an' i Maria renin' i Jesoa * Zaridaina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany * Zaridainan' ny mônasitera * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba môgoly * Tanim-boankazo * ''Pekarangan'', zaridaina manodidina ny trano any Indônezia * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba persiana ** Zaridaina persiana antsoina hoe ''bāgh'' ** ''Charbagh'', zaridaina persiana mizara ho faritra efatra ** Zaridaina amin' ny fomba persiana maneho ny paradisa * Zaridaina misy zavamaniry fampiasa ho fanafody * Zaridaina natao hialana voly * Zaridaina misy zavamaniry misy poizina * Zaridaina natao hisarihana bibikely mpamindra vovobony * Zaridaina maka endriky ny tany be ahitra, na ''prairie garden'' * Zaridaina misintona sy mitahiry ny ranon' orana mikoriana * Zaridaina ahitana vato sy zavamaniry mifanaraka amin' izany * Zaridaina rômana * Zaridaina eny an-tafon-trano * Zaridaina misy raozy * Zaridaina masina * Zaridaina an-tsekoly * Fambolena sy fikarakarana zaridaina any Ekôsy * Zaridaina fampirantiana sary sokitra * Zaridaina natao hanentanana ny vavahadin-tsaina * Zaridaina amin' ny toerana alokaloka * Zaridaina misy zavamaniry voalaza ao amin' ny sanganasan' i Shakespeare * Zaridaina misy hazobotry nambolena mifanakaiky * Zaridaina amin' ny fomba espaniôla * Zaridaina mifandray amin' ny fisotroana dite * Zaridaina natao hanohanana ny fikarakarana sy ny fahasalaman' ny olona * Zaridaina andramana sy anombanana zavamaniry * Zaridaina misy zavamaniry trôpikaly * Zaridaina famokarana sakafo ho fanohanana ny mponina nandritra ny ady lehibe, na ''victory garden'' * Zaridaina voahodidina manda * Zaridaina anjakan' ny rano sy zavamaniry anaty rano * Zaridaina natao ho toeram-ponenan' ny bibidia eo an-toerana * Zaridaina karakaraina mandritra ny ririnina * Toerana fitahirizana sy fampirantiana biby, na ''zoo'' ==== Fambolena sy fikarakarana zavamaniry an-jaridaina ==== * Fambolena sy fiompiana ** Famolavolana rafi-pambolena maharitra, na ''permaculture'' ** Fambolena tsy mampiasa biby na vokatra avy amin' ny biby ** Fambolena sy fiompiana maharitra ** Fambolena sy fiompiana an-tanàn-dehibe * Fambolena, fikarakarana ary fandalinana hazo sy zavamaniry hazo tsirairay * ''Bonsai'', zavakanto japôney fambolena sy famolavolana hazo madinika anaty fitoerana ** ''Saikei'', zavakanto japôney famoronana tontolo bitika misy hazo velona sy vato ao anaty fitoerana * Siansa momba ny zavamaniry * Fambolena karazam-boly mifampisitraka * Zavamaniry na vokatry ny zavamaniry jinjaina hampiasain' ny olona ** Lisitry ny voly sy vokatry ny fiompiana manana sanda ara-bola ambony indrindra * [[Fanaovana tsatoboly]] * Boky na tahiry fanavahana zavamaniry haingo ambolena ao amin' ny faritra iray * Fambolena sy fandalinana ny famokarana voninkazo sy ravina haingo ** Fambolem-boninkazo any Kanada ** Fambolem-boninkazo any Taioàna * ''Hügelkultur'', fambolena amin' ny dongona misy poti-kazo sy akora zavamaniry mihalò * Fambolena voankazo * Hazo novana fototarazo * Fambolena amin' ny rano misy otrikaina sy fitoeram-paka tsy nofon-tany, na ''hydroculture'' * Fambolena an-jaridaina ataon' ny vahoaka teratany * Fampiarahana karazam-boly maro ao amin' ny saha iray * Famolavolana sy fanajariana ny tontolo ivelan' ny trano * Siansa momba ny fambolena legioma * [[Plantae|Zavamaniry]] ** Fifantenana sy fanatsarana karazan-javamaniry ** [[Fanaovana tsatoboly|Tsatoboly]] ** Zavamaniry mamelana betsaka mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ** Fampitomboana taranaka ny zavamaniry ** Fahafahan' ny zavamaniry mitombo sy mamokatra ao anatin' ny hain-tany ** Fahafahan' ny zavamaniry miaina amin' ny toe-javatra sarotra, indrindra ny toetany * Siansa momba ny voankazo sy ny fambolena azy * Fandalinana ny fiasan' ny taova sy ny fiovan' ny vokatra aorian' ny fiotazana na fijinjana * Fanesorana ny zavamaniry manana toetra tsy irina ao amin' ny saha * Fambolena sy fikarakarana zavamaniry an-jaridaina any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly * Asa momba ny zavamaniry an-tanàn-dehibe ** Fambolena sy fiompiana an-tanàn-dehibe ** Fambolena sy fikarakarana zavamaniry an-jaridaina an-tanàn-dehibe ** Fikarakarana sy fitantanana hazo an-tanàn-dehibe ** Fambolen-kazo indray an-tanàn-dehibe * Fambolem-boaloboka * Fambolena karazam-boly tokana ==== Fambolena an-jaridaina biôlôjika ==== * Fambolena sy fiompiana manaraka ny foto-kevitr' i Rudolf Steiner, na ''biodynamic agriculture'' * Fanaovana grefy amin' ny zavamaniry * Topimaso sy lisitry ny lohahevitra momba ny fambolena an-jaridaina sy fambolena sy fiompiana biôlôjika * Fambolena biôlôjika tsy mampiasa vokatra avy amin' ny biby ==== Fiarovana ny zavamaniry ==== * Akora famonoana holatra mpanimba * Akora famonoana ahi-dratsy * Fanondroana ny lahatsoratra momba ny akora fiadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba * Lisitry ny akora famonoana holatra mpanimba * Lisitry ny akora famonoana bibikely * Akora fiadiana amin' ny zavamananaina mpanimba * Faminaniana ny fisehoan' ny aretin-javamaniry sy ny hamafiny * Fanetezana ampahan-javamaniry voafantina * Fifehezana ny ahi-dratsy ** Aquamog, milina fanesorana ahi-dratsy eny ambonin' ny rano ==== Lohahevitra mifandraika amin' ny zaridaina ==== * Tanim-boankazo iarahan' ny fiarahamonina mikarakara sy mampiasa * Lisitry ny singa voajanahary sy namboarina mandrafitra zaridaina * Zavakanto fandaminana voninkazo ** Fikarakarana sy fandaminana ary fivarotana voninkazo ** ''Ikebana'', zavakanto japôney fandaminana voninkazo * Fikojakojana ny tany sy ny zavamaniry eo amin' ny toerana voalamina * Fivarotana zavamaniry sy kojakoja fikarakarana zaridaina * Fizahan-tany mitsidika zaridaina * Lisitry ny zaridaina * Lisitry ny lisitra momba ny zavamaniry * [[Zavamaniry velona mihoatra ny roa taona]] * Fanangonana santionan-javamaniry * Fikarakarana sy fitantanana velaran-tany misy ahitra fanao fanatanjahantena na fialam-boly * [[:commons:Category:Horticulture|Tahirin-tsary sy haino aman-jery momba ny fambolena an-jaridaina ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons]] === Tahiry fanondroana lohahevitra === ==== Iraisam-pirenena ==== * [https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034402-2 GND] (tahiry fanondroana lohahevitra): 4034402-2 * [https://id.worldcat.org/fast/801355 FAST] (tahiry fanondroana lohahevitra): 801355 ==== Isam-pirenena ==== * [https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002415 Etazonia]: sh85002415 * [https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934798x Frantsa]: cb11934798x * [https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934798x BnF] (tahirin-kevitry ny Tranombokim-pirenena frantsay): cb11934798x * [https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568603 Japàna]: 00568603 * [https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116770&CON_LNG=ENG Tsekia]: ph116770 * [https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4576248 Espaina]: XX4576248 * [https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293804205171 