Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 11613 3353298 3146830 2026-10-24T03:10:53Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 3353298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Anton Soedjarwo''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]]|21|9|1930|[[Jakarta]]|18|4|1988}}) adolah [[Kapalo Kapolisian Republik Indonesia]] pariode 1982-1986.<ref>[http://e-publishing.library.cornell.edu/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate/seap.indo/1107018609/body/pdf Current Data on Indonesian Military Elite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920171123/http://e-publishing.library.cornell.edu/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate/seap.indo/1107018609/body/pdf |date=2006-09-20 }}. [[Cornell University]], diakses 14 November 2005</ref> Inyo marupoan pamanang [[Pangharagoan Ramon Magsaysay]] pado taun 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSoedjarwoAnt.htm |title=The 1983 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership - CITATION for Anton Soedjarwo - Ramon Magsaysay Award Presentation Ceremonies - 31 August 1983, Manila, Philippines |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025171856/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSoedjarwoAnt.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * [http://tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/a/anton-soedjarwo/index.shtml Profil di Tokoh Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223012606/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/a/anton-soedjarwo/index.shtml |date=2008-12-23 }} {{kotak mulai}} {{kotak suksesi|jabatan=[[Kapalo Kapolisian Nagara Republik Indonesia]]|pendahulu=[[Awaluddin Djamin]]|pengganti=[[M. Saonesi]]|tahun=1982–1986}} {{kotak selesai}} {{lifetime|1930|1988||}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soedjarwo, Anton}} [[Kategori:Kaapalo Kapolisian Republik Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Bandung]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa]] {{indo-bio-stub}} c4tna2cjttmm4dfae44u007cvb76q72 0 317242 3353299 3352083 2026-10-24T03:58:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 3353299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Bahaso Bugih |nativename=''Basa Ugi'' / {{script|lont|ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ}} |region=[[Sulawesi Selatan]]; kalompok Sulawesi, [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], Propinsi [[Maluku (propinsi)|Maluku]], [[Papua Barat (wilayah)|Papua]] |ethnicity=[[Urang Bugih]] |speakers=5 juta |date=sensus taun 2000 |ref=e18 |speakers2= ca. 500,000 (1991–1999) |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=[[Bahaso Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] (MP) |fam3=[[Bahaso inti Malayo-Polynesia|Nuclear MP]] |fam4=[[Bahaso-bahaso Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan]] |fam5=Bahaso-bahaso Bugis |script=[[Aksara Lontara|Lontara]],<br> [[Aksara Latin|Latin]] |iso2=bug |iso3=bug |glotto=bugi1244 |glottorefname=Buginese }} '''Bahaso Bugih''' ({{lang|bug-Latn|''Basa Ugi''}}, juo disabuik ''Bahasa Bugis'', ''Bugis'', ''Bugi'', ''De'') adolah bahaso nan ditutuaan dek labiah kurang limo juta urang, sabagian gadang di selatan [[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]. == Tabuaan geografi == [[Image:M101703 id-1-.gif|right|150px|thumb|Warno ijau manunjuakan konsentrasi panutua bahaso Bugis.]] Kabanyakan panutua asali (labiah kurang 3 juta) tadapek di [[Sulawesi Selatan]], Indonesia, tapi tadapek juo kalompok ketek di pulau [[Jawa (pulau)|Jawa]], [[Samarinda]] jo [[Sumatra]] timur, di Indonesia; timur [[Sabah]] jo [[Samananjuang Tanah Malayu]], [[Malaysia]] jo [[Pilipina]] Selatan. Panabuaan [[Bugih]] ko asia pamindahan sajak abaik ka-17 akibaik parang. