စောဘဥူၐြဳ

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="mnw">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ</sitename>
    <dbname>mnwwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">မဳဒဳယာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">တၟေင်</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">ညးလွပ်</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">ဝှာင်</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">ဝှာင် ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">မဳဒဳယာဝဳကဳ</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">မဳဒဳယာဝဳကဳ ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">ထာမ်ပလိက်</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">ထာမ်ပလိက် ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">ရီု</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">ရီု ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">ကဏ္ဍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">ကဏ္ဍ ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">ပါင်မုက်</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">ပါင်မုက် ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">မဝ်ဂျူ</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">မဝ်ဂျူ ဓရီုကျာ</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>စောဘဥူၐြဳ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60494</id>
      <parentid>60274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T14:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pounsike Suvarnabhumi</username>
        <id>3416</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ပလေဝ်ပလေတ် သဒ္ဒါ</comment>
      <origin>60494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86047" sha1="5ee9pq75x31egpctzrq2t3ckvc6g19z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ &lt;br&gt;Saw Ba U Gyi
| native_name = စီၤဘၣ်အူကၠံ
| image =Saw Ba U Gyi.jpg
|image_caption =ဗီုရုပ် သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|10|07}}
| birth_place = ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဘဲဂရက်၊ ခရိုင်ဘာသီ၊ British Burma
| birth_name = စီၤဘၣ်အူကၠံ
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|08|12|1903|10|07}}
| death_place = ဗဒါဲကအ်ကြိက် ၂၅ တိုင်၊ 
| death_cause = မဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ
|monuments = ရုပ်တၟအ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် ဆိုဒ်မူတိုင် (ကအ်ခ္ဍး) ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဘာအင်၊
|education = Barrister at law
|alma_mater = Cambridge University, Magdalene College
|occupation = သၟာသၞောဝ်၊ သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် 
|nationality = ဂကူကရေင်
|known_for = က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်
|party = ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ
|spouse = 
* Renee Rose Kemp
* နော်မလေး
* နော်နဳတာ 
|awards =
|children = 
* Michael Theodors 
* Thelma Resa
* နော်ထီးမူ (ကောန် မလေး)
|honors =
|parents = စောသာမြတ်၊ နော်အေးနု
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ၊ ({{Lang-en|Saw Ba U Gyi}}, S'gaw Karen: စီၤဘၣ်အူကၠံ, Burmese: စောဘဦးကြီး [sɔ́ ba̰ ʔú dʑí]) (ၜံင် ၇ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၉၀၃၊ စုတိ ၁၂ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၅၀) ဝွံ ဒှ်က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ကေုာံ အာဇာနဲဂကူကရေင် မွဲရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Our Fallen Heroes&quot;, Karen National Union, Retrieved 23 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt;စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဘာတန်သမၠုင်တုဲ နူဍုင်မတ်မလီုတုဲ နူဂှ် အာတိုန် ဘာသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ နူဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်၊ ဘာတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၇၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;keenan&quot;&gt; Keenan, Paul (March 2008). &quot;Saw Ba U Gyi - Voice of the Revolution&quot; (PDF). ''Karen History and Culture Preservation Society''. Retrieved 23 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲတုဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် အင်္ဂလိက် မဒးပအပ် ဍုင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳဂမၠိုင် ကုညးဒေသတအ်ဂှ် ညးဂစာန်ကၠုင် ညံင်ဍုင်ကရေင် မၞုံကဵု အခေါင်ပကင်ရင်ကေတ်တ်မွဲ ဂွံမံက်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်သၞောဝ်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်ဗၟာဟွံကဵုအခေါင်တုဲ ဒးလုပ်ပေါဲဗတိုက် နကဵုလွဟ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၂ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၅၀ ဂှ် ညးဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;keenan&quot; /&gt; 

သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ ၜိုန်ရ စုတိအာ သၞာံကဝက်ဗွဝ်ကၠံရလေဝ် လညာတ်ဂၠံင်တရဴ သဝ်ဘဉူဂျဳဂှ် စဵုကဵုလၟုဟ် စၞောန်ဒၟံင်ဂၠံင်တရဴဂကူကရေင် ကေုာံ ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူဏီဖိုဟ်ရ၊၊ လညာတ်တအ်ဂှ်
# ဂလာန်မ္ဂး မဖျေဟ်လွဟ်ဂှ် ဆလအ်လေဝ် လ္ပသၟာန်ညိ၊၊ 
# ပရေင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဍုင်ကရေင် မၞုံကဵုအဝဵုဂှ် သ္ဒးကလိဂွံဟေင်ရောင်၊၊ 
# လွဟ်ဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးနွံ ပ္ဍဲတဲကရေင်တွဵုရောင်၊၊ 
# အခေါင်ကံကုသိုလ်ကရေင် ကရေင်ဒးဖန်ကေတ်တ်ရောင် (ဝါ) ဂၠံင်တရဴ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂှ် သ္ဒးကၠုင် နူပၟိက်ဆန္ဒဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊

==ပထမအဝဲ==
စောဘဥူၐြဳဝွံ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲသေဌဳတိဗ္ၚ ဂကူကရေင် အပါစောသာမြတ် မိနဝ်အေးနု ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဘဲဂရက်၊ ခရိုင်ဘာသီ၊ ရးဨရာဝတဳ ပ္ဍဲ ၇ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၉၀၃ ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ပၞောဝ်ကောဒေအ် သီုဖအိုတ် (၄) တၠဂှ် ညးဒှ် ကောန်တြုဟ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၜါ၊၊ အပါညး စောသာမြတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဆာန်ဂကူကရေင်မွဲတုဲ ဘာတန်သမၠုင် ကရေင်သကဝ် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဘာသီဂှ် ညးရီုဗင်ဒၟံင်တွဵုရ၊၊ နူကဵုဘာဆု ကွးဘာ တိုန်ဂွံ ၂၀၀၀ ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ဘာတိုက်ဂှ် ညးဂစာန်လဝ်ရ၊၊ စောဘဥူၐြဳ မံင်ဘာတန်သမၠုင်ကရေင်သကဝ် ပ္ဍဲဘာသီကီု သီုကဵု ဘာအင်္ဂလိက် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ ညးအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် ဘာတန်သမၠုင် နူဍုင်မတ်မလီု ပ္ဍဲဘာမေဿတာဝက်ဒက်ဝဖွန် အာတိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ်ကာမ်ဗရိဒ် (Cambridge University, Magdalene College) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ညးကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၁၇ သၞာံ ဟွံပေင်ဏီရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၂၈ ဂှ် ညးဘာတုဲ ကတဵုဒှ် သၟာသၞောဝ်မွဲရ၊၊ ကရောမ်ညးဂှ် ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး စောဖေသာလေဝ် အာတိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲအေန်ဂလာန်ကီုရ၊၊ နူဂှ် တၞဟ်နဂွံဒှ် သၟာသၞောဝ် အလုံမွဲ အေန်ပါယာဗြိတိန်တုဲ ဆက်တိုန် ပ္ဍဲဘာ မိဒ်ဒလ် တိမ်ပလေ (Middle Timple)ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉ ဂှ် ညးဂွံဒှ် တၠပညာသၞောဝ် (Bardister at law) မွဲရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်မတိုန်ဒၟံင်ဘာဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၆ဂှ် ညးစှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကု ရေနေ ရောသ် ကေမ် (Renee Rose Kemp) ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma&quot;&gt;အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ စောဘဦးကြီး အလဵုဇကု ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး Thelma မချူလဝ်&lt;/ref&gt; ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ကောန်တြုဟ်မွဲ ကဵုလဝ်ယၟု Michael theodors ကဵု ကောန်ဗြဴမွဲ Thelma Resa ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံမၜံင် ကောန်ဗြဴဂှ် ညးဘာအာစိုပ်ဒတုဲတုဲ ညးတအ် ကလေင်စဴကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာရ၊၊ ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး စောဖေသာလေဝ် စှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုညးဗြဴဂကူသကတ် (Jean) ကီုတုဲ ညးတအ်လေဝ် စဴကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mernthein&quot;&gt; Free Karen News, မန်းထိန်ဝင်းစိန်၊ ကရင်အမျိုးသားအာဇာနည် စောဘဦးကြီး&lt;/ref&gt;

စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကလေင်စိုပ် ဍုင်ဗၟာတုဲ ညးပံက်ရုင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဘာသီ နဒဒှ်တၠပညာသၞောဝ်မွဲရ၊၊ အတိုင်လညာတ်Thelma မဒှ်ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး မဟီုမ္ဂး အစာဝင်လ္ၚဵုမချူလဝ် ညးပါလုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲအလဵုအသဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၇ ဂှ်ကီု မကေင်တိုန်လဝ် တက္ကသိုလ်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ်ကီု၊ သၞာံမၜံင် ၁၉၀၅ ဂှ်ကီု ဟွံဍာံရ၊၊ Thelmaဟီု စောဘဥူၐြဳဝွံ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဒးစိုတ် ပရေင်ဝေင်ဓတ်တုဲ ဍိုက်ချေဟ်ကီု၊ ၜိင်ဍာ်ကီု၊ တက်ဂေါပ်ကီု သီုကဵု ဝေင်တေအ်ဗဝ်ဂှ် ဒးဂၞပ်ကွေဟ်ရ၊၊ နဒဒှ် ဝေင်ဓတ်ဂှ် သီုကဵု ဝေင်လက်ပၠုဲကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma1&quot;&gt;အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ စောဘဦးကြီး အလဵုဇကု ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး Thelma မချူလဝ် &quot;ပါးပါးကတော့ ပုသိမ်မြို့မှာ ရုံးခန်းဖွင့်ပြီး အမှုလိုက်ပါတယ်။ သူ့ရုံးခန်းဟာ အလွန်ကျော်ကြား တဲ့ ကရင် ခေါင်းဆောင် ဆရာဝန်ကြီး ဆာဒေါက်တာ စံစီဖိုး(Sir DR San C.Po) (Saw Crombe Po) ရဲ့ ဆေးခန်းနဲ့ ကပ် ရက်ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ သူ့ရက်ရည်ရွယ်ချက်အတိုင်း ကရင်လူမျိုးတွေအတွက် အဓိက ထား အကျိုးဆောင်ခဲ့ပါတယ်။ နိုင်ငံရေးလုပ်ဖို့လုံး၀ စိတ်မပါခဲ့ပါဘူး။ အချို့တွေ ဖေါ်ပြတဲ့(၁၉၃၇)ခုနှစ် မှာ သူဟာ အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ဝင်ဖြစ်ခဲ့တယ် ဆိုတဲ့အချက်ဟာ မမှန်ပါဘူး။ ရန်ကုန်တက္ကသိုလ်မှာ ပညာသင်ခဲ့ တယ်ဆိုတာ လုံး၀ မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။ (၁၉၀၅)ခုနှစ် မှာ မွေးတယ်ဆိုတာလဲ မှားပါတယ်။ သူဟာ အားကစား သမားကောင်းတယောက် ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ မြင်းစီးကျွမ်း ကျင်တယ်။ ရေကူးလည်းကောင်းတယ်။ ဂေါက်သီး ကစားတာကို အလွန်နှစ်သက်ပါတယ်။ ကရင်အမျိုးသား ဘောလုံးအသင်းမှာ ပါဝင်ကစားခဲ့တယ်။ သမီး တယောက်အနေနဲ့ အားကစားဘေးကွင်းကနေ သူ့ကို အားပေး ခဲ့တာကို မှတ်မိနေတုန်းပါပဲ။ အိမ်ထဲ မှာ အားကစားခန်းလုပ်ပေးထားတယ်။ ကိုယ်ခံပညာတတ်တယ်။ အန်တီ အစ်ကို ကို လက်ဝှေ့သင်ပေး တယ်။&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

အပါညး စောသာမြတ်ဂှ် ကၠာပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ညိဂှ် စုတိသၠိင်အာ ဘဝပလိုက်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma&quot; /&gt; ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ ညးဒးပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂၠိုင်ရ၊၊

==အခိင် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယ==
ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ အလန်ဒုတိယ ကတဵုဒှ်ဂှ် ပၞာန်ဂျပေန် လုပ်ကၠုင်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ကရောမ်ကောန်ဂကူအင်္ဂလိက်တအ်ဂှ် သမ္ဘာညးကဵု ကောန်ညးဂှ် ဒဴတိတ်အာ အိန္ဒိယ နူဂှ် စိုပ်အာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ၊၊ အခိင်သမ္ဘာကဵု ကောန်ဇာတ်တအ် တိတ်အာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ဂှ် ညးဟွံမဲ ပ္ဍဲဘာသီ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သီုဟွံဒှ်ဆဵုရေင်သကအ် ဆၜိုတ်မကလိဂွံလိက်ဟေင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;mernthein&quot;/&gt; 

ဂျပေန်စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာတုဲ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳကြပ်အိုတ် သၞာံ ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဘဳအာင်အေ သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်ဘာသီရ၊၊ ဘဳအာင်အေသီဂွံဍုင်တုဲ ပကၠုင်သၞ လတူဂကူကရေင်တုဲ အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာ စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအဓိကဵုဂှ် ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်၊ ညးမအာတိုန်လဝ်ဘာ ကရောမ်စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပ္ဍဲအေန်ဂလာန် စောဖေသာ မဒှ်ဒၟံင်ဝန်ဇၞော်မွဲတၠ ပ္ဍဲကဵုခေတ်ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ BIA တအ် ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် ညးကီု သီုကဵု သမ္ဘာJeanကီု သီုကဵု ကောန်ခဒေအ်ညး ဒံက်ဂလေသ် Dauglas ဗွဲမဓဇန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မြံင်မြရ၊၊ ဆကောန်တြုဟ်ညး မွဲတၠဓဝ်ရ ဒြေပ်ဗၠးတုဲ ဟွံဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်ကဵုဗၟာ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma2&quot;&gt; အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ စောဘဦးကြီး အလဵုဇကု ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး Thelma မချူလဝ် &quot;(စောဖေသာ ဟာ ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်တွင်းက ဝန်ကြီးအဖွဲ့ဝင်တဦးဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ သူနဲ့သူ့ရဲ့ ဇနီးသားသီးတွေဟာ သခင်တချို့ရဲ့နောက်လိုက်တွေရဲ့ရက်ရက်စက်စက် သတ်ဖြတ်တာ ခံခဲ့ရတယ်။ သူရဲ့ သားတဦးဘဲ လွှတ် မြောက်သွားပါတယ်။ ကရင်-ဗမာအဓိဂရုဏ်းရဲ့အစပိုင်းဖြစ်ပါ တယ်။&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mernthein&quot;/&gt; အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာဂှ် ဂကူကရေင် ဒးချိုတ်အာ ၁၈၀၀ ပြင်င်၊ ကွာန်ကရေင် ၄၀၀ ပြင်င် ဒးဒုင်စံင်ထောအ်ရ၊၊ နကဵုအလဵုဇကု ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဘဳအာင်အေ ၜိုတ်မတီစရင်မ္ဂး ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် ဂကူကရေင် ၁၅၂ တၠရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt; Martin Smith, ဆူပူအုံကြွမှု နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

သွက်ဂွံပသောင်ပြသၞာ အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကရောမ်မွဲစွံ ကုက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင် ဒံက်တာ စံစီပိုး၊ မန်းရွှေထွန်းကြာ၊ မန်းဘခင်၊ ဒေါက်တာဖိုးဒီလုံး၊ ဒေါက်တာဒွေးတအ်ဂှ် ပါလုပ်ကၠောန်တုဲ အာဆဵုကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဗၟာတအ်ရ၊၊ 

ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ စုက်လုက် ကု နော်မလေးတုဲ စှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကလိဂွံကောန်ဝုတ်မွဲ ထီးမူ ရ၊၊ ကြဴညိပၠန် ညးစှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုနော်နဳတာ၊၊ နော်နဳတာဂှ် ဒှ်ဗြဴ ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး၊ ကာလဒေအ်ညး စုတိအာတုဲ ဟိုတ်နူမမံင်မွဲစွံတုဲ ဗွဲကြဴ စှ်ေအာ ဒၞာဲရေင်သကအ် နကဵုဗဗွဲဓဝ်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref name=&quot;sinkye&quot;&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ် [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]&lt;/ref&gt;ဂျပေန်ဒးဒြေပ်တိတ် နူဍုင်၊ အင်္ဂလိက် ကလေင်လုပ်ကၠုင်ပၠန်ဂှ် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင် ဓလိုက်ကတဵုကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ဂကူကရေင် ညးတၠပညာဂမၠိုင် ဗီုကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင် (Karen Central Organisation- KCO) မွဲရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂှ် စောသာဒင် ဒှ်ဥက္ကဌတုဲ မန်းဘခင် ဒှ်ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ၊ ဆရာသာထို ဒှ် ဖက်ဆောညးအုပ်ကာနာနာတုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကေင်ကာ (၈)တၠဂှ်ရ၊၊ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၅ ဂိတုဂျောန် ၂၆ ဂှ် ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်မွဲရ၊၊ ကြဴနူဂှ်ညိ ဂကောံဂကူကရေင်နာနာသာ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;sinkye&quot; /&gt;

==အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကရေင် နူအလဵုအသဳ အင်္ဂလိက်==
သၞာံ ၁၉၄၅ ဂှ်ရ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် (၁၅) ဂှ် ဂျပေန် လလောင်တြး ဒုင်ကျပၞာန်တုဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲအာရ၊၊ ပၞာန်တုဲမ္ဂး ဒးကဵု သၠးပွး ကုဍုင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳတအ်ရောင် အတိုင်လိက်ကသုက်အာတာလာန်တိက်ဂှ် ဖန်ဇန်ကၠုင်ရောင်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုင်တီဒၟံင်ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် (၁၉)ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဂွံ ကေတ်ဗၠးၜးမွဲစွံ ဗီုဂွံကေတ် ဗၠးၜးဂှ် သွက်ဂွံ ချပ်ဂၞန်ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူဗၟာ (ဖဆပလ)တအ် ကၠောန်သဘင်ကောံဓရီု＂နေသူရိန်＂ရ၊၊ နူကဵု ကောံဓရီုဂှ် ရုဲစှ်လဝ် ဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု (၃၆) တၠ၊ ပ္ဍဲဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင် မန်းဘခိုင်၊ စောဘဥူးၐြဳ ကဵု ဆရာသာထိုတအ် ပါလုပ်ကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၇၀၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

နူကဵု ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင်တအ်လေဝ် ကောံဓရီု ပ္ဍဲ သ္ၚိဂၞန်(၅) ဂၠံင် ဦးလူနီလမ်း ပွိုင်ဍုင် ကြည်မြင်တိုင် နူအံက်တဝ်ပါ (၁) စဵုကဵုစိုပ် အံက်တဝ်ပါ (၃)တုဲ အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်အရာဂကူကရေင် နူသၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် (၅)တင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၇၁၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

# ကာလကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် အလဵုအသဳတၟိ (ဘုရင်ခံအမှုဆောင်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့) မ္ဂး ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ညံင်ဂွံလုပ် (၃) တၠ၊၊
# ညံင်ဂွံခပတိုန် ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင်၊၊
# ညံင်ဂွံခပတိုန် မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဘုတ်ဍုင်ဗၟာသီုဖအိုတ်၊၊
# သေနာတ် မနွံပ္ဍဲတဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မဂွံလဝ် အခေါင်တအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဆက်ကဵုအခေါင် စဵုကဵု သဘင်ရုဲမာဲတုဲ၊၊
# ညံင်ဂွံ ခပတိုန် တၠပညာသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲရုင်သၞောဝ်ဓဝ်သၠုင်အိုတ်၊၊

သွက်ဂွံ ပအပ်ဍုင်ဗၠးၜး ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဒဝ်နာသမေတ် ကလေင်စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ၊၊ ကမၠောန်မကဵု ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးဂှ် ဆဵုဂဗ ရေင်သကအ် လတူက္ၜင် (HMS Cumberland) ရ၊၊ နူကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞး ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း၊ သခင်သန်းထွန်း၊ ဦးဘဘေ၊ ဦးဆက်၊ ဆာမောင်ကြီး၊ ဦးဘဦး၊ ဦးပု၊ စောဆစ်ဒနဳလူနီ၊ ဦးဘသန်း၊ ဦးဘိုးဗျော့၊ ဦးဘကလေး၊ ခန်းမဟာဒူးနှိုက်ကွာရား ကေုာံ ဦးခူအိခွက် တအ် ပါလုပ်ရ၊၊ စောဆစ်ဒနီလူနီဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်စၞး နူကဵု ဂကောံဗဟဵုကရေင်ရ၊၊

နူကဵုကရေင်ဂှ် အာတ်မိက် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၈၆-၈၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;
# ကရေင်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူမလုပ်စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာ နူတမ်မူလတေအ်ရတုဲ သ္ဒးနွံကဵု အခေါင်မမင်မဲ ယေန်သၞာင် အခိုက်ကၞာဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊
# ဂကူကရေင်ကဵု ဂကူဗၟာဂှ် အခေါင်အရာ သ္ဒးတုပ်ရောင်၊၊
# ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ဂျပေန် မလုပ်ကၠုင်ဂှ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဂကူကရေင် ပရေင်ဂီုကၠီုဟွံမဲဂှ်တုဲ ကရေင်တအ် သ္ဒးနွံကဵု အခေါင်ဂီုကၠီုရောင်၊၊
# အနာဂတ်ဂကူကရေင် ဂွံတန်တဴ ဗွဲဂီုကၠီုမာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ဒၞာဲတၞဟ်ခြာ အခေါင်ကရေင် တန်တဴကေတ်တ် သ္ဒးနွံရောင်၊၊
# ဒေသဒၞာဲတၞဟ်ခြာ သွက်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် ရးတၞင်သဳ၊ ခရိုင် ညောင်လေးပင် ကေုာံ ဒေသပယျဵုနိမိတ် အကြာဍုင်သေံကဵု ဍုင်တအ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးဒက်ပ္တန်ကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင် ဒေသကုန်ဒဵု ပံင်ကောံ (ညီညွတ်သော တောင်တန်းဒေသ ကရင်ပြည်နယ်)၊ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဗီုဏအ်မာန်ဟေင် ဂကူကရေင် မနွံပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ကဆံင်ပရေင်မၞိဟ်မသဝ်ဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဗိုင်ရီုဗင် ထ္ၜပတိုန်ကဵုမာန်ရောင်၊၊

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ အကြာသၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဒဝ်နာသမေတ် ကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞးဖဆပလ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းဂှ် သွဟ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဟွံကလိဂွံရ၊၊ သၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဟွံဒးဂၞပ် လတူရဲဝါဒတဲပါဲ ဗီုကဵု ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတအ်တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ညးရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ်ဝါဒတဲပုင်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် အလဵုအသဳရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံအလဵုအသဳဂှ် မၞိဟ်နူ ဂကောံဗဟဵုကရေင် မန်းဘခင် ဂွံဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်တအ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး ဗွဲကြဴ ဖဆပလတအ် ဒစဵုဒစးတုဲ သၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဒဝ်နာသမေတ် ကလေင်စဴအာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဖဆပလ ဂွံစိုပ်ဒၞာဲ အလဵုအသဳရ၊၊

စပ်ကဵု အခေါင်အရာ ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံသဳကၠဳ ကုအလဵုအသဳဗြိတိန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၆ ဂိတုဂျူလာင် ၂၉ ဂှ် စောသာဒင်၊ စောဆစ်ဒနီလူနီ၊ စောဘိုးချစ် ကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳတအ် တိတ်အာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ၊၊ ရဲဂကောံဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကဵု ဝန်ဇၞော်ပ္ဍဲနန် မေဿတာအက်တလဳ (နန်းရင်းဝန် မစ္စတာအက်တလီ)ရ၊၊ ဟီုဂး ပရူ ဗီုကရေင် ကဵု အင်္ဂလိက် မဒှ်ကၠုင်မိတ် ရေင်သကအ်၊ ညံင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဟွံကၠဟ်စွံလဝ်ကရေင် ကဵုဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် ချပ်ဂၞန်ရေင်သကအ်ရ၊၊ နူကဵု ညးစၞးကရေင်တအ် ဟီုအာတ်မိက် ＂ဗီုကဵု ဂကူတၞဟ်တအ် မိက်ဂွံ ပါ်တိတ် နူအေန်ပါယာ ဗြိတိန်ဂှ် ဂကူကရေင်ညးတအ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊၊ ဒေသကရေင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဆက်မံင်အာ သၟဝ်အေန်ပါယာဗြိတိန်ပၠန် ဟွံဂွံဟာ၊၊＂ မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ဟီုတိုန်တုဲ မေဿတာအက်တလဳဂှ် မုဟွံဟီုမွဲသာ် ကျောဝ်နာဍဳ ပ္ဍဲတဲတုဲ ＂အဲဒးအာ ကောံဓရီုတၞဟ်နွံမံင်၊၊＂ဂးတုဲ ကတဵုတိတ်အာ နူကဵုကောံဓရီုဂှ်ရ၊၊ ဗွဲကြဴနူဂှ်ညိ မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူဗၟာ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း စိုပ်အာ အေန်ဂလာန် ဆဵုဂဗ ကုမေဿတာအက်တလဳ သွက်ဂွံ ကေတ်ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လၟေင်ကမၠောန် မကဵုဗၠးၜးဍုင်ဗၟာ မကော်ဂး လိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလီ မာန်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၉၂-၉၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် နကဵုအင်္ဂလိက် သွက်ဂွံကဵု ဍုင်ဗၠးၜး ကုဍုင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳတအ် ပြဟ်ဟ်ဟေင် စိုတ်ဇၞော်ဒၟံင်ဂှ် ကၠးဒၟံင်ရ၊၊

စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၆ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ်ဂှ် ကလေင်ရုဲစှ် ကံင်သဳသၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက်တၟိ (ဘုရင်ခံကောင်စီအစိုးရအဖွဲ့)ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် ဝန်ဇၞော်မွဲတၠကီုရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုကံင်စဳဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဖဆပလတအ် ဂွံပါလုပ်ဂၠိုင်တုဲ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းဂှ် ဂွံဒှ် ဒုဥက္ကဌ ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၉၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

၁၉၄၆ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၈ ဂှ် ဂကောံကရေင်ကမၠောန် မပ္တံကဵု ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင်၊ ဂကောံကရေင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ၊ ဂကောံသၟတ်ကရေင်တအ် ပကောံဓရီုတုဲ ဒဒှ်ရ ဂကူကရေင် ဒးကေတ် ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးတၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ရ၊၊ ညံင်ရဴဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ (၁၇-၂၃)ဂှ် ဂကူဗၟာ ကေုာံ ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တၞဟ်တအ် ပသဘင်သဳကၠဳပ္ဍဲကျာ်လ္ဂုင် ပဇ္ဇရးလဒေါဝ် (ရွှေတိဂုံအလယ်ပစ္စယံ)ကီုရ၊၊ ဂိတုဂတဂှ် ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ (၄-၆) မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင်ဂမၠိုင် ကလေင်ပကောံဓရီုတၟိပၠန်တုဲ ဖျေဟ်ဏာ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် (၄) တင် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၉၉၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

# ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော် (ရာထူးဝန်အဖွဲ့)ဂှ် ဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးပါရောင်၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲဒေသ ဂကူကရေင်မပဒတဴတအ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးခကဵု သ္ဍာဲဒဴဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊
# ဂကူကရေင် မပေင်အာယုက် (၁၈)တုဲ အခေါင်စုတ်မာဲ သ္ဒးနွံရောင်၊၊
# သွက်ဂကူ ဘဝဂွံဂီုကၠီု ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တုဲ သ္ဒးဒက်ပ္တန်ကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာရောင်၊၊

အသိင်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဇၞော်တိုန်ဒၟံင်ကွေဟ်ဟ်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ (၅-၇)ဂှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ဂကူကရေင်မွဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ မၞိဟ်တိုန်စိုပ် ၜိုတ်ၜါလ္ၚီပြင်င်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် ဂကောံဗဟဵုကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကဵု ဂကောံသၟတ်ကရေင် ၜါပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဂကောံပံင်ကောံမွဲ မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု ဗော်သွးပံင်ကောံ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကေအေန်ယူ (Karen National Union - K.N.U)ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံပံင်ကောံတၟိဂှ် စောစံဖိုးသင် (မေဂျာစံဖိုးသင်) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဥက္ကဌတုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒုဥက္ကဌရ၊၊ တင်အဓိက မချပ်ဂၞပ် ပ္ဍဲသဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် အတိုင် လၟေင်ကမၠောန် လိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳ ဂှ် နကဵုဂကူကရေင် ပါလုပ်ထေက် ဟွံထေက်ရ၊၊ သွဟ်သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် လလောင်တြးပတိတ်ဏာ အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၀-၁၀၂၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

(၁) ရံင် နကဵုတင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်တအ်ဏအ်တုဲ နူကဵုသဘင်သဳကၠဳ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဒစဵုဒစး လတူလိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳ ရ၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(က) ပ္ဍဲ မၞိဟ်စၞး လပါ်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် ဆမွဲတၠကီု ဟွံဂွံပါလုပ်၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ခ) ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂကူကရေင် အောန်လောန်အာ၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ဂ) ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကသုက်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ဆက်တန်တဴအာအခေါင်နွံဂှ် ဟွံကၠးဖ္ဍး၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ဃ) ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် မအာတ်မိက်ဒၟံင် သွက်ဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကသုက်ဂှ် ညိဟွံပါ၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ၚ) ပ္ဍဲအရာမဆုက် လိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳဂှ် ပွမကဵုသမ္တီ၊ ပွမချပ်ဂၞန် ကုက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ဟွံမဲလဝ်၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(စ) ရံင်နကဵု တင်ဗွဲလတူဝွံတုဲ စဵုကဵုစိုပ် သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုမာတ် ၃ ယဝ်ရ ဟွံကလေင်မိင် နူကဵု ဂကောံဝန်နန်ဍုင်ဗဳလာတ် (အလဵုအသဳအင်္ဂလိက်) မ္ဂး နကဵုဂကူကရေင် ဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ဒစဵုဒစး လတူ သဘင်ရုဲမာဲ သွက်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင်ရောင်၊၊&lt;br&gt;

(၂) အတိုင်မအာတ်မိက်လဝ် ဗွဲလတူဝွံ ယဝ်ရပါလဳမာန်ဗဳလာတ်/လာန်ဒါန် စဵုကဵုစိုပ် ဂိတုမာတ် ၃ ဂှ် ဟွံကလေင်ကဵုသွဟ်မ္ဂး စောဘဥူၐြဳ ညးမဒှ် ဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲကံင်သဳအလဵုအသဳဂှ် နဒဒှ် မထ္ၜးဆန္ဒတုဲ နုက်တိတ် နူကဵုဂကောံအလဵုအသဳရောင်၊၊

အတိုင်မအာတ်မိက်ဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံတုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ နုက်တိတ် ထောအ်ဂကောံအလဵုအသဳ၊ နကဵုကရေင် ဒစဵုဒစး ဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ကုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကရေင် နူအလဵုအသဳဗၟာ==
နူကဵု ဗော်သွးပံင်ကောံဂကူကရေင် ကေအေန်ယူ မၞိဟ် (၉) တၠ သွက်ဂွံ ပညဳပညပ် ကိစ္စဂကူကရေင်တုဲ အာဆဵု ကဵုဝန်ဇၞော်မဆေင်ကဵုဍုင်ဗၟာတုဲ အာတ်မိက်ဏာ အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၄၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

# ဒၞာဲဒေသ ခရိုင်အင်စိင်၊ ဗဂေါ၊ သာယာဝတဳ၊ ဖျာပုင်၊ ထဝါဲ ကေုာံ ဗိက်တအ် မဟွံဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဒၞာဲဆန္ဒမာဲတၞဟ်ခြာ သွက်ဂကူကရေင်ဏီတအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသွက်ပေါဲရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံစွံကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် (၁၇) တၠ၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲဂကောံအလဵုအသဳ ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးပါလုပ် (၂၅﹪) ရောင်၊၊
# ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် မဒၟံင်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ညံင်သဂွံဆက် စွံအာ၊၊
# သွက်ဂွံ ဒက်ပတန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် နကဵုမူ သ္ဒးကဵုလဝ် တင်တုပ်စိုတ်ရောင်၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲကဵု စက်ယန်ပကင်ရင်ဍုင် ပ္ဍဲဌာနနာနာတအ်ဂှ် နကဵုဗၞတ်လၟိဟ် (အချိုးအစာအလိုက်)ဂှ် သ္ဒးခပတိုန်ကဵု ဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊
# သွက်ပေါဲရုဲမာဲဂှ် စရင်အင် လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဍာံဍာံ သ္ဒးကေတ်လဝ်ရောင်၊၊

စိုပ်ကဵု တင်မအာတ်မိက်လဝ် ဗွဲလတူတေအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၈ ဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် စောစံဖိုးသင်၊ အာဆဵု ကု မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ညးမဒှ်ဒုဥက္ကဌ ဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း ဒုင်ဆဵုရ၊၊ ကရောမ်ဂှ် ဝန်ဇၞော် မဆေင်ကဵုဂကူကရေင်ၜါ မန်းဘခိုင် ကဵု စောဘဦးကြီးလေဝ် တိုန်စိုပ်ကီုရ၊၊ အခိင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင် ကၠာညးဟွံဂွံ နုက်တိတ် နူဝန်ဇၞော်ဏီရ၊၊ တင်အာတ်မိက်သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် တင်သွက်ဂွံဆက်စွံအာ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ကဵု တင်လက္ကရဴအိုတ် ကေတ်စရင်လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဆၜါတင်ဏအ်ဟေင် ဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ဒုင်တဲရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုကေအေန်ယူ ကော်ကောံဓရီုကာမံက်တိုန် ဗွဲမပြဟ်ရ၊၊ နူကဵုကောံဓရီုဂှ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် အတိုင်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်တြေံ မဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ကုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင် ကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳ နုက်တိတ် နူဝန်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ဆက်ဖျေဟ်ဏာ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ပၠန်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၅၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဒက်ပ္တန် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်==
သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဨပြဳ ၂၀ ဂှ် ကေအေန်ယူ ကော်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ကာမံက်တိုန် မွဲပၠန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင် ဆရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင် အလန်ပထမ ကၠောန်လဝ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဨပြဳ (၉) ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသဘင်သဳကၠဳဗော်ဂှ် စၞးစောစံဖိုးသင်ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် ဥက္ကဌ ကေအေန်ယူ ရ၊၊ တုဲပၠန် နကဵု ကေအေန်ယူ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် (K.N.D.O) မွဲရ၊၊ မန်းဘဇန် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မကေတ်တာလျိုင် ပရေင်စဵုဒၞာဂကူရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၆-၁၀၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt; 

နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် တင်အာတ်မိက် (၅) တင် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ အာတ်မိက်ဏာရ၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲအရာ မကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် ကေုာံ အခေါင်ကံကုသိုလ်ကရေင် ကရေင်ဖန်ကေတ်တ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရ ဂကူကရေင်မွဲမွဲ ဒးဒုင်ဂိအာမ္ဂး ဒှ်အရာတာလျိုင် မဆေင်ကဵု အလုံမွဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ရောင်ဂှ် စွံစိုတ်ရ၊၊
# မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် မဒုင်ရုဲစှ် ပ္ဍဲသဘင်ရုဲမာဲ သွက်ကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်မဒှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကူကရေင်ဇေတ်တ် ဟွံသေင်တုဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် စုတ်ကဵုမာဲရောင်ဂှ် လ္ပစှ်ေစိုတ်ညိ၊၊
# အတိုင်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ မနုက်တိတ် နူကဆံင်ဝန်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ပတိုန်ဏာ ဂုဏ်စရာဲ၊၊ အတိုင်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ဟွံလုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲစှ်မာဲ ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ်ကီု ကုကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ညးဟွံစုတ်မာဲတအ်ကီု ပတိုန်ဏာ ဂုဏ်စရာဲရ၊၊ 
# နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဏအ် သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန်အာ ဗော်ပၠတရဴကောန်ဂကူမန်ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်ဏာ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ရ၊၊ 
# လိက်ပရိုင် လၟေင်သတ္တဟ သွက်ဂွံချူလညာတ် ကေုာံ ရမ္သာင်ကေအေန်ယူဂှ် တက်ပ္တိတ်အာရောင်၊၊ 

တင်လလောင်တြး လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် လိက်လၟေင်ပရိုင် နကဵုယၟု ＂သုဝဏ္ဏတိုင်း＂ဂှ် တက်ပ္တိတ်အာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဨပြဳ (၁၆) ဂှ် ဒက်ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ရ၊၊ 

ၜိုန်ရ သဘင်သဳကၠဳကရေင် လလောင်တြးလဝ် ဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ကုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲဂှ်ကီုလေဝ် ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်လ္ၚဵု ဒုင်ရုဲစှ်တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ် ၂၄ တၠရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၁၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကရေင် နကဵုဒြဟတ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်==
သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဂျူလာင် ၁၉ ဂှ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း ကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂမၠိုင် ဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ပ္ဍဲရုင်ဝန်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ စၞးအောင်ဆန်းဂှ် ဥူနု ဆက်ကေတ်အာ တာလျိုင်အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ရ၊၊ ဝန်ဇၞော်စၞးဂကူကရေင် မဒးဒုင်ချိုတ်အာ ကရောမ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း မန်းဘခိုင်ဂှ် မန်းဝင်မောင် ဆက်ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုအံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၄ ဂှ် ကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင် ကလေင်စပံက်ပၠန်တုဲ ဥပဒေသဇိုင် လဒက်ပတန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ (မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ) ဂှ် ဒှ်အာဒတန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဥပဒေသဇိုင်ဂှ် အခေါင်အရာ ဂကူကရေင်ကီု၊ ဂကူမန်ကီုဂှ် ဗွဲတၞဟ်ခြာ ဟွံမဲရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ နကဵုနဲကဲ မအာတ်အခေါင်အရာ ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ဂှ် ဂၠံင်အိုတ်အာရ၊၊ 

သွက်ဂွံ ဆက်အာတ်မိက်အာ အခေါင်အရာကရေင်ဂှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳကေန်အေန်ယူ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ နကဵုမရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံပံင်ကောံ ကလိဂွံဒြဟတ် နူဂကူမန်တုဲ ရုဲစှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုဒှ်မာန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် မၞိဟ်တိုန်စိုပ် ၇၀၀ ပြင်င်တုဲ သီုဘိက်ပၟိင်လဝ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ဂကူမန်ဂမၠိုင်ကီုရ၊၊ နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် ပဏာပတန် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊

# ဥပဒေသဇိုင် လဒက်ပတန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ မပလဝ်ဒတန်လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူမၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင်ဇေတ်တ် ဟွံပါလုပ်တုဲ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင် ဟွံဒုင်တဲ၊၊
# တၞဟ်နမဂွံဓဇက်ချူ စဳပၞောန်ဥပဒေ ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန် မဒက်ပ္တန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် ပအပ်ကဵု တာလျိုင် ကုဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု၊၊
# ဗီုအခက်အခုဲ မစိုပ်ကဵု ဒက်ပ္တန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ဒးကဵုသမ္တီ ကုဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊၊
# နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဝွံ ကဵုဏာသမ္တီ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ထံက်ဂလာန် လတူ ဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု (ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ)၊၊
# ရးတၞင်သဳ သီုကဵု ခရိုင်တံင်ငူ၊ ခရိုင်အင်စိင်၊ ခရိုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ ကေုာံ ခရိုင်ညောင်လေးပင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာ၊၊
# ဥပဒေအပြောမ် မကဵုဒုဟ်ဒဏ် ကုညးမရပ်လွဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံပလီုကဵု၊၊
# အလာံမစကာဒၟံင်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် နဒဒှ် အလာံကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် ပဒတန် စၟတ်သမ္တီအာ၊၊

ပ္ဍဲကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် ရမ္သာင်ဂမြဴ ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ကြဵုဇာတဴအိုတ်ရ၊၊

# တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် ကဵုပြဟ်ဟ် ကဵုပြဟ်ဟ်၊
# ပ္ဍဲအပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဟွံမဲပၟိက် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊
# အဓိကဵုကောန်ဂကူ ဟွံမဲပၟိက် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊
# ကရေင်မွဲဒကေဝ် ဗၟာမွဲဒကေဝ်ဂှ် ထ္ၜးပြဟ်ဟ် ထ္ၜးပြဟ်ဟ်၊၊ 

အတိုင်လၟေင်ကမၠောန် လိက်ကသုက်အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳဂှ် ဆက်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်တုဲ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ (၄)ဂှ် ဍုင်ဗၟာကလိဂွံအာ ဗၠးၜး နူဗြိတိန်ရ၊၊ အလဵုအသဳပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာ အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ဗၟာ (ဖဆပလ) ရ၊၊ တ္ၚဲယးဂတးဂှ် ကရေင်တအ် ဆက်လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ကရေင်ဂှ် ဂကူဂကူသၟတ် (Tribe/မျိုးနွယ်စု) ဟွံသေင်၊ ဒှ်ဂကူ (Nation/လူမျိုး) မွဲဂကူရ၊၊ ဂတဂှ် မွဲဂိတုဂှ် စပ်ကဵု သွက်ဂွံ ကဵုတွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ ပတိုန်လိက် အာတ်မိက် အလဵုအသဳဖဆပလရ၊၊ တုဲဂှ် ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ (၁၁) ဂှ် နကဵုဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ အာဂတတုဲ ညံင်ဂွံဗၟံက်ကဵု တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒအိုတ်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၁၈-၁၂၀၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ဂိတုမာတ် (၃-၅)ဂှ်လေဝ် ဆက်ကၠောန် သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မွဲဝါပၠန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသဳကၠဳအလန်ဏအ်ဂှ် 

# ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဆက်စွံအာ၊၊
# လွဟ်သေနာတ် မနွံကဵု လာင်ဇြေန်တအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံသီကေတ်၊၊
# က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကရေင်ဍာဲ ဖျေဟ်ဏာသ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဟွံဆက်ပံင် ကုဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ထံက်ဂလာန်ပေင်င်၊၊

ညံင်ရဴ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကောန်ဂကူမန်တအ် မအာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကောန်ဂကူကီု၊ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် အကြာက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဗၟာကဵုဗၟာ လညာတ်တၞဟ်ခြာတုဲ ဗော်ကောန်မျူနေတ်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ၁၉၄၈ ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၈ဂှ် ရပ်လွဟ်တုဲ တိတ်ဂြိုပ်ရ၊၊ 

ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် သၟဝ်ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူဂှ် စချဳဓရာင်ကၠုင်ကီုရ၊၊ ဒပ်ရာ်ဖေဝ်ကရေင် (Karen Rifles) ကဵု ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကရေင် (Karen Arms Police)တအ်လေဝ် ပံင်ကောံ ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ ဒှ်ကၠုင် ဗီုပြင် ပဋိပက္ခ အကြာဂကူဗၟာ ကဵု ဂကူကရေင်ရ၊၊ ညံင်ဟွံဂွံဒှ်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကရေင်တအ် ဒုင်ဂုဏ် အာတ်မိက် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ်ရ၊၊

==ပၠန်ဂတး နကဵုလွဟ်==
ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် ဒြဟတ်ဇၞော်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ နကဵုနဲကဲ ပရေင်အာတ်မိက်ကေတ် နကဵုနဲကဲၜိုဟ်ဟ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဗော်ကေန်အေန်ယူ မပတံကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳတအ် ဆက်ဂစာန်ဒၟံင်ဖိုဟ်ကီုလေဝ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူ သွဟ်ဟွံမံက်၊ ဗၟာ ဟွံဗက်ကဵု ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒ ဂကူကရေင်တအ်တုဲ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ၜိုတ်လဒေါဝ်ဂှ် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် နကဵုလွဟ်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ နကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် လုပ်သီကေတ် တိုက်ဘဏ္ဍာ (အလဵုအသဳ) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် အိမ္မဲ၊ မအူပင်တုဲ စိုပ်ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် (၃၀) လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဍုင်သဓီုရ၊၊ သေတ်တေန်ဘာ (၁) ဂှ် ပံင်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်မန်တုဲ လုပ်သီဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၈) လုပ်သီ ဍုင်ရွှေကျင် ကဵု ဍုင်ကျောက်ကြီး၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၁၀) သီဍုင်မော်လမြိုင်ကျွန်း၊ ကျိုက်ပိ၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၂၂) ဍုင်တောင်ကြီး၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၂၃) ဍုင်လွယ်ကော်၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၂၄) ဍုင်လွယ်လင်တအ် လုပ်သီကေတ်ရ၊၊ 

သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၁၇-၁၈)ဂှ် ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳဗော် ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန်ကံင်သဳကရေင် ဍုင်ဘာသီရ၊၊ နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ဏာ အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊

* ဂကူမန် ကဵု ဂကူကရေင်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူဘဝတုပ်တုဲ မန် ကဵု ကရေင် ညးမွဲကုမွဲ ဒးရီုဗင် ရေင်သကအ်ဂှ် ထံက်ဏာဂလာန်ပေင်င်၊၊ 
* ဟိုတ်နူအကာဲအရာ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ပရေအ်စှ်ေဒၟံင် ရိုဟ်ဒဒှ်တ္ၚဲတုဲ သွက်ဂီုကၠီု ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရအာတ်မိက်ကၠုင်မ္ဂး ဗွဲမပြဟ် ကဵုဏာ အရီုအဗင်ရောင်၊၊ 
* သွက်တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာ ဂွံမံက်ကၠုင်မာန်ဂှ် နကဵုဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်လဵု ဟွံဟီု သွက်ညဳသၟဟ်အလုံဂကူဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဆက်ပံင်တောဲအာရောင်၊၊ 
* အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု အရာမဆောံလေင် ပရေင်ဗၠးၜးဍုင်ဗၟာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဗမံက်ပတိုန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ်ရ ပရေင်ဆဝ်မ္ၚုဟ် ကဆောက်ကတဵု ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် အဓိကဵုဂကူဂှ် ဒစဵုဒစးအာပေင်င်၊၊
* ပ္ဍဲအရာ မဗပေင် ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂှ် နကဵုနဲကဲ မဟွံစှ်ေကဵု နဲကဲဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳဂှ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊၊ 
* စပ်ကဵု ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ဍုင်ကွာန်ဂှ် နကဵုကေအေန်ယူ မိက်ဂွံပါလုပ်ကၠောန် ပေင်င်ရောင်၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၂၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

ၜိုန်ရ နကဵုကေအေန်ယူ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် အာတ်မိက် ညံင်ဟွံဂွံချဳဓရာင် နကဵုပရေင်ပၞာန်ဏီကီုလေဝ် နကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် သၠုင်ပတိုန် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင်ရ၊၊ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မနွံပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်အလဵုအသဳတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် တိတ်ပံင်တောဲ ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်ကီုရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဂကူကရေင် နွံပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်ဍုင်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်သီထောအ်လွဟ်၊ ဒးဒုင်ပဒေါအ်ဇူ နူပၞာန် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် (သၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁ ဂှ် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်စမစ်ဒွန်း ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဒပ်အလဵုအသဳဂှ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုင်ဖျေဟ်ထောအ် နူတာလျိုင်တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ခပတိုန် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်နေဝင်း နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်သကပၞာန် (စစ်ဦးစီးချုပ်)ရ၊၊ အလဵုအသဳဗၟာ ပအပ်တာလျိုင် ကုဗိုလ်ချုပ်နေဝင်း အခေါင်စကာ ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်ပေင်င်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံပသောင်ဗတိုက် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်ဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု ဒပ်ကရေင်တအ်ရ၊၊ အရာဏအ်ဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု သွက်ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဂွံကတူဂၠိုင်တိုန်တုဲ နကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် စလးကၠုင် မုက်ပၞာန်သီဍုင်ဂှ် သၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂ ဂှ် သီဂွံအာ အင်စိင် (ဗဒါဲလ္ဂုင်)ရ၊၊ ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကရေင် တမ်ဒပ် (၁) ပ္ဍဲတံင်ငူဂှ် ပံင်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်တံင်ငူ၊ ဖြူး၊ အုတ်တွင်း၊ ထန်းတပင်တအ်ရ၊၊ ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကရေင် မနွံပ္ဍဲဘာသီလေဝ် ပံင်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဘာသီကီုရ၊၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တမ်ဒပ် (၂) နွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ပြန်ဂှ်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် နူအင်စိင် ဇက်တိုန်ပၞာန် သွက်ဂွံအာသီ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအကြာဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ကဵု ဂိတုမေဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကဵု ဒပ်ကောန်မျူနေတ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ လုပ်သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်မိတ္ထိလာ၊ မေ ကေုာံ မာန္တလေရ၊၊ ညံင်ရဴသာ်ဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲရးတၞင်သဳ၊ ရးဨရာဝတဳ ကေုာံ တွဵုရးသေံတအ်လေဝ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ဆက်သီအာဒၟံင်ရ၊၊ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၁၆ ဂှ် သီဂွံ ဍုင်ဒိုက်ဦး၊ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၁၈ ဂှ် သီဂွံ ရမည်းသင်း၊ ဍုင်ပျော်ဘွယ်လေဝ် သီဂွံအာကီုရ၊၊ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀ ဂှ် နူပျော်ဘွယ် ဆက်ဇက်အာ မိတ္ထဳလာတုဲ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၁ ဂှ် သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်မိတ္ထဳလာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲမိတ္ထဳလာဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တအ် သီဂွံက္ၜင်ကျာၜါဖ္ဍိုက် ပ္ဍဲ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၁ ဂှ်ရ ဒပ်ကရေင် သီဂွံအာ သီဍုင်မေတုဲ သီရပ်ဂွံ ဗိုလ်မှူဗၟာ ထွန်းစိန်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၃၂-၁၃၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

အကာဲအရာမဒှ်ဒၟံင် ဗီုဏအ်ဂှ် ဝန်ဇၞော်ဥူနု အာတ်မိက် သွက်ဂွံကေတ်ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံရ၊၊ ညးဗလးနင် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကေုာံ မန်းဂျိမ်ထွန်းအောင် ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်စၞးအလဵုအသဳ သွက်ဂွံအာ ဆဵုကု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ပ္ဍဲအင်စိင်ရ၊၊ ညးတအ် စိုပ်အင်စိင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဨပြဳ ၄ ရ၊၊ ဨပြဳ (၇) ကလိဂွံ တင်တုပ်စိုတ် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံရ၊၊ တင်တုပ်စိုတ် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် 

# ကုညးမတိတ်ဂြိပ် ရပ်လွဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရဖျေဟ်လွဟ် လုပ်ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်မ္ဂး နကဵုအလဵုအသဳ သၠးကဵုဒုဟ်ဒဏ်ဂမၠိုင်ရောင်၊၊
# ကောန်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တြေံ ညးမတိတ်အာဂြိပ်တအ်ဂှ် ကလေင်စဴကၠုင်မ္ဂး ကဵုပရိုင် ကုကမ္မတဳကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ညိ၊၊
# လတူကောန်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ညးမတိတ်အာဂြိပ် အရာမဒးဒုင်ဂိလေဝ်တအ်ဂှ် နူကဵု ကမ္မတဳကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ဒးချပ်ကဵုဒၞာဲရောင်၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ကီု ပ္ဍဲကဵု အကြာညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကီု ကရေင် ကေုာံ ဂကူတၞဟ် ပါ်ခြာတုဲ ဆက်ဆောံဟွံဂွံ၊ ဒးကဵု အခေါင်တုပ်ပ်ရောင်၊၊
# သွက်ဂီုကၠီု ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ အရာၜိုတ်မၞုံပၟိက် ဗွဲမစှ်ေသၞောတ်ဂှ် ဒးဖန်ဇန်ကဵုရောင်၊၊

တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် ဗွဲလတူတအ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်အဓိက ပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် စောဟန်တာသာမွှေး ကဵု မန်းဘဇန်တအ် ကလေင်သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠိပ်တုဲ တင်လတုပ်စိုတ်ဝွံ ဟွံဒှ် တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလံ၊ ဒှ်တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် သွက်ဂွံဖျေဟ်လွဟ်ဟေင်ရ ဂးတုဲ ဟွံဒုင်တဲရ၊၊ သွက်ဂွံ ကလေင်သဳကၠဳပၠန်ဂှ် နူကဵု အလဵုအသဳ ကော်ဘိက် အလဵုဇကု မန်းဘဇန် သွက်ဂွံအာဆဵု ကုအလဵုအသဳ ဖဆပလရ၊၊ 

ဟိုတ်ကရေင် မဒးဒုင်ဆုတ်တိတ် နူအင်စိင်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ (ပြည်သူ့ရဲဘော် - ရဲဘော်ဖြူ၊ ရဲဘော်ဝါ) မဒစဵုဒစးကဵု အလဵုအသဳတအ် လုပ်ကေတ်ထောအ် ဒၞာဲအင်စိင် သြင်မွဲလပါ်ဂှ်တုဲ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဍိုက်ဗတိုက်တုဲ ဒးကရာပ် အကြာဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာၜါရ၊၊ နူကဵုလပါ်အလဵုအသဳဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ချေင်တမ်ဒပ် (၁)၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ရာက်ဖေဝ် တမ်ဒပ် (၅)၊ ဒပ်U.M.P၊ ဒပ်LEVY၊ ဒပ်ကွးဘာတက္ကသိုလ်လ္ဂုင်တအ် ပါလုပ်တုဲ နကဵုပၞာန်ကျာကီု ပ္ဍဲတိုက်ပၠန် ကာခြပ်ပၞာန်၊ ဒပ်အမၠံက် ဍိုက်ဗတိုက်တုဲ ကရေင်ဒးဆုတ်တိတ်အာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအင်စိင်ဂှ် ကရေင်သီဂွံလဝ် သီုဖအိုတ် ၁၁၁ တ္ၚဲရ၊၊ လပါ်အလဵုအသဳဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဒးချိုတ်ကီု သီုကဵုဒးဝပ် မသုန်လ္ၚီပြင်တုဲ လပါ်ကရေင်ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဒးချိုတ် ၁၈၀ တၠ၊ မၞိဟ်ဒးဝပ် ၈၀၀ ပြင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၅၁-၁၅၅၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် အလဵုအသဳကဝ်ထူလဳ==
ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် နုက်တိတ် နူအင်စိင်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ကေအေန်ယူ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ဆဵုဂဗ ရေင်သကအ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် ကြာအင်းဇောင်း ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုဂှ် ပါ်ကရေက်တာလျိုင် ကေုာံ တိဍာ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ၊၊ တိဍာ်မပါ်ဂှ် တိဍာ်ရးဨရာဝတဳ ကဵု တိဍာ်လပါ်ဗမံက် ပါ်ထောအ်ၜါကရေက်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ဨရာဝတဳဂှ် စောဟန်တာသာမွှေ ကဵု မန်းဘဇန် ကေတ်တာလျိုင်တုဲ တိဍာ်လပါ်ဗမံက် ရးတံင်ငူဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကေုာံ စောစန်းကေတအ် ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ရ၊၊ စနူဂှ်တုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပြံင်အာ ဖျေဟ်ဇိုင် ပ္ဍဲထန်းတပင်၊ နူထန်းတပင်ဂှ် စိုပ်အာ တံင်ငူရ၊၊ ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဂျောန် ၁၄ ဂှ် ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ ဒက်ပ္တန်အလဵုအသဳကရေင် မကော်ဂး ဂကောံအလဵုအသဳကဝ်ထူလဳ (Kaw Thooli Governing Body /ကော်သူးလေအစိုးရ)ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ လုပ်ကေတ်တာလျိုင် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံအလဵုအသဳကဝ်ထူလဳ နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၅၆၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

စိုပ်သၞာံၜိုတ် ၁၉၅၀ လပါ်စဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန် လပါ်အလဵုအသဳ ရာန်ကေတ် လွဟ်မကမ် နူကဵုဍုင်အန္ဒိယတုဲ ဒြဟတ်စဇၞော်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေန်ပါဂှ် ဒၞာဲဗဒိုပ်ဒပ်ကရေင်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ဒုတိယ မနွံပ္ဍဲ လှည်းကူး (စာဗူးတောင်း)ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳ သီဂွံအာရ၊၊ ဍုင်တံင်ငူဂှ်မွဲရ နကဵုဍုင် ဒပ်ကရေင် ဆက်ပကင်ရင်ဒၟံင်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်ဂိတုမာတ်ဂှ် ဍုင်တံင်ငူလေဝ် စိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်တဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာကီုရ၊၊ 

သၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ အခိင်တမ်သၞာံ ဗြဲစစှ်ေတိဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ သွက်ကလိဂွံ အရီုအဗင် နူဍုင်မ္ၚးတုဲ ဂစာန်တိတ် နူဒေသတံင်ငူရ၊၊ ညးတိတ်ဂွံ ၜိုတ် (၇) တိုင်ဂှ် စုက်ကဵု ပၞာန်ဗၟာတုဲ ဒှ်ပေါဲဗတိုက် ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ ကောန်သ္ဂံင်ညးမွဲ စကောမောလေး ဒးပြဟ်လလုဲအာရ၊၊ ဂိတုဂျူလာင်သတ္တဟပထမဂှ် ညးတအ် စိုပ် ဖါပွန်၊ စိုပ်ဖါပွန်တုဲ ဂျူလာင် ၁၇-၁၈ ဂှ် ကၠောန်ကောန်ဖရေန်ဖါပွန်ရ၊၊ နူကဵု ကောန်ဖရေန်ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပတိတ်မူ (၄) တင်

# ဂလာန်မ္ဂး မဖျေဟ်လွဟ်ဂှ် ဆလအ်လေဝ် လ္ပသၟာန်ညိ၊၊ 1. For us surrender is out of the question.
# ပရေင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဍုင်ကရေင် မၞုံကဵုအဝဵုဂှ် သ္ဒးကလိဂွံဟေင်ရောင်၊၊ 2. The recognition of Karen State must be complete.
# လွဟ်ဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးနွံ ပ္ဍဲတဲကရေင်တွဵုရောင်၊၊ 3. We shall retain our arms.
# အခေါင်ကံကုသိုလ်ကရေင် ကရေင်ဒးဖန်ကေတ်တ်ရောင် 4. We shall decide our own political destiny.

==ကၞောတ်ဘဝ==
ကောန်ဖရေန်ဖါပွန်တုဲ တၞဟ်နကလိဂွံ အဆက် ကုဍုင်သအာင်တုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကေုာံ မၞိဟ် (၉) တၠ သွက်ဂွံအာ ဍုင်က္ၜင်ကံက်ဂှ် တိတ်အာရ၊၊ အခိင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်အာ အခိင်ဗြဲဇၞော်ရတုဲ အာပြဟ်ဟ်ဟွံဂွံ၊၊ တ္ၚဲဂှ် ဒှ်တ္ၚဲဂိတုသြဂေတ် (၁၂) ပ္ဍဲအခိင် မတပ်အာဒၟံင်ကဵု ကွာန်ထို့ကောကိုး (Htoo Kaw Koe)၊ ပရူဒဒှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ မအာဍုင်က္ၜင်ကံက် ကေုာံ ဂၠံင်တရဴညးမအာဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ကလိဂွံလဝ် ပရိုင်ကၠးကၠးတုဲ အောပ်မင်ဒၟံင်တုဲ ပန်တုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဒးပြဟ်လလုဲအာ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ၊၊ ကရောမ်ညးဂှ် စောစန်းကေ၊ အစာဓရ် မဿဗေကာ (Baker) တအ်လေဝ် ဒးပြဟ်လလုဲအာကီုရ၊၊ ပရူဒဒှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ မဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ်ဂှ် ပြးအာ အလုံမွဲဂၠးတိတုဲ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပရိုင်ဂၠးတိဇၞော်ဇၞော် ဗီုကဵု The Times တအ်လေဝ် ချူပတိုန်ကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၆၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;ဇွစောဘဥူၐြဳဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ကေတ်နင် အာစွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲရုင်ဂဥုဲမတ်မလီုတုဲ ထ္ၜးကဵု အစာပရိုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၆၆၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==အဆက်ကြဴ==
စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပြဟ်လလုဲအာတုဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီညး နဒဒှ် အာဇာနဲမွဲတုဲ ကၠောန်ကၠုင် တ္ၚဲစၟတ်သမ္တီ ညးမပြဟ်လလုဲအာ နဒဒှ် တ္ၚဲအာဇာနဲကရေင် ရ၊၊ ရုပ်တၟအ်ညးဂှ် ပစူစွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဆိုဒ်မူတိုင်၊ (ဗဒါဲကွာန်ကအ်ခ္ဍး) ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဘာအင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲညးမပြဟ်လလုဲပေင် ၆၈ ဂှ် ပံက်အသေအဟာန်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;[https://burma.irrawaddy.com/ ဨရာဝတီသတင်း]၊ ဉာဏ်စိုးဝင်း (12 August 2018) [https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2018/08/12/166462.html စောဘဦးကြီး၏ ကျောက်ရုပ်တုကို ကရင့်အာဇာနည်နေ့တွင် ဖွင့်လှစ်] (14.08.2019)&lt;/ref&gt; သွက်ဂွံ စွံရုပ်တိုင်ညး ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကျာ်ပိဂှ်လေဝ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခရိုင် ဒူးပလာယာ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဝင်ယောဂှ်လေဝ်ကီု ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဒဵုကၠုင် နူကဵုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာတအ်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;[https://burma.irrawaddy.com/ ဨရာဝတီသတင်း]၊ ကျော်ခ (5 February 2018) [https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/ethnic-issues/2018/02/05/151143.html စောဘဦးကြီး ရုပ်တု စိုက်ထူခွင့်မရ၍ KNU စိတ်ပျက်] (14.08.2019)&lt;/ref&gt;

စပ်ကဵုမစၟတ်သမ္တီ စောဘဥူၐြဳ နဒဒှ် အာဇာနဲကရေင်ဂှ် နကဵုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာ (အလဵုအသဳဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ) ကၟာတ်လဒဵု ညံင်ဟွံဂွံ စကာ မအရေဝ် ＂အာဇာနဲ＂တုဲ ကုညးမကၠောန်သဘင်တ္ၚဲအာဇာနဲကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၂ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ ညးပိတၠ သီုကဵု [[နဝ်အုမ်လှ|ဒေါ်နော်အုံးလှ]] ဒးဒုင်ရပ် နကဵုဒုဟ် မပကောံမၞိဟ် ပိုဒ်ဇၞော် ၂၀ (ငြိမ်းစုစီပုဒ်မ၂၀) ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;RFA, Burmese; 27 sept. 2019 [https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/police-free-nawohnhla-04232019074303.html နော်အုံးလှ အပါအဝင် သုံးဦးကို ဖမ်းဆီးတာ အစိုးရရဲ့ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးလုပ်ငန်းစဥ်ကို သံသယဝင်စေတယ်လို့ KNU ပြော]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;RFA Burmese;29-09-2019; ကရင္အာဇာနည္ေန႔ ဦးေဆာင္က်င္းပခဲ့တဲ့ ေဒၚေနာ္အုန္းလွ ဖမ္းဆီးခံရ&lt;/ref&gt;

==နိဿဲ==

[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]
[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:ဂကူကရေင်]]</text>
      <sha1>5ee9pq75x31egpctzrq2t3ckvc6g19z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>60495</id>
      <parentid>60494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T14:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pounsike Suvarnabhumi</username>
        <id>3416</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ပလေဝ်ပလေတ် ဗီုပြင်</comment>
      <origin>60495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86047" sha1="ste8uktqwz42s6rkvskc2qr836xkvf4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ &lt;br&gt;Saw Ba U Gyi
| native_name = စီၤဘၣ်အူကၠံ
| image =Saw Ba U Gyi.jpg
|image_caption =ဗီုရုပ် သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|10|07}}
| birth_place = ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဘဲဂရက်၊ ခရိုင်ဘာသီ၊ British Burma
| birth_name = စီၤဘၣ်အူကၠံ
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|08|12|1903|10|07}}
| death_place = ဗဒါဲကအ်ကြိက် ၂၅ တိုင်၊ 
| death_cause = မဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ
|monuments = ရုပ်တၟအ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် ဆိုဒ်မူတိုင် (ကအ်ခ္ဍး) ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဘာအင်၊
|education = Barrister at law
|alma_mater = Cambridge University, Magdalene College
|occupation = သၟာသၞောဝ်၊ သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် 
|nationality = ဂကူကရေင်
|known_for = က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်
|party = ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ
|spouse = 
* Renee Rose Kemp
* နော်မလေး
* နော်နဳတာ 
|awards =
|children = 
* Michael Theodors 
* Thelma Resa
* နော်ထီးမူ (ကောန် မလေး)
|honors =
|parents = စောသာမြတ်၊ နော်အေးနု
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ၊ ({{Lang-en|Saw Ba U Gyi}}, S'gaw Karen: စီၤဘၣ်အူကၠံ, Burmese: စောဘဦးကြီး [sɔ́ ba̰ ʔú dʑí]) (ၜံင် ၇ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၉၀၃၊ စုတိ ၁၂ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၅၀) ဝွံ ဒှ်က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ကေုာံ အာဇာနဲဂကူကရေင် မွဲရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Our Fallen Heroes&quot;, Karen National Union, Retrieved 23 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt;သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ ဘာတန်သမၠုင်တုဲ နူဍုင်မတ်မလီုတုဲ နူဂှ် အာတိုန် ဘာသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ နူဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်၊ ဘာတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၇၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;keenan&quot;&gt; Keenan, Paul (March 2008). &quot;Saw Ba U Gyi - Voice of the Revolution&quot; (PDF). ''Karen History and Culture Preservation Society''. Retrieved 23 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲတုဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် အင်္ဂလိက် မဒးပအပ် ဍုင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳဂမၠိုင် ကုညးဒေသတအ်ဂှ် ညးဂစာန်ကၠုင် ညံင်ဍုင်ကရေင် မၞုံကဵု အခေါင်ပကင်ရင်ကေတ်တ်မွဲ ဂွံမံက်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်သၞောဝ်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်ဗၟာဟွံကဵုအခေါင်တုဲ ဒးလုပ်ပေါဲဗတိုက် နကဵုလွဟ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၂ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၅၀ ဂှ် ညးဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;keenan&quot; /&gt; 

သဝ်ဘဥူဂျဳ ၜိုန်ရ စုတိအာ သၞာံကဝက်ဗွဝ်ကၠံရလေဝ် လညာတ်ဂၠံင်တရဴ သဝ်ဘဉူဂျဳဂှ် စဵုကဵုလၟုဟ် စၞောန်ဒၟံင်ဂၠံင်တရဴဂကူကရေင် ကေုာံ ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူဏီဖိုဟ်ရ၊၊ လညာတ်တအ်ဂှ်
# ဂလာန်မ္ဂး မဖျေဟ်လွဟ်ဂှ် ဆလအ်လေဝ် လ္ပသၟာန်ညိ၊၊ 
# ပရေင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဍုင်ကရေင် မၞုံကဵုအဝဵုဂှ် သ္ဒးကလိဂွံဟေင်ရောင်၊၊ 
# လွဟ်ဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးနွံ ပ္ဍဲတဲကရေင်တွဵုရောင်၊၊ 
# အခေါင်ကံကုသိုလ်ကရေင် ကရေင်ဒးဖန်ကေတ်တ်ရောင် (ဝါ) ဂၠံင်တရဴ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂှ် သ္ဒးကၠုင် နူပၟိက်ဆန္ဒဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊

==ပထမအဝဲ==
စောဘဥူၐြဳဝွံ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲသေဌဳတိဗ္ၚ ဂကူကရေင် အပါစောသာမြတ် မိနဝ်အေးနု ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဘဲဂရက်၊ ခရိုင်ဘာသီ၊ ရးဨရာဝတဳ ပ္ဍဲ ၇ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၉၀၃ ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ပၞောဝ်ကောဒေအ် သီုဖအိုတ် (၄) တၠဂှ် ညးဒှ် ကောန်တြုဟ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၜါ၊၊ အပါညး စောသာမြတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဆာန်ဂကူကရေင်မွဲတုဲ ဘာတန်သမၠုင် ကရေင်သကဝ် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဘာသီဂှ် ညးရီုဗင်ဒၟံင်တွဵုရ၊၊ နူကဵုဘာဆု ကွးဘာ တိုန်ဂွံ ၂၀၀၀ ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ဘာတိုက်ဂှ် ညးဂစာန်လဝ်ရ၊၊ စောဘဥူၐြဳ မံင်ဘာတန်သမၠုင်ကရေင်သကဝ် ပ္ဍဲဘာသီကီု သီုကဵု ဘာအင်္ဂလိက် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ ညးအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် ဘာတန်သမၠုင် နူဍုင်မတ်မလီု ပ္ဍဲဘာမေဿတာဝက်ဒက်ဝဖွန် အာတိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ်ကာမ်ဗရိဒ် (Cambridge University, Magdalene College) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ညးကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၁၇ သၞာံ ဟွံပေင်ဏီရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၂၈ ဂှ် ညးဘာတုဲ ကတဵုဒှ် သၟာသၞောဝ်မွဲရ၊၊ ကရောမ်ညးဂှ် ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး စောဖေသာလေဝ် အာတိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲအေန်ဂလာန်ကီုရ၊၊ နူဂှ် တၞဟ်နဂွံဒှ် သၟာသၞောဝ် အလုံမွဲ အေန်ပါယာဗြိတိန်တုဲ ဆက်တိုန် ပ္ဍဲဘာ မိဒ်ဒလ် တိမ်ပလေ (Middle Timple)ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉ ဂှ် ညးဂွံဒှ် တၠပညာသၞောဝ် (Bardister at law) မွဲရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်မတိုန်ဒၟံင်ဘာဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၆ဂှ် ညးစှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကု ရေနေ ရောသ် ကေမ် (Renee Rose Kemp) ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma&quot;&gt;အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ စောဘဦးကြီး အလဵုဇကု ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး Thelma မချူလဝ်&lt;/ref&gt; ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ကောန်တြုဟ်မွဲ ကဵုလဝ်ယၟု Michael theodors ကဵု ကောန်ဗြဴမွဲ Thelma Resa ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံမၜံင် ကောန်ဗြဴဂှ် ညးဘာအာစိုပ်ဒတုဲတုဲ ညးတအ် ကလေင်စဴကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာရ၊၊ ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး စောဖေသာလေဝ် စှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုညးဗြဴဂကူသကတ် (Jean) ကီုတုဲ ညးတအ်လေဝ် စဴကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mernthein&quot;&gt; Free Karen News, မန်းထိန်ဝင်းစိန်၊ ကရင်အမျိုးသားအာဇာနည် စောဘဦးကြီး&lt;/ref&gt;

စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကလေင်စိုပ် ဍုင်ဗၟာတုဲ ညးပံက်ရုင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဘာသီ နဒဒှ်တၠပညာသၞောဝ်မွဲရ၊၊ အတိုင်လညာတ်Thelma မဒှ်ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး မဟီုမ္ဂး အစာဝင်လ္ၚဵုမချူလဝ် ညးပါလုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲအလဵုအသဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၇ ဂှ်ကီု မကေင်တိုန်လဝ် တက္ကသိုလ်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ်ကီု၊ သၞာံမၜံင် ၁၉၀၅ ဂှ်ကီု ဟွံဍာံရ၊၊ Thelmaဟီု စောဘဥူၐြဳဝွံ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဒးစိုတ် ပရေင်ဝေင်ဓတ်တုဲ ဍိုက်ချေဟ်ကီု၊ ၜိင်ဍာ်ကီု၊ တက်ဂေါပ်ကီု သီုကဵု ဝေင်တေအ်ဗဝ်ဂှ် ဒးဂၞပ်ကွေဟ်ရ၊၊ နဒဒှ် ဝေင်ဓတ်ဂှ် သီုကဵု ဝေင်လက်ပၠုဲကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma1&quot;&gt;အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ စောဘဦးကြီး အလဵုဇကု ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး Thelma မချူလဝ် &quot;ပါးပါးကတော့ ပုသိမ်မြို့မှာ ရုံးခန်းဖွင့်ပြီး အမှုလိုက်ပါတယ်။ သူ့ရုံးခန်းဟာ အလွန်ကျော်ကြား တဲ့ ကရင် ခေါင်းဆောင် ဆရာဝန်ကြီး ဆာဒေါက်တာ စံစီဖိုး(Sir DR San C.Po) (Saw Crombe Po) ရဲ့ ဆေးခန်းနဲ့ ကပ် ရက်ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ သူ့ရက်ရည်ရွယ်ချက်အတိုင်း ကရင်လူမျိုးတွေအတွက် အဓိက ထား အကျိုးဆောင်ခဲ့ပါတယ်။ နိုင်ငံရေးလုပ်ဖို့လုံး၀ စိတ်မပါခဲ့ပါဘူး။ အချို့တွေ ဖေါ်ပြတဲ့(၁၉၃၇)ခုနှစ် မှာ သူဟာ အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ဝင်ဖြစ်ခဲ့တယ် ဆိုတဲ့အချက်ဟာ မမှန်ပါဘူး။ ရန်ကုန်တက္ကသိုလ်မှာ ပညာသင်ခဲ့ တယ်ဆိုတာ လုံး၀ မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။ (၁၉၀၅)ခုနှစ် မှာ မွေးတယ်ဆိုတာလဲ မှားပါတယ်။ သူဟာ အားကစား သမားကောင်းတယောက် ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ မြင်းစီးကျွမ်း ကျင်တယ်။ ရေကူးလည်းကောင်းတယ်။ ဂေါက်သီး ကစားတာကို အလွန်နှစ်သက်ပါတယ်။ ကရင်အမျိုးသား ဘောလုံးအသင်းမှာ ပါဝင်ကစားခဲ့တယ်။ သမီး တယောက်အနေနဲ့ အားကစားဘေးကွင်းကနေ သူ့ကို အားပေး ခဲ့တာကို မှတ်မိနေတုန်းပါပဲ။ အိမ်ထဲ မှာ အားကစားခန်းလုပ်ပေးထားတယ်။ ကိုယ်ခံပညာတတ်တယ်။ အန်တီ အစ်ကို ကို လက်ဝှေ့သင်ပေး တယ်။&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

အပါညး စောသာမြတ်ဂှ် ကၠာပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ညိဂှ် စုတိသၠိင်အာ ဘဝပလိုက်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma&quot; /&gt; ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ ညးဒးပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂၠိုင်ရ၊၊

==အခိင် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယ==
ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ အလန်ဒုတိယ ကတဵုဒှ်ဂှ် ပၞာန်ဂျပေန် လုပ်ကၠုင်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ကရောမ်ကောန်ဂကူအင်္ဂလိက်တအ်ဂှ် သမ္ဘာညးကဵု ကောန်ညးဂှ် ဒဴတိတ်အာ အိန္ဒိယ နူဂှ် စိုပ်အာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ၊၊ အခိင်သမ္ဘာကဵု ကောန်ဇာတ်တအ် တိတ်အာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ဂှ် ညးဟွံမဲ ပ္ဍဲဘာသီ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သီုဟွံဒှ်ဆဵုရေင်သကအ် ဆၜိုတ်မကလိဂွံလိက်ဟေင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;mernthein&quot;/&gt; 

ဂျပေန်စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာတုဲ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳကြပ်အိုတ် သၞာံ ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဘဳအာင်အေ သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်ဘာသီရ၊၊ ဘဳအာင်အေသီဂွံဍုင်တုဲ ပကၠုင်သၞ လတူဂကူကရေင်တုဲ အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာ စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအဓိကဵုဂှ် ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်၊ ညးမအာတိုန်လဝ်ဘာ ကရောမ်စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပ္ဍဲအေန်ဂလာန် စောဖေသာ မဒှ်ဒၟံင်ဝန်ဇၞော်မွဲတၠ ပ္ဍဲကဵုခေတ်ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ BIA တအ် ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် ညးကီု သီုကဵု သမ္ဘာJeanကီု သီုကဵု ကောန်ခဒေအ်ညး ဒံက်ဂလေသ် Dauglas ဗွဲမဓဇန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မြံင်မြရ၊၊ ဆကောန်တြုဟ်ညး မွဲတၠဓဝ်ရ ဒြေပ်ဗၠးတုဲ ဟွံဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်ကဵုဗၟာ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Thelma2&quot;&gt; အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ စောဘဦးကြီး အလဵုဇကု ကောန်ဝုတ်ညး Thelma မချူလဝ် &quot;(စောဖေသာ ဟာ ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်တွင်းက ဝန်ကြီးအဖွဲ့ဝင်တဦးဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ သူနဲ့သူ့ရဲ့ ဇနီးသားသီးတွေဟာ သခင်တချို့ရဲ့နောက်လိုက်တွေရဲ့ရက်ရက်စက်စက် သတ်ဖြတ်တာ ခံခဲ့ရတယ်။ သူရဲ့ သားတဦးဘဲ လွှတ် မြောက်သွားပါတယ်။ ကရင်-ဗမာအဓိဂရုဏ်းရဲ့အစပိုင်းဖြစ်ပါ တယ်။&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mernthein&quot;/&gt; အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာဂှ် ဂကူကရေင် ဒးချိုတ်အာ ၁၈၀၀ ပြင်င်၊ ကွာန်ကရေင် ၄၀၀ ပြင်င် ဒးဒုင်စံင်ထောအ်ရ၊၊ နကဵုအလဵုဇကု ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဘဳအာင်အေ ၜိုတ်မတီစရင်မ္ဂး ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် ဂကူကရေင် ၁၅၂ တၠရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt; Martin Smith, ဆူပူအုံကြွမှု နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

သွက်ဂွံပသောင်ပြသၞာ အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကရောမ်မွဲစွံ ကုက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင် ဒံက်တာ စံစီပိုး၊ မန်းရွှေထွန်းကြာ၊ မန်းဘခင်၊ ဒေါက်တာဖိုးဒီလုံး၊ ဒေါက်တာဒွေးတအ်ဂှ် ပါလုပ်ကၠောန်တုဲ အာဆဵုကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဗၟာတအ်ရ၊၊ 

ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ စုက်လုက် ကု နော်မလေးတုဲ စှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကလိဂွံကောန်ဝုတ်မွဲ ထီးမူ ရ၊၊ ကြဴညိပၠန် ညးစှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုနော်နဳတာ၊၊ နော်နဳတာဂှ် ဒှ်ဗြဴ ကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး၊ ကာလဒေအ်ညး စုတိအာတုဲ ဟိုတ်နူမမံင်မွဲစွံတုဲ ဗွဲကြဴ စှ်ေအာ ဒၞာဲရေင်သကအ် နကဵုဗဗွဲဓဝ်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref name=&quot;sinkye&quot;&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ် [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]&lt;/ref&gt;ဂျပေန်ဒးဒြေပ်တိတ် နူဍုင်၊ အင်္ဂလိက် ကလေင်လုပ်ကၠုင်ပၠန်ဂှ် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင် ဓလိုက်ကတဵုကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ဂကူကရေင် ညးတၠပညာဂမၠိုင် ဗီုကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင် (Karen Central Organisation- KCO) မွဲရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂှ် စောသာဒင် ဒှ်ဥက္ကဌတုဲ မန်းဘခင် ဒှ်ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ၊ ဆရာသာထို ဒှ် ဖက်ဆောညးအုပ်ကာနာနာတုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကေင်ကာ (၈)တၠဂှ်ရ၊၊ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၅ ဂိတုဂျောန် ၂၆ ဂှ် ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်မွဲရ၊၊ ကြဴနူဂှ်ညိ ဂကောံဂကူကရေင်နာနာသာ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=&quot;sinkye&quot; /&gt;

==အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကရေင် နူအလဵုအသဳ အင်္ဂလိက်==
သၞာံ ၁၉၄၅ ဂှ်ရ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် (၁၅) ဂှ် ဂျပေန် လလောင်တြး ဒုင်ကျပၞာန်တုဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲအာရ၊၊ ပၞာန်တုဲမ္ဂး ဒးကဵု သၠးပွး ကုဍုင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳတအ်ရောင် အတိုင်လိက်ကသုက်အာတာလာန်တိက်ဂှ် ဖန်ဇန်ကၠုင်ရောင်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုင်တီဒၟံင်ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် (၁၉)ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဂွံ ကေတ်ဗၠးၜးမွဲစွံ ဗီုဂွံကေတ် ဗၠးၜးဂှ် သွက်ဂွံ ချပ်ဂၞန်ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူဗၟာ (ဖဆပလ)တအ် ကၠောန်သဘင်ကောံဓရီု＂နေသူရိန်＂ရ၊၊ နူကဵု ကောံဓရီုဂှ် ရုဲစှ်လဝ် ဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု (၃၆) တၠ၊ ပ္ဍဲဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင် မန်းဘခိုင်၊ စောဘဥူးၐြဳ ကဵု ဆရာသာထိုတအ် ပါလုပ်ကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၇၀၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

နူကဵု ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင်တအ်လေဝ် ကောံဓရီု ပ္ဍဲ သ္ၚိဂၞန်(၅) ဂၠံင် ဦးလူနီလမ်း ပွိုင်ဍုင် ကြည်မြင်တိုင် နူအံက်တဝ်ပါ (၁) စဵုကဵုစိုပ် အံက်တဝ်ပါ (၃)တုဲ အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်အရာဂကူကရေင် နူသၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် (၅)တင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၇၁၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

# ကာလကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် အလဵုအသဳတၟိ (ဘုရင်ခံအမှုဆောင်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့) မ္ဂး ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ညံင်ဂွံလုပ် (၃) တၠ၊၊
# ညံင်ဂွံခပတိုန် ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင်၊၊
# ညံင်ဂွံခပတိုန် မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဘုတ်ဍုင်ဗၟာသီုဖအိုတ်၊၊
# သေနာတ် မနွံပ္ဍဲတဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မဂွံလဝ် အခေါင်တအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဆက်ကဵုအခေါင် စဵုကဵု သဘင်ရုဲမာဲတုဲ၊၊
# ညံင်ဂွံ ခပတိုန် တၠပညာသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲရုင်သၞောဝ်ဓဝ်သၠုင်အိုတ်၊၊

သွက်ဂွံ ပအပ်ဍုင်ဗၠးၜး ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဒဝ်နာသမေတ် ကလေင်စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ၊၊ ကမၠောန်မကဵု ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးဂှ် ဆဵုဂဗ ရေင်သကအ် လတူက္ၜင် (HMS Cumberland) ရ၊၊ နူကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞး ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း၊ သခင်သန်းထွန်း၊ ဦးဘဘေ၊ ဦးဆက်၊ ဆာမောင်ကြီး၊ ဦးဘဦး၊ ဦးပု၊ စောဆစ်ဒနဳလူနီ၊ ဦးဘသန်း၊ ဦးဘိုးဗျော့၊ ဦးဘကလေး၊ ခန်းမဟာဒူးနှိုက်ကွာရား ကေုာံ ဦးခူအိခွက် တအ် ပါလုပ်ရ၊၊ စောဆစ်ဒနီလူနီဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်စၞး နူကဵု ဂကောံဗဟဵုကရေင်ရ၊၊

နူကဵုကရေင်ဂှ် အာတ်မိက် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၈၆-၈၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;
# ကရေင်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူမလုပ်စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာ နူတမ်မူလတေအ်ရတုဲ သ္ဒးနွံကဵု အခေါင်မမင်မဲ ယေန်သၞာင် အခိုက်ကၞာဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊
# ဂကူကရေင်ကဵု ဂကူဗၟာဂှ် အခေါင်အရာ သ္ဒးတုပ်ရောင်၊၊
# ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ဂျပေန် မလုပ်ကၠုင်ဂှ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဂကူကရေင် ပရေင်ဂီုကၠီုဟွံမဲဂှ်တုဲ ကရေင်တအ် သ္ဒးနွံကဵု အခေါင်ဂီုကၠီုရောင်၊၊
# အနာဂတ်ဂကူကရေင် ဂွံတန်တဴ ဗွဲဂီုကၠီုမာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ဒၞာဲတၞဟ်ခြာ အခေါင်ကရေင် တန်တဴကေတ်တ် သ္ဒးနွံရောင်၊၊
# ဒေသဒၞာဲတၞဟ်ခြာ သွက်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် ရးတၞင်သဳ၊ ခရိုင် ညောင်လေးပင် ကေုာံ ဒေသပယျဵုနိမိတ် အကြာဍုင်သေံကဵု ဍုင်တအ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးဒက်ပ္တန်ကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင် ဒေသကုန်ဒဵု ပံင်ကောံ (ညီညွတ်သော တောင်တန်းဒေသ ကရင်ပြည်နယ်)၊ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဗီုဏအ်မာန်ဟေင် ဂကူကရေင် မနွံပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ကဆံင်ပရေင်မၞိဟ်မသဝ်ဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဗိုင်ရီုဗင် ထ္ၜပတိုန်ကဵုမာန်ရောင်၊၊

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ အကြာသၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဒဝ်နာသမေတ် ကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞးဖဆပလ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းဂှ် သွဟ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဟွံကလိဂွံရ၊၊ သၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဟွံဒးဂၞပ် လတူရဲဝါဒတဲပါဲ ဗီုကဵု ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတအ်တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ညးရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ်ဝါဒတဲပုင်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် အလဵုအသဳရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံအလဵုအသဳဂှ် မၞိဟ်နူ ဂကောံဗဟဵုကရေင် မန်းဘခင် ဂွံဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်တအ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး ဗွဲကြဴ ဖဆပလတအ် ဒစဵုဒစးတုဲ သၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဒဝ်နာသမေတ် ကလေင်စဴအာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဖဆပလ ဂွံစိုပ်ဒၞာဲ အလဵုအသဳရ၊၊

စပ်ကဵု အခေါင်အရာ ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံသဳကၠဳ ကုအလဵုအသဳဗြိတိန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၆ ဂိတုဂျူလာင် ၂၉ ဂှ် စောသာဒင်၊ စောဆစ်ဒနီလူနီ၊ စောဘိုးချစ် ကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳတအ် တိတ်အာ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ၊၊ ရဲဂကောံဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကဵု ဝန်ဇၞော်ပ္ဍဲနန် မေဿတာအက်တလဳ (နန်းရင်းဝန် မစ္စတာအက်တလီ)ရ၊၊ ဟီုဂး ပရူ ဗီုကရေင် ကဵု အင်္ဂလိက် မဒှ်ကၠုင်မိတ် ရေင်သကအ်၊ ညံင်အင်္ဂလိက် ဟွံကၠဟ်စွံလဝ်ကရေင် ကဵုဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် ချပ်ဂၞန်ရေင်သကအ်ရ၊၊ နူကဵု ညးစၞးကရေင်တအ် ဟီုအာတ်မိက် ＂ဗီုကဵု ဂကူတၞဟ်တအ် မိက်ဂွံ ပါ်တိတ် နူအေန်ပါယာ ဗြိတိန်ဂှ် ဂကူကရေင်ညးတအ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊၊ ဒေသကရေင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဆက်မံင်အာ သၟဝ်အေန်ပါယာဗြိတိန်ပၠန် ဟွံဂွံဟာ၊၊＂ မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ဟီုတိုန်တုဲ မေဿတာအက်တလဳဂှ် မုဟွံဟီုမွဲသာ် ကျောဝ်နာဍဳ ပ္ဍဲတဲတုဲ ＂အဲဒးအာ ကောံဓရီုတၞဟ်နွံမံင်၊၊＂ဂးတုဲ ကတဵုတိတ်အာ နူကဵုကောံဓရီုဂှ်ရ၊၊ ဗွဲကြဴနူဂှ်ညိ မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူဗၟာ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း စိုပ်အာ အေန်ဂလာန် ဆဵုဂဗ ကုမေဿတာအက်တလဳ သွက်ဂွံ ကေတ်ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လၟေင်ကမၠောန် မကဵုဗၠးၜးဍုင်ဗၟာ မကော်ဂး လိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလီ မာန်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၉၂-၉၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် နကဵုအင်္ဂလိက် သွက်ဂွံကဵု ဍုင်ဗၠးၜး ကုဍုင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳတအ် ပြဟ်ဟ်ဟေင် စိုတ်ဇၞော်ဒၟံင်ဂှ် ကၠးဒၟံင်ရ၊၊

စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၆ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ်ဂှ် ကလေင်ရုဲစှ် ကံင်သဳသၟိင်အင်္ဂလိက်တၟိ (ဘုရင်ခံကောင်စီအစိုးရအဖွဲ့)ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် ဝန်ဇၞော်မွဲတၠကီုရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုကံင်စဳဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဖဆပလတအ် ဂွံပါလုပ်ဂၠိုင်တုဲ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းဂှ် ဂွံဒှ် ဒုဥက္ကဌ ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၉၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

၁၉၄၆ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၈ ဂှ် ဂကောံကရေင်ကမၠောန် မပ္တံကဵု ဂကောံဗဟဵုဂကူကရေင်၊ ဂကောံကရေင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ၊ ဂကောံသၟတ်ကရေင်တအ် ပကောံဓရီုတုဲ ဒဒှ်ရ ဂကူကရေင် ဒးကေတ် ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးတၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ရ၊၊ ညံင်ရဴဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ (၁၇-၂၃)ဂှ် ဂကူဗၟာ ကေုာံ ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တၞဟ်တအ် ပသဘင်သဳကၠဳပ္ဍဲကျာ်လ္ဂုင် ပဇ္ဇရးလဒေါဝ် (ရွှေတိဂုံအလယ်ပစ္စယံ)ကီုရ၊၊ ဂိတုဂတဂှ် ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ (၄-၆) မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင်ဂမၠိုင် ကလေင်ပကောံဓရီုတၟိပၠန်တုဲ ဖျေဟ်ဏာ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် (၄) တင် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၉၉၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

# ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော် (ရာထူးဝန်အဖွဲ့)ဂှ် ဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးပါရောင်၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲဒေသ ဂကူကရေင်မပဒတဴတအ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးခကဵု သ္ဍာဲဒဴဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊
# ဂကူကရေင် မပေင်အာယုက် (၁၈)တုဲ အခေါင်စုတ်မာဲ သ္ဒးနွံရောင်၊၊
# သွက်ဂကူ ဘဝဂွံဂီုကၠီု ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တုဲ သ္ဒးဒက်ပ္တန်ကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာရောင်၊၊

အသိင်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဇၞော်တိုန်ဒၟံင်ကွေဟ်ဟ်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ (၅-၇)ဂှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ဂကူကရေင်မွဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ မၞိဟ်တိုန်စိုပ် ၜိုတ်ၜါလ္ၚီပြင်င်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် ဂကောံဗဟဵုကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကဵု ဂကောံသၟတ်ကရေင် ၜါပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဂကောံပံင်ကောံမွဲ မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု ဗော်သွးပံင်ကောံ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကေအေန်ယူ (Karen National Union - K.N.U)ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံပံင်ကောံတၟိဂှ် စောစံဖိုးသင် (မေဂျာစံဖိုးသင်) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဥက္ကဌတုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒုဥက္ကဌရ၊၊ တင်အဓိက မချပ်ဂၞပ် ပ္ဍဲသဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် အတိုင် လၟေင်ကမၠောန် လိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳ ဂှ် နကဵုဂကူကရေင် ပါလုပ်ထေက် ဟွံထေက်ရ၊၊ သွဟ်သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် လလောင်တြးပတိတ်ဏာ အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၀-၁၀၂၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

(၁) ရံင် နကဵုတင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်တအ်ဏအ်တုဲ နူကဵုသဘင်သဳကၠဳ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဒစဵုဒစး လတူလိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳ ရ၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(က) ပ္ဍဲ မၞိဟ်စၞး လပါ်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် ဆမွဲတၠကီု ဟွံဂွံပါလုပ်၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ခ) ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂကူကရေင် အောန်လောန်အာ၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ဂ) ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကသုက်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ဆက်တန်တဴအာအခေါင်နွံဂှ် ဟွံကၠးဖ္ဍး၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ဃ) ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် မအာတ်မိက်ဒၟံင် သွက်ဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကသုက်ဂှ် ညိဟွံပါ၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(ၚ) ပ္ဍဲအရာမဆုက် လိက်ကသုက် အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳဂှ် ပွမကဵုသမ္တီ၊ ပွမချပ်ဂၞန် ကုက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ဟွံမဲလဝ်၊၊&lt;br&gt;
(စ) ရံင်နကဵု တင်ဗွဲလတူဝွံတုဲ စဵုကဵုစိုပ် သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုမာတ် ၃ ယဝ်ရ ဟွံကလေင်မိင် နူကဵု ဂကောံဝန်နန်ဍုင်ဗဳလာတ် (အလဵုအသဳအင်္ဂလိက်) မ္ဂး နကဵုဂကူကရေင် ဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ဒစဵုဒစး လတူ သဘင်ရုဲမာဲ သွက်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင်ရောင်၊၊&lt;br&gt;

(၂) အတိုင်မအာတ်မိက်လဝ် ဗွဲလတူဝွံ ယဝ်ရပါလဳမာန်ဗဳလာတ်/လာန်ဒါန် စဵုကဵုစိုပ် ဂိတုမာတ် ၃ ဂှ် ဟွံကလေင်ကဵုသွဟ်မ္ဂး စောဘဥူၐြဳ ညးမဒှ် ဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲကံင်သဳအလဵုအသဳဂှ် နဒဒှ် မထ္ၜးဆန္ဒတုဲ နုက်တိတ် နူကဵုဂကောံအလဵုအသဳရောင်၊၊

အတိုင်မအာတ်မိက်ဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံတုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ နုက်တိတ် ထောအ်ဂကောံအလဵုအသဳ၊ နကဵုကရေင် ဒစဵုဒစး ဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ကုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကရေင် နူအလဵုအသဳဗၟာ==
နူကဵု ဗော်သွးပံင်ကောံဂကူကရေင် ကေအေန်ယူ မၞိဟ် (၉) တၠ သွက်ဂွံ ပညဳပညပ် ကိစ္စဂကူကရေင်တုဲ အာဆဵု ကဵုဝန်ဇၞော်မဆေင်ကဵုဍုင်ဗၟာတုဲ အာတ်မိက်ဏာ အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၄၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

# ဒၞာဲဒေသ ခရိုင်အင်စိင်၊ ဗဂေါ၊ သာယာဝတဳ၊ ဖျာပုင်၊ ထဝါဲ ကေုာံ ဗိက်တအ် မဟွံဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဒၞာဲဆန္ဒမာဲတၞဟ်ခြာ သွက်ဂကူကရေင်ဏီတအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသွက်ပေါဲရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံစွံကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် (၁၇) တၠ၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲဂကောံအလဵုအသဳ ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးပါလုပ် (၂၅﹪) ရောင်၊၊
# ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် မဒၟံင်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ညံင်သဂွံဆက် စွံအာ၊၊
# သွက်ဂွံ ဒက်ပတန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် နကဵုမူ သ္ဒးကဵုလဝ် တင်တုပ်စိုတ်ရောင်၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲကဵု စက်ယန်ပကင်ရင်ဍုင် ပ္ဍဲဌာနနာနာတအ်ဂှ် နကဵုဗၞတ်လၟိဟ် (အချိုးအစာအလိုက်)ဂှ် သ္ဒးခပတိုန်ကဵု ဂကူကရေင်ရောင်၊၊
# သွက်ပေါဲရုဲမာဲဂှ် စရင်အင် လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဍာံဍာံ သ္ဒးကေတ်လဝ်ရောင်၊၊

စိုပ်ကဵု တင်မအာတ်မိက်လဝ် ဗွဲလတူတေအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၈ ဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် စောစံဖိုးသင်၊ အာဆဵု ကု မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ညးမဒှ်ဒုဥက္ကဌ ဂကောံဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း ဒုင်ဆဵုရ၊၊ ကရောမ်ဂှ် ဝန်ဇၞော် မဆေင်ကဵုဂကူကရေင်ၜါ မန်းဘခိုင် ကဵု စောဘဦးကြီးလေဝ် တိုန်စိုပ်ကီုရ၊၊ အခိင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင် ကၠာညးဟွံဂွံ နုက်တိတ် နူဝန်ဇၞော်ဏီရ၊၊ တင်အာတ်မိက်သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် တင်သွက်ဂွံဆက်စွံအာ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ကဵု တင်လက္ကရဴအိုတ် ကေတ်စရင်လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဆၜါတင်ဏအ်ဟေင် ဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ဒုင်တဲရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုကေအေန်ယူ ကော်ကောံဓရီုကာမံက်တိုန် ဗွဲမပြဟ်ရ၊၊ နူကဵုကောံဓရီုဂှ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် အတိုင်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်တြေံ မဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ကုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင် ကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳ နုက်တိတ် နူဝန်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ဆက်ဖျေဟ်ဏာ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ပၠန်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၅၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဒက်ပ္တန် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်==
သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဨပြဳ ၂၀ ဂှ် ကေအေန်ယူ ကော်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ကာမံက်တိုန် မွဲပၠန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင် ဆရုဲမာဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင် အလန်ပထမ ကၠောန်လဝ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဨပြဳ (၉) ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသဘင်သဳကၠဳဗော်ဂှ် စၞးစောစံဖိုးသင်ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် ဥက္ကဌ ကေအေန်ယူ ရ၊၊ တုဲပၠန် နကဵု ကေအေန်ယူ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် (K.N.D.O) မွဲရ၊၊ မန်းဘဇန် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မကေတ်တာလျိုင် ပရေင်စဵုဒၞာဂကူရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၀၆-၁၀၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt; 

နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် တင်အာတ်မိက် (၅) တင် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ အာတ်မိက်ဏာရ၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲအရာ မကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် ကေုာံ အခေါင်ကံကုသိုလ်ကရေင် ကရေင်ဖန်ကေတ်တ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရ ဂကူကရေင်မွဲမွဲ ဒးဒုင်ဂိအာမ္ဂး ဒှ်အရာတာလျိုင် မဆေင်ကဵု အလုံမွဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ရောင်ဂှ် စွံစိုတ်ရ၊၊
# မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင် မဒုင်ရုဲစှ် ပ္ဍဲသဘင်ရုဲမာဲ သွက်ကၠတ်ထဝ် ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်မဒှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကူကရေင်ဇေတ်တ် ဟွံသေင်တုဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် စုတ်ကဵုမာဲရောင်ဂှ် လ္ပစှ်ေစိုတ်ညိ၊၊
# အတိုင်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ မနုက်တိတ် နူကဆံင်ဝန်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ပတိုန်ဏာ ဂုဏ်စရာဲ၊၊ အတိုင်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ဟွံလုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲစှ်မာဲ ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ်ကီု ကုကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ညးဟွံစုတ်မာဲတအ်ကီု ပတိုန်ဏာ ဂုဏ်စရာဲရ၊၊ 
# နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဏအ် သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန်အာ ဗော်ပၠတရဴကောန်ဂကူမန်ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်ဏာ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ရ၊၊ 
# လိက်ပရိုင် လၟေင်သတ္တဟ သွက်ဂွံချူလညာတ် ကေုာံ ရမ္သာင်ကေအေန်ယူဂှ် တက်ပ္တိတ်အာရောင်၊၊ 

တင်လလောင်တြး လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် လိက်လၟေင်ပရိုင် နကဵုယၟု ＂သုဝဏ္ဏတိုင်း＂ဂှ် တက်ပ္တိတ်အာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဨပြဳ (၁၆) ဂှ် ဒက်ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ရ၊၊ 

ၜိုန်ရ သဘင်သဳကၠဳကရေင် လလောင်တြးလဝ် ဗဂပ်ဗဗေင် ကုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲဂှ်ကီုလေဝ် ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်လ္ၚဵု ဒုင်ရုဲစှ်တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ် ၂၄ တၠရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၁၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကရေင် နကဵုဒြဟတ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်==
သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဂျူလာင် ၁၉ ဂှ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း ကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂမၠိုင် ဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ပ္ဍဲရုင်ဝန်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ စၞးအောင်ဆန်းဂှ် ဥူနု ဆက်ကေတ်အာ တာလျိုင်အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ရ၊၊ ဝန်ဇၞော်စၞးဂကူကရေင် မဒးဒုင်ချိုတ်အာ ကရောမ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း မန်းဘခိုင်ဂှ် မန်းဝင်မောင် ဆက်ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုအံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၄ ဂှ် ကၠတ်ထဝ်ပတန်ဍုင် ကလေင်စပံက်ပၠန်တုဲ ဥပဒေသဇိုင် လဒက်ပတန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ (မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ) ဂှ် ဒှ်အာဒတန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဥပဒေသဇိုင်ဂှ် အခေါင်အရာ ဂကူကရေင်ကီု၊ ဂကူမန်ကီုဂှ် ဗွဲတၞဟ်ခြာ ဟွံမဲရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ နကဵုနဲကဲ မအာတ်အခေါင်အရာ ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ဂှ် ဂၠံင်အိုတ်အာရ၊၊ 

သွက်ဂွံ ဆက်အာတ်မိက်အာ အခေါင်အရာကရေင်ဂှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳကေန်အေန်ယူ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ နကဵုမရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံပံင်ကောံ ကလိဂွံဒြဟတ် နူဂကူမန်တုဲ ရုဲစှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုဒှ်မာန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် မၞိဟ်တိုန်စိုပ် ၇၀၀ ပြင်င်တုဲ သီုဘိက်ပၟိင်လဝ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ဂကူမန်ဂမၠိုင်ကီုရ၊၊ နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် ပဏာပတန် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊

# ဥပဒေသဇိုင် လဒက်ပတန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ မပလဝ်ဒတန်လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူမၞိဟ်စၞးဂကူကရေင်ဇေတ်တ် ဟွံပါလုပ်တုဲ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင် ဟွံဒုင်တဲ၊၊
# တၞဟ်နမဂွံဓဇက်ချူ စဳပၞောန်ဥပဒေ ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန် မဒက်ပ္တန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် ပအပ်ကဵု တာလျိုင် ကုဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု၊၊
# ဗီုအခက်အခုဲ မစိုပ်ကဵု ဒက်ပ္တန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ဒးကဵုသမ္တီ ကုဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊၊
# နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဝွံ ကဵုဏာသမ္တီ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ထံက်ဂလာန် လတူ ဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု (ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ)၊၊
# ရးတၞင်သဳ သီုကဵု ခရိုင်တံင်ငူ၊ ခရိုင်အင်စိင်၊ ခရိုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ ကေုာံ ခရိုင်ညောင်လေးပင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု တွဵုရးကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာ၊၊
# ဥပဒေအပြောမ် မကဵုဒုဟ်ဒဏ် ကုညးမရပ်လွဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံပလီုကဵု၊၊
# အလာံမစကာဒၟံင်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် နဒဒှ် အလာံကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် ပဒတန် စၟတ်သမ္တီအာ၊၊

ပ္ဍဲကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် ရမ္သာင်ဂမြဴ ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ကြဵုဇာတဴအိုတ်ရ၊၊

# တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် ကဵုပြဟ်ဟ် ကဵုပြဟ်ဟ်၊
# ပ္ဍဲအပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဟွံမဲပၟိက် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊
# အဓိကဵုကောန်ဂကူ ဟွံမဲပၟိက် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊
# ကရေင်မွဲဒကေဝ် ဗၟာမွဲဒကေဝ်ဂှ် ထ္ၜးပြဟ်ဟ် ထ္ၜးပြဟ်ဟ်၊၊ 

အတိုင်လၟေင်ကမၠောန် လိက်ကသုက်အောင်ဆန်း-အက်တလဳဂှ် ဆက်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်တုဲ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ (၄)ဂှ် ဍုင်ဗၟာကလိဂွံအာ ဗၠးၜး နူဗြိတိန်ရ၊၊ အလဵုအသဳပတန်ဍုင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာ အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ဗၟာ (ဖဆပလ) ရ၊၊ တ္ၚဲယးဂတးဂှ် ကရေင်တအ် ဆက်လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ကရေင်ဂှ် ဂကူဂကူသၟတ် (Tribe/မျိုးနွယ်စု) ဟွံသေင်၊ ဒှ်ဂကူ (Nation/လူမျိုး) မွဲဂကူရ၊၊ ဂတဂှ် မွဲဂိတုဂှ် စပ်ကဵု သွက်ဂွံ ကဵုတွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ ပတိုန်လိက် အာတ်မိက် အလဵုအသဳဖဆပလရ၊၊ တုဲဂှ် ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ (၁၁) ဂှ် နကဵုဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ အာဂတတုဲ ညံင်ဂွံဗၟံက်ကဵု တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ် ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒအိုတ်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၁၈-၁၂၀၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ဂိတုမာတ် (၃-၅)ဂှ်လေဝ် ဆက်ကၠောန် သဘင်သဳကၠဳ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မွဲဝါပၠန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲသဳကၠဳအလန်ဏအ်ဂှ် 

# ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဆက်စွံအာ၊၊
# လွဟ်သေနာတ် မနွံကဵု လာင်ဇြေန်တအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံသီကေတ်၊၊
# က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကရေင်ဍာဲ ဖျေဟ်ဏာသ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဟွံဆက်ပံင် ကုဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ထံက်ဂလာန်ပေင်င်၊၊

ညံင်ရဴ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကောန်ဂကူမန်တအ် မအာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကောန်ဂကူကီု၊ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် အကြာက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဗၟာကဵုဗၟာ လညာတ်တၞဟ်ခြာတုဲ ဗော်ကောန်မျူနေတ်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ၁၉၄၈ ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၈ဂှ် ရပ်လွဟ်တုဲ တိတ်ဂြိုပ်ရ၊၊ 

ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် သၟဝ်ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူဂှ် စချဳဓရာင်ကၠုင်ကီုရ၊၊ ဒပ်ရာ်ဖေဝ်ကရေင် (Karen Rifles) ကဵု ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကရေင် (Karen Arms Police)တအ်လေဝ် ပံင်ကောံ ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ ဒှ်ကၠုင် ဗီုပြင် ပဋိပက္ခ အကြာဂကူဗၟာ ကဵု ဂကူကရေင်ရ၊၊ ညံင်ဟွံဂွံဒှ်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကရေင်တအ် ဒုင်ဂုဏ် အာတ်မိက် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ်ရ၊၊

==ပၠန်ဂတး နကဵုလွဟ်==
ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် ဒြဟတ်ဇၞော်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ နကဵုနဲကဲ ပရေင်အာတ်မိက်ကေတ် နကဵုနဲကဲၜိုဟ်ဟ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဗော်ကေန်အေန်ယူ မပတံကဵု စောဘဥူၐြဳတအ် ဆက်ဂစာန်ဒၟံင်ဖိုဟ်ကီုလေဝ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူ သွဟ်ဟွံမံက်၊ ဗၟာ ဟွံဗက်ကဵု ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒ ဂကူကရေင်တအ်တုဲ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ၜိုတ်လဒေါဝ်ဂှ် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် နကဵုလွဟ်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ နကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် လုပ်သီကေတ် တိုက်ဘဏ္ဍာ (အလဵုအသဳ) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် အိမ္မဲ၊ မအူပင်တုဲ စိုပ်ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် (၃၀) လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဍုင်သဓီုရ၊၊ သေတ်တေန်ဘာ (၁) ဂှ် ပံင်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်မန်တုဲ လုပ်သီဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၈) လုပ်သီ ဍုင်ရွှေကျင် ကဵု ဍုင်ကျောက်ကြီး၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၁၀) သီဍုင်မော်လမြိုင်ကျွန်း၊ ကျိုက်ပိ၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၂၂) ဍုင်တောင်ကြီး၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၂၃) ဍုင်လွယ်ကော်၊ သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၂၄) ဍုင်လွယ်လင်တအ် လုပ်သီကေတ်ရ၊၊ 

သေတ်တေန်ပါ (၁၇-၁၈)ဂှ် ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ ကၠောန်သဘင်သဳကၠဳဗော် ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန်ကံင်သဳကရေင် ဍုင်ဘာသီရ၊၊ နူကဵု သဘင်သဳကၠဳဂှ် သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ဏာ အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ၊၊

* ဂကူမန် ကဵု ဂကူကရေင်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူဘဝတုပ်တုဲ မန် ကဵု ကရေင် ညးမွဲကုမွဲ ဒးရီုဗင် ရေင်သကအ်ဂှ် ထံက်ဏာဂလာန်ပေင်င်၊၊ 
* ဟိုတ်နူအကာဲအရာ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ပရေအ်စှ်ေဒၟံင် ရိုဟ်ဒဒှ်တ္ၚဲတုဲ သွက်ဂီုကၠီု ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရအာတ်မိက်ကၠုင်မ္ဂး ဗွဲမပြဟ် ကဵုဏာ အရီုအဗင်ရောင်၊၊ 
* သွက်တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်တၞဟ်ခြာ ဂွံမံက်ကၠုင်မာန်ဂှ် နကဵုဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်လဵု ဟွံဟီု သွက်ညဳသၟဟ်အလုံဂကူဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဆက်ပံင်တောဲအာရောင်၊၊ 
* အဓိကဵုကရေင်-ဗၟာဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု အရာမဆောံလေင် ပရေင်ဗၠးၜးဍုင်ဗၟာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဗမံက်ပတိုန် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင်ဂှ်ရ ပရေင်ဆဝ်မ္ၚုဟ် ကဆောက်ကတဵု ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် အဓိကဵုဂကူဂှ် ဒစဵုဒစးအာပေင်င်၊၊
* ပ္ဍဲအရာ မဗပေင် ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂှ် နကဵုနဲကဲ မဟွံစှ်ေကဵု နဲကဲဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳဂှ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်၊၊ 
* စပ်ကဵု ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ဍုင်ကွာန်ဂှ် နကဵုကေအေန်ယူ မိက်ဂွံပါလုပ်ကၠောန် ပေင်င်ရောင်၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၂၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

ၜိုန်ရ နကဵုကေအေန်ယူ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် အာတ်မိက် ညံင်ဟွံဂွံချဳဓရာင် နကဵုပရေင်ပၞာန်ဏီကီုလေဝ် နကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်ဂှ် သၠုင်ပတိုန် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင်ရ၊၊ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင် မနွံပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်အလဵုအသဳတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် တိတ်ပံင်တောဲ ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်ကီုရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဂကူကရေင် နွံပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်ဍုင်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်သီထောအ်လွဟ်၊ ဒးဒုင်ပဒေါအ်ဇူ နူပၞာန် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် (သၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁ ဂှ် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်စမစ်ဒွန်း ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဒပ်အလဵုအသဳဂှ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုင်ဖျေဟ်ထောအ် နူတာလျိုင်တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ခပတိုန် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်နေဝင်း နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်သကပၞာန် (စစ်ဦးစီးချုပ်)ရ၊၊ အလဵုအသဳဗၟာ ပအပ်တာလျိုင် ကုဗိုလ်ချုပ်နေဝင်း အခေါင်စကာ ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်ပေင်င်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံပသောင်ဗတိုက် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်ဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု ဒပ်ကရေင်တအ်ရ၊၊ အရာဏအ်ဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု သွက်ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဂွံကတူဂၠိုင်တိုန်တုဲ နကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် စလးကၠုင် မုက်ပၞာန်သီဍုင်ဂှ် သၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂ ဂှ် သီဂွံအာ အင်စိင် (ဗဒါဲလ္ဂုင်)ရ၊၊ ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကရေင် တမ်ဒပ် (၁) ပ္ဍဲတံင်ငူဂှ် ပံင်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်တံင်ငူ၊ ဖြူး၊ အုတ်တွင်း၊ ထန်းတပင်တအ်ရ၊၊ ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကရေင် မနွံပ္ဍဲဘာသီလေဝ် ပံင်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တုဲ လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဘာသီကီုရ၊၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တမ်ဒပ် (၂) နွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ပြန်ဂှ်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် နူအင်စိင် ဇက်တိုန်ပၞာန် သွက်ဂွံအာသီ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအကြာဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ကဵု ဂိတုမေဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ကဵု ဒပ်ကောန်မျူနေတ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ လုပ်သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်မိတ္ထိလာ၊ မေ ကေုာံ မာန္တလေရ၊၊ ညံင်ရဴသာ်ဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲရးတၞင်သဳ၊ ရးဨရာဝတဳ ကေုာံ တွဵုရးသေံတအ်လေဝ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် ဆက်သီအာဒၟံင်ရ၊၊ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၁၆ ဂှ် သီဂွံ ဍုင်ဒိုက်ဦး၊ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၁၈ ဂှ် သီဂွံ ရမည်းသင်း၊ ဍုင်ပျော်ဘွယ်လေဝ် သီဂွံအာကီုရ၊၊ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀ ဂှ် နူပျော်ဘွယ် ဆက်ဇက်အာ မိတ္ထဳလာတုဲ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၁ ဂှ် သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်မိတ္ထဳလာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲမိတ္ထဳလာဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တအ် သီဂွံက္ၜင်ကျာၜါဖ္ဍိုက် ပ္ဍဲ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၁ ဂှ်ရ ဒပ်ကရေင် သီဂွံအာ သီဍုင်မေတုဲ သီရပ်ဂွံ ဗိုလ်မှူဗၟာ ထွန်းစိန်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၃၂-၁၃၇၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

အကာဲအရာမဒှ်ဒၟံင် ဗီုဏအ်ဂှ် ဝန်ဇၞော်ဥူနု အာတ်မိက် သွက်ဂွံကေတ်ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံရ၊၊ ညးဗလးနင် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကေုာံ မန်းဂျိမ်ထွန်းအောင် ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်စၞးအလဵုအသဳ သွက်ဂွံအာ ဆဵုကု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ပ္ဍဲအင်စိင်ရ၊၊ ညးတအ် စိုပ်အင်စိင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဨပြဳ ၄ ရ၊၊ ဨပြဳ (၇) ကလိဂွံ တင်တုပ်စိုတ် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံရ၊၊ တင်တုပ်စိုတ် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် 

# ကုညးမတိတ်ဂြိပ် ရပ်လွဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရဖျေဟ်လွဟ် လုပ်ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်မ္ဂး နကဵုအလဵုအသဳ သၠးကဵုဒုဟ်ဒဏ်ဂမၠိုင်ရောင်၊၊
# ကောန်ပၞာန်ကရေင်တြေံ ညးမတိတ်အာဂြိပ်တအ်ဂှ် ကလေင်စဴကၠုင်မ္ဂး ကဵုပရိုင် ကုကမ္မတဳကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ညိ၊၊
# လတူကောန်ပၞာန်ကရေင် ညးမတိတ်အာဂြိပ် အရာမဒးဒုင်ဂိလေဝ်တအ်ဂှ် နူကဵု ကမ္မတဳကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ဒးချပ်ကဵုဒၞာဲရောင်၊၊
# ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ကီု ပ္ဍဲကဵု အကြာညးဍုင်ကွာန်ကီု ကရေင် ကေုာံ ဂကူတၞဟ် ပါ်ခြာတုဲ ဆက်ဆောံဟွံဂွံ၊ ဒးကဵု အခေါင်တုပ်ပ်ရောင်၊၊
# သွက်ဂီုကၠီု ကွာန်ကရေင်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ အရာၜိုတ်မၞုံပၟိက် ဗွဲမစှ်ေသၞောတ်ဂှ် ဒးဖန်ဇန်ကဵုရောင်၊၊

တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် ဗွဲလတူတအ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်အဓိက ပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင် စောဟန်တာသာမွှေး ကဵု မန်းဘဇန်တအ် ကလေင်သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠိပ်တုဲ တင်လတုပ်စိုတ်ဝွံ ဟွံဒှ် တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလံ၊ ဒှ်တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် သွက်ဂွံဖျေဟ်လွဟ်ဟေင်ရ ဂးတုဲ ဟွံဒုင်တဲရ၊၊ သွက်ဂွံ ကလေင်သဳကၠဳပၠန်ဂှ် နူကဵု အလဵုအသဳ ကော်ဘိက် အလဵုဇကု မန်းဘဇန် သွက်ဂွံအာဆဵု ကုအလဵုအသဳ ဖဆပလရ၊၊ 

ဟိုတ်ကရေင် မဒးဒုင်ဆုတ်တိတ် နူအင်စိင်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ (ပြည်သူ့ရဲဘော် - ရဲဘော်ဖြူ၊ ရဲဘော်ဝါ) မဒစဵုဒစးကဵု အလဵုအသဳတအ် လုပ်ကေတ်ထောအ် ဒၞာဲအင်စိင် သြင်မွဲလပါ်ဂှ်တုဲ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဍိုက်ဗတိုက်တုဲ ဒးကရာပ် အကြာဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာၜါရ၊၊ နူကဵုလပါ်အလဵုအသဳဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ချေင်တမ်ဒပ် (၁)၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ရာက်ဖေဝ် တမ်ဒပ် (၅)၊ ဒပ်U.M.P၊ ဒပ်LEVY၊ ဒပ်ကွးဘာတက္ကသိုလ်လ္ဂုင်တအ် ပါလုပ်တုဲ နကဵုပၞာန်ကျာကီု ပ္ဍဲတိုက်ပၠန် ကာခြပ်ပၞာန်၊ ဒပ်အမၠံက် ဍိုက်ဗတိုက်တုဲ ကရေင်ဒးဆုတ်တိတ်အာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအင်စိင်ဂှ် ကရေင်သီဂွံလဝ် သီုဖအိုတ် ၁၁၁ တ္ၚဲရ၊၊ လပါ်အလဵုအသဳဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဒးချိုတ်ကီု သီုကဵုဒးဝပ် မသုန်လ္ၚီပြင်တုဲ လပါ်ကရေင်ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဒးချိုတ် ၁၈၀ တၠ၊ မၞိဟ်ဒးဝပ် ၈၀၀ ပြင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၅၁-၁၅၅၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် အလဵုအသဳကဝ်ထူလဳ==
ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကရေင် နုက်တိတ် နူအင်စိင်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ကေအေန်ယူ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် ဆဵုဂဗ ရေင်သကအ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် ကြာအင်းဇောင်း ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုဂှ် ပါ်ကရေက်တာလျိုင် ကေုာံ တိဍာ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ၊၊ တိဍာ်မပါ်ဂှ် တိဍာ်ရးဨရာဝတဳ ကဵု တိဍာ်လပါ်ဗမံက် ပါ်ထောအ်ၜါကရေက်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ဨရာဝတဳဂှ် စောဟန်တာသာမွှေ ကဵု မန်းဘဇန် ကေတ်တာလျိုင်တုဲ တိဍာ်လပါ်ဗမံက် ရးတံင်ငူဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကေုာံ စောစန်းကေတအ် ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ရ၊၊ စနူဂှ်တုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပြံင်အာ ဖျေဟ်ဇိုင် ပ္ဍဲထန်းတပင်၊ နူထန်းတပင်ဂှ် စိုပ်အာ တံင်ငူရ၊၊ ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဂျောန် ၁၄ ဂှ် ဗော်ကေအေန်ယူ ဒက်ပ္တန်အလဵုအသဳကရေင် မကော်ဂး ဂကောံအလဵုအသဳကဝ်ထူလဳ (Kaw Thooli Governing Body /ကော်သူးလေအစိုးရ)ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ လုပ်ကေတ်တာလျိုင် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံအလဵုအသဳကဝ်ထူလဳ နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၅၆၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

စိုပ်သၞာံၜိုတ် ၁၉၅၀ လပါ်စဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန် လပါ်အလဵုအသဳ ရာန်ကေတ် လွဟ်မကမ် နူကဵုဍုင်အန္ဒိယတုဲ ဒြဟတ်စဇၞော်ကၠုင်ရ၊၊ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေန်ပါဂှ် ဒၞာဲဗဒိုပ်ဒပ်ကရေင်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ဒုတိယ မနွံပ္ဍဲ လှည်းကူး (စာဗူးတောင်း)ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳ သီဂွံအာရ၊၊ ဍုင်တံင်ငူဂှ်မွဲရ နကဵုဍုင် ဒပ်ကရေင် ဆက်ပကင်ရင်ဒၟံင်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်ဂိတုမာတ်ဂှ် ဍုင်တံင်ငူလေဝ် စိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်တဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာကီုရ၊၊ 

သၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ အခိင်တမ်သၞာံ ဗြဲစစှ်ေတိဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ သွက်ကလိဂွံ အရီုအဗင် နူဍုင်မ္ၚးတုဲ ဂစာန်တိတ် နူဒေသတံင်ငူရ၊၊ ညးတိတ်ဂွံ ၜိုတ် (၇) တိုင်ဂှ် စုက်ကဵု ပၞာန်ဗၟာတုဲ ဒှ်ပေါဲဗတိုက် ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ ကောန်သ္ဂံင်ညးမွဲ စကောမောလေး ဒးပြဟ်လလုဲအာရ၊၊ ဂိတုဂျူလာင်သတ္တဟပထမဂှ် ညးတအ် စိုပ် ဖါပွန်၊ စိုပ်ဖါပွန်တုဲ ဂျူလာင် ၁၇-၁၈ ဂှ် ကၠောန်ကောန်ဖရေန်ဖါပွန်ရ၊၊ နူကဵု ကောန်ဖရေန်ဂှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပတိတ်မူ (၄) တင်

# ဂလာန်မ္ဂး မဖျေဟ်လွဟ်ဂှ် ဆလအ်လေဝ် လ္ပသၟာန်ညိ၊၊ 1. For us surrender is out of the question.
# ပရေင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဍုင်ကရေင် မၞုံကဵုအဝဵုဂှ် သ္ဒးကလိဂွံဟေင်ရောင်၊၊ 2. The recognition of Karen State must be complete.
# လွဟ်ဂကူကရေင် သ္ဒးနွံ ပ္ဍဲတဲကရေင်တွဵုရောင်၊၊ 3. We shall retain our arms.
# အခေါင်ကံကုသိုလ်ကရေင် ကရေင်ဒးဖန်ကေတ်တ်ရောင် 4. We shall decide our own political destiny.

==ကၞောတ်ဘဝ==
ကောန်ဖရေန်ဖါပွန်တုဲ တၞဟ်နကလိဂွံ အဆက် ကုဍုင်သအာင်တုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ကေုာံ မၞိဟ် (၉) တၠ သွက်ဂွံအာ ဍုင်က္ၜင်ကံက်ဂှ် တိတ်အာရ၊၊ အခိင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်အာ အခိင်ဗြဲဇၞော်ရတုဲ အာပြဟ်ဟ်ဟွံဂွံ၊၊ တ္ၚဲဂှ် ဒှ်တ္ၚဲဂိတုသြဂေတ် (၁၂) ပ္ဍဲအခိင် မတပ်အာဒၟံင်ကဵု ကွာန်ထို့ကောကိုး (Htoo Kaw Koe)၊ ပရူဒဒှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ မအာဍုင်က္ၜင်ကံက် ကေုာံ ဂၠံင်တရဴညးမအာဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ကလိဂွံလဝ် ပရိုင်ကၠးကၠးတုဲ အောပ်မင်ဒၟံင်တုဲ ပန်တုဲ စောဘဥူၐြဳ ဒးပြဟ်လလုဲအာ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ၊၊ ကရောမ်ညးဂှ် စောစန်းကေ၊ အစာဓရ် မဿဗေကာ (Baker) တအ်လေဝ် ဒးပြဟ်လလုဲအာကီုရ၊၊ ပရူဒဒှ် စောဘဥူၐြဳ မဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ်ဂှ် ပြးအာ အလုံမွဲဂၠးတိတုဲ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပရိုင်ဂၠးတိဇၞော်ဇၞော် ဗီုကဵု The Times တအ်လေဝ် ချူပတိုန်ကီုရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၆၃၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;ဇွစောဘဥူၐြဳဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ကေတ်နင် အာစွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲရုင်ဂဥုဲမတ်မလီုတုဲ ထ္ၜးကဵု အစာပရိုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;မောင်စင်ကြယ်၊ [http://albanykarennews.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_3841.html စောဘဦးကြီး နှင့် လူမျိုးစုများ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးပြဿနာ]၊၊ မုက်လိက် ၁၆၆၊၊&lt;/ref&gt;

==အဆက်ကြဴ==
စောဘဥူၐြဳ ပြဟ်လလုဲအာတုဲ ကောန်ဂကူကရေင်တအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီညး နဒဒှ် အာဇာနဲမွဲတုဲ ကၠောန်ကၠုင် တ္ၚဲစၟတ်သမ္တီ ညးမပြဟ်လလုဲအာ နဒဒှ် တ္ၚဲအာဇာနဲကရေင် ရ၊၊ ရုပ်တၟအ်ညးဂှ် ပစူစွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဆိုဒ်မူတိုင်၊ (ဗဒါဲကွာန်ကအ်ခ္ဍး) ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဘာအင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲညးမပြဟ်လလုဲပေင် ၆၈ ဂှ် ပံက်အသေအဟာန်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;[https://burma.irrawaddy.com/ ဨရာဝတီသတင်း]၊ ဉာဏ်စိုးဝင်း (12 August 2018) [https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2018/08/12/166462.html စောဘဦးကြီး၏ ကျောက်ရုပ်တုကို ကရင့်အာဇာနည်နေ့တွင် ဖွင့်လှစ်] (14.08.2019)&lt;/ref&gt; သွက်ဂွံ စွံရုပ်တိုင်ညး ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကျာ်ပိဂှ်လေဝ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခရိုင် ဒူးပလာယာ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဝင်ယောဂှ်လေဝ်ကီု ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဒဵုကၠုင် နူကဵုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာတအ်ရ၊၊&lt;ref&gt;[https://burma.irrawaddy.com/ ဨရာဝတီသတင်း]၊ ကျော်ခ (5 February 2018) [https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/ethnic-issues/2018/02/05/151143.html စောဘဦးကြီး ရုပ်တု စိုက်ထူခွင့်မရ၍ KNU စိတ်ပျက်] (14.08.2019)&lt;/ref&gt;

စပ်ကဵုမစၟတ်သမ္တီ စောဘဥူၐြဳ နဒဒှ် အာဇာနဲကရေင်ဂှ် နကဵုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာ (အလဵုအသဳဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ) ကၟာတ်လဒဵု ညံင်ဟွံဂွံ စကာ မအရေဝ် ＂အာဇာနဲ＂တုဲ ကုညးမကၠောန်သဘင်တ္ၚဲအာဇာနဲကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၂ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ ညးပိတၠ သီုကဵု [[နဝ်အုမ်လှ|ဒေါ်နော်အုံးလှ]] ဒးဒုင်ရပ် နကဵုဒုဟ် မပကောံမၞိဟ် ပိုဒ်ဇၞော် ၂၀ (ငြိမ်းစုစီပုဒ်မ၂၀) ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;RFA, Burmese; 27 sept. 2019 [https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/police-free-nawohnhla-04232019074303.html နော်အုံးလှ အပါအဝင် သုံးဦးကို ဖမ်းဆီးတာ အစိုးရရဲ့ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးလုပ်ငန်းစဥ်ကို သံသယဝင်စေတယ်လို့ KNU ပြော]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;RFA Burmese;29-09-2019; ကရင္အာဇာနည္ေန႔ ဦးေဆာင္က်င္းပခဲ့တဲ့ ေဒၚေနာ္အုန္းလွ ဖမ္းဆီးခံရ&lt;/ref&gt;

==နိဿဲ==

[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]
[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:ဂကူကရေင်]]</text>
      <sha1>ste8uktqwz42s6rkvskc2qr836xkvf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>နော်အုံးလှ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60498</id>
      <parentid>53961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T01:09:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15775" sha1="a18qgkzkirqpbutcpng4ptkunj9qpob" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = နဝ်အုမ်လှ &lt;br&gt;Naw Ohn Hla
| native_name = နဝ်အုမ်လှ
| native_name_lang = Burmese
| other_names = 
| image       = Naw Ohn Hla.jpg
| alt         = 
| caption     = 
| birth_name  = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|08|04}}
| birth_place = တွဵုရးကရေင်၊ 
| death_date  = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;
| death_place = 
| nationality = ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ &lt;br&gt; ကရေင်
| ethnicity = ကရေင်
| education   = 
| years_active=
| party      =
| religion    = 
| parents = [[Burmese name#Honorifics|U]] Thein Aung (father)
| children = 
| known_for = Land rights activist, former [[Political prisoner]]
| occupation = Human rights defender, Environmental rights, Democracy activist, Politician
| criminal_charge = 
| alma_mater     = 
| criminal_penalty = 
| criminal_status = 
}}

'''နဝ်အုမ်လှ''' ({{Lang-en|Naw Ohn Hla}}) Burmese; နော်အုံးလှ (ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ၄ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၆၃) မဒှ်ဂကူ ကရေင်၊ မချဳဓရာင် သွက်အခေါင်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ၊ သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်၊ မၞိဟ်မစဵုဒၞာ သွက်အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ်၊ မၞိဟ်မလုပ်ပေါဲဗတိုက် သွက်သဘာဝ သၞာံဗွဲမဂၠိုင်။ နဝ်အုမ်လှဝွံ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ၜံက်ခါဲမာင် လက်ပံတောင်း ပ္ဍဲဒေသဍုင်ဗၟာသၟဝ်ကျာလေဝ် ပါလုပ် ကရောမ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် လပါ်ဒစဵုဒစးကမၠောန်ၜံက်မာင် ပလီုဂြိုပ်ဒဵုတအ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/inspiring-women-of-burma.html|title=Inspiring Women of Burma/Naw Ohn Hla|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/8055-activist-daw-naw-ohn-hla-to-appeal-sentence.html|title=Activist to appeal sentence|author=Ei Ei Toe Lwin|work=[[The Myanmar Times]]|date=1 September 2013|language=en|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=28 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928172803/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/8055-activist-daw-naw-ohn-hla-to-appeal-sentence.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ပထမအဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာ==

နဝ်အုမ်လှ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၄ သၞာံ ၁၉၆၃ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် ပ္ဍဲဇရေင်မိမဂကူကရေင်၊ အပါညး စောသိန်းအောင်တုဲ ဗွဲကြဴ ညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://aappb.org/2016/03/daw-naw-ohn-hla-profile/|title=Daw Naw Ohn Hla Profile|work=Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma)|date=25 March 2016|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en|archivedate=16 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135532/http://aappb.org/2016/03/daw-naw-ohn-hla-profile/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==တာလျိုင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင်==

နဝ်အုမ်လှဝွံ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်အဓိက ပ္ဍဲအရာမချဳဓရာင် သွက်အခေါင်တိဍာ် ကေုာံ ကောန်ထံင်တအ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဂှ် နူစသၞာံ ၁၉၈၉ ဟိုတ်နူလုပ်ပေါဲဗတိုက် သွက်ဂွံဗလးကဵု ကောန်ထံင် သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ၊ ဗွဲကြဴ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပေါဲဗတိုက်အရံင်ထဝ် (ရွှေဝါရောင်တော်လှန်ရေး) သၞာံ ၂၀၀၇ ဂှ်တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ဒးဒုင်ဖျေဟ်ထံင် ထပှ်အလန်ပြင်င်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဂှ် အခေါင်ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ အခေါင်ပကောံမၞိဟ် အခေါင်ဟီုတွဟ် ဟွံမဲကီုလေဝ် ရန်တၟအ်ကဵု ညံင်အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် ဂွံဗလးကဵု ကောန်ထံင်တုဲ တိတ်ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ၊ ဟီုတွဟ်၊ ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒကွာ်ဂၠံင်တအ် ကၠောန်ရ။ ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ မဒးကြိုင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိခရိုင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဗလးကဵုဂှ် ညးတိုန်အာ လတူကျာ်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ ကၠောန်သဘင်ရာဒၞာ သွက်ဂွံဗလးကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် ဖျေဟ်ညးထံင် ၆ ဂိတု ကဵုကမၠောန်အကျာန်ရ &lt;ref&gt;Burma campaign UK, June 30, 2015; [http://burmacampaign.org.uk/the-burma-government-must-unconditionally-and-immediately-release-naw-ohn-hla/ The Burma Government Must Unconditionally and Immediately release Naw Ohn Hla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927175746/http://burmacampaign.org.uk/the-burma-government-must-unconditionally-and-immediately-release-naw-ohn-hla/ |date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်နူကမ္မဏဳကြုက် မကၠောန်ၜံက်ဒဵု လက်ပံတောင်တုဲ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ဒစဵုဒစး ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵု ဒြဟတ်ရ။ ကုညးဍုင်ကွာန် မဒစဵုဒစးတအ်ဂှ် ဒပ်ဂီုကၠီုဗၟာ ပန်ဂစိုတ် ဗွဲမသကာတ်မြဟ်ရ။ နကဵု နဝ်အုမ်လှ ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဂတမုက်ရုင်ကလုတ်ကြုက် ပ္ဍဲလ္ဂုင်၊ အာတ်မိက် သၟိင်ကြုက် ညံင်ဂွံဒေါအ်ထောအ် ပွမၜံက်ခါဲ ပလီုသဘာဝဂြိုပ်ဆုတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ ၂၀၁၃ ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳတအ် ဖျေဟ်ထံင်ညး ပွိုင်ၜါသၞာံရ။ 

နကဵု ပရေင်သၠးဒုဟ် သမတ သိန်းစိန်းဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၅ နဝ်ဝေန်ပါ ၂၀၁၃ ဂှ် ညးဂွံဗၠးတိတ်ကၠုင် ကရောံသၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ၆၉ တၠတအ်ရ။ ဆဂး စိုပ်သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ ဂိတုနဝ်ဝေန်ပါ ၂၉ ဂှ်  ညးဒးဒုင်ရပ် ဟိုတ်နူမထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဂတမုက် ရုင်ကလုတ်ကြုက် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင် မဒစဵုဒစး ပရေင်ၜံက်မာင် လက်ပံတောင်ဂှ်ပၠန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဒဳဇြေန်ပါ ၃၀ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ဂှ် ညးဒးဒုင်ရပ်တုဲ နကဵုဒုဟ် မစံင် အလာံဍုင်ကြုက်ဂှ် ညးဒးဒုင်ဖျေဟ်ထံင် ၜါသၞာံရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/naw-ohn-hla-says-religious-disturbance-case-political.html|title=Naw Ohn Hla Says Religious Disturbance Case is Political|author=Kyaw Hsu Mon|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|date=10 January 2014|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/burma-activist-naw-ohn-hla-faces-religious-disturbance-complaint.html|title=Burma Activist Naw Ohn Hla Faces 'Religious Disturbance' Complaint|author=Kyaw Hsu Mon|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|date=11 December 2013|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ ၁၅၊ ၂၀၁၅ ဂှ် နူကဵုရုင်ဗစာဒဂုင် ဖျေဟ်ဒုဟ် နကဵုထံင် ၄ သၞာံ ကဵု ၄ ဂိတု။ ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ရုင်ဗစာဗဟာန် ဖျေဟ်ဒုဟ်ညး ထံင်ပန်ဂိတု ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ထ္ၜးလဝ် ဆန္ဒ ပ္ဍဲ ၂၉ သေတ်တေန်ပါ ၂၀၁၄။ ညးဒးမံင် ပ္ဍဲထံင်အင်စိင် ပွိုင် ၆ သၞာံ ကဵု ၂ ဂိတုတုဲ စိုပ်လက်ထက် သမတထင်ကျော် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဨပြဳ ၁၇ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၆ဂှ် ဂွံဗၠးတိတ်ကၠုင် နူထံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dvb.no/news/naw-ohn-hla-handed-additional-sentence-with-hard-labour-burma-myanmar/53286|title=Naw Ohn Hla handed additional sentence 'with hard labour'|work=[[Democratic Voice of Burma]]|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en|archivedate=16 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140023/http://www.dvb.no/news/naw-ohn-hla-handed-additional-sentence-with-hard-labour-burma-myanmar/53286}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://karennews.org/2016/03/naw-ohn-hlas-jailing-highlights-ongoing-suppression-of-political-dissent-human-rights-organisation-claims-by-karen-news.html/|title=NAW OHN HLA'S JAILING HIGHLIGHTS ONGOING SUPPRESSION OF POLITICAL DISSENT, HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANISATION CLAIMS|work=Karen News|date=15 March 2016|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en|archivedate=16 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116141049/http://karennews.org/2016/03/naw-ohn-hlas-jailing-highlights-ongoing-suppression-of-political-dissent-human-rights-organisation-claims-by-karen-news.html/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/the-case-of-naw-ohn-hla-the-chinese-embassy-protest/|title=The Case of Naw Ohn Hla (The Chinese Embassy Protest)|work=Global Freedom of Expression @[[Columbia University]]|date=|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၂ ၂၀၁၉ ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကၠောန်သဘင် တ္ၚဲအာဇာနဲကရေင် [[စောဘဥူၐြဳ၊ အာဇာနဲ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ကရေင်|စောဘဥူဂြဳ]] ပ္ဍဲဂတမုက် ကၠအ်ပ္ကဴမဟာဗန္ဒုလ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ သကိုပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ကျောက်တံတား စုတ်စောဲ နကဵုဒုဟ်ပကောံမၞိဟ်ပိုဒ်ဇၞော် ၂၀ ရ။ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန် သဘင်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရအာတ်မိက်လဝ်အခေါင်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူကၠောန် တ္ၚဲအာဇာနဲကရေင်တုဲ ညးတအ် ဟွံကဵုအခေါင်ရ။ စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စဝွံတုဲ နူကဵုဂကောံကရေင်နာနာ သီုကဵုကေအေန်ယူ အာတ်မိက်ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ညးမဒှ်အလဵုအသဳဍုင် ညံင်ဂွံဗလးကဵု နဝ်အုမ်လှရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://risemyanmar.com/2019/09/17/ဖမ်းဆီးခံ-နော်အုံးလှ-နှင/|title=ဖမ်းဆီးခံ နော်အုံးလှ နှင့် ကရင်လူငယ်နှစ်ဦးကို ခြွင်းချက်မရှိ ရုတ်သိမ်းပေးရန် KNU တောင်းဆို|author=|work=Rise Myanmar|date=17 September 2019|accessdate=19 Feb. 2021|language=Burmese}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;နကဵု (ငြိမ်းစုစီဥပဒေ) ပိုဒ်ဇၞော် ၂၀ ဂှ် နူကဵု ရုင်ဗစာ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ကျောက်တံတား ပ္ဍဲအံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂ ဖျေဟ်ဒုဟ် ကုညး ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်သၟတ်ကရေင်ၜါတၠ ထံင် ပွိုင် ၁၅ တ္ၚဲ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://13.251.204.60/story/167685|title=ေနာ္အံုးလွ႐ံုးခ်ိန္းတြင္ ဆႏၵျပသူသံုးဦးအမႈဖြင့္ခံရ|author=စိုင်းကိုကိုထွန်း|work=7Day News|date=4 October 2019|accessdate=19 Feb. 2021|language=Burmese}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဇာဇၞိက်ညးဗြဴ သွက်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလံ==