Israely]: 987007293804205171 ==== Tahiry hafa ==== * [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013933 ''Historical Dictionary of Switzerland''] (Rakibolana Ara-tantaran' i Soisa): 013933 * [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640158 NARA] (tahirim-pirenena amerikana momba ny arisiva sy ny firaketana): 10640158 * [https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/activity/e0ddbc7e-58a1-4e04-9778-11b5880dc463 Yale LUX] (tahirin-kevitry ny fanangonana ao Yale): e0ddbc7e-58a1-4e04-9778-11b5880dc463 [[:Sokajy:Fambolena]] 0fotko69dqw9i81mvy8m3drihfxa3iz 0 302738 1153765 2026-11-12T06:42:24Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Smilacaceae 1153765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax aspera.jpg|vignette|''Smilax aspera'']] Ny '''''Smilax''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Smilacaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]], izay ahitana karazana eo amin' ny 300 ka hatramin' ny 350 eo ho eo, hita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly maneran-tany<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001535-2 ''Smilax'' L.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref>. Zavamaniry mianika izy ireo, ka maro aminy no misy tahony mafy toy ny hazo sy/na misy tsilo. == Fanasokajiana == Ara-tantara, ny vondron-karazana ''Smilax'' dia noheverina ho mizara ho fizaràna maromaro; kanefa, ny fanadihadiana momba ny filaharan' ny môlekiolan' ny fototarazo dia mampiseho fa ireo fizarana miorina amin' ny endrika ivelany fotsiny ireo dia tsy vondrona manana razambe iraisana tokana (tsy mônôfiletika)<ref name=":1"><small>Qi, Zhechen; Cameron, Kenneth M.; Li, Pan; Zhao, Yunpeng; Chen, Shichao; Chen, Guangcun; Fu, Chengxin (December 2013). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263238692_Phylogenetics_character_evolution_and_distribution_patterns_of_the_greenbriers_Smilacaceae_Liliales_a_near-cosmopolitan_family_of_monocots_Phylogenetics_of_Smilacaceae Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots]". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society''. 173 (4): 535–548. doi:10.1111/boj.12096.</small></ref>. Ny fizaràna ''Smilax'' dia ahitana zavamaniry miendrika vahy, misy tsilo, ary manana taho mafy toy ny hazo, izay hita any amin' ny faritra misy toetany antonony any [[Amerika Avaratra]]; ohatra amin' izany ny ''Smilax'' glauca sy ny ''Smilax rotundifolia''. Ny fizaràna ''Nemexia'' kosa dia ahitana zavamaniry tsy misy tsilo, malemy taho (ahitra), izay hita any amin' ny faritra misy toetany antonony any Amerika Avaratra; ohatra amin' izany ny ''Smilax herbacea''. Ny vondrona''[[Heterosmilax]]'' dia noheverina ho vondron-karazana misaraka teo aloha, saingy hita fa tafiditra ao anatin' ny Smilax, ka lasa fizaràna iray ao anatiny<ref name=":1" />. == Karazana == === Karazana notsongaina === * ''Smilax aberrans'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax aculeatissima'' <small>Conran</small> * ''Smilax amblyobasis'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax ampla'' <small>Warb. ex K.Krause</small> * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Smilax anguina'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax annulata'' <small>Warb. ex K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax aquifolium'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax arisanensis'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax aristolochiifolia'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''Smilax aspera'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax aspericaulis''<small>Wall. ex A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax assumptionis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax astrosperma'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax auriculata'' <small>Walter</small> * ''Smilax australis'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Smilax azorica'' <small>H.Schaef. & P.Schönfelder</small> * ''Smilax bapouensis'' <small>H.Li</small> * ''Smilax basilata'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax bauhinioides'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax bella'' <small>J.F.Macbr.</small> * ''Smilax biflora'' <small>Siebold ex Miq.</small> * ''Smilax biltmoreana'' <small>(Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell</small> * ''Smilax biumbellata'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax blumei'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax bockii'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax bona-nox'' <small>L.</small> &#x2013; saw greenbrier * ''Smilax borneensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax bracteata'' <small>Presl</small> * ''Smilax brasiliensis'' <small>Sprengel.</small> * ''Smilax californica'' <small>(A.DC.) A.Gray</small> * ''Smilax calophylla'' <small>Wall. ex A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax cambodiana'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax campestris'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax canariensis'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Smilax canellifolia'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''Smilax celebica'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax chapaensis'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax china'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax chingii'' <small>F.T. Wang & Ts.Tang</small> * ''Smilax cinnamomea'' <small>Desf. ex A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax cissoides'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> * ''Smilax cocculoides'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax cognata'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax compta'' <small>(Killip & C.V.Morton) Ferrufino</small> * ''Smilax corbularia'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax cordato-ovata'' <small>Rich.</small> * ''Smilax cordifolia'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax coriacea'' <small>Spreng.</small> * ''Smilax cristalensis'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax cuprea'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax cuspidata'' <small>Duhamel</small> * ''Smilax cyclophylla'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax darrisii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Smilax davidiana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax densibarbata'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax discotis'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax domingensis'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Smilax ecirrhata'' <small>(Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Wats.