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{InterWiki|code=bug}} * [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/show_lsearch.php?id=00048 Buginese Soppeng dialect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018122546/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/show_lsearch.php?id=00048 |date=2005-10-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060317160256/http://e-publishing.library.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1107130756 The I La Galigo Epic Cycle of South Celebes and Its Diffusion] * [http://web.mac.com/ian.caldwell/iWeb/SulSel1/Languages.html Languages of South Sulawesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031035925/http://web.mac.com/ian.caldwell/iWeb/SulSel1/Languages.html |date=2007-10-31 }} * http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/buginese/ {{language-stub}} cldumgdefe7itmbzil695nuhu5l5i21 0 317287 3353300 3346542 2026-10-24T04:59:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 3353300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox |name = Buruang | fossil_range = <br/>[[Kapua (periode)|Periode Kapua Akia]] - [[Holosen|Kini]],<ref name=divergence>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = Michael SY | last2 = Cau | first2 = Andrea | last3 = Darren | first3 = Naish | last4 = Gareth J. | first4 = Dyke | year = 2013 | title = Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves | journal = Systematic Biology | publisher = Oxford Journals | doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syt110 | volume=63 | pages=442–449 | pmid=24449041}}</ref> {{Fossil range|85|0}} <imagemap> File:Bird Diversity 2013.png|300px rect 0 0 333 232 [[Red-crested turaco]] rect 0 232 333 470 [[Steller's sea eagle]] rect 0 696 333 470 [[Mandarin duck]] rect 0 928 333 700 [[Southern cassowary]] rect 0 1160 333 930 [[Gentoo penguin]] rect 0 1392 333 1160 [[Bar-throated minla]] rect 666 0 333 232 [[shoebill]] rect 666 232 333 470 [[grey crowned crane]] rect 666 696 333 470 [[Anna's hummingbird]] rect 666 928 333 700 [[rainbow lorikeet]] rect 666 1160 333 930 [[grey heron]] rect 666 1392 333 1160 [[Eurasian eagle-owl]] rect 999 0 333 232 [[white-tailed tropicbird]] rect 999 232 333 470 [[common peafowl]] rect 999 696 333 470 [[Atlantic puffin]] rect 999 928 333 700 [[American flamingo]] rect 999 1160 333 930 [[blue-footed booby]] rect 999 1392 333 1160 [[keel-billed toucan]] </imagemap> |image_caption = Examples of various avian orders. Row 1: [[Red-crested turaco]], [[shoebill]], [[white-tailed tropicbird]]<br />Row 2: [[Steller's sea eagle]], [[grey crowned crane]], [[common peafowl]]<br />Row 3: [[Mandarin duck]], [[Anna's hummingbird]], [[Atlantic puffin]]<br />Row 4: [[Southern cassowary]], [[rainbow lorikeet]], [[American flamingo]]<br />Row 5: [[Gentoo penguin]], [[grey heron]], [[blue-footed booby]]<br />Row 6: [[Bar-throated minla]], [[Eurasian eagle-owl]], [[keel-billed toucan]] |taxon = Aves |display_parents = 2 |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | accessdate=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | archive-date=5 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] nan masih iduik |subdivision = * Infrakelas [[Palaeognathae]] *** [[Struthioniformes]] *** [[Rheiformes]] *** [[Tinamiformes]] *** [[Casuariiformes]] *** [[Apterygiformes]] * Infrakelas [[Neognathae]] ** Superordo [[Galloanserae]] *** [[Galliformes]] *** [[Anseriformes]] ** Superordo [[Neoaves]] *** [[Phoenicopteriformes]] *** [[Podicipediformes]] *** [[Columbiformes]] *** [[Mesitornithiformes]] *** [[Pteroclidiformes]] *** [[Apodiformes]] *** [[Caprimulgiformes]] *** [[Cuculiformes]] *** [[Otidiformes]] *** [[Musophagiformes]] *** [[Opisthocomiformes]] *** [[Gruiformes]] *** [[Charadriiformes]] *** [[Gaviiformes]] *** [[Procellariiformes]] *** [[Sphenisciformes]] *** [[Ciconiiformes]] *** [[Suliformes]] *** [[Pelecaniformes]] *** [[Eurypygiformes]] *** [[Phaethontiformes]] *** [[Accipitriformes]] *** [[Strigiformes]] *** [[Coliiformes]] *** [[Leptosomiformes]] *** [[Trogoniformes]] *** [[Bucerotiformes]] *** [[Coraciiformes]] *** [[Piciformes]] *** [[Cariamiformes]] *** [[Falconiformes]] *** [[Psittaciformes]] *** [[Passeriformes]] | synonyms = * Neornithes <small>Gadow, 1883</small> }} '''Buruang''' atau '''unggeh''' adolah sakalompok [[vertebrata]] [[endotermis]], nan bantuaknyo ba[[bulu]], ba[[paruah]] tapi indak ba[[gigi]], [[ovipar|batalua]] nan [[kulik talua|bacangkang kareh]], tingkek [[metabolisme]]nyo tinggi, ruang [[jantuang]]nyo ampek, sarato ba[[karangko badan]] nan ringan tapi kuaik. Bajinih-jinih buruang iduik di saluruah dunia, ukuran tubuahnyo bakisa antaro 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) pado buruang [[kolibri labah]] inggo 2,75 m (9 kaki) pado [[buruang unta]]. Sarupo jo sabagian gadang spesies iduik lainnyo, sadonyo jinih buruang kiro-kiro sabanyak sapuluah ribu spesies tamasuak dalam [[kaleh (biologi|kaleh]] [[tetrapoda]], di mano labiah satangahnyo tagolong sabagai [[buruang pangicau]], nan takadang sacaro indak akurat disabuik juo [[buruang panyanyi]]. Sakitar 1.500 jiniah diantaronyo ditamuan di Indonesia. Babagai jinih buruang iko sacaro ilmiah digologan ka dalam kelas ''Aves''. Kini ko, buruang dikatahui turunan dari kalompok dinosaurus theropoda babulu, dek karano tuh buruang iolah satu-satunyo anggota dinosaurus nan masih hiduik. Dek bakitu pulo karabaik dakek buruang nan masih hiduik adolah buayo. Buruang adolah katurunan ''aviala'' purba (nan anggotanyo tamasuak ''Archeopteryx'') nan partamo kali muncua sakitaran 160 juta taun nan lampau di Cino. Manuruik bukti DNA, buruang modern ('''Neornithes''') barevolusi pado periode Kapur Partangahan hinggo Akhir, dan malakuan diversifikasi sacaro capek jo mancolok sakitar waktu peristiwa kapunahan Kapur-Paleogen 66 juta taun lalu, nan mambunuah pterosaurus jo sadoalah dinosaurus non buruang. == Klasifikasi == [[Klasifikasi ilmiah]] buruang partamo kali dikambangan dek [[Francis Willughby]] jo [[John Ray]] pado taun 1676 dalam edisi ''Ornithologiae''.<ref>del Hoyo, Josep; Andy Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (1992). ''Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1'': Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-10-5.</ref> [[Carolus Linnaeus]] mangubah klasifikasi tasabuik di taun 1758 untuak marancang [[tato namo biologi]] nan digunoan kini ko.<ref>(Latin) Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). [[:id:Systema Naturae|''Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae.'']] (Laurentii Salvii). hlm. 824.</ref> == Distribusi == Buruang hiduik jo bakambang biak pado sabagian gadang habitat daraik dan pado tujuah banua, hinggo mancapai koloni ekstrem inyo pado koloni pakambangbiakan Petrel Salju hinggo pado katinggian 440 kilometer (270&nbsp;mi) di padalaman [[Antarktika]].<ref>Brooke, Michael (2004). ''Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.</ref> [[Diversitas]] tatinggi buruang tadapek di wilayah [[tropis]]. Iko juo alah dipikiaan sabalumnyo karagaman tatinggi buruang adolah hasil dari tingkek spesiasi di daerah tropis, bagaimanopun studi tabaru manamuan spesiasi tatinggi di lintang tinggi nan diimbangi jo tingkek kapunahan labiah gadang daripado di daerah tropis.<ref>Weir, Jason T.; Schluter, D (2007). "The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals". ''Science''. 315 (5818): 1574–76.</ref> Babarapo [[familia]] buruang alah baradaptasi tahadok kahidupan baiak di lautan dunia jo pado diri inyo, jo babarao spesies buruang lauik datang ka daraik hanyo untuak bakambangbiak<ref>Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne (2001). Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-9882-7.</ref> dan babarapo [[pinguin]] alah tacatat manyalam hinggo kadalaman 300 meter (980 '''ft''').<ref>Sato, Katsufumi; N; K; N; W; C; B; H; L (1 May 2002). [https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/205/9/1189/8881/Buoyancy-and-maximal-diving-depth-in-penguinsdo "Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume?"]. ''Journal of Experimental Biology''. 205 (9): 1189–1197. ISSN 0022-0949. <nowiki>PMID 11948196</nowiki>.