နဝ်အုမ်လှဝွံ ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမဒက်ပတန် ဂကောံဇာဇၞိက်ညးဗြဴ သွက်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလံ (Democracy and Peace Women Network) သွက်ဂွံ ဆက်လုပ်အာ ပေါဲဗတိုက် သွက်အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ်၊ အခေါင်တိဍာ် ကေုာံ သွက်ဂွံဒစဵုဒစး ပရေင်ပကီုပရာပ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိတအ်ရ။ ဂကောံညးတအ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ဒုင်ပူဇဴ လာပ် N-Peace Awards ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကဏ္ဍ &quot;Thinking Outside the Box&quot; ပ္ဍဲအံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၀၁၄။

ပ္ဍဲသဘင်မာဲ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် ညးလုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲစှ် သွက်ဝန်ဇၞော် ဂကူကရေင် ပ္ဍဲအလဵုအသဳ ရးဇၞော်လ္ဂုင် နကဵု ဗော်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳညဳသၟဟ်ကောန်ဂကူဂမၠိုင် (United Nationalities Democracy Party  - UNDP)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Naw Ohn Hla will run for Yangon Karen ethnic affairs minister post |url=http://mizzima.com/article/naw-ohn-hla-will-run-yangon-karen-ethnic-affairs-minister-post |work=Mizzima |date=18 June 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး ဟွံကလိဂွံ ဒုင်ရုဲစှ်ရ။

==နိဿဲ ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:နဝ်အုမ်လှ}}

[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]
[[Category:ဂကူကရေင်]]
[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]</text>
      <sha1>a18qgkzkirqpbutcpng4ptkunj9qpob</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ကောန်ဆာန်၊ မိ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60497</id>
      <parentid>50556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T00:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30534" sha1="6lgzfv93z9el3br43yp5be1bj10f6pm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ကၟိန်ဍုင်
| name               = မိကောန်ဆာန် &lt;br&gt; ဒေါ်မိကွန်ချမ်း
| honorific_suffix   = 
| image              = Mi-Kun-Chan-MP.png
&lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;
| image_upright      = 
| landscape          = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;
| alt                = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;
| caption            = 
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| pronunciation      = 
| birth_name         = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1972|01|06}}&lt;!-- for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --&gt;
| birth_place        = ခယျးပ္ဍဲ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ကအ်ကြိက်။
| baptised           = &lt;!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --&gt;
| disappeared_date   = &lt;!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --&gt;
| disappeared_place  = 
| disappeared_status = 
| death_date         = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1908|31|8|1967|28|2}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --&gt;
| death_place        = 
| death_cause        = 
| body_discovered    = 
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;
| burial_place       = &lt;!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays &quot;Burial place&quot; as label) --&gt;
| burial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;
| monuments          = 
| nationality        = {{Flag|Mon}}မန်
| other_names        = 
| siglum             = 
| citizenship        = {{Flag|Myanmar}}ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ
| education          = BA (မြန်မာစာ)
| alma_mater         = တက္ကသိုလ်မတ်မလီု
| occupation         = Managing Director (Morning Pearl Co., Ltd)
| years_active       = 
| era                = 
| employer           = 
| organization       = 
| agent = &lt;!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --&gt;
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = &lt;!-- produces label &quot;Notable work&quot;; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label &quot;Notable credit(s)&quot;; or by |works=, which produces label &quot;Works&quot;; or by |label_name=, which produces label &quot;Label(s)&quot; --&gt;
| style              = 
| home_town          = 
| net_worth          = &lt;!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --&gt;
| height             = &lt;!-- &quot;X cm&quot;, &quot;X m&quot; or &quot;X ft Y in&quot; plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --&gt;
| television         = 
| title              = &lt;!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as &quot;Office&quot; (e.g. public office or appointments) --&gt;
| term               = 
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| party              = NLD
| movement           = 
| opponents          = အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ
| boards             = 
| criminal_charges   = &lt;!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --&gt;
| criminal_penalty   =  
| criminal_status    = 
| spouse             = ဦးကျော်စိုးမိုး 
| partner            = &lt;!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --&gt;
| children           = (၁) မောင်မင်းကောန်းခန့်&lt;br&gt;(၂) မောင်သန်းထိုက်၊&lt;br&gt;(၃) မသက်နှင်းစု| parents            = &lt;!-- overrides mother and father parameters --&gt;
| mother             = မိကျင်သန်း&lt;!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;
| father             = နာဲသက်လောန်&lt;!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;
| relatives          = 
| family             = 
| callsign           = 
| awards             = 
| website            = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| module             = 
| module2            = 
| module3            = 
| module4            = 
| module5            = 
| module6            = 
| signature          = 
| signature_size     = 
| signature_alt      = 
| footnotes          = 
}}
'''မိကောန်ဆာန်''' (ၜံင် ၆ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၉၇၂)&lt;ref name=&quot;Hluttaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/978 |title=ဒေါ်ကွန်ချမ်း (ပေါင်မဲဆန္ဒနယ်) |last=ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော် |first= |publisher=Open Publishing |date= |website=ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော် |access-date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=February 28, 2020 |archivedate=February 28, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228070314/https://pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/978 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) ဝွံ ဒှ်အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ကၟိန်ဍုင် ဍုင်ဗၟာ နူကဵု ဗော်ဂအုပ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳကောန်ဂကူ (အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ) မဒှ်ဗော် ဂကူဗၟာ သၟဝ်ပၠတရဴ ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ မပစၞး ပွိုင်ဆန္ဒမာဲ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင်ရ။ မိကောန်ဆာန်ဝွံ ဒှ်ကောန်ဝုတ် နာဲ[[သိုက်လောန်၊ နာဲ|သက်လောန်]] မဒှ် ဝန်ဇၞော်ကာကောန်ဍုင်အရင် အလဵုအသဳ အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ၊ ဒုဥက္ကဌ (တြေံ) ဗော်ကောန်ဂကူမန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူယၟု [[ဒဒန်တကအ်ခၟိုင်]] အလဵုအသဳအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတအ် မပၠံင်သၠာဲထောအ် နကဵု ယၟု ဒဒန်[[ဒဒန်တကအ်ခၟိုင်|''ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံတား'']]ဂှ် ဂကူမန်တအ် ဒစဵုဒစး ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ဂှ် နကဵု မိကောန်ဆာန် ပတိုန်ဂလာန် ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် နကဵုကၠတ်ထဝ် နကဵုသၞောဝ် ညံင်ဂွံပဒတန် ယၟုဒဒန် တကအ်ခၟိုင် နကဵုယၟု [[အံင်သာန်၊ ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်|ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း]]&lt;ref&gt;Mon News Agency April 27, 2017 http://burmese.monnews.org/2017/04/27/ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံတ-4/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;TimeAyeyar by Ar Ti http://www.timeayeyar.com/2017/03/blog-post_797.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106171006/http://www.timeayeyar.com/2017/03/blog-post_797.html |date=2019-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hinthar Media March 27, 2017 by ရွှေရိုး https://www.hintharmedia.com/ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံ/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613054430/https://www.hintharmedia.com/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6/ |date=2021-06-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;တုဲ ဒးဒုင်ပျုတ်ဗဒေက် ပါ်ပါဲကၠုင်ဒၟံင် အကြာဂကူမန်တအ်ရ။

==ပထမအဝဲ==
မိကောန်ဆာန်ဝွံ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲမိမဂကူမန် နာဲ[[သိုက်လောန်၊ နာဲ|သက်လောန်]] (နိုင်သက်လွင်၊ (၁၀/မလမ (နိုင်) ၀၂၅၉၅၉)၊ မိကျင်သန်း (၁၀/မလမ(နိုင်)၀၂၅၉၇၆) ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ခယျးပ္ဍဲ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဘာအင် တွဵုရးဍုင်ကရေင် ပ္ဍဲ ၆ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၉၇၃ ရ။ မိကောန်ဆာန် ဂွံအံင်ကေတ် ၁၀ တန် နူကဵု ဘာတန်သမၠုင် (၆) ဍုင်မတ်မလီုတုဲ နူကဵုတက္ကသိုလ်မတ်မလီုဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမုဘဳအေ (လိက်ဗၟာ) ရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;Hluttaw&quot; /&gt;

==ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်==
မိကောန်ဆာန်ဝွံ ဒက်သ္ၚိကၟိန် ကု ဦးကျော်စိုးမိုး (၅/ရဘန (နိုင်)၁၁၀၉၉၇)တုဲ ကလိဂွံ ကောန်ဇာတ်ပိ (၁) မောင်မင်းကောန်းခန့် (၂) မောင်သန်းထိုက်၊ (၃) မသက်နှင်းစု ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Hluttaw&quot; /&gt; ဦးကျော်စိုးမိုးဂှ် ဒှ်ဂလာမူသလေန် မွဲတၠရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/1022 |title=နိုင်ငံကောင်းဖို့ အရင်လုပ်ပါ |last=ဖြိုးဆီဟချို |first= |date=October 22, 2015 |website=Myanmar Now |publisher=Open publisher |access-date=February 28, 2020 |quote=ကျွန်မကိုဆိုရင် &quot;ကျွန်မအမျိုးသားက ကုလား၊ ကျွန်မကလည်း ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာမဟုတ်ဘူး&quot; ဆိုပြီးတော့ ဝါဒဖြန့်နေတာမျိုးတွေကို ကြားနေရပါတယ်။ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228075325/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/1022 |archivedate=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဘဝသၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်==
မိကောန်ဆာန်ဝွံ နူဘဝ သၟာပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်မွဲဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုသဘင်ရုဲမာဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ ဂှ် ဒုင်ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင် နူကဵု ဗော်ဂအုပ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳကောန်ဂကူ (အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ) မဒှ်ဗော် သၟဝ်ပၠတရဴ ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳတုဲ ကလိဂွံဇမၞးမာဲ ဂွံဒှ် အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်ကၟိန်ဍုင် မွဲတၠရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/1022 |title=နိုင်ငံကောင်းဖို့ အရင်လုပ်ပါ |last=ဖြိုးဆီဟချို |first= |date=October 22, 2015 |website=Myanmar Now |publisher=Open publisher |access-date=February 28, 2020 |quote=ကျွန်မကိုဆိုရင် &quot;အဖေ့ပါတီကနေ နဂိုကတည်းက ဝင်လည်းမပါပါဘူး။ အဖေ့ပါတီကို ကျွန်မက ကူညီလုပ်ဆောင်ပေးတယ်။ အဲဒီလောက်ပါပဲ။ (မွန်)လူမျိုးရေးအတွက်ကိုလည်း ကျွန်မက တစိုက်မတ်မတ် လုပ်ဆောင်ပေးခဲ့ပါတယ်။ နိုင်ငံတစ်ခုကို ပြောင်းလဲဖို့အတွက်က ကျွန်မတို့တိုင်းရင်းသားတွေအားလုံး ပါဝင်ရမယ်။ ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုဖြစ်ဖို့အတွက်ကို ကျွန်မတို့က ဝင်ပြီးတော့ ပံ့ပိုးပေးတာ။ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228075325/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/1022 |archivedate=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ်လေဝ် ကလေင်ဒုင်ရုဲမာဲ ဒၞာဲဇကုတြေံ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင်ပၠန်ရ။ ညးပါ်ပါဲတအ် တော်ကေတ်မ္ဂး ညံင်ရဴဒေသတၞဟ်တအ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင်ဝွံလေဝ် နကဵုကမ္မရှေန်မာဲဂှ် ဖန်လီလာန်လဝ်မာဲကီုရ။ လ္ၚတ်ရံင် မမာဲ ကေုာံ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုင်မ္ဂး ဒဒှ်ရ [[ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ]] မွဲမွဲကၠတ်ကေတ်လဝ်မာဲ မွဲမွဲပွိုင်ဆန္ဒမာဲမ္ဂး ထပ်စုတ်လဝ် မမာဲအလီနွံဒၟံင် အကြာ ၁၀၀၀၀ စဵုကဵု ၂၀၀၀၀ နွံရောင်ဂှ် နာဲဗဳထဝ်မန်ဇြာ ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုတင်ဂၞင်လၟိဟ်မာဲဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဟီုလဝ်ရ။ ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ မိကောန်ဆာန် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မပၠုပ်ဂလာန် စပ်ကဵု ယၟုဒဒန်တကအ်ခၟိုင်ဂှ် လၟိဟ်မာဲအလီ ၜါလက်ပြင်ပြင် လီလဝ်ရောင်ဂှ် ညးဟီုပါ်ပါဲလဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=od462PnLepk|title=Analysis of Burmese election 2020|last= |first= |date= |website=Bee Htaw Monzel's YouTube |publisher=Open |access-date=28-08-2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵုပၞာန် ကြဴနူ အာတ်မိက် ညံင်ဂွံပသောင်ကဵု ကိစ္စမာဲအလီဏအ် ဂၠိုင်ကဵုအလန် ဟိုတ်နူ ကမ္မရှေန်မာဲ အလဵုအသဳအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံဒုင်ပသောင်တုဲ ကၞောတ်တဲ ထိင်ကေတ်ထောအ် အဝဵုဍုင်ရ။ 

[[ဝှာင်:Burmese-Election result Pong State.jpg|thumb|350px|လၟိဟ်မာဲ သွက်စၠတ်ထဝ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် နူကဵုပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင် နူကဵု သဘင်မာဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ ကဵု ၂၀၂၀။ 

သၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ ဟိုတ်နူ ဗော်မန် ဒှ်ဒၟံင်ၜါဗော်တုဲ ဗော်မန်ၜါဂှ် ကလိဂွံမာဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ၁၁,၄၄၀၊ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ၃၂,၈၃၁၊ ဗော်ကျဖောတ် ကလိဂွံ ၂၂.၇၄၈။ 

သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ ဗော်မန်ၜါ ဒှ်အာမွဲတုဲ ဗော်ညဳသၟဟ်မန် ကလိဂွံမာဲ ၂၇,၇၂၉၊ ဗော်ကျဖေတ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ၂၁,၅၅၂ (ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ဗော်ညးတအ် ပါ်တိတ်အာ ပြည်ထောင်စုကောင်းကျိုးဆောင်ပါတီ တုဲ မာဲညးတအ်ပြး ဒှ်မာန်)၊ နကဵု အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ကလိဂွံမာဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ၆၄,၈၆၃၊ ဂၠိုင်တိုန် နူအလန်မတုဲကၠုင် ၜါဆပြင်င်။ 

ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ဗော်မန်ဒှ်ၜါ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၅တုဲ ကောန်မန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် စုတ်မာဲကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ၊ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် ဗော်မန် ဒှ်မွဲ ကောန်မန်တအ် စုတ်မာဲကဵု ဗော်မန် ဂၠိုင်တိုန်ၜါဆမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်မစုတ်မာဲကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဒးအောန်စှ်ေ နူသၞာံ ၂၀၁၅။ ဆဂး ဟွံဒှ်ဗီုဂှ် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ကလိဂွံမာဲ ဂၠိုင်တိုန်ၜါဆပၠန်ဂှ်ရ လၟိဟ်မာဲ မဒှ်သံသယျ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ မပၠုပ်စုတ်လဝ် မမာဲအလီ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဆန္ဒမာဲဏအ် အောန်အိုတ် ၜါလက်ပြင်င်ဂှ် မဟီုမာန်။ ညံင်ရဴဏအ်ကီုဂှ် ပွိုင်ဍုင်တၞဟ်တအ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုဒၟံင်ကီု။ (လၟိဟ်မမာဲတအ်ဂှ် ကေတ်နူ စရင် UEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?height=314&amp;href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fbee.monzel%2Fvideos%2F10158898498880040%2F&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=560&quot;|title=Analysis of Burmese 2020 Election based on data from Union Electoral Commission (UEC).|editor=Bee Htaw Monzel|date=5 January 2021|website=Bee Htaw Monzel's Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ထိင်ကေတ် အဝဵုဍုင်တုဲ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် မိကောန်ဆာန်တအ် ပြံင်အာမံင် ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန်ရ။

==ကမၠောန်တၟေင် ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်==
===ယၟု ဒဒန်တကအ်ခၟိုင်===
{{main|ဒဒန်တကအ်ခၟိုင်}}
ဒဒန်တကအ်ခၟိုင် ကဵု မတ်မလီုဂှ် ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာ ကဵုလဝ်ယၟု နကဵုဘာသာဗၟာ ''သံလွင်တံတား (ချောင်းဆုံ)''ရ၊၊ အလဵုအသဳ အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ကလိဂွံအဝဵုတုဲ ကာလဒဒန်ကြပ်တုဲဂှ် ညးတအ် သၠာဲထောအ် နကဵုယၟု ''ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံတား (ဘီလူးကျွန်း)''ရ၊၊ စပ်ကဵု ကိစ္စဏအ်တုဲ ညးဒေသဂမၠိုင် ဟွံဒးဂၞပ်တုဲ ဒစဵုဒစး၊ ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၊ ၂၀၁၇ဂှ် ညးဒေသ ရဲတကအ်ခၟိုင် ၜိုတ် ၃၀၀၀ ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒရ၊၊ စနူတ္ၚဲဂှ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံဆက်ဒစဵုဒစးအာ အရာမသၠာဲယၟုဒဒန်ဂှ်တုဲ နူကဵု ညးဍုင်ကွာန်မန် ပွိုင်ဍုင်နာနာ ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ကမ္မတဳမွဲ (သံလွင်တံတား(ချောင်းဆုံ)ဆိုင်ရာ လူထုလှုပ်ရှားမှုကော်မတီ) သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ် ၁၅၀ တၠရ၊၊ အပ္ဍဲဂှ် [[မန်ရာဇာ၊ နာဲ|နာဲမန်ရာဇာ]]၊ ဒံက်တာအံင်နာင်ဥူ၊ နာဲမေန်မေန်၊ မာံအံင်မန် တအ် ပါလုပ်ကီုရ၊၊ ညးဒစဵုဒစးတအ် စနူဂိတုဨပြဳ ၁၃ ဂှ် စပကောံစၟတ်တဲ ညးမဒစဵုဒစး ယၟုဒဒန်အောင်ဆန်း ပွိုင် (၅)တ္ၚဲဂှ် ကလိဂွံသီုဖအိုတ် ၜိုတ် မွဲပြကောဋိကိုဋ်ဘာ် (၁၂၀၀၀၀၀)ရ၊၊ စၟတ်တဲတအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ပလံင်ဗစိုပ် ဇရေင် သမ္မတ ဥူခေန်ကျဝ်၊ ညးမကဵုကသပ်ဍုင် ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ၊ ဝန်ဇၞော် [[တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်]] ကေုာံ ကၠတ်ထဝ်တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt; BBC Burmese 26 April 2017 https://www.bbc.com/burmese/burma-39725022&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမာတ် ၁၄ ပ္ဍဲ ကောံဓရီုကၠတ်ထဝ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် မရနုက်ကဵု စတုတ္ထ (''စတုတ္ထအကြိမ်မြောက် ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော် ပုံမှန်အစည်းအဝေး'') ဂှ် နူကဵု အမာတ်ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ မိကောန်ဆာန် ပတိုန်ဂလာန် “ဣလဵုဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူ ဣလဵုဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်ရောဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တအ် ပါ်ပါဲ တီကေတ်ထေက်ရ။ ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင်ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိဏအ် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူညးတအ် ညးတအ်သ္ပသမ္တီရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ပိုဲဏအ် ကဵုယၟုဒဒန် “ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်း” မ္ဂး ညးလ္ၚဵုတအ် ဂစာန်တးပါဲမံင်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးလညာတ်က္ဍန်ဟေင်ရ” ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဒဒန်မကၠောန်ဒၟံင် အကြာမတ်မလီု ကဵု တကအ်ခၟိုင်ဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံခုတ်ကဵုယၟု ဒဒန် ＂''ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံတား''＂ရ၊၊ စပ်ကဵု ဂလာန်ဂှ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်မလုပ် ပတိုန်ဂလာန် သီုဖအိုတ် ၁၆ တၠ၊ မၞိဟ်လပါ်ဒစဵုဒစး ၃ တၠ ကဵု မၞိဟ်ထံက်ဂလာန် ၁၃ တၠ၊၊ ကာလဖျေဟ်မာဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်မထံက်ဂလာန် ၂၁၈ မာဲ၊ ဒစဵုဒစး ၄၃ မာဲ၊ မၞိဟ်မမံင်လဒေါဝ် ၁၁၆ မာဲတုဲ မာဲလပါ်ဂၠိုင်တုပ်စိုတ်တုဲ ဒှ်အာဒတန်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;Mon News Agency April 27, 2017 http://burmese.monnews.org/2017/04/27/ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံတ-4/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;TimeAyeyar by Ar Ti http://www.timeayeyar.com/2017/03/blog-post_797.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106171006/http://www.timeayeyar.com/2017/03/blog-post_797.html |date=2019-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hinthar Media March 27, 2017 by ရွှေရိုး https://www.hintharmedia.com/ဗိုလ်ချုပ်အောင်ဆန်းတံ/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613054430/https://www.hintharmedia.com/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6/ |date=2021-06-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စဏအ်တုဲ နာဲ[[သိုက်လောန်၊ နာဲ|သိုက်လောန်]] ညးမဒှ်ဝန်ဇၞော်ကာ ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်ကီု သီုဒှ် အပါမိကောန်ဆာန်ဂှ် ပါ်ပါဲ လတူအရာ ကောန်ဝုတ်ဇကု နကဵုစၞး ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ မပတိုန်ဂလာန် ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ် စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စယၟုဒဒန်ဝွံ &quot;ပွမကေတ်မာန် ကေတ်ဇၞး လတူညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဗီုဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်နဲကဲ ညးအရိုင်တအ် မကေတ်မာန်မွဲရ&quot; မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ညးဟီုကဵု ပရိုင် Frontier Myanmar ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/mm/news/4364 |title=သမီးအမတ်၏ တံတားအမည်ပေးအဆို ဖခင်ဝန်ကြီး လက်မခံ |last= |first= |date=March 15, 2017 |website=Frontier Myanmar |publisher=Open publisher |access-date=February 28, 2020 |quote=“မသင့်တော်ဘူး။ တိုင်းရင်းသား စည်းလုံးညီညွတ်မှုအတွက်ရော လူမျိုးအချင်းချင်း မုန်းတီးမှုလည်း ဖြစ်တယ်။ အဲဒီလိုဟာမျိုးတွေက ဒီလွှတ်တော်ထဲလာပြီးတော့ တင်သွင်းအနိုင်ယူတာ မသင့်တော်ဘူး။ မဖြစ်သင့်ဘူး။ ဒီလိုအနိုင်ယူတာ လူပြိန်းတွေ အနိုင်ယူတဲ့ပုံစံမျိုး” |accessdate=February 28, 2020 |archivedate=February 28, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228080027/https://frontiermyanmar.net/mm/news/4364 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ကိစ္စပလေဝ် ဥပဒေသဇိုင် ၂၀၀၈===

ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုကၠတ်ထဝ်ကၟိန်ဍုင် မဆေင်စပ် ကုပလေဝ် ဥပဒေသဇိုင် ၂၀၀၈ ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၂၆ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် မိကောန်ဆာန် ပါလုပ် ပတိုန်ဂလာန်ကီုရ။ 
စပ်ကဵု ပိုဒ်ဇၞော် ၅၉ (စ) မဆေင်ကဵု ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် သမ္မတကၟိန်ဍုင်ဂှ် မိကောန်ဆာန်ဟီု 

“ကုညးမပ သမ္မတဟေင် ထေက်ကဵု ဒးပိုင်ခြာ ဍာ်ဒကေဝ်မၞိဟ်ရောင်၊ လတူ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် မၞိဟ်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံ ပိုင်ခြာ ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်။ ဥပဒေဗီုဏအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခေတ်ဨကရာဇ်တေအ်ဟေင် ဟိုတ်နူကဵု အဝဵုဍုင်ဂှ် ဆက်ဒုင်အာ အဆက်ကောန် အဆက်စဴတုဲ သၞောဝ်ဗီုဏအ်နွံပၟိက်” ညးဆက်ဟီုပၠန်ဂှ် 

“ဂွိင်ဖေက် ဍုင်သအာင်တအ် အုပ်ဓလီုဏာ ဍုင်ဇကုတုဲ နွံပၟိက် ဥပဒေဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံထေက်။ ဟိုတ်နူ ဇကုဍိုန်လျဟေင်ရ ဍုင်သအာင်တအ် ဓလီုဏာဇကုမာန်။ ဇကုဍိုဟ်ကေက်ဒၟံင်မ္ဂး ဍုင်သအာင်ဂှ် ဇကုရပ်စကာဂွံဒၟံင်ဏီရ။ သမ္မတဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ မရုဲစှ်ဒၟံင် ဇၟာပ်မသုန်သၞာံမွဲအလန်ဂှ်ရ ပိုဒ်ၝောအ်ဏအ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်။” တုဲပၠန် စပ်ကဵု ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် သမ္မတဂှ် ပွမပိုင်ခြာ အာယုက်၊ မၞိဟ်တြုဟ်၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ၊ ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် ကွတ်ပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံထေက်။ အာယုက်ဍောတ်ကဵုဒှ် အာယုက်ဇၞော်ကဵုဒှ် မၞိဟ်ဗြဴကဵုဒှ် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ်ကဵုဒှ် ယဝ်ရ ဍာ်ဒကေဝ်ဉာဏ်သၠုင်မ္ဂး ညးလဵုဟွံဟီု ဒှ်သမ္မတထေက်ဂှ် ညးဆက်ပတိုန်ထ္ၜး ထံက်ဂလာန် လတူ တင်ပလေဝ် ဥပဒေသဇိုင် ၂၀၀၈ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news-eleven.com/article/161444 |title=
သက်ဦးဆံပိုင်ဘုရင်စနစ်ဖြင့် အာဏာကို သားစဉ်မြေးဆက် လက်ဆင့်ကမ်းလိုမှသာလျှင် ပုဒ်မ ၅၉ (စ) ပါကန့်သတ်ထားသောအချက်များကို ဆက်လက်ကျင့်သုံးသင့်ကြောင်း NLD ပါတီ လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ် ဝေဖန်|last= |first=|publisher=Open Publishing |date=February 27, 2020 |website=Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. |access-date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==နိဿဲ==


[[ကဏ္ဍ:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]
[[ကဏ္ဍ:BEHM]]</text>
      <sha1>6lgzfv93z9el3br43yp5be1bj10f6pm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of countries by age of consent</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60496</id>
      <parentid>60085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T23:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="253352" sha1="qk0dmyhevrzwgq9jws3g8o2z60opv13" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Age of consent by jurisdiction}}
The [[age of consent]] is the age at which a person is considered to be [[legally competent]] to [[Sexual consent|consent]] to [[Human sexual activity|sexual acts]] and is thus the minimum age of a person with whom another person is legally permitted to engage in sexual activity. The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and his or her sex partner is regarded as the offender, unless both are underage. So leave them hoes don’t suck them toes.

== Maps ==
{|cellpadding=5 style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center&quot;
!
! colspan=2|Unlimited age of consent by country
|-
!
!Male
!Female
|-
!Heterosexual
|&lt;section begin=Map heterosexual males /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#1f78b4|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#33a02c|SE=#33a02c|NG=#33a02c|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#33a02c|TH=#33a02c|AE=#33a02c|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#e31a1c|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#33a02c|HK=#a6cee3|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#33a02c|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#33a02c|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#e31a1c|QA=#33a02c|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#fb9a99|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#33a02c|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#33a02c|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#cab2d6|OM=#33a02c|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#e31a1c|KE=#33a02c|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#33a02c|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#33a02c|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#33a02c|RS=#33a02c|LY=#33a02c|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#6F6F6F|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#33a02c|BH=#a6cee3|BO=#33a02c|CM=#a6cee3|LV=#33a02c|PY=#ff7f00|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#33a02c|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#33a02c|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#33a02c|PG=#e31a1c|GE=#33a02c|BW=#33a02c|SN=#e31a1c|ZW=#e31a1c|CG=#33a02c|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#6F6F6F|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#33a02c|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#ff7f00|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#e31a1c|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#e31a1c|NE=#a6cee3|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#33a02c|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#33a02c|BI=#33a02c|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#33a02c|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#33a02c|SC=#fdbf6f|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#33a02c|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#fdbf6f|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#fdbf6f|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#e31a1c }}&lt;section begin=Map heterosexual males /&gt;
|&lt;section begin=Map heterosexual females /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#1f78b4|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#fdbf6f|SE=#33a02c|NG=#33a02c|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#fdbf6f|TH=#33a02c|AE=#33a02c|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#e31a1c|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#33a02c|HK=#a6cee3|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#e31a1c|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#33a02c|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#e31a1c|QA=#e31a1c|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#fdbf6f|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#33a02c|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#ff7f00|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#6a3d9a|OM=#33a02c|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#e31a1c|KE=#33a02c|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#33a02c|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#33a02c|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#33a02c|RS=#33a02c|LY=#e31a1c|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#FEEBE2|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#33a02c|BH=#a6cee3|BO=#33a02c|CM=#a6cee3|LV=#33a02c|PY=#ff7f00|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#e31a1c|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#33a02c|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#33a02c|PG=#fb9a99|GE=#33a02c|BW=#33a02c|SN=#e31a1c|ZW=#e31a1c|CG=#33a02c|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#e31a1c|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#33a02c|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#ff7f00|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#e31a1c|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#e31a1c|NE=#a6cee3|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#33a02c|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#FEEBE2|BI=#33a02c|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#33a02c|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#33a02c|SC=#fdbf6f|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#33a02c|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#fdbf6f|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#33a02c|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#ff7f00 }}&lt;section end=Map heterosexual females /&gt;
|-
!Homosexual
|&lt;section begin=Map homosexual males /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#33a02c|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#2F2F2F|SE=#33a02c|NG=#2F2F2F|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#2F2F2F|TH=#33a02c|AE=#2F2F2F|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#2F2F2F|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#2F2F2F|HK=#2F2F2F|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#2F2F2F|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#2F2F2F|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#2F2F2F|QA=#2F2F2F|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#2F2F2F|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#2F2F2F|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#33a02c|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#2F2F2F|OM=#2F2F2F|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#2F2F2F|KE=#2F2F2F|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#2F2F2F|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#2F2F2F|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#2F2F2F|RS=#33a02c|LY=#2F2F2F|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#2F2F2F|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#2F2F2F|BH=#2F2F2F|BO=#33a02c|CM=#2F2F2F|LV=#33a02c|PY=#e31a1c|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#2F2F2F|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#a6cee3|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#2F2F2F|PG=#2F2F2F|GE=#33a02c|BW=#2F2F2F|SN=#2F2F2F|ZW=#2F2F2F|CG=#2F2F2F|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#2F2F2F|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#2F2F2F|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#a6cee3|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#a6cee3|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#33a02c|NE=#2F2F2F|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#2F2F2F|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#2F2F2F|BI=#2F2F2F|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#2F2F2F|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#2F2F2F|SC=#2F2F2F|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#2F2F2F|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#2F2F2F|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#2F2F2F|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#2F2F2F }}&lt;section end=Map homosexual males /&gt;
|&lt;section begin=Map homosexual females /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#33a02c|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#2F2F2F|SE=#33a02c|NG=#2F2F2F|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#2F2F2F|TH=#33a02c|AE=#2F2F2F|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#2F2F2F|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#2F2F2F|HK=#2F2F2F|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#2F2F2F|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#2F2F2F|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#2F2F2F|QA=#2F2F2F|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#2F2F2F|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#2F2F2F|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#ff7f00|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#2F2F2F|OM=#2F2F2F|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#e31a1c|KE=#2F2F2F|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#2F2F2F|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#2F2F2F|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#2F2F2F|RS=#33a02c|LY=#2F2F2F|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#2F2F2F|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#2F2F2F|BH=#2F2F2F|BO=#33a02c|CM=#2F2F2F|LV=#33a02c|PY=#e31a1c|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#2F2F2F|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#a6cee3|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#2F2F2F|PG=#2F2F2F|GE=#33a02c|BW=#2F2F2F|SN=#2F2F2F|ZW=#2F2F2F|CG=#2F2F2F|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#e31a1c|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#2F2F2F|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#a6cee3|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#a6cee3|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#33a02c|NE=#2F2F2F|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#2F2F2F|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#2F2F2F|BI=#2F2F2F|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#2F2F2F|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#2F2F2F|SC=#2F2F2F|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#2F2F2F|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#2F2F2F|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#2F2F2F|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#2F2F2F }}&lt;section end=Map homosexual females /&gt;
|-
|
|colspan=2|&lt;section begin=maps key /&gt;{{Legend0|#FEEBE2|9}} {{Legend0|#b15928|10}} {{Legend0|#ffff99|11}} {{Legend0|#6a3d9a|12}} {{Legend0|#cab2d6|13}} {{Legend0|#ff7f00|14}} {{Legend0|#fdbf6f|15}} {{Legend0|#e31a1c|16}} {{Legend0|#fb9a99|17}} {{Legend0|#33a02c|18}} {{Legend0|#b2df8a|19}} {{Legend0|#1f78b4|20}} {{Legend0|#a6cee3|21}}&lt;br&gt;{{Legend0|#2F2F2F|Forbidden at any age}} {{Legend0|#6F6F6F|Unknown}} {{Legend0|#C0C0C0|Varies by state}}&lt;section end=maps key /&gt;
|}

== Table ==
&lt;section begin=Definitions /&gt;

=== Definitions ===
{{Main|Age of consent#Defenses and exceptions}}
*'''Limited by age''': younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as their age difference doesn't exceed a specified amount.
*'''Limited by relationship''': younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as the latter is not in a position of trust or authority, or is not recognised to be abusing the inexperience of the younger one.
*'''Unlimited''': age from which one is deemed able to consent to having sex with anyone else or [[marriageable age]] if they must be married

Different jurisdictions express these definitions differently. Some, like most Australian states, may say the age of consent is 16 except if the older partner is in a position of authority over the younger one. So, effectively, the unrestricted age of consent there is 18. Others, like Argentina, may say the age of consent is 18, but an exception is made down to 13 years of age, if the older partner is not in a position of authority over the younger one. The data below reflects what each jurisdiction's legislation actually means, rather than what it states on the surface.
&lt;section end=Definitions /&gt;
{|class=&quot;nowrap sortable mw-datatable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:fixed;margin:auto;text-align:right&quot;