</small> * ''Smilax elastica'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax elegans'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Smilax elegantissima'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax elmeri'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax elongatoumbellata'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax emeiensis'' <small>J.M.Xu</small> * ''Smilax erecta'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax excelsa'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax extensa'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax ferox'' <small>Wall. ex Kunth</small> * ''Smilax flavicaulis'' <small>Rusby</small> * ''Smilax fluminensis'' <small>Steud.</small> * ''Smilax fooningensis'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax gagnepainii'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax gigantea'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax gigantocarpa'' <small>Koord.</small> * ''Smilax glabra'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Smilax glauca'' <small>Walter</small> * ''Smilax glaucochina'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax glyciphylla'' <small>Sm.</small> * ''Smilax goyazana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax gracilior'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax griffithii'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax guianensis'' <small>Vitman</small> * ''Smilax guiyangensis'' <small>C.X.Fu & C.D.Shen</small> * ''Smilax havanensis'' <small>Jacq.</small> * ''Smilax hayatae'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax hemsleyana'' <small>Craib.</small> * ''Smilax herbacea'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax hilariana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax horridiramula'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax hugeri'' <small>(Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell</small> * ''Smilax hypoglauca'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''Smilax ilicifolia'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> * ''Smilax illinoensis'' <small>Mangaly</small> * ''Smilax indosinica'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax inversa'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax irrorata'' <small>Mart. ex Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax jamesii'' <small>G.Wallace</small> * ''Smilax japicanga'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax javensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax kaniensis'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax keyensis'' <small>Warb. ex K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax kingii'' <small>Hook.f.</small> * ''Smilax klotzschii'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax korthalsii'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax kwangsiensis'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax lanceifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Smilax lappacea'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax larvata'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax lasioneura'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''Smilax lasseriana'' <small>Steyerm.</small> * ''Smilax laurifolia'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax lebrunii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Smilax leucophylla'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax ligneoriparia'' <small>C.X.Fu & P.Li</small> * ''Smilax ligustrifolia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax loheri'' <small>Merr</small> * ''Smilax longifolia'' <small>Rich.</small> * ''Smilax lucida''<small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax luei'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax lunglingensis'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax lushuiensis'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax lutescens'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''Smilax luzonensis'' <small>Presl</small> * ''Smilax macrocarpa'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax magnifolia'' <small>J.F.Macbr.</small> * ''Smilax mairei'' <small>Lev.</small> * ''Smilax malipoensis'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax maritima'' <small>Feay ex Alph.Wood</small> * ''Smilax maypurensis'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax megacarpa'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax megalantha'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax melanocarpa'' <small>Ridl.</small> * ''Smilax melastomifolia'' <small>Sm.</small> * ''Smilax menispermoidea'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax microchina'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax microphylla'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax minarum'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax minutiflora'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax modesta'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax mollis'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax moranensis'' <small>Mart. & Galeotti</small> * ''Smilax munita'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax muscosa'' <small>Toledo</small> * ''Smilax myosotiflora'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax myrtillus'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax nageliana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax nana'' <small>F.T.Wang</small> * ''Smilax nantoensis'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax neocaledonica'' <small>Schltr</small> * ''Smilax nervomarginata'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax nigrescens'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax nipponica'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax nova-guineensis'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax obliquata'' <small>Duhamel</small> * ''Smilax oblongata'' <small>Sw.</small> * ''Smilax ocreata'' <small>DC.</small> * ''Smilax odoratissima'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax officinalis'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax orbiculata'' <small>Labill.</small> * ''Smilax ornata'' <small>Lem.</small> * ''Smilax orthoptera'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax outanscianensis'' <small>Pamp.</small> * ''Smilax ovalifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Smilax ovatolanceolata'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax pachysandroides'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax paniculata'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> * ''Smilax papuana'' <small>Lauterb.</small> * ''Smilax perfoliata'' <small>Lour.</small> * ''Smilax petelotii'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax pilcomayensis'' <small>Guagl. & S.Gattuso</small> * ''Smilax pilosa'' <small>Andreata & Leoni</small> * ''Smilax pinfaensis'' <small>H.Lév. & Vaniot</small> * ''Smilax plurifurcata'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax poilanei'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax polyacantha'' <small>Wall. ex Kunth</small> * ''Smilax polycolea'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax populnea'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax pottingeri'' <small>Prain</small> * ''Smilax pseudochina'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax pulverulenta'' <small>Michx.