</ref> Banyak spesies buruang nan alah mambangun populasi pakambangbiakan di wilayah inyo nan diintroduksi dek [[manusia]]. Babarapo introduksi disangajo; contoh Puyuah Biaso, diintroduksi ka saluruah dunia sabagai buruang buruan.<ref>Hill, David (1988). The ''Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation''. Oxford: BSP Professional. ISBN 0-632-02011-3.</ref> Nan lain karano indak sangajo, sarupo pambantuakan populasi Parkit Pandeta lia di babarapo kota di [[Amerika Utara]] sasudah palarian inyo dari panangkaran.<ref>Spreyer, Mark F. (1998). [http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/322 "Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527144009/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/home |date=2020-05-27 }} ''The Birds of North America''. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.</ref> Babarapo spesies, tamasuak [[Kuntul Kabau]],<ref>Arendt, Wayne J. (1 January 1988). ''"Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret, (Bubulcus ibis) in the Greater Caribbean Basin"''. Colonial Waterbirds. 11 (2): 252–62.</ref> Karakara Kapalo-Kuniang<ref>Bierregaard, R.O. (1994). "Yellow-headed Caracara". Dalam Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott and Jordi Sargatal (eds.). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl''. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6.</ref> jo Kakatua Galah,<ref>Juniper, Tony (1998). ''Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World''. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6933-0.</ref> alah manyeba sacaro alami malampaui rantang asli inyo sabagai praktik agrikultural nan mambuek habitat baru inyo nan sasuai. == Ekologi == Sabagian gadang buruang manampati babagai lokasi dalam ekologi. Samantaro babarapo buruang umum nan lain manampati tampek nan kusus di [[habitat]]nyo atau badasa di mano latak jinih makanannyo barado. Bahkan di dalam sabuah habitat tunggal, sarupo [[hutan]], area iko bisa ditampekan dek babagai jinih buruang, jo babarapo spesies hiduik dalam utan kanopi, babarapo di bawah kanopi itu surang, sarato babarapo lainnyo dalam utan. Buruang nan hiduik di sakitar parairan umumnyo mancari makanan jo mamanciang, mamakan tanaman, jo mambajak makanan hewan lain. Buruang pamangso mangkususan diri pado baburu hewan atau buruang lain. Babarapo buruang nan mamakan sari bungo, baperan dalam panyabuakan bungo nan banyak buruang mamakan buahnyo juo punyo peran pantiang dalam panyebaran biji.<ref>Clout, M; Ha, J (1989). [http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol12_s_27.pdf "The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests"] (PDF). ''New Zealand Journal of Ecology''. 12: 27–33.</ref> Buruang-buruang panyerbuk acok saliang bagantuang jo badampiangan jo tumbuahan,<ref>Gary Stiles, F. (1981). "Geographical Aspects of Bird-Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden''. 68 (2): 323–51.</ref> jo dalam babarapo kasus kadang kejadian hanyo ado spesies buruang tatantu nan sampai ka dalam nektar jo hanyo marupokan panyerbuk primer/tunggal dari spesies bungo tatantu.<ref>Temeles, E; Linhart, Y; Masonjones, M; Masonjones, H (2002). [http://www.amherst.edu/~ejtemeles/Temeles%20et%20al%202002%20biotropica.pdf "The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length–Flower Length Relationships"] (PDF). Biotropica. 34 (1): 68–80.</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Aves|Buruang}} [[Kategori:Buruang|Buruang]] jhhjz5s0mvkzjxggrceivjfr1t4jdhi 0 324732 3353302 2463806 2026-10-24T10:07:06Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 3353302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geokimia''' adolah [[sains]] yang mangunoan prinsip jo teknologi bidang [[kimia]] untuak maaanalisis sarato manjalehan mekanisme di baliak sistem [[geologi]] sarupo [[kerak bumi]] jo [[Laut|lauik]] yang ado di atehnyo.