|- valign=bottom
! rowspan=3 style=width:17em|Countries and States
! rowspan=3 style=width:6em|Region
! rowspan=3 style=width:3em|Must be&lt;br&gt;married
! colspan=4|{{abbr|Limited by age|Younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as their age difference doesn't exceed a specified amount.}}
! colspan=4|{{abbr|Limited by relationship|Younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as the latter is not in a position of trust or authority, or is recognised to be abusing the inexperience of the younger one.}}
! colspan=4|{{abbr|Unlimited|Age from which one is deemed able to consent to having sex with anyone else or marriageable age if they must be married}}
! rowspan=3 style=width:10em|Sources
|-
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Hetero|Heterosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Homo|Homosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Hetero|Heterosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Homo|Homosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Hetero|Heterosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Homo|Homosexual}}
|-
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
&lt;section end=table header/&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0px&quot; colspan=17|
{|class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:inherit; width:81em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: right&quot;
|align=left style=&quot;width:18em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Australia|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Australia}}
|align=center style=&quot;width:7em;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center style=&quot;width:5em&quot;|No
|align=left colspan=13 style=&quot;width:37em&quot;|''Varies by state''
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Australian Capital Territory|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Australian Capital Territory}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|style=&quot;width:5em&quot; align=center|No
|10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|ACT|act|ca190082|Crimes Act 1900|55}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New South Wales|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#New South Wales and Norfolk Island}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|ca190082|Crimes Act 1900|66C}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|ca190082|Crimes Act 1900|66D}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Queensland|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Queensland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Qld|act|cc189994|Criminal Code Act 1899|215}} Carnal knowledge with or of children under 16.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Victoria|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Victoria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|swa1994129|Sex Work Act 1994|11}} &amp; s 11A.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|ca195882|Crimes Act 1958|45}}(1).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|South Australia|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#South Australia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ma196185|Marriage Act|12}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|ca195882|Crimes Act 1958|48}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|SA|act|clca1935262|Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935|49}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Northern Territory|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Northern Territory}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Crim Code NT&quot;&gt;''Criminal Code Act 2014'' {{cite Legislation AU|NT|act|cca115/sch1.html|Schedule 1 Criminal Code}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tasmania|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Tasmania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas Crim Code&quot;&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Tas|act|cca1924115/sch1.html|Criminal Code Act 1924 Schedule 1}} s 124 Sexual intercourse with young person.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawstuff.org.au/tas_law/topics/sex|title=Sex: When can I have sex? What are the ages of consent in Tasmania? Who cannot have sex with me?|website=lawstuff.org.au|publisher=National Children's and Youth Law Centre|accessdate=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Western Australia|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Western Australia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|WA|act|ccaca1913252|Criminal Code Act Compilation 1913|320}} &amp; s 321.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0px&quot; colspan=17|
{|class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:inherit; width:81em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: right&quot;
|align=left style=&quot;width:18em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Mexico|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Mexico}}
|align=center style=&quot;width:7em;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center style=&quot;width:5em&quot;|No
|align=left colspan=13 style=&quot;width:37em&quot;|''Varies by state''
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Aguascalientes|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|[http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213115/http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf |date=2021-06-02 }} [http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213115/http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf |date=2021-06-02 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Baja California|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf 177] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403053517/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf |date=2020-04-03 }} [http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf 182] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403053517/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf |date=2020-04-03 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Baja California Sur|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf 286] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf 290] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Campeche|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf 162] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf 164] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Chiapas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf 235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf 239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Chihuahua|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congresochihuahua2.gob.mx/biblioteca/codigos/archivosCodigos/64.pdf 172] [http://www.congresochihuahua2.gob.mx/biblioteca/codigos/archivosCodigos/64.pdf 177]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Coahuila|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf 229] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142142/http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf |date=2020-06-30 }} [http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf 235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142142/http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf |date=2020-06-30 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Colima|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://congresocol.gob.mx/web/Sistema/uploads/LegislacionEstatal/Codigos/codigo_penal_11jun2016.pdf 146] [http://congresocol.gob.mx/web/Sistema/uploads/LegislacionEstatal/Codigos/codigo_penal_11jun2016.pdf 148]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Mexican Federal District|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf 181 bis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf 180] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Durango|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/CODIGO%20PENAL%20(NUEVO).pdf 177] [http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/CODIGO%20PENAL%20(NUEVO).pdf 181]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Guanajuato|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf 181] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203332/https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf 185] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203332/https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Guerrero|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf 179] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164032/http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf |date=2018-12-14 }} [http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf 187] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164032/http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf |date=2018-12-14 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Hidalgo|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf 180] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110131413/http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf |date=2020-01-10 }} [http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf 185] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110131413/http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf |date=2020-01-10 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Jalisco|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://www.jalisco.gob.mx/sites/default/files/C%25C3%25B3digo%2520Penal%2520para%2520el%2520Estado%2520Libre%2520y%2520Soberano%2520de%2520Jalisco%2520%252826OCTU12%2529.pdf 142-L, 142-M] [https://www.jalisco.gob.mx/sites/default/files/C%25C3%25B3digo%2520Penal%2520para%2520el%2520Estado%2520Libre%2520y%2520Soberano%2520de%2520Jalisco%2520%252826OCTU12%2529.pdf 142-L, 142-M]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|México (state)|México|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Estado%20de%20Mexico/wo29386.pdf 273] [http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Estado%20de%20Mexico/wo29386.pdf 271]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Michoacán|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf 240] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203339/http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203339/http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Morelos|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://marcojuridico.morelos.gob.mx/archivos/codigos/pdf/CPENALEM.pdf 154] [http://marcojuridico.morelos.gob.mx/archivos/codigos/pdf/CPENALEM.pdf 159]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nayarit|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 12 || 13 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf 289] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf 291] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nuevo León|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://www.pjenl.gob.mx/CJ/Transparencia/01MJ/CPENL.pdf 267] [https://www.pjenl.gob.mx/CJ/Transparencia/01MJ/CPENL.pdf 262]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Oaxaca|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf 247] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf 243] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Puebla|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf 272] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203329/http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf 264, 265] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203329/http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Querétaro|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf 161] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214212740/http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf |date=2019-02-14 }} [http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf 167] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214212740/http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf |date=2019-02-14 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Quintana Roo|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://documentos.congresoqroo.gob.mx/codigos/C6-XV-20171227-132.pdf 127] [http://documentos.congresoqroo.gob.mx/codigos/C6-XV-20171227-132.pdf 130]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|San Luis Potosí|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf 173] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf 179] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Sinaloa|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx/images/congreso/leyes/zip/codigo_penal_28-dic-2016.pdf 180] [http://www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx/images/congreso/leyes/zip/codigo_penal_28-dic-2016.pdf 184]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Sonora|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.stjsonora.gob.mx/acceso_informacion/marco_normativo/CodigoPenalSonora.pdf 219] [http://www.stjsonora.gob.mx/acceso_informacion/marco_normativo/CodigoPenalSonora.pdf 215]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tabasco|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|[https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 150] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080846/https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 |date=2024-06-15 }} [https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 153] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080846/https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 |date=2024-06-15 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tamaulipas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://www.tamaulipas.gob.mx/procuraduria/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/02/13-codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-tamaulipas-211216.pdf 275] [https://www.tamaulipas.gob.mx/procuraduria/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/02/13-codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-tamaulipas-211216.pdf 270]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tlaxcala|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://tsjtlaxcala.gob.mx/transparencia/Fracciones_a63/I/codigos/codigopenaltlaxcala.pdf 289] [http://tsjtlaxcala.gob.mx/transparencia/Fracciones_a63/I/codigos/codigopenaltlaxcala.pdf 291]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Veracruz|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://www.legisver.gob.mx/leyes/LeyesPDF/PENAL200217.pdf 190 Quater] [http://www.legisver.gob.mx/leyes/LeyesPDF/PENAL200217.pdf 189]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Yucatán|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf 315] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311183309/https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf |date=2020-03-11 }} [https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf 311] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311183309/https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf |date=2020-03-11 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Zacatecas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congresozac.gob.mx/f/todojuridico&amp;cual=103 237.1] [http://www.congresozac.gob.mx/f/todojuridico&amp;cual=103 237.4]
|}
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0px&quot; colspan=17|
{|class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:inherit; width:81em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: right&quot;
|align=left style=&quot;width:18em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|United States|plink=Ages of consent in North America#United States}}
|align=center style=&quot;width:7em;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center style=&quot;width:5em&quot;|No
|align=left colspan=13 style=&quot;width:37em&quot;|''Varies by state''
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspw|District of Columbia|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#District of Columbia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dccode.org/simple/Title-22/Chapter-30/|title=Chapter 30. Sexual Abuse|accessdate=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Alabama|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Alabama}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/1975/coatoc.htm|title=Code Of Alabama|website=alisondb.legislature.state.al.us|access-date=2019-10-09|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123221654/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/CodeOfAlabama/1975/Coatoc.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Alaska|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Alaska}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section436.htm|title=Sec. 11.41.436. Sexual abuse of a minor in the second degree. – The Alaska Legal Resource Center|website=www.touchngo.com|access-date=2019-10-09|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229135937/http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section436.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section438.htm|title=Sec. 11.41.438. Sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree. – The Alaska Legal Resource Center|website=www.touchngo.com|access-date=2019-10-09|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185206/http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section438.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Arizona|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Arizona}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01405.htm|title=13-1405. Sexual conduct with a minor; classification|website=www.azleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01407.htm|title=13-1407. Defenses|website=www.azleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01401.htm|title=13-1401. Definitions; factors|website=www.azleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Arkansas|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Arkansas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2010/title-5/subtitle-2/chapter-14/subchapter-1/5-14-103/|title=2010 Arkansas Code : : Title 5 - Criminal Offenses : : Subtitle 2 - Offenses Against The Person : : Chapter 14 - Sexual Offenses : : Subchapter 1 - General Provisions : : § 5-14-103 - Rape.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|California|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#California}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&amp;sectionNum=261.5.|title=CHAPTER 1. Rape, Abduction, Carnal Abuse of Children, and Seduction [261 - 269]|website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&amp;sectionNum=286.|title=CHAPTER 5. Bigamy, Incest, and the Crime Against Nature [286]|website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&amp;sectionNum=288.|title=CHAPTER 5. Bigamy, Incest, and the Crime Against Nature [288]|website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Colorado|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Colorado}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Connecticut|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Connecticut}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title46b/sec46b-120.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-120. (Formerly Sec. 51-301). Definitions.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title46b/sec46b-127.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-127. (Formerly Sec. 51-308). Transfer of child charged with a felony to the regular criminal docket.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title46b/sec46b-133d.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-133d. Serious sexual offender prosecution. Sentencing.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-70.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 53a-70. Sexual assault in the first degree: Class B or A felony.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-71.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 53a-71. Sexual assault in the second degree: Class C or B felony.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Delaware|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Delaware}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/title11/c005/sc02/index.shtml|title=TITLE 11 - CHAPTER 5. Specific Offenses - Subchapter II. Offenses Against the Person|website=delcode.delaware.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Florida|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Florida}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;HHSpage&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/08/sr/statelaws/statelaws.shtml Statutory Rape: A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703174841/http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/08/sr/statelaws/statelaws.shtml |date=2015-07-03 }}.&quot; [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]. Retrieved on November 4, 2014. &quot;Florida[ ... ]A child under 16 years of age cannot consent to sexual activity, regardless of the age of the defendant.[189] A child who is at least 16 years of age and less than 18 years of age cannot consent to sexual activity if the defendant is 24 years of age or older.&quot; and &quot;Pennsylvania[ ... ]Sexual intercourse with someone less than 13 years of age is illegal regardless of the age of the defendant.[641] Sexual intercourse with someone at least 13 years of age and less than 16 years of age is illegal unless the defendant is less than four years older than the victim or is the victim's spouse.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&amp;SubMenu=1&amp;App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=794.05&amp;URL=0700-0799/0794/Sections/0794.05.html|title=Flsenate Archive: Statutes &amp; Constitution &gt; View Statutes|website=archive.flsenate.gov|access-date=2019-10-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826213720/http://archive.flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&amp;SubMenu=1&amp;App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=794.05&amp;URL=0700-0799/0794/Sections/0794.05.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=0900-0999/0943/Sections/0943.04354.html Fla. Stat. 943.04354].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Georgia (U.S. state)|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Georgia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2010/title-16/chapter-6/16-6-3/|title=§&amp;nbsp;16-6-3 – Statutory rape: : 2010 Georgia Code|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2010/title-16/chapter-6/16-6-2/|title=§&amp;nbsp;16-6-2 – Sodomy; aggravated sodomy; medical expenses: : 2010 Georgia Code|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Hawaii|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Hawaii}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol14_Ch0701-0853/HRS0707/HRS_0707-0730.htm|title=House Bill|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://ag.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/rpt_age_of_consent_tf.pdf REPORT OF THE AGE OF CONSENT TASK FORCE]&quot; (). State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General. Retrieved on November 4, 2014. p. i (PDF p. 6/79). Submitted to The Twenty-Second State Legislature Regular Session of 2003 Pursuant to Act 1, Second Special Session, SLH 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Idaho|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Idaho}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH61SECT18-6101.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-6101|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730160147/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH61SECT18-6101.htm|archivedate=30 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-1508|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731053852/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508.htm|archivedate=31 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508A.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-1508A|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731053904/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508A.htm|archivedate=31 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1506.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-1506|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731053825/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1506.htm|archivedate=31 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Illinois|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Illinois}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.20|title=Criminal Sexual Assault}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.50|title=Criminal sexual abuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.30|title=Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.40|title=Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.60|title=Aggravated criminal sexual abuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|750|5|203}} and {{ILCS|750|5|208}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Indiana|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Indiana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/035/|title=Indiana Code 35-42-4|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|page=438|accessdate=9 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiana Code 35-42-4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/2010/title35/ar42/ch4.html|title=Indiana Code 35-42-4|date=|publisher=In.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=29 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329201144/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/2010/title35/ar42/ch4.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Iowa|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Iowa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Kansas|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Kansas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2013_14/statute/021_000_0000_chapter/021_055_0000_article/|title=Kansas Statutes 21-5503, 21-5504, 21-5506 and 21-5507|year=2012|accessdate=September 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516012118/http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2013_14/statute/021_000_0000_chapter/021_055_0000_article/|archivedate=May 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Kentucky|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Kentucky}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kentuckytoday.com/stories/age-of-consent-change-considered-for-some-circumstances,11289|title=Age of consent change considered for some circumstances|last=Latek|first=Tom|date=January 19, 2018|accessdate=2018-12-06|periodical=Kentucky Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Louisiana|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Louisiana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/louisiana/2012/rs/title14/rs14-80|title=2012 Louisiana Laws, Revised Statutes, TITLE 14 — Criminal law, RS 14: 80 — Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile|date=|publisher=Law.justia.com|accessdate=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Maine|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Maine}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Maryland|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Maryland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;so3&quot;&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-307/ Sexual offense in the third degree]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-307.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;so2&quot;&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-306/ Sexual offense in the second degree]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-306.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rape2&quot;&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-304/ Rape in the second degree]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-304.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-324/ Sexual solicitation of minor]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-324.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Massachusetts|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Massachusetts}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter272/Section35A|title=General Laws|work=malegislature.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Michigan|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Michigan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(lr1oeuc5b02dxe0a3cj3xzxl))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&amp;objectname=mcl-750-520d|title=Michigan Legislature - Section 750.520d|website=www.legislature.mi.gov|access-date=2019-10-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719062410/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(h5mmum54eovnwfqddc3qtc1j))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=mcl-750-520d}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordonc&quot;&gt;Gordon, Claire. &quot;[http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/03/27/lawmakers-move-to-bar-teachers-from-having-sex-with-students/ Lawmakers Move To Bar Teachers From Having Sex With Students]&quot;. ''[[AOL News]]''. March 27, 2013. Retrieved on August 8, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Dave. &quot;[http://www.mlive.com/education/index.ssf/2012/03/teachers_prohibited_from_havin.html Teachers prohibited from having sex with students of any age under bill approved by Michigan Senate]&quot;. ''[[MLive]]''. March 20, 2012. Retrieved on August 8, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Minnesota|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Minnesota}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.341|title=Sec. 609.341 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.342|title=Sec. 609.342 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.343|title=Sec. 609.343 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.344|title=Sec. 609.344 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.345|title=Sec. 609.345 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.3451|title=Sec. 609.3451 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Mississippi|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Mississippi}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://michie.lexisnexis.com/mississippi/lpext.dll?f=templates&amp;fn=main-h.htm&amp;cp=|title=§&amp;nbsp;97-3-65. Statutory rape; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances.|publisher=LexisNexis.com|accessdate=18 February 2008|archivedate=19 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519155603/http://michie.lexisnexis.com/mississippi/lpext.dll?f=templates&amp;fn=main-h.htm&amp;cp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Missouri|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Missouri}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Montana|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Montana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.age-of-consent.info/states/Montana|title=What is the Montana Legal Age of Consent for 2012?|author=|date=|publisher=Age-of-consent.info|accessdate=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425202410/http://www.age-of-consent.info/states/Montana|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425202410/http://www.age-of-consent.info/states/Montana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nebraska|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Nebraska}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=28-319.01|title=Nebraska Legislature|work=nebraskalegislature.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewHHS&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/statutory-rape-guide-state-laws-and-reporting-requirements-summary-current-state-laws Statutory Rape: A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements. Summary of Current State Laws.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201900/https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/statutory-rape-guide-state-laws-and-reporting-requirements-summary-current-state-laws |date=2016-06-23 }}&quot;. [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], December 15, 2014. Retrieved on May 15, 2016. &quot;A common misperception about statutory rape is that state codes define a single age at which an individual can legally consent to sex. Only 12 states have a single age of consent, below which an individual cannot consent to sexual intercourse under any circumstances, and above which it is legal to engage in sexual intercourse with another person above the age of consent. For example, in Massachusetts, the age of consent is 16. In the remaining 39 states, other factors come into play: age differentials, minimum age of the victim, and minimum age of the defendant. Each is described below.&quot; - The mathematics does not add up in this section as there are 50 states, unless DC is counted as #51.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=28-805 Chapter 28 Section 805]&quot;. Nebraska Legislature. Retrieved on May 15, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nevada|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Nevada}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New Hampshire|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New Hampshire}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/632-A/632-A-3.htm|title=Section 632-A: 3 Felonious Sexual Assault.|website=www.gencourt.state.nh.us|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/632-A/632-A-2.htm|title=Section 632-A: 2 Aggravated Felonious Sexual Assault.|website=www.gencourt.state.nh.us|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/632-A/632-A-4.htm|title=Section 632-A: 4 Sexual Assault.|website=www.gencourt.state.nh.us|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New Jersey|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New Jersey}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|{{Cite NJSA|title=2C|chapter=14|section=2|subsection=b}}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New Mexico|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New Mexico}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/2006/nmrc/jd_30-9-11-c28b.html|title=2006 New Mexico Statutes - Section 30-9-11 — Criminal sexual penetration.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/newmexico/codes/nmrc/jd_30-9-11-c28b.html|title=2006 New Mexico Statutes – Section 30-9-11 — Criminal sexual penetration.|date=|publisher=Law.justia.com|accessdate=11 August 2016|archivedate=4 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104073951/http://law.justia.com/newmexico/codes/nmrc/jd_30-9-11-c28b.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New York|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New York}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|11 || 11 || 11 || 11 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/penal-law/|title=New York Consolidated Laws, Penal Law - PEN|website=Findlaw|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|North Carolina|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#North Carolina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncleg.gov/Laws/GeneralStatutesTOC?Chapter=0014|title=General Statute Chapters - North Carolina General Assembly|website=www.ncleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|North Dakota|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#North Dakota}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Ohio|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Ohio}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://oaesv.org/Uploads/Documents/Ohio-Age-of-Consent-Fact-Sheet.pdf OHIO AGE OF CONSENT/STATUTORY RAPE FACT SHEET]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;. Ohio Alliance to End Sexual Violence. Retrieved on August 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/2907.04|title=Lawriter - ORC - 2907.04 Unlawful sexual conduct with minor.|website=codes.ohio.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/2907.03|title=Lawriter - ORC - 2907.03 Sexual battery.|website=codes.ohio.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Oklahoma|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Oklahoma}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf|title=Oklahoma Statutes §&amp;nbsp;21-1111. Rape defined|date=|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=26 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120114/http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os_21-1111.rtf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oklahomalegalgroup.com/ageofconsent|title=Age of Consent in Oklahoma – Oklahoma Legal Group|work=oklahomalegalgroup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf|title=Oklahoma Statutes §&amp;nbsp;21-1112. Age limitation on conviction for rape|date=|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=26 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120114/http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kuruvilla, Carol. &quot;[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/english-teacher-avoids-jail-cops-nab-hotel-student-article-1.1739058 English teacher avoids jail after cops nab her in hotel room with 17-year-old student]&quot; (). ''[[New York Daily News]]''. Sunday March 29, 2014. Retrieved on October 5, 2014. &quot;The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16. But because Queen was the teenager's teacher, different rules apply. According to state laws, a sexual act is considered rape if the victim is a student between 16 and 18 years of age and the suspect is an employee of the student's school system.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Oregon|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Oregon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Pennsylvania|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Pennsylvania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyerclearcut&quot;&gt;Boyer, Barbara. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2005-04-09/news/25427039_1_sexual-assault-marc-neff-defense-lawyers-question Chester sex case points up questions A high school administrator has been charged with two misdemeanors. Experts say the issues are not clear-cut.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120114/http://articles.philly.com/2005-04-09/news/25427039_1_sexual-assault-marc-neff-defense-lawyers-question |date=2016-01-26 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. April 9, 2005. Retrieved on August 4, 2015. &quot;Wilson's arrest highlights confusing questions about sexual relations between youths who are of the age of legal consent at 16 and adults. Sex with a minor younger than 16 is considered statutory rape.&quot; and &quot;In Pennsylvania, prosecutors turn to broader laws, such as corrupting the morals of a minor, that are not as clearly defined.&quot; and &quot;JoAnne Epps, dean of academic affairs at Temple University's Beasley School of Law, said that even though a teenager can legally consent to sex[ ... ]&quot;[ ... ]but that's irrelevant in determining whether a person is guilty of corrupting the morals of a minor.&quot;&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smerconishabuse&quot;&gt;Smerconish, Michael. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-05/news/29854754_1_sexual-exploitation-crimes-victims The Pulse: Coming forward on abuse helps the community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018022718/http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-05/news/29854754_1_sexual-exploitation-crimes-victims |date=2015-10-18 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. August 5, 2011. &quot;There are no statutory-rape charges pending as the age of consent in the commonwealth is 16.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anastasia, George. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2002-06-18/news/25348434_1_tape-raid-preliminary-hearing D.A. to fight ruling on Rinick sex tape A judge said reporters were entitled to view it. Prosecutors said four women's privacy rights must be protected.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032248/http://articles.philly.com/2002-06-18/news/25348434_1_tape-raid-preliminary-hearing |date=2015-09-13 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. August 5, 2011. Retrieved on August 6, 2015. &quot;Rinick's lawyer in that case, Nino Tinari, said yesterday that the charges were downgraded to corrupting the morals of minors after Rinick produced videotapes that indicated the girls took part in consensual sex. (The age of consent in Pennsylvania for sex is 16.)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Finley, Ben. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2014-06-20/news/50714068_1_maximum-sentence-james-civello-six-to-12-years Corbett signs law targeting predatory youth coaches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915020340/http://articles.philly.com/2014-06-20/news/50714068_1_maximum-sentence-james-civello-six-to-12-years |date=2015-09-15 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. June 20, 2014. Retrieved on September 15, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-01-05/news/27010908_1_student-teacher-school-issued|title=Lower Merion High teacher suspended in student-romance allegation|last=Martin|first=John P.|date=January 5, 2011|work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919090301/http://articles.philly.com/2011-01-05/news/27010908_1_student-teacher-school-issued|archive-date=September 19, 2015|accessdate=June 24, 2018|quote=Pennsylvania law sets the age of consent for sex at 16, although prosecutors in some counties have brought child endangerment and corruption-of-minors charges against teachers who have had relationships with 16- and 17-year-old students.|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093259/http://articles.philly.com/2011-01-05/news/27010908_1_student-teacher-school-issued}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Rhode Island|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Rhode Island}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://statelaws.findlaw.com/rhode-island-law/rhode-island-rape-and-sexual-assault-laws.html|title=Rhode Island Rape and Sexual Assault Laws – FindLaw.com|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-6.HTM|title=11-37-6|date=|publisher=Rilin.state.ri.us|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=5 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905071652/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-6.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/statutes/title11/11-37/11-37-8.1.htm|title=11-37-8.1|date=|publisher=Rilin.state.ri.us|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=31 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731195849/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-8.1.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|South Carolina|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#South Carolina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|11 || 11 || 11 || 11 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|South Dakota|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#South Dakota}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tennessee|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Tennessee}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/|title=LexisNexis® Custom Solution: Tennessee Code Research Tool|work=lexisnexis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Texas|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Texas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.versustexas.com/criminal/age-of-consent-in-texas/|title=Age of Consent in Texas|publisher=Varghese Summersett PLLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Appellant's Brief, Texas Department of Public Safety v. Garcia, 2010 WL 1366961, at 8 (Tex. Ct. App. filed Feb. 1, 2010)&quot;. &quot;Under Texas law, a person commits the offense of Sexual Performance by a Child [...] Like the *8 Oregon statute, this Texas statute identifies the age of consent as 18.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190414232357/https://www.leagle.com/decision/intxco20150813435 Ex parte Fujisaka, 472 S.W.3d 792, 800, 801 (Tex. Ct. App. 2015)]. &quot;Appellant contends that because it is legal for an adult to have consensual sexual relations with a seventeen-year-old child without violating the Texas Penal Code,[...]&quot; and &quot;Because seventeen years is the age of consent to sexual relations in Texas,[...]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/texas-statutory-rape-laws.htm#|title=Texas Statutory Rape Laws &amp; Criminal Penalties – Criminal Law|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Utah|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Utah}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;utah&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter5/76-5-S401.2.html|title=Utah State Legislature|work=utah.gov|quote=&quot;76-5-401.2 Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16- or 17-year-old&quot;|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2025-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116065052/https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter5/76-5-S401.2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Vermont|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Vermont}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsection.cfm?Title=13&amp;Chapter=072&amp;Section=03252|title=The Vermont Statutes Online|date=26 May 2006|publisher=Leg.state.vt.us|accessdate=16 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Virginia|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Virginia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;ageoldculturaldivide2&quot;&gt;Schulte, Brigide. &quot;An Age-Old Cultural Divide&quot;. ''[[Washington Post]]''. Sunday March 20, 2005. Page LZ21. Online p. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41011-2005Mar16.html 1](). &quot;In Virginia, the age of consent is 18.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ageoldculturaldivide2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SheppardVirginia&quot;&gt;Sheppard, Kate. &quot;[https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/04/more-cuccinellis-defense-virginias-anti-sodomy-law More on Cuccinelli's Defense of Virginia's Anti-Sodomy Law]&quot; (). ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]''. Thursday April 4, 2013. Retrieved on September 17, 2015. &quot;While that might be seen as creepy, in Virginia, the age of consent is 15 years old.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawsonsexabuse&quot;&gt;Chandler, Michael Alison. &quot;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/24/AR2010072400242.html Laws on child sex abuse in schools]&quot;. ''[[Washington Post]]''. July 24, 2010. Retrieved on September 17, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Washington|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Washington}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 21 || 21 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.44.096|title=RCW 9A.44.096: Sexual misconduct with a minor in the second degree.|website=apps.leg.wa.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-Flory&quot;&gt;Clark-Flory, Tracy. &quot;[http://www.salon.com/2010/11/20/student_teacher/ Student-teacher sex: When is it OK?]&quot;. ''[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]''. November 20, 2010. Retrieved on December 25, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.44.010|title=RCW 9A.44.010: Definitions.|website=apps.leg.wa.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|West Virginia|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#West Virginia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/Code.cfm?chap=61&amp;art=8B|title=West Virginia Code|author=|date=|publisher=Legis.state.wv.us|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=14 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083314/http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.cfm?chap=61&amp;art=8B}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Wisconsin|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Wisconsin}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/944/III/_1|title=Wisconsin Legislature: Subch. III of ch. 944 Title|date=|publisher=Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/948/02|title=Wisconsin Legislature: 948.02|date=1 August 2012|publisher=Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/948/02|title=Wisconsin Legislature: 948.02|date=1 August 2012|publisher=Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Wyoming|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Wyoming}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Northern Mariana Islands|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Northern Mariana Islands}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Puerto Rico|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Puerto Rico}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;: 1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|U.S. Virgin Islands|plink=Ages of consent in North America#United States Virgin Islands}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|title=LexisNexis® Legal Resources|website=www.lexisnexis.com|access-date=2019-10-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2012-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519094528/http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|American Samoa|plink=Ages of consent in North America#American Samoa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=750&amp;Itemid=172|title=Chapter 36 - Sexual Offenses|publisher=American Samoa Bar Association|access-date=2019-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428120329/http://asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=750&amp;Itemid=172|archive-date=2016-04-28|url-status=dead|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2016-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428120329/http://asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=750&amp;Itemid=172}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|China|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#China}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Zhang, Laney (Foreign Law Specialist). &quot;[http://loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Children's Rights: China]&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150416042905/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Archive]). [[Library of Congress]]. August 2007. Last updated March 16, 2015. Retrieved on April 25, 2015. &quot;Having sexual intercourse with a girl under fourteen years of age is statutory rape, with a sentence of heavier punishment within the range of punishments for rape.&quot; and &quot;Having sex with girls under the age of fourteen who are acting as prostitutes may result in a fixed-term imprisonment of five years and fine.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-08/29/c_134568431.htm|title=New law repeals crime of sex with underage prostitutes - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|last1=Shaohui|first1=Tian|date=29 August 2015|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|accessdate=17 January 2017|archivedate=20 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120094643/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-08/29/c_134568431.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.spp.gov.cn/zdgz/201310/t20131025_63797.shtml|title=四部门关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见 {{!}}|last1=最高人民法院 最高人民检察院 公安部 司法部|date=25 October 2013|work=[[中华人民共和国最高人民检察院]]|accessdate=25 October 2013|archivedate=4 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904103603/http://www.spp.gov.cn/zdgz/201310/t20131025_63797.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Japan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Japan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;japanesepenalcode&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/PC.pdf|title=Penal Code of Japan (Japanese-English)|date=|publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Justice]]|accessdate=2014-07-15|quote=Article 176. (Forcible Indecency) - 'A person who, through assault or intimidation, forcibly commits an indecent act upon a male or female of not less than thirteen years of age shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not less than 6 months but not more than 10 years. The same shall apply to a person who commits an indecent act upon a male or female under thirteen years of age.' Article 177 (Rape) - 'A person who, through assault or intimidation, forcibly commits sexual intercourse with a female of not less than thirteen years of age commits the crime of rape and shall be punished by imprisonment with work for a definite term of not less than 3 years. The same shall apply to a person who commits sexual intercourse with a female under thirteen years of age.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO164.html#1000000000002000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000|title=児童福祉法　第八節　雑則　第三十四条|trans-title=Child Welfare Law (Act No. 164, December 12, 1947)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064534/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO164.html#1000000000002000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2016|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=21 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064534/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO164.html#1000000000002000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legal.3yen.com/2005-07-27/is-the-age-of-consent-in-japan-really-13/|title=Japan Legal FAQ – Is the age of consent in Japan really 13?|date=2005-07-27|publisher=Legal.3yen.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025213840/http://legal.3yen.com/2005-07-27/is-the-age-of-consent-in-japan-really-13/|archivedate=25 October 2005|accessdate=2014-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/kenkyu/jourei/pdf_index.html|date=2008-12-01|publisher=[[Cabinet Office (Japan)]]|language=Japanese|script-title=ja: 都道府県青少年保護育成条例集 (平成20年12月1日現在)|trans-title=State Seishonen hogo ikusei jorei Collection (December 1, 2008)|accessdate=2014-07-15|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2020-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104030254/https://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/kenkyu/jourei/pdf_index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Germany|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Germany}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P182|title=German Criminal Code|date=|publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/176.html|title=§ 176 StGB Sexueller Mißbrauch von Kindern - dejure.org|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/201/signatures Signatory] to the [[Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse]], which criminalises &quot;engaging in sexual activities with a child where… abuse is made of a recognised position of trust, authority or influence over the child&quot; (Ch Vi, Art 18), where &quot;child&quot; is defined as &quot;any person under the age of 18 years&quot; (Ch I, Art 3).[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680084822]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|United Kingdom|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#United Kingdom and Crown dependencies}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/age_of_consent|title=Age of Consent according to BBC|date=|publisher=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=21 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030042_en_2#pt1-pb5-l1g9|title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 9|date=|publisher=Opsi.gov.uk|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|France|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#France}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;frenchpenal22725&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=B2410A60B956150F3AA2051DEC9E931D.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418101&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=20160306|title=French Penal Code, Article 227-25|date=|publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr|accessdate=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|India|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#India}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 rape law&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-anti-rape-law-comes-into-force/articleshow/19359543.cms?referral=PM|title=New anti-rape law comes into force|date=3 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;confusion&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/age-of-consent-sex-parliament-debate/1/259007.html|title=Age of Confusion|date=1 April 2013|newspaper=[[India Today]]|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;govt relents&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/govt-relents-keeps-age-of-consent-for-sex-at-18_836107.html|title=Govt relents, keeps age of consent for sex at 18|date=19 March 2013|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf|title=The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219085123/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2016|accessdate=2013-12-25|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Italy|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Italy}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.diritto.it/codici/titolo/75-codice-penale-dei-delitti-contro-la-persona|title=Codice penale : : DEI DELITTI CONTRO LA PERSONA : : Diritto &amp; Diritti|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Brazil|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Brazil}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Estadão&quot;&gt;[http://estadao.br.msn.com/ultimas-noticias/artigo.aspx?cp-documentid=26333837 Brazilian justice system frees man, 18, arrested for publicly kissing young teenager, 13 — 'Últimas Notícias' (Last News) - MSN Estadão] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426000846/http://estadao.br.msn.com/ultimas-noticias/artigo.aspx?cp-documentid=26333837 |date=2012-04-26 }}. Online version of [[Estadão]] newspaper. {{in lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Decreto-Lei/Del2848compilado.htm Brazilian Penal Code - official text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313000246/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del2848compilado.htm|date=2016-03-13}} (see Article 217-A)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Canada|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Canada}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/01/crime-bill.html|title=Canada's age of consent raised by 2 years|date=1 May 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502083604/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/01/crime-bill.html|archivedate=2 May 2008|publisher=CBC News|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sacc.to/sya/crime/law.htm|title=Sexual Assault Care Centre: Since You Asked: The Law - SACC provides emergency nurse, medical care, information thoughts feelings collect physical evidence help legal|author=SACC Website Team|date=|publisher=Sacc.to|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414194126/http://www.sacc.to/sya/crime/law.htm|archivedate=14 April 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|South Korea|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#South Korea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=40950&amp;lang=ENG|title=Statutes of the Republic of Korea|website=elaw.klri.re.kr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=28627&amp;lang=ENG|title=Statutes of the Republic of Korea|website=elaw.klri.re.kr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Russia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Russia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
| 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/|title=&quot;Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации&quot; от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ (ред. от 06.07.2016) / КонсультантПлюс|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/10_26.html|title=ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВ ПОЛОВОЙ НЕПРИКОСНОВЕННОСТИ И ПОЛОВОЙ СВОБОДЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ - Уголовный кодекс РФ (УК РФ) от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ \ Консультант Плюс|date=|publisher=Consultant.ru|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Spain|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Spain}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf|title=JEFATURA DEL ESTADO|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730054950/http://boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf|archivedate=30 July 2016|accessdate=2015-08-25|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiointereconomia.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/|title=Las 20 claves del nuevo Código Penal|date=1 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235807/http://radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/|archive-date=25 October 2016|access-date=25 October 2016|df=dmy-all|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=25 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235807/http://radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Indonesia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Indonesia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana|last=Kejaksaan Negeri|publisher=Kejaksaan Negeri|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Netherlands|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Netherlands}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=245/|title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854|date=|publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=247/|title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854|date=|publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Turkey|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Turkey}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishpenal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf|title=Turkish Penal Code|publisher=Mevzuat.gov.tr.|language=Turkish|accessdate=3 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Switzerland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Switzerland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a187.html|title=RS 311.0 Code pénal suisse du 21 décembre 1937|date=|publisher=Admin.ch|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/311_0/a187.html|title=SR 311.0 Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch vom 21. Dezember 1937|date=|publisher=Admin.ch|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/311_0/a187.html|title=RS 311.0 Codice penale svizzero del 21 dicembre 1937|date=|publisher=Admin.ch|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Saudi Arabia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Saudi Arabia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/12/16/New-Saudi-law-to-set-marital-age-of-consent-at-18.html|title=New Saudi law to set marital age of consent at 18|publisher=Al Arabiya|language=en|access-date=2017-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/no-minimum-age-for-marriage-of-girls-grand-mufti-576044.html|title=No minimum age for marriage of girls Grand Mufti|work=ArabianBusiness.com|access-date=2017-11-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SaudiGazeette&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2008102720339|title=Move to ban underage marriages|author=Muhammad Odhaib|date=1 January 2009|work=Saudi Gazette|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920123300/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2008102720339|archivedate=20 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sweden|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Sweden}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.government.se/contentassets/5315d27076c942019828d6c36521696e/swedish-penal-code.pdf Swedish penal code] sweden.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962: 700#K2P2S4|title=Brottsbalk (1962: 700) (BrB)|date=|publisher=Lagen.nu|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962: 700#K6P6S1|title=Brottsbalk (1962: 700) (BrB)|date=|publisher=Lagen.nu|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Nigeria|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Nigeria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/185851-fact-check-nigerias-sexual-offences-bill-stipulates-18-years-not-11-years-as-age-of-consent.html|title=FACT CHECK: Nigeria's Sexual Offences Bill stipulates 18 years, not 11 years, as age of consent|author=Ezeamalu, Ben|date=30 June 2015|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=12 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Poland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Poland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf|title=Part 2 of the unofficial English translation of the Polish Criminal Code|work=Academy of European Law|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413010314/http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf|archivedate=13 April 2007|accessdate=17 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&amp;id=WDU19970880553&amp;type=3&amp;name=D19970553Lj.pdf|title=Polish Criminal Code|publisher=Isip.sejm.gov.pl|language=Polish|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524012944/http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&amp;id=WDU19970880553&amp;type=3&amp;name=D19970553Lj.pdf|archivedate=24 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Argentina|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Argentina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16546/texact.htm|title=CODIGO PENAL DE LA NACION ARGENTINA|website=servicios.infoleg.gob.ar|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Belgium|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Belgium}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801/F&amp;caller=list&amp;row_id=1&amp;numero=2&amp;rech=4&amp;cn=1867060801&amp;table_name=LOI&amp;nm=1867060850&amp;la=F&amp;dt=CODE+PENAL&amp;language=fr&amp;fr=f&amp;choix1=ET&amp;choix2=ET&amp;fromtab=loi_all&amp;trier=promulgation&amp;chercher=t&amp;sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27&amp;+%27PENAL%27and+actif+=+%27Y%27&amp;tri=dd+AS+RANK+&amp;imgcn.x=41&amp;imgcn.y=12#LNK0094|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060924/http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801%2FF&amp;caller=list&amp;row_id=1&amp;numero=2&amp;rech=4&amp;cn=1867060801&amp;table_name=LOI&amp;nm=1867060850&amp;la=F&amp;dt=CODE%20PENAL&amp;language=fr&amp;fr=f&amp;choix1=ET&amp;choix2=ET&amp;fromtab=loi_all&amp;trier=promulgation&amp;chercher=t&amp;sql=dt%20contains%20%20%27CODE%27&amp;%20%27PENAL%27and%20actif%20=%20%27Y%27&amp;tri=dd%20AS%20RANK%20&amp;imgcn.x=41&amp;imgcn.y=12|url-status=dead|title=LOI - WET|archivedate=December 3, 2016|website=www.ejustice.just.fgov.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=nl&amp;la=N&amp;cn=1867060801&amp;table_name=wet|title=LOI - WET|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Venezuela|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Venezuela}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mp.gob.ve/LEYES/codigo%20penal/codigo%20penal.html|title=Venezuelan Penal Code|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119060537/http://www.mp.gob.ve/LEYES/codigo%20penal/codigo%20penal.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=19 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119060537/http://www.mp.gob.ve/LEYES/codigo%20penal/codigo%20penal.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Norway|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Norway}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-05-20-28|title=The Penal Code - Lovdata|website=lovdata.no|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Austria|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Austria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40023134/NOR40023134.html|title=RIS Dokument|date=2013-07-31|publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40093644/NOR40093644.html|title=RIS Dokument|date=2009-08-31|publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40033821/NOR40033821.html|title=RIS Dokument|date=|publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Iran|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Iran}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/iran-gender|title=Premarital sex on rise as Iranians delay marriage, survey finds|last1=Tait|first1=Robert|date=2008-12-29|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/news/223079-iran-marriage-dating-website/|title=Iran to launch official marriage website to combat 'immoral' dating, premarital sex|accessdate=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/114|title=Iran: a country study|last1=Curtis|first1=Glen E.|last2=Hooglund|first2=Eric|date=2008|publisher=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/114 114]|accessdate=2014-10-15|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p. 190&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/iran-lawmakers-men-wed-adopted-daughters|title=The Guardian, 26 September 2013|author=The Guardian|date=26 September 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9500484/Alarm-as-hundreds-of-children-under-age-of-10-married-in-Iran.html|title=The Telegraph, 26 Aug 2012|author=The Telegraph|date=26 Aug 2012|publisher=Telegraph.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Thailand|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Thailand}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30029866|title=Popular rocker given suspended jail term for having sex with underage girl|date=30 March 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612143232/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30029866|archivedate=12 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/05/20/national/national_30004480.php|title=DNA test clears 'Dag'|date=20 May 2006|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=26 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126142435/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/05/20/national/national_30004480.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|United Arab Emirates|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#United Arab Emirates}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/briton-faces-jail-for-sex-on-dubai-beach-863918.html|title=Briton faces jail for sex on Dubai beach|last1=Judd|first1=Terri|date=10 July 2008|work=The Independent|last2=Sajn|first2=Nikolina|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php|title=Education in Dubai|author=Dubai FAQs|publisher=Dubaifaqs.com|accessdate=11 April 2012|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142640/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Colombia|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Colombia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1236_2008.html|title=Leyes desde 1992 - Vigencia expresa y control de constitucionalidad [LEY_1236_2008]|website=www.secretariasenado.gov.co|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811022934/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1236_2008.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://perso.unifr.ch/derechopenal/assets/files/legislacion/l_20130808_01.pdf|title=Código Penal Colombiano (ley 599 de 2000)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|South Africa|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#South Africa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;sa-amendment-act2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/38977_7-7_Act5of2015CriminalLaw_a.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706220207/http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/38977_7-7_Act5of2015CriminalLaw_a.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act Amendment Act, No. 5 of 2015|archivedate=July 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.org.za/depts/ci/pubs/pdf/resources/general/2011/ages_guide_april_2011.pdf|title=Legal guide to age thresholds for children and young people|last1=Mahery|first1=Prinslean|last2=Proudlock|first2=Paula|date=April 2011|publisher=Children's Institute, University of Cape Town|pages=20–22|accessdate=8 October 2011|edition=5|archivedate=24 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212712/http://www.ci.uct.ac.za/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Denmark|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Denmark}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/r0710.aspx?id=181992#idfb7ca177-33f0-4332-902c-cad2d4cb86c2|title=Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven|last=|first=|date=2016-07-04|website=www.retsinformation.dk|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Malaysia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Malaysia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpol.int%2FPublic%2FChildren%2FSexualAbuse%2FNationalLaws%2FcsaMalaysia.pdf&amp;images=yes|title=Sexual Offences Laws – Malaysia – Interpol|publisher=Pdfdownload.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324172851/http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpol.int%2FPublic%2FChildren%2FSexualAbuse%2FNationalLaws%2FcsaMalaysia.pdf&amp;images=yes|archivedate=24 March 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/documents/other_documents/sexual_offences_against_children_bill_eng.pdf |accessdate=2020-05-28 |archivedate=2021-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506233231/https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/documents/other_documents/sexual_offences_against_children_bill_eng.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Singapore|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Singapore}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || 16 || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/html/homepage.html Singapore Statutes OnLine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222092935/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/html/homepage.html|date=22 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Israel|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Israel}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Philippines|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Philippines}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/eap/220224.htm|title=Philippines|accessdate=2015-06-08|df=dmy}} on 2013-02-27)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/eap/220224.htm|title=Sexual Exploitation of Children|quote=The minimum age for consensual sex is 12 years. The statutory rape law criminalizes sex with minors under age 12 and sex with a child under age 18 involving force, threat, or intimidation. The maximum penalty for child rape is 40 years in prison plus a lifetime bar from political office. As of August the PNP reported 2,750 cases of child rape. The production, possession, and distribution of child pornography are illegal, and penalties range from one month to life in prison plus fines from 50,000 to five million pesos ($1,140 to $114,000), depending on the gravity of the offense.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf|title=The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/poplaws/law_phi/phi_018.htm|title=Republic Act No. 7610 (Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act), Republic of the Philippines|date=22 July 1991|publisher=Unescap.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040223233428/http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/poplaws/law_phi/phi_018.htm|archivedate=23 February 2004|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/cralaw/2013junedecisions.php?id=483|title=G.R. No. 198732, June 10, 2013 - CHRISTIAN CABALLO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent. : JUNE 2013 - PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT JURISPRUDENCE - CHANROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY|website=www.chanrobles.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Egypt|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Egypt}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3f827fc44.pdf|title=Law No 58 01 The Year 1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interpol-sexoffences&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/|title=Legislation of INTERPOL member states on sexual offences against children|publisher=INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091003113552/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/|archive-date=2009-10-03|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2009-10-03|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091003113552/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Hong Kong|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Hong Kong}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/eng/hk/legis/ord/200/s118D.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.118D|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/200/s124.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.124|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=2 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/200/s123.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.123|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=2 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/200/s118c.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.118C|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=2 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lo, Clifford and Lana Lam. &quot;[http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1851614/test-case-hong-kongs-underage-sex-law-after-boys-11-and-13-arrested-alleged Test case for Hong Kong's underage sex law after boys of 11 and 13 arrested for alleged intercourse with minor girl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129132247/http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1851614/test-case-hong-kongs-underage-sex-law-after-boys-11-and-13-arrested-alleged|date=29 November 2016}}.&quot; ''[[South China Morning Post]]''. Saturday 22 August 2015. Retrieved on 22 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Finland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Finland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039|title=Finnish Criminal Code|date=29 May 2009|publisher=Finlex.fi|accessdate=11 April 2012|archivedate=9 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709032250/http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Chile|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Chile}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcn.cl/publicadores/pub_leyes_mas_soli/admin/ver_archivo_codigos.php?id_codigo=4&amp;file=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206091709/http://www.bcn.cl/publicadores/pub_leyes_mas_soli/admin/ver_archivo_codigos.php?id_codigo=4&amp;file=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-12-06|title=Wayback Machine|date=2006-12-06|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Pakistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Pakistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3699814.stm|title=What is a 'right' age of consent?|last=Smith-Spark|first=Laura|date=1 October 2004|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=10 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pakistan.unfpa.org/en/topics/child-marriage-4|title=UNFPA Pakistan {{!}} Child marriage|last=|first=|date=|website=[[United Nations Population Fund]]|access-date=September 29, 2018|accessdate=May 28, 2020|archivedate=June 2, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114451/https://pakistan.unfpa.org/en/topics/child-marriage-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ireland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Ireland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;irlcitiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/criminal_law/criminal_offences/law_on_sex_offences_in_ireland.html|title=The law on sexual offences in Ireland|work=Citizens Information|publisher=Citizens Information Board|location=Dublin, Ireland|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628040525/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/criminal_law/criminal_offences/law_on_sex_offences_in_ireland.html|archivedate=28 June 2013|accessdate=12 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irlact2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2006/en/act/pub/0015/print.html|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006|date=2 June 2006|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODwyer2&quot;&gt;O'Dwyer, Peter. [http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html &quot;The age of consent debate: Where does Ireland stand?&quot;] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160115215040/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html Archive]). ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. April 9, 2014. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/2/enacted/en/html|title=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|last=(eISB)|first=electronic Irish Statute Book|website=www.irishstatutebook.ie|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/2/section/17/enacted/en/html#sec17|title=Sexual act with child under 17 years of age|last=(eISB)|first=electronic Irish Statute Book|website=www.irishstatutebook.ie|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Greece|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Greece}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.freelaw.gr/pk|title=Ποινικός Κώδικας - www.freelaw.gr|publisher=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164750/http://www.freelaw.gr/pk|archive-date=3 March 2018|access-date=3 March 2018|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=3 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164750/http://www.freelaw.gr/pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Portugal|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Portugal}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[https://cfaematosinhos.eu/IC_F9.pdf Código Penal Português] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203330/https://cfaematosinhos.eu/IC_F9.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}, Art 171-173&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Iraq|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Iraq}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.case.edu/saddamtrial/documents/Iraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf|title=The Penal Code with Amendments|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021100954/http://law.case.edu/saddamtrial/documents/Iraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf|archivedate=21 October 2012|accessdate=2012-10-21|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/14/jafari-law-iraqi-violation-women-rights-marital-rape|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808113535/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/14/jafari-law-iraqi-violation-women-rights-marital-rape|url-status=dead|title=Ja'fari law takes the Iraqi government's violation of women's rights to a new level &amp;#124; Haifa Zangana|first=Haifa|last=Zangana|date=March 14, 2014|archivedate=August 8, 2016|via=www.theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/09/iraq-wants-to-legalize-child-marriage.html The Daily Beast] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160426131506/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/09/iraq-wants-to-legalize-child-marriage.html|date=26 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kazakhstan|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Kazakhstan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1681/file/ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm/preview|title=ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm|publisher=Legislationline.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613061051/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1681/file/ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm/preview|archive-date=2010-06-13|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Algeria|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Algeria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/static/country-452.html#Age+of+sexual+consent+-+different+sex|title=Algeria|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture edited by David A. Gerstner page 648&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Qatar|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Qatar}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://dohanews.co/cohabitation-laws-cause-confusion-for-hotel-guests/|title=Cohabitation laws in Qatar cause confusion for hotel guests|date=2013-11-04|work=Doha News|access-date=2018-05-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Czech Republic|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Czech Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;117/1852 Ř.z., Zákon trestní o zločinech, přečinech a přestupcích: § 128 Zprznění&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://trestni.juristic.cz/489540/oddil/trzo|title=§ 241 - § 246|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517051618/http://trestni.juristic.cz/489540/oddil/trzo|archivedate=17 May 2011|accessdate=2007-04-10|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Peru|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Peru}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/Prensa/heraldo.nsf/CNnoticiasanteriores/fc34916372aa85c9052573070053ab5a?OpenDocument|title=Pleno Reconsidero Exoneracion de Sedunda Votacion a Proyecto Sobre Libertad Sexual|date=2007-06-27|publisher=El Heraldo|language=Spanish|trans-title=House Reconsidered and Excluded Second Vote for Project on Sexual Freedom|accessdate=2010-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/22/world/main2970190.shtml|title=Peru Lowers Age Of Consent To 14|author=Lindsay Goldwert|date=2007-06-22|publisher=CBS NEWS|accessdate=2009-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00008-2012-AI.pdf|title=Demanda de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por diez mil seiscientos nueve ciudadanos contra el artículo 1° de la Ley N° 28704 que modifica el artículo 173°, inciso 3° del Código Penal, sobre delito de violación sexual contra víctima entre 14 y 18 años de edad|date=2013-01-07|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con5_uibd.nsf/001CD7E618605745052583280052F800/$FILE/COD-PENAL_actualizado_16-09-2018.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Romania|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Romania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;avocatura.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html|title=Noul Cod Penal (2014)|date=|publisher=Avocatura.com|language=ro|accessdate=2014-05-17|archivedate=2015-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517054948/http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;avocatura.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|New Zealand|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#New Zealand}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329212.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607173223/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329212.html |url-status=live |title=Crimes Act 1961 No 43 (as at 01 July 2019), Public Act 134 Sexual conduct with young person under 16 |archivedate=2019-06-07 |website=New Zealand Legislation |publisher=[[Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand)]] |accessdate=2020-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/naa2007146.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002092306/http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/naa2007146.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Niue Amendment Act 2007|archivedate=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Vietnam|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Vietnam}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/18/AR2005111800680.html|title=Shamed rocker Glitter on the run|date=17 November 2005|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4559658.stm|title=Glitter police 'drop rape charge'|date=2005-12-26|accessdate=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bangladesh|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Bangladesh}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/print_sections_all.php?id=11|title=Penal Conde of Bangladesh|publisher=Government of Bangladesh|accessdate=7 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kuwait|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Kuwait}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;unhchr.ch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument|title=United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait|publisher=Unhchr.ch|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031125832/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument|archivedate=2015-10-31|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuwait&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument|title=Summary record of the 488th meeting : Kuwait|publisher=Committee on the Rights of the Child|accessdate=2009-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Angola|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Angola}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/pt/ao/ao026pt.pdf|title=ANTEPROJECTO DE CÓDIGO PENAL}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Hungary|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Hungary}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1200100.TV|title=2012. évi C. törvény - a Büntető Törvénykönyvről|author=Complex Kiadó Kft.|date=|publisher=Net.jogtar.hu|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ukraine|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Ukraine}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/|title=LEGAL NEWS IN UKRAINE: AMENDMENTS TO THE CRIMINAL CODE, JUDGES' QUALIFICATION ASSESSMENT, MODEL DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT, NEW PROCEDURE OF THE LAWYER'S EXAMINATION, RECALCULATION OF PENSIONS FOR STATE EMPLOYEES|date=2018-04-21|website=ukraine-pravo.com|publisher=|access-date=2019-03-28|quote=|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2022-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413151234/https://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ukranews.com/en/news/558311-poroshenko-signs-law-defining-defines-16-years-as-legal-age-of-consent|title=Poroshenko Signs Law Defining Defines 16 Years As Legal Age Of Consent|date=2018-04-16|website=[[Ukrainian News Agency]]|publisher=|access-date=2019-03-28|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/|title=Legal news in Ukraine: amendments to the Criminal Code, judges' qualification assessment, model decision of the Supreme Court, new procedure of the lawyer's examination, recalculation of pensions for state employees|date=April 20, 2018|website=Українське право - інформаційно-правовий портал|accessdate=May 28, 2020|archivedate=April 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413151234/https://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Morocco|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Morocco}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ageofconsent.com/morocco.htm|title=Penalties relating to sex offences and crime against children in the country|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413093810/http://www.ageofconsent.com/morocco.htm|archive-date=2017-04-13|access-date=2017-03-02|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2017-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413093810/http://www.ageofconsent.com/morocco.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/hxj|title=Minimum Legal Age of Consent - Female|last=ChartsBin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/69975/69182/F1186528577/MAR-69975.pdf|title=Code Penal du Maroc 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Puerto Rico|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Puerto Rico}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;: 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf|title=Código Penal de Puerto Rico (2012-146)|date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012022/http://www2.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2017|accessdate=20 May 2017|archivedate=7 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012022/http://www2.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ecuador|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Ecuador}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 14 || 18 || 14
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;asambleanacional.gob.ec&quot;&gt;http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/system/files/document.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Slovakia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Slovakia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152458/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152458/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cuba|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Cuba}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/html/codigo_penal.html#A16|title=Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba|date=March 1999|publisher=gacetaoficial.cu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402064841/http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/html/codigo_penal.html#A16|archivedate=2 April 2016|accessdate=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sudan|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Sudan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/sudan|title=Sudan Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Oman|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Oman}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaOman.pdf|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol|url-status=dead|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516065620/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaOman.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2016|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Belarus|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Belarus}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/legislations.php?jid=7&amp;ltid=15|title=Belarus Criminal Code|year=2005|work=National register of legal acts of Byelorussia|publisher=legislationline.org|at=paragraph № 74, 2/1112|language=Russian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182826/http://www.legislationline.org/legislations.php?jid=7&amp;ltid=15|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Azerbaijan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Azerbaijan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152337/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152337/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sri Lanka|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Sri Lanka}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=363&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|title=LawNet : : Government of Sri Lanka|publisher=Lawnet.lk|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072013/http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=363&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|archivedate=11 March 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=365B&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|title=LawNet : : Government of Sri Lanka|publisher=Lawnet.lk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072037/http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=365B&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|archive-date=11 March 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all|archivedate=11 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072037/http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=365B&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Myanmar|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Myanmar}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/yangon/26356-proposed-amendments-raise-statutory-rape-age-to-15.html|title=Proposed amendments raise statutory rape age to 15|date=2017-06-13|website=The Myanmar Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509030953/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/yangon/26356-proposed-amendments-raise-statutory-rape-age-to-15.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myanmar-law-library.org/spip.php?page=pdfjs&amp;id_document=775|title=Myanmar Law Library|website=www.myanmar-law-library.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Luxembourg|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Luxembourg}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/codes/index.html#code_penal|title=Liste des codes|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221084603/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/codes/index.html#code_penal|archivedate=21 December 2016|accessdate=2006-04-17|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Dominican Republic|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Dominican Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136110.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Dominican Republic|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228145630/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136110.htm|archivedate=28 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Uzbekistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Uzbekistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/uzbekistan|title=Uzbekistan Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ILGA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults|last1=Itaborah|first1=Lucas Paoli|publisher=ILGA, The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|accessdate=22 October 2019|archivedate=11 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611181908/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Uzbekistan/UZ_Criminal_Code.pdf|title=Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Enactment of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan|publisher=The Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kenya|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Kenya}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://theequalityeffect.org/pdfs/ConsentPaperKenya.pdf|title=LEGAL TREATMENT OF CONSENT IN SEXUAL OFFENCES IN KENYA|date=February 2013|work=[[University of Nairobi]]|page=18|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625192852/https://theequalityeffect.org/pdfs/ConsentPaperKenya.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guatemala|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Guatemala}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136114.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Reports: Guatemala|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212084956/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136114.htm|archivedate=12 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Uruguay|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Uruguay}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Uruguayan Penal Code Articles [https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/codigo-penal/9155-1933/272 272] and [https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/codigo-penal/9155-1933/267 267]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Croatia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Croatia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon|title=Croatian Criminal Code (in Croatian)|date=|publisher=Zakon.hr|accessdate=19 February 2013|archivedate=30 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430224955/https://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bulgaria|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Bulgaria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;legislationline.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes|title=Criminal codes|date=|publisher=Legislationline.org|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Macau|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Macau}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/95/46/codpenpt/codpen0101.asp|title=Redirect page|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328050908/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/95/46/codpenpt/codpen0101.asp|archivedate=28 March 2016|accessdate=2015-09-01|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ethiopia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Ethiopia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et011en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.girlup.org/assets/pdfs/factsheet1-about-child-marriage.pdf|title=FACTSHEET: Child Marriage|work=Girl Up|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909152040/http://www.girlup.org/assets/pdfs/factsheet1-about-child-marriage.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Lebanon|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Lebanon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jurisdiarium.blogspot.com/2007/11/code-pnal-libanais.html|title=Juris diarium: Code pénal libanais|date=30 November 2007|publisher=Jurisdiarium.blogspot.com|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Costa Rica|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Costa Rica}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2017/01/costa-rica-fortalece-medidas-para-proteger-a-las-personas-menores-de-edad-mediante-la-ley-de-relaciones-impropias/|title=Costa Rica fortalece medidas para proteger a las personas menores de edad mediante la Ley de Relaciones Impropias|date=2017-01-19|website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica|language=es|access-date=2019-04-08|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804014549/https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2017/01/costa-rica-fortalece-medidas-para-proteger-a-las-personas-menores-de-edad-mediante-la-ley-de-relaciones-impropias/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Slovenia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Slovenia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010927175825/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaSlovenia.asp Interpol - National Laws - Slovenia] interpol.int&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Panama|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Panama}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ministeriopublico.gob.pa/minpub/Portals/0/Pdfs/Prensa/CODIGO%20PENAL%20-%20AJUSTADO.pdf|title=Texto Único del Código Penal de la República de Panamá|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509065526/http://www.ministeriopublico.gob.pa/minpub/Portals/0/Pdfs/Prensa/CODIGO%20PENAL%20-%20AJUSTADO.pdf|archivedate=9 May 2016|accessdate=22 March 2016|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Lithuania|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Lithuania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;: 0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=377767&amp;p_tr2=2|title=Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas - Dokumento tekstas|website=www3.lrs.lt|access-date=2016-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://infolex.lt/portal/start_ta.asp?act=doc&amp;fr=pop&amp;doc=66150|title=LR baudžiamasis kodeksas (BK)|date=|publisher=Infolex.Lt|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tanzania|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Tanzania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ICMEC-Tanzania-National-Legislation.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Turkmenistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Turkmenistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaTurkmenistan.pdf|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104232/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaTurkmenistan.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2011|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all|archivedate=27 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104232/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaTurkmenistan.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tunisia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Tunisia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2017/08/tunisia-violence-against-women-law/|title=Tunisia's New Protections for Women: A Legislative Revolution and Missed Opportunity|last=Mahmoud|first=Youssef|date=2017-08-09|website=IPI Global Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://majles.marsad.tn/2014/lois/57a1d468cf44126c17c5e19d/texte|title=مشروع قانون أساسي عدد 2016/60 يتعلق بالقضاء على العنف ضد المرأة {{!}} مرصد مجلس|website=Marsad Majles|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Serbia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Serbia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/901/file/576c23dc41967e427086bf4c2b45.pdf|title=Serbian Criminal Code in English (translated by the OSCE mission to Serbia in February 2006)|publisher=Legislationline.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613061222/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/901/file/576c23dc41967e427086bf4c2b45.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Libya|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Libya}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session9/LY/ARCI_ARCInternational.pdf|title=Submission in the UPR review of Libya|work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2014-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022174536/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session9/LY/ARCI_ARCInternational.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ghana|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Ghana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/gh/gh010en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Yemen|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Yemen}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 9 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Power2009&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Power|first=Carla|title=Nujood Ali &amp; Shada Nasser win &quot;Women of the Year Fund 2008 Glamour Award&quot;|date=12 August 2009|url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1207&amp;p=report&amp;a=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405190616/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1207&amp;p=report&amp;a=1|publisher=Yemen Times|accessdate=16 February 2010|archivedate=5 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRWYemenReport2001&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Human Rights Watch|title=World Report 2001|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615214816/http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html|chapter=Yemen: Human Rights Developments|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=8 April 2010|archivedate=15 June 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daragahi2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/11/world/fg-childbride11|title=Yemeni bride, 10, says I won't|last=Daragahi|first=Borzou|date=11 June 2008|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=16 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218062844/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/11/world/fg-childbride11|archivedate=18 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Assamiee&amp;Al-Sakkaf2010&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author1=Mahmoud Assamiee|title=Relative breakthrough in Yemen's early marriage dilemma|date=25 March 2010|url=http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=33771|work=Yemen Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608055754/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=33771|accessdate=8 April 2010|archivedate=8 June 2011|author2=Nadia Al-Sakkaf|authorlink2=Nadia Al-Sakkaf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/child-bride-dies-wedding-night-yemen-article-1.1450874|title=Girl, 8, dies from internal injuries after wedding night in Yemen|last=Hastings|first=Deborah|work=NY Daily News|accessdate=10 September 2013|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/us-yemen-childbride-idUSBRE98910N20130910|title=Child bride in Yemen dies of internal bleeding on wedding night: activist|date=10 September 2013|work=Reuters|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=26 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126230017/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/us-yemen-childbride-idUSBRE98910N20130910}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Democratic Republic of the Congo|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/473/Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo|title=Sexual Rights Database|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Jordan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Jordan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Schmitt, Arno &amp; Sofer, Jehoeda, 1992, ''Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies'', Binghamton: Harrington Park Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-918393-91-4}}, pages 137-138/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ivory Coast|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Côte d'Ivoire}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/492169|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-10-05|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507052117/https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/492169}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bahrain|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Bahrain}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 21 || 21 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/bhr/1976/bahrain_penal_code_html/Bahrain_Penal_Code_1976.pdf|title=Penal Cone of Bahrain|publisher=Government of Bahrain|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=21 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921155851/http://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/bhr/1976/bahrain_penal_code_html/Bahrain_Penal_Code_1976.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODwyer&quot;&gt;O'Dwyer, Peter. &quot;[http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html The age of consent debate: Where does Ireland stand?]&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160115215040/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html Archive]). ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. April 9, 2014. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bolivia|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Bolivia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ley N° 2033: Ley de Protección a las Víctimas de Delitos Contra la Libertad Sexual (Artículos 308º Bis, 309º, 318º) |url=http://www.silep.gob.bo/norma/3936/ley_actualizada |website=SILEP{{emdash}}Sistema de Información Legal del Estado Plurinacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212424/http://www.silep.gob.bo/silep/masterley/118011 |url-status=live |archive-date=2019-08-11| |accessdate=2020-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/59479/68751/S99BOL02.htm|title=Bolivia. Ley (No. 2033 ) de Protección a las Víctimas de Delitos Contra la Libertad Sexual, 1999|website=www.ilo.org|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cepal.org/oig/noticias/paginas/9/46289/Bol2013Ley348Leyintegralibredeviolencia.pdf|title=Ley Integral Para Garantizar a las Mujeres una Vida Libre de Violencia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310042700/http://www.cepal.org/oig/noticias/paginas/9/46289/Bol2013Ley348Leyintegralibredeviolencia.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-10|access-date=2020-03-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042310/http://www.cepal.org/oig/noticias/paginas/9/46289/Bol2013Ley348Leyintegralibredeviolencia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oig.cepal.org/es|title=Observatorio de Igualdad de Género|website=Observatorio de Igualdad de Género|language=es|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://att.gob.bo/sites/default/files/archivosvarios/Codigo%20de%20familia.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115221118/https://att.gob.bo/sites/default/files/archivosvarios/Codigo%20de%20familia.pdf |date=2019-11-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cameroon|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Cameroon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 21 || 21 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dibussi.com/2016/07/cameroon-penal-code.html|title=An Overview and Full Text (English) of the New Cameroon Penal Code|website=Dibussi Tande: Scribbles from the Den|access-date=2019-10-05|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619043050/https://www.dibussi.com/2016/07/cameroon-penal-code.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Latvia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Latvia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966|title=Krimināllikums|website=likumi.lv|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153504/http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966|archive-date=2016-11-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153504/http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966|archivedate=2016-11-22|accessdate=2020-05-28}} (Latvian original text)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613060304/http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview|date=13 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Paraguay|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Paraguay}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.glin.gov/view.action?searchDetails.queryType=ALL&amp;newSubjectTerm=&amp;searchDetails.subjectTerms=&amp;searchDetails.queryString=C%C3%B3digo+Penal+de+Paraguay&amp;searchDetails.showSummary=true&amp;searchDetails.publicationJurisdiction=&amp;__checkbox_searchDetails.showSummary=true&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateToday=01&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateTo=&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateToday=01&amp;searchDetails.sortOrder=rank&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateFromday=01&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateFrom=&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateFromyear=&amp;month=01&amp;month=01&amp;month=01&amp;month=01&amp;search=Buscar&amp;searchDetails.andSubjectTerms=true&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateFromday=01&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateFrom=&amp;request_locale=es&amp;searchDetails.publicationLanguage=&amp;fieldName=&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateToyear=&amp;searchDetails.publicationJurisdictionExclude=false&amp;searchDetails.includeAllFields=true&amp;popupSearch=false&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateToyear=&amp;searchDetails.summaryLanguage=%27%27&amp;searchDetails.searchAll=true&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateFromyear=&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateTo=&amp;searchDetails.activeDrills=&amp;searchDetails.hitsPerPage=10&amp;glinID=209226&amp;summaryLang=es&amp;fromSearch=true|title=GLIN.gov – Changes introduced by Law 3440/2008|language=es}} (click on PDF file in “texto completo”)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Trinidad and Tobago|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Trinidad and Tobago}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2012-12.pdf|title=Act No. 12 of 2012|work=ttparliament.org|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204033453/http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2012-12.pdf|archivedate=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/20150913/news/age-of-sexual-consent-raised-to-18|title=Age of sexual consent raised to 18|last1=Bruzual|first1=Alexander|date=13 September 2015|work=Trinidad Express|accessdate=15 September 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917054341/https://www.trinidadexpress.com/20150913/news/age-of-sexual-consent-raised-to-18|archive-date=17 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Uganda|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Uganda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803170444.html|title=Uganda: Time to Lower Country's Age of Consent|website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/bill/2003/2003/bill_2003_2003.pdf|title=Domestic Relations Bill, 2003|website=Uganda Legal Information Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063705/https://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/bill/2003/2003/bill_2003_2003.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-15|access-date=2017-05-22|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2018-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063705/https://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/bill/2003/2003/bill_2003_2003.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Zambia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Zambia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saflii.org/zm/cases/ZMSC/2008/24.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308034615/http://www.saflii.org/zm/cases/ZMSC/2008/24.html|date=March 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Estonia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Estonia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes|title=Criminal codes - Legislationline|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|El Salvador|plink=Ages of consent in North America#El Salvador}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal|title=Microsoft Word - El Salvador.doc|date=|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193004/http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=10 December 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193004/http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;csj.gob.sv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csj.gob.sv/leyes.nsf/ed400a03431a688906256a84005aec75/29961fcd8682863406256d02005a3cd4|title=El Salvador Penal Code|url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111053310/http://www.csj.gob.sv/leyes.nsf/ed400a03431a688906256a84005aec75/29961fcd8682863406256d02005a3cd4|archivedate=11 January 2012|accessdate=10 February 2010|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cyprus|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Cyprus}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gays Ruling 'Too Little, Too Late'|author=George Psyllides|date=6 July 2002|work=Cyprus Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/enop/non-ind/0_154/index.html|title=Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα Νόμος - ΚΕΦ.154|date=|publisher=Cylaw.org|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Afghanistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Afghanistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236|title=Home|publisher=AIDSPortal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081026065259/http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236|archivedate=26 October 2008|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html|title=Iran|publisher=Travel.state.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801084310/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html|archivedate=1 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Honduras|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Honduras}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;&quot;{{cite web|url=http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/C%C3%B3digo%20Penal%20%28Actualizado%20a%C3%B1o%202014%29.pdf|title=CÓDIGO PENAL|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711055950/http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/C%C3%B3digo%20Penal%20%28Actualizado%20a%C3%B1o%202014%29.pdf|archivedate=11 July 2015|accessdate=7 March 2016|df=dmy}}.&quot; [[Can judiciary of Honduras Republic]] RAPE, statutory rape, indecent assault, kidnapping Article 140. It is an offense of rape: sexual intercourse with a person of either sex through violence or threat of causing the taxpayer's spouse or domestic partner he or one of his relatives within the fourth (4th) degree of consanguinity or second (2nd) affinity serious and imminent harm. For purposes of this article shall mean sexual intercourse, which have vaginal, anal or oral route. It will be punishable with ten (10) to fifteen (15) years of imprisonment. They are special cases of rape sexual intercourse with a person of either sex when without any violence or threats, meet any of the following circumstances. Such cases shall be punishable by fifteen (15) to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and are as follows: 1) When the victim is under fourteen (14) years of age; 2) When the victim is found deprived of reason or will or when for any reason can not resist; 3) When the active to commit the crime of rape intentionally diminishes or abolishes the will of the victim using this narcotic or psychotropic substances, including alcohol or committed the violation finding the taxpayer in the previous situation subject;. Article 141. commit acts of lust, who taking advantage of the conditions or using the means indicated in the preceding article makes victim to another or others in acts of lust other than sexual intercourse shall be punished with imprisonment of five (5) to eight (8) years. When the victim is under fourteen (14) years even if you have consented to the act or being older the taxable person suffers from a mental illness or incomplete mental development or retardation or private has reason or will or when by any cause can not resist the previous sentence is increased by half (1/2). When acts of lust consisting in the insertion of objects or instruments of any nature in the sexual organs or other natural orifices or artificial simulating the sexual organs of the taxpayer body, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of ten (10) fifteen (15) years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Nepal|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Nepal}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/nepal|title=Nepal Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bosnia and Herzegovina|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1661/file/5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm/preview|title=5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm|date=|publisher=Legislationline.org|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Gabon|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Gabon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/493430|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|North Korea|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#North Korea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135995.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Democratic People's Republic of Korea|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230107/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135995.htm|archive-date=24 March 2010|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Brunei|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Brunei}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Brunei_01&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBrunei.pdf|title=Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Brunei|year=2006|publisher=Interpol|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151338/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBrunei.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151338/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBrunei.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mozambique|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mozambique}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/mozambique.html|title=Comparative Criminology &amp;#124; Africa - Mozambique|date=1975-06-25|publisher=Rohan.sdsu.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830030221/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/mozambique.html|archive-date=2013-08-30|accessdate=2014-02-19|archivedate=2013-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830030221/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/mozambique.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Iceland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Iceland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.php?id=3683|title=''Hver er samræðisaldur á Íslandi?''|language=Icelandic|trans-title=What is the age of consent in Iceland?}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''(Icelandic)'' [http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1940019.html The Icelandic Penal Code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317171939/http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1940019.html|date=17 March 2016}}
: 202. gr. Hver sem hefur samræði eða önnur kynferðismök við barn, yngra en 15[fimmtán] ára, skal sæta fangelsi ekki skemur en 1[eitt] ár og allt að 16[sextán] árum.
: : Section 202 Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child younger than 15 years shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cambodia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Cambodia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-10-31/bay-area/17318180_1_san-francisco-police-phnom-penh-ramirez-s-death|title=SAN FRANCISCO / Questions linger over officer's death in Asia / Colleagues in S.F. recall he often traveled to region|date=31 October 2006|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2012-07-09|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709232812/http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-10-31/bay-area/17318180_1_san-francisco-police-phnom-penh-ramirez-s-death}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ki-media.blogspot.com/2006/12/frenchman-2-cambodians-cleared-of.html|title=KI Media: Frenchman, 2 Cambodians Cleared of Debauchery|author=socheata|date=2 December 2006|publisher=Ki-media.blogspot.com|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.preda.org/main/archives/research/csa/r07031201.html|title=Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: &quot;Germans, Americans and Cambodians sentenced in Global drive against child abuse&quot;|publisher=Preda.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118071842/http://www.preda.org/main/archives/research/csa/r07031201.html|archivedate=18 January 2011|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=9333|title=Russian Businessman Accused of Abuse in Cambodia's Biggest Pedophilia Case|date=16 November 2007|publisher=Irrawaddymedia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232127/http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=9333|archive-date=29 February 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all|archivedate=29 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232127/http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=9333}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cdpcambodia.org/trafficking_law.asp {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903024138/http://www.cdpcambodia.org/trafficking_law.asp|date=3 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Equatorial Guinea|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Equatorial Guinea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135951.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report|date=2010-03-11|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323034724/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135951.htm|archive-date=2010-03-23|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Papua New Guinea|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Papua New Guinea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 17 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;sections 213 and 216 of the [http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cc197494/ Criminal Code (1974)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050715053744/http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cc197494/|date=15 July 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Georgia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Georgia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrights.ge/files/crcreport.pdf|title=Rights of the Child in Georgia|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204223/http://www.humanrights.ge/files/crcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 March 2012|accessdate=2010-07-30|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Botswana|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Botswana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sapst.org/botswana-raises-age-of-consent-to-18-years/|title=Botswana Raises Age Of Consent To 18 Years|date=|publisher=Sapst.org|accessdate=2019-04-16|archivedate=2019-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416142447/http://www.sapst.org/botswana-raises-age-of-consent-to-18-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Senegal|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Senegal}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gouv.sn/droitp/CODE%20PENAL.PDF|title=Sommaire|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102035104/http://www.justice.gouv.sn/droitp/CODE%20PENAL.PDF|archivedate=2013-11-02|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Zimbabwe|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Zimbabwe}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33203462|title=Zimbabwe row over age of consent after Tomana's comments|date=19 June 2015|accessdate=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Republic of the Congo|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Republic of the Congo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186185.htm|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|date=|publisher=State.gov|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Jamaica|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Jamaica}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaJamaica.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - JAMAICA TEMPLATE START.doc|date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152204/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaJamaica.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2008|accessdate=16 February 2011|archivedate=29 February 2008|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152204/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaJamaica.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Namibia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Namibia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || {{N/A}} || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaNamibia.pdf|title=Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children - Namibia|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229150736/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaNamibia.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229150736/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaNamibia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Albania|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Albania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview|title=CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613054559/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview|archivedate=2010-06-13|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Chad|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Chad}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/20/85/70/20170923/ob_d3b926_code-penal-2e-partie.pdf|title=Chad penal code}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Burkina Faso|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Burkina Faso}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lesechosdufaso.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Code-p%C3%A9nal-nouveau.rtf|title=Penal Code of Burkina Faso (French)|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2021-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203153600/https://lesechosdufaso.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Code-p%C3%A9nal-nouveau.rtf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mauritius|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mauritius}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152518/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMauritius.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mongolia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Mongolia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMongolia.pdf|title=Microsoft Word – MONGOLIA TEMPLATE START.doc|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151944/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMongolia.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151944/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMongolia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mali|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mali}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/mali/Mali-Code-2001-penal.pdf|title=Mali Penal Code (French text)|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2016-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526180846/http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/mali/Mali-Code-2001-penal.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Nicaragua|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Nicaragua}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC.C.OPSC.NIC.1.doc|title=1040903|work=googleusercontent.com|url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402081146/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC.C.OPSC.NIC.1.doc|archivedate=2 April 2012|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Laos|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Laos}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Joe Cummings, Andrew Burke. ''Lonely Planet Guide to Laos'', p. 256&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaLaos.pdf|title=Interpol: Laos|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152549/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaLaos.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152549/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaLaos.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|North Macedonia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#North Macedonia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/8145/file/fYROM_CC_2009_am2018_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|South Sudan|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#South Sudan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://mirayafm.net/index.php/southsudan/7278-state-assembly-urged-to-decide-on-minimum-age-of-marriage|title=MP calls for legal minimum age of marriage|last=Machrine|first=Birungi|date=22 November 2011|newspaper=Radio Miraya|accessdate=21 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222233819/http://mirayafm.net/index.php/southsudan/7278-state-assembly-urged-to-decide-on-minimum-age-of-marriage|archive-date=22 February 2013|quote=While the age of consent in South Sudan is 18,...|archivedate=22 February 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130222233819/http://mirayafm.net/index.php/southsudan/7278-state-assembly-urged-to-decide-on-minimum-age-of-marriage}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Teachers-dismissed-over-schoolgirl,40897|title=Teachers dismissed over schoolgirl pregnancies in Rumbek|date=4 December 2011|newspaper=Sudan Tribune|accessdate=21 September 2012|quote=The legal age of consent in South Sudan in [sic] 18...|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711112824/http://www.sudantribune.com/Teachers-dismissed-over-schoolgirl,40897|archivedate=11 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf|title=The Penal Code Act, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://swap.stanford.edu/20130912135220/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf|archivedate=September 12, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Armenia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Armenia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;legislationline.org&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Madagascar|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Madagascar}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/madagascar/madagascar_penal_1972_fr.pdf|title=Droit francophone: Code Pénal du 17 juin 1972 mis à jour au 30 juin 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Malta|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Malta}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;malta&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&amp;itemid=29057&amp;l=1|title=Gender-Based Violence and Domestic Violence Act, 2018&quot;|publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maltachapter9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&amp;itemid=8574|title=Criminal Code Chapter 9, 10 June 1854 - last amended III of 2004|publisher=Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;attard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.law.leiden.edu/general/img/Malta%20-%20Summary%20of%20legislation%202006_tcm19-55172.pdf|title=Summary of legislation implementing &quot;Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation&quot; with respect to sexual orientation in Malta|last=Attard|first=Christian|year=2005|publisher=Law.leiden.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_2/chapt16.pdf|title=CHAPTER 16 CIVIL CODE|publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2009-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521011500/http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_2/chapt16.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Benin|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Benin}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/482/Benin|title=Sexual Rights Database|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tajikistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Tajikistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1707/file/207b8150765af2c85ad6f5bb8a44.htm/preview|title=Tajikistan Criminal Code|publisher=Legislationline.org|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Haiti|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Haiti}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136116.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Haiti|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217115746/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136116.htm|archivedate=17 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bahamas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Bahamas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/Statutes/statute_CHAPTER_99.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011230829/http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/Statutes/statute_CHAPTER_99.html|url-status=dead|title=Art. 16|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Niger|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Niger}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 21 || 21 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/niger|title=Niger Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=14 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Moldova|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Moldova}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;legislationline.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Rwanda|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Rwanda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;interpol-sexoffences&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kyrgyzstan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Kyrgyzstan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/kyrgyzstan|title=Kyrgyzstan Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kosovo|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Kosovo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/Criminal%20Code.pdf|title=Criminal Code Of The Republic Of Kosovo|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115712/http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/Criminal%20Code.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2015-08-18|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Monaco|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Monaco}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151443/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151443/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guinea|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Guinea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/44a3eb9a4.pdf|title=Guinea penal code (French text)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Liechtenstein|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Liechtenstein}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/CRC/docs/study/responses/Liechtenstein.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - Liechtenstein.doc|date=|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Malawi|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Malawi}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/may/21/malawi-women-marriage-child-pregnancy|title=Parents before they are grown-up: child marriage in Malawi|accessdate=20 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bermuda|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Bermuda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/caribbean-gbv-law-portal/country-resources/british-virgin-islands|title=Caribbean GBV Law Portal: Country Resources: British Virgin Islands - UN Women – Multi-Country Office – Caribbean|work=Field Office Caribbean|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311012926/http://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/caribbean-gbv-law-portal/country-resources/british-virgin-islands|archivedate=11 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Suriname|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Suriname}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/wha/154520.htm|title=Suriname|website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mauritania|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mauritania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;https://www.africanchildinfo.net/clr/Harmonisation%20of%20Laws%20in%20Africa/other-documents-harmonisation_7_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Timor-Leste|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Timor-Leste}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D243617|title=WIPO Intellectual Property Laws and Treaties Database (WIPO Lex)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065054/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=243617|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2015-05-20|df=dmy}} ([[WIPO Lex]])&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sierra Leone|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Sierra Leone}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012|date=|publisher=State.gov|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Montenegro|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Montenegro}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/4168/preview|title=Legislationline|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Togo|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Togo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/472/Togo|title=Sexual Rights Database|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Fiji|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Fiji}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Eswatini|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Swaziland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://genderlinks.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/GBV_Eswatini_SexualOffencesandDomesticViolenceAct_2018.pdf |accessdate=2020-05-28 |archivedate=2021-06-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212234/http://genderlinks.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/GBV_Eswatini_SexualOffencesandDomesticViolenceAct_2018.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Barbados|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Barbados}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBarbados.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - Barbados template start.doc|date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151939/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBarbados.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2008|accessdate=16 February 2011|archivedate=29 February 2008|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151939/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBarbados.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Eritrea|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Eritrea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101051/121587/F567697075/ERI101051%20Eng.pdf|title=2015 penal code English translation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Andorra|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Andorra}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://sherloc.unodc.org/res/cld/document/codi_penal_andorra_as_of_2014_html/Andorra_codi_penal_as_of_2014.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203330/https://sherloc.unodc.org/res/cld/document/codi_penal_andorra_as_of_2014_html/Andorra_codi_penal_as_of_2014.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Curaçao|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Curaçao}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/XHTMLoutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2364/2364_1.html|title=Wetboek van de Nederlandse Antillen|publisher=[[Cabinet of the Netherlands|Government of the Netherlands]]|language=Dutch|accessdate=24 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guyana|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Guyana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,FREEHOU,,GUY,,4738691564,0.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wiig.wordpress.com/2005/10/28/national-assembly-fixes-age-of-consent-at-16/|title=National Assembly fixes age of consent at 16|date=October 28, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/EMA-218121448-P6L {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811072509/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/EMA-218121448-P6L |date=2014-08-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf|title=November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024746/http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf|archive-date=2010-08-21|access-date=2007-09-27|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2010-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024746/http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Maldives|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Maldives}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 9 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Burundi|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Burundi}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;avert1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm|title=Age of Sexual Consent|date=|publisher=AVERT|accessdate=2014-02-19|archivedate=2015-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200317/http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com.au/news?hl=en&amp;q=Burundi%20homosexuality&amp;um=1&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;sa=N&amp;tab=wn|title=Burundi homosexuality|date=|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Aruba|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Aruba}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.overheid.aw/document.php?m=25&amp;fileid=16304&amp;f=67909eb151040dd6cf5b0f634d5cdde6&amp;attachment=0&amp;c=22925|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht van Aruba
|publisher=[[Government of Aruba]]|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Liberia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Liberia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Liberia/Penal%20Code%20Liberia%201978.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216173449/http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Liberia/Penal%20Code%20Liberia%201978.pdf |date=2019-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/article.cfm?id=3463&amp;cat=special-report|title=Shattered Lives: Liberia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730092246/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/article.cfm?id=3463&amp;cat=special-report|archivedate=July 30, 2010|accessdate=September 11, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt3/sayi13kadinsayisipdf/lieblingkalifani_helen.pdf|title=Women War Survivors of Sexual Violence in Liberia|publisher=Sosyalarastirmalar.com|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Lesotho|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Lesotho}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ls/ls022en.pdf|title=Lesotho Penal Code 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bhutan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Bhutan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.gov.bt/html/act/PENAL%20CODE.pdf|title=Penal Conde of Bhutan|publisher=Government of Bhutan|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163637/http://www.judiciary.gov.bt/html/act/PENAL%20CODE.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cape Verde|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Cape Verde}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/206287|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|San Marino|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#San Marino}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/1bdcfbc31d86f66bc1256da600366876/$FILE/G0340784.pdf|title=unhchr.ch - unhchr Resources and Information.|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Documents/Written%20Replies/wr-sanmarino-1.pdf|title=WRITTEN REPLIES BY THE GOVERNMENT OF SAN MARINO CONCERNING THE LIST OF ISSUES (CRC/C/Q/SMR/1) RECEIVED BY THE COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD RELATING TO THE CONSIDERATION OF THE INITIAL REPORT OF SAN MARINO (CRC/C/8/Add.46)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064835/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Documents/Written%20Replies/wr-sanmarino-1.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2010-09-16|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Central African Republic|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Central African Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/penal-code-of-the-central-african-republic-2010/view|title=Penal Code of the Central African Republic (2010) — Africa Criminal Justice Reform (ACJR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Belize|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Belize}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;belize2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d02044893.brinkster.net/belizecan/PDF/BILL101/Criminal_Code_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Bill,_2013.pdf|title=Criminal Code (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920141137/http://d02044893.brinkster.net/belizecan/PDF/BILL101/Criminal_Code_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Bill,_2013.pdf|archivedate=20 September 2016|accessdate=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogeneratedcc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/juridico/MLA/en/blz/en_blz-int-text-cc.pdf|title=CAP 101 CRIMINAL CODE ACT|date=|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516160203/http://www.oas.org/JURIDICO/MLA/en/blz/en_blz-int-text-cc.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Djibouti|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Djibouti}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/51cc2bfa4.html|title=Djibouti: Forced marriage|date=4 March 2013|work=Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Seychelles|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Seychelles}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://greybook.seylii.org/w/se/CAP158#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc384202773/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAOAFgCYADHwDswjgEoANMmylCEAIqJCuAJ7QA5BskQ4ubABsDAYSRpoAQmQ7CYXAiUr1Wm3YQBlPKQBC6gEoAogAyAQBqAIIAcsYBkqRgAEbQpOzi4kA|title=SeyLII &amp;#124; Penal Code|website=greybook.seylii.org|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127110715/https://greybook.seylii.org/w/se/CAP158#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc384202773/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAOAFgCYADHwDswjgEoANMmylCEAIqJCuAJ7QA5BskQ4ubABsDAYSRpoAQmQ7CYXAiUr1Wm3YQBlPKQBC6gEoAogAyAQBqAIIAcsYBkqRgAEbQpOzi4kA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Saint Lucia|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Saint Lucia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136125.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Saint Lucia|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228145645/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136125.htm|archivedate=28 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Somalia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Somalia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Frspc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf|title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf|archivedate=24 January 2013|accessdate=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iaoc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.endangeredchildren.org/PDF/Age-of-Consent.pdf|title=Age of Consent|publisher=IACAC|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320065818/http://www.endangeredchildren.org/PDF/Age-of-Consent.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2014|accessdate=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Antigua and Barbuda|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Antigua and Barbuda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Murdoch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/caribbean-magistrate-says-do-not-tolerate-pre-consent-aged-teens-having-sex/|title=CARIBBEAN: Magistrate says do not tolerate pre-consent aged teens having sex|last=Murdoch|first=Kieron|date=March 13, 2017|work=St. Lucia News Online|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401100855/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/caribbean-magistrate-says-do-not-tolerate-pre-consent-aged-teens-having-sex/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guinea-Bissau|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Guinea-Bissau}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135958.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Guinea-Bissau|date=2010-03-11|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230021/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135958.htm|archive-date=2010-03-24|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Gambia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Gambia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/static/country-447.html#Age%20of%20sexual%20consent%20-%20different%20sex|title=Gambia|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Samoa|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Samoa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;palemene.ws&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/93579/124323/F-1523655815/WSM93579%202015.pdf|title= Samoa Crimes Act 2013|website = International Labour Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Vanuatu|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Vanuatu}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vanuatucorrectionalservices.gov.vu/legislation.html|title=Legislation|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135705/http://vanuatucorrectionalservices.gov.vu/legislation.html|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2015-11-11|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029181019/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2009|accessdate=2009-05-19|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Comoros|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Comoros}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Comoros/Penal%20Code%20Comoros%201981.pdf|title=Comoros Penal code (PDF)|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203330/http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Comoros/Penal%20Code%20Comoros%201981.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Dominica|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Dominica}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaDominica.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|work=interpol.int|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152223/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaDominica.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2008|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=29 February 2008|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152223/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaDominica.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|São Tomé and Príncipe|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telanon.info/suplemento/opiniao/2013/05/16/13197/as-novidades-do-novo-codigo-penal/|title=AS NOVIDADES DO NOVO CODIGO PENAL|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009081538/http://www.telanon.info/suplemento/opiniao/2013/05/16/13197/as-novidades-do-novo-codigo-penal/|archivedate=2016-10-09|accessdate=2015-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kiribati|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Kiribati}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/pc66/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428161327/http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/pc66/|url-status=dead|title=Penal Code|archivedate=April 28, 2016|website=www.paclii.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tuvalu|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Tuvalu}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act/pc66/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173229/http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act/pc66/|url-status=dead|title=Penal Code|archivedate=March 3, 2016|website=www.paclii.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Syria|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Syria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.moj.gov.sy/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=11: 2013-10-01-20-45-36|title=قانون العقوبات السوري|website=www.moj.gov.sy|access-date=2019-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Taiwan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Taiwan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;ROC Criminal Law, Article 227, 227–1 229–1&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Vatican City|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Vatican City}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{CCC|2353}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/Law%20N.%20VIII%20-%20Supplementary%20Norms%20on%20Criminal%20Law.pdf LAW N. VIII: SUPPLEMENTARY NORMS ON CRIMINAL LAW MATTERS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805202456/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/Law%20N.%20VIII%20-%20Supplementary%20Norms%20on%20Criminal%20Law.pdf|date=5 August 2016}} vaticanstate.va&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText|date=|publisher=Vatican.va|accessdate=2019-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Gaza Strip|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Palestinian Territories}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://corpus.learningpartnership.org/jordanian-penal-code-no-16-of-1960-selected-provisions-relating-to-women-2-title-vii-offences-against-public-ethics-and-morality-chapter-i-offences-against-honour|title=Jordanian Penal Code No.16 of 1960 (selected provisions relating to women) – 2: Title VII – Offences against Public Ethics and Morality – Chapter I – Offences against Honour|website=Corpus of Laws|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225449/http://corpus.learningpartnership.org/jordanian-penal-code-no-16-of-1960-selected-provisions-relating-to-women-2-title-vii-offences-against-public-ethics-and-morality-chapter-i-offences-against-honour|archive-date=10 November 2017|accessdate=11 November 2017|df=dmy-all|archivedate=10 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225449/http://corpus.learningpartnership.org/jordanian-penal-code-no-16-of-1960-selected-provisions-relating-to-women-2-title-vii-offences-against-public-ethics-and-morality-chapter-i-offences-against-honour}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|West Bank|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Palestinian Territories}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/265701032/Jordan-Penal-Code-1960|title=Jordan Penal Code (1960)|website=Scribd|publisher=Social Media Exchange Association|accessdate=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001318282/the-ages-of-sexual-consent-in-different-countries|title=The ages of sexual consent in different countries|first=Standard|last=Reporter|website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Human sexuality|Law|LGBT}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Age of consent]]
**[[Ages of consent in Africa]]
**[[Ages of consent in Asia]]
**[[Ages of consent in Europe]]
**[[Ages of consent in North America]]
***[[Ages of consent in the United States]]
**[[Ages of consent in Oceania]]
**[[Ages of consent in South America]]
***[[Age of consent in Brazil]]
*[[Age of consent reform]]
**[[Age of consent reform in Canada]]
**[[Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom]]
**[[Age of Consent Act, 1891]]
** [[French petition against age of consent laws]]
* [[Youth]]
** [[Youth suffrage]]
** [[Youth rights]]
* [[Legal age]]
** [[Age of majority]]
** [[Age of reason (canon law)]]
** [[Age of accountability]]
** [[Mature minor doctrine]]
** [[Emancipation of minors]]
** [[Fitness to plead]], ''law of England and Wales''
** [[Minors and abortion]]
** [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
* ''[[Sexual Morality and the Law]]''
** [[Child sexual abuse]]
** [[Sex-positive movement]]
** [[Age disparity in sexual relationships]]
** [[Comprehensive sex education]]
** [[Adult film industry regulations]]
** [[Sodomy law]]
** ''[[The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon]]''
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
&lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sex laws]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Adolescence by country]]</text>
      <sha1>qk0dmyhevrzwgq9jws3g8o2z60opv13</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>သုန်သူ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60503</id>
      <parentid>57058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60503</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35730" sha1="6cgnxtn4l82y9b1214eybtj1j2p94gl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
|name=Sun Tzu
|image=Enchoen27n3200.jpg
|alt=ရုပ်ဗရိုတ် သုန်သူ
|caption= ရုပ်ဗရိုတ် သုန်သူ ပ္ဍဲ Yurihama, Tottori ပ္ဍဲဂျပါန်
|birth_name= သုန်ဝူ (Sun Wu)
|birth_date= ဘဳသဳ ၅၄၄ (traditional)
|birth_place= [[Qi (state)|Qi]] ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး [[Wu (state)|Wu]], [[Zhou Kingdom]]
|death_date= ဘဳသဳ ၄၉၆ (traditional; အာယုက် 47–48)
|death_place=Gusu, Wu, Zhou Kingdom
|occupation=Military general, [[tactician]], writer, philosopher
|period=[[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and autumn]]
|subject=[[Military strategy]]
|notableworks=''[[The Art of War]]''
}}

'''သုန်သူ (Sun Tzu''' ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|n|_|ˈ|d|z|uː|,_|s|uː|n|_|ˈ|s|uː}} soon DZOO, soon SOO; Chinese: 孫子; pinyin: Sūnzǐ) ဂှ် ဒှ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ကြုက်၊ ညးမဖျေဟ်ဗျူဟာပၞာန်၊ အစာကဝိ ကေုာံ အစာဒဿန မွဲတၠ မပဒတဴလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသဇြဴဗမံက် (Eastern Zhou) ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဍုင်ကြုက်ခေတ်တမၠာတေအ်ရ။ သုန်သူဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မဒယှ်တဴ နကဵုအစာကဝိ လိက်ပညာပၞာန် (''The Art of War)'' မဒှ် လိက်မချူလဝ် ဗီုမဂွံဖျေဟ် ဗျူဟာပၞာန် မဒှ်ပညာဒဿန မစကာကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ရးပလိုတ်ကီု သီုကဵု ရးဗမံက် ကေုာံ ပ္ဍဲအရာမဖျေဟ်ပၞာန်ရ။ လညာတ်ညးဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လဝ် စွံအာရီု နဲကဲဗီုဂွံဝေင်ပၞာန် အပ္ဍဲမုက်ပၞာန် ဗီုဂွံစကာပြယာဲ (stratagem)၊ လဇ (delay)၊ မစကာ မၞိဟ်ဓလုက် (spy) ကေုာံ နဲကဲမဖန်ဗဒှ်ပၞာန် အပ္ဍဲသၞ၊ မဒက် ကေုာံ ပခိုင်မဟာမိတ်၊ မစကာ နဲလှေဲလှန် ကေုာံ နဲမိက်ဂွံဓရီုကျာ၊ ဖန်ပကောံဒြဟတ်သၞ ညံင်ဂွံကောံဒၟံင် မွဲဒၞာဲတအ် ဒှ်တမ်ရ။ သုန်သူ ဂှ် မၞိဟ်မရှ်ေသှ်ေ မတီဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အကြာဂကူကြုက်ဂမၠိုင်ကီု သီုကဵု ဒေသရးအာရှဗၟံက် နဒဒှ် မၞိဟ်တၠပညာ အစာလပါ်ပၞာန်မွဲတၠရ။ ယၟုညး ကာလဍောတ်တ်တေအ်ဂှ် သုန်ဝူ ('''Sun Wu)''' (ကြုက်: 孫武) တုဲ ယၟု မၞိဟ်မ္ၚးနူ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးမတီလဝ်ဂှ် '''Changqing''' (Chinese: 長卿).{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} ယၟုမ္ဂး သုန်သူ မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုင်မတီလဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုမအဲပရဲ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;အစာသုန်&quot;။

ဝင်သုန်သူဂှ် ဗွဲမကၠးဖ္ဍး ဟွံတီကေတ်လဝ်ရ။ အစာဝင် ပရူတၞောဝ်သၟိင်ဟာန် သဳမာချာန် (Sima Qian) ကေုာံ အစာဝင်ကြုက်တၞဟ်တအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် သုန်သူဂှ် ဒှ်အမာတ် ဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်ဝူ ဟေလူ (King Helü of Wu) တုဲ အခိင်ကာလဂမျိုင်ညးဂှ် နွံအကြာ ဘဳသဳ ၅၄၄-၄၉၆ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Ralph D.|title=The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China|url=https://archive.org/details/sevenmilitarycla0000unse_r3f1|year=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-00304-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sevenmilitarycla0000unse_r3f1/page/421 421]–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;အစာဝင်ခေတ်တၟိတအ်လေဝ် ဒုင်တဲ ပရူဒဒှ်ဝင်ညး ကေုာံ လိက် &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot; ညးဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင်လဇုဲညိ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ဍုင်မဝေင်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုလိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီတြေံဂမၠိုင် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်လက်ကရဴညး သုန်ဗိန် (Sun Bin) လေဝ် ချူလဝ် ပြကိုဟ်ဗျူဟာပၞာန်တုဲ မကဵုလဝ် ယၟု &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot; ကီုရ။ သုန်ဝူကီု သီုကဵုသုန်ဗိန်ဂှ် စၞောန်ထ္ၜးလဝ် နဒဒှ် သုန်သူတုဲ အစာဝင်လ္ၚဵုတအ် စှ်ေစိုတ် သီုမၞိဟ်ဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးမွဲတၠဓဝ်ရ။

လညာတ်နဲကဲလဝေင်ပၞာန် သုန်သူဂှ် စကာဒ္ဂေတ်ကၠုင်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအာရှ နူစအခိင်မခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ်တေအ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ၂၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot; ညးဂှ် မၞိဟ်စကာဂၠိုင်ကၠုင် သီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲရးပလိုတ်တအ်ကီုရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပညာပၞာန်ညးဂှ် အခိင်လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ပါဲနူ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ပၞာန်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ယေန်သၞာင်၊ ပရေင်ဍုင်ချာန်၊ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ ပရေင်ဓတ်ကာယတအ်လေဝ် စကာကၠုင်ဒၟံင် မဟွံမဲ ကုအပိုင်အခြာရ။&lt;ref name=wp&gt;{{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Wilson|title=Obama meets privately with Jewish leaders|date=7 March 2013|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-07/politics/37535039_1_nuclear-weapons-jewish-leaders-president-obama|newspaper=The Washington Post|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724060741/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-07/politics/37535039_1_nuclear-weapons-jewish-leaders-president-obama|archive-date=24 July 2013|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724060741/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-07/politics/37535039_1_nuclear-weapons-jewish-leaders-president-obama |date=24 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=UPI&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obama to challenge Israelis on peace|agency=United Press International|date=8 March 2013|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/03/08/Obama-to-challenge-Israelis-on-peace/UPI-70151362729600/|accessdate=22 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Business&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Garner|first=Rochelle|title=Oracle's Ellison Uses 'Art of War' in Software Battle With SAP|date=16 October 2006|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aFA0SRsqGq04|work=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020122222/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aFA0SRsqGq04|url-status=dead|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Football&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hack|first=Damon|title=For Patriots' Coach, War Is Decided Before Game|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 February 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/03/sports/football/03belichick.html|accessdate = 18 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဘဝ==
[[File:Inscribed bamboo-slips of Art of War.jpg|thumb|လိက် သီုကဵု &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot; သုန်သူလေဝ်ပါ၊ မၜံက်ခါဲဂွံ နူသၞာံ ၁၉၇၂ ထ္ၜးပျးလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ တိုက်ထ္ၜး ရှာန်ဒံင် Shandong Museum]]
ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုသက်သဳသာဓကဝင် ၜိုတ်မကလိဂွံဂှ်တုဲ စပ်ကဵု ဒၞာဲသုန်သူ မသၠးဂၠံဂဝ်ဂှ် လညာတ်ဟွံတုပ် ရေင်သကအ်အိုတ်ရ။ အတိုင် လိက်ဝင်တမ်သၞာံ ကဵု ကၞောတ်သၞာံ (''Spring and Autumn Annals'') မဒှ်လိက်ဝင် ပရူဍုင်ကြုက် အကြာ ဘဳသဳ ၇၇၁-၄၇၆ ကေုာံ အစာဝင်သဳမာချာန် (Sima Qian) မချူလဝ် လိက်ဝင် မကော်ဂး ရှဳဂျဳ (''Shiji'') ဂှ်မ္ဂး သုန်သူဝွံ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ကဳ (Qi state)။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|2007|p=151}}.&lt;/ref&gt; လိက်ဝင်သီုၜါဂှ် ချူလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ သုန်သူ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကၞောတ် ဝင်တမ်သၞာံ ကဵု ကၞောတ်သၞာံဍုင်ကြုင် (Spring and Autumn period) တုဲပၠန် သုန်သူဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကေုာံ သကိုပ်ဗျူဟာ ပ္ဍဲဇရေင် သၟိင်ဟေလူ (Helü) မဒှ်သၟိင်တၠတိ ဍုင်ဝူ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင်အကြာ ကၞောတ် တြဴဗွဝ်ကၠံဘဳသဳ၊ ပ္ဍဲအစ ၅၁၂ ဘဳသဳ ရ။ ကြဴနူ သုန်သူ မဂွံဇၞးကေတ် ပၞာန်မဂၠိုင်ကဵုဝါတုဲ စိုတ်ညးကတဵုဒှ် သၟိက်ချူခၞံလိက် ပညာပၞာန် (''The Art of War'') ရ။ လိက် ပညာပၞာန် ညးဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် မဗှ်လ္ၚတ်ဂၠိုင်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခေတ်ပၞာန် ဍုင်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင် မဒှ်အခိင် ဍုင်ကြုက် ထပှ်ဍုင် မတွဟ်ဂး ဍုင်ဇြဴ (Zhao)၊ ဍုင်ကဳ (Qi)၊ ဍုင်ကိန် (Qin)၊ ဍုင်ဆူ (Chu)၊ ဍုင်ဟာန် (Han)၊ ဍုင်ဝေ (Wei) ကေုာံ ဍုင်ယင် (Yan) မဗတိုက် ကေတ်ဇၞးဒၟံင် ရေင်သကအ် သွက်ဂွံကလိဂွံစၟိန်ပြမာန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသ ဍုင်ကြုက် ကရေက်လပါ်ဗမံက်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=mcneilly3&gt;{{harvnb|McNeilly|2001|pp=3–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဝင်ပရူသုန်သူဂမၠိုင် ဒၞာဲမၞိဟ်မတီဂၠိုင်အိုတ် နူကဵု လိက်သဳမာချာန် မချူလဝ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ကိုပ်ကၠာ ညးဟွံဂွံ ဒှ်သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဏီဂှ် သၟိင်ဍုင်ဝူ စမ်ၜတ် ဍာ်ဒကေဝ်ပညာ ညး နကဵု မကဵုဗတောန် မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ မကၠောန်ၜတ် ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်နန် ၃၆၀ တၠ ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴတအ်ဂှ် သုန်သူ ပါ်ထောအ် ၜါက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ကုညးဗြဴ ဨကရာဇ် မဒးဂၞပ် ညးၜါတၠဂှ် ညးခပတိုန် နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ရ။ အခိင်ကာလ သုန်သူ ကဵုအမိင် ကုဍေဟ်တအ် ကဵုမံင်မုက်တပ်ပ်ဂှ် ဍေဟ်တအ် ဂြိုင်တဴအိုတ်ရ။ တုဲဂှ် သုန်သူဟီု သကိုပ်ပၞာန် မကဵုအမိင် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်တအ်မ္ဂး ညံင်ကောန်ပၞာန်တအ် ဂွံတီကၠိုဟ် အမိင်၊ ဂွံကဠင်အမိင်ဂှ် ဒှ်တာလျိုင် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ညးကလေင် ကဵုအမိင် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်ဗြဴတအ်ပၠန်။ အလန်ဏအ်လေဝ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗြဴတအ်ဂှ် ဂြိုင်ပၠန်ရ။ တုဲဂှ် သုန်သူ ကဵုအမိင် ဂစိုတ် ကုညးဗြဴ ဨကရာဇ် မဒးဂၞပ်ၜါတၠဂှ်ရ။ တုဲ ဨကရာဇ် စဵုဒၞာတုဲ သၟာန်ညးတေအ်တုဲ ညးတေအ် သှ်ကဵု ယဝ်ရ သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကဵုအမိင် ကုကောန်ပၞာန်တုဲ ကောန်ပၞာန်တအ် ကၠိုဟ်ဒၟံင်အမိင်ဖိုဟ် ယဝ်ရ ကောန်ပၞာန်တအ် ဟွံဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် ဟွံကဠင်အမိင်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ဒုဟ်မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်/သကိုပ်ဗိုလ် ရ။ တုဲပၠန် သုန်သူ ဆက်ဟီု ညးမွဲ မဂွံခပတိုန် ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်မွဲတုဲ ညံင်ကမၠောန်ဂွံစိုပ်တရဴဂှ် ဒှ်တာလျိုင်ညးတေအ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ဨကရာဇ် ဒစဵုဒစးကီုလေဝ် ညံင်တာလျိုင် ဂွံတုဲဒှ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကမၠောန် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ်ရ။ ညးဗြဴၜါ မဂွံဒုင်ခပတိုန်လဝ် နဒဒှ်သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ချိုတ်အာတုဲ ရုဲစှ်ခပတိုန် ညးဗြဴၜါတၠ နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ပၠန်ရ။ စနူဂှ်တုဲ သီုၜါက္ဍိုပ်ဂှ် ကၟောန်ပတိုန်ဇကု ကဠင်အမိင်၊ ဂစာန်ဗ္တောန်ကွတ်ပၞာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=bradford134&gt;{{harvnb|Bradford|2000|pp=134–35}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

