Wikipedija:Pjazza

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== Paġna Prinċipali ==
Fuq il-paġna prinċipali hemm ''item'': Kommemorazzjonijiet...

Dan konna ħadnieh mit-Taljan:Oggi ricorre....
Ħlief għal xi ftit ġranet tas-sena dan ikun fih biss il-qaddisin ikkommemorati mill-Knisja Kattolika. Ta' min iżommu dan l-''item''?

Hemm ukoll Vetrina li rari jkun hemm xi ħaġa fiha. Nistgħu nuruha biss meta jkollna xi ħaġa x'nuru?

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 19:43, 16 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:Rigward il-Vetrina naħseb li tkun idea tajba li nippruvaw nerġgħu nqajjmuha. Fid-[[Utent:Chrisportelli/PaġnaPrinċipali|disinn il-ġdid]] li pproponejt hemma l-kaxxa tal-Vetrina però li nistgħu nagħmlu hu li kif qed tgħid int tinħeba meta ma jkunx hemm. —[[Utent:Chrisportelli|Chrisportelli]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Chrisportelli|d]]) 06:07, 17 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:: L-aktar milli nikkunsidraw inżommux dan l-''item'' naħseb li tajjeb naraw hemmx lok li jsiru waħda minn żewġ affarijiet, jekk mhux it-tnejn: jew (a) naraw jistgħu jinħolqu paġni dwar dan il-qaddisin anke biex ma jkollnix daqs tant ħoloq ħomor fuq il-paġna prinċiali, u/jew (b) insibu mezz biex inżidu aktar magħhom flok qaddisin biss, jew kważi. Meta kont naħdem ma'/fuq aboutmalta.com kellna servizz ta' On This Day in Maltese History din kienet waħda mill-aktar paġni li kienet tiġbed nies lejha.
:: Dwar il-veterina naqbel kompletament ma' li qed tgħidu. {{irrispondi|Nevborg}} Kif għaddi r-Rebbiegħa CEE 2020 nistgħu naraw ma' WCM forsi nistgħu naraw noħolqux edit-a-tona fuq hekk, anke possibilment b'rabta ma' [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital_articles|dan li jidher hawn rigward paġni vitali għal mt.wikipedia]]. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:12, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:::{{irrispondi|Chrisportelli}} Is-sena t-tajba! Bl-għajnuna ta' [[Utent:Dans]] ħdimna naqra fuq verżjoni tikka differenti minn dik li pproponejt int u jekk m'hemmx oġġezzjoni mingħandek jew xi ħadd ieħor (b'mod partikolari [[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] (naqbel miegħek dwar il-Vetrina) u [[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] (naqbel miegħek dwar il-mod kif ninvolvu lill-kommunità) li kienu parti mid-diskussjoni s'issa, allura għada filgħaxija noħorġuha għall-pubbliku bħala parti mill-ħidma li għaddejja bħalissa mill-kommunità b'rabta ma' [[Wikipedija:Wikipedia 20]]. Il-verżjoni li qed nipproponu tinstab [[Utent:Dans/Sandbox|hawn]]. Grazzi dejjem! --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 18:19, 18 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
:::: Forsi nista' nerġa' nqajjem id-diskussjoni dwar &quot;Kommemorazzjonijiet&quot;. Araw ir-rimarka fil-bidu ta' din it-taqsima. —[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 12:06, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
:::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} iva, grazzi. Punt tajjeb ħafna dan! Dwaru kien hemm żewġ kummenti fid-diskussjonijiet tal-kommunità illejla stess. L-ewwel huwa li hemm lok noħolqu attivitajiet biex intejbuh. Hemm il-mudell ta' 'On this day' mill-Ingliż li jidher ferm aħjar minn tat-Taljan għax rari jinkludi qaddisin.  It-tieni ħaġa hija li jekk inneħħuh ħabta u sabta il-Paġna Prinċipali taf tinħass naqra vojta.  Allura, dan li qed tgħid int huwa mhux biss punt tajjeb imma wieħed validissimu u li WCM qed tħares biex tużah fit-tfassil tal-attivitajiet tagħha.  Aktarx induru għal dan mill-ewwel wara li tgħaddi l-kampanja biex inżidu artikli dwar suġġetti essenzjali fil-Wikipedija bħala parti minn Wikipedia 20. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 17:16, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
::::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}}{{irrispondi|ToniSant}} Naqbel li s-sezzjoni dwar &quot;Kommemorazzjonijiet&quot; tista titneħħa. Sa fejn naf jien din hija serje ta' files individwali li jridu jitneħħew individwalment. Jien naħseb li l-mudell Ingliż joffri iżjed varjazzjoni fit-tip ta' avvenimenti u nies li jiġu mfakkra. Naħseb ukoll li fiha ftit xogħol u ħsieb biex norganizzaw l-affarijiet sew - forsi nistgħu niddedikaw ftit ħin biex nippjanaw għalija waqt l-avvenimenti ta' Wikipedia 20 fil-ġimgħat li ġejjin? --[[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Nevborg|d]]) 17:52, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)