<ref name="Introgeochem">{{cite book|title=Geochemistry: An Introduction|last=Albarède|first=Francis|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|isbn=0-521-81468-5|page=1|pages=|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=doVGzreGq14C&printsec=frontcover&dq=introduction+to+geochemistry&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HN5fT7juGsmu8AOl05mfBw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref> Cakupan geokimia malueh kalua geo ([[bumi]]), tamasuak saluruah sistem pergerakan bebatuan di [[tata surya]]<ref name="Cornell">{{cite book|title=Geochemistry (Unpublished)|last=White|first=William M.|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=|publisher=|location=|isbn=|page=1|pages=|url=http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/geo455/Chapters.HTML|accessdate=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616205643/http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/geo455/Chapters.HTML|archive-date=16 June 2014|dead-url=yes}}</ref> sarato punyo kontribusi pantiang dalam mamahami proses di baliak [[konveksi mantel]], pambentukan [[planet]], hinggo asa mulo bebatuan sarupo [[granit]] jo [[basal]].<ref name="Introgeochem" /> == Subbidang == Subbidang yang ado di geokimia adolah: * [[Geokimia isotop]], malibekan penentian konsentrasi relatif jo absolut dari suatu [[elemen kimia]] jo [[isotop]]nya di bumi sarato di permukaan bumi * [[Astrokimia]] maliputi analisis jo panyebaran elemen jo isotopnya di [[alam semesta]] * [[Biogeokimia]], bidang yang fokus pado studi efek kahidupan di bahan-bahan kimia yang ado di bumi * [[Geokimia organik]], mampalajari peran proses jo senyawa yang diturunan dari atau sabalunnyo yang marupoan makhluk iduik * [[Geokimia perairan|Geokimia parairan]], maliputi studi peran sajumlah elemen di dalam badan aia, sarato caronyo mangalami parubahan jumlah jo senyawa liwaik proses yang malibekan interaksi bumi-atmosfer-parairan. * [[Geokimia wilayah]] maliputi studi jo aplikasi geokimia di bidang [[lingkungan]], [[hidrologi]], sarato [[eksplorasi mineral]]. == Caliak pulo == * [[Petrologi]] * [[Tefrokronologi]] * [[Astrokimia]] == Bahan bacoan takaik == * Holland, H.D., & Turekian, K.K. (2004). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780080437514 ''Treatise on Geochemistry'']. 9 Volumes. Elsevier * Marshall, C., & Fairbridge, R. (2006). [http://www.springer.com/east/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=5-40109-22-33650945-0 ''Encyclopedia of Geochemistry''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102202455/http://www.springer.com/east/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=5-40109-22-33650945-0 |date=2007-11-02 }}. ISBN 1-4020-4496-8. Berlin: Springer. * Bernard Gunn: [http://www.Geokem.com ''The Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks''] * [[Gunter Faure]] (1986). ''Principles of Isotope Geology'', [[John Wiley & Sons]]. ISBN 0-471-86412-9 * H.R. Rollinson (1993), ''Using Geochemical Data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation'' ([[Longman]]). ISBN 978-0-582-06701-1 * W.M. White: ''Geochemistry'' ([http://www.imwa.info/geochemistry Free Download]) == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Geologi|state=expanded}} {{ilmu-stub}} {{kimia-stub}} [[Kategori:Geokimia| ]] [[Kategori:Geologi]] [[Kategori:Ilmu bumi]] 4ocbex1qmgdo8o1gvpizhiohhtadi3n 0 474519 3353301 3155674 2026-10-24T08:30:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 3353301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|0d|0D}} {{Other uses}} {{sadang karajo}}[[Berkas:Squarecubetesseract.png|ka|jmpl|400px|Dari kiri ke kanan, [[persegi (geometri)|persegi]], [[kubus]], jo bidang nan [[taserak]]. Parsagi dikaliliangi dek garih 1 dimensi, kubus dek bidang 2 dimensi, jo bidang taserak dek volum 3 dimensi. [[Proyeksi (aljabar linier)|Proyeksi]] kubus tajadi basobok batampilkan pado layia duo dimensi. Hal nan samo balaku pado nan taserak, nan hanyo dapek tacaliak sabagai proyeksi bahkan pado [[Ruang dimensi tigo|ruang tigo dimensi]].]] [[Berkas:Dimension levels.svg|ka|jmpl|400px|Diagram nan mancaliakan