</small> * ''Smilax pumila'' <small>Walter</small> * ''Smilax purhampuy'' <small>Ruiz</small> * ''Smilax purpurata'' <small>G.Forst.</small> * ''Smilax pygmaea'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax quadrata'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax quadrumbellata'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax quinquenervia'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''Smilax remotinervis'' <small>Hand.-Mazz</small>. * ''Smilax retroflexa'' <small>(F.T.Wang & Tang) S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax riparia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax rotundifolia'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax rubromarginata'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax rufescens'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax ruiziana'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax salicifolia'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax sanguinea'' <small>Posada-Ar.</small> * ''Smilax santaremensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax saulensis'' <small>J.D.Mitch.</small> * ''Smilax schomburgkiana'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax scobinicaulis'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax sebeana'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax setiramula'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax setosa'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax sieboldii'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax sinclairii'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax siphilitica'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax solanifolia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax spicata'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''Smilax spinosa'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''Smilax spissa'' <small>Killip & C.V.Morton</small> * ''Smilax spruceana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax stans'' <small>Maxim.</small> * ''Smilax stenophylla'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax subinermis'' <small>C.Presl</small> * ''Smilax subpubescens'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax subsessiliflora'' <small>Poir.</small> * ''Smilax synandra'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax talbotiana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax tamnoides'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax tetraptera'' <small>Schltr</small> * ''Smilax timorensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax tomentosa'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax trachypoda'' <small>J.B.Norton</small> * ''Smilax trinervula'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax tsinchengshanensis'' <small>F.T.Wang</small> * ''Smilax tuberculata'' <small>C.Presl</small> * ''Smilax turbans'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax utilis'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax vaginata'' <small>Decne.</small> * ''Smilax vanchingshanensis'' <small>(F.T.Wang & Tang) F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax velutina'' <small>Killip & C.V.Morton</small> * ''Smilax verrucosa'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax verticalis'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax vitiensis'' <small>(Seem.) A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax wallichii'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax walteri'' <small>Pursh.</small> * ''Smilax wightii'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax williamsii'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax yunnanensis'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax zeylanica'' <small>L.</small> === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Tokana ny karazana ''Smilax'' fantatra fa teratany eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small><ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A541268-1 ''Smilax anceps'' Willd.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref> (izay natsoina talogha hoe ''Smilax lessertiana'' <small>A.DC.</small><ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/541577-1 ''Smilax lessertiana'' A.DC.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref> sy ''Smilax goudotiana'' <small>A.DC.</small>) == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana Smilax|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Smilax'']] == Loharano == 3kohahb4kmmy3018pltzmjqbb9slk7k 1153766 1153765 2026-11-12T06:43:33Z Thelezifor 15140 1153766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Smilax aspera.jpg|vignette|''Smilax aspera'']] Ny '''''Smilax''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Smilacaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]], izay ahitana karazana eo amin' ny 300 ka hatramin' ny 350 eo ho eo, hita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly maneran-tany<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001535-2 ''Smilax'' L.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref>. Zavamaniry mianika izy ireo, ka maro aminy no misy tahony mafy toy ny hazo sy/na misy tsilo. == Fanasokajiana == Ara-tantara, ny vondron-karazana ''Smilax'' dia noheverina ho mizara ho fizaràna maromaro; kanefa, ny fanadihadiana momba ny filaharan' ny môlekiolan' ny fototarazo dia mampiseho fa ireo fizarana miorina amin' ny endrika ivelany fotsiny ireo dia tsy vondrona manana razambe iraisana tokana (tsy mônôfiletika)<ref name=":1"><small>Qi, Zhechen; Cameron, Kenneth M.; Li, Pan; Zhao, Yunpeng; Chen, Shichao; Chen, Guangcun; Fu, Chengxin (December 2013). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263238692_Phylogenetics_character_evolution_and_distribution_patterns_of_the_greenbriers_Smilacaceae_Liliales_a_near-cosmopolitan_family_of_monocots_Phylogenetics_of_Smilacaceae Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots]". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society''. 173 (4): 535–548. doi:10.1111/boj.12096.