သဳမာချာန် ဆက်ဟီု လညာတ်တဳအဝ်ရဳ သုန်သူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုမုက်ပၞာန် ဗွဲကြဴညိ ညးတေအ် ထ္ၜးကဵုသက်သဳသာဓက ဒဒှ်ရ မဒှ်ဍာံစၟတ်ရ။ (ဥပမာ၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပေါဲဗတိုက်ဗောဇု (Battle of Boju)ဂှ် ညးကလိဂွံအံင်ဇၞးကေတ်ပၞာန်တုဲ ညးချူလိက် &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot;(''The Art of War'') မဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ ပူဂိုလ်ညးတေအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=bradford134/&gt; ဆဂး လိက်ဝင် ''Zuozhuan''၊ မဒှ်လိက်ဝင် မချူလဝ် ကိုပ်ကၠာ နူလိက်ရှဳဂျဳ အခိင်တၟာလအ်ဂှ် ချူလဝ် ပရူပေါဲဗတိုက်ဗောဇု တၟာဂလိုင်ကီုလေဝ်၊ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ဂှ် ဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ယၟုသုန်သူ လးလးရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;zuozhuan&quot;&gt;{{cite book|chapterurl=http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/chunqiu.xml&amp;style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&amp;chunk.id=d2.17&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=0&amp;doc.lang=bilingual|chapter=Duke Ding|volume=XI|title=Zuo Zhuan|author=Zuo Qiuming|language=Chinese, English|title-link=Zuo Zhuan|author-link=Zuo Qiuming}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205065604/http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/chunqiu.xml&amp;style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&amp;chunk.id=d2.17&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=0&amp;doc.lang=bilingual |date=2023-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ပရူဝင်===
ၜိုတ် အေဒဳ ၁၂ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် တၠပညာကြုက်လ္ၚဵုတအ် စဒှ်ကၠုင် သၠေဟ်ပၟာ ဒဒှ်ရ သုန်သူဂှ် ကေင်နွံလဝ်ဇေတ်တ်ရဟာရ။ ဗွဲတၟေင် ဟိုတ်ဍေဟ်ဂှ် ဒၟာနူ ယၟုညး ဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုလိက်ဝင်တြေံ သဴသုန် (''Zuo zhuan'') ရ။{{sfnp|Gawlikowski|Loewe|1993|p=447}} တုဲပၠန် ယၟုမ္ဂး သုန်ဝူ (&quot;Sun Wu&quot;) (孫武) ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်အစာဝင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တအ်ကီု{{sfnp|Mair|2007|p=9}} တုဲ ပတှ်ေကေတ် သုန်သူဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မကေင် ဒှ်လဝ် မွဲတၠဟွံသေင် ဒှ်သကိုပ်ပၞာန် မပတိုန်စလဝ်မွဲတၠရ။ ယၟုဗဳဇ &quot;သုန်&quot; ဂှ် မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးမဒဴ (''xùn'' 遜)တုဲ ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;ဝူ&quot; (''wǔ'' 武) ဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုကြုက်တြေံ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;သ္ဂံင်&quot;၊ &quot;သရာဲပၞာန်&quot; တုဲ ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;သုန်သူ&quot; ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၟံင် ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် တြုဟ်အာဇာနဲ၊ သရာဲပၞာန် မွဲရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor H 2007 pp. 9-10&quot;&gt;[[Victor H. Mair|Mair, Victor H.]] (2007). ''The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods''. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 9–10. {{ISBN|978-0-231-13382-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲကဵုဝင်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင်မ္ဂး သုန်သူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပေါဲဗတိုက် ဗောဇုဂှ်မွဲရ ညးပါလုပ်လဝ်၊ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ယၟုညးဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲဝင်ပေါဲပၞာန်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Daryl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newhistorian.com/the-art-of-war/3232/|title=The Art of War|author=Worthington, Daryl|date=13 March 2015|website=|publisher=New Historian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303082729/http://www.newhistorian.com/the-art-of-war/3232/|archive-date=3 March 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=}} 13 March 2015&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Battle of Boju.png|thumb|400px|မုက်ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ပေါဲပၞာန်ဗောဇု]]

အရာမဒှ်မာန်အိုတ်မွဲဂှ် လိက်ပညာပၞာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် မချူလဝ် နကဵုတၠပညာဗွဲမဂၠိုင် သရာဲပၞာန်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မထပ်ဗပေင်စုတ်ကၠုင် သၞာံဗွဲမလအ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|2005|pp=34–35}}.&lt;/ref&gt; သုန်ဗိန် (Sun Bin) ဂှ် ကေင်ဒှ်လဝ် မၞိဟ်မစိစောန် ပ္ဍဲအရာကွတ်ပၞာန်တုဲ သုန်သူဂှ် နကဵုမပတိုန်စညးတုဲ ကဵုလဝ်ယၟုဗီုဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Victor H 2007 pp. 9-10&quot;/&gt;ယၟုမ္ဂး သုန်သူ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲလိက် ခေတ်ဗွဲကြဴညိ ဗီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲလိက် ရှဳဂျဳ ကေုာံ လိက် ဝူယဳချုန်ကဳ (Wu Yue Chunqiu) တအ်ကီုလေဝ် လိက်တအ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် မချူလဝ် ကြဴနူ အခိင်ကာလသုန်သူ သၞာံမဂၠိုင်ကဵုကၠံရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|2007|pp=176–77}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၜိုန်ဂှ်ရလေဝ် ရံင်ကဵု လိက် နဲပညာသဳမာ (''The Methods of the Sima'') တုဲ သုန်သူ ဂှ် ကေင်နွံလဝ် ကွေဟ်ဟ်ဒှ်မာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=sawyer149&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|1994|pp=149–50}}.&lt;/ref&gt; အတိုင်လညာတ် Ralph Sawyer မ္ဂး သုန်သူဂှ် ကေင်ဒှ်လဝ်ကွေဟ်ဟ် ဒှ်မာန်၊ တုဲပၠန် ညးဂှ် ဆသကိုပ်ပၞာန်မွဲတၠသၟး ဟွံသေင် သီုဒှ်အစာချူလိက်မွဲတၠကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;sawyer&quot;/&gt;တုဲပၠန် လညာတ်ညးမ္ဂး ဘာဗတောန်ကွတ်ပၞာန် သုန်ဝူဂှ် ဗ္တောန်ကၠုင်လဝ် နကဵု အဆက်ကောန်အဆက်စဴ မဂၠိုင်ကဵု တၞောဝ်တုဲ သုန်ဗိန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်တၞောဝ်ညးမွဲတၠကီု ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ကောန်ကွးနူကဵု ဘာဏအ်ဂှ် ကွးဘာတအ် ဆက်ဇၞော်ဖလှဲပတိုန်လဝ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;sawyer&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|2007|pp=150–51}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

လညာတ်မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ရံင်ကဵု ကပေါတ်ကိရိယာ မစကာချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲလိက် &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot; မစကာလဝ် မအရေဝ်ဂမၠိုင်၊ နဲပညာ (ဥပမာ စကာလဝ် တ္ၚ (crossbow) ကေုာံ ခြပ်ပသဲ (cavalry)) တအ်ဂှ်ကီု လညာတ်ဒဿနဂမၠိုင်ကီု၊ ပရူဒဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်ကီု အရာလ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုအခိင်အခေတ် မဗမံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် သုန်ဝူ/သုန်သူ မဂျိုင်တန်တဴလမျီုဂှ် ဗီုလဵုဒှ် နွံဟွံမာန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Yang, Sang. ''The Art of War''. Wordsworth Editions Ltd (5 December 1999). pp. 14–15. {{ISBN|978-1853267796}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asian History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://asianhistory.about.com/od/ancientchina/p/Sun-Tzu-Art-of-War.htm|title=Sun Tzu and the Art of War|publisher=Asian History|author=Szczepanski, Kallie|accessdate=2020-08-01|archivedate=2016-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122031644/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/ancientchina/p/Sun-Tzu-Art-of-War.htm}} 4 February 2015&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခေတ်ဝင်တမ်သၞာံကဵုကၞောတ်သၞာံ ဍုင်ကြုက်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်မွဲ ဂွံခပတိုန် နဒဒှ် သေနာပတိ (ဝါ) သကိုပ်ပၞာန်မွဲဂှ် ဟွံမဲဏီရ။ အခိုက်မခပတိုန် မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခေတ်လက်ကရဴနူဂှ်ညိ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလပၞာန် ဍုင်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ စပ်ကဵု ပရူ သုန်သူ မကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်မွဲတၠဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်အရာ မဒှ်သံသယျမွဲကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Asian History&quot;/&gt; ရံင်ကဵု တင်ဂၞင်တအ်ဏအ်တုဲ လိက် &quot;ပညာပၞာန်&quot; ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်လဵု မချူလဝ် ဇေတ်တ်ဂှ် ဟွံတီကေတ်ကၠးကၠးရ။ ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာ နကဵုလညာတ်တြေံမ္ဂး လိက် ပညာပၞာန် ဂှ် ချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ဘဳသဳ ၅၁၂ နကဵု သုန်ဝူ၊ တုဲ သုန်ဝူဂှ် ချဳဓရာင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ကၞောတ် အခိင်ကာလတမ်သၞာံကဵုကၞောတ်သၞာံ (ၜိုတ် ၇၂၂-၄၈၁ ဘဳသဳ)။ လညာတ်မရနုက်ကဵုၜါ နကဵုလညာတ်တၠပညာဂမၠိုင် မပ္တံကဵု Samuel Griffith တအ်မ္ဂး လိက် ပညာပၞာန် ဂှ် ချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် လဒေါဝ် ကေုာံ ကၞောတ် ခေတ်ဍုင်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင် (ၜိုတ် ၄၈၁-၂၂၁ ဘဳသဳ) ရ။ လညာတ်လက်ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် တၠပညာလ္ၚဵုတအ် ညာတ်ကေတ် လိက်ပညာပၞာန်ဏအ်ဂှ် ချူပတိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲၜိုတ် ကၞောတ်လဒေါဝ် ၅ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဘဳသဳ၊ လညာတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ရံင်ကဵု လိက်ဒုန်ကရေက် မၜံက်ခါဲဂွံ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၂ အေဒဳဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.classicsofstrategy.com/2015/11/sun-tzu-the-art-of-war-c-500-300-bc.html|title=Sun Tzu, The Art of War (c. 500–300 B.C.)|publisher=Classics of Strategy|author=Morrow, Nicholas|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=1 August 2020|archivedate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020030058/http://www.classicsofstrategy.com/2015/11/sun-tzu-the-art-of-war-c-500-300-bc.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==''ပညာပၞာန်''==
{{Main|ပညာပၞာန်}}
[[File:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|thumb|left|upright|မူဂမ္စာဲ လိက် ပညာပၞာန် မချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂတာဒုန်|alt=လိက်ဂတာဒုန်]]
လိက်''ပညာပၞာန်'' ဂှ် နကဵုလညာတ်တြေံမ္ဂး စှ်ေစိုတ် ချူလဝ် နကဵု သုန်သူ ရ။ လိက်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် ဒဿနပၞာန် ဗီုလဵု ရပ်စပ် ပြသၞာဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ဗီုလဵုဇၞးကေတ် ပေါဲဗတိုက်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် လိက်ဏအ်ဂှ် မဂွံဒုင်တဲ နဒဒှ် လိက်ပြကိုဟ်ဇမၞော် မဆေင်ကဵု ဗျူဟာ တုဲ လိက်ဏအ်ဂှ် စကာကၠုင် နိဿဲကၠုင် နူစမပ္တိတ်တုဲ ကၠာဲစၠောအ်လဝ် နကဵုဘာသာဂကူနာနာရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeilly1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|McNeilly|2001|p=5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

စပ်ကဵု လိက်ဏအ် စနူချူလဝ် နူအခိင်လဵု တုဲဒှ် နူအခိင်လဵုဂှ် လညာတ်တဳအဝ်ရဳ ဟွံတုပ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ။ နကဵု လညာတ်ကွတ်ပုရာန်မ္ဂး လိက် ပညာပၞာန် ဏအ်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် အောန်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် တၞောဝ်သၟိင်ဟာန် မစကတဵုဒှ်တၟိတၟိတေအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|2007|p=423}}.&lt;/ref&gt; အခိင်လဵု လိက်ဏအ် မတုဲဒှ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူသက်သဳခိုင်င်ဂၠာဲဟွံဂွံတုဲ သၞာံအခိင်အခါဇေတ်တ်ဂှ် နကဵုနဲလဵုလေဝ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဟွံမာန်ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawyer|2007|p=150}}.&lt;/ref&gt; တၠပညာခေတ်တၟိလ္ၚဵုတအ် ညာတ်ကေတ် လိက်ဂှ် တၠပညာလပါ်ပၞာန် ခေတ်လက်ကရဴဏအ် ဗီုကဵု သကိုပ်ပၞာန်လဳချာန်၊ ကေုာံ ဒူမူတအ်လေဝ် ဗပေင်ချူစုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂှ်ကီု ဒှ်မာန်ရ။

လိက်ပညာပၞာန်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် စကာကၠုင် ဆပ္ဍဲပၞာန်မွဲဓဝ်ဟွံသေင် သီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ဍုင်ချာန်၊ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်တအ်ကီုရ။ လိက်ပညာပၞာန်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ဟီုလေဝ် ပေါဲဗတိုက်ကီုလေဝ် ပေါဲဗတိုက်ဟီုဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမဒစဵုဒစး သွက်ကလိဂွံဇမၞးမွဲမွဲတုဲ ပ္ဍဲခန္ဓပူဂိုလ်မွဲမွဲ ဒးဒစဵုဒစး ဓဝ်လၞုဟ်ဓကုဲ သွက်ကလိဂွံ ပေါဲအံင်ဇၞး မတွဟ်ဂး ဂွံအံင်လိက်၊ ဂွံဒှ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ သာ်ဂှ်ဟွံသေင် ဂွံဒှ် ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeilly1&quot;/&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၁၀ ဨပြဳ ၁၉၇၂ ဂှ် ကောန်ကမၠောန်သြိုင်ခၞံတအ် ၜံက်ခါဲတုဲ ပ္ဍဲရှာန်ဒံင် ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် လိက်ဂတာဒုန် (လိက်မချူလဝ် နကဵုဒုန်ကရေက်) ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=shandong&gt;{{cite book|title=Yinqueshan Han Bamboo Slips|url=http://www.sdwenbo.com/art.asp?id=26&amp;type=6|date=24 April 2008|publisher=[[Shandong Provincial Museum]]|language=Chinese|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195157/http://www.sdwenbo.com/art.asp?id=26&amp;type=6|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195157/http://www.sdwenbo.com/art.asp?id=26&amp;type=6 |date=29 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clements&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Clements|first=Jonathan|title=The Art of War: A New Translation|date=21 June 2012|publisher=Constable &amp; Robinson Ltd|isbn=978-1-78033-131-7|pages=77–78}}&lt;/ref&gt; တၠပညာတအ် လ္ၚတ်ရံင် လိက်ဂတာဒုန်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ လိက်လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် ပညာပၞာန် တုဲ ညးမချူလိက်ဂှ် မနွံယၟု သုန်ဗိန် ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Clements&quot;/&gt; ဂကောံတၠပညာကြုက်ဟာန် ဟီု လိက်ဂှ် ချူလဝ် နကဵုတၞောဝ် သုန် ဂှ် ကၠေအ်ကၞင်အာရ။ လၟုဟ်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် လိက်မချူလဝ် နကဵု သုန်ဗိန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာကိစ္စဇၞော်မွဲရ။ သုန်ဗိန်ဂှ် ဒှ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ် သုန်သူ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sydney Wen-Jang Chu|last2=Cheng-Yu Lee|date=16 January 2013|title=Just another Masterpiece: the Differences between Sun Tzu's the Art of War and Sun Bin's the Art of War|url=http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=P20121108003-201301-201302010022-201302010022-59-73|journal=健行學報|volume=33|issue=1|issn=1817-6755}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==နိဿဲ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==ပြကိုဟ်==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|authorlink1=Roger T. Ames | last = Ames | first = Roger T. | title = Sun-tzu: The Art of Warfare: The First English Translation Incorporating the Recently Discovered Yin-chʻüeh-shan Texts | publisher = Ballantine Books | location = New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0345362391 }}
* {{cite book|last=Bradford|first=Alfred S.|title=With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World|year=2000|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-95259-4|url=https://archive.org/details/witharrowswordsp00brad}}
* {{cite book|title=Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/earlychinesetext0000unse_r3v8|last2=Loewe|first2=Michael|publisher=Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley|year=1993|isbn=978-1-55729-043-4|editor-last=Loewe|editor-first=Michael|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlychinesetext0000unse_r3v8/page/446 446]–55|chapter=''Sun tzu ping fa'' 孫子兵法|ref = harv|first1=Krzysztof|last1=Gawlikowski|authorlink2=Michael Loewe}}
* {{cite book|last=McNeilly|first=Mark R.|title=Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/suntzuartofmoder0000mcne|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513340-0}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods|last=Mair|first=Victor H.|authorlink=Victor H. Mair|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-13382-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Ralph D.|title=The Art of War|year=1994|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1951-3|url=https://archive.org/details/artofwarsunzib00sunz}}.
* {{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Ralph D.|title=The Essential Art of War|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialartofwa0000sunz|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-07204-0}}.
* {{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Ralph D.|title=The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China|url=https://archive.org/details/sevenmilitarycla0000unse_r3f1|year=2007|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00304-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Simpkins|first=Annellen|title=Taoism: A Guide to Living in the Balance|url=https://archive.org/details/taoismguidetoliv0000simp|year=1999|ref=harv|last2=Simpkins|first2=C. Alexander|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-3173-4|last-author-amp=yes}}.
* {{Cite book|last=Tao|first=Hanzhang|title=The Art of War|year=1998|ref=harv|last2=Wilkinson|first2=Robert|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|isbn=978-1-85326-779-6}}.
* {{cite book|last=Tung|first=R. L.|title=Comparative Management:Critical Perspectives on Business and Management|year=2001|volume=3|chapter=Strategic Management Thought in East Asia|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Warner|editor-first=Malcolm}}.
{{Refend}}

[[ကဏ္ဍ:BEHM]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]</text>
      <sha1>6cgnxtn4l82y9b1214eybtj1j2p94gl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ဣရှ ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60507</id>
      <parentid>55200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:36:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60507</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23465" sha1="80c02a9ctj8bney0wfo2961voq7dwdq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
|name = Isha Foundation
|logo = Logo of Isha Foundation.png
|logo_size = 175px
|type = [[Non-Profit Organization]]
|founded_date = {{Start date and age|1992|df=y}}
|founder = [[Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev]]
|location_city =
|location_country = [[India]]
|location = [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]
|area_served = [[India]], [[Lebanon]], [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
|key_people = [[Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev]]
|focus = [[Yoga]], social upliftment, ecological conservation
|method = Yoga programs, [[meditation]], tree planting, Rural upliftment
|num_volunteers =  
|homepage = {{URL|https://isha.sadhguru.org/}}
|dissolved =
|footnotes =
}}

'''ဣရှ ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် (Isha Foundation)''' ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကောံစေတနာ၊ ဂကောံဓရ် မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၂ ဗဒါဲ ကောအိမ်ဗတောရ် (Coimbatore) အိန္ဒိယ၊ နကဵု  သာဒ်ဂုရု [[ဇဂ္ဂိ ဝသုဒေဝ်|ဇဂ္ဂိ ဝသုဒေဝ်။]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2009-8084/432810/|title=The most powerful Indians in 2009: 80–84|date=9 March 2009|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကောံဏအ်ဂှ် မင်မဲ ဗဒိုပ်ယောဂဳဣရှ (Isha Yoga Centre) မဒှ်ဒၞာဲ မပံက်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဂဇအ်ဓရ်ယောဂဳ နကဵုယၟု ဣရှယောဂဳ။ ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ဂေတ်ဒၟံင် နကဵု မၞိဟ်တၠစေတနာဟေင်တုဲ မၞိဟ်စေတနာ မလုပ်ဗိုင်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် ၉ မဳလဳယာန်ပြင်င်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091250720200.htm|title='Special Consultative Status' for Isha Foundation|date=12 September 2007|accessdate=18 January 2021|archivedate=8 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108180106/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091250720200.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ဣရှ ဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;တၠဣဓိသက္ကုထ္ၜောမ်ကလင် (the formless divine)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/Jaggi_Vasudev/Exploring_the_unlimited122004.asp|title=Jaggi Vasudev – Exploring the unlimited|publisher=Life Positive|accessdate=2021-01-18|archivedate=2011-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505071255/http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/Jaggi_Vasudev/Exploring_the_unlimited122004.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;goutham&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_in-pursuit-of-peace-of-mind_1496488|title=In pursuit of peace of mind}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဣရှ ယောဂဳ ==
[[ဝှာင်:Bse_class.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|သာဒ်ဂုရု ထ္ၜးဒၟံင် တန်ဗတောန် ဗဂေတ်စက် ဗွဲအပ္ဍဲ  (Inner Engineering class) ပ္ဍဲ BSE Mumbai.]]
ဗဒိုပ်ယောဂဳဂှ် စဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၄၊&lt;ref name=&quot;gobalakrishnan-38&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gobalakrishnan|2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; မဖျေဟ်ထ္ၜး အစဳအဇန်ယောဂဳ (ဂဇအ်ဓရ်) နကဵုယၟု ဣရှယောဂဳ။ အစဳအဇန်ဂဇအ်ဓရ်ဂှ်&lt;ref name=&quot;goutham&quot;/&gt; နွံကဵု ပရေင်ဖ္ဍောတ်ဂါထာ၊ စၟတ်ဓရ် မကော်ဂး ပြာဏာယာမ(''prāṇāyāma''), ကေုာံ ပၟဝ်ဝိဿနာ။&lt;ref name=&quot;waghorne-285&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Waghorne|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဣရှယောဂဳဂှ် ဟွံတုပ် ညံင်နဲယောဂဳတြေံတုဲ ဒှ်နဲကဲတၟေင် မဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် နကဵု သာဒ်ဂုရုဟေင်ရ။

တန်ဗတောန်ယောဂဳ သွက်ညးတၠကမၠောန် (ဝါ) သေဋ္ဌဳတအ်ဂှ် ညးဖျေဟ်ထ္ၜးနဲကဲ ညံင်ဂွံစွံစိုတ်ကရုဏာ ကေုာံ ဇၟာပ်ညးအဲဂွံပါလုပ်သီုဖအိုတ် (ညံင်ဟွံချပ် သွက်ဇကုဟေင်) တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/3428/1/the-route-to-dharmacracy.html|title=The route to 'dharmacracy'|date=27 November 2008|publisher=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sadhguru/inclusive-economics-enabl_b_577667.html|title=Inclusive Economics: Enabling the World'|date=17 May 2010|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

တန်ဗတောန်ယောဂဳ သွက်ဂကောံလဝေင်ဟံက်ကဳ ဍုင်အိန္ဒိယ ဂှ် ခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၆။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,885/act,view/id,687/|title=Morale-Booster says Bhaskaran|date=26 November 1996|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် အစဳအဇန်ယောဂဳ ပ္ဍဲရးနိဂီုပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၇&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ishafoundation.org/news/newsclips/nashville1.pdf|title=Yoga guru touts peace, not religion|date=15 October 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,885/act,view/id,897/lang,ta/|title=It doesn't take a guru to know which way the stress flows|date=17 March 1998|publisher=[[Dayton Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၈ ဂှ် သွက်ကောန်ထံင် ဇမၠိင်အာယုက် ပ္ဍဲကဵုထံင်တွဵုရးတမိလ်နဒူ၊ အိန္ဒိယ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,93/act,view/id,883/lang,en/|title=Yoga Brings 'Freedom' to Prisoners|date=16 February 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ==
နကဵုဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်ပကောံမၞိဟ် (သဘင်ဓရ်) ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးတမိလ်နဒူ ကေုာံ ကာနတက မွဲခဏ မွဲခဏ၊ သွက်ဂွံ ဂဇအ်ဓရ်၊ ဒုင်သၟာန်သွဟ် ကုညးမကၠုင်စိုပ်တအ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/14/stories/2010121450650300.htm|title=Isha's Green Salem goes on stream|date=14 December 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ နကဵု ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် စဳဇန် တိတ်တရဴ ဇရေင်ဒဵုကေလာသ (Mount Kailash) ကေုာံ ဒဵု ဟေမာဝန်။ တရဴဒဵုကေလာသဂှ် အလဵုဇကု သာဒ်ဂုရု ဒှ်ညးပၠတရဴတုဲ မၞိဟ်ဗက်လေဝ်ဂၠိုင်ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၀ ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ပါလုပ် ၅၁၄ တၠ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/jun/29/isha-shows-the-way-62983.html|title=Isha shows the way|date=29 June 2009|work=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_mansarovar-is-beyond-words_1431882|title=Mansarovar is beyond words|date=1 September 2010|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵုဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် သီုကၠောန်သဘင် မဟာသဳဝရတြဳ မဒှ်သဘင်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဘာသာဟိန္ဒု မဒှ်သဘင်မပူဇဴ သဳဝ။ သဘင်ဂှ် ညးကၠောန်ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ ပွိုင်ထပှ်ဗတံ ကၠိုဟ်ဗတံ နကဵု ကွိုင်ကွိုက်လှ်ေဒယှ်ေနာနာသာ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson 2017 2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|Hudson|2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ကမၠောန် ပရေင်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ပွဳပွူသဘာဝ ==

=== ပရဝ်ဂျေတ် တဲသၚေက် (Project GreenHands) ===
[[ဝှာင်:PGH_nurseries.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Saplings being readied for transportation at a PGH nursery.]]
ပရဝ်ဂျေတ်တဲသၚေက် (PGH) ဂှ် စဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၄ နကဵုဂကောံလပါ် ပွဳပွူသဘာဝ။ ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင်ဏအ်ဂှ် ချဳဓရာင်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးတမိလ်နဒူဂၠိုင်ရ။ ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ဏအ် ကလိဂွံတဆိပ်ကြာ ဂါန္ဒဳပြယဝရာန်ပုရသကာရ် နူကဵု အလဵုအသဳအိန္ဒိယ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၀။ နကဵု ဂကောံဏအ်ဂှ် တၞံဆုမနွံဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ် လွဳလွတ်ရံင်စံင်၊ တုဲပၠန် ဗက်တဵုတၞံဆု၊ ကဵုပညာ ပရေင်တၞံဆု အကြာဘာဗတောန်လိက်ဂမၠိုင်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/07/ishas-green-school-movement-kicks-off-in-kanchi-dist-1769618.html|title=Isha's Green School Movement kicks-off in Kanchi dist|work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Green-Tiruchi-Movement-seeks-to-rectify-ailing-environment/article15768688.ece|title=Green Tiruchi Movement seeks to rectify ailing environment|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stalin-inaugurates-Green-Tirupur-Movement/article16539707.ece|title=Stalin inaugurates Green Tirupur Movement|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ကမၠောန် ကလေင်ကတဵုဗဒှ် ဒေသရး Action for Rural Rejuvenation ===
ကမၠောန်ကလေင်ကတဵုဗဒှ်ဒေသရး (ARR) ဂှ် ဒှ်ကမၠောန်မဗိုင်ဖန်ဇန် ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက် ကေုာံ စန်ဒက်ညးဒေသရး ညံင်ဘဝ ညးမပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသရးတအ် ဂွံတန်တဴ ကလိဂွံပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ညံင်ရဴ ညးမပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်တအ်ကီုရ။ ကမၠောန်ဏအ်လေဝ် ညးတအ်ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးတမိလ်နဒူဂၠိုင်ရ။ ကမၠောန်ဏအ်ဂှ် စကၠောန်ကၠုင် နူကဵုသၞာံ ၂၀၀၃ တုဲ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၂၀၁၀ ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ဂွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၄၂၀၀ ကွာန်တုဲ မၞိဟ် ထပှ်မဳလဳယာန် ဂွံဒုင်စသိုင်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/13/stories/2010101352050300.htm|title=Isha Foundation launches Centre-funded project|date=13 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-21/mysore/28055775_1_isha-foundation-programme-sadguru-jaggi-vasudev|title=Jaggi Vasudev in city on May 7|date=21 April 2010|accessdate=2021-01-18|archivedate=2012-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104003158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-21/mysore/28055775_1_isha-foundation-programme-sadguru-jaggi-vasudev}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ဣရှ ဝိဒျာ Isha Vidhya ===
ဣရှဝိဒျာ ဂှ် ဒှ်ကမၠောန်ပရေင်ပညာ သွက်ဂွံသၠုင်ပတိုန် ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် ပရေင်ပညာ ကေုာံ သွက်ညးဒေသရးတအ် ဂွံလေပ်လိက်အင်္ဂလိက်၊ ကေုာံ ရပ်စပ်ကောန်ပျူတာရ။ နကဵုဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် သီုဖအိုတ် ပံက်လဝ် ဘာ နကဵုယၟု ဣရှဝိဒျာသကူလ် နွံထပှ်ဘာတုဲ ကွးဘာ နွံၜိုတ် ၃၀၀၀ ဒှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2010/04/07/stories/2010040751230200.htm|title=LIC gives grant to Isha|date=7 April 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ဝှာင်:Isha_Home_School.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Isha Home School premises.]]

=== ကလေင်ဗဒှ်ကြုင်ဂမၠိုင် Rally for Rivers ===
ကမၠောန်ကလေင်ဗဒှ်ကြုင်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် နကဵု ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန် စကၠောန်ကၠုင် နူကဵုသၞာံ ၂၀၁၇၊ သွက်ကြုင် ပ္ဍဲအိန္ဒိယ ဂွံဇွောဝ်ခိုဟ်၊ တုဲ ကဵုပညာညးဒေသတအ် ညံင်ဂွံစွံအာရီု လတူသဘာဝဍာ် ကေုာံ ကြုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://addieu.com/events/rally-for-rivers-our-major-rivers-are-dying-help-save-our-rivers/255/|title=Rally for Rivers|accessdate=2021-01-18|archivedate=2017-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005001858/https://addieu.com/events/rally-for-rivers-our-major-rivers-are-dying-help-save-our-rivers/255/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==အရှာံ Ashram ==
ဒတန်ဗဟဵု ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအရှာံဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ (အရှာံ (ဝါ) အရှရာမ် ဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ) မနွံပ္ဍဲဇိုင်ဒဵု ဝေလဳယာန်ဂိရိ (Velliangiri Mountains) မကြပ်ညောန် ကုဥဒျာန်နိလဂိရိ (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve)၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson 2017 2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|Hudson|2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဇမ္ၚောဲ ပန်စှ်ောကဳလဝ်မဳတာ နူကဵု ဍုင်ကဝ်အိမ်ဗိတောရ် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးတမိလ်နဒူ၊ အိန္ဒိယသၠုင်ကျာ။&lt;ref name=&quot;berghella-69&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Berghella|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ပဋိမာရုပ် အဒိယောဂဳသဳဝ Adiyogi Shiva statue ===
[[ဝှာင်:Adiyogi Shiva steel burst 2018.jpg|thumb|350x350px|ပဋိမာရုပ် အဒိယောဂဳသဳဝ၊ မနွံပ္ဍဲ အရှာံ ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဗဒါဲ Coimbatore, အိန္ဒိယ]]
သာဒ်ဂုရု ကၠောန်ဒဳဇြာင်တုဲ ကၠောန်လဝ် ပဋိမာရုပ် အဒိယောဂဳသဳဝ မနွံ ၁၁၂ ပေ၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒတန်ဗဟဵုဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန်။ သဘင်ပံက်ရုပ် ပဋိမာရုပ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၂၄ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၁၇ တုဲ အလဵုဇကုသကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်အိန္ဒိယ နရေနဒြမောဒဳ ပံက်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi unveils first 112-foot tall Shiva statue in Coimbatore|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-unveil-first-112-foot-tall-shiva-statue-in-coimbatore-on-mahashivratri-5-interesting-facts-to-know/563295/|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ပဋိမာရုပ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရုပ် ကျာ်သဳဝ မဒှ်ယောဂဳကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မကော်ဂး အဒိယောဂဳ၊ ကေုာံ ဂုရုကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မကော်ဂး အဒိဂုရု၊ မဒှ် ညးမကဵု ပညာယောဂဳ ကုကောန်မၞိဟ် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ ပဋိမာရုပ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် နကဵုသြန် ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန်၊ နကဵုပသဲခတှ်ေ ၂၀ ၀၀၀ ဂတှ်ေ၊ မထံက်ပင်ကဵု နူကဵု သၟိင်တၠမဆေင်ကဵုပသဲ ဍုင်အိန္ဒိယ (Steel Authority of India)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.covaipost.com/coimbatore/gigantic-statue-of-first-yoga-guru-adiyogi-to-be-unveiled-by-pm/|title=Gigantic statue of first yoga guru Adiyogi to be unveiled by PM|date=8 February 2017|accessdate=18 January 2021|archivedate=17 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117005122/https://www.covaipost.com/coimbatore/gigantic-statue-of-first-yoga-guru-adiyogi-to-be-unveiled-by-pm/}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲ လျိုင် နွံ ၅၀၀ တာန် (490 long tons; 550 short tons)။ ပဋိမာရုပ် အဒိယောဂဳသဳဝ ဂှ် မဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ရုပ်ပသဲဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂၠးတိဝွံရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Largest bust (sculpture)|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/458751-largest-bust-sculpture}}&lt;/ref&gt; သဳဝလင်္ဂ ဂှ် စွံလဝ် ဂတ ရုပ်အဒိယောဂဳသဳဝ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://isha.sadhguru.org/blog/sadhguru/spot/yogeshwar-a-heartless-yogi/|title=Yogeshwar: A Heartless Yogi|publisher=Isha Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ပြသၞာ ကေုာံ မဒုင်စောဲဒုဟ် ==
ညးလ္ၚဵု စောဲဒုဟ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဌာန်ဒတန်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဌာန်ဒတုဲ မဟွံလုပ်ကဵုသၞောဝ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ahead-isha-foundation-s-maha-shivaratri-event-tn-forest-dept-issues-precaution-list-97734?amp|title=Forest department issues notice to Isha foundation|work=thenewsminute.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RY0zSYSF8H7qe2qrtr2QfM/Chorus-grows-louder-against-Modis-visit-to-Isha-Foundation.html|title=Chorus grows louder against Modi's visit to Isha Foundation event in Coimbatore|work=Livemint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/120718/cag-slams-forest-dept-for-isha-foundation-encroachments.html|title=CAG slams forest dept for Isha Foundation 'encroachments'|work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/isha-foundation-violation-forest-land|title=CAG Slams TN Govt On ISHA Foundations Unregulated Buildings|work=The Quint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150419/nation-current-affairs/article/row-over-land-given-isha-foundation|title=Row over land given to Isha foundation|work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၆ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုတအ် စောဲဒုဟ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဣရှဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ရပ်ကြိုင်လဝ်မၞိဟ်။ ဗြဴတြုဟ်မွဲဟီု ဒဒှ်ရ ကောန်ဝုတ်ညးၜါတၠဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ကြိုင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုသေန်တာဂှ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jaggi Vasudev's Isha Yoga Centre accused by retired professor of holding his daughter captive|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jaggi-vasudevs-isha-yoga-centre-accused-by-retired-professor-of-holding-his-daughter-captive-2929778.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Captive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/My-son-is-being-held-captive-in-Isha-Yoga-Centre-woman-says/articleshow/53603325.cms|title=My son is being held captive in Isha Yoga Centre, woman says {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး နကဵုဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဒစဵုဒစး လတူစုတ်စောဲဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ်ဟီု ညးဗြဴၜါဂှ် ပဒတဴ မံင်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲသေန်တာဂှ် နကဵုပၟိက်ဆန္ဒ ဍေဟ်တအ်ဟေင်။ မၞိဟ်လဵုဟွံဟီု ပ္ဍဲကဵုသေန်တာဂှ် လုပ်မံင် လုပ်ဗိုင်ကၠောန် ဂွံသီုဖအိုတ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/isha-foundation-denies-allegations-that-yoga-center-is-holding-two-women-captive-2933280.html|title=Isha Foundation denies allegations that yoga centre is holding two women captive|work=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; တင်စုတ်စောဲဂှ် နကဵုရုင်ဗစာ တးပါဲထောအ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Isha Foundation gets reprieve as Madras HC dismisses plea centre is holding two women captive|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/isha-foundation-gets-reprieve-as-madras-hc-dismisses-plea-centre-is-holding-two-women-captive-2952656.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ညးဗြဴမွဲတၠပၠန် ညးတေအ်ဟီု ကောန်ဗၠာဲညးမွဲဂှ် သေန်တာဂှ် ရပ်ကြိုင်လဝ်၊ လီစကာဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သေန်တာဂှ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jaggi-vasudevs-isha-yoga-centre-has-brainwashed-my-son/17509171|title='Jaggi Vasudev's Isha Yoga centre has brainwashed my son'|work=mid-day|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113090529/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jaggi-vasudevs-isha-yoga-centre-has-brainwashed-my-son/17509171|archivedate=2019-11-13|accessdate=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isha-foundation-holding-my-32-year-old-son-hostage-claims-another-parent-47842|title=Isha Foundation is holding my 32-year-old son hostage, claims another parent|work=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}
[[ကဏ္ဍ:ဂကောံ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:BEHM]]</text>
      <sha1>80c02a9ctj8bney0wfo2961voq7dwdq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ဒလဳ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60502</id>
      <parentid>59610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:16:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135916" sha1="ca6hq0ccfthxb77gu2t3mezjobalxa6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox artist
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|gcYC]]
| name             = Salvador Dalí
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Illustrious]]
| image            = Salvador Dalí 1939.jpg
| caption          = Dalí in 1939
| birth_name       = Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1904|5|11|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Figueres]], [[Catalonia]], Spain
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1989|01|23|1904|05|11|df=y}}
| death_place      = Figueres, Catalonia, Spain
| resting_place    = [[Crypt]] at [[Dalí Theatre and Museum]], Figueres
| field            = Painting, drawing, photography, sculpture, writing, film, and jewelry
| training         = [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|San Fernando School of Fine Arts]], [[Madrid]], Spain
| movement         = [[Cubism]], [[Dada]], [[Surrealism]]
| works            = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'' (1931)
* ''[[Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening]]'' (1944)
* ''[[Christ of Saint John of the Cross]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Galatea of the Spheres]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Ecumenical Council (painting)|The Ecumenical Council]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Hallucinogenic Toreador]]'' (1970)}}
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Gala Dalí]] (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova)|1934|1982|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
| patrons          = 
| awards           = 
| signature        = 
}}
'''သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ဒါလဳ''' ('''Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol''') {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Isabella the Catholic|gcYC]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|i|,_|d|ɑː|ˈ|l|iː}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dali &quot;Dalí&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308192432/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dali |date=8 March 2016 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dali &quot;Dalí&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203633/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dali |date=29 August 2017 }}. ''[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA-ca|səlβ̞əˈð̞o dəˈli|lang}}; {{IPA-es|salβ̞aˈð̞oɾ daˈli|lang}};&lt;ref&gt; ဒါလဳ ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲမွဲ ဒမြိပ်ဘဝညးဂှ် နွံကဵု ယၟုနာနာသာ်ရ။ ယၟုညး နူဂဝ် မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ''Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí Doménech''။ ယၟုဂတညးဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုဘာသာသပိန်တုဲ ယၟုလက်ကြဴ (ဝါ) ယၟုဗဳဇညးဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုဂကူကာတ္တလောနာ ရ။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာကာတ္တလောနာဂှ် မဒးဒုင်စဵုဒၞာလဝ် ညံင်ဟွံဂွံစကာ ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ရ။ ယၟုညး နကဵုဘာသာကာတ္တလောနာ ပေင်ပေင်ဂှ် ''Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech''။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၇ ယၟုနကဵုဘာသာကာတ္တလောနဂှ် ကလေင်ကလိဂွံအခေါင် စကာတုဲ ညးစကာကၠုင် ယၟုညး သီုၜါဘာသာရ။ ယၟုညး နကဵုဘာသာကာတ္တလောနာကီု သီုကဵု ဘာသာသပိန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအကြာလိက်တအ် သီုၜါဘာသာရ။&lt;/ref&gt; (၁၁ မေ ၁၉၀၄ - ၂၃ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၉၈၉) ဝွံ ဒှ် သၟာအနုသုခုမရုပ်ပါန်ခဳ စိတ္တဇ (surrealist) ကောန်ဍုင်သပိန်၊ ဂကူကာတ္တလောနာမွဲတုဲ ယၟုပြာကတ်တဴ ပ္ဍဲလပါ်ရုပ်ကသူစိတ္တဇရ။

ဒါလဳ က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ဖိဂုရေသ် (Figueres)၊ ကာတ္တလောနာ၊ ရးနိဂီုသပိန်။ ဒါလဳ ဂွံကတ်လ္ၚတ်ကေတ် ပညာ အနုသုခု ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်မဒြိဒ် (Madrid)။ နကဵုလညာတ် ဝါဒပရေင်မဒုင်စသိုင် (Impressionism) ကဵု အနုသုခုမရေနာသောန် (Renaissance art) မပံင်နှဴတုဲ နူဘဝသၟတ်ဂှ် စိစောန် ချူဓဇက်လဝ် ရုပ်ကသူ ဝါဒကူဗိသ် (Cubism) ကေုာံ အာဝေန်-ဂါဒ် (avant-garde movements)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí, London, Faber and Faber, 1997, Chs 2, 3&lt;/ref&gt; နူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုကၞောတ်သၞာံ ၁၉၂၀တအ်ဂှ် စကြပ်ညောန်ကၠုင် လပါ်ဝါဒစိတ္တဇ (Surrealism) တုဲ လုပ်ပံင်တောဲ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံ သၟာအနုသုခုမစိတ္တဇ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉ ဂှ်ရ။ ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ညးဂွံဒှ်ကေတ် မၞိဟ်အစာကသူစိတ္တဇ ဒယှ်မွဲတၠရ။ ရုပ်ကသူညး ယၟုမြဴအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရုပ်ကသူ ''The Persistence of Memory'' မအာစိုပ်ဒတုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၃၁ တုဲ ဒှ်ရုပ်ကသူ မလုပ်လၟိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ရုပ်ကသူစိတ္တဇမခိုဟ်အိုတ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင်သပိန် (၁၉၃၆ - ၁၉၃၉) ဂှ် ညးပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲပြင်သေတ်၊ တုဲ နူဂှ် ညးတိတ်အာပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၀ ရ။ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ဂှ် ညးကလေင်စဴကၠုင် သပိန်။ ညးလလောင်တြးလဝ် ညးကလေင်စဴ ဌာန်ဇာတိတၟိုပ်သုက် ကာတ္တလောနာ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် &quot;nuclear mysticism&quot;ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian, ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali'' (1997)&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒါလဳ နကဵုမပံင်ကၠောန် မွဲစွံ ကုသၟာအနုခုမတၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်လဝ် ကပေါတ်အနုသုခုမ မပ္တံကဵု ရုပ်ကသူ (painting)၊ ရုပ်သုခုမဂြာပ်ပိစ် (graphic arts)၊ ရုပ်ဒမျိုင် (film)၊ ရုပ်ပါန်ပွုတ် (sculpture)၊ ဒဳဇြာင် ကေုာံ ဗီုဓါတ်တအ်ရ။ ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ညးချူလိက်ရသ၊ ကဗျ၊ အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိဇကု၊ လိက်ဇၟန် ကေုာံ လိက်ပရေင်မပါ်ပါဲဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ပရူအဓိက ညးမချူလဝ်တအ်ဂှ် မပ္တံ တင်ရန်တၟအ် (dreams)၊ (subconscious)၊ လိင်္ဂဗေဒ (sexuality)၊ ဘာသာ (religion)၊ သိပ္ပံ (science) ကေုာံ အရာမစုက်လုပ်ကုဘဝညးဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Saladyga |first=Stephen Francis |url=http://purple.niagara.edu/jlittle/lamplighter/saladyga.htm |title=The Mindset of Salvador Dalí |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906040713/http://purple.niagara.edu/jlittle/lamplighter/saladyga.htm |archive-date=6 September 2006 |work=Lamplighter |publisher=[[Niagara University]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=2006 |access-date=22 July 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=6 September 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906040713/http://purple.niagara.edu/jlittle/lamplighter/saladyga.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Meisler|first1=Stanley|title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/|website=Smithsonian.com|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=12 July 2014|date=April 2005|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His public support for the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist regime]], his commercial activities and the quality and authenticity of some of his late works have also been controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997, passim&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), ''passim''&lt;/ref&gt; His life and work were an important influence on other Surrealists, [[pop art]] and contemporary artists such as [[Jeff Koons]] and [[Damien Hirst]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Salvador Dalí's iconic Lobster Telephone acquired by National Galleries of Scotland|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/press-office/press-releases-2018|date=17 December 2018|website=National Galleries Scotland|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806210738/https://www.nationalgalleries.org/press-office/press-releases-2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

တိုက်ကပေါတ်တြေံ မထ္ၜးပြးလဝ် ကပေါတ်ကွတ်အနုသုခုမ သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ဒါလဳ ဗွဲဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် ဒှ်တိုက်ကပေါတ်တြေံ ပေါဲဇာတ်ဒါလဳ (Dalí Theatre-Museum) ပ္ဍဲ ဖိဂုရေသ်၊ သပိန်၊ ကဵု တိုက်ကပေါတ်တြေံသာလ်ဝါဒေါရ်ဒါလဳ၊ ပ္ဍဲ သင်ပဳတာဗဝ်၊ ဖလောရိဒါ (St. Petersburg, Florida)

== အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ ==
=== ဘဝသၟတ် ===
[[ဝှာင်: Familia Dalí (h 1910).jpg|thumb|The Dalí family in 1910: from the upper left, aunt Maria Teresa, mother, father, Salvador Dalí, aunt Caterina (later became the second wife of father), sister Anna Maria and grandmother Anna]]

သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ်ဒါလဳ က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ၁၁ မေ ၁၉၀၄၊ အခိင်ဂယး ၈း၄၅&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိ ထပ်ပထမ မနွံ ဂၠံင်မောန်တူရိလ် (Carrer Monturiol) ဂၞန် ၂၀ ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဖိဂုရေသ် (Figueres) ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသအေမ်ပေါရ်ဒါ (Empordà region)၊ မကြပ်ညောန် ကုပယျဵုပြင်သေတ် ပ္ဍဲ ကာတ္တလောနာ၊ သပိန်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/14/catalunya/1202954863_850215.html|title=Dalí recupera su casa natal, que será un museo en 2010|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=14 February 2008|access-date=26 June 2017|newspaper=El País|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702002432/http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/14/catalunya/1202954863_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကောညး မနွံယၟု သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ကီု (က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ၁၂ အံက်တဝ်ဗါ ၁၉၀၁) မချိုတ် နကဵုယဲဂၞဴ (gastroenteritis) ပ္ဍဲ ၁ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၀၃ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ညးဟွံကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဒစိတ်ဂိတုရ။ အပါညး မနွံယၟု Salvador Luca Rafael Aniceto Dalí Cusí (၁၈၇၂-၁၉၅၀)&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 6, 459, 633, 689&lt;/ref&gt;ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ကဆံင်လဒေါဝ် အစာသၞောဝ် (lawyer) ကေုာံ notary၊&lt;ref name=Llongueras&gt;Llongueras, Lluís. (2004) ''Dalí'', Ediciones B – Mexico. {{ISBN|84-666-1343-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; မၞိဟ်မဒစဵုဒစးတၠအဝဵုဘာသာ (an anti-clerical atheist) ကေုာံ ညးမနွံပၟိက်သၞောတ်ဖေက်ဒရေဝ်ကာတ္တလောနာ၊ သမ္ဘာညး Felipa Domènech Ferrés (1874–1921),&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 16, 82, 634, 644&lt;/ref&gt; ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် လညာတ်မတၞဟ်ခြာမွဲတုဲ သမ္ဘာညးဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မကဵုဒြဟတ် ညံင်ကောန်ဇကု ဂွံဒှ် သၟာအနုသုခုမမွဲရ။&lt;ref name=Rojas&gt;Rojas, Carlos. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MWF5s2yfFqwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Salvador Dalí, Or the Art of Spitting on Your Mother's Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419024412/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWF5s2yfFqwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=19 April 2016 }}'', Penn State Press (1993). {{ISBN|0-271-00842-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကညင် သၞာံ ၁၉၁၂ ဂှ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဂှ် ပြံင်အာမံင် ထပ်လတူအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂၠံင် Carrer Monturiol ဂၞန် ၂၄ (လၟုဟ် ဂၞန် ၁၀).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dalí, ''[[The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí]]'', 1948, London: Vision Press, p. 33&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí later attributed his &quot;love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Ian Gibson | title=The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí | year=1997 | publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company | url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gibson-dali.html | access-date=12 February 2017 | archive-date=19 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219133318/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gibson-dali.html | url-status=live }} Gibson found out that &quot;Dalí&quot; (and its many variants) is an extremely common surname in Arab countries like [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] or [[Egypt]]. On the other hand, also according to Gibson, Dalí's mother's family, the Domènech of [[Barcelona]], had Jewish roots.&lt;/ref&gt; to an &quot;Arab lineage&quot;, claiming that his ancestors were descendants of the [[Moors]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-571-19380-3&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 238–39&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí was haunted by the idea of his dead brother throughout his life, mythologizing him in his writings and art. Dalí said of him, &quot;[we] resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalí, Secret Life, p.2&quot;&gt;Dalí, Secret Life, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; He &quot;was probably the first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalí, Secret Life, p.2&quot;/&gt; Images of his brother would reappear in his later works, including ''Portrait of My Dead Brother'' (1963).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997). p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí also had a sister, Anna Maria, who was three years younger.&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt; In 1949, she published a book about her brother, ''Dalí as Seen by His Sister''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp |title=Dalí Biography 1904–1989 – Part Two |publisher=artelino.com |access-date=30 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025082142/http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp |archive-date=25 October 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=25 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025082142/http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 454&lt;/ref&gt;

His childhood friends included future [[FC Barcelona]] footballers [[Emili Sagi-Barba]] and [[Josep Samitier]]. During holidays at the Catalan resort town of [[Cadaqués]], the trio played football together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7zKauiqMG8C|title=El fútbol tiene música|last=Martín Otín|first=José Antonio|publisher=Córner|year=2011|isbn=978-84-15242-00-0|chapter=Un tanguito de arrabal|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111944/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7zKauiqMG8C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí attended the Municipal Drawing School at Figueres in 1916 and also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of [[Ramon Pichot]], a local artist who made regular trips to Paris.&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt; The next year, Dalí's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home. He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theatre in Figueres in 1918,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dali.jp/en/collection/dali.php|title=Who was Salvador Dalí?｜Collection｜Morohashi Museum of Modern Art|website=dali.jp|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223351/http://dali.jp/en/collection/dali.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a site he would return to decades later. In early 1921 the Pichot family introduced Dalí to [[Futurism]]. That same year, Dalí's uncle Anselm Domènech, who owned a bookshop in Barcelona, supplied him with books and magazines on [[Cubism]] and contemporary art.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 78–81&lt;/ref&gt;

On 6 February 1921, Dalí's mother died of [[uterine cancer]].&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 82&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was 16 years old and later said his mother's death &quot;was the greatest blow I had experienced in my life. I worshipped her... I could not resign myself to the loss of a being on whom I counted to make invisible the unavoidable blemishes of my soul.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dalí, Secret Life, pp. 152–53&lt;/ref&gt; After his wife's death, Dalí's father married her sister. Dalí did not resent this marriage, because he had great love and respect for his aunt.&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt;

=== Madrid, Barcelona and Paris ===
[[ဝှာင်:Salvador Dalí, Federico García Lorca, Barcelona, 1925.jpg|thumb|upright|Dalí with [[Federico García Lorca]], Turó Park de la Guineueta, Barcelona, 1925]]
In 1922, Dalí moved into the [[Residencia de Estudiantes]] (Students' Residence) in Madrid&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt; and studied at the [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando]] (San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts). A lean {{convert|1.72|m|ftin|frac=8}} tall,&lt;ref&gt;As listed in [http://www.gaudiclub.com/esp/e_links/dali/2004mar18_1.asp his prison record of 1924] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225164519/http://www.gaudiclub.com/esp/e_links/dali/2004mar18_1.asp |date=25 February 2021 }}, aged 20. However, his hairdresser and biographer, Luis Llongueras, stated Dalí was {{convert|1.74|m|ftin|frac=8}} tall.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí already drew attention as an eccentric and dandy. He had long hair and sideburns, coat, stockings, and knee-breeches in the style of English [[artistic dress movement|aesthetes]] of the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;

At the Residencia, he became close friends with [[Pepín Bello]], [[Luis Buñuel]], [[Federico García Lorca]], and others associated with the Madrid avant-garde group Ultra.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 92–98&lt;/ref&gt; The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,&lt;ref&gt;For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see ''Lorca-Dalí: el Amor Que no pudo ser'' and ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí'', both by [[Ian Gibson (author)|Ian Gibson]].&lt;/ref&gt; but Dalí said he rejected the poet's sexual advances.&lt;ref name=&quot;conversations&quot;&gt;Bosquet, Alain, ''[http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf Conversations with Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071536/http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf |date=28 July 2011 }}'', 1969. pp. 19–20. (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's friendship with Lorca was to remain one of his most emotionally intense relationships until the poet's death at the hands of [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces in 1936 at the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997, passim&quot;/&gt;

Also in 1922, he began what would become a lifelong relationship with the [[Museo del Prado|Prado Museum]], which he felt was, 'incontestably the best museum of old paintings in the world.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/|title=Salvador Dalí and the Museo del Prado: A Prolonged Fascination &amp;#124; Fundació Gala - Salvador Dalí|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each Sunday morning, Dalí went to the Prado to study the works of the great masters. 'This was the start of a monk-like period for me, devoted entirely to solitary work: visits to the Prado, where, pencil in hand, I analyzed all of the great masterpieces, studio work, models, research.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/#nota-2|title=Salvador Dalí and the Museo del Prado: A Prolonged Fascination &amp;#124; Fundació Gala - Salvador Dalí|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/#nota-2|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/#nota-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:Man Ray Salvador Dali.jpg|thumb|left|Dalí (left) and fellow [[surrealism|surrealist]] artist [[Man Ray]] in Paris on 16 June 1934]]
Dalí's paintings in which he experimented with Cubism earned him the most attention from his fellow students since there were no Cubist artists in Madrid at the time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=K0H3fYErskYC&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;ots=-ktQ5sQaeb&amp;dq=dali%20Cubist%20art%2C%20students%2C%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage&amp;q=dali%20Cubist%20art,%20students,%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;f=false Michael Elsohn Ross, ''Salvador Dalí and the Surrealists: Their Lives and Ideas, 21 Activities''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806230719/https://books.google.fr/books?id=K0H3fYErskYC&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;ots=-ktQ5sQaeb&amp;dq=dali%20Cubist%20art%2C%20students%2C%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage&amp;q=dali%20Cubist%20art,%20students,%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;f=false |date=6 August 2020 }}, Chicago Review Press, 2003, p. 24. {{ISBN|1-61374-275-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Cabaret Scene]]'' (1922) is a typical example of such work. Through his association with members of the Ultra group, Dalí became more acquainted with avant-garde movements, including [[Dada]] and [[Futurism]].  One of his earliest works to show a strong Futurist and Cubist influence was the watercolor ''Night-Walking Dreams'' (1922).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 97–98&lt;/ref&gt; At this time, Dalí also read Freud and [[Comte de Lautréamont|Lautréamont]] who were to have a profound influence on his work.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 116–119&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 1925 Dalí exhibited eleven works in a group exhibition held by the newly formed ''Sociedad Ibérica de Artistas'' in Madrid. Seven of the works were in his Cubist mode and four in a more realist style. Several leading critics praised his work.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 123–25&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí held his first solo exhibition at [[Galeries Dalmau]] in Barcelona, from 14 to 27 November 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fèlix Fanés&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.es/books?id=bDpziok_K7gC&amp;dq=galeries+dalmau&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Fèlix Fanés, ''Salvador Dalí: The Construction of the Image, 1925–1930''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133234/https://books.google.es/books?id=bDpziok_K7gC&amp;dq=galeries+dalmau&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=22 April 2018 }}, Yale University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-300-09179-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934417&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| title = Exposició Salvador Dalí, Galeries Dalmau, 14–28 November 1925, exhibition catalog| access-date = 24 May 2018| archive-date = 2 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212540/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934417&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| url-status = live| accessdate = 18 May 2022| archivedate = 2 May 2018| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212540/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934417&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This exhibition, before his exposure to Surrealism, included twenty-two works and was a critical and commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 126–27&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 1926 Dalí made his first trip to Paris where he met [[Pablo Picasso]], whom he revered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot;/&gt; Picasso had already heard favorable reports about Dalí from [[Joan Miró]], a fellow Catalan who later introduced him to many Surrealist friends.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; As he developed his own style over the next few years, Dalí made some works strongly influenced by Picasso and Miró.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 130–31&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was also influenced by the work of [[Yves Tanguy]], and he later allegedly told Tanguy's niece, &quot;I pinched everything from your uncle Yves.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 163&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí left the Royal Academy in 1926, shortly before his final exams.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; His mastery of painting skills at that time was evidenced by his realistic ''[[The Basket of Bread]]'', painted in 1926.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm |title=Paintings Gallery No.&amp;nbsp;5 |publisher=Dali-gallery.com |access-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827234135/http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm |archive-date=27 August 2010 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=27 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827234135/http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Later that year he exhibited again at Galeries Dalmau, from 31 December 1926 to 14 January 1927, with the support of the art critic {{Interlanguage link|Sebastià Gasch|es}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pàmies&quot;&gt;[https://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/handle/10230/22029/Andres_13.pdf?sequence=1 Elisenda Andrés Pàmies, ''Les Galeries Dalmau, un project de modernist a la Ciutat de Barcelona''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809034049/https://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/handle/10230/22029/Andres_13.pdf?sequence=1 |date=9 August 2017 }}, 2012–13, Facultat d’Humanitats, Universitat Pompeu Fabra&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934087&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| title = Exposició de Salvador Dalí, Galeries Dalmau, Passeig de Gràcia, 31 December 1926 – 14 January 1927, exhibition catalog (other versions)| access-date = 24 May 2018| archive-date = 2 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212327/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934087&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| url-status = live| accessdate = 18 May 2022| archivedate = 2 May 2018| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212327/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934087&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show included twenty-three paintings and seven drawings, with the &quot;Cubist&quot; works displayed in a separate section from the &quot;objective&quot; works. The critical response was generally positive with ''Composition with Three Figures (Neo-Cubist Academy)'' singled out for particular attention.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 147–49&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်: DaliGreatMasturbator.jpg|thumb|300 px|''The Great Masturbator'' (1929). oil on canvas, 110 cm × 150 cm., [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]]]]

From 1927 Dalí's work became increasingly influenced by Surrealism. Two of these works, ''Honey is Sweeter than Blood'' (1927) and ''Gadget and Hand'' (1927), were shown at the annual Autumn Salon (Saló de tardor) in Barcelona in October 1927. Dalí described the earlier of these works, ''Honey is Sweeter than Blood'', as &quot;equidistant between Cubism and Surrealism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 162&lt;/ref&gt; The works featured many elements that were to become characteristic of his Surrealist period including dreamlike images, precise draftsmanship, idiosyncratic iconography (such as rotting donkeys and dismembered bodies), and lighting and landscapes strongly evocative of his native Catalonia. The works provoked bemusement among the public and debate among critics about whether Dalí had become a Surrealist.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 171&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenced by his reading of Freud, Dalí increasingly introduced suggestive sexual imagery and symbolism into his work. He submitted ''Dialogue on the Beach (Unsatisfied Desires)'' (1928) to the Barcelona Autumn Salon for 1928 but the work was rejected because &quot;it was not fit to be exhibited in any gallery habitually visited by the numerous public little prepared for certain surprises.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 287&lt;/ref&gt; The resulting scandal was widely covered in the Barcelona press and prompted a popular Madrid illustrated weekly to publish an interview with Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 186–190&lt;/ref&gt;

Some trends in Dalí's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s. Dalí was influenced by many styles of art, ranging from the most academically classic, to the most cutting-edge [[avant-garde]].&lt;ref&gt;Hodge, Nicola, and Libby Anson. ''The A–Z of Art: The World's Greatest and Most Popular Artists and Their Works''. California: Thunder Bay Press, 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144258/https://ucmshare.ucmerced.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-94961/Dali+Salvador.doc Online citation].&lt;/ref&gt; His classical influences included [[Raphael]], [[Bronzino]], [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer]] and [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2005-03.html |title=Phelan, Joseph |publisher=Artcyclopedia.com |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313074331/http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2005-03.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Exhibitions of his works attracted much attention and a mixture of praise and puzzled debate from critics who noted an apparent inconsistency in his work by the use of both traditional and modern techniques and motifs between works and within individual works.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6EvIx6zOuqgC&amp;lpg=PA319&amp;dq=%22August%20Agero%22%20%22galeries%20dalmau%22&amp;pg=PA317#v=snippet&amp;q=dalmau,%20dali&amp;f=false ''Roger Rothman, Tiny Surrealism: Salvador Dal and the Aesthetics of the Small''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232725/https://books.google.fr/books?id=6EvIx6zOuqgC&amp;lpg=PA319&amp;dq=%22August%20Agero%22%20%22galeries%20dalmau%22&amp;pg=PA317#v=snippet&amp;q=dalmau,%20dali&amp;f=false |date=6 August 2020 }}, U of Nebraska Press, 2012. p. 202. {{ISBN|0-300-12106-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the mid-1920s Dalí grew a neatly trimmed mustache. In later decades he cultivated a more flamboyant one in the manner of 17th-century Spanish master painter [[Diego Velázquez]], and this mustache became a well known Dalí icon.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.thedali.org/mwebimages/MIMSY%20SUPPORTING%20DOC/Dali%20and%20the%20Spanish%20Baroque%20Guide.pdf ''Salvador Dali and the Spanish Baroque: From Still Life to Velazquez''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232229/https://archive.thedali.org/mwebimages/MIMSY%20SUPPORTING%20DOC/Dali%20and%20the%20Spanish%20Baroque%20Guide.pdf |date=6 August 2020 }}, Salvado Dalí Museum, St. Petersburg, Fl. 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1929 to World War II ===
[[ဝှာင်: SalvadorDali-SoftConstructionWithBeans.jpg|thumb|300 px|''Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)'' 1936. oil on canvas, 100 x 99 cm., Philadelphia Museum of Art]]

In 1929, Dalí collaborated with Surrealist film director [[Luis Buñuel]] on the short film {{lang|fr|[[Un Chien Andalou]]}} (''An Andalusian Dog''). His main contribution was to help Buñuel write the script for the film. Dalí later claimed to have also played a significant role in the filming of the project, but this is not substantiated by contemporary accounts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Koller |first=Michael |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/12/chien.html |language=fr |title=Un Chien Andalou |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225061923/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/12/chien.html |archive-date=25 December 2010 |work=Senses of Cinema |date=January 2001 |access-date=26 July 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=25 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225061923/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/12/chien.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 1929, Dalí met his lifelong muse and future wife [[Gala Dalí|Gala]],&lt;ref name=unbound&gt;Shelley, Landry. [http://www.tcnj.edu/~unbound/spring2005/articles/a2 &quot;Dalí Wows Crowd in Philadelphia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108082607/http://www.tcnj.edu/~unbound/spring2005/articles/a2 |date=8 November 2017 }}. ''Unbound'' ([[The College of New Jersey]]) Spring 2005. Retrieved on 22 July 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova. She was a Russian immigrant ten years his senior, who at that time was married to Surrealist poet [[Paul Éluard]].&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 218–20&lt;/ref&gt;

In works such as ''[[The First Days of Spring]]'', ''[[The Great Masturbator]]'' and ''[[The Lugubrious Game]]'' Dalí continued his exploration of the themes of sexual anxiety and unconscious desires.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 206–08, 231–32&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's first Paris exhibition was at the recently opened Goemans Gallery in November 1929 and featured eleven works. In his preface to the catalog, [[André Breton]] described Dalí's new work as &quot;the most hallucinatory that has been produced up to now&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997 p 237&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 237&lt;/ref&gt; The exhibition was a commercial success but the critical response was divided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997 p 237&quot;/&gt; In the same year, Dalí officially joined the Surrealist group in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris. The Surrealists hailed what Dalí was later to call his [[paranoiac-critical method]] of accessing the subconscious for greater artistic creativity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Llongueras&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rojas&quot; /&gt;