ampek dimensi ruang partamo.]] Pado [[fisika]] jo [[matematika]], '''dimensi''' atau '''matra''' dari suatu [[ruang]] atau [[objek matematika|objek]] sacaro informal dapek juo sebagai jumlah minimal [[koordinat]] nan dibutuhkan untuak manantuan [[titik (geometri)|titik-titik]] nan ado di dalamnyo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=4 |title=Curious About Astronomy |access-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111191053/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=4 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Dimension.html MathWorld: Dimension]</ref> Bilo, sabuah [[garis (geometri)|garis]] punyo dimensi basobok hanyo ciek koordinat nan dibutuahkan untuak manantuan suatu titiak di parmukaannyo (misalnyo titiak di garis angko 5).{{colend}} {{Commons+cat|Dimension|Dimensions}} {{Commons category-inline|Dimensions|{{PAGENAME}}}} {{Matematika-stub}} t80tl06lyqt9azp8abz4t9cj3k3eqrn 0 475014 3353303 3351608 2026-10-24T10:07:57Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 3353303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerakan 30 September''' (juo tanamo jo '''G30S''', dan singkatan takah '''Gestapu''' untuak Gerakan September Tiga Puluh, juo sacaro indak rasmi disabuik Gestok untuak Gerakan Satu Oktober) marupoan organisasi nan manyabuik diri sabagai anggota Angkatan Basanjato Republik Indonesia. Pado jam-jam awal 1 Oktober 1965, mareka mambunuah anam urang jenderal Tentara Indonesia dalam sabuah kudeta nan indak bahasil.<ref>"The assassination of generals on the morning of 1 October was not really a coup attempt against the government, but the event has been almost universally described as an 'abortive coup attempt,' so I have continued to use the term." {{Harvnb|Crouch|1978|p=101|Ref=none}}.</ref> Kudian pagiyo, organisasi itu manyatoan bahasonyo mereka manguasoi media jo saluran komunikasi sarato alah mambaok Presiden Soekarno ka dalam linduangannyo. Pado akhianyo, usaho kudeta gagal di Jakarta. Samantaro itu, di Jawa Tangah tajadi usaho untuak maambiak kontrol dari sabuah divisi tentara jo babarapo kota. Pado wakatu pambarontakan iko tajadi, duo urang perwira tinggi lai alah maningga. Pado hari-hari jo minggu-minggu barikuiknyo, tentara, kelompok sosial politik, jo agamo manyabuik dalang kudeta adolah [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] (PKI). Indak lamo kamudian, pambarasiahan massal balangsuang, nan maakibaikan banyak urang dipanjaro jo kamatian banyak anggota dari simpatisan PKI nan resmi atau dicurigai. Di bawah Orde Baru sampai kini, gerakan iko biasonyo disabuik sabagai "G30S/PKI" dek urang-urang nan mangaikannyo jo PKI, dan istilah iko juo kadang-kadang digunoan dek pamarentah kini.<ref name="ROOSA29">Roosa (2006) p. 29.</ref> Panyalidikan jo panalusuran terhadap kajadian-kajadian versi Suharto alah lamo dihalangi di Indonesia. Samantaro itu, Badan Intelijen Pusat (CIA) pado mulonyo picayo bahasonyo Soekarno manjadi pusek jalo,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol14no2/html/v14i2a02p_0001.htm THE LESSONS OF THE SEPTEMBER 30 AFFAIR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126010819/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol14no2/html/v14i2a02p_0001.htm|date=26 November 2020}}, ''CIA Library''</ref> babarapo temuan sumber lua manyabuik adonyo inkonsistensi jo lubang-lubang dalam klaim tantara, tarutamo Benedict Anderson jo Ruth McVey nan manulih Cornell Paper untuak manantangnyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1978/06/01/what-happened-in-indonesia/|last1=Anderson|first1=Benedict R.|last2=McVey|first2=Ruth|date=1 June 1978|title=What Happened in Indonesia?