</small></ref>. Ny fizaràna ''Smilax'' dia ahitana zavamaniry miendrika vahy, misy tsilo, ary manana taho mafy toy ny hazo, izay hita any amin' ny faritra misy toetany antonony any [[Amerika Avaratra]]; ohatra amin' izany ny ''Smilax'' glauca sy ny ''Smilax rotundifolia''. Ny fizaràna ''Nemexia'' kosa dia ahitana zavamaniry tsy misy tsilo, malemy taho (ahitra), izay hita any amin' ny faritra misy toetany antonony any Amerika Avaratra; ohatra amin' izany ny ''Smilax herbacea''. Ny vondrona''[[Heterosmilax]]'' dia noheverina ho vondron-karazana misaraka teo aloha, saingy hita fa tafiditra ao anatin' ny Smilax, ka lasa fizaràna iray ao anatiny<ref name=":1" />. == Karazana == === Karazana notsongaina === * ''Smilax aberrans'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax aculeatissima'' <small>Conran</small> * ''Smilax amblyobasis'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax ampla'' <small>Warb. ex K.Krause</small> * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Smilax anguina'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax annulata'' <small>Warb. ex K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax aquifolium'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax arisanensis'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax aristolochiifolia'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''Smilax aspera'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax aspericaulis''<small>Wall. ex A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax assumptionis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax astrosperma'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax auriculata'' <small>Walter</small> * ''Smilax australis'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''Smilax azorica'' <small>H.Schaef. & P.Schönfelder</small> * ''Smilax bapouensis'' <small>H.Li</small> * ''Smilax basilata'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax bauhinioides'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax bella'' <small>J.F.Macbr.</small> * ''Smilax biflora'' <small>Siebold ex Miq.</small> * ''Smilax biltmoreana'' <small>(Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell</small> * ''Smilax biumbellata'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax blumei'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax bockii'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax bona-nox'' <small>L.</small> &#x2013; saw greenbrier * ''Smilax borneensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax bracteata'' <small>Presl</small> * ''Smilax brasiliensis'' <small>Sprengel.</small> * ''Smilax californica'' <small>(A.DC.) A.Gray</small> * ''Smilax calophylla'' <small>Wall. ex A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax cambodiana'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax campestris'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax canariensis'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Smilax canellifolia'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''Smilax celebica'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax chapaensis'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax china'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax chingii'' <small>F.T. Wang & Ts.Tang</small> * ''Smilax cinnamomea'' <small>Desf. ex A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax cissoides'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> * ''Smilax cocculoides'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax cognata'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax compta'' <small>(Killip & C.V.Morton) Ferrufino</small> * ''Smilax corbularia'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax cordato-ovata'' <small>Rich.</small> * ''Smilax cordifolia'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax coriacea'' <small>Spreng.</small> * ''Smilax cristalensis'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax cuprea'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax cuspidata'' <small>Duhamel</small> * ''Smilax cyclophylla'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax darrisii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Smilax davidiana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax densibarbata'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax discotis'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax domingensis'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Smilax ecirrhata'' <small>(Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Wats.</small> * ''Smilax elastica'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax elegans'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Smilax elegantissima'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax elmeri'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax elongatoumbellata'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax emeiensis'' <small>J.M.Xu</small> * ''Smilax erecta'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax excelsa'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax extensa'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax ferox'' <small>Wall. ex Kunth</small> * ''Smilax flavicaulis'' <small>Rusby</small> * ''Smilax fluminensis'' <small>Steud.</small> * ''Smilax fooningensis'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax gagnepainii'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax gigantea'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax gigantocarpa'' <small>Koord.</small> * ''Smilax glabra'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Smilax glauca'' <small>Walter</small> * ''Smilax glaucochina'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax glyciphylla'' <small>Sm.</small> * ''Smilax goyazana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax gracilior'' <small>Ferrufino & Greuter</small> * ''Smilax griffithii'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax guianensis'' <small>Vitman</small> * ''Smilax guiyangensis'' <small>C.X.Fu & C.D.Shen</small> * ''Smilax havanensis'' <small>Jacq.</small> * ''Smilax hayatae'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax hemsleyana'' <small>Craib.</small> * ''Smilax herbacea'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax hilariana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax horridiramula'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax hugeri'' <small>(Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell</small> * ''Smilax hypoglauca'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''Smilax ilicifolia'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> * ''Smilax illinoensis'' <small>Mangaly</small> * ''Smilax indosinica'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax inversa'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax irrorata'' <small>Mart. ex Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax jamesii'' <small>G.Wallace</small> * ''Smilax japicanga'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax javensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax kaniensis'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax keyensis'' <small>Warb. ex K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax kingii'' <small>Hook.f.</small> * ''Smilax klotzschii'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax korthalsii'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax kwangsiensis'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax lanceifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Smilax lappacea'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax larvata'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax lasioneura'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''Smilax lasseriana'' <small>Steyerm.