Meanwhile, Dalí's relationship with his father was close to rupture. Don Salvador Dalí y Cusi strongly disapproved of his son's romance with Gala and saw his connection to the Surrealists as a bad influence on his morals. The final straw was when Don Salvador read in a Barcelona newspaper that his son had recently exhibited in Paris a drawing of the ''Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ'', with a provocative inscription: &quot;Sometimes, I spit for fun on my mother's portrait&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-571-19380-3&quot; /&gt; Outraged, Don Salvador demanded that his son recant publicly. Dalí refused, perhaps out of fear of expulsion from the Surrealist group, and was violently thrown out of his paternal home on 28 December 1929. His father told him that he would be disinherited and that he should never set foot in Cadaqués again. The following summer, Dalí and Gala rented a small fisherman's cabin in a nearby bay at [[Port Lligat]]. He soon bought the cabin, and over the years enlarged it by buying neighboring ones, gradually building his beloved villa by the sea. Dalí's father would eventually relent and come to accept his son's companion.&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Gala Biography|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html|work=Dalí|publisher=Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626181620/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html|archive-date=26 June 2012|url-status=dead|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=26 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626181620/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1931, Dalí painted one of his most famous works, ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salvadordalimuseum.org/education/documents/clocking_in.pdf Clocking in with Salvador Dalí: Salvador Dalí's Melting Watches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144258/http://www.salvadordalimuseum.org/education/documents/clocking_in.pdf |date=21 September 2006 }} (PDF) from the Salvador Dalí Museum. Retrieved on 19 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; which developed a surrealistic image of soft, melting pocket watches. The general interpretation of the work is that the soft watches are a rejection of the assumption that time is rigid or deterministic. This idea is supported by other images in the work, such as the wide expanding landscape, and other limp watches shown being devoured by ants.&lt;ref name=Conquete&gt;Salvador Dalí, {{lang|fr|La Conquête de l'irrationnel}} (Paris: Éditions surréalistes, 1935), p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí had two important exhibitions at the Pierre Colle Gallery in Paris in June 1931 and May–June 1932. The earlier exhibition included sixteen paintings of which ''The Persistence of Memory'' attracted the most attention. Some of the notable features of the exhibitions were the proliferation of images and references to Dalí's muse Gala and the inclusion of Surrealist Objects such as ''Hypnagogic Clock'' and ''Clock Based on the Decomposition of Bodies''.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 279–283, 299–300&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's last, and largest, the exhibition at the Pierre Colle Gallery was held in June 1933 and included twenty-two paintings, ten drawings, and two objects. One critic noted Dalí's precise draftsmanship and attention to detail, describing him as a &quot;paranoiac of geometrical temperament&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 314–15&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's first New York exhibition was held at Julien Levy's gallery in November–December 1933. The exhibition featured twenty-six works and was a commercial and critical success. The ''New Yorker'' critic praised the precision and lack of sentimentality in the works, calling them &quot;frozen nightmares&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 316&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí and Gala, having lived together since 1929, were civilly married on 30 January 1934 in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 323&lt;/ref&gt; They later remarried in a Church ceremony on 8 August 1958 at Sant Martí Vell.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 492&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to inspiring many artworks throughout her life, Gala would act as Dalí's business manager, supporting their extravagant lifestyle while adeptly steering clear of insolvency. Gala, who herself engaged in extra-marital affairs,&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 421–22, 508–10, 620–21&lt;/ref&gt; seemed to tolerate Dalí's dalliances with younger muses, secure in her own position as his primary relationship. Dalí continued to paint her as they both aged, producing sympathetic and adoring images of her. The &quot;tense, complex and ambiguous relationship&quot; lasting over 50 years would later become the subject of an opera, ''Jo, Dalí'' (''I, Dalí'') by Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Opera&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Amengual|first=Margalida|title=An opera on the relationship between Salvador Dalí and Gala arrives at Barcelona's Liceu|url=http://www.catalannewsagency.com/culture/item/an-opera-on-the-relationship-between-salvador-dali-and-gala-arrives-at-barcelonas-liceu|work=Catalan News Agency (CNA)|publisher=Intracatalònia, SA|access-date=27 May 2012|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220175608/http://www.catalannewsagency.com/culture/item/an-opera-on-the-relationship-between-salvador-dali-and-gala-arrives-at-barcelonas-liceu|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí's first visit to the United States in November 1934 attracted widespread press coverage. His second New York exhibition was held at the Julien Levy Gallery in November–December 1934 and was again a commercial and critical success. Dalí delivered three lectures on Surrealism at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) and other venues during which he told his audience for the first time that &quot;[t]he only difference between me and a madman is that I am not mad.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 336–41&lt;/ref&gt; The heiress [[Caresse Crosby]], the inventor of the brassiere, organized a farewell fancy dress ball for Dalí on 18 January 1935. Dalí wore a glass case on his chest containing a brassiere and Gala dressed as a woman giving birth through her head. A Paris newspaper later claimed that the Dalís had dressed as the [[Lindbergh baby]] and his [[Bruno Hauptmann|kidnapper]], a claim which Dalí denied.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 342–43&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ဝှာင်:Portrait_of_Salvador_Dali,_Paris,_LOC_4483943847.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Salvador Dalí, Paris, 16 June 1934]]
While the majority of the Surrealist group had become increasingly associated with leftist politics, Dalí maintained an ambiguous position on the subject of the proper relationship between politics and art. Leading Surrealist [[André Breton]] accused Dalí of defending the &quot;new&quot; and &quot;irrational&quot; in &quot;the Hitler phenomenon&quot;, but Dalí quickly rejected this claim, saying, &quot;I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Greeley, Robin Adèle (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2w1QddhP56wC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419062109/https://books.google.com/books?id=2w1QddhP56wC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=19 April 2016 }}'', Yale University Press. p. 81. {{ISBN|0-300-11295-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí insisted that Surrealism could exist in an apolitical context and refused to explicitly denounce fascism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MORRDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT62|title=The Creative Underground : Art, Politics and Everyday Life|last=Clements|first=Paul|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-50128-2|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206234545/https://books.google.com/books?id=MORRDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in 1934, Dalí was subjected to a &quot;trial&quot;, in which he narrowly avoided being expelled from the Surrealist group.&lt;ref&gt;Shanes, Eric (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eDQqcrMy8M8C&amp;pg=PA53 The Life and Masterworks of Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDQqcrMy8M8C&amp;pg=PA53 |date=9 February 2020 }}''. Parkstone. p. 53. {{ISBN|1-78042-879-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; To this, Dalí retorted, &quot;The difference between the Surrealists and me is that I am a Surrealist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.es/books?id=vYcGAAAAMAAJ Salvador Dalí, Louis Pauwels, ''Les passions Selon Dalí''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917144729/https://books.google.es/books?id=vYcGAAAAMAAJ |date=17 September 2018 }}, Denoël, 1968&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.es/books?id=ub6fAAAAMAAJ Pierre Ajame, ''La Double vie de Salvador Dalí: récit''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143252/https://books.google.es/books?id=ub6fAAAAMAAJ |date=17 September 2018 }}, Éditions Ramsay, 1984, p. 125&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:Dali Harcourt 1936.jpg|thumb|upright|Dalí, photographed by [[Studio Harcourt]] in 1936]]
In 1936, Dalí took part in the ''[[London International Surrealist Exhibition]]''. His lecture, titled {{lang|fr|Fantômes paranoiacs authentiques}}, was delivered while wearing a deep-sea diving suit and helmet.&lt;ref&gt;Jackaman, Rob. (1989) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9_6DAOSscC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Course of English Surrealist Poetry Since the 1930s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054822/https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9_6DAOSscC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=19 April 2016 }}'', Edwin Mellen Press. {{ISBN|0-88946-932-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He had arrived carrying a billiard cue and leading a pair of Russian wolfhounds and had to have the helmet unscrewed as he gasped for breath. He commented that &quot;I just wanted to show that I was 'plunging deeply into the human mind.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 359–60&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí's first solo London exhibition was held at the Alex, Reid, and Lefevre Gallery the same year. The show included twenty-nine paintings and eighteen drawings. The critical response was generally favorable, although the Daily Telegraph critic wrote: &quot;These pictures from the subconscious reveal so skilled a craftsman that the artist's return to full consciousness may be awaited with interest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 358–59&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 1936 Dalí participated in the ''Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism'' exhibition at MoMA and a solo exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York. Both exhibitions attracted large attendances and widespread press coverage. The painting ''[[Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)]]'' (1936) attracted particular attention. Dalí later described it as, &quot;a vast human body breaking out into monstrous excrescences of arms and legs tearing at one another in a delirium of auto-strangulation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997). pp. 334, 364–67&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 December, Dalí, aged 32, was featured on the cover of ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;

From 1933 Dalí was supported by Zodiac, a group of affluent admirers who each contributed to a monthly stipend for the painter in exchange for a painting of their choice.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 306–308&lt;/ref&gt; From 1936 Dalí's main patron in London was the wealthy [[Edward James]] who would support him financially for two years. One of Dalí's most important paintings from the period of James' patronage was ''[[Metamorphosis of Narcissus|The Metamorphosis of Narcissus]]'' (1937). They also collaborated on two of the most enduring icons of the Surrealist movement: the ''[[Lobster Telephone]]'' and the ''[[Mae West Lips Sofa]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=2607|title=Salvador Dalí Lobster Telephone|date=August 1994|website=National Gallery of Australia|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319005929/http://nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=2607|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí was in London when the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in July 1936.  When he later learned that his friend Lorca had been executed by [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces, Dalí's claimed response was to shout: &quot;Olé!&quot; Dalí was to include frequent references to the poet in his art and writings for the remainder of his life.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 361–63&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, Dalí avoided taking a public stand for or against the [[the Second Spanish Republic|Republic]] for the duration of the conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 376-77, and ''passim''&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 1938, Dalí unveiled ''[[Rainy Taxi]]'', a three-dimensional artwork consisting of an automobile and two mannequin occupants being soaked with rain from within the taxi. The piece was first displayed at the Galerie Beaux-Arts in Paris at the ''[[Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme]]'', organized by [[André Breton]] and [[Paul Éluard]]. The Exposition was designed by artist [[Marcel Duchamp]], who also served as host.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia.html|title=Salvador Dalí's Biography – Gala|work=salvador-dali.org|publisher=Salvador Dalí Foundation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106020704/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia.html|archive-date=6 November 2006|access-date=14 February 2015|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=6 November 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106020704/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=James D.|url=https://archive.org/details/paris1937worldso00herb|title=Paris 1937|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8014-3494-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/paris1937worldso00herb/page/27 27]|access-date=14 February 2015|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cohen-Solal|first1=Annie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDJL4MwVK10C&amp;pg=PA130|title=Leo and His Circle|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4000-4427-6|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213193246/http://books.google.com/books?id=nDJL4MwVK10C&amp;pg=PA130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March that year, Dalí met [[Sigmund Freud]] thanks to [[Stefan Zweig]]. As Dalí sketched Freud's portrait, Freud whispered, &quot;That boy looks like a fanatic.&quot; Dalí was delighted upon hearing later about this comment from his hero.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; The following day Freud wrote to Zweig &quot;...until now I have been inclined to regard the Surrealists, who have apparently adopted me as their patron saint, as complete fools.....That young Spaniard, with his candid fanatical eyes and his undeniable technical mastery, has changed my estimate. It would indeed be very interesting to investigate analytically how he came to create that picture [i.e. ''Metamorphosis of Narcissus''].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin (1968) &quot;&gt;Rubin, William S. 1968. ''Dada and Surrealist Art.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 525 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In September 1938, Salvador Dalí was invited by [[Coco Chanel|Gabrielle Coco Chanel]] to her house &quot;La Pausa&quot; in Roquebrune on the French Riviera. There he painted numerous paintings he later exhibited at Julien Levy Gallery in New York.&lt;ref&gt;''Salvador Dalí Exhibition'', Exhibition Catalogue – 16 February through 15 May 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm |title=Salvador Dalí Exhibition |work=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075359/http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=12 May 2014 |last=Fischer |first=John |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=7 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075359/http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; This exhibition in March–April 1939 included twenty-one paintings and eleven drawings. [[Life (magazine)|Life]] reported that no exhibition in New York had been so popular since Whistler's ''Mother'' was shown in 1934.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 389–90&lt;/ref&gt;

At the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], Dalí debuted his ''Dream of Venus'' Surrealist pavilion, located in the Amusements Area of the exposition. It featured bizarre sculptures, statues, mermaids, and live nude models in &quot;costumes&quot; made of fresh seafood, an event photographed by Horst P. Horst, George Platt Lynes, and Murray Korman.&lt;ref name=&quot;DrmVns&quot;/&gt; Dalí was angered by changes to his designs, railing against mediocrities who thought that &quot;a woman with the tail of a fish is possible; a woman with the head of a fish impossible.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 391-92&lt;/ref&gt;

Soon after [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s victory in the Spanish Civil War in April 1939, Dalí wrote to Luis Buñuel denouncing socialism and Marxism and praising Catholicism and the [[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]]. As a result, Buñuel broke off relations with Dalí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;

In the May issue of the Surrealist magazine ''Minotaure,'' André Breton announced Dalí's expulsion from the Surrealist group, claiming that Dalí had espoused race war and that the over-refinement of his [[paranoiac-critical method]] was a repudiation of Surrealist [[Surrealist automatism|automatism.]] This led many Surrealists to break off relations with Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 387, 396–97&lt;/ref&gt; In 1949 Breton coined the derogatory nickname &quot;Avida Dollars&quot; (avid for dollars), an [[anagram]] for &quot;Salvador Dalí&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 453&lt;/ref&gt; This was a derisive reference to the increasing commercialization of Dalí's work, and the perception that Dalí sought self-aggrandizement through fame and fortune.

=== World War II ===
The outbreak of [[World War II]] in September 1939 saw the Dalís in France. Following the German invasion, they were able to escape because on 20 June 1940 they were issued visas by [[Aristides de Sousa Mendes]], Portuguese consul in Bordeaux, France. They crossed into Portugal and subsequently sailed on the ''Excambion'' from Lisbon to New York in August 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sousamendesfoundation.org/dali/ |title=Dalí |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223907/http://sousamendesfoundation.org/dali/ |archive-date=2 November 2013 |work=Sousa Mendes Foundation |date=20 June 1940 |access-date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=2 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223907/http://sousamendesfoundation.org/dali/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dalí and Gala were to live in the United States for eight years, splitting their time between New York and the Monterey Peninsula, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/a-world-class-salvador-dali-art-collection-comes-to-monterey/article_b1267eae-db3d-11e5-9e95-3f5ae7bc3619.html|title=A world-class Salvador Dalí art collection comes to Monterey.|last=Schmalz|first=David|website=Monterey County Weekly|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071520/http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/a-world-class-salvador-dali-art-collection-comes-to-monterey/article_b1267eae-db3d-11e5-9e95-3f5ae7bc3619.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 411–12&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí spent the winter of 1940–41 at Hampton Manor, the residence of [[Caresse Crosby]], in Caroline County, Virginia, where he worked on various projects including his autobiography and paintings for his upcoming exhibition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.virginialiving.com/%C2%A1hola,-dal%C3%AD!/ |title=¡Hola, Dalí! |last1=Crowder |first1=Bland |date=31 January 2014 |website=[[Virginia Living]] |publisher=Cape Fear Publishing |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701234130/http://www.virginialiving.com/%C2%A1hola,-dal%C3%AD!/ |url-status=live |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=1 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701234130/http://www.virginialiving.com/%C2%A1hola,-dal%C3%AD!/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 404–05&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí announced the death of the Surrealist movement and the return of classicism in his exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York in April–May 1941. The exhibition included nineteen paintings (among them ''[[Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire]] and'' ''[[The Face of War]]'') and other works''.'' In his catalog essay and media comments, Dalí proclaimed a return to form, control, structure and the [[Golden Section]]. Sales however were disappointing and the majority of critics did not believe there had been a major change in Dalí's work.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 409–11&lt;/ref&gt;

The Museum of Modern Art held two major, simultaneous retrospectives of Dalí&lt;ref name=&quot;Soby (1941)&quot;&gt;Soby, James Thrall. 1941. ''Salvador Dali: Paintings, Drawings, Prints.'' The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 87 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Joan Miró]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweeney (1941)&quot;&gt;Sweeney, James Johnson. 1941. ''Joan Miro.'' The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 87 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; from November 1941 to February 1942, Dalí being represented by forty-two paintings and sixteen drawings. Dalí's work attracted significant attention of critics and the exhibition later toured eight American cities, enhancing his reputation in America.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 413–16&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 1942, Dalí's autobiography, ''[[The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí]]'' was published simultaneously in New York and London and was reviewed widely by the press. Time magazine's reviewer called it &quot;one of the most irresistible books of the year&quot;.  George Orwell later wrote a scathing review in the ''Saturday Book''.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 416–20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=orwell&gt;Orwell, George [http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/benefit-of-clergy-some-notes-on-salvador-dali/ &quot;Benefit of Clergy: Some Notes on Salvador Dalí&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421185848/http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/benefit-of-clergy-some-notes-on-salvador-dali/ |date=21 April 2016 }}. theorwellprize.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A passage in the autobiography in which Dalí claimed that Buñuel was solely responsible for the anti-clericalism in the film L'Age d'Or may have indirectly led to Buñuel resigning his position at MoMA in 1943 under pressure from the State Department.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Buñuel, ''My Last Sigh: The Autobiography of Luis Buñuel'' (Vintage, 1984) {{ISBN|0-8166-4387-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 419&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí also published a novel ''Hidden Faces'' in 1944 with less critical and commercial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 424–30&lt;/ref&gt;

In the catalog essay for his exhibition at the Knoedler Gallery in New York in 1943 Dalí continued his attack on the Surrealist movement, writing: &quot;Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system. ... Today's laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[collage]]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Descharnes (1993) p. 35.&quot;&gt;Descharnes, Robert and Nicolas. ''Salvador Dalí''. New York: Konecky &amp; Konecky, 1993. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; The critical response to the society portraits in the exhibition, however, was generally negative.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 423&lt;/ref&gt;

In November–December 1945 Dalí exhibited new work at the [[Bignou Gallery]] in New York. The exhibition included eleven oil paintings, watercolors, drawings, and illustrations. Works included ''[[Basket of Bread]]'', ''Atomic and Uranian Melancholic Ideal'', and ''My Wife Nude Contemplating her own Body Transformed into Steps, the Three Vertebrae of a Column, Sky and Architecture''. The exhibition was notable for works in Dalí's new classicism style and those heralding his &quot;atomic period&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, (Ian) (1997), pp. 434–36&lt;/ref&gt;

During the war years, Dalí was also engaged in projects in various other fields. He executed designs for a number of ballets including ''Labyrinth'' (1942), ''Sentimental Colloquy'', ''Mad Tristan'', and ''The Cafe of Chinitas'' (all 1944).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 431–43&lt;/ref&gt; In 1945 he created the dream sequence for Alfred Hitchcock's film ''Spellbound''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 434-45&lt;/ref&gt; He also produced artwork and designs for products such as perfumes, cosmetics, hosiery and ties.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 430–31&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Post War in United States (1946–48) ===
In 1946 Dalí worked with Walt Disney and animator John Hench on an unfinished animated film ''[[Destino]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 436–38&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí exhibited new work at the Bignou Gallery from November 1947 to January 1948. The 14 oil paintings and other works in the exhibition reflected Dalí's increasing interest in atomic physics. Notable works included ''Dematerialization Near the Nose of Nero (The Separation of the Atom)'', ''Intra-Atomic Equilibrium of a Swan's Feather'', and a study for ''[[Leda Atomica]]''. The proportions of the latter work were worked out in collaboration with a mathematician.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 440–42&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 1948 Dalí's ''50 Secrets of Magic Craftsmanship'' was published. The book was a mixture of anecdotes, practical advice on painting, and Dalínian polemics.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 442–44&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Later years in Spain ===
[[ဝှာင်:Dali Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Dalí by [[Allan Warren]], 1972]]
In 1948 Dalí and Gala moved back into their house in Port Lligat, on the coast near Cadaqués. For the next three decades, they would spend most of their time there, spending winters in Paris and New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot; /&gt; Dalí's decision to live in Spain under Franco and his public support for the regime prompted outrage from many anti-Francoist artists and intellectuals. Pablo Picasso refused to mention Dalí's name or acknowledge his existence for the rest of his life.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 470&lt;/ref&gt; In 1960, André Breton unsuccessfully fought against the inclusion of Dalí's ''Sistine Madonna'' in the ''Surrealist Intrusion in the Enchanter's Domain'' exhibition organized by Marcel Duchamp in New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;lopez&quot;&gt;{{Interlanguage link multi|Ignacio Javier López|es|Ignacio Javier López}}. ''The Old Age of William Tell (A study of Buñuel's ''Tristana'')''. ''[[Modern Language Notes|MLN]]'' 116 (2001): 295–314.&lt;/ref&gt;  Breton and other Surrealists issued a tract to coincide with the exhibition denouncing Dalí as &quot;the ex-apologist of Hitler... and friend of Franco&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 497-98&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 1949 Dalí's sister Anna Maria published her book ''Salvador Dalí Seen by his Sister''. Dalí was angered by passages that he considered derogatory towards his wife Gala and broke off relations with his family. When Dalí's father died in September 1950 Dalí learned that he had been virtually disinherited in his will. A two-year legal dispute followed over paintings and drawings Dalí had left in his family home, during which Dalí was accused of assaulting a public notary.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 454–61&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်: The_Hallucinogenic_Toreador.png|thumb|300 px|''The Hallucinogenic Toreador'' (1968–1970), oil on canvas, 398.8 cm × 299.7 cm., [[Salvador Dalí Museum]]]]

As Dalí moved further towards embracing Catholicism he introduced more religious iconography and themes in his painting. In 1949 he painted a study for ''[[The Madonna of Port Lligat]]'' (first version, 1949) and showed it to [[Pope Pius XII]] during an audience arranged to discuss Dalí 's marriage to Gala.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 450–53&lt;/ref&gt; This work was a precursor to the phase Dalí dubbed &quot;Nuclear Mysticism,&quot; a fusion of Einsteinian physics, classicism, and Catholic mysticism.  In paintings such as ''[[The Madonna of Port Lligat]],'' ''[[Christ of Saint John of the Cross|The Christ of Saint John on the Cross]]'' and ''[[The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory]],'' Dalí sought to synthesize Christian iconography with images of material disintegration inspired by nuclear physics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.arton5th.com/Dali/bio.html|title=Salvador Dalí Bio, Art on 5th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504050531/http://www.arton5th.com/Dali/bio.html|archive-date=4 May 2006|access-date=22 July 2006|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=4 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504050531/http://www.arton5th.com/Dali/bio.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 461–63&lt;/ref&gt; His later Nuclear Mysticism works included ''[[La Gare de Perpignan]]'' (1965) and ''[[The Hallucinogenic Toreador]]'' (1968–70).

Dalí's keen interest in natural science and mathematics was further manifested by the proliferation of images of DNA and [[rhinoceros horn]] shapes in works from the mid-1950s. According to Dalí, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a logarithmic spiral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Elliott H. King in [[Dawn Ades]] (ed.), ''Dalí'', Bompiani Arte, Milan, 2004, p. 456.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was also fascinated by the [[Tesseract]] (a four-dimensional cube), using it, for example, in ''[[Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)]]''.

Dalí had been extensively using optical illusions such as double images, [[anamorphosis]], [[negative space]], [[visual pun]]s and ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' since his Surrealist period and this continued in his later work. At some point, Dalí had a glass floor installed in a room near his studio in Port Lligat. He made extensive use of it to study foreshortening, both from above and from below, incorporating dramatic perspectives of figures and objects into his paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;AdesOptical&quot; /&gt;{{rp|17–18, 172}} He also experimented with the [[bulletism|bulletist]] technique&lt;ref name=&quot;bp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bonjourparis.com/Articles/Museums_and_Sights/The_Phantasmagoric_Universe_%E2%80%94_Espace_Dal%C3%AD_%C3%80_Montmartre/|title=The Phantasmagoric Universe&amp;nbsp;– Espace Dalí À Montmartre|author=BP Editor|work=Bonjour Paris|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528084739/http://www.bonjourparis.com/Articles/Museums_and_Sights/The_Phantasmagoric_Universe_%E2%80%94_Espace_Dal%C3%AD_%C3%80_Montmartre/|archive-date=28 May 2006|access-date=22 August 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528084739/http://www.bonjourparis.com/Articles/Museums_and_Sights/The_Phantasmagoric_Universe_%E2%80%94_Espace_Dal%C3%AD_%C3%80_Montmartre/|archivedate=28 May 2006|accessdate=18 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[pointillism]], enlarged [[half-tone]] dot grids and stereoscopic images.&lt;ref name=&quot;AdesOptical&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Ades|editor-first=Dawn|title=Dalí's optical illusions : [Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, January 21 – March 26, 2000 : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, April 19 – June 18, 2000; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, July 25 – October 1, 2000]|url=https://archive.org/details/dalisopticalillu0000dali|year=2000|publisher=Yale Univ. Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-300-08177-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was among the first artists to employ [[holography]] in an artistic manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;holo&quot;&gt;[http://www.holophile.com/history.htm The History and Development of Holography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214057/http://www.holophile.com/history.htm |date=12 July 2011 }}. ''Holophile''. Retrieved on 22 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; In Dalí's later years, young artists such as [[Andy Warhol]] proclaimed him an important influence on [[pop art]].&lt;ref name=&quot;warhol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/1998/mayjun/feat2.htm |title=Hello, Dalí |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927105155/http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/1998/mayjun/feat2.htm |archive-date=27 September 2006 |work=Carnegie Magazine |access-date=22 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1960, Dalí began work on his [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Theatre-Museum]] in his home town of Figueres. It was his largest single project and a main focus of his energy through to 1974, when it opened. He continued to make additions through the mid-1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pitxot&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Pitxot|first=Antoni | author-link = Antoni Pitxot|title=The Dalí Theatre-Museum|url=https://archive.org/details/daltheatremuseum0000ague|date=2007|publisher=Triangle Postals|location=Sant Lluís, Menorca|isbn=978-84-8478-288-9|author2=Montse Aguer Teixidor  |author3=photography, Jordi Puig |author4= translation, Steve Cedar }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FGSD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/museus/figueres/en_historia.html|title=Figueres: Teatre Museu Dalí – History|year=2010|publisher=Fundació Gala-Salvador Dalí|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=3 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403010843/http://www.salvador-dali.org/museus/figueres/en_historia.html|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=3 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403010843/http://www.salvador-dali.org/museus/figueres/en_historia.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1955 Dalí met Nanita Kalaschnikoff, who was to become a close friend, muse, and model.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 483–97&lt;/ref&gt; At a French nightclub in 1965 Dalí met [[Amanda Lear]], a fashion model then known as Peki Oslo. Lear became his protégée and one of his muses.  According to Lear, she and Dalí were united in a &quot;spiritual marriage&quot; on a deserted mountaintop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prose&quot;&gt;Prose, Francine. (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0rJ2EPVYbFUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Lives of the Muses: Nine Women and the Artists they Inspired] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418233621/https://books.google.com/books?id=0rJ2EPVYbFUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=18 April 2016 }}''. Harper Perennial. {{ISBN|0-06-055525-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lear&quot;&gt;Lear, Amanda. (1986) ''My Life with Dalí''. Beaufort Books. {{ISBN|0-8253-0373-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Final years and death ===
[[ဝှာင်:20061227-Figueres Sant Pere MQ.jpg|thumb|Church of ''Sant Pere'' in [[Figueres]], site of Dalí's baptism, first communion, and funeral]]
[[ဝှာင်: Salvador Dali Crypt in Figueres.jpg|thumb|Dalí's crypt at the [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Dalí Theatre-Museum]] in [[Figueres]] displays his name and title]]

In 1968, Dalí bought a castle in Púbol for Gala, and from 1971 she would retreat there for weeks at a time, Dalí having agreed not to visit without her written permission.&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot; /&gt; His fears of abandonment and estrangement from his longtime artistic muse contributed to depression and failing health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;

In 1980, at age 76, Dalí's health deteriorated sharply and he was treated for depression, drug addiction, and Parkinson-like symptoms, including a severe tremor in his right arm. There were also allegations that Gala had been supplying Dalí with pharmaceuticals from her own prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 574–79&lt;/ref&gt;

Gala died on 10 June 1982, at the age of 87. After her death, Dalí moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, where she was entombed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 589–91&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1982, [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos]] bestowed on Dalí the title of ''Marqués de Dalí de Púbol''&lt;ref name=&quot;Marquess title&quot;&gt;[http://www.heraldaria.com/phorum/read.php?f=1&amp;i=25695&amp;t=25695 Excerpts from the BOE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105053225/http://www.heraldaria.com/phorum/read.php?f=1&amp;i=25695&amp;t=25695 |date=5 January 2012 }} – Website Heráldica y Genealogía Hispana&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-4234 Dalí as &quot;Marqués de Dalí de Púbol&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104224345/http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-4234 |date=4 January 2012 }} – Boletín Oficial del Estado, the official gazette of the Spanish government&lt;/ref&gt; (''Marquess of Dalí of Púbol'') in the nobility of Spain, [[Púbol]] being where Dalí then lived. The title was initially hereditary, but at Dalí's request was changed to life-only in 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marquess title&quot; /&gt;

In May 1983, what was said to be Dalí's last painting, ''[[The Swallow's Tail]]'', was revealed. The work was heavily influenced by the mathematical [[catastrophe theory]] of [[René Thom]]. However, some critics have questioned how Dalí could have executed a painting with such precision given the severe tremor in his painting arm.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 603–604&lt;/ref&gt;

From early 1984 Dalí's depression worsened and he refused food, leading to severe undernourishment.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 602, 610&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí had previously stated his intention to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/dali-6-12.html|title=Salvador Dalí – Paths to Immortality|website=History of Art|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731220713/http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/dali-6-12.html|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=31 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731220713/http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/dali-6-12.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 1984 a fire broke out in Dalí's bedroom and he was hospitalized with severe burns. Two judicial inquiries found that the fire was caused by an electrical fault and no findings of negligence were made.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 604–10&lt;/ref&gt; After his release from hospital Dalí moved to the Torre Galatea, an annex to the Dalí Theatre-Museum.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 610&lt;/ref&gt;

There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that could later be used in forgeries.&lt;ref name=&quot;scandal&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Dalí Scandal: An Investigation | author=Mark Rogerson | isbn=978-0-575-03786-1 | publisher=Victor Gollancz | year=1989 | url=https://archive.org/details/daliscandalinv00roge }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also alleged that he knowingly sold otherwise-blank lithograph paper which he had signed, possibly producing over 50,000 such sheets from 1965 until his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late graphic works attributed to Dalí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forde_170&quot;/&gt;

In July 1986, Dalí had a pacemaker implanted. On his return to his Theatre-Museum he made a brief public appearance, saying:

{{quote|When you are a genius, you do not have the right to die, because we are necessary for the progress of humanity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://somatemps.me/2017/03/26/video-ultima-entrevista-a-dali-viva-el-rey-viva-espana-viva-cataluna/| title = Somatemps Catalanitat és Hispanitat, ''Última entrevista a Dalí: &quot;¡Viva el Rey, viva España, viva Cataluña!&quot;'' (video), published 26 March 2017| date = 26 March 2017| access-date = 22 July 2017| archive-date = 9 July 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170709151952/https://somatemps.me/2017/03/26/video-ultima-entrevista-a-dali-viva-el-rey-viva-espana-viva-cataluna/| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://elpais.com/diario/1986/07/17/cultura/521935202_850215.html| title = El País, ''Dalí vuelve a casa'', 17 July 1986| newspaper = El País| date = 16 July 1986| last1 = País| first1 = El| access-date = 22 July 2017| archive-date = 14 September 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172118/https://elpais.com/diario/1986/07/17/cultura/521935202_850215.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

In November 1988, Dalí entered hospital with heart failure. On 5 December 1988, he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;[[Meredith Etherington-Smith|Etherington-Smith, Meredith]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=soncxLrkYX0C&amp;dq The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054622/https://books.google.com/books?id=soncxLrkYX0C&amp;dq |date=19 April 2016 }} p. 411, 1995 Da Capo Press, {{ISBN|0-306-80662-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí gave the king a drawing, ''Head of Europa'', which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing.

On the morning of 23 January 1989, Dalí died of cardiac arrest at the age of 84.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Artner |first1=Alan G. |title=Surrealist painter Salvador Dali, flamboyant art revolutionary |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1015353001 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=24 Jan 1989 |page=9|id={{ProQuest|1015353001}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is buried in the crypt below the stage of his [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Theatre-Museum]] in Figueres. The location is across the street from the church of ''Sant Pere'', where he had his [[baptism]], [[first communion]], and [[funeral]], and is only {{convert|450|m|ft}} from the house where he was born.&lt;ref&gt;[[Meredith Etherington-Smith|Etherington-Smith, Meredith]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=soncxLrkYX0C ''The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí'']{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, pp. xxiv, 411–12, 1995, Da Capo Press, {{ISBN|0-306-80662-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation|The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation]] currently serves as his official estate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html|title=Salvador Dalí's Museums – Gala|publisher=Salvador Dalí Foundation|website=www.salvador-dali.org|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625173816/http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625173816/http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The US [[copyright]] representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the [[Artists Rights Society]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arsny.com/requested.html |title=Most frequently requested artists list of the Artists Rights Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131151943/http://arsny.com/requested.html |archive-date=31 January 2009 |publisher=[[Artists Rights Society]] |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=6 February 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206001342/http://www.arsny.com/requested.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Exhumation ====
On 26 June 2017 it was announced that a judge in Madrid had ordered the exhumation of Dalí's body in order to obtain samples for a [[paternity suit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=La exhumación del cuerpo de Salvador Dalí se inicia hoy a partir de las 20 horas |url=http://www.marca.com/tiramillas/actualidad/2017/07/20/59706333ca474183398b4636.html |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720151240/http://www.marca.com/tiramillas/actualidad/2017/07/20/59706333ca474183398b4636.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Joan Manuel Sevillano, manager of the ''Fundación Gala Salvador Dalí''  (The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation), denounced the exhumation as inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Grael|first=Vanessa|url=http://www.elmundo.es/catalunya/2017/07/21/5971a29b22601d47788b45e0.html|title=La fundación Gala Salvador Dalí carga contra la exhumación del pintor: &quot;Queremos una compensación patrimonial&quot;|date=21 July 2017|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|access-date=21 July 2017|location=Figueres|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The exhumation took place on the evening of 20 July, and his DNA was extracted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Redacción |title=Muelas, uñas y huesos: las pruebas que demostrarán la supuesta paternidad de Dalí |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170720/424249280386/exhumacion-paternidad-salvador-dali-hija.html |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=es |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720022816/http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170720/424249280386/exhumacion-paternidad-salvador-dali-hija.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On 6 September 2017 the Foundation stated that the tests carried out proved conclusively that Dalí and the claimant were not related.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41180146 &quot;Salvador Dalí: DNA test proves woman is not his daughter&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616172344/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41180146 |date=16 June 2018 }}, BBC News.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josep&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Josep |first=Fita |title=El bigote de Dalí sigue intacto, marcando las 10 y 10, es un milagro |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170721/424276137999/salvador-dali-pelo-unas-dos-huesos-largos-exhumación.html |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |location=Barcelona |language=es |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110213611/https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170721/424276137999/salvador-dali-pelo-unas-dos-huesos-largos-exhumaci%C3%B3n.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 May 2020 a Spanish court dismissed an appeal from the claimant and ordered her to pay the costs of the exhumation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Court dismisses appeal from woman claiming to be Salvador Daíi's daughter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/may/19/court-dismisses-appeal-from-woman-claiming-to-be-salvador-dalis-daughter|date=19 May 2020|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520003654/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/may/19/court-dismisses-appeal-from-woman-claiming-to-be-salvador-dalis-daughter|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism ==
From the late 1920s, Dalí progressively introduced many bizarre or incongruous images into his work which invite symbolic interpretation. While some of these images suggest a straightforward sexual or Freudian interpretation (Dalí read Freud in the 1920s) others (such as locusts, rotting donkeys, and sea urchins) are idiosyncratic and have been variously interpreted.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 207–08&lt;/ref&gt; Some commentators have cautioned that Dalí's own comments on these images are not always reliable.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 478&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Food ===
Food and eating have a central place in Dalí's thoughts and work. He associated food with beauty and sex and was obsessed with the image of the female praying mantis eating her mate after copulation.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 312&lt;/ref&gt; Bread was a recurring image in Dalí's art, from his early work ''[[The Basket of Bread]]'' to later public performances such as in 1958 when he gave a lecture in Paris armed with a 12-meter-long baguette.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/breaking-dalinian-bread-on-consuming-the-anthropomorphic-performative-ferocious-and-eucharistic-loaves-of-salvador-dali/|title=Breaking Dalinian Bread|last=Pine|first=Julia|date=1 January 2010|website=InVisible Culture|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730163221/https://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/breaking-dalinian-bread-on-consuming-the-anthropomorphic-performative-ferocious-and-eucharistic-loaves-of-salvador-dali/|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=30 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730163221/https://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/breaking-dalinian-bread-on-consuming-the-anthropomorphic-performative-ferocious-and-eucharistic-loaves-of-salvador-dali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He saw bread as &quot;the elementary basis of continuity&quot; and &quot;sacred subsistence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dalí|first=Salvador|title=The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí|url=https://archive.org/details/secretlifeofsalv0000dali_v8s4|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-0-486-27454-6|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/secretlifeofsalv0000dali_v8s4/page/306 306]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The egg is another common Dalínian image. He connects the egg to the prenatal and intrauterine, thus using it to symbolize hope and love.&lt;ref name=&quot;symb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhallgallery.com/education/dali_symbols.htm|title=Salvador Dalí's symbolism|work=County Hall Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202083808/http://www.countyhallgallery.com/education/dali_symbols.htm|archive-date=2 December 2006|access-date=28 July 2006|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=2 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202083808/http://www.countyhallgallery.com/education/dali_symbols.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears in ''[[The Great Masturbator]],'' ''[[Metamorphosis of Narcissus|The Metamorphosis of Narcissus]]'' and many other works''.''  There are also giant sculptures of eggs in various locations at Dalí's house in Port Lligat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&amp;q=portlligat+house+dali+eggs&amp;pg=PA284|title=Frommer's Barcelona|date=7 May 2007|publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-0-470-09692-5|edition=2nd|page=284|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210185332/https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&amp;q=portlligat+house+dali+eggs&amp;pg=PA284|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as at the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres.

Both Dalí and his father enjoyed eating sea urchins, freshly caught in the sea near Cadaqués. The radial symmetry of the sea urchin fascinated Dalí, and he adapted its form to many artworks. Other foods also appear throughout his work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/dali/salvador/food.html|title=Salvador Dalí: Liquid Desire|work=ngv.vic.gov.au|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324231014/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/dali/salvador/food.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The famous &quot;melting watches&quot; that appear in ''The Persistence of Memory'' suggest Einstein's theory that time is relative and not fixed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conquete&quot; /&gt; Dalí later claimed that the idea for clocks functioning symbolically in this way came to him when he was contemplating Camembert cheese.&lt;ref&gt;Salvador Dalí, ''The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí'' (New York: Dial Press, 1942), p. 317.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Animals ===
The rhinoceros and rhinoceros horn shapes began to proliferate in Dalí's work from the mid-1950s. According to Dalí, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a [[logarithmic spiral]]. He linked the rhinoceros to themes of chastity and to the Virgin Mary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; However, he also used it as an obvious phallic symbol as in ''[[Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 478&lt;/ref&gt;

Various other animals appear throughout Dalí's work: rotting donkeys and ants have been interpreted as pointing to death, decay, and sexual desire; the [[snail]] as connected to the human head (he saw a snail on a bicycle outside Freud's house when he first met Sigmund Freud); and locusts as a symbol of waste and fear.&lt;ref name=&quot;symb&quot; /&gt; The elephant is also a recurring image in his work; for example, ''[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening]]''. The elephants are inspired by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]'s sculpture base in Rome of an [[Santa Maria Sopra Minerva#Minerva's Pulcino|elephant carrying an ancient obelisk]].&lt;ref&gt;Michael Taylor in [[Dawn Adès]] (ed.), ''Dalí'' (Milan: Bompiani, 2004), p. 342&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Science ===
Dalí's life-long interest in science and mathematics was often reflected in his work. His soft watches have been interpreted as references to Einstein's theory of the relativity of time and space.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conquete&quot; /&gt; Images of atomic particles appeared in his work soon after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 433–34&lt;/ref&gt; and strands of D.N.A. appeared from the mid-1950s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 1958 he wrote in his ''Anti-Matter Manifesto'': &quot;In the Surrealist period, I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world and the world of the marvelous, of my father Freud. Today, the exterior world and that of physics have transcended the one of psychology. My father today is [[Werner Heisenberg|Dr. Heisenberg]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;triangle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2005/04/29/Entertainment/Dali-Explorations.Into.The.Domain.Of.Science-944328.shtml?norewrite200608080502 |title=Dalí: Explorations into the domain of science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208181828/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2005/04/29/Entertainment/Dali-Explorations.Into.The.Domain.Of.Science-944328.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2010 |work=The Triangle Online |access-date=8 August 2006 |last=Datta |first=Suman |page=1 |publisher=College Publisher |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=8 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208181828/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2005/04/29/Entertainment/Dali-Explorations.Into.The.Domain.Of.Science-944328.shtml }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Salvador Dalí, &quot;Anti-Matter Manifesto,&quot; Carstairs Gallery, New York, December 1958 – January 1959, quoted in Elliott H. King, ‘Nuclear mysticism’, Salvador Dalí: Liquid Desire, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, 2009, p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory]]'' (1954) harks back to ''The Persistence of Memory'' (1931) and in portraying that painting in fragmentation and disintegration has been interpreted as a reference to Heisenberg's quantum mechanics.&lt;ref name=&quot;triangle&quot; /&gt;

== Endeavors outside painting ==
Dalí was a versatile artist. Some of his more popular works are sculptures and other objects, and he is also noted for his contributions to theater, fashion, and photography, among other areas.

=== Sculptures and other objects ===
[[ဝှာင်:Hommage à Newton.jpg|thumb|upright|''Homage to Newton'' (1985), Bronze with dark patina. [[UOB Plaza]], [[Singapore]]. Dalí's homage to [[Isaac Newton]], with an open torso and suspended heart to indicate &quot;open-heartedness,&quot; and an open head indicating &quot;open-mindedness&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jeong-Hee Kim|title=Understanding Narrative Inquiry: The Crafting and Analysis of Stories as Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHvmBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24|date=3 March 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-1324-5|page=24|access-date=24 May 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524145727/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHvmBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
From the early 1930s, Dalí was an enthusiastic proponent of the proliferation of three-dimensional Surrealist Objects to subvert perceptions of conventional reality, writing: &quot;museums will fast fill with objects whose uselessness, size and crowding will necessitate the construction, in deserts, of special towers to contain them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 289–93&lt;/ref&gt; His more notable early objects include ''Board of Demented Associations'' (1930–31), ''Retrospective Bust of a Woman'' (1933), ''Venus de Milo with Chest of Drawers'' (1936) and ''Aphrodisiac Dinner Jacket'' (1936). Two of the most popular objects of the Surrealist movement were ''[[Lobster Telephone]]'' (1936) and ''[[Mae West Lips Sofa]]'' (1937) which were commissioned by art patron [[Edward James]].&lt;ref name=&quot;natgalaust&quot;&gt;[http://www.nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=2607 Lobster telephone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723233243/https://nga.gov.au/international/catalogue/detail.cfm?IRN=2607 |date=23 July 2021 }}. ''National Gallery of Australia''. Retrieved on 4 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Lobsters and telephones had strong sexual connotations for Dalí who drew a close analogy between food and sex.&lt;ref name=&quot;tate&quot;&gt;[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=2988 Tate Collection | Lobster Telephone by Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009112103/http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=2988 |date=9 October 2011 }}. ''Tate Online''. Retrieved on 4 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; The telephone was functional, and James purchased four of them from Dalí to replace the phones in his home. The ''Mae West Lips Sofa'' was shaped after the lips of actress Mae West, who was previously the subject of Dalí's watercolor, ''The Face of Mae West which may be used as a Surrealist Apartment (1934–35)''.&lt;ref name=&quot;natgalaust&quot; /&gt;  In December 1936 Dalí sent Harpo Marx a Christmas present of a harp with barbed-wire strings.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 370&lt;/ref&gt;

After World War II Dalí authorized many sculptures derived from his most famous works and images. In his later years other sculptures also appeared, often in large editions, whose authenticity has sometimes been questioned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/the-dali-sculpture-mess-211/|title=The Dali Sculpture Mess|last=Peterson|first=Than|date=1 December 2008|website=Art News|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807012452/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/the-dali-sculpture-mess-211/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1941 and 1970, Dalí created an ensemble of 39 pieces of jewelry, many of which are intricate, some containing moving parts. The most famous assemblage, ''The Royal Heart'', is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies, 42 diamonds, and four emeralds, created in such a way that the center &quot;beats&quot; like a heart.&lt;ref&gt;Owen Cheatham Foundation. ''Dalí, a study of his art-in-jewels: the collection of the Owen Cheatham Foundation''. New York: New York Graphic Society. 1959. p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí ventured into industrial design in the 1970s with a 500-piece run of ''Suomi'' tableware by Timo Sarpaneva that Dalí decorated for the German Rosenthal porcelain maker's &quot;Studio Linie&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Faenza-Goldmedaille für SUOMI | journal=Artis | year = 1976 | volume = 29 | page = 8| issn = 0004-3842}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1969 he designed the Chupa Chups logo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=H. Vázquez|first=Carlos|date=2 July 2015|title=Cuando Dalí reinventó Chupa Chups|url=http://forbes.es/business/7188/cuando-dali-reinvento-chupa-chups/|journal=[[Forbes]]|language=es|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604112133/http://forbes.es/business/7188/cuando-dali-reinvento-chupa-chups/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He facilitated the design of the advertising campaign for the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest and created a large on-stage metal sculpture that stood at the [[Teatro Real]] in Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Calandria|first=Juan|date=29 March 2017|title=Madrid acoge el festival de Eurovisión de 1969|url=http://eurovisionplanet.com/madrid-acoge-el-festival-de-eurovision-de-1969|journal=Eurovision Planet|language=es|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232657/http://eurovisionplanet.com/madrid-acoge-el-festival-de-eurovision-de-1969|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232657/http://eurovisionplanet.com/madrid-acoge-el-festival-de-eurovision-de-1969 |date=17 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Jacques|date=26 April 2009|title=40 años de Eurovisión 1969 – Segunda parte: Canciones 1–5|url=http://olevision.com/2009/04/40-anos-de-eurovision-1969-segunda-parte-canciones-1-5/|journal=Ole Vision|language=es|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232704/http://olevision.com/2009/04/40-anos-de-eurovision-1969-segunda-parte-canciones-1-5/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232704/http://olevision.com/2009/04/40-anos-de-eurovision-1969-segunda-parte-canciones-1-5/ |date=17 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်: Dali Sundial in Paris.jpg|thumb|A sundial painted by Dalí, 27 [[Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris]]]]

=== Theater and film ===
In theater, Dalí designed the scenery for [[Federico García Lorca]]'s 1927 romantic play ''[[Mariana Pineda (play)|Mariana Pineda]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/fglorca.htm |title=Federico García Lorca |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/fglorca.htm |archive-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; For ''[[Bacchanale]]'' (1939), a ballet based on and set to the music of Richard Wagner's 1845 opera ''Tannhäuser'', Dalí provided both the set design and the libretto.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 385, 398–99&lt;/ref&gt; He executed designs for a number of other ballets including ''Labyrinth'' (1942), ''Sentimental Colloquy'', ''Mad Tristan'', ''The Cafe of Chinitas'' (all 1944) and ''[[The Three-Cornered Hat]]''  (1949).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marquette.edu/haggerty/exhibitions/past/dalihat.html |title=Past Exhibitions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903014732/http://www.marquette.edu/haggerty/exhibitions/past/dalihat.html |archive-date=3 September 2006 |work=[[Haggerty Museum of Art]] |access-date=8 August 2006 |publisher=[[Marquette University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dalí became interested in film when he was young, going to the theater most Sundays.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dalí &amp; Film&quot;  Edt. Gale, Matthew. Salvador Dalí Museum Inc. St Petersburg, Florida. 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 1920s he was fascinated by the potential of film to reveal &quot;the unlimited fantasy born of things themselves&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 174&lt;/ref&gt; and went on to collaborate with the director Luis Buñuel on two Surrealist films: the 17-minute short ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]'' (1929) and the feature film ''[[L'Age d'Or]]'' (1930). Dalí and Buñuel agree that they jointly developed the script and imagery of ''Un Chien Andalou'', but there is controversy over the extent of Dalí's contribution to ''L'Age d'Or''.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 248–49&lt;/ref&gt; ''Un Chien Andalou'' features a graphic opening scene of a human eyeball being slashed with a razor and develops surreal imagery and irrational discontinuities in time and space to produce a dreamlike quality.&lt;ref&gt;Eberwein, Robert T. (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EbD_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83&amp;dq= Film and the Dream Screen: A Sleep and a Forgetting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217091955/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbD_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83&amp;dq= |date=17 February 2020 }}''. Princeton University Press. p. 83. {{ISBN|1-4008-5389-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''L'Age d'Or'' is more overtly anti-clerical and anti-establishment, and was banned after right-wing groups staged a riot in the Parisian theater where it was being shown.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 267–74&lt;/ref&gt; Summarizing the impact of these two films on the Surrealist film movement, one commentator has stated: &quot;If Un Chien Andalou stands as the supreme record of Surrealism's adventures into the realm of the unconscious, then L'Âge d'Or is perhaps the most trenchant and implacable expression of its revolutionary intent.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Short, Robert. &quot;The Age of Gold: Surrealist Cinema, Persistence of Vision&quot; Vol. 3, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

After he collaborated with Buñuel, Dalí worked on several unrealized film projects including a published script for a film, ''Babaouo'' (1932); a scenario for Harpo Marx called ''Giraffes on Horseback Salad'' (1937); and an abandoned dream sequence for the film ''Moontide'' (1942).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dali: Painting and Film,&quot; Press release, Museum of Modern Art, June 2008&lt;/ref&gt; In 1945 Dalí created the dream sequence in Hitchcock's ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'', but neither Dalí nor the director was satisfied with the result.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 434–35&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí also worked with Walt Disney and animator John Hench on the short film ''[[Destino]]'' in 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; After initially being abandoned, the animated film was completed in 2003 by Baker Bloodworth and Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney. Between 1954 and 1961 Dalí worked with photographer [[Robert Descharnes]] on ''The Prodigious History of the Lacemaker and the Rhinoceros'', but the film was never completed.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 479&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1960s Dalí worked with some directors on documentary and performance films including with [[Philippe Halsman]] on ''Chaos and Creation'' (1960), [[Jack Bond (director)|Jack Bond]] on ''Dalí in New York'' (1966) and [[Jean-Christophe Averty]] on ''Soft Self-Portrait of Salvador Dalí'' (1966).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 519, 726&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí collaborated with director José-Montes Baquer on the pseudo-documentary film ''Impressions of Upper Mongolia'' (1975), in which Dalí narrates a story about an expedition in search of giant hallucinogenic mushrooms.&lt;ref&gt;Elliott H. King, [http://www.kamera.co.uk/article.php/895 ''Dalí, Surrealism, and Cinema''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621210510/http://www.kamera.co.uk/article.php/895 |date=21 June 2007 }}, Kamera Books 2007, p. 169.&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1970s film director [[Alejandro Jodorowsky]] initially cast Dalí in the role of the Padishah Emperor in a production of ''Dune'', based on the novel by Frank Herbert. However, Jodorowsky changed his mind after Dalí publicly supported the execution of alleged ETA terrorists in December 1975. The film was ultimately never made.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 562&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jodorowskysdune.com/synopsis.html|title=Jodorowsky's Dune – Official Website of the Documentary – Synopsis|work=jodorowskysdune.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217071152/http://jodorowskysdune.com/synopsis.html|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=14 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217071152/http://jodorowskysdune.com/synopsis.html|archivedate=17 February 2015|accessdate=14 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1972 Dalí began to write the scenario for an opera-poem called ''[[Être Dieu]]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140802151038/http://www.salvadorbrand.com/Salvador-Brand/opera.html ''To Be God'']). The Spanish writer [[Manuel Vázquez Montalbán]] wrote the libretto and [[Igor Wakhévitch]] the music. The opera poem was recorded in Paris in 1974 with Dalí in the role of the protagonist.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 556–557&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fashion and photography ===
[[ဝှာင်: Salvador Dali A (Dali Atomicus) 09633u.jpg|thumb|'' Dalí Atomicus'', photo by [[Philippe Halsman]] (1948), shown before support wires were removed from the image]]
Fashion designer [[Elsa Schiaparelli]] worked with Dalí from the 1930s and commissioned him to produce a [[Lobster dress|white dress with a lobster print]]. Other designs Dalí made for her include a shoe-shaped hat and a pink belt with lips for a buckle. He was also involved in creating textile designs and perfume bottles. In 1950, Dalí created a special &quot;costume for the year 2045&quot; with Christian Dior.&lt;ref name=&quot;designs&quot;&gt;[http://www.designws.com/pagina/1dalieng.htm Dalí Rotterdam Museum Boijmans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022112905/http://www.designws.com/pagina/1dalieng.htm |date=22 October 2006 }}. ''Paris Contemporary Designs''. Retrieved on 8 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Photographers with whom he collaborated include [[Man Ray]], [[Brassaï]], [[Cecil Beaton]], and [[Philippe Halsman]]. Halsman produced the ''Dalí Atomica'' series (1948)&amp;nbsp;–  inspired by Dalí's painting ''Leda Atomica''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;–  which in one photograph depicts &quot;a painter's easel, three cats, a bucket of water, and Dalí himself floating in the air&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;designs&quot; /&gt;

=== Architecture ===
[[ဝှာင်: Dali museum.jpg|thumb|[[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Dalí Theatre-Museum]] in [[Figueres]] also holds the crypt where Dalí is buried]]
Dalí's architectural achievements include his Port Lligat house near Cadaqués, as well as his Theatre Museum in [[Figueres]]. A major work outside of Spain was the temporary ''Dream of Venus'' Surrealist pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, which contained several unusual sculptures and statues, including live performers posing as statues.&lt;ref name=DrmVns&gt;{{cite book|last=Schaffner|first=Ingrid, Photogr. by Eric Schaal|title=Salvador Dalí's &quot;Dream of Venus&quot;: the surrealist funhouse from the 1939 World's Fair|year=2002|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56898-359-2|edition=1. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Literary works ===
In his only novel, ''Hidden Faces'' (1944), Dalí describes the intrigues of a group of eccentric aristocrats whose extravagant lifestyle symbolizes the decadence of the 1930s. The Comte de Grandsailles and Solange de Cléda pursue a love affair, but interwar political turmoil and other vicissitudes drive them apart. It is variously set in Paris, rural France, Casablanca in North Africa, and Palm Springs in the United States. Secondary characters include aging widow Barbara Rogers, her bisexual daughter Veronica, Veronica's sometime female lover Betka, and Baba, a disfigured U.S. fighter pilot.&lt;ref&gt;Salvador Dalí: ''Hidden faces'': London: Owen: 1973&lt;/ref&gt; The novel was written in New York, and translated by [[Haakon Chevalier]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

His other literary works include ''The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí'' (1942), ''Diary of a Genius'' (1966), and ''Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution'' (1971). Dalí also published poetry, essays, art criticism, and a technical manual on art.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 710–13 and ''passim''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Graphic arts ===
Dalí worked extensively in the graphic arts, producing many drawings, etchings, and lithographs. Among the most notable of these works are forty etchings for an edition of Lautréamont's ''The Songs of Maldoror'' (1933) and eighty drypoint reworkings of Goya's ''Caprichos'' (1973–77).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 308–13, 567&lt;/ref&gt; From the 1960s, however, Dalí would often sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print production itself. In addition, a large number of fakes were produced in the 1980s and 1990s, thus further confusing the Dalí print market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forde_170&quot;&gt;Forde, Kevin (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=diNmCP6irQkC&amp;pg=PA170 Investing in Collectables: An Investor's Guide to Turning Your Passion Into a Portfolio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204140832/https://books.google.com/books?id=diNmCP6irQkC&amp;pg=PA170 |date=4 February 2020 }}''. Wiley. p. 170. {{ISBN|1-74246-821-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Book illustrations were an important part of Dalí's work throughout his career. His first book illustration was for the 1924 publication of the Catalan poem ''{{Ill|Les bruixes de Llers|ca}}'' (&quot;The Witches of Liers&quot;) by his friend and schoolmate, poet [[Carles Fages de Climent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.abebooks.fr/bruixes-Llers-Fages-Climent-Carles-Ilustra/22923917071/bd| title = ''Les bruixes de Llers'', Fages de Climent, Carles. Ilustra: Salvador Dalí. Editorial Políglota (imp. Altés), 1924| access-date = 20 March 2020| archive-date = 20 March 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172432/https://www.abebooks.fr/bruixes-Llers-Fages-Climent-Carles-Ilustra/22923917071/bd| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/livres-et-manuscrits-pf1903/lot.104.html Dalí, Salvador, Carles Fages de Climent, ''Les bruixes de Llers'', primera edición: Barcelona, Editorial Políglota, 1924] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172432/https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/livres-et-manuscrits-pf1903/lot.104.html |date=20 March 2020 }}. Sotheby's Paris, 18 June 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080130143238/http://sapiens.ya.com/fagesdecliment/subpages/gibson1.htm &quot;The shameful life of Salvador Dalí&quot; (the witches of Liars)&quot;]. Extract Ian Gibson on Dalí and the theme of ''Les bruixes de Llers''&lt;/ref&gt; His other notable book illustrations, apart from ''The Songs of Maldoror'', include 101 watercolors and engravings for ''The Divine Comedy'' (1960) and 100 drawings and watercolors for ''The Arabian Nights'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 496–97, 512&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politics and personality ==
=== Politics and religion ===
[[ဝှာင်:Salvador Dali NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright|Dalí in the 1960s, sporting his characteristic flamboyant moustache, holding his pet ocelot, Babou ]]
As a youth, Dalí identified as Communist, anti-monarchist and anti-clerical&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 64–67, 83–84&lt;/ref&gt; and in 1924 he was briefly imprisoned by the [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera dictatorship]] as a person &quot;intensely liable to cause public disorder&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 113–14&lt;/ref&gt; When Dalí officially joined the Surrealist group in 1929 his political activism initially intensified. In 1931, he became involved in the [[Workers and Peasants' Bloc|Workers' and Peasants' Front]], delivering lectures at meetings and contributing to their party journal.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 287–89&lt;/ref&gt; However, as political divisions within the Surrealist group grew, Dalí soon developed a more apolitical stance, refusing to publicly denounce fascism. In 1934, Andre Breton accused him of being sympathetic to Hitler and Dalí narrowly avoided being expelled from the group.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 320–25&lt;/ref&gt; After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Dalí avoided taking a public stand for or against the Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; However, immediately after Franco's victory in 1939, Dalí praised Catholicism and the Falange and was expelled from the Surrealist group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

After Dalí's return to his native Catalonia in 1948, he publicly supported Franco's regime and announced his return to the Catholic faith.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 448, 465–66&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was granted an audience with Pope Pius XII in 1949 and with [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1959. He had official meetings with General Franco in June 1956, October 1968, and May 1974.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 486, 543, 553&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968, Dalí stated that on Franco's death there should be no return to democracy and Spain should become an absolute monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 525–27&lt;/ref&gt; In September 1975, Dalí publicly supported Franco's decision to execute three alleged Basque terrorists and repeated his support for an absolute monarchy, adding: &quot;Personally, I'm against freedom; I'm for the Holy Inquisition.&quot;  In the following days, he fled to New York after his home in Port Lligat was stoned and he had received numerous death threats.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 560–62&lt;/ref&gt; When King Juan Carlos visited the ailing Dalí in August 1981, Dalí told him: &quot;I have always been an anarchist and a monarchist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 587&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí espoused a mystical view of Catholicism and in his later years he claimed to be a Catholic and an agnostic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Robert Descharnes, Gilles Néret|url=https://archive.org/details/salvadordali190400robe/page/166|title=Salvador Dalí, 1904–1989|publisher=Benedikt Taschen|year=1994|isbn=978-3-8228-0298-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/salvadordali190400robe/page/166 166]|quote=Dalí, dualist as ever in his approach, was now claiming to be both an agnostic and a Roman Catholic.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was interested in the writings of the Jesuit priest and philosopher [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Teilhard de Chardin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=McNeese|first=Tim|title=Salvador Dalí|url=https://archive.org/details/salvadordali0000mcne_x0j2|publisher=Chelsea House|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7910-8837-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/salvadordali0000mcne_x0j2/page/102 102]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his [[Omega Point]] theory. Dalí's painting ''[[Tuna Fishing (painting)|Tuna Fishing (Homage to Meissonier)]]'' (1967) was inspired by his reading of Chardin.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 525&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sexuality ===
Dalí's sexuality had a profound influence on his work. He stated that as a child he saw a book with graphic illustrations of venereal diseases and this provoked a life-long disgust of female genitalia and a fear of impotence and sexual intimacy. Dalí frequently stated that his main sexual activity involved voyeurism and masturbation and his preferred sexual orifice was the anus.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 71–74,166, 232, 280–81&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí said that his wife Gala was the only person with whom he had achieved complete coitus.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 231&lt;/ref&gt; From 1927 Dalí's work featured graphic and symbolic sexual images usually associated with other images evoking shame and disgust. Images of anality and excrement also abound in his work from this time. Some of the most notable works reflecting these themes include ''[[The First Days of Spring]]'' (1929), ''[[The Great Masturbator]]'' (1929), and ''[[The Lugubrious Game]]'' (1929). Several of Dalí's intimates in the 1960s and 1970s have stated that he would arrange for selected guests to perform choreographed sexual activities to aid his voyeurism and masturbation.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 534&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dali's surreal world of orgies and onanism: Dirty Dali: A Private View |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/dalis-surreal-world-orgies-and-onanism-2462086 |website=The Scotsman |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129112906/https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/dalis-surreal-world-orgies-and-onanism-2462086 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sewell|first=Brian|date=1 January 2007|title=The Dalí I knew|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/exhibitions/the-dali-i-knew-6587130.html|journal=[[This Is London (website)|This is London]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707184041/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/article-23398918-details/The+Dali+I+knew/article.do|archive-date=7 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Personality===
Dalí was renowned for his eccentric and ostentatious behavior throughout his career. In 1941, the Director of Exhibitions and Publications at MoMA wrote: &quot;The fame of Salvador Dalí has been an issue of particular controversy for more than a decade...Dalí's conduct may have been undignified, but the greater part of his art is a matter of dead earnest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 413–14&lt;/ref&gt; When Dalí was elected to the [[Académie des Beaux-Arts|French Academy of Fine Arts]] in 1979, one of his fellow academicians stated that he hoped Dalí would now abandon his &quot;clowneries&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 569&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936, at the premiere screening of [[Joseph Cornell]]'s film ''[[Rose Hobart (film)|Rose Hobart]]'' at Julien Levy's gallery in New York City, Dalí knocked over the projector in a rage. &quot;My idea for a film is exactly that,&quot; he said shortly afterward, &quot;I never wrote it down or told anyone, but it is as if he had stolen it!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm|title=Program Notes by Andy Ditzler (2005) and Deborah Solomon, ''Utopia Parkway: The Life of Joseph Cornell'' (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003)|publisher=Andel.home.mindspring.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408200021/http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm|archive-date=8 April 2005|access-date=22 August 2010|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=8 April 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408200021/http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1939, while working on a window display for Bonwit Teller, he became so enraged by unauthorized changes to his work that he pushed a display bathtub through a plate glass window.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; In 1955, he delivered a lecture at the Sorbonne, arriving in a Rolls Royce full of cauliflowers.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 479&lt;/ref&gt; To promote Robert Descharnes' 1962 book ''The World of Salvador Dalí'', he appeared in a Manhattan bookstore on a bed, wired up to a machine that traced his brain waves and blood pressure. He would autograph books while thus monitored, and the book buyer would also be given the paper chart recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;

After World War II, Dalí became one of the most recognized artists in the world, and his long cape, walking stick, haughty expression, and upturned waxed mustache became icons of his brand. His boastfulness and public declarations of his genius became essential elements of the public Dalí persona: &quot;every morning upon awakening, I experience a supreme pleasure: that of being Salvador Dalí&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot;&gt;[http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2005/april/dali.php?page=3 The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303165950/http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2005/april/dali.php?page=3 |date=3 March 2007 }}. ''Smithsonian Magazine.'' 2005. Retrieved 31 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí frequently traveled with his pet [[ocelot]] [[Babou (ocelot)|Babou]], even bringing it aboard the luxury ocean liner SS ''France''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBCSSFrance&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Retired cruise ship now asbestos battleground |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12702721 |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also known to avoid paying at restaurants by executing drawings on the checks he wrote. His theory was the restaurant would never want to cash such a valuable piece of art, and he was usually correct.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/artist/dali/#1553751766883-5b3c70ae-929a Salvador Dalí (1904–1989): Mysteries of the Surreal—Questionable Art, Thieves, and Outrageous Claims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301033433/https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/artist/dali/#1553751766883-5b3c70ae-929a |date=1 March 2020 }}. artexpertswebsite.com. Retrieved on 18 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí's fame meant he was a frequent guest on television in Spain, France and the United States, including appearances on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson on 7 January 1963 &lt;ref&gt;[Cite https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1529195/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231194056/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1529195/ |date=31 December 2021 }}] on which he created a work of art out of his own name,&lt;/ref&gt;  ''The Mike Wallace Interview''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html|title=Mike Wallace Interviews Salvador Dalí|work=The Mike Wallace Interview|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083758/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the panel show ''What's My Line?''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.retronaut.co/2011/07/whats-my-line-featuring-salvador-dali/ |title=Dalí on Whats my Line |work=retronaut.co |access-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602185039/http://www.retronaut.co/2011/07/whats-my-line-featuring-salvador-dali/ |archive-date=2 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/art-television_n_7156450.html|title=The Early Days Of Television Were Way More Avant-Garde Than You Give Them Credit For|first=Priscilla|last=Frank|date=29 April 2015|access-date=26 June 2017|newspaper=Huffington Post|archive-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904132937/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/art-television_n_7156450.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí appeared on ''The Dick Cavett Show'' on 6 March 1970 carrying an anteater.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CmM19jBdrI| title = Salvador Dalí on the Dick Cavett Show, Youtube| website = [[YouTube]]| access-date = 20 November 2017| archive-date = 28 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128132312/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CmM19jBdrI&amp;app=desktop| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He also appeared in numerous advertising campaigns such for {{illm|Lanvin (chocolate)|lt=Lanvin|fr|Lanvin (chocolat)}} chocolates&lt;ref name=&quot;Augustin&quot;&gt;[http://ehotelier.com/browse/news_item.php?id=P12135 Salvador Dalí at Le Meurice Paris and St Regis in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211226/http://ehotelier.com/browse/news_item.php?id=P12135 |date=11 October 2007 }} Andreas Augustin, ehotelier.com, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{youtube|O0Zc1heZlwc|Salvador Dali – Chocolat Lanvin $}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Braniff International Airlines in 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;Namath&quot;&gt;''Namath: A Biography'', [[Mark Kriegel]] [[iarchive:namath00mark/page/290|p. 290]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Legacy==
Two major museums are devoted to Dalí's work: the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, and the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.

Dalí's life and work have been an important influence on pop art, other Surrealists, and contemporary artists such as Jeff Koons and Damien Hirst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-3-spring-2005/who-paints-bread-better-dali|title=Who Paints Bread Better than Dali|last=Koons|first=Jeff|date=March 2005|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609111948/https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-3-spring-2005/who-paints-bread-better-dali|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; He has been portrayed on film by [[Robert Pattinson]] in ''[[Little Ashes]]'' (2008), and by [[Adrien Brody]] in ''[[Midnight in Paris]]'' (2011). The [[Salvador Dalí Desert]] in Bolivia and the [[Dali (crater)|Dalí crater]] on the planet Mercury are named for him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=La Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa cumple 47 años de creación|url=http://sernap.gob.bo/la-reserva-nacional-de-fauna-andina-eduardo-avaroa-cumple-47-anos-de-creacion/|url-status=live|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210185334/http://sernap.gob.bo/la-reserva-nacional-de-fauna-andina-eduardo-avaroa-cumple-47-anos-de-creacion/|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=10 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210185334/http://sernap.gob.bo/la-reserva-nacional-de-fauna-andina-eduardo-avaroa-cumple-47-anos-de-creacion/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dali|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14507|access-date=30 June 2012|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602091702/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14507|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Spanish television series ''[[Money Heist]]'' (2017–2021) includes characters wearing a costume of red jumpsuits and Dalí masks.&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman_180824&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bock|first=Pauline|date=24 August 2018|title=Spanish hit series 'La Casa de Papel' captures Europe's mood a decade after the crash|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2018/08/spanish-hit-series-la-casa-de-papel-captures-europe-s-mood-decade-after|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808075610/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2018/08/spanish-hit-series-la-casa-de-papel-captures-europe-s-mood-decade-after|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=11 August 2019|website=New Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; The creator of the series stated that the Dalí mask was chosen because it was an iconic Spanish image.&lt;ref name=&quot;elpais_180712&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Ruiz de Elvira|first=Álvaro|date=13 July 2018|title=Álex Pina: &quot;Hay que hacer avances en la ficción, el espectador es cada vez más experto&quot;|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/07/12/television/1531403342_602750.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702110351/https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/07/12/television/1531403342_602750.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|work=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation protested against the use of Dalí's image without the authorisation of the Dalí estate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Eva Leira y Yolanda Serrano buscan el alma del actor para sus series|url=https://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/476793/0/eva-leira-y-yolanda-serrano-buscan-el-alma-del-actor-para-sus-series/|access-date=15 July 2021|website=20 Minutos|date=4 February 2019|publisher=20 Minutos Editora, S.L.|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306143524/https://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/476793/0/eva-leira-y-yolanda-serrano-buscan-el-alma-del-actor-para-sus-series/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the popular success of the series, there were reports of people in various countries wearing the costume while participating in political protests, committing crimes or as [[fancy dress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman_180824&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elpais_180326&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Marcos|first=Natalia|date=29 March 2018|title=Por qué 'La casa de papel' ha sido un inesperado éxito internacional|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/03/26/television/1522083264_215034.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702110348/https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/03/26/television/1522083264_215034.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|website=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honors ==

* '''1964''': Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.museuberardo.pt/collection/artists/138|title=Dalí – Museu Berardo|website=en.museuberardo.pt|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=27 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527130700/http://en.museuberardo.pt/collection/artists/138|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=27 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527130700/http://en.museuberardo.pt/collection/artists/138}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1972''': Associate member of the [[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.academieroyale.be/fr/details-690/relations/salvador-dali/secorig593/|title=Salvador Dalí|website=www.academieroyale.be|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023174020/http://www.academieroyale.be/fr/details-690/relations/salvador-dali/secorig593/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''1978:''' Associate member of the [[Académie des Beaux-Arts]] of the [[Institut de France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/academiciens-depuis-1795?field_chair_target_id=All&amp;field_election_date_value=1978-12-31&amp;field_death_date_value=1978-01-01&amp;year=1978|title=Académiciens depuis 1795|website=Academy des Beaux-Arts|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232229/https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/academiciens-depuis-1795?field_chair_target_id=All&amp;field_election_date_value=1978-12-31&amp;field_death_date_value=1978-01-01&amp;year=1978|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-05-18|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232229/https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/academiciens-depuis-1795?field_chair_target_id=All&amp;field_election_date_value=1978-12-31&amp;field_death_date_value=1978-01-01&amp;year=1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1981''': Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/19/arts/major-retrospective-honors-dali-in-spain.html|title=Major Retrospective Honors Dalí in Spain|date=19 April 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=26 June 2017|last1=Darnton|first1=John|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023175348/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/19/arts/major-retrospective-honors-dali-in-spain.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1982''': Created 1st Marquess of Dalí of Púbol, by [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== List of selected works ==
{{Main|List of works by Salvador Dalí}}
Dalí produced over 1,600 paintings and numerous graphic works, sculptures, three-dimensional objects, and designs.&lt;ref&gt;Descharnes, Robert and Néret, Giles, ''Dalí'', Taschen, 2001 – 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Below is a sample of important and representative works.