|journal=New York Review of Books|language=en|issn=0028-7504}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chan|first=Sewell|date=2015-12-14|title=Benedict Anderson, Scholar Who Saw Nations as 'Imagined,' Dies at 79|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/15/world/asia/benedict-anderson-scholar-who-saw-nations-as-imagined-dies-at-79.html|access-date=2021-12-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Investigations and questioning of [[Suharto]]'s version of the events were long obstructed in Indonesia. While the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) initially believed that Sukarno orchestrated all of it, several outside sources found inconsistencies and holes in the army claims, notably [[Benedict Anderson]] and [[Ruth McVey]] who wrote the [[Cornell Paper]] that challenged it. == Catatan kaki == <references /> ==Rujuakan== ===Sumber utamo=== *{{Citation | title = Selected Documents Relating to the 30 September Movement and Its Epilogue | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107134819 | journal = Indonesia | publisher = Cornell Modern Indonesia Project | place = Ithaca, NY | volume = 1 | pages = 131–205 | access-date = 20 September 2009 | doi = 10.2307/3350789 | jstor = 3350789 | issue = 1 | date = April 1966 | hdl = 1813/53385 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 31 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230731184846/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/52499 | dead-url = yes }} * The appendices of Roosa (2006) contain translations of two primary sources: a 1966 document by [[Supardjo]] and the 1967 court testimony of [[Kamaruzaman Sjam]]. Roosa also lists interviews he conducted which are archived at the Institute of Indonesian Social History in Jakarta. ===Secondary sources=== {{refbegin|40em}} *{{citation |language=id |editor-last=Alham |editor-first=Asahan |title=Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil |trans-title=In Another Person's Country: Poems By Exiled Indonesian Poets |publisher=Lontar Foundation |location=Jakarta |year=2002 |isbn=978-979-8083-42-6 }} * {{Citation | last1 = Anderson | first1 = Benedict R. | author-link = Benedict Anderson | last2 = McVey | first2 = Ruth T. | title = [[Cornell Paper|A Preliminary Analysis of the 1 October 1965, Coup in Indonesia]] | publisher = Cornell Modern Indonesia Project | location = Ithaca, New York | year = 1971 | series = Interim Reports Series | oclc = 210798 | isbn = 9780877630081 | name-list-style=amp | postscript = .}} * {{cite journal | last = Anderson | first = Benedict | author-link = Benedict Anderson | title = Petrus Dadi Ratu |trans-title= Killer Becomes King | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = II | issue = 3 | pages = 7–15 | publisher = New Left Review | date = May–June 2000 | url = http://newleftreview.org/II/3/benedict-anderson-petrus-dadi-ratu }} * {{Citation | last = Crouch | first = Harold | author-link = Harold Crouch | title = Another Look at the Indonesian "Coup" | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107128617 | journal = Indonesia | publisher = Cornell Modern Indonesia Project | place = Ithaca, NY | volume = 15 | pages = 1–20 | access-date = 18 September 2009 | doi = 10.2307/3350791 | jstor = 3350791 | issue = 15 | date = April 1973 | hdl = 1813/53554 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 31 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230731184846/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/52499 | dead-url = yes }} * {{Citation | last = Crouch | first = Harold | title = The Army and Politics in Indonesia | publisher = Cornell University Press | place = Ithaca, NY | year = 1978 | series = Politics and International Relations of Southeast Asia | isbn = 0-8014-1155-6}} * {{Citation |last = Curtis |first = Mark |author-link = Mark Curtis (British author) |year = 2003 |title = Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World |location = London |publisher = Vintage |isbn = 978-0-099-44839-6 }} * Fic, Victor M. (2005). ''Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup: 1 October 1965: The Collusion with China which destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia''. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. {{ISBN|978-979-461-554-6}} *{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYk3kQLoJiMC |title=State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging |isbn=978-0-415-37152-0 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |last1=Heryanto |first1=Ariel |author-link=Ariel Heryanto |year=2006 }} *{{citation |type=Paper delivered at the 17th Biennial Conference on the Asian Studies Association of Australia |title=Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics |url=http://arts.monash.edu.au/mai/asaa/davidhill.pdf |last=Hill |first=David |year=2008 |access-date=16 March 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327133705/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/mai/asaa/davidhill.pdf |url-status=dead |df=dmy }} * [[John Hughes (editor)|Hughes, John]] (2002), ''The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild'', Archipelago Press, {{ISBN|981-4068-65-9}} * Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. "MI6 Spread Lies To Put Killer in Power", ''[[The Independent]]''. (16 April 2000) * Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-destroyed-sukarno-1188448.html "How we destroyed Sukarno"], ''[[The Independent]]''. (6 December 2000) * {{Citation |author1=Lashmar, Paul |author2=Oliver, James | title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War | publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd | year=1999 | isbn=0-7509-1668-0}} * [[Nugroho Notosusanto]] & [[Ismail Saleh]] (1968) ''The Coup Attempt of the "30 September Movement" in Indonesia'', P.T. Pembimbing Masa-Djakarta. * Rafadi, Dedi & Latuconsina, Hudaya (1997) ''Pelajaran Sejarah untuk SMU Kelas 3 (History for 3rd Grade High School)'', Erlangga Jakarta. {{ISBN|979-411-252-6}} * [[Ricklefs, M.C.]] (1982) ''A History of Modern Indonesia'', MacMillan. {{ISBN|0-333-24380-3}} * {{cite book|last=Roosa|first=John|title=Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'État in Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/pretextformassmu0000roos|year=2006|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-299-22034-1}} * {{Citation |editor1-last = Schaefer |editor1-first = Bernd |editor2-last = Wardaya |editor2-first = Baskara T. | year = 2013 |title = 1965: Indonesia and the World |location = Jakarta |publisher = Gramedia Pustaka Utama |isbn = 978-9-792-29872-7 }} * {{Citation | last = Scott | first = Peter | title = The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967 | jstor = 2758262| journal = [[Pacific Affairs]] | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–264 |year= 1985 | doi=10.2307/2758262}} * Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975) ''30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 3 (1965–1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 3 (1965–1973))'' * Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1994) ''Gerakan 30 September Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Aksi dan Penumpasannya (The 30 September Movement/Communist Party of Indonesia: Bankgrounds, Actions and its Annihilation)'' {{ISBN|979-083-002-5}} *{{cite book |title=Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia |last1=Sen |first1=Krishna |first2=David T. |last2= Hill |year=2006 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |location=Jakarta |isbn= 978-979-3780-42-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMhWm38KQcsC }} *{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Bradley|title= Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960-1968|url=https://archive.org/details/economistswithgu0000simp|year=2008|publisher=Stanford University Press | location=Stanford, California }} * Sundhaussen, Ulf (1982) ''The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945–1967'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-582521-7}} * Wertheim, W.F. (1970) ''Suharto and the Untung Coup – the Missing Link'', Journal of Contemporary Asia I No. 1 pp 50–57 {{refend}} {{Pambantaian-stub}} [[Kategori:Sijarah Indonesia]] 61kdiwe5i2u1872t010uftrv3u4rnbj