</small> * ''Smilax laurifolia'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax lebrunii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Smilax leucophylla'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax ligneoriparia'' <small>C.X.Fu & P.Li</small> * ''Smilax ligustrifolia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax loheri'' <small>Merr</small> * ''Smilax longifolia'' <small>Rich.</small> * ''Smilax lucida''<small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax luei'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax lunglingensis'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax lushuiensis'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax lutescens'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''Smilax luzonensis'' <small>Presl</small> * ''Smilax macrocarpa'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax magnifolia'' <small>J.F.Macbr.</small> * ''Smilax mairei'' <small>Lev.</small> * ''Smilax malipoensis'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax maritima'' <small>Feay ex Alph.Wood</small> * ''Smilax maypurensis'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax megacarpa'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax megalantha'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax melanocarpa'' <small>Ridl.</small> * ''Smilax melastomifolia'' <small>Sm.</small> * ''Smilax menispermoidea'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax microchina'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax microphylla'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax minarum'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax minutiflora'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax modesta'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax mollis'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax moranensis'' <small>Mart. & Galeotti</small> * ''Smilax munita'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax muscosa'' <small>Toledo</small> * ''Smilax myosotiflora'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax myrtillus'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax nageliana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax nana'' <small>F.T.Wang</small> * ''Smilax nantoensis'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax neocaledonica'' <small>Schltr</small> * ''Smilax nervomarginata'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Smilax nigrescens'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax nipponica'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax nova-guineensis'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax obliquata'' <small>Duhamel</small> * ''Smilax oblongata'' <small>Sw.</small> * ''Smilax ocreata'' <small>DC.</small> * ''Smilax odoratissima'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Smilax officinalis'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax orbiculata'' <small>Labill.</small> * ''Smilax ornata'' <small>Lem.</small> * ''Smilax orthoptera'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax outanscianensis'' <small>Pamp.</small> * ''Smilax ovalifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Smilax ovatolanceolata'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax pachysandroides'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax paniculata'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> * ''Smilax papuana'' <small>Lauterb.</small> * ''Smilax perfoliata'' <small>Lour.</small> * ''Smilax petelotii'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax pilcomayensis'' <small>Guagl. & S.Gattuso</small> * ''Smilax pilosa'' <small>Andreata & Leoni</small> * ''Smilax pinfaensis'' <small>H.Lév. & Vaniot</small> * ''Smilax plurifurcata'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax poilanei'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax polyacantha'' <small>Wall. ex Kunth</small> * ''Smilax polycolea'' <small>Warb.</small> * ''Smilax populnea'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax pottingeri'' <small>Prain</small> * ''Smilax pseudochina'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax pulverulenta'' <small>Michx.</small> * ''Smilax pumila'' <small>Walter</small> * ''Smilax purhampuy'' <small>Ruiz</small> * ''Smilax purpurata'' <small>G.Forst.</small> * ''Smilax pygmaea'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax quadrata'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax quadrumbellata'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax quinquenervia'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''Smilax remotinervis'' <small>Hand.-Mazz</small>. * ''Smilax retroflexa'' <small>(F.T.Wang & Tang) S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax riparia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax rotundifolia'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax rubromarginata'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''Smilax rufescens'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax ruiziana'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax salicifolia'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax sanguinea'' <small>Posada-Ar.</small> * ''Smilax santaremensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax saulensis'' <small>J.D.Mitch.</small> * ''Smilax schomburgkiana'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax scobinicaulis'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax sebeana'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax setiramula'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax setosa'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax sieboldii'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax sinclairii'' <small>T.Koyama</small> * ''Smilax siphilitica'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> * ''Smilax solanifolia'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax spicata'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''Smilax spinosa'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''Smilax spissa'' <small>Killip & C.V.Morton</small> * ''Smilax spruceana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax stans'' <small>Maxim.</small> * ''Smilax stenophylla'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax subinermis'' <small>C.Presl</small> * ''Smilax subpubescens'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax subsessiliflora'' <small>Poir.</small> * ''Smilax synandra'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax talbotiana'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax tamnoides'' <small>L.</small> * ''Smilax tetraptera'' <small>Schltr</small> * ''Smilax timorensis'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax tomentosa'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax trachypoda'' <small>J.B.Norton</small> * ''Smilax trinervula'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Smilax tsinchengshanensis'' <small>F.T.Wang</small> * ''Smilax tuberculata'' <small>C.Presl</small> * ''Smilax turbans'' <small>F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax utilis'' <small>C.H.Wright</small> * ''Smilax vaginata'' <small>Decne.