* ''[[Landscape Near Figueras]]'' (1910–14)
* ''[[Vilabertran (Dalí)|Vilabertran]]'' (1910–14)
* ''[[Cabaret Scene]]'' (1922)
* ''Night Walking Dreams'' (1922)
* ''[[The Basket of Bread]]'' (1926)
* ''Composition with Three Figures (Neo-Cubist Academy)'' (1927)
* ''Honey is Sweeter than Blood'' (1927)
* ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]'' (''An Andalusian Dog'') (1929) (film in collaboration with [[Luis Buñuel]])
* ''[[The Lugubrious Game]]'' (1929)
* ''[[The Great Masturbator]]'' (1929)
* ''[[The First Days of Spring]]'' (1929)
* ''[[L'Age d'Or]]'' (''The Golden Age'') (1930) (film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel)
* ''Board of Demented Associations'' (1930–31) (Surrealist object)
* ''Premature Ossification of a Railway Station'' (1931)
* ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'' (1931)
* ''Retrospective Bust of a Woman'' (1933) (mixed media sculpture [[collage]])
* ''[[The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table]]'' (c.1934)
* ''[[Lobster Telephone]]'' (1936)
* ''Venus de Milo with Drawers'' (1936)
* ''[[Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Metamorphosis of Narcissus]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Swans Reflecting Elephants]]'' (1937)
* ''[[The Burning Giraffe]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Mae West Lips Sofa]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach]]'' (1938)
* ''[[Shirley Temple, The Youngest, Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time]]'' (1939)
* ''[[Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire]]'' (1940)
* ''[[The Face of War]] (also known as The Visage of the War)'' (1940)
* ''[[Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man]]'' (1943)
* ''[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening]]'' (c.1944)
* ''[[Basket of Bread|Basket of Bread – Rather Death than Shame]]'' (1945)
* ''[[The Temptation of St. Anthony (Dalí)|The Temptation of St. Anthony]]'' (1946)
* ''[[The Elephants]]'' (1948) (also known as ''Project for &quot;As You Like It&quot;'')
* ''[[Leda Atomica]]'' (1947–1949)
* ''[[The Madonna of Port Lligat]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Christ of Saint John of the Cross]]'' (also known as ''The Christ)'' (1951)
* ''[[Galatea of the Spheres]] (1952)'' (also known as ''Gala Placidia'')
* ''[[The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory]]'' (1952–54)
* ''[[Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)]]'' (c.1954) (also known as Hypercubic Christ)
* ''[[Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Sacrament of the Last Supper]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Still Life Moving Fast]]'' (c. 1956) (also known as ''Fast-Moving Still Life'')
* ''[[The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus]]'' (1958)
* [[La Gare de Perpignan|''Perpignan Railway Station'']] (c. 1965)
* ''[[Tuna Fishing]]'' (1966–67)
* ''[[The Hallucinogenic Toreador]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Nieuw Amsterdam (Salvador Dali)|Nieuw Amsterdam]]'' (1974 object/sculpture)
* ''[[The Swallow's Tail]]'' (c.1983)

== Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions ==

* [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Dalí Theatre-Museum]] – [[Figueres]], [[Catalonia]], Spain, holds the largest collection of Dalí's work
*[[Castle of Púbol|Gala Dalí House-Museum]] – [[Castle of Púbol]] in [[Púbol]], Catalonia, Spain
* [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia]] (Reina Sofia Museum) – Madrid, Spain, holds a significant collection
* [[Salvador Dalí House Museum]] – [[Port Lligat]], Catalonia, Spain
* [[Salvador Dalí Museum]] – [[St Petersburg, Florida]], contains the collection of [[Reynolds and Eleanor Morse]], and over 1500 works by Dalí, including seven large &quot;masterworks&quot;.

== ဗီုရုပ်ဂမၠိုင် ==
&lt;!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Reproduction rights to Dalí images are tightly controlled by his estate. Images of Dalí's work may only be used in Wikipedia subject to certain restrictions, which should be understood before adding them to this article. The scarcity of images of Dalí's art in this article is largely due to these restrictions. --&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Dalí. Gala.JPG|''Gala in the Window'' (1933), [[Marbella]]
Salvador Dali The Rainbow 1972.jpg|'' The Rainbow'' (1972), [[M.T. Abraham Foundation]]
Dalí.Rinoceronte.JPG|''Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas'' (1956), [[Puerto José Banús]]
Plaza de Dalí (Madrid) 08.jpg|Plaza de Dalí (Dalí Square), Madrid
Dalí.Perseo.JPG|''Perseo'' (''[[Perseus]]''), Marbella
Children-at-Dali-exibition.jpg|Children at Dalí exhibition in [[Sakıp Sabancı Museum]], Istanbul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== See also ==
* [[List of Spanish artists]]
* [[Salvador Dalí and Dance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
Important books by or about Salvador Dalí readily available in English include:

* Ades, Dawn, ''Salvador Dalí'', Thames and Hudson, 1995 (2nd ed.)
* Dalí, Salvador, ''Oui: the paranoid-critical revolution: writings 1927–1933,'' (edited by Robert Descharnes, translated by Yvonne Shafir), Boston: Exact Change, 1998
*Dalí, Salvador, ''The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí'',  New York, Dover, 1993 (translated by Haakon M. Chevalier, first published 1942)
* Dalí, Salvador, ''The Diary of a Genius'', London, Hutchinson, 1990 (translated by Richard Howard, first published 1964)
* Dalí, Salvador, ''The Unspeakable Confessions of Salvador Dalí'', London, Quartet Books, 1977 (first published 1973)
* Descharnes, Robert, ''Salvador Dalí''   (translated by Eleanor R. Morse), New York, Abradale Press, 1993
* Gibson, Ian, ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí'', London, Faber and Faber, 1997
* Shanes, Eric, ''Salvador Dalí'', Parkstone International, 2014

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q5577|c=Category:Salvador Dalí|q=Salvador Dalí|b=no|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebxk4N5qWMo  Salvador Dalí on What's My Line?]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ubu.com/sound/dali.html |website=UbuWeb|title=Sound: Salvador Dalí}} Interview and bank advertisement.
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ina.fr/recherche/search?search=Salvador+Dali|title=Video: Salvador Dalí |website=INA Archives}} A collection of interviews and footage of Dalí in the French television
*[http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html Mike Wallace interviews Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320070928/https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html |date=2019-03-20 }} 15 December 2015. Harry Ransom Center, the [[University of Texas at Austin]] 
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00nw1ls/panorama-salvador-dali ''Panorama'': Salvador Dali] - [[Malcolm Muggeridge]] BBC interview, first transmitted 4 May 1955</text>
      <sha1>ca6hq0ccfthxb77gu2t3mezjobalxa6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>သက္တီကိရိယာကျာ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60493</id>
      <parentid>56791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T13:43:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amherst99</username>
        <id>1715</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>60493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11457" sha1="3r6mw55d8bk1c2x86zh89l6rsm9350r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Supposed UFO, Passaic, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|right|ဗီုရုပ် မထေင်ကေတ် သက္တီကိရိယာကျာ မတက်လဝ် နူကဵု ပါဿိစ်၊ တွဵုရး နျူဂျာသေ၊ သဟရးအမေရိကာန် ပ္ဍဲ ဂျူလာင် ၃၁၊ ၁၉၅၂]]

'''သက္တီကိရိယာကျာ''' ဂှ် ဒှ်မအရေဝ်မန် မကော်စ ကိရိယာဂမၠိုင် မပဝ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကျာ တုဲပၠန် ကိရိယာဂှ် ဒှ်ကိရိယာ မတီကေတ် ဟွံသေင်၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ကိရိယာ မပသောင်ကလးကဵုဟွံမာန် တအ်ရ။ မအရေဝ်မန်ဝွံ ကၠာဲလဝ် နူကဵု ဘာသာအေင်္ကလိက် (unidentified flying object ('''UFO''')) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး (unidentified aerial phenomenon ('''UAP''')) ရ။ ကိရိယာလ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ မတုပ်ဒၟံင် ဗီုပြင် ပ္ၚာန်တုဲ ဗီုအေင်္ဂလိက် ကော်စ Flying saucer ဂှ် နကဵု ဘာသာဗၟာ ကၠာဲလဝ် &quot;ပုဂံပြားပျံ&quot; ဂှ် နကဵု ဘာသာမန်မ္ဂး သ္ဒးကော်စ &quot;ပ္ၚာန်ကျာ&quot; ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာသာအေင်္ဂလိက်ဂှ် မလေပ်ဟီု ဗွဲခမၞန် UFO ဂၠိုင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အရေဝ် ခေတ်လက်ကြဴဏအ်မ္ဂး စၞး UFO ဂှ် UAP ဂှ် ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲအေင်္ဂလိက်အမေရိကာန် ဟီုဂၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Roe, Ted: &quot;[https://www.narcap.org/blog/definition-of-uap#:~:text=When%20NARCAP%20was%20founded%20in,UFO%20community%E2%80%9D%20as%20a%20term The Definition of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena or UAP]&quot;. ''NARCAP.org''. Hentet 11-06-2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lexico.com/explore/what-is-the-origin-of-the-term-ufo What Is The Origin Of The Term &quot;UFO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611122054/https://www.lexico.com/explore/what-is-the-origin-of-the-term-ufo |date=11. juni 2022 }}&quot;?&quot; ''LEXICO''. Hentet 11-06-2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဝင် ==
အရေဝ်မ္ဂး ပြာကတ်ဒၟံင် &quot;ပ္ၚာန်ကျာ&quot; (Flying saucer) ဗီုဗၟာ (ပုဂံပြားပျံ) ဂှ် စက္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၄၇ ဂိတုဂျောန် ၂၄ နူကဵု တွဵုရးဝတ်ရှေန်တာန် သဟရးအမေရိကာန်၊ သၟာပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ညးမဒဳက္ၜင်ကျာပူဂိုလ် ကေန္နေထ် အာရ်နောလ်ဒ် (Kenneth Arnold) အဃောညးမဒဳအာ က္ၜင်ကျာသၟတ် မပဝ်ဒၟံင်သဝ်သဝ် လတူဒဵုရိန်နိရ် (Mount Rainier) ဂှ် ညးဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ကိရိယာကျာ ဒစိတ် မပဝ်ဒၟံင် နကဵုအသိင် ထတ်ထတ် မနွံအသိင် ၂၀၀၀ ကဳလို/နာဍဳ (မွဲနာဍဳ ၂၀၀၀ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာ)၊ အာရ်နောလ်ဒ် လဴထ္ၜး ကိရိယာတအ် ဗီုပြင် တုပ်ဒၟံင် ကု ပ္ၚာန် တုဲ ပရိုင်ဂှ် တမ္ညဝ်ပြးအာ ပ္ၚာန်ကျာ &quot;flying saucers/flying discs&quot; ရ။ ကြဴနူ အာရ်နောလ်ဒ် မလဴထ္ၜးတုဲ စှ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် နူကဵု ယူနိတေဒ် အိရ်လာင် (United Airlines) မဒှ်က္ၜင်ကျာတရဴ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဗီုပြင်တုပ်တုပ် ၜိုတ် မသုန် ကဵု ဒစိတ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသပွဳပွူဂှ်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲမွဲဂိတုဂှ်ရ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် နူကဵု တွဵုရး အောက္လာဟောမာ (Oklahoma) တက်ဂွံ ဗီုရုပ် ကိရိယာကျာ ဒစိတ် မတုပ်ကဵု ဗီု အာရ်နောလ်ဒ် မလဴထ္ၜးလဝ်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pasulka |first=D.W. |title=American Cosmic: UFOs, Religion, Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/americancosmic0000dwpa |isbn=978-0190692889 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=18 January 2019 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancosmic0000dwpa/page/237 237] |quote=the standard assumption that the UFO mythos was born in the year 1947}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Eghigian4August2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/ufos-and-the-boundaries-of-science/ |title=UFOs and the Boundaries of Science |last=Eghigian |first=Greg |date=4 August 2021 |publisher=Boston Review |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410030607/https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/ufos-and-the-boundaries-of-science/ |archive-date=10 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Garber|first=Megan|title=The Man Who Introduced the World to Flying Saucers|newspaper=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-man-who-introduced-the-world-to-flying-saucers/372732/ |access-date=February 2, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183726/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-man-who-introduced-the-world-to-flying-saucers/372732/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Saturday Night Uforia Audioplex: Edward R. Murrow - The Case ForOf The Flying Saucer (April 7, 1950 broadcast)|url=http://www.saturdaynightuforia.com/audioplex/audioplexhtml/murrowcaseofflyingsaucer.html|access-date=February 2, 2017|website=www.saturdaynightuforia.com|archive-date=July 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718182303/https://www.saturdaynightuforia.com/audioplex/audioplexhtml/murrowcaseofflyingsaucer.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

စပ်ကဵု သက္တီကိရိယာကျာဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင် ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မဂၠိုင်ကဵုအလန်တုဲ စနူ သၞာံ ၂၀၀၇ တုဲ နကဵု အလဵုအသဳအမေရိကာန် ပ္တိတ်ကဵုသြန်ဘဏ္ဍာ ၂၂မဳလဳယာန် ပွိုင်မသုန်သၞာံ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ပရဝ်ဂရာမ် မလဴထ္ၜး ပကဵု ညံင်ဂွံတီ ကိရိယာကျာဂမၠိုင် မကော်ဂး နကဵုဘာသာအေင်္ဂလိက် (Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program – AATIP) သွက်ဂွံ လ္ၚတ် သက္တီကိရိယာကျာဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;QZ-20171216&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Siese |first=April |title=The Pentagon has confirmed its $22M program to investigate UFOs |url=https://qz.com/1158998/the-pentagon-confirms-its-22-million-ufo-investigation-program/ |date=December 16, 2017 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=December 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/insider/secret-pentagon-ufo-program.html|title=On the Trail of a Secret Pentagon U.F.O. Program|date=2017-12-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပရဝ်ဂရာမ်ဏအ် သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁၆ ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜး ကုညးဂမၠိုင်ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ ကမၠောန်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ တုဲအိုတ်အာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၂ ကီုလေဝ် ပရေင်လ္ၚတ် သက္တဳကိရိယာကျာဂှ် ညးတအ် ဆက်ကၠောန်အာဒၟံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/insider/secret-pentagon-ufo-program.html|title=On the Trail of a Secret Pentagon U.F.O. Program|date=2017-12-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
နူစ ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၀၂၁ စဵုကဵု ဂျူလာင် ၂၀၂၃ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ၃၆၆ အလန်ရ။ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၃ ဂိတုဂျူလာင် ၂၆ ဂှ် နကဵု ဒေဝိဒ် ဂြုသ်ရှ် (David Grusch) ညးတာလျိုင် ဌာနဒပ်ပၞာန်ကျာ သဟရးအမေရိကာန် ဒေဝိဒ် ဂြုသ်ရှ် (David Grusch) ဒုင်သစာတုဲ လဴထ္ၜး ကု သ္ၚိစၠတ် ကောန်ဂရေတ် သဟရးအမေရိကာန် ဒဒှ် က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်ညး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သက္တီကိရိယာကျာ၊ သီုထ္ၜးကဵု ဝဳဒဳယော မတက်နင် နူကဵု က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=UFO hearing live: Whistleblower gives evidence at US House panel hearing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-66307705 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=BBC News |date=July 26, 2023 |language=en-gb |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726163335/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-66307705 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Jeremy Herb,Piper Hudspeth |date=2023-07-26 |title=Officials and lawmakers push for more government transparency on UFOs {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/politics/ufo-house-hearing-congress/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183543/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/politics/ufo-house-hearing-congress/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:David Grusch giving testimony on 26 July 2023 before the US House Subcommittee on National Security the Border and Foreign Affairs.png|thumb|ဒေဝိဒ် ဂြုသ်ရှ် ပ္ဍဲ ၂၆ ဂျူလာင် ၂၀၂၃ ဂတမုက် လဴထ္ၜး ပရူမဂွံဆဵုကေတ် &quot;သက္တီကိရိယာကျာ&quot; ကုသ္ၚိစၠတ်ကောန်ဂရေတ်။]]

== ဝဳဒဳယော နူကဵု က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန် ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
FLIR1 Official UAP Footage from the USG for Public Release.webm|thumb|&quot;FLIR&quot; video
Gimbal The First Official UAP Footage from the USG for Public Release.webm|thumb|&quot;GIMBAL&quot; video
Go Fast Official USG Footage of UAP for Public Release.webm|thumb|&quot;GOFAST&quot; video
&lt;/gallery&gt;


== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

[[ကဏ္ဍ:BEHM]]</text>
      <sha1>3r6mw55d8bk1c2x86zh89l6rsm9350r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>အခြေအ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60505</id>
      <parentid>57123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:26:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60505</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11709" sha1="dw2i4mcer9wrs5di2ksfrxt30w0szl3" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox|image=Telosma cordata SmSo.png|image_caption=''Telosma cordata''&lt;ref&gt;illustration circa 1790 from James Edward Smith and James Sowerby – Icones pictae plantarum rariorum descriptionibus et observationibus illustratae&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Telosma|species=cordata|authority=([[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm.f.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]|synonyms={{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Apocynum odoratissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Lour. ex Pritz.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Asclepias cordata'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Asclepias odoratissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Cynanchum odoratissimum'' &lt;small&gt; Lour.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Oxystelma ovatum'' &lt;small&gt;P.T. Li &amp; S.Z. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
*''Pergularia minor'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
*''Pergularia limbata'' &lt;small&gt;Wall. ex Wight&lt;/small&gt;
*''Pergularia odoratissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.) Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Pergularia viridis'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.-Ham. ex Wight&lt;/small&gt;
*''Telosma minor'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) W. G. Craib&lt;/small&gt;
*''Telosma odoratissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.) Coville&lt;/small&gt;
    }}|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102157-1
|title=Plants of the World Online (POWO)
|accessdate=12 October 2018
|archive-date=17 April 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417142558/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102157-1
|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |''Telosma cordata''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Telosma_cordata_SmSo.png|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |''Telosma cordata''&lt;ref&gt;illustration circa 1790 from James Edward Smith and James Sowerby – Icones pictae plantarum rariorum descriptionibus et observationibus illustratae&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Telosma|15x15px|Edit this classification]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Kingdom:
|[[Plant|Plantae]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Eudicots]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Asterids]]
|-
|Order:
|[[Gentianales]]
|-
|Family:
|[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|Genus:
|''[[Telosma]]''
|-
|Species:
|&lt;div class=&quot;species&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;'''''T.&amp;nbsp;cordata'''''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |'''&lt;span class=&quot;binomial&quot;&gt;''Telosma cordata''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;([[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm.f.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]&lt;/div&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;200&quot;&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102157-1 ''Plants of the World Online (POWO)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417142558/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102157-1 |date=2022-04-17 }}&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; |
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist &quot; style=&quot; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;&quot;&gt;
* ''Apocynum odoratissimum'' &lt;small&gt;Lour. ex Pritz.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Asclepias cordata'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Asclepias odoratissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;) Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cynanchum odoratissimum''  &lt;small&gt;Lour.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Oxystelma ovatum'' &lt;small&gt;P.T. Li &amp; S.Z. Huang&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pergularia minor'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pergularia limbata'' &lt;small&gt;Wall. ex Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pergularia odoratissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;) Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pergularia viridis'' &lt;small&gt;Buch.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;-Ham. ex Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Telosma minor'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) W. G. Craib&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Telosma odoratissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;) Coville&lt;/small&gt;
    
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]

'''''အခြေအ် (Telosma cordata)''''' (Chinese: 夜來香; lit. 'night-blooming fragrance') ဂှ် ဒှ် တၞံကဴ မလုပ်လၟိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဗဳဇApocynaceae (tribe Marsdenieae)၊ တမ်မူလ တၞံဝွံ ကၠုင်နူ ရးနိဂီုကြုက် ကေုာံ ဒေသအေန္ဒော-ဆာင်နာ။ တၞံဏအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် တဵုလွဳဒၟံင်တုဲ ယၟု နကဵု ရုက္ခဗေဒမ္ဂး ကော်စ Telosma cordata ယၟုဓမ္မတာမ္ဂး ကော်ဒၟံင် နကဵု ဘာသာအေင်္ကလိက် နွံကဵု ဂကူ '''Chinese violet''', '''cowslip creeper''', '''Pakalana vine''', '''Tonkin jasmine''' ကေုာံ '''Tonkinese creeper။''' တၞံဂှ် နွံကဵု ပ္ကဴအသာ်ဍာ်မိတ် မတိုန် နူကဵုတၞံဇုက် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ဥတုကညင် တုဲ၊ ပ္ကဴဍေဟ် မံင်လလအ် ဂၠိုင်ကဵု သတ္တာဟရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ကဴဍေဟ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်တ္ၚဲကီု သီုကဵု အခိင်ဗတံမ္ဂး မောဝ်ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။

== လက်သန် ==
''အခြေအ်'' ဂှ် ဒှ်တၞံဇုက်၊ ဂၠိင်စဵုကဵု ၂-၅ မဳတာမာန်ရ။ ဇုက်ဍေဟ်ဂှ် ဍောတ်၊ ခဍမ် တုဲ ခိုင်ဒၟံင်ရ။ တၞံဍေဟ်ဗျုလောန်မ္ဂး နူကဵု မနွံ အသာ်သင္ၚေက်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာ အသာ်လစံက်ၜတ်ၜတ် (brown)။ တၞံဍေဟ်ဂှ် က္လေင်တဵု နူကဵု မကုတ်ကေတ် ကၞာတ်တုဲ တဵုလေဝ်ဂွံ၊ တဵု နကဵု မလေဝ်ဂွံရ။ ဍေဟ်ဒးစိုတ် ဒၞာဲတိရောအ်ရောအ် တုဲ မနွံကဵု လျးတ္ၚဲခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ရ။ တၞံဏအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒေသ အေန္ဒော-ဆာင်နာမ္ဂး မလေပ်တိုန်ဒၟံင် အကြာဂြိုပ်ရ။ 

=== တၞး ===
တၞးအခြေအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၟံင်သန္ထာန်ဗီုတၞးဇြဲ (ဝါ) သင်္ကေတဂြိုဟ် မနွံကဵု အသာ်သ္ၚေက်တုဲ မလေပ်တိုန် နကဵု ကဝါန်။ တၞးဍေဟ် ကလိတ်ဒၟံင်တုဲ နွံၜိုတ် တၟာ အနာံ ၄ - ၇,၅ သေန်ဒဳမဳတာ၊ သၠုင် ၜိုတ် ၆ -၁၁ သေန်ဒဳမဳတာ။ တၞးဍေဟ်ဂှ် ကြဳဗွဲမလောန်တုဲ ညာတ်ဒၟံင်ဇုတ်အပ္ဍဲ ဗွဲမကၠးဖ္ဍး။ တဝ်ဍေဟ်ဂှ် နွံၜိုတ် ၁,၂ - ၂ သေန်ဒဳမဳတာ။ 
[[ဝှာင်:Cowslip_creeper_leaves.jpg|thumb]]

=== ပ္ကဴ ===
ပ္ကဴဍေဟ်ဂှ် ကဴနကဵု ဂစိုက် မွဲမွဲဂစိုတ် နွံဒၟံင် အကြာ ၁၀ - ၂၀ ဍောင်။ ပ္ကဴမနွံအသာ် ဍာ်မိတ် ဟောမ်ဟောမ်ဂှ် မနွံကဵု သၟူမောဝ် ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဗတံမ္ဂး မောဝ်ဂၠိုင်ရ။ ဇမၞော်ပ္ကဴဍေဟ်ဂှ် နွံၜိုတ် လၞင် ၁,၅ သေန်ဒဳမဳတာ၊ ၅ ထာင် ၅ ကသဝ်ကၟက် မဆက်ဒၟံင်ရေင်သကအ် ပ္ဍဲခဒအ်။ ရာသဳ ဍေဟ်ကဴဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒှ်အကြာ ဂိတုမာတ်-မေ၊ ဆဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵု အကြာ ဂိတု ဂျူလာင်-အံက်တဝ်ဗါ လေဝ် ကဴဒၟံင်ကီုရ။  
[[ဝှာင်:Starr_060721-8424_Telosma_cordata.jpg|thumb|ပ္ကဴအခြေအ်]]

=== သတ် ===
သတ်ဍေဟ် ကလိတ်၊ သင္ၚေက် တုဲပၠန် ခဍမ် တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကၞောတ်ဂှ် ကေက်။ ပ္ဍဲမွဲမွဲမဂှ် နွံကဵု မခပေဟ်ပေဟ် မနွံကဵု ကသာဲအသာ်ဗု ပ္ဍဲကၞောတ်။ အခိင်မပ္တိတ်သတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင်အကြာ ဂျောန်-အဝ်ဂေတ်။ 

== လွပ် ==
[[ဝှာင်:Cowslip_in_fried_egg.jpg|thumb|ခၞာ ခၟာဲစာင် ကဵု အခြေအ်]]
ပ္ကဴကီု သီုကဵု သတ်ဍေဟ်ဂှ် စနဒဒှ် သၞေဝ်ဂွံဒၟံင်ရ။ မၞိဟ်တအ် ပတှ်ေကေတ် နွံကဵု အဟာရဗွဲမဂၠိုင်။ ပကဴဍေဟ်ဂှ် နဒဒှ် ပကဴလေဝ် ပဂွံ၊ တုဲပၠန် တၞံဍေဟ်ဂှ် ပဇုက်လေဝ်ဂွံကီုရ။ တုဲပၠန် တၞံဏအ်ဂှ် နကဵုပြဝေဏဳမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်တအ် စကာဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဂဥုဲကီုရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=2007|title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden|url=https://archive.org/details/ediblewildplants0000yosh|publisher=Thailand: Orchid Press|isbn=978-9745240896|page=[https://archive.org/details/ediblewildplants0000yosh/page/36 36]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!အဟာရ
!Value per 100 g.
|-
|Carbohydrate
|10.6 g.
|-
|Protein
|5.0 g.
|-
|Fat
|1.1 g.
|-
|Fibre
|0.8 g.
|-
|Water
|80.5 g.
|-
|Vitamin A
|3.0 g.
|-
|Vitamin B1
|0.0004 g.
|-
|Vitamin B2
|0.0015 g.
|-
|Vitamin B3
|0.0017 g.
|-
|Vitamin C
|0.68 g.
|-
|Calcium
|0.7 g.
|-
|Iron
|0.01 g.
|-
|Phosphorus
|0.9 g.
|}

== ဆက်ဗှ် ==

* ''Telosma procumbens''

== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

== လေန်မ္ၚး ==

* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/thai-eyes/3943286931/in/set-72157615697636817 Glass-noodles with Shrimps and Pakalana Flowers]
* ขจร สรรพคุณและประโยชน์ของดอกขจร 24 ข้อ ! (ผักสลิด,ดอกสลิด). 2016. ขจร สรรพคุณและ ประโยชน์ของดอกขจร 24 ข้อ ! (ผักสลิด,ดอกสลิด). [ONLINE] Available at: http://frynn.com/ขจร/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510182620/http://frynn.com/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3/ |date=2016-05-10 }}. [Accessed 2 February 2016].
[[ကဏ္ဍ:ရုက္ခဗေဒ]]
[[ကဏ္ဍ:BEHM]]</text>
      <sha1>dw2i4mcer9wrs5di2ksfrxt30w0szl3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>လောက်ကာဲ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60501</id>
      <parentid>42818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:02:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20376" sha1="9yl3l7p95xgkgmgte1mhuzg8oclaii4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type         = ဍုင်
| official_name           = လောက်ကာဲ
| native_name             = {{native name|my|လောက်ကိုင်မြို့}}&lt;br&gt;{{native name|zh|老街}}&lt;br&gt;{{native name|shn|လဝ်ႉၵႆႇ၊ ဝဵင်း}}
| pushpin_label_position  = bottom
| pushpin_map             = Burma
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Myanmar
| image_skyline           = Laukkai.jpg
| image_caption           = 
| image_map               = 
| map_caption             = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Administrative divisions of Burma|State]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Shan State}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[Districts of Burma|District]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Kokang Self-Administered Zone]]
| subdivision_type3       = Township
| subdivision_name3       = [[Laukkaing Township]]
| unit_pref               = Imperial
| area_total_km2          = 
| population              = 23,435
| population_as_of        = 2014
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank2       = [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ]]
| population_blank2_title = Religions
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_total        = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|23|35|N|98|30|E|region:MM|display=inline}}
| elevation_ft            = 3200
| elevation_m             = 
| timezone                = [[Time in Burma|MST]]
| utc_offset              = +6.30
| website                 = 
| imagesize               = 280px
}}

'''လောက်ကာဲ (Laukkai)''' (သီုကဵု ကော်စ '''Laukkaing''' ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး '''Laogai''' ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး '''Laokai'''; {{Lang-my|လောက်ကိုင်မြို့}}; ကြုက်: 老街; pinyin: Lǎojiē) ဒှ် ဍုင်ဇၞော်&lt;ref name=&quot;breaksdown&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=[[The Irrawaddy]]|date=28 August 2009|title=Burmese Cease Fire Breaks Down|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=16658|author=Saw Yan Naing}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ET&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myanmar military moves to crush Kokang Chinese|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/283048,myanmar-military-moves-to-crush-kokang-chinese.html|date=27 August 2009|work=Earth Times|accessdate=6 January 2024|archivedate=13 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093001/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/283048,myanmar-military-moves-to-crush-kokang-chinese.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် ကဝ်က မနွံ ပ္ဍဲကရေက်သၟဝ်ကျာ တွဵုရးဍုင်သေံဇၞော်၊ သဟရးဗၟာ။ 

ဍုင်လောက်ကာဲဂှ် နွံ ဗမံက် ၜဳသြင်လောန်၊ သကုတ်လတူဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ဒၞာဲ မပိုင်ခြာလဝ် ပယျဵု ရးနိဂီုကြုက် ကဵု ဗၟာရ။ ဍုင်လောက်ကာဲဂှ် နူကဵု နာန်သာန်  (Nansan) (南傘) ရးနိဂီုကြုက် မ္ဂး နွံ ၜိုတ် {{Convert|10|mi}} ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်လောက်ကာဲ ဂှ် လိက်ကြုက်မာန္ဒရိန်ဂှ် စကာ ဗွဲမလှဲလး၊ တုဲပၠန် လှုဲကြုက်လေဝ် စကာဒၟံင်ကီုရ။ နူကဵု ဍုင်လာရှောဝ် မ္ဂး နွံ {{Convert|117|mi}} နူကဵု ကုန်ကျာန်မ္ဂး နွံ {{Convert|42|mi}} ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လောက်ကာဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် 23,435.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myanmar: Regions, States, Major Cities &amp; Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/myanmar/cities/?cityid=34289|work=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဍုင်လောက်ကာဲဂှ် ယၟုမြဟ်တဴ နကဵု ပွေင်နာနာ၊ ဗြဴစရာဲဍုင်၊ သွံရာန်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ကမၠောန်စၞာဲလတူလာင်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fishbein|title=‘Fighting is all around’: Myanmar faces deepening humanitarian crisis|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/14/fighting-is-all-around-myanmar-faces-deepening-humanitarian-crisis|work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ဗြဴစရာဲဍုင် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲလောက်ကာဲ ကဵု ကဝ်ကာန်တဂှ်မ္ဂး ကောန်ဍုင်သအာင် မပ္တံကဵု ညးဗြဴဂကူဝဳယေတ်နာမ် ဂကူသေံတုဲ မၞိဟ်မရာန်ဍေဟ်တအ် သရာဲဂၠံင် (ဝါ) မတာကြုက် ကေုာံ ကၟုဲကြုက်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ညးဗြဴဂကူဗၟာ နူကဵု လ္ဂုင်လေဝ် နဒဒှ် ဍိက်ကာမ သွက် မတာကြုက်တအ် ကဵု ညးတၠကမၠောန်ကြုက်တအ်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ။

ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ ဗြဲမလေပ်ဂူ လတူ  {{Convert|40|in}}.

== ဝင် ==
နကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ အာဗတိုက်ကဝ်က ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ ၂၀၀၉&lt;ref name=&quot;juntasploy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2678:juntas-ploy-push-kokang-to-shoot-first&amp;catid=86:war&amp;Itemid=284|title=Junta's ploy: Push Kokang to shoot first|date=14 August 2009|work=[[Shan Herald]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901151337/http://www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2678%3Ajuntas-ploy-push-kokang-to-shoot-first&amp;catid=86%3Awar&amp;Itemid=284|archivedate=1 September 2009|accessdate=29 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၂၄ ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ သီဂွံအာရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;breaksdown&quot;/&gt;

=== သၟဝ် အလဵုအသဳဗၟာ ===
ကြဴနူ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ သီဂွံ လောက်ကာဲ နူကဵု ဒပ်ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်ဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၀၉ ဂှ်တုဲ နကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဒပ်မဒးဂၞပ် အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန် အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာ မပ္တန်လဝ်ဂှ် သိုက်ဘိုက်လှဲလးဒၟံင် နကဵု ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲနာနာ၊ ပွေင်နာနာ ကေုာံ ကမၠောန်ဗြဴစရာဲဍုင် သွက်ကၟုဲကြုက်တအ်ရ။ ပရေင်ကမၠောန်အလီစၞာဲတအ်ဏအ်ဂှ် အာဇီုကပိုက် စဵုကဵု စိုပ် ရးနိဂီုကြုက် ဗွဲတၟေင် ကမၠောန်စၞာဲလတူလာင် ကဵု ကမၠောန်သွံရာန်မၞိဟ်တအ်ရ။ ''The Strait Times'' ချူ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၃ ကမၠောန်စၞာဲလတူလာင် ၜိုတ် ၄၀ ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လဝ် သဇိုင် ပ္ဍဲလောက်ကာဲရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-11-16|title=Myanmar scam town Laukkai empties out as war approaches|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/myanmar-scam-city-laukkai-empties-out-as-war-approaches}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/myanmar-scam-city-laukkai-empties-out-as-war-approaches &quot;Myanmar scam town Laukkai empties out as war approaches&quot;]. ''The Straits Times''. 16 November 2023. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0585-3923|0585-3923]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၁၇ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၁၅ ဂှ် သမတဗၟာ တုင်သိင် ပ္တိတ် ကာတၟေင်ဍုင် ပွိုင် ပိဂိတု ပ္ဍဲကဝ်က သွက် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဂွံဗတိုက် ဒပ်သပုန် ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ကောန်ဂကူဂမၠိုင် ရးဗၟာ (Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army - MNDAA)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=[[Reuters]]|date=17 February 2015|title=Myanmar declares martial law in troubled Kokang region|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-clashes-idUSKBN0LL11S20150217|author=Soe Zeya Tun}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမိင်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ကလေင်ရုပ်ထောအ် ပ္ဍဲ ၉ သေပ်တေမ္ဗာ ၂၀၁၉။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mann|date=10 September 2019|title=Curfew Continues in Northern Myanmar’s Kokang Over Concerns About Armed Conflict|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/curfew-continues-northern-myanmars-kokang-concerns-armed-conflict.html|work=The Irrawaddy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၆ မာတ် ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ် ရဲဒပ် MNDAA မွဲတဲဓဝ် လုပ်ဗတိုက် ရုင်ခသဳနဝ်ပိ  Fully Light, Kyinfu, ကဵု Kyin Kyan မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင် လောကာဲရ။ ရုင်ခသဳနဝ်ပိဂှ် ဒှ်ရုင် ဒပ်ပၟင်ပယျဵုကဝ်က (Kokang Border Guard Force) မပိုင်ပြဳလဝ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗတိုက်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဒးချိုတ်အာမွဲ တုဲ သီဂွံဏာ သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ဂၠိုင်ကဵု အသင်ဃဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nanda|date=2020-07-23|title=The Kokang casino dream|url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-kokang-casino-dream/|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ကတဵုဒဒှ် ၁၀၂၀ ===
ပ္ဍဲအခိင် နူဂယး ၂၀ အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ၂၀၂၃ ကတဵုဒဒှ် ၁၀၂၀ က္တဵုဒှ် မၞိဟ်မဂၠိုင်ကဵုကၠံ သ္ဒးဒုင် ကဵုဒြဟတ်ဒမြိုဟ် သွက်ဂွံကၠောန် ကဵု ဂကောံပွေင်အလီ ကထံက်ကလဵုကၠ (Crouching Tiger)ရ။ ဌာနပရိုင်ကြုက် ချူ ကောန်ဍုင်ကြုက် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒးဒုင် ပန်ဂစိုတ် ကဵုပၟင်ရုင် ဟိုတ်နူ မဂစာန်ဒြေပ်တိတ် နူကဵု ဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ။ ကတဵုဒဒှ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ပကဵု ညံင် ကြုက် ဂွံကဵုအခေါင် ကဵုဒြဟတ် ကုဒပ်မဗတိုက်ဒၟံင် ကုအလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် သွက်ဂွံစ  [[ပရေင်ပၞာန် ၁၀၂၇]] ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Head|first=Jonathan|title=The Chinese mafia's downfall in a lawless casino town|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67471138|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=23 November 2023|quote=Ming Xuechang ran one of the most notorious of these scam centres, called Crouching Tiger Villa. He also reportedly ran the local police force...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Head|first=Jonathan|title=A turning point in Myanmar as army suffers big losses|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67305690|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=9 November 2023|quote=The Brotherhood Alliance timed their attack carefully, right after an incident in Laukkaing which snapped China's patience with the junta.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gan|first=Nectar|title=How online scam warlords have made China start to lose patience with Myanmar’s junta|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/19/china/myanmar-conflict-china-scam-centers-analysis-intl-hnk/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[WarnerMedia]]|date=19 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ပရေင်ပၞာန် ၁၀၂၇ ===
ပ္ဍဲ ၂၇ အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ၂၀၂၃ ဂှ် ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ကောဒေအ်ပိ စဗတိုက် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသတွဵုရးသေံလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာရ။ ပရေင်ပၞာန်ဂှ် နကဵု ဒပ်MNDAA ရန်တၟအ် ညံင်ဂွံ က္လေင်ဂွံ ဒေသကဝ်ကဇကု မဒးဒုင်သီလဝ် နူသၞာံ ၂၀၀၉ တေအ်ရ။ စတမ်နူ ၁၁ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗာ ဂှ် နကဵု ဒပ် MNDAA စဗတိုက်လောက်ကာဲ၊&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; တုဲ နဝ်ဝေမ္ဗာ ၁၄ ဂှ် ဗိုင်ဂွံလဝ် ဍုင်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ပ္ဍဲ နဝ်ဝေမ္ဗာ ၁၂ ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဒပ်တိုက် ၁၂၉ သီုဖအိုတ် ၁၂၇ ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လွဟ် ကု ဒပ် MNDAA ပ္ဍဲဗဒါဲလောက်ကာဲ ပ္ဍဲ ကုန်ကျာန် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Entire infantry battalion surrenders in Laukkai: MNDAA – Myanmar Now|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/entire-infantry-battalion-surrenders-in-laukkai-mndaa/|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

လောက်ကာဲဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ မဒှ်ဒၞာဲအဓိက သွက်ဒၞာဲပွေင်အလီဂမၠိုင်တုဲ၊ ဒပ် MNDAA ဟီု ဗိုလ်အလီ ၜိုတ်မရပ်ဂွံဂှ် ညးပအပ်ကဵု ကြုက်ရောင်။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; တုဲပၠန် MNDAA သီုပ္တိတ် အမိင် ကုကောန်ဒပ်ညးတအ် သွက်ဂွံ စဵုဒၞာ ကောန်ဍုင်သအာင်ဂမၠိုင်၊ ညံင်ဂွံကဵု ဂီုကၠီု ကုမၞိဟ်မဒုင်ရပ်လဝ်တအ် တုဲပၠန် သွက်ဂွံ စဵုဒၞာ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ကြုက် ကေုာံ ကမၠောန်ပၠံင်ဓာတ် ကြုက်-ဗၟာ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myanmar Resistance Forces Close In On Key Northeastern Town|url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/myanmar-resistance-forces-close-in-on-key-northeastern-town/|work=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ကြဴနူ MNDAA ဗိုင်ဂွံလဝ် လောက်ကာဲတုဲ မၞိဟ်မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဂှ် ဒြေပ်တိတ်ဒၟံင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; နဝ်ဝေမ္ဗာ ကြပ်အိုတ်ဂှ် နကဵု MNDAA ပံက်ကဵု ဂၠံင် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ဂွံတိတ် သွက်ဂွံ ဒြေပ်တိတ်အာ လာရှေဝ် ကေုာံ ဒေသဝရ။ ဆဂး ကောန်ဂကူကဝ်ကတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံကဵု အခေါင်တိတ် ဂၠံင်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဂှ်ရ။ ကောန်ဂကူကဝ်က ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒြေပ်လုပ် ရးနိဂီုကြုက်၊ ဆဂး သၟိင်ကြုက်တအ် ကၟာတ်လဒဵု ပန်ကဵု ဂေတ်ရမတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Htoo Zan|first=Hein|title=Exodus: Tens of Thousands Flee as Myanmar Junta Troops Face Last Stand in Kokang|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/exodus-tens-of-thousands-flee-as-myanmar-junta-troops-face-last-stand-in-kokang.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၆ ဂှ် ကြဴနူ မပန်ကဵု ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ပိတ္ၚဲတုဲ MNDAA သီဂွံ ဒဵုကျာ်ပန် မဒှ်ဒၞာဲ ဗျူဟာကိစ္စဇၞော်မွဲရ။ ဒဵုကျာ်ပန်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်သီတုဲ သွက်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဂၠံင်တိတ် ဟွံမဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-12-08|title=Laukkai is a notorious den of online scams — and the prize in one family's 14-year quest for revenge|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-09/myanmar-mndaa-brotherhood-alliance-kokang-battle/103159456}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 December 2023|title=Ethnic Army Battles to Seize Another Base From Myanmar Junta Near Border With China|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/ethnic-army-battles-to-seize-another-base-from-myanmar-junta-near-border-with-china.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁၅ ဂှ် နကဵု ကြုက် ပ္ညဳပ္ညပ်တုဲ ဒေါအ်ပန်ပှ်ောယာယဳ မွဲလစုတ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-12-15|title=Temporary ceasefire agreed after Myanmar rebel forces surround city notorious for online scam operations|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-15/three-brotherhood-alliance-kokang-laukkai-myanmar-ceasefire/103223536}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒၟောအ်ပွန်ပွော်ဂှ် အိုတ်အာ ပ္ဍဲ ဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁၈ ကြဴနူ နကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကျာဗၟာ အာဗတိုက် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲ MNDAA မအုပ်ဓုပ်လဝ်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 December 2023|title=Fighting Resumes in Myanmar’s Kokang Region Ending Brief Pause That Followed China Peace Talks|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/fighting-resumes-in-myanmars-kokang-region-ending-brief-pause-that-followed-china-peace-talks.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲဂှ် နကဵု MNDAA သီဂွံ ဂိတ်ပယျဵု Yanlonkyaing border gate ပ္ဍဲဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁၉။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myanmar Resistance Forces Seize Another China Border Crossing|url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/myanmar-resistance-forces-seize-another-china-border-crossing/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myanmar ethnic armed group seizes another crossing point along the Chinese border, reports say|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/myanmar-ethnic-armed-group-seizes-crossing-point-chinese-105797152}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anti-junta forces capture Myanmar border crossing gate|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/myanmar-border-gate-12192023050247.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၈ ဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ဂှ် ပရိုင်တိတ် ဒဒှ်ရ လောက်ကာဲ ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် စိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်တဲ MNDAA တုဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန် ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဝ် အပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဂှ်ရ။ ဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၅ ၂၀၂၄ ဂှ် ကြဴနူ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင် သီုဖအိုတ် ဖျေဟ်လွဟ်တုဲ ဍုင်လောက်ကာဲဂှ် နကဵု MNDAA ထိင်ဂွံအာ သီုဖအိုတ်ပၠန်ရ။

== ဆက်ဗှ် ==

* Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA)
* Kokang incident
* 2015 Kokang offensive

== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

== လေန်မ္ၚး ==

* {{Cite news|last=Head|first=Jonathan|title=The Chinese mafia's downfall in a lawless casino town|publisher=BBC News|date=23 November 2023|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-67471138}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|23|41|30|N|98|45|45|E|type:city_region:MY_scale:1000}}
 {{Border Crossings of Myanmar}}
[[ကဏ္ဍ:ပထဝဳ]]</text>
      <sha1>9yl3l7p95xgkgmgte1mhuzg8oclaii4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>အိမ္မနျူအေလ် ဂဳယောင် (Emmanuel Guillon)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60506</id>
      <parentid>56534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60506</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24941" sha1="fbktw59jkt253fn89i5d0kgq960mgrl" xml:space="preserve">{{ Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = တၠပညာဒဿန ကေုာံ ရးဗမံက် (ဂကူပြင်သေတ်)
| name = အိမ္မနျူအေလ် ဂဳယောင်
| honorific_suffix = တၠပညာဒဿန ကေုာံ ရးဗမံက် (ဂကူပြင်သေတ်)
| image = 
 &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;
| image_upright = 
| landscape = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;
| alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;
| caption            = 
| native_name        = Emmanuel Guillon
| native_name_lang   = Emmanuel Guillon
| pronunciation      = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|08|05}}&lt;!-- for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --&gt;
| birth_place = Poitiers
| baptised           = &lt;!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --&gt;
| disappeared_date  = &lt;!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --&gt;
| disappeared_place  = 
| disappeared_status = 
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|03|02|1939|08|05}}
| death_place        = 
| death_cause        = 
| body_discovered    = 
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;
| burial_place = &lt;!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays &quot;Burial place&quot; as label) --&gt;
| burial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;
| monuments          = 
| nationality = ပြင်သေတ်
| other_names        = 
| siglum             = 
| citizenship = ပြင်သေတ်
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| occupation = 
| years_active       = 
| era                = 
| employer  = 
| organization = 
| agent = &lt;!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --&gt;
| known_for          = တၠပညာဒဿန ကေုာံ ရးဗမံက် (စမ္ပာ၊ မန်)
| notable_works      = &lt;!-- produces label &quot;Notable work&quot;; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label &quot;Notable credit(s)&quot;; or by |works=, which produces label &quot;Works&quot;; or by |label_name=, which produces label &quot;Label(s)&quot; --&gt;
| style              = 
| home_town          = 
| net_worth          = &lt;!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --&gt;
| height             = &lt;!-- &quot;X cm&quot;, &quot;X m&quot; or &quot;X ft Y in&quot; plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --&gt;
| television         = 
| title              = &lt;!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as &quot;Office&quot; (e.g. public office or appointments) --&gt;
| term               = 
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| party = 
| movement = 
| opponents          = 
| boards             = 
| criminal_charges   = &lt;!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --&gt;
| criminal_penalty   =  
| criminal_status    = 
| spouse = 
| partner            = &lt;!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --&gt;
| children = 
| mother = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;
| father = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;
| relatives          = 
| family             = 
| callsign           = 
| awards = 
| website            = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| module             = 
| module2            = 
| module3            = 
| module4            = 
| module5            = 
| module6            = 
| signature          = 
| signature_size     = 
| signature_alt      = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

[[ဝှာင်:Dr. Emmanuel Guillon and Dr. Su-Ed Gajaseni.jpg|thumb|ဗီုရုပ် ဒံက်တာအိမ္မနျူအေလ် ဂဳယောင် (လပါ်ပါဲ) ကေုာံ [[သုအေတ် ဂဇသေနဳ၊ ဒံက်တာ|ဒံက်တာသုအေတ် ဂဇသေနဳ]] (လပါ်ပုင်)]]

'''အိမ္မနျူအေလ် ဂဳယောင် (Emmanuel Guillon)''' (၁၉၃၉ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၅ - ၂၀၂၄ ဨပြဳ ၂) ညးမကလိဂွံ ဗြနာမ် ပါရဂူ မကော်ဂး ဒံက်တာ နူ သၟိင်ဍုင်ပြင်သေတ် (docteur d'État)၊ အစာကၞေဟ် ကေုာံ တၠပညာ သိပ္ပံ မဆေင်စပ် ကုရးဗမံက် နမပတၟေင် ကုဂကောံမၞိဟ်ၜါ နူ အာယှအဂၞဲ မတွဟ်ဂး ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မန် (ရးနိဂီုဗၟာ၊ ရးနိဂီုသေံ) ကေုာံ ရးမရာဇ်စမ္ပာ (ရးနိဂီုဝဳယေတ်ဏာမ်)တုဲ မဗမံက်ပ္တိန်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဒတန်ယေန်သၞာင် ပါန်ကွတ်ဂကူစမ္ပာ ဗီုကုအရှာမ်ကျာ်မဳသောန် (the sanctuary of My Son) ပေါကၠောင်ဂရာဲ (Po Klong Garai) ကေုာံ ပေါနဂါရ် (Po Nagar) တအ်ရ။ စပ် ကုယေန်သၞာင်မန်မ္ဂး ညး ချူခၞံလဝ် လိက်မဆေင် ကုဂကူမန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်တုဲ ပၞောဝ်တအ်ဂှ် လိက် &quot;မန်၊ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်အာယှအဂၞဲ&quot; ဂှ် ပြာကတ်ဂၠိုင်ရ။

== အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ ==
အိမ္မနျူအေလ် ဂဳယောင် က္တဵုဒှ် မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ Poitiers ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၃၉ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၅။ ကြဴနူ မလ္ၚတ် ပညာ (ဘာတုဲ) န ကုဘာသာဒဿန၊ မနုဿဗေဒ ကေုာံ ပရူရးနိဂီုဗၟာ နူ သဝ်ဗန် ပါရဳ (လၟုဟ် ကော်စ တက္ကသိုလ်ပါရဳ University of Paris) တုဲ အိမ္မနျူအေလ် ဂဳယောင် အာကၠောန် ကမၠောန်အစာဘာ မဗတောန် ဘာသာပြင်သေတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ပွိုင်ပန်သၞာံ၊ နူဂှ် ပြံင်အာပ အစာ ဘာသာဒဿန ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်သာဲဂေါန် (ဝဳယေတ်ဏာမ်)ရ။ အခိင် ညး မနွံဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် ညး လ္ၚတ် ပရူဂကူမန် အရေဝ်မန် လိက်မန်တြေံ ဗီု ကုလိက်တၟအ်မန်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ညး ပ သဇိုင် ကုအရာ ညးမလ္ၚတ်လဝ် လိက်မန် အရေဝ်မန် နူ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ ညး ဆက်လ္ၚတ်တုဲ ခၞံ ပြကိုဟ် သွက်ဗြနာမ်ပါရဂူ (ဒံက်တာ)ရ။&lt;ref name=furet&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.furet.com/livres/art-et-archeologie-du-champa-emmanuel-guillon-9782708408647.html|title=Biographie d'Emmanuel Guillon|last= |first= |date=|website=Furet du nord|publisher= |access-date=2024 April 2 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ညံင်ရဴဂှ်ကီု အခိင် ညးမနွံ ပ္ဍဲ သာဲဂေါန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံလ္ၚတ်ကေတ် ပရူဂကူစမ္ပာတုဲ ဗွဲကြဴ ညး ဂွံဒှ် တၠပညာ စပ်ကု လမ္ၚတ်ရးဗမံက် ဂကူမန် ကု ဂကူစမ္ပာရ။

ဗွဲကြဴညိ ညး က္လေင်စဴအာ ဍုင်မိတိမညး ပြင်သေတ်တုဲ လုပ်ဗ္တောန်လိက် ပ္ဍဲ တက္ကသိုလ် Rouen ဘာသာ စိတ္တ-ပညာ (Psycho-pedagogy)၊ ဗွဲကြဴညိ ညး ဗ္တောန် ဘာသာဒဿန ပ္ဍဲ ခန်လွာပါရဳ။ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ညး ခၞံချူ လိက်ကၞပ်ဂမၠိုင်၊ လိက်ပရေင်သုတေသနဂမၠိုင် မဆေင် ကုရးဗမံက် ဗွဲတၟေင် သွက် အေန်သတဳကျုတ် l'École pratique des hautes études မဒှ် အေန်သတဳကျူ တက္ကသိုလ်ဂမၠိုင်ပံင်ကောံရ။ 

သၞာံ ၁၉၉၄ ဂှ် ညး ဒက်ပ္တန် ဂကောံမိဿဟာယ ပုရာန်စမ္ပာ (Société des Amis du Champa Ancien (SACHA) Society of Friends of Ancient Champa) မဒှ် ဂကောံ မပံင်တောဲ တၠပညာဂမၠိုင် ကု ညးဝါသနာဂမၠိုင် မဆေင် ကုယေန်သၞာင် ဂကူစမ္ပာတြေံတြဟ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ ဂကောံဏအ်ဂှ် ညး ယိုက်ဂၠေင်လဝ် နဒဒှ် ဥက္ကဋ္ဌ စဵု ဂကောံဏအ် မလီု ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ်ရ။ နကုဂကောံမိဿဟာယပုရာန်စမ္ပာဂှ် နူ ကုသၞာံ ၁၉၉၇ စဵု ကုသၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ဂှ် ပ္တိတ်လဝ် လိက်ဂျာနေဝ် သီုဖအိုတ် ၁၄ ကၞပ် မဒှ်လိက်ဂျာနေဝ် မချူလဝ် ပရူဝင် ကေုာံ ပုရာန် ဂကူစမ္ပာတအ်ရ။ နကုဂကောံဏအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် သဘင်ဗွဟ်လိက်စံင်ရးနာနာ (An international Symposium) ပ္ဍဲ တိုက်ထၜးသာနုချဳ (Cernuschi Museum musée Cernuschi မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ပါရဳရ။&lt;ref name=furet/&gt;

ကြဴနူ မဒေါအ်ဇူ နူ တာလျိုင် နဒဒှ် ပါမောက္ခ ဒဿနတုဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၀၃ ဂှ် ညး ဒက်ပ္တန် တန်ဗတောန် သီု အလဵုဇကုညး ဗ္တောန် ပရူ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မန် ကေုာံ အရေဝ်ဘာသာမန် လုကဴ ပွိုင် ဒစိတ်သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲ အေန်သတဳကျူကောန်ဂကူ မဆေင် ကုအရေဝ်ဘာသာ ကေုာံ ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ရးဗမံက်  l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales(INALCO) (the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations) ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ပါရဳ ရ။&lt;ref name=furet/&gt;

အခိင် ညးမဗတောန်ဒၟံင်လိက် ပ္ဍဲ တက္ကသိုလ်တအ်ဂှ် နဒဒှ် ပါမောက္ခမွဲဂှ် ကဵုစၞောန် သွက်တန်ပါရဂူ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်ရ။

သၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ် ညး ဂွံဒုင် ခပတိုန် နဒဒှ် ဒုဥက္ကဋ္ဌ ဌာနမနုဿဗေဒ ဒေသသၠုင်ကျာကြုက် ကေုာံ တကအ်လကုတ်အေန္ဒောချာင်နာ (the Center for Anthropology of South China and the Indochinese Peninsula)။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12611259/emmanuel_guillon/|title=Emmanuel Guillon|last= |first= |date=|website=BnF Data |publisher= |access-date=2024 April 3 |quote=	Docteur d'État en études indiennes et extrême-orientales (Paris 3, 1978). - Spécialiste des Mons de Birmanie et de Thaïlande et de l'histoire de l'art et de l'archéologie des Cham du Vietnam. - Professeur de philosophie à la retraite. - Enseigne le môn à l'Institut des langues et civilisations orientales (en 2003). - Vice-président de Centre d'anthropologie de la Chine du Sud et de la péninsule indochinoise (en 2011)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.persee.fr/authority/228680|title=Emmanuel Guillon|last= |first= |date=|website=Persee, Parcourir les Collections, Ses notices bibliographiques alleurs sur la toile |publisher= |access-date=2024 April 3 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

သၞာံ ၂၀၂၄ ဂိတုဨပြဳ ၂ ဂှ် ညး စုတိက္လိလောန်စဴအာ ဘဝပရလိုက်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fmonyouthbangkok%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02E3q8j23927uHZU7UJUPq92g7xoiNTMY4B6hLJiwQ5XveVsZYLpFkYKi5N31Jj6a3l&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=50|title=สูญเสียปราชญ์อีกคนหนึ่ง |last= |first= |date=2024 April 2 |website=ชมรมเยาวชนมอญกรุงเทพ ဂကောံသၟတ်ဝုတ်ဗၠာ်မန်ဍုၚ်ၜၚ်ကံက် |publisher= |access-date=2024 April 2 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== လိက်ဂမၠိုင် မပ္တိတ်လဝ် (လိက်ကၞပ် ကေုာံ လိက်ပရေင်) ==

=== မဆေင် ကုမန် ===

* ''Sur 21 chansons populaires môn'', Paris, L'Homme (revue), 1971, XI, 2, {{p.|58-108}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ASIANSTUDIES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrc-usa.org/mon-study-guide.htm|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2024-04-02|archivedate=2012-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511033941/http://www.mrc-usa.org/mon-study-guide.htm}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/hom_0439-4216_1971_num_11_2_367179}}
* {{En icon}} ''A mon copper plate in the National Library, Bangkok'', avec Nai Pan Hla, Rangoon, ''Journal of Burma Research Society'', 1972, LV, 1 &amp; 2, {{p.|9-17}}&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cacspi.free.fr/documentation.php#guillon}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''Notes sur l'ancienne région de Thatön (basse-Birmanie)'', New York, Ascona, Artibus Asiae, 1974, XXXVI, 4, {{p.|273-286}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ASIANSTUDIES&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot; /&gt;.
* ''Recherches sur quelques inscriptions Mon – I'', Paris, BEFEO, 1974, LXI, {{p.|339-348}}, et II, BEFEO, 1977, LXIV, {{p.|83-119}}, I0 photos&lt;ref name=&quot;ASIANSTUDIES&quot; /&gt;. {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/befeo_0336-1519_1977_num_64_1_4888}}
* {{En icon}} ''Some aspect of môn syntax'', Hawaï, Austro-Asiatic Studies, part 1, {{p.|407-421}} ({{Lang|en|Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications}} No. 13, 1976&lt;ref name=&quot;ASIANSTUDIES&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot; /&gt;.
* ''Notes sur le Bouddhisme Môn'', Göttingen, Nachritchen Der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen I, Philologishklasse Jarang 1982, {{p.|43-62}} 
* ''L'armée de Mara au pied de l'Ananda (Pagan-Birmanie)'', Paris, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Mémoire n°60, 108 p., illust. {{ISBN|978-2-86538-141-8}}
* ''À propos d'une version mône inédite de Vasundhara'', Paris, Journal asiatique, 1987, CCLXXV, 1-2, {{p.|143-162}}&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot; /&gt;.
* ''Les villes du Pégou, du s-XIV au s-XVI'', Paris, Archipel (revue), 1989, {{p.|107-118}}. {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1989_num_37_1_2565?luceneQuery=%2B%28authorId%3Apersee_228680+authorId%3A%22auteur+hom_10857%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+befeo_738%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+ephe_1762%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+arch_376%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+asean_65%22%29&amp;words=persee_228680&amp;words=auteur%20hom_10857&amp;words=auteur%20befeo_738&amp;words=auteur%20ephe_1762&amp;words=auteur%20arch_376&amp;words=auteur%20asean_65}}
* ''Résumé  des conférences'', Paris, Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études, section des sciences religieuses, 1990, tome XCVII, 1988-1989, {{p.|143-147}}. {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.persee.fr/web/ouvrages/home/prescript/article/ephe_0000-0002_1988_num_101_97_14153?luceneQuery=%2B%28authorId%3Apersee_228680+authorId%3A%22auteur+hom_10857%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+befeo_738%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+ephe_1762%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+arch_376%22+authorId%3A%22auteur+asean_65%22%29&amp;words=persee_228680&amp;words=auteur%20hom_10857&amp;words=auteur%20befeo_738&amp;words=auteur%20ephe_1762&amp;words=auteur%20arch_376&amp;words=auteur%20asean_65}}
* ''Mon'', Encyclopædia Universalis, Paris, 1990, XV, {{p.|622-624}} (remise à jour de l'article de 1972)&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot; /&gt;.
* ''The ultimate origin of the world, or the Mula Muh and other Mon Beliefs'', The Journal of the Siam Society, Bangkok, The Siam Society, 1991, vol 79, 1, {{p.|22-30}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Dead link|url=http://www.transgenderasia.org/paper_on_the_question_of_origins.htm}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_079_1e_Guillon_UltimateOriginOfWorldAndOtherMonBeliefs.pdf}}
* ''À propos de certains systèmes politiques Birmans et Mon'', Paris, Péninsule, Systèmes politiques des marches du monde Chinois, Péninsule : études Interdisciplinaires sur l’Asie du Sud-Est Péninsulaire, n° 35, 1997 : 225-234.
* ''The Mons, a Civilization of South East Asia'', Bangkok, The Siam Society, 350 p., illust&lt;ref name=&quot;repertoire&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/asean_0859-9009_1999_num_4_1_1653}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaowao.org/Mon%20Language%20in%20Thailand.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113090432/http://kaowao.org/Mon%20Language%20in%20Thailand.php|archivedate=2012-11-13|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2024-04-02}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. {{ISBN|9748298442}}
* ''Parlons Môn ဟီု အရေဝ်မန် စိုအ်, langue et civilisation'', Paris, Éditions L'Harmattan, collection Parlons, 2003, 302p. {{ISBN|2747554708|9782747554701}} {{lire en ligne|lien=https://books.google.fr/books?id=SrKMeY9EmQ0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Emmanuel+Guillon%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=kq9GMuK6FA&amp;sig=GStgM2gnqT0EK7SmC_qB_iHYXj0&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=mGI_ULjbMojL0QWitIGICg&amp;ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false}}
* ''Architecture and Symbolic Landscapes, the case of Ancient Champa and Mon Kingdoms'', Fisbones and glittering Emblems, Southeast Asian Archeology 2002, Anna Karlstrom &amp; Anna Kälén, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Östasiatiska Museet, Stockholm, 2003, {{p.|271-279}}, 10 Fig.
* ''Môns anciens, Môns actuels'', Paris, Musée national des arts asiatiques - Guimet, Dvaravati, aux sources du bouddhisme en Thaïlande, RMN, 2009, {{p.|47-51}}, 1 Fig.
* ''Religious complexity in Ancient Southeast Asia : some Mon and Cham exemples'', Abhinandanamâlâ Nandana Chutiwongs Felicitation volume, Bangkok, Colombo, 2010, {{p.|235-239}}, 4 Fig.

=== မဆေင် ကုပုရာန်စမ္ပာ ===

* ''Champa'', Dictionary of Arts, London, éd. Jane Turner, Mac Millan, 1996, vol 6, {{p.|417-433}}, illust.
* ''L'art Cham refait surface. La collection Albert Morice retrouvée'', Paris, Le Journal des arts, n° 31, date décembre 1996, {{p.|20}}, illust&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/jda/archives/docs_article/70009/l-art-cham-refait-surface.php|date=01-12-1996}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* « Les sculptures du Campa à Da Nang » in: Le Musée de Sculptures Cham de Da Nang, Paris, Association Française des Amis de l'Orient, {{p.|91-197}}.
* ''Nagara Campā, Campāpura Campā : recherches sur l'ancien Champa'', in ''Living a life in accord with Dhamma : papers in honor of Professor Jean Boisselier on his eightieth birthday'', Bangkok, Université Silpakorn, {{p.|245-271}}, 2 cartes, 7 photos.
* ''Recherches sur le Campa ancien. À propos du groupe H de My Son'', Paris, Péninsule : études interdisciplinaires sur l’Asie du Sud-Est Péninsulaire, 34, {{p.|119-128}}, 6 Fig.
* ''Cham Art, Treasures from the Dà Nang Museum, Viêt Nam'', London, Thames &amp;amp;amp; Hudson, 2004 {{p.|200}} illust., bibliog., index.
* ''Pour une archéologie cam au nord de Dà Nang'', Paris, Lettre de la Société des Amis du Champa, 2004, n° 10, {{p.|8}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sacha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacha-champa.org/g/fr/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''The representation of Textiles in Cham Sculptures'', Through the Thread of Time, Southeast Asian Textiles, The James H. W. Thompson Foundation Symposium Papers, Jane Puranananda, Bangkok, River Books, {{p.|134-151}}, 38 Fig.
* ''Le colloque de la SACHA d'date-octobre 2005'', Lettre de la Société des Amis du Champa, n°12, {{p.|22-23}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sacha&quot; /&gt;.
* ''Les sites cam des hautes vallées'', Lettre de la Société des Amis du Champa, n°13, 2007 {{p.|17-21}}., 13, {{p.|17-21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sacha&quot; /&gt;.
* ''The Archaeology of Champa, North of Hue - Towards New Perspectives'', Interpreting Southeast Asia's Past, Elisabeth A. Bacus, Ian C. Glover &amp; Peter D. Sharrock, eds., Nus Press, Université nationale de Singapour, 2008 {{p.|73-84}}, 15 fig.
* ''Connexion entre Cultures (L'ancien Champa et ses voisins)'', Archeology in Southeast Asia, From Homo Erectus to the Living Traditions, Choice of Papers from the 11th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, {{p.|215-220}}, 9 Fig.
* ''Art et Archéologie du CHAMPA, une ancienne civilisation du Viêt Nam'', Paris, Éditions Picard, 2011, 248 {{p.|120}} illust. N&amp;b, 44 illust. Couleur. {{ISBN|270840864X|978-2708408647}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ruesaintambroise.weebly.com/2/post/2011/12/art-et-archologie-du-champa-une-ancienne-civilisation-du-viet-nam-demmanuel-guillon.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Dead link|url=http://www.presse-francophone.org/index.php/upf-agence-de-presse/edition/champa-le-vietnam-avant-les-vietnamiens?symfony=77557a6f0c11ba7583d7ad233369fe37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== မဆေင် ကုဗၟာ ===

* ''Dictionnaire de base Français-Birman'' ({{formatnum:7000}} mots), avec Claude Delachet-Guillon. Dawn Literature Publishing House, Rangoon, Birmanie, 1972, 466 p&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot;/&gt;{{,}}.
* ''Birmanie'', avec Claude Delachet-Guillon. Éditions du Seuil, collection Petite Planète, 1975, 190 p&lt;ref name=&quot;caspi&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;repertoire&quot; /&gt;. {{ISBN|9782020001458}}
* ''Images du Bouddhisme vivant : Birmanie'', avec François Dupuy, Paris, Trismégiste, 1986, 110 {{p.|86}} photos (bilingue français/anglais)&lt;ref name=&quot;biblio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myanmar.chez.com/biblio.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. {{ISBN|2-86509-023-X}}
* ''Aung San Suu Kyi, Nationalisme et Littérature en Birmanie : quelques aspects de la vie intellectuelle pendant le colonialisme'', avec Claude Delachet-Guillon. Olizane, Genève, 1996 (traduction en français de La Birmanie et l’Inde, d’Aung San Suu Kyi), {{p.|33-85}}. {{ISBN|2-88086-149-7}}
* ''Gustav Houtman. Mental Culture in Burmese Criss Politics'', Paris, L'Homme (revue), n°157 {{p.|301-303}}.
* ''Birmanie, la flamme de la révolte n’est pas éteinte'', avec Claude Delachet-Guillon. Centre international Développement et civilisations - Lebret-Irfed Développement et civilisations, n°360, 2008, Paris, {{p.|1-4}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://birmanielibre.canalblog.com/archives/2008/02/16/7975384.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''Lettres et récits de Birmanie et du Viêt Nam'', avec Claude Delachet-Guillon. Persée (maison d'édition), Paris, date juillet 2012, 805 p. {{ISBN|978-2-8231-0170-6}}

=== မဆေင် ကုခၟေည် ===

* ''Notre Cambodge 93'', Paris, La Nouvelle Revue française, n°486 juillet-date-août 1993, {{p.|234-237}}.