</small> * ''Smilax vanchingshanensis'' <small>(F.T.Wang & Tang) F.T.Wang & Tang</small> * ''Smilax velutina'' <small>Killip & C.V.Morton</small> * ''Smilax verrucosa'' <small>Griseb.</small> * ''Smilax verticalis'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''Smilax vitiensis'' <small>(Seem.) A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax wallichii'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''Smilax walteri'' <small>Pursh.</small> * ''Smilax wightii'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''Smilax williamsii'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''Smilax yunnanensis'' <small>S.C.Chen</small> * ''Smilax zeylanica'' <small>L.</small> === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Tokana ny karazana ''Smilax'' fantatra fa teratany eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Smilax anceps]]'' <small>Willd.</small><ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A541268-1 ''Smilax anceps'' Willd.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref> (izay nantsoina taloha hoe ''Smilax lessertiana'' <small>A.DC.</small><ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/541577-1 ''Smilax lessertiana'' A.DC.]", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref> sy ''Smilax goudotiana'' <small>A.DC.</small>) == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Smilax|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Smilax'']] == Loharano == 9ap5bsu20oovhat3ezk6rrnbfnqdjeo 0 302739 1153776 2026-11-12T08:36:39Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153776 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''sarintsoa''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small> (''Celastraceae'') * ''[[Gymnosporia pyria]]'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''[[Gymnosporia trigyna]]'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' aez1683zn8uta8qytovlvpk6eiie1vn 1153777 1153776 2026-11-12T08:37:50Z Thelezifor 15140 Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy 1153777 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''sarintsoa''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- roitsokina, sarintsoa * ''[[Gymnosporia pyria]]'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''[[Gymnosporia trigyna]]'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- sarintsoa, volanany == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' 7mbm8n3b17v25agrl0qjyj7paj3k7ta 1153778 1153777 2026-11-12T08:38:37Z Thelezifor 15140 1153778 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''sarintsoa''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- rointsokina, roitsokina, sarintsoa * ''[[Gymnosporia pyria]]'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''[[Gymnosporia trigyna]]'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- sarintsoa, volanany == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' biqfz1t4p6swhkg22tv57cozhlx261f 1153779 1153778 2026-11-12T08:41:26Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanisy sary 1153779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Maytenus pyria - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07411.JPG|vignette|''Gymnosporia pyria'']] Ny '''sarintsoa''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- rointsokina, roitsokina, sarintsoa * ''[[Gymnosporia pyria]]'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''[[Gymnosporia trigyna]]'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') -- sarintsoa, volanany == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * ''[[Maytenus]]'' 0296rsuuggev011bdk3q1m2iadcxefy 0 302740 1153783 2026-11-12T08:54:44Z Thelezifor 15140 Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Celastraceae 1153783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Maytenus pyria - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07411.JPG|vignette|''Gymnosporia pyria'']] Ny '''''Gymnosporia pyria''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'', hazobotry teratany manokana ao [[Maorisy]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''sarintsoa''' na '''volanany'''. ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anisan' ny anarana ahafahtarana azy jkoa ny hoe ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small>. == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Gymnosporia pyria'': * ''Celastrus pyrius'' <small>Willemet</small> * ''Maytenus pyria'' <small>(Willemet) N.Robson</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigynus'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Gymnosporia pyrius'' <small>Willem.</small> * ''Gymnosporia obtusifolius'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Presl</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') hhupi390mlp5is1kts645q8qxy0neyh 1153784 1153783 2026-11-12T08:56:05Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Gymnosporia trigyna]] ho [[Gymnosporia pyria]] i Thelezifor 1153783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Maytenus pyria - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07411.JPG|vignette|''Gymnosporia pyria'']] Ny '''''Gymnosporia pyria''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'', hazobotry teratany manokana ao [[Maorisy]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''sarintsoa''' na '''volanany'''. ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anisan' ny anarana ahafahtarana azy jkoa ny hoe ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small>. == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Gymnosporia pyria'': * ''Celastrus pyrius'' <small>Willemet</small> * ''Maytenus pyria'' <small>(Willemet) N.Robson</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigynus'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Gymnosporia pyrius'' <small>Willem.</small> * ''Gymnosporia obtusifolius'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Presl</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') hhupi390mlp5is1kts645q8qxy0neyh 1153786 1153784 2026-11-12T08:56:34Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitsy tsipelina 1153786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Maytenus pyria - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07411.JPG|vignette|''Gymnosporia pyria'']] Ny '''''Gymnosporia pyria''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'', hazobotry teratany manokana ao [[Maorisy]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''sarintsoa''' na '''volanany'''. ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anisan' ny anarana ahafahtarana azy koa ny hoe ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small>. == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Gymnosporia pyria'': * ''Celastrus pyrius'' <small>Willemet</small> * ''Maytenus pyria'' <small>(Willemet) N.Robson</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigynus'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Gymnosporia pyrius'' <small>Willem.</small> * ''Gymnosporia obtusifolius'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Presl</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') 6b40t9fhtqvmu4clnk28b0v861f6ndt 1153787 1153786 2026-11-12T08:59:09Z Thelezifor 15140 1153787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Maytenus pyria - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07411.JPG|vignette|''Gymnosporia pyria'']] Ny '''''Gymnosporia pyria''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'', hazobotry teratany manokana ao [[Maorisy]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''sarintsoa''' na '''volanany'''. ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anisan' ny anarana ahafahtarana azy koa ny hoe ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small>. == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Gymnosporia pyria'': * ''Celastrus pyrius'' <small>Willemet</small> * ''Maytenus pyria'' <small>(Willemet) N.Robson</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigynus'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Gymnosporia pyrius'' <small>Willem.</small> * ''Gymnosporia obtusifolius'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Presl</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * [[Sarintsoa]]: ''[[Gymnosporia commiphoroides]]'' <small>H. Perrier</small>; ''Gymnosporia pyria'' (<small>Willemet) Jordaan</small> (← ''Gymnosporia trigyna'' <small>(Lam.) Baker</small> (''Celastraceae'') o4f32mhr6hdbznjua7qfh3x93t1drst 0 302741 1153785 2026-11-12T08:56:05Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Gymnosporia trigyna]] ho [[Gymnosporia pyria]] i Thelezifor 1153785 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Gymnosporia pyria]] rim6mhmiyrsqn9xx4tdt699b5gxyy5g 0 302742 1153789 2026-11-12T09:17:16Z Thelezifor 15140 Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Celastraceae 1153789 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gymnosporia divaricata''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''fantsimbala''', '''fantsy''', '''mangina''', '''raifantaka''', '''roifantaka''', '''roifatara''', na '''roifotsy'''. Anaran ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>. == Jereo koa == * [[Roifantaka]]: ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Fantsimbala]]: ; [[Carissa edulis|''Carissa edulis'' var. ''subtrinervia'']] <small>Pichon</small>; ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> (''[[Apocynaceae]]'').; ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Fantsy (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Carissa edulis|Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia]]'' <small>Pichon</small>; ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>): ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Roifotsy]]: ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''[[Rosaceae]]'') ggkr0ykifiq0b06r2uowmnqaz397d43 1153793 1153789 2026-11-12T10:11:46Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1153793 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gymnosporia divaricata''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''fantsimbala''', '''fantsy''', '''mangina''', '''raifantaka''', '''roifantaka''', '''roifatara''', na '''roifotsy'''. Anaran ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' * [[Roifantaka]]: ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small>. (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''←'' ''Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia'' <small>Pichon</small>) (''[[Apocynaceae]]'') * [[Roy (zavamaniry)]] * [[Fantsimbala]]: [[Carissa edulis|''Carissa edulis'' var. ''subtrinervia'']] <small>Pichon</small>; ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> (''[[Apocynaceae]]'').; ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Fantsy (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Carissa edulis|Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia]]'' <small>Pichon</small>; ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> (''[[Apocynaceae]]''); ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>): ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]'') * [[Roifotsy]]: ''Gymnosporia divaricata'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>); ''[[Gymnosporia leptopus]]'' <small>(Tul.) Baker</small> (''[[Celastraceae]]''); ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' <small>Poir.</small> (''[[Rosaceae]]'') e4r2806sziz2kl5xavno7i8xxavx68u 0 302743 1153795 2026-11-12T10:42:08Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1153795 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''fantsimbala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * [[Carissa edulis|''Carissa edulis'' var. ''subtrinervia'']] <small>Pichon</small> (''Apocynaceae'') -- dipatika, fantsimbala, fantsinakoho, fantsy, fatsimbala, fatsinakoho, fatsitokoho, mokotrala, roifantaka, tambonana, velivato * ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> (''Apocynaceae'') -- fantsikahitra, fantsikakolahy, fantsikala, fantsimbala, fantsinakoholahy, fantsy, fatsitokoho, fatsobala, fatsy, hazolahy, hazomiarotena, hendratra, marofatika, mokotrala, monty, orifataka, tsirimboalavo, velivato * ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''Celastraceae'') -- fantsimbala, fantsy, mangina, raifantaka, roifantaka, roifatara, roifotsy == Jereo koa == * ''[[Carissa]]'' * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' hrdplrsojf86x8g52r211ecw2rdrfvd 1153797 1153795 2026-11-12T10:49:32Z Thelezifor 15140 1153797 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''fantsimbala''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Gentianales]]) sy ''[[Celastraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Celastrales]]): * [[Carissa edulis|''Carissa edulis'' var. ''subtrinervia'']] <small>Pichon</small> (''Apocynaceae'') -- dipatika, fantsimbala, fantsinakoho, fantsy, fatsimbala, fatsinakoho, fatsitokoho, mokotrala, roifantaka, tambonana, velivato * ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' <small>L.</small> ('''''←''''' ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small>) (''Apocynaceae'') -- fantsikahitra, fantsikakolahy, fantsikala, fantsimbala, fantsinakoholahy, fantsy, fatsitokoho, fatsobala, fatsy, hazolahy, hazomiarotena, hendratra, marofatika, mokotrala, monty, orifataka, tsirimboalavo, velivato * ''[[Gymnosporia divaricata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''←'' ''Gymnosporia crataegina'' <small>Baker</small>) (''Celastraceae'') -- fantsimbala, fantsy, mangina, raifantaka, roifantaka, roifatara, roifotsy == Jereo koa == * ''[[Carissa]]'' * ''[[Gymnosporia]]'' b2donja1vn1u0gjfdznrm199vohdxx0 0 302744 1153798 2026-11-12T10:50:52Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153798 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Carissa spinarum]] 0v2sxece7i6yem3h2vm77oxn7eycwc3 0 302745 1153799 2026-11-12T10:52:08Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1153799 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Carissa spinarum]] 0v2sxece7i6yem3h2vm77oxn7eycwc3