=== မဆေင် ကုဘာသာဒဿန ===

* ''Introduction à la philosophie, terminales techniques, F, G et H'', Hatier, Paris 1984, 271 {{p.|32}} photos, 22 couleurs hors texte. Plusieurs ré-éditions. {{ISBN|2218065304|978-2218065309}}
* ''Les philosophies Bouddhistes'', Paris, Presses universitaires de France, Que sais-je&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:DisplaySpace&quot; id=&quot;mwAVk&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;? n°3003, 1995, 128 p. (10e mille}}, 2e éd revue 1997 et édition en russe, Moscou 2004, 160 p.

== တင်စၟတ် ကေုာံ နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>fbktw59jkt253fn89i5d0kgq960mgrl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ်၊ လိက်တၟအ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60508</id>
      <parentid>54923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:39:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8881" sha1="df7suthaxiq1la0n6jfqg8xs4ym7jb0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox artifact
| name = လိက်တၟအ် ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ်
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image = Rubbing of Ban Dong Khlo Inscription 1.png
| image_size = 
| alt = ဗီုရုပ် လိက်တၟအ် 
| image2 = 
| image2_size = 
| alt2 = 
| image_caption     = 
| material = တၟအ်
| size = 
|height = 
|width = 
|weight = 
|long = 
| writing = န ဘာသာသံင်သကြိုတ်၊ ဘာသာမန် 
| symbols = 
| created = နူအေဒဳ ၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ
| discovered = ၂၀၁၀
| discovered_place  = ကွာန်ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ်၊ ပွိုင်ဝင်ကဝင်၊ ခရိုင်ဏာမ်နေဲ၊ တွဵုရးဖေတ်ချ်ပုန်၊ ရးမရာဇ်သေံ
| discovered_coords = 
| discovered_date   = 
| discovered_by = 
| location = 
| classification = 
| culture = စၟတ်သမ္တီ မဒါန်
| id = 
| map = 

{{Location map|Thailand
|relief = 1
|width = 250
|float = central
|caption = ဒၞာဲကွာန်ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ် မၞုံ
|alt = 
|label = ကွာန်ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ်
|mark = Blue_pog.svg
|marksize = 9
|lat_deg = 16 |lat_min = 58 |lat_sec = 46 |lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 101 |lon_min = 37 |lon_sec = 04 |lon_dir = E
}}
}}

[[ဝှာင်:Ban Dong Khlo Inscription 1.jpg|thumb]]
'''လိက်တၟအ်ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ်''' ဝွံ ဒှ် လိက် မချူလဝ် နကုဘာသာသံသကြိုတ် ကု ဘာသာမန်တြေံ၊ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် နူ ကွာန်ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ် တုဲ လၟုဟ် ထ္ၜးပျးလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒတန်အာဲကၟာဲယေန်သၞာင် သြဳထေပ် (Si Thep Historical Park)။ 

== ဒၞာဲမူလ == 
အတိုင် လိက်စဳရေင် Fine Arts Office 4 မ္ဂး လိက်တၟအ်ဝွံ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် နူ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၀ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁၇၊ ပ္ဍဲ ကွာန်ၜါန်ဍောင်ခၠဝ်၊ ပွိုင်ဝင်ကဝင်၊ ခရိုင်ဏာမ်နေဲ၊ တွဵုရးဖေတ်ချ်ပုန်၊ ရးမရာဇ်သေံ (Ban Dong Khlo, Village No. 6, Wang Kwang Subdistrict, Nam Nao District, Phetchabun Province)၊ ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာ ထ္ၜးပြးလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ်တုဲ စတမ် နူ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၃ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁ ဂှ် ပြံင်စွံ ဒၞာဲအာဲကၟာဲယေန်သၞာင်သြဳထေပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=SAC&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |date=December 6, 2023 |title=สำนักศิลปากรที่ ๔ ลพบุรี ทำการเคลื่อนย้ายจารึกบ้านดงคล้อ ๑ และจารึกบ้านดงคล้อ ๒ ไปเก็บรักษาที่อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์ศรีเทพ จังหวัดเพชรบูรณ์ |url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/blog/detail/27144 |website=The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre |location= |publisher=Open |access-date=July 7, 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707164955/https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/blog/detail/27144 |archivedate=July 7, 2025 |accessdate=July 7, 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဗ္ၜတ် ==
လိက်တၟအ်ဝွံ အနာံ နွံ ၅၃ သေန္ဒဳမဳတာ၊ သမၠုင် ၁၄၆ သေန္ဒဳမဳတာ၊ သတီု ၁၂ သေန္ဒဳမဳတာ။ ပ္ဍဲတၟအ်ဂှ် ချူလဝ် လိက်မွဲကရေက် သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ (၈) ပၞောန်၊ ၄ ပၞောန်ဂှ် ကိုပ်ကၠာဂှ် ချူလဝ် ဘာသာသံင်သကြိုတ်၊ သၟေဟ် ၄ ပၞောန်ဂှ် ချူလဝ် နဘာသာမန်တြေံ နအက္ခရ်ပလ္လဝ။&lt;ref name=SAC/&gt;

== အဓိပ္ပါယ် ==
တၠပညာသေံ နူဌာနလိက်တြေံ တိုက်ဗွဟ်လိက် ဗှ်လဝ် 

“ศรีมาโสชาคยการติง (ชื่อคน) ผู้รักษาทรัพย์อันมีค่าตลอดเวลาที่มีพระจันทร์ส่องสว่าง ในการที่พระเจ้าแผ่นดินได้บริจาคทรัพย์อันมีค่าแก่สามัญทั่วไป คนหูหนวกซึ่งเร่ร่อนไปในที่ต่างๆ บุญนี้ผู้อาวุโสกระทำด้วยความรัก ในบริเวณเสมาเจดีย์ เพื่อให้อยู่ร่วมกันด้วยความสวัสดี .....”&lt;ref name=SAC/&gt;

လိက် မကၠာဲလဝ် နဘာသာသေံဂှ် နာဲသုန်ဓန် ကလေင်ကၠာဲကဵု လဝ် ဗတ်မန် ဗီုဏအ် 

သြဳမာသောဇာဂယကာတိင်(ယၟုမၞိဟ်) ညးမင်မွဲဒြပ်မၞုံၚုဟ်မးလၟိုန်ကာလ အခိင်ဂိတုတၟး ပ္ဍဲအရာဨကရာဇ်ကဵုဒါန်ဒြပ်မၞုံၚုဟ်မးကုမၞိဟ်သာမညဂမၠိုင် မၞိဟ်ကတောဝ်ဍိုင်ကြင်ကြောဝ်အာဒၞာဲတၞဟ်ဟ် ကုသဵုဏအ်မၞိဟ်အာယုက်ဇမၞော်တအ်ကၠောန်သ္ပနကဵုဓဝ်ဆာန် ပ္ဍဲဗဒါဲသီ(သေမာ) စေတဳ သွက်ဂွံမံင်ညးသကအ်မွဲစွံဗွဲတသိုက်

နာဲဗဳထဝ်မန်ဇြာ လ္ၚတ်တုဲ ဗှ်လဝ် ဗီုဏအ်

စမၠောအ်အက္ခရ်

śrī maheṣī Cau Tātoṅṅa (ၐြဳ မဟေၑဳ စောတာတောင္င)&lt;br&gt;
taya guna-ganani ciya candra (တယ ဂုနဂနနိ စိယ စန္ဒြ)&lt;br&gt;
vase byarupaṁ vyāgā smarā (ဝသေ ဗျရုပံ ဝျာဂါ သ္မရာ)&lt;br&gt;
Badhirāma rāja gana jaga vāsthāna (ဗဓိရာမ ရာဇ ဂန ဇဂ ဝါသ္ထာန)&lt;br&gt;
Avo’ puñ piyāy kundav (အဝေါအ် ပုည် ပိယာယ် ကုန္ဒဝ်)&lt;br&gt;
simoḥ Cau Tātoṅ (da) – ko – (သိမေား စောတူတောင် (ဒ/အ ဓိ) ကော(ဇာ)—)&lt;br&gt;
(smaṅ -o —i —nor)sasā(r je lnay) (သ္မင် -ေါ -ိ  နောရ်) သသာ(ရ် ဇေ လၞယ်) &lt;br&gt;
—w(sar ‘ā -e-)māsa/manas (pajara —) (သရ် အာ -ေ-) မာသ/မနသ် (ပဇရ - - -) &lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=monzel&gt;{{cite web |last=Monzel |first=Nai Bee Htaw |date=July 6, 2025 |title= Reading Ban Dong Khlo Inscription 1: A Philological and Historical Analysis |url=https://www.academia.edu/130353660/Reading_Ban_Dong_Khlo_Inscription_1_A_Philological_and_Historical_Analysis |website= |location= |publisher=Open |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ကမၠာဲဘာသာအေင်္ဂလိက်

(1) The glorious great queen, Cau Tātonna, (2) whose multitude of virtues is like the moon, (3) possessing divine beauty, strength, and love, (4) resides at the royal abode of King Badhirāma, lord of the world. 

(5) This is the merit of the chief queen, (6) named Cau Tātoṅ… (7-8) (who prays for liberation) from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra) …&lt;ref name=monzel/&gt;

(၁) သဳရဳမဟေသဳစောတာတောင် (၂)ညး မနွံ ကုဂုဏ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မတုပ် ညံင်ရဴသၟိင်ဂိတု မနွံ ကုစြးစရာဲမဆာဲ၊ သြဇာ၊ ဇြဟာန် (၃) ပ္ဍဲ ဇရေင် နန်သၟိင်ဗဓိရာမ မ ညး ပကင်ရင် ဂၠးတိ။

(၅) ဣဝွံ ဒှ် ကုသိုလ် ပိယာယ်ကန္ဒဝ် (ဂၞကျာ်ဇၞော်) (၆) မနွံယၟုစောတာတောင် (ညးမရာဒနာ သၟိက်တိတ်ဗၠး နူ သံသာ)။ 

== နိဿဲ == 
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:လိက်ပတ်မန်]]
{{Mon inscriptions}}</text>
      <sha1>df7suthaxiq1la0n6jfqg8xs4ym7jb0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>မာတ်သျှူ ဂျေ ဝေါလ်တန်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60500</id>
      <parentid>54531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T01:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5527" sha1="31c9euyxjuz6bvimapmx0t1xkim2ha8" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; background-color: #fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 5px; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #e0e0e0; padding: 7px; border-radius: 3px;&quot; |မာတ်သျှူ ဂျေ ဝေါလ်တန်
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.75em;&quot;&gt;Matthew J. Walton&lt;/span&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: #f0f0f0; padding: 3px;&quot; |ပရူပရာ အဓိက
|-
!ကမၠောန်
|အစာသုတေသန၊ အစာပါမောက္ခ
|-
!ပရေင်ပညာ
|ပါရဂူ (Ph.D.) - တက္ကသိုလ် ဝါသှေန်တန် (University of Washington)
|-
!ဌာနကမၠောန်
|တက္ကသိုလ် တဝ်ရွန်တဝ် (University of Toronto)
တက္ကသိုလ် အံက်သဖို (University of Oxford)
|-
!ပရေင်လ္ၚတ် အဓိက
|ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်၊ လညာတ်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ (ဍုင်ဗၟာ)
|}
'''မာတ်သျှူ ဂျေ ဝေါလ်တန်''' ({{lang-en|Matthew J. Walton}}) ဝွံ ဒှ်အစာသုတေသန ကေုာံ အစာပါမောက္ခ မဆေင်ကဵု ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဘာသာဗုဒ္ဓ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ (Myanmar/Burma) မွဲတၠရ။ လၟုဟ်ညးဝွံ ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဒၟံင် တာလျိုင် နဒဒှ် အစာပါမောက္ခ ဌာနပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ် တဝ်ရွန်တဝ် (University of Toronto) ရ။

== ပရေင်ပညာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ==
မာတ်သျှူ ဝေါလ်တန် ကလိဂွံလဝ် တဆိပ်ကြာ ပါရဂူ (Ph.D.) မဆေင်ကဵု ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် နူကဵု တက္ကသိုလ် ဝါသှေန်တန် (University of Washington) ရ။

ကိုပ်ကၠာ ညးဟွံဂွံ ပြံင်အာ တက္ကသိုလ် တဝ်ရွန်တဝ်ဂှ် ညးယိုက်ဂၠေင်လဝ် တာလျိုင် နဒဒှ် အစာသုတေသနဇၞော် (Aung San Suu Kyi Senior Research Fellow in Modern Burmese Studies) ပ္ဍဲသိန်အန်တဝ်နဳ ကဝ်လိက် (St Antony's College)၊ တက္ကသိုလ် အံက်သဖို့ (University of Oxford) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ညးမနွံ ပ္ဍဲအံက်သဖိုဂှ် ညးပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် ဇာဇၞိက် ပရေင်သၞောဝ်ဍုင် အံက်သဖို-ဗၟာ (Oxford-Myanmar Policy Network) ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Matthew J. Walton Profile|url=https://politics.utoronto.ca/faculty/profile/361/|website=University of Toronto, Department of Political Science|access-date=2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919201248/http://politics.utoronto.ca/faculty/profile/361/|archivedate=2016-09-19|accessdate=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== လိက်ကၞပ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်သုတေသနဂမၠိုင် ==
ပရေင်လ္ၚတ် သုတေသန အဓိက မာတ်သျှူ ဝေါလ်တန် ဂှ် စွံအာရီု လတူ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်၊ ပရေင်ဘာသာ ကေုာံ လညာတ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ထေရဝါဒ၊ ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာရ။ ညးလ္ၚတ် စဳစောတ် လတူ ပရေင်ကတဵုဒှ် ဝါဒဂကူ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ (Buddhist nationalism) ကေုာံ အခန်ကဏ္ဍ ဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဍုင်ဗၟာရ။

လိက်ကၞပ်ညးမချူလဝ် ယၟုပြာကတ်အိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် ''Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar'' (ပရေင်ဘာသာဗုဒ္ဓ၊ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ကေုာံ လညာတ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ) မပတိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၆ နူ တက္ကသိုလ် ကိန်ဘရိတ် (Cambridge University Press) ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walton|first=Matthew J.|title=Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1107155695}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ညးချူလဝ် လိက်ပရေင်သုတေသန ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲဂျာနယ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ကေုာံ ပရေင်လ္ၚတ် အာရှအဂၞဲ တအ်ကီုရ။

== နိဿဲ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walton, Matthew J.}} [[ကဏ္ဍ:အစာသုတေသနဂမၠိုင်]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ညးမလ္ၚတ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ဗၟာ]]</text>
      <sha1>31c9euyxjuz6bvimapmx0t1xkim2ha8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60504</id>
      <parentid>60317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T02:22:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31450" sha1="haceva84lyy0u6dwgbmfwse4d1z6d7a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox measurement system
| name = သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက်
| native_name = Imperial units
| image = English Length Units Graph.svg
| caption = ယူနေတ် ဇမၠိင် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် ယူနေတ်မွဲကဵုမွဲ
| type = သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် အခိုက်တြေံ
| origin_date = ၁၈၂၄
| origin_place = ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် (British Empire)
| base_units = ယာတ် (yard), ဖံင် (pound), ဂါလောန် (gallon)
| widely_used = ပ္ဍဲခေတ်လၟုဟ် စကာဒၟံင် သွက်ကိစ္စလ္ၚဵု ပ္ဍဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ် (UK) ကေုာံ ဍုင်တြေံ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အင်္ဂလိက်
}}

'''သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက်''' ({{lang-en|Imperial units}} ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး {{lang-en|Imperial system}}) ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် မသ္ပလဝ် ဒတန် နကဵု သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ၜတ်ကၞာတ် လျိုင် ကေုာံ ဗၞတ် သၞာံ ၁၈၂၄ (Weights and Measures Act 1824) မကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင် ဨကရာဇ် အင်္ဂလိက် (British Empire) ရ။ သၞောတ်ဏအ် သ္ပသဇိုင် ကု ယူနေတ် ဇမၠိင် မပ္တံကဵု အေန် (inch), ဖေတ် (foot), ယာတ် (yard), မိုင် (mile) ကေုာံ ယူနေတ် လျိုင် မပ္တံကဵု အံင် (ounce), ဖံင် (pound) ကေုာံ ယူနေတ် ဗွိုက် မပ္တံကဵု ပိုင့် (pint), ဂါလောန် (gallon) တအ်ရ။ ကၠာဟွံဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီ သၞောတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် စကာလဝ် သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် တြေံ (English units) မၞုံကဵု ပွံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် နာနာသာ် မဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ် ရေင်သကအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Connor, R. D. (1987). ''The Weights and Measures of England''. Science Museum, London. p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt;

သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ဂှ် ပြးဇးအာ အလုံမွဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင် ဨကရာဇ် အင်္ဂလိက် မပ္တံကဵု အိန္ဒိယ၊ ကနေဒါ၊ အဝ်သတေလျာ ကေုာံ ဒေသလ္ၚဵု ပ္ဍဲအဖရိက ရ။ ဆဂး ကြဴနူ လဒေါဝ် သၞာံ ၂၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ဍုင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပြံင်လှာဲ စကာ သၞောတ် မေတြေတ် (Metric system) တုဲ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ဂှ် စကာအောန်စှ်ေ အာ ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်ကီုလေဝ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင် ဨကရာဇ် လၟုဟ် (UK) သၞောတ်ဏအ် ဆက်သှ်ေၜက်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအရာ မပ္တံကဵု တရဴဂၠံင် (မိုင်)၊ ဍာ်တှ် ကေုာံ ဍာ်ယာမ (ပိုင့်) တအ်ဏီရ။ သၞောတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် တုပ်ဒၟံင် ကု သၞောတ် အမေရိကာန် (US Customary units) ပ္ဍဲလပါ် ဇမၠိင် ကေုာံ လျိုင် ကီုလေဝ်၊ ပ္ဍဲလပါ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဗွိုက် (Volume) မ္ဂး တၞဟ်ခြာဒၟံင် ရေင်သကအ်ရ။

== ဝင် ကေုာံ တမ်မူလ ==
ကၠာ သၞာံ ၁၈၂၄ သၞောတ်ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် မလေပ်ကော်စ &quot;သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် တြေံ&quot; (English units) ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞောတ် မပံင်သၟဟ်လဝ် အခိုက် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ရဝ်မာန် (Roman units)၊ အင်ဂလဝ်-ဆက်သန် (Anglo-Saxon) ကေုာံ အခိုက် နဝ်မာန် (Norman) တအ်ရ။ ယူနေတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံမဲကဵု စမ်ၜတ် မတုပ်သၟဟ် အလုံမွဲဍုင်တုဲ၊ ဥပမာ ဂါလောန် သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် ဍာ်ဝိုင် (Wine gallon) ကဵု ဂါလောန် သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် သြောအ် (Winchester gallon) ဂှ် ဗၞတ်ဗွိုက် ဟွံတုပ် ရေင်သကအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). ''Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science''. American Philosophical Society. p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;

တၞဟ်န ဂွံပသောင် ပြသၞာဏအ် ပါလဳမာန် အင်္ဂလိက် (British Parliament) ပ္တိတ် သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ၜတ်ကၞာတ် လျိုင် ကေုာံ ဗၞတ် သၞာံ ၁၈၂၄ တုဲ ဖန်ဗဒှ် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် တၟိ (Imperial system) မတုပ်သၟဟ် အလုံမွဲ အေန်ပါယာ ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဏအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဂါလောန် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial gallon) မွဲ မဒှ် ဗွိုက် ဍာ် ၁၀ ဖံင် (10 pounds of water) ပ္ဍဲ ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ ၆၂ ဒဳဂရဳ ဖာရေန်ဟာက် (Fahrenheit) ရ။ ပရေင်ဏအ် ဒှ်တင်အဓိက သွက်ဂွံ ပကောံ သၞောတ်ၜတ်ကၞာတ် အလုံမွဲ ဍုင်ရ။

== ယူနေတ် ဇမၠိင် ==
ပ္ဍဲသၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ယူနေတ် အဓိက သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် ဇမၠိင် ဂှ် ဒှ် ယာတ် (Yard) ရ။ ယာတ် ဂှ် ထပ်ပါ်လဝ် နကဵု ဖေတ် (Foot) ကေုာံ အေန် (Inch) ရ။ ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် ယူနေတ်တအ်ဏအ် သ္ပသဇိုင် ကု ဂၞန် ၁၂၊ ၃ ကေုာံ ၁၇၆၀ မဒှ် သၞောတ် ဟွံသေင်ကဵု ဒက်သဳမာလ် (Non-decimal) ရ။

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; width:100%;&quot;
|+ ယူနေတ် ဇမၠိင် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial Units of Length)
|-
! ယူနေတ် (Unit) !! ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် (Definition) !! ဗၞတ် မေတြေတ် (Metric Equivalent)
|-
| အေန် (Inch, in) || 1/36 ယာတ် || ၂၅.၄ မဳလဳမဳတာ (mm)
|-
| ဖေတ် (Foot, ft) || ၁၂ အေန် (12 inches) || ၀.၃၀၄၈ မဳတာ (m)
|-
| ယာတ် (Yard, yd) || ၃ ဖေတ် (3 feet) || ၀.၉၁၄၄ မဳတာ (m)
|-
| ဇမၠိင်ကွင်း (Chain) || ၂၂ ယာတ် (22 yards) || ၂၀.၁၁၆၈ မဳတာ (m)
|-
| ဖာလုံ (Furlong) || ၁၀ ကွင်း (10 chains) || ၂၀၁.၁၆၈ မဳတာ (m)
|-
| မိုင် (Mile, mi) || ၈ ဖာလုံ (1760 ယာတ်) || ၁.၆၀၉၃၄၄ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာ (km)
|}

သၞာံ ၁၉၅၉ ဍုင်မစကာ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ကေုာံ အမေရိကာန် တအ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ယာတ် ဂၠးတိ (International yard) မသ္ပလဝ် ဒတန် မွဲ ယာတ် ဂှ် တုပ်ကဵု ၀.၉၁၄၄ မဳတာ ချိုတ်တ်ပၠိုတ်တ်ရ။ ဏအ်ဂှ် ပံင်စပ်လဝ် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ကဵု သၞောတ် မေတြေတ် သွက် အနာဂတ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Astin, A. V., &amp; Karo, H. A. (1959). ''Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound''. US Federal Register.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ယူနေတ် လျိုင် ကေုာံ ဒြပ် ==
သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် နွံ ယူနေတ် လျိုင် ပိ သာ် မဒှ် အာဗွာဒူပွာ (Avoirdupois) သွက် လျိုင် သာမည၊ တြွိုင် (Troy) သွက် ထဝ် သြန် ကေုာံ အပဝ်သဳကရဳ (Apothecaries) သွက် ဂဥုဲ ရ။ အာဗွာဒူပွာ ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞောတ် မစကာဂၠိုင်အိုတ် သွက် ပရေင်ကူသာန်သွံရာန် ရ။

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; width:100%;&quot;
|+ ယူနေတ် လျိုင် အာဗွာဒူပွာ (Avoirdupois Units of Mass)
|-
! ယူနေတ် (Unit) !! ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် (Definition) !! ဗၞတ် မေတြေတ် (Metric Equivalent)
|-
| အံင် (Ounce, oz) || 1/16 ဖံင် || ၂၈.၃၄၉ ဂရာမ် (g)
|-
| ဖံင် (Pound, lb) || ၁၆ အံင် (16 ounces) || ၀.၄၅၃၅၉၂ ကဳလဝ်ဂရာမ် (kg)
|-
| သတောန် (Stone, st) || ၁၄ ဖံင် (14 pounds) || ၆.၃၅၀၂၉ ကဳလဝ်ဂရာမ် (kg)
|-
| ဟာန်ဒရေတ်ဝိတ် (Hundredweight, cwt) || ၈ သတောန် (112 ဖံင်) || ၅၀.၈၀၂၃ ကဳလဝ်ဂရာမ် (kg)
|-
| တန် (Ton, t) || ၂၀ ဟာန်ဒရေတ်ဝိတ် (2240 ဖံင်) || ၁၀၁၆.၀၄၇ ကဳလဝ်ဂရာမ် (kg)
|}

သတောန် (Stone) ဂှ် ဒှ်ယူနေတ် မတၟေင်အိုတ် သွက် ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် မစကာ သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် လျိုင် ခန္ဓကာယ မၞိဟ် စဵုကဵု ခေတ်လၟုဟ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်မွဲ လျိုင် ၇၀ ကဳလဝ်ဂရာမ် မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ဟီု &quot;၁၁ သတောန်&quot; (11 stones) ရ။ တန် အင်္ဂလိက် (Long ton, 2240 lbs) ဂှ် ဇၞော်နူ တန် အမေရိကာန် (Short ton, 2000 lbs) ရ။

== ယူနေတ် ဗွိုက် ကေုာံ ဍာ် ==
ပ္ဍဲသၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဗွိုက် ဍာ် ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး အရာမဇွောဝ် (Liquid capacity) သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် ဂါလောန် တၟိ မကော်စ ဂါလောန် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial gallon) မတုပ်ကဵု ၄.၅၄၆ လဳတာ ရ။ ဏအ်ဂှ် တၞဟ်ခြာ နူ ဂါလောန် အမေရိကာန် (US gallon) မတုပ်ကဵု ၃.၇၈၅ လဳတာ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Klein, Herbert Arthur (1974). ''The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey''. Dover Publications. p. 342.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; width:100%;&quot;
|+ ယူနေတ် ဗွိုက် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial Units of Volume)
|-
! ယူနေတ် (Unit) !! ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် (Definition) !! ဗၞတ် မေတြေတ် (Metric Equivalent)
|-
| ဍာ်အံင် (Fluid ounce, fl oz) || 1/20 ပိုင့် || ၂၈.၄၁၃ မဳလဳလဳတာ (ml)
|-
| ပိုင့် (Pint, pt) || ၂၀ ဍာ်အံင် || ၅၆၈.၂၆၁ မဳလဳလဳတာ (ml)
|-
| ကွာတ် (Quart, qt) || ၜါ ပိုင့် (2 pints) || ၁.၁၃၆၅ လဳတာ (l)
|-
| ဂါလောန် (Gallon, gal) || ပန် ကွာတ် (8 pints) || ၄.၅၄၆ လဳတာ (l)
|}

ဟိုတ်နူ ဂါလောန် အင်္ဂလိက် ဇၞော်နူ ဂါလောန် အမေရိကာန် တုဲ၊ ပိုင့် အင်္ဂလိက် (၅၆၈ ml) ဂှ်လေဝ် ဇၞော်နူ ပိုင့် အမေရိကာန် (၄၇၃ ml) ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် ဍာ်ယာမ (Beer) ကေုာံ ဍာ်တှ် တအ်ဂှ် သွံဒၟံင် နကဵု ပိုင့် စဵုကဵု တ္ၚဲဏအ်ရ။

== ယူနေတ် ဧရိယာ ==
သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် ဧရိယာ တိဍာ် ကေုာံ ကၠအ်သွိုန် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် စကာ အေကာ (Acre) ကေုာံ မိုင် စတုရန်း (Square mile) ရ။ အေကာ ဂှ် ဒှ်ယူနေတ် ဧရိယာ မသ္ပသဇိုင် ကု အစောမ် တိဍာ် ဂၠဴမွဲ မယက်မာန် ပ္ဍဲမွဲတ္ၚဲ ရ။

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; width:100%;&quot;
|+ ယူနေတ် ဧရိယာ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial Units of Area)
|-
! ယူနေတ် (Unit) !! ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် (Definition) !! ဗၞတ် မေတြေတ် (Metric Equivalent)
|-
| ဖေတ် စတုရန်း (Square foot, sq ft) || ၁၄၄ အေန် စတုရန်း || ၀.၀၉၂၉ မဳတာ စတုရန်း (m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| ယာတ် စတုရန်း (Square yard, sq yd) || ၉ ဖေတ် စတုရန်း || ၀.၈၃၆၁ မဳတာ စတုရန်း (m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| ရုဒ် (Rood) || ၁/၄ အေကာ || ၁,၀၁၁ မဳတာ စတုရန်း (m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| အေကာ (Acre) || ၄,၈၄၀ ယာတ် စတုရန်း || ၄,၀၄၆.၈၅၆ မဳတာ စတုရန်း (m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| မိုင် စတုရန်း (Square mile, sq mi) || ၆၄၀ အေကာ || ၂.၅၈၉၉ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာ စတုရန်း (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|}

အေကာ ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲခေတ်လၟုဟ် ဆက်စကာဒၟံင် သွက် ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ဗ္ၚ ကေုာံ ပရေင်သွံရာန် တိဍာ် (Real estate) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် လ္ၚဵုရ။

== ယူနေတ် တၞဟ်ဂမၠိုင် ==
ပါဲနူ ယူနေတ် အဓိက မပ္တံကဵု ဇမၠိင်၊ လျိုင် ကေုာံ ဧရိယာ တုဲ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် နွံ ယူနေတ် သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် ဒြဟတ် ကေုာံ ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ ကီုရ။ ယူနေတ် မပြာကတ်အိုတ် သွက် ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ ဒှ် ဖာရေန်ဟာက် (Fahrenheit) မဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် နကဵု ဒန်နဳယေဝ် ဂါဗြဳယေဝ် ဖာရေန်ဟာက် (Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၂၄ ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞောတ်ဏအ် ဍာ်ကလခဲ (Freezing point) နွံ ၃၂ ဒဳဂရဳ တုဲ ဍာ်ကတဴ (Boiling point) နွံ ၂၁၂ ဒဳဂရဳ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Bolton, Henry Carrington (1900). ''Evolution of the Thermometer, 1592-1743''. Chemical Publishing Company. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt;

သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် ဒြဟတ် ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ (Energy) စကာ ယူနေတ် ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ ဗြိတိန် (British Thermal Unit - BTU) ရ။ မွဲ BTU ဒှ် ဗၞတ် ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ မနွံပၟိက် သွက်ဂွံ ပတိုန် ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ ဍာ် မွဲဖံင် ကဵု မွဲဒဳဂရဳ ဖာရေန်ဟာက် ရ။ ယူနေတ်ဏအ် ပ္ဍဲခေတ်လၟုဟ် ဆက်စကာဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲစက် ပတဴ/ပံက်ကျာ (Air conditioning / Heating systems) အလုံမွဲဂၠးတိရ။

သွက် အသိင်လဟဵု (Speed) စကာ မိုင်-ပ္ဍဲ-မွဲ-နာဍဳ (Miles per hour - mph) တုဲ ယူနေတ်ဏအ် ဆက်စကာဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲလတူဂၠံင် ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် ကေုာံ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် စဵုကဵု တ္ၚဲဏအ်ရ။

== တၞဟ်ခြာ ကု သၞောတ် အမေရိကာန် ==
မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ထုဲထံင် အကြာ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial system) ကေုာံ သၞောတ် အမေရိကာန် (US Customary system) ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ သၞောတ် သီုၜါဏအ် ကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် နူတမ်မူလ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် တြေံ ကီုလေဝ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကလိဂွံ ဗၠးၜး ကၠာ ဟွံဂွံ ပတန် သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ၁၈၂၄ တုဲ သၞောတ် သီုၜါ တၞဟ်ခြာ အာ ရေင်သကအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Judson, Lewis V. (1976). ''Weights and Measures Standards of the United States''. US Department of Commerce. p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

တင်မတၞဟ်ခြာ အဓိက အိုတ် ဒှ် ယူနေတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဗွိုက် (Volume) ရ။ 
* ဂါလောန် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial gallon) = ၄.၅၄၆ လဳတာ
* ဂါလောန် အမေရိကာန် (US gallon) = ၃.၇၈၅ လဳတာ
ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပိုင့် (Pint) သီုၜါလေဝ် ဟွံတုပ် ရေင်သကအ်ရ။ ပိုင့် အင်္ဂလိက် နွံ ၂၀ ဍာ်အံင် (fl oz) တုဲ ပိုင့် အမေရိကာန် နွံ ဆ ၁၆ ဍာ်အံင် ဟေင်ရ။

ပါဲနူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမၜတ် လျိုင် တန် (Ton) ကေုာံ ဟာန်ဒရေတ်ဝိတ် (Hundredweight) လေဝ် တၞဟ်ခြာဒၟံင်ရ။ တန် အင်္ဂလိက် နွံ ၂,၂၄၀ ဖံင် (Long ton) တုဲ တန် အမေရိကာန် နွံ ၂,၀၀၀ ဖံင် (Short ton) ရ။ ယူနေတ် ဇမၠိင် မပ္တံကဵု အေန်၊ ဖေတ်၊ ယာတ် ကေုာံ မိုင် တအ်ဟေင် တုပ်သၟဟ် ရေင်သကအ် အလုံအိုတ်ရ။

== ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ သၞောတ် မေတြေတ် ==
ပ္ဍဲလဒေါဝ် သၞာံ ၂၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ဍုင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မစကာလဝ် သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် တအ် စချဳဓရာင် သွက်ဂွံ ပြံင်လှာဲ စကာ သၞောတ် မေတြေတ် (Metrication) ရ။ ပရေင်ဏအ် ကတဵုဒှ် ဟိုတ်နူ ပရေင်ကူသာန်သွံရာန် ဂၠးတိ နွံပၟိက် သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် မတုပ်သၟဟ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်လောဲသွာ ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန် သိပ္ပံ ရ။ ဍုင်အိန္ဒိယ ပြံင်လှာဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၅၆၊ အဝ်သတေလျာ ကေုာံ နျူဇြဳလာန် ပြံင်လှာဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၀ ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Pencil, Mark (2015). ''Metrication in the Commonwealth''. Historical Measurement Press. p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် (UK) အလဵုအသဳ ဒက်ပတန် ဂကောံဘုတ် မေတြေတ် (Metrication Board) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၉ သွက်ဂွံ ဖန်ဇန် ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲဏအ်ရ။ သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ပရေင်ကူသာန်သွံရာန် စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဒဒှ်ရ ကပေါတ်သွံရာန် သီုဖအိုတ် သ္ဒးထ္ၜး ယူနေတ် မေတြေတ် မပ္တံကဵု ဂရာမ် ကေုာံ လဳတာ ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ပရေင်ဏအ် အံင်ဇၞး ပ္ဍဲစက်ရုံ ကေုာံ ရုင်ကမၠောန် ကီုလေဝ်၊ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ဘဝ လၟေင်တ္ၚဲ ကောန်ဍုင်ကွာန် တအ် ဆက်စကာ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် နဒဒှ် အခိုက်အလိုက် ဏီရ။

== ပရေင်စကာ ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် လၟုဟ် ==
လၟုဟ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် (UK) စကာဒၟံင် သၞောတ် ၜါ ပြံက်နှဴ ရေင်သကအ် (Dual system) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ၜိုန်ရ စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် မေတြေတ် ကီုလေဝ် အခေါင်ကဵုလဝ် သွက်ဂွံ စကာ ယူနေတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲ တၟေင် လ္ၚဵုရ။&lt;ref&gt;Department for Transport (2020). ''Traffic Signs Manual: Chapter 2''. TSO. p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

လတူဂၠံင် ကွဳစက် သီုဖအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် စကာ မိုင် (Mile) သွက် ဇမ္ၚောဲ၊ ယာတ် (Yard) သွက် တရဴ ဍောတ်တ် ကေုာံ မိုင်-ပ္ဍဲ-မွဲ-နာဍဳ (mph) သွက် အသိင်လဟဵု ရ။ ဏအ်ဂှ် တၞဟ်ခြာ နူဍုင် ယူရောပ် တၞဟ် တအ် မစကာ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာ ဖအိုတ်ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲဆေင်သွံ ဍာ်ယာမ (Pubs) ဍာ်ယာမ ဘဳယာ ကေုာံ သာင်ဒါ (Cider) သ္ဒးသွံ နကဵု ဗၞတ် ပိုင့် (Pint, 568 ml) တုဲ သွံ နကဵု လဳတာ ဟွံဂွံရ။ ဍာ်တှ် ပ္ဍဲပလင် ပလာသတေတ် လေဝ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ၜတ်လဝ် နကဵု ပိုင့် ကီုရ။ မၞိဟ်တအ် ၜတ် လျိုင် ခန္ဓကာယ ဇကု နကဵု သတောန် ကဵု ဖံင် (Stones and pounds) တုဲ ၜတ် သၠုင် နကဵု ဖေတ် ကဵု အေန် (Feet and inches) တွဵုရ။

== ပရေင်စကာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ကနေဒါ ကေုာံ တၞဟ်ဂမၠိုင် ==
ဍုင်ကနေဒါ ပြံင်လှာဲ စကာ သၞောတ် မေတြေတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၀ ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ဆဂး ဟိုတ်နူ ပရေင်ကူသာန်သွံရာန် ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံင် ကု ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဗွဲမဇၞော်တုဲ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် / အမေရိကာန် ဆက်သှ်ေၜက်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဏ္ဍ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ ဥပမာ ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန် သိုင်ခၞံ (Construction) ဆု ကေုာံ ပသဲ တအ်ဂှ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် နကဵု အေန် ကဵု ဖေတ် ရ။ ကောန်ဍုင် ကနေဒါ တအ်လေဝ် ၜတ် သၠုင် ကဵု လျိုင် ခန္ဓကာယ နကဵု ဖေတ် ကဵု ဖံင် ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;Kratochvil, Anton (2018). ''Measurements in Canada: A Dual Reality''. Canadian Standards Press. p. 88.&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲဍုင် အဝ်သတေလျာ ကေုာံ နျူဇြဳလာန် ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ စကာ မေတြေတ် အံင်ဇၞး အိုတ်သ္ကီုတုဲ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ဟွံသှ်ေၜက် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်ကီုလေဝ် ယူနေတ် တြေံ မပ္တံကဵု ပိုင့် (Pint) ဂှ် စကာ နဒဒှ် ယၟုကော် သွက် ခေါက် ဍာ်ယာမ (ၜိုန်ရ ဗွိုက်ဍာ် ဒှ် မေတြေတ် ၄၂၅ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ၅၇၀ မဳလဳလဳတာ ကီုလေဝ်) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အိန္ဒိယ ယူနေတ် ဧရိယာ တြေံ မပ္တံကဵု အေကာ (Acre) ဂှ် ဆက်စကာဒၟံင် သွက် လွဳဗ္ၚ ဏီရ။

== ပရေင်လဒက်ပတန် ကေုာံ အနာဂတ် ==
သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ စကာ အောန်စှ်ေ အာ ပ္ဍဲစမ်ၜတ် သိပ္ပံ ကေုာံ စက်ရုံ ကီုလေဝ်၊ ပ္ဍဲယေန်သၞာင် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အင်္ဂလိက် (English language and culture) ဂှ် ဆက်သှ်ေၜက်ဒၟံင် သီုဟွံကၠေအ်ဗဒန် အာရ။ ဝေါဟာရ ကေုာံ တင်ဟီု မပ္တံကဵု &quot;Give an inch, take a mile&quot; (ကဵု မွဲအေန်၊ ကေတ် မွဲမိုင်)၊ &quot;Pound of flesh&quot; (ဖံင် ဖျုန်) တအ်ဂှ် စကာဒၟံင် တွဵု ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပတ် ကေုာံ အရေဝ်လၟေင်တ္ၚဲ ရ။

ပ္ဍဲအနာဂတ် သၞောတ် မေတြေတ် (အေသ်အာင်) ဒှ်သၞောတ် အဓိက အလုံဂၠးတိ ဟွံမဲကဵု သၠေဟ်ပၟာ ကီုလေဝ်၊ သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် ဂှ် ဆက်ဂျိုင်တန်တဴ အာ နဒဒှ် သၞောတ် ဒုတိယ သွက် ပရေင်ဘဝ အခိုက်အလိုက် ဒေသ ကေုာံ ဝင်ဍုင် ရ။ ယူနေတ် လ္ၚဵု မပ္တံကဵု အေန် (Inch) ဂှ် ဆက်စကာဒၟံင် အလုံဂၠးတိ သွက်ဂွံ ၜတ် ဗွိုက် စန် ကောန်ပျူတာ၊ ဖုင် ကေုာံ တာယာ ကွဳစက် (Tire rims) ဏီရ။&lt;ref&gt;Smith, J. L. (2021). ''The Persistence of the Imperial System''. Journal of Metrology History, 14(2), 230.&lt;/ref&gt; ပရေင်ဏအ် ထ္ၜးကဵု ဒဒှ်ရ သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဂှ် ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံင် ကု ဝင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်မၞိဟ် ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက် ရ။

== နိဿဲ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== ဆက်ဗှ်လ္ၚတ် ==
* {{cite book |last=Zupko |first=Ronald Edward |year=1990 |title=Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninmeas0000zupk |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0871691866}}
* {{cite book |last=Connor |first=R. D. |year=1987 |title=The Weights and Measures of England |url=https://archive.org/details/weightsmeasureso0000conn |publisher=Science Museum |isbn=978-0112904359}}
* {{cite book |last=Klein |first=Herbert Arthur |year=1974 |title=The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofmeasure0000klei |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0486258393}}
* {{cite journal |last=Astin |first=A. V. |last2=Karo |first2=H. A. |year=1959 |title=Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound |journal=US Federal Register |url=https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2017/05/09/frn-59-5442.pdf}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.ukma.org.uk/ |title=UK Metric Association |publisher=UKMA |access-date=2026-10-30}}

{{Navbox
| name = သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ်
| title = [[သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဂၠးကဝ်|သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ်]] (Systems of Measurement)
| state = uncollapsed
| listclass = hlist
| group1 = သၞောတ် အခိုက်တြေံ
| list1 = 
* [[သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက်|သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက် (Imperial)]]
* [[သၞောတ် အမေရိကာန်|သၞောတ် အမေရိကာန် (US Customary)]]
* [[သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဗၟာ|သၞောတ် ရးနိဂီုဗၟာ (Myanmar units)]]
* [[သၞောတ် ရဝ်မာန်|သၞောတ် ရဝ်မာန် (Roman)]]
| group2 = သၞောတ် မေတြေတ်
| list2 = 
* [[သၞောတ် ယူနေတ် ဂၠးတိ|အေသ်အာင် (SI)]]
* [[သၞောတ် သဳဂျဳအေသ်|သဳဂျဳအေသ် (CGS)]]
* [[သၞောတ် အေမ်ကေအေသ်|အေမ်ကေအေသ် (MKS)]]
| group3 = ယူနေတ် ဇမၠိင် အင်္ဂလိက်
| list3 = 
* [[အေန်]]
* [[ဖေတ်]]
* [[ယာတ်]]
* [[မိုင်]]
| group4 = ယူနေတ် လျိုင် အင်္ဂလိက်
| list4 = 
* [[အံင်]]
* [[ဖံင်]]
* [[သတောန်]]
* [[တန်]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက်}}
[[Category:သၞောတ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ်ဂမၠိုင်]]
[[Category:ဝင် သၞောတ်ၜတ်ကၞာတ်]]
[[Category:ကၟိန်ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန်]]
[[Category:သၞောတ် အင်္ဂလိက်]]
[[Category:သိပ္ပံ ကေုာံ နဲကဲပညာ]]
[[Category:ပရေင်စမ်ၜတ်]]
[[Category:ယေန်သၞာင် အင်္ဂလိက်]]</text>
      <sha1>haceva84lyy0u6dwgbmfwse4d1z6d7a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>60499</id>
      <parentid>60380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T01:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>1698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>60499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29596" sha1="gacw9lg4ug7gzknahvh5jyysf7u9e6s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox religion
| name = ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်သေံ
| image = Wat Phra Kaew, Bangkok, Thailand 03.jpg
| caption = ကျာ်ပရကေဝ် (Wat Phra Kaew) ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ၜင်ကံက်
| type = [[ထေရဝါဒ]]
| location = [[ဍုင်သေံ]]
| population = ၜိုတ် ၆၃ မဳလဳယာန်
| proportion = ၉၃.၆% ရာယခိုင်
| leader_title = သင်္ဃရာဇာ (Supreme Patriarch)
| leader_name = သောမ်ဒေတ် ပရာ အာရိယဝံသာဂတာယာန (Somdet Phra Ariyavangsagatayana)
}}

ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ[[ဍုင်သေံ]] ဒှ်ဘာသာ [[ထေရဝါဒ]] ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ မၞိဟ်ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ၜိုတ် ၉၃.၆ တၟဴကၠံ ဒ္ဂေတ်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေမံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/ |title=Population by religion, region and area, 2018 |publisher=National Statistical Office of Thailand |access-date=2023-10-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614102009/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/ |archivedate=2019-06-14 |accessdate=2020-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဍုင်သေံ နွံလၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ မဂၠိုင်အိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၜါ ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိ ဆက်နူ ဍုင်ကြုက်ရ။ ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ပြံက်နှဴမံင် ကုအခိုက်ကၞာ ဒေသစာရိတ္တ ကေုာံ ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဟိန္ဒူ မဒှ်အခိုက်တြေံတြဟ် မၞုံကၠုင်လဝ် နူခေတ်ကၠာတေံရ။ 

အလဵုအသဳဍုင်သေံ ကဵုလဝ် အထံက်အပင် ကုသာသနာ ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်တုဲ ဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်သေံ သ္ဒးဒှ် မၞိဟ်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ အတိုင်သၞောဝ်လဒက်ပတန်ဍုင် (Constitution) ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Keyes, Charles F. (1989). ''Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State''. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt; ကံင်သဳ သံဃာ မသၠုင်အိုတ် (Sangha Supreme Council) မဒှ် ဂကောံသံဃာ မပကင်ရင် သံဃာအလုံဍုင် နွံသၟဝ်ပရေင်စၟဳစၟတ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်အုပ်ဓုပ် အလဵုအသဳရ။

ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ဘာလကျာ် နွံၜိုတ် ၄၃,၀၀၀ ဘာတုဲ ခမဳသင် နွံၜိုတ် ၃၀၀,၀၀၀ ဇကုရ။&lt;ref&gt;Tambiah, Stanley J. (1970). ''Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand''. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; အခိုက်ကၞာ ကောန်ဍုင်သေံဂမၠိုင် ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် မနွံအာယုက် ပေင် ၂၀ သၞာံ သ္ဒးလုပ်ပခမဳ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဒဂိုန်ဝှ် အောန်အိုတ် မွဲဝှ် ဒှ်အခိုက် မလုပ်ကၠုင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲယေန်သၞာင် ဗွဲမလှဲလးရ။

== ဝင် ==
ဝင် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ စကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် နူခေတ် အေဒဳ (AD) ဗွဲမလအ်လတုဲ ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ နာနာ လုပ်ကၠုင်လဝ်ရ။ ခေတ် ဒွါရဝတဳ (Dvaravati) မဒှ်ခေတ် ဂကူမန်တအ် မပကင်ရင်လဝ် ဒေသလဒေါဝ် ဍုင်သေံဂှ် ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ထေရဝါဒ ကေုာံ မဟာယာန ပြးဇးကၠုင်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Wyatt, David K. (2003). ''Thailand: A Short History''. Yale University Press. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; အာနုဘဴ ဂကူမန်တအ် ပ္ဍဲခေတ် ဒွါရဝတဳ ပၠောပ်လဝ် မဗဳဇ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဏံရ။

ကြဴနူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲခေတ် သုခေါထာဲ (Sukhothai) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၃ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ သၟိင်တၠ ရာမ်ကာမ်ဟေင် (Ram Khamhaeng) ဒုင်ကေတ် ထေရဝါဒ နူတကအ်သိင်္ဃိုဝ် (Sri Lanka) တုဲ ပဒတန်လဝ် နဒဒှ် ဘာသာဍုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Gombrich, Richard F. (1988). ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo''. Routledge. p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; လကျာ် နူသိင်္ဃိုဝ် ကၠုင်ဖျေံကဵု ဒ္ဂေတ်ဝိနယ် မတေင်ဂြတ်တုဲ အခိုက်ကၞာဏံ ဇၞော်မောဝ်ကၠုင် စဵုကဵုစိုပ် ခေတ် အယုဒ္ဓယ (Ayutthaya) ရ။

ပ္ဍဲခေတ် အယုဒ္ဓယ ပရေင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ နဒဒှ် ဒြဟတ် မဒက်ပတန် အဝဵုသၟိင်တၠ ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ။ သၟိင်တၠတအ် သြိုင်ခၞံ ကျာ်စေတဳ ဘာလကျာ် ကေုာံ ထံက်ပင် ပရေင်ပညာ ပရိယတ္တိ ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ။ ကာလ အယုဒ္ဓယ လီုလာ်အာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၆၇ သၟိင်တၠ တာက်သေန် (Taksin) ကေုာံ ရာမ ပထမ (Rama I) ကလေင်ဒက်ပတန် သာသနာတၟိ ပ္ဍဲခေတ် ရတနာကောသေန် (Rattanakosin) ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, Craig J. (1972). ''The Buddhist Monkhood in Nineteenth Century Thailand''. Cornell University. p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဂိုဏ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံဂမၠိုင် ==
ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ နွံ ဂိုဏ်ဇၞော် ၜါဂိုဏ်ရ။ မဟာနိကာယ (Maha Nikaya) ကေုာံ ဒါမ္မယုတ္တိကာ နိကာယ (Dhammayuttika Nikaya)။ ဂိုဏ် မဟာနိကာယ ဒှ်ဂိုဏ် မၞုံကဵု ခမဳသင် မဂၠိုင်အိုတ်တုဲ ဒှ်အခိုက်တြေံရ။ ဒါမ္မယုတ္တိကာ နိကာယ ဂှ် သၟိင်တၠ မံင်ကွတ် (Mongkut - Rama IV) ဒက်ပတန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၃၃ သွက်ဂွံ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဝိနယ် ဗွဲမတေင်ဂြတ် ကေုာံ ပါ်ပဲါ အခိုက်ကၞာ မဟွံလုပ်ကိုက် ကုပိဋကတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Peter A. (1989). ''Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism''. ISEAS. p. 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ ဂိုဏ်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ
|-
! ယၟု ဂိုဏ်
! မစဒက်ပတန်
! လၟိဟ်ခမဳသင် (စၟတ်)
! လက္ခဏာ ဒ္ဂေတ်
|-
| မဟာနိကာယ (Maha Nikaya)
| အခိုက်တြေံ (နူခေတ် အယုဒ္ဓယ)
| ၜိုတ် ၉၀%
| ဒ္ဂေတ် လှဲလး၊ စန်ဒက် ကုညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဂၠိုင်။
|-
| ဒါမ္မယုတ္တိကာ နိကာယ (Dhammayuttika)
| သၞာံ ၁၈၃၃ (သၟိင် ရာမ မရနုက်ကဵု ပန်)
| ၜိုတ် ၁၀%
| ဒ္ဂေတ် ဝိနယ် တေင်ဂြတ်၊ လ္ၚတ် ပိဋကတ် ဗွဲမချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်။
|}

ကံင်သဳ သံဃာ မသၠုင်အိုတ် (Sangha Supreme Council) ဒှ်ဂကောံ မပကင်ရင် ဂိုဏ်သီုၜါဏံရ။ သင်္ဃရာဇာ (Supreme Patriarch) ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မက္ဍိုက်ပ် ကံင်သဳဏံတုဲ ဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်သေံ ဒှ်ညးမခပတိုန်ရ။ ပရေင်အုပ်ဓုပ်ဏံ သ္ပကဵု သံဃာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ဂွံနွံသၟဝ် အလဵုအသဳ ဗွဲမချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Somboon Suksamran (1982). ''Buddhism and Politics in Thailand''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ပရေင်ပတှ်ေ ကေုာံ အခိုက်ကၞာ ==
ပရေင်ပတှ်ေ ကောန်ဍုင်သေံတအ် ဒက်ပတန်လဝ် လတူ ပရေင်ကၠောန်ကုသဵု (Merit-making) ရ။ ပရေင်ကၠောန်ကုသဵုဏံ တွဵုမံင် ကုပရေင်ကဵုဒါန် ကုခမဳသင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်နူဂယး၊ ပရေင်သြိုင်ခၞံ ဘာလကျာ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်လုပ်ပခမဳရ။&lt;ref&gt;Terwiel, B. J. (1994). ''Monks and Magic: An Analysis of Religious Ceremonies in Central Thailand''. White Lotus. p. 76.&lt;/ref&gt; သ္အာင်နူဏံ ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ သာသနာ ဟိန္ဒူ ကေုာံ ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဒေဝတဴ (Animism) ပြံက်နှဴမံင် ပ္ဍဲအခိုက်ကၞာ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဍုင်သေံ ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက်ရ။ 

{{Graph:Chart
|width=400
|height=200
|type=pie
|legend=ဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ (စၟတ်သမ္တီ)
|x=ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ,အေတ်သလာမ်,ခရေတ်ယာန်,ဟိန္ဒူ ကေုာံ တၞဟ်
|y=93.6,4.9,1.2,0.3
}}

ရုပ်ကျာ် ကေုာံ ခမဳသင် မဒယှ်တအ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်သေံတအ် ပတှ်ေကေတ် ဒဒှ်ရ နွံကဵု ဣဒ္ဓိအာနုဘဴတုဲ ကွက်ယန် (Amulets) ဂှ် ဒှ်ကပေါတ် မစကာဂၠိုင်အိုတ် သွက်ဂွံ စဵုဒၞာ ဘဲအန္တရာယ် ကေုာံ ဂွံလာဘ်သကာရ။ လပါ်ပရေင်ဘာဝနာ (Meditation) ဂှ်ဝွံ အခိုက်ကၞာ ဂြိုပ် (Thai Forest Tradition) မက္ဍိုက်ပ် နကဵု အာစာချာ (Ajahn Chah) ကေုာံ အာစာမန် (Ajahn Mun) တအ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်လဝ် ပရေင်ဘာဝနာ သမာဓိ ကေုာံ ဝိပဿနာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံရ။&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, J. L. (1993). ''Forest Monks and the Nation-State: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand''. ISEAS. p. 89.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ပရေင်ပညာ ကေုာံ ဘာလကျာ် ==
ပရေင်ပညာ ပရိယတ္တိ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ နွံပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ဗွဲမသၠုင်ရ။ သၞောတ်သွဟ်လိက် ပရိယတ္တိ မကော်စ ဓမ္မသုက်သာ (Nak Tham) ကေုာံ ပါဠိသုက်သာ (Pali studies) နွံဒစိုအ်ကဆံင် (စဵုကဵု ကဆံင် ၉) ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Harvey, Peter (1990). ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices''. Cambridge University Press. p. 198.&lt;/ref&gt; 

ဘာတက္ကသိုလ် လကျာ် ဇၞော်အိုတ် ၜါ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံဂှ် ဒှ် မဟာချုလာလောင်ကောန် (Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University) သွက် မဟာနိကာယ ကေုာံ မဟာမကုဋ (Mahamakut Buddhist University) သွက် ဒါမ္မယုတ္တိကာ နိကာယ ရ။ ဘာတက္ကသိုလ် သီုၜါဏံ ဗတောန်ကဵု လိက်ပတ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ သီုကဵု ဘာသာစက် (Secular subjects) သွက်ဂွံ ပခိုဟ်ပတိုန် လဒက်ပတန် ပရေင်ပညာ သံဃာတအ်ရ။

ဘာလကျာ် (Wat) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ဟွံသေင်ဆ ပရေင်သာသနာမွဲဓဝ်၊ ဒှ်ဒၞာဲ ဗဟဵု ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်၊ ပရေင်ယေန်သၞာင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာ ကောန်င္ၚာ်တအ်ရ။ ကောန်င္ၚာ် သၟတ်တအ် လုပ်မံင်ဘာလကျာ် နဒဒှ် ကွးဘာ (Dek wat) တုဲ ကလိဂွံ ပရေင်ပညာ ကေုာံ စၞစ နူဘာလကျာ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Ishii, Yoneo (1986). ''Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;

== သဘင် ကေုာံ တ္ၚဲကိစ္စဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင် ==
တ္ၚဲကိစ္စဇၞော် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံဂှ် ဍုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် နဒဒှ် တ္ၚဲကၟာတ်ရုင် (Public holidays) ရ။ 
* **တ္ၚဲမာဃပူဇာ** (Magha Puja) - ကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး မာတ်၊ ရှ်ေသှ်ေ ပရေင်ကောံဓရီု ခမဳ ၁၂၅၀ ဇကု မဟွံမဲကဵု ပရေင်ဖန်ဇန်။
* **တ္ၚဲဝိသာခပူဇာ** (Vesak) - တ္ၚဲ ကျာ်သၠးဂၠံဂဝ်၊ ဒှ်ကျာ်၊ ကေုာံ ပရိနိဗ္ဗာန်။ ဒှ်သဘင် မဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Swearer, Donald K. (1995). ''The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia''. SUNY Press. p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;
* **တ္ၚဲအာသဠှပူဇာ** (Asalha Puja) - တ္ၚဲ ကျာ်တွံဓရ် ဓမ္မစက် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်။
* **တ္ၚဲလုပ်ဝှ်** (Khao Phansa / Vassa) - တ္ၚဲ ခမဳသင်တအ် စလုပ်ဒဂိုန်ဝှ် ပွိုင် ပိဂိတု။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဏံ မၞိဟ်တြုဟ်တအ် လုပ်ပခမဳ ဂၠိုင်အိုတ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲသဘင်ဏံ ကောန်ဍုင်သေံတအ် အာဘာလကျာ်၊ ကဵုဒါန်၊ မင်သဳ ကေုာံ ဂေတ်ပူဇဴ ကျာ်စေတဳ (Wian Tian) နကဵု ပၞာင်တိုင်ရ။ ပရေင်အာဘာ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲသဘင် ဒှ်အခိုက်ကၞာ မခိုင်ဗိုန် ပ္ဍဲဘဝ ကောန်ဍုင်သေံတအ်ရ။

== ပရေင်သြဇာ လတူ ယေန်သၞာင် ကေုာံ အနုသုခုမ ==
ယေန်သၞာင် ကေုာံ အနုသုခုမ ဍုင်သေံ ဒုင်လဝ် သြဇာ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက်ရ။ ပရေင်သြိုင်ခၞံ (Architecture) ဘာလကျာ် ကေုာံ ကျာ်စေတဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ နွံကဵု အခိုက် ဗီုပြင် မပံင်စပ်လဝ် နူခေတ် သုခေါထာဲ ကေုာံ အယုဒ္ဓယရ။ ရုပ်ပါန်ခဳ ပ္ဍဲဗဒင်ဘာလကျာ် (Mural paintings) ဂၠိုင်ကဵုဒၞာဲ ဓဇက်လဝ် ဝင်ဇာတ် ၅၅၀ (Jataka tales) ကေုာံ ဝင်ကျာ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Krairiksh, Piriya (1977). ''Art Styles in Thailand: A Selection from National Provincial Museums''. Department of Fine Arts, Thailand. p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt;

လပါ် လိက်ပတ် ကေုာံ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ဍုင်သေံ လွဳစလဝ် ဝေါဟာရ နူပါဠိ ကေုာံ သံသကြိုတ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မဆေင်ကဵု ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာရ။ အခိုက်ကၞာ ပရေင်မံင်စံင် လိင်မၞိဟ် မပ္တံကဵု ပရေင်ရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴ မၞိဟ်ဇၞော် ကေုာံ လကျာ် (Wai) ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုဒ္ဂေတ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာရ။

[[File:Wat Arun by night.jpg|thumb|ကျာ် အရุณ (Wat Arun) မၞုံကဵု အနုသုခုမ ပရေင်သြိုင်ခၞံ မစိုန်သကီု]]

== သံဃာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ==
ပရေင်ဆက်ဆောံ အကြာ သံဃာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ နွံဒဒှ် မခိုင်ဗိုန်ကွေံရ။ သၞောဝ်သံဃာ (Sangha Acts) မပ္တိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၀၂၊ ၁၉၄၁ ကေုာံ ၁၉၆၂ တအ်ဂှ် သ္ပကဵု သံဃာ ဂွံနွံသၟဝ် ပရေင်အုပ်ဓုပ် အလဵုအသဳရ။&lt;ref&gt;Suksamran, Somboon (1977). ''Political Buddhism in Southeast Asia: The Role of the Sangha in the Modernization of Thailand''. C. Hurst &amp; Co. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; 

အလဵုအသဳ သေံ စကာ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ နဒဒှ် ကြိယာ သွက်ဂွံ ပံင်ကောံ ဂကူ ကေုာံ စဵုဒၞာ ပရေင်ကောန်မျူနေတ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ် (Cold War) ရ။ လကျာ်တအ် ဒးဒုင်စကာ သွက်ဂွံ စန်ဒက် ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲဒေသ ကုန်ဒဵုဂမၠိုင် (Thammacharik program) ညံင်ဂွံ ပတှ်ေ အလဵုအသဳ ကေုာံ ဨကရာဇ်ရ။ အခိင်လၟုဟ် လကျာ်လ္ၚဵု ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ နွံကၠုင်ကီုရ။

== ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကဵု ညးဗြဴ ==
ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ အခေါင်အရာ ညးဗြဴ ပ္ဍဲဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ နွံပရေင်အပိုင်အခြာရ။ ဂကောံသံဃာ ဍုင်သေံ ဟွံဒုင်တဲ ပရေင်ပတိုန် ခမဳဘိက္ခုနဳ (Bhikkhuni) ရ။ ညးဗြဴတအ် သ္ဒးလုပ်ပ မဲ့ချဳ (Mae chi) မဒှ် သဳလဗြဴ မဗိုက်လတက် ကယျိုင် ဗု ကေုာံ မင်သဳ ဒစာံ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး စှ် ရ။ မဲ့ချဳတအ် ဟွံကလိဂွံ အထံက်အပင် နူအလဵုအသဳ တုပ်ကဵု ခမဳသင် တြုဟ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Lindberg Falk, Monica (2007). ''Making Fields of Merit: Buddhist Female Ascetics and Gendered Orders in Thailand''. NIAS Press. p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

လပါ်ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၃ ဒါမ္မနန္ဒာ ဘိက္ခုနဳ (Dhammananda Bhikkhuni) ကလိဂွံ ဒဒှ် ခမဳဘိက္ခုနဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သိင်္ဃိုဝ် တုဲ ကလေင်ကၠုင် ဍုင်သေံ သွက်ဂွံ ဒက်ပတန် ဂကောံ ဘိက္ခုနဳ ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ကံင်သဳ သံဃာ ဍုင်သေံ ဟွံဒုင်တဲကီုလေဝ် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်လ္ၚဵု ကဵုဒြဟတ်ထံက်ပင် လတူပရေင်ဏံ ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ။ ပရေင်ဏံ ဒှ်ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ မဇၞော်မွဲ ပ္ဍဲဝင် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဍုင်သေံရ。

== ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်တၟိ ==
အခိင်ခေတ်တၟိ ဍုင်သေံ ကတဵုဒှ် ဍုင်မဇၞော်မောဝ် ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်တအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ဂှ် ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာလေဝ် ပြံင်လှာဲကၠုင်ရ။ မၞိဟ်တန်လဒေါဝ် (Middle class) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ၜင်ကံက်တအ် ဂၠာဲကၠုင် ပရေင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ မကိတ်ညဳ ကုဘဝဍုင်ဇၞော်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Zeghidour, Slimane (1989). ''Modernity and Buddhism in Thailand''. Paris. p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂကောံ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ တၟိတၟိ ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ဗီုကဵု ဓမ္မကာယ (Dhammakaya movement) မစန်ဒက် မၞိဟ်တန်လဒေါဝ် နကဵု ပရေင်ကၠောန်ကုသဵု မဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ် ကေုာံ သၞောတ်အုပ်ဓုပ် မတုပ်ကဵု ကမ္ပဏဳရ။ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဂကောံ သန္တိအသောက (Santi Asoke) ဒ္ဂေတ်ဝိနယ် တေင်ဂြတ်၊ စစၞသတ်ဆု၊ ကေုာံ ဟွံဒုင်တဲ သြန်၊ မပါ်ပဲါ သၞောတ်သံဃာ လၟုဟ်ရ။ ဂကောံသီုၜါဏံ ဒးဒုင် ပါ်ပဲါ နူကဵု ကံင်သဳ သံဃာ ဍုင်သေံ ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ။

== ကိစ္စပြဿနာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပါ်ပါဲဂမၠိုင် ==
ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်လၟုဟ် ဆဵုဂဗမံင် ကိစ္စပြဿနာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ ပရေင်ပါ်ပဲါ လတူ ပရေင်သြန် ကေုာံ ဒြပ်ရတ် မလုပ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ် (Commercialization of Buddhism) ဒှ်အရာ မဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Peter A. (1997). ''Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism''. p. 110.&lt;/ref&gt; လကျာ်လ္ၚဵု ဒးဒုင်စပ်စောဲ ကုကိစ္စ သြန်၊ ကိစ္စလိင် ကေုာံ ကိစ္စသုင်စောဲ ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဂမၠိုင် ဒှ်ဟိုတ် ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် စှ်ေစလာ်ရ။

အလဵုအသဳ ကေုာံ သံဃာ မက္ဍိုက်ပ်တအ် ဂစာန်မံင် သွက်ဂွံ သ္အးဇ္ၚး သာသနာကီုလေဝ် သၞောတ်အုပ်ဓုပ် သံဃာ မဟွံခိုင်ဗိုန် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဟွံမဲကဵု သၞောတ်စၟတ်သမ္တီ သြန်လုပ်သြန်တိတ် ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် ပကဵု ညံင်ပြဿနာဏံ ဂွံဆက်ကတဵုဒှ်မံင်ရ။ ပရေင်သွံရာန် ကွက်ယန် နကဵု င္ၚုဟ်မသၠုင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုင် ပါ်ပဲါ နူကဵု ညးမလ္ၚတ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတအ်ရ။

== ပရေင်ဆက်ဆောံ ဂၠးကဝ် ==
ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဍုင်သေံ နွံပရေင်ဆက်ဆောံ ကုဍုင်မ္ၚး ဗွဲမလှဲလးရ。အခိုက်ကၞာ ဂြိုပ် ဍုင်သေံ (Thai Forest Tradition) မက္ဍိုက်ပ် နကဵု အာစာချာ (Ajahn Chah) ဂှ် ပြးဇးအာ စိုပ် ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဍုင်ယူရဝ်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဘာလကျာ် အခိုက်သေံ နွံကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သ္အာင် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Tiyavanich, Kamala (1997). ''Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 204.&lt;/ref&gt;

လပါ် ဒေသအာရှဂှ် ဍုင်သေံ နွံပရေင်ဆက်ဆောံ ကုဍုင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ တၞဟ်တအ် ဗီုကဵု ဍုင်ဗၟာ၊ သိင်္ဃိုဝ် ကေုာံ ကမ္ဗောဒဳယျာရ။ လကျာ် နူဍုင်သ္အာင် ကၠုင်ကတ်လ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ် လကျာ် ဍုင်သေံ နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ ဍုင်သေံ ဒှ်ဒၞာဲ ဗဟဵု မဆက်ဆောံ ပရေင်သာသနာ ပ္ဍဲဒေသ အာရှအဂၞဲတုဲ ကံင်သဳ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဂၠးကဝ် (World Fellowship of Buddhists) လေဝ် နွံရုင်ဗဟဵု ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ၜင်ကံက်ရ။

== နိဿဲ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== ဆက်ဗှ်လ္ၚတ် ==
* {{cite book |last=Keyes |first=Charles F. |year=1989 |title=Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0813301278}}
* {{cite book |last=Tambiah |first=Stanley J. |year=1970 |title=Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismspiritcu0000tamb_n0u9 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521099585}}
* {{cite book |last=Swearer |first=Donald K. |year=1995 |title=The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780791424599 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0791424602}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter A. |year=1989 |title=Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismlegitima0000jack |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-9813035180}}
* {{cite book |last=Tiyavanich |first=Kamala |year=1997 |title=Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand |url=https://archive.org/details/forestrecollecti0000tiya |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0824817817}}

{{Navbox
| name = ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ အာရှ
| title = [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ]] ပ္ဍဲ အာရှ
| listclass = hlist
| list1 = 
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်သေံ|သေံ]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ဗၟာ|ဗၟာ]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ သိင်္ဃိုဝ်|သိင်္ဃိုဝ်]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ကမ္ဗောဒဳယျာ|ကမ္ဗောဒဳယျာ]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်လဴ|လဴ]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ကြုက်|ကြုက်]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ဂျပေန်|ဂျပေန်]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာ|ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာ]]
* [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဗဳယေတ်နာမ်|ဗဳယေတ်နာမ်]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်သေံ}}
[[Category:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်သေံ]]
[[Category:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ အတိုင်ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင်]]
[[Category:သာသနာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်သေံ]]
[[Category:ယေန်သၞာင် ဍုင်သေံ]]
[[Category:ထေရဝါဒ]]
[[Category:ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဍုင်သေံ]]
[[Category:ဝင် ဍုင်သေံ]]</text>
      <sha1>gacw9lg4ug7gzknahvh5jyysf7u9e6s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>