== Abbozz == 
Nixtieq nerġa niftaħ id-diskussjoni fuq it-terminu &quot;abbozz&quot;. 

Dan konna iddusketejnieh hawn:

https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pjazza/Arkivju_2008#Stub_jew_Abbozz?

Xi artikli qsar ħafna ma jixirqilhom li jissejħu &quot;abbozz&quot; pereżemju https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa .

Jien kont għedt:
&quot;Togħġobni l-idea tal-Olandiż: &quot;Begintje&quot; jew &quot;bidu żgħir&quot;. Forsi jmissna nivvintaw kliem ġdid fejn ma nsibux kelma adekwata bħal &quot;bdejju&quot; - bidu żgħir! &quot; 

Kont issuġġerejt ukoll &quot;nibbieta&quot;.

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 15:59, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

: {{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Grazzi tassew ta' din. &quot;Abbozz&quot; huwa aktar &quot;draft&quot;, skond jien. Fl-ispirtu ta' dan li qed tipproponi inti, flok &quot;stub&quot; jiena kieku nipproponi &quot;loqma&quot; - xi tgħid? 

: Apparti hekk dan l-aħħar konna qed nitkellmu ukoll dwar aktar parametri li nistgħu norbtu mal-mudell &lt;nowiki&gt;{{stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. {{irrispondi|Scutajar}} x'taħseb dwar din il-biċċa kollha? --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:19, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}}Personalment &quot;loqma&quot; ma tantx togħġobni għax negattiva. Aquilina għal &quot;loqma&quot; jagħti piece of bread, morsel, a crust of bread. Kieku nippreferi xi ħaġa bħal &quot;Bidu ċkejken&quot; jew &quot;Nibbieta&quot; fis-sens li l-artiklu ħa jikber minnha.
:: [[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:39, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}} Milli rajt fuq il-Wikipedija bl-Ingliż, donnhom jintużaw mudelli differenti skont il-kategorija tal-artiklu, imma forsi kellek xi ideat oħra? Rigward l-isem, kemm &quot;loqma&quot; kif ukoll &quot;nibbieta&quot; jogħġbuni, imma minix l-ikbar espert fuq x'isem għandu jingħata. —[[Utent:Scutajar|Scutajar]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Scutajar|d]]) 11:32, 20 Mej 2020 (UTC)

::: {{irrispondi|Leli Forte|Scutajar}}: Nasal naqbel magħkom faċilment. Loqma tassew li għandha konnotazzjonijiet negattivi, anke minħabba loqma ta' sigarett. Naħseb &quot;nibbieta&quot; ideali però mhux ċert għandiex tkun &quot;nebbieta&quot; minflok; [https://mlrs.research.um.edu.mt/resources/gabra/lexemes/view/55eea2269ba3c2094bf097ea araw hawn]. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 18:44, 21 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:::: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}}: Aquilina M-E jagħti t-tnejn (nibbieta/nebbieta). Jien kuntent bit-tnejn.

:::: Kont issuġġerejt dan:
{{ambox
| type  = style
| image = [[Image:Acer seedling drawing.png|55px]]
| text = '''Dan l-artiklu huwa [[Għajnuna:Stub|nibbieta]]''' li nittamaw li minnha jinbet artiklu sħiħ.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;Jekk trid, tista' [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} tikkontribwixxi issa] biex tkabbar u tiżviluppa dan l-artiklu, dejjem skont il-[[Għajnuna:Manwal tal-istil|konvenzjonijiet tal-Wikipedija]].&lt;br/&gt;Għal-lista tan-nibbitiet kollha, ara l-[[:category:stub|kategorija]] li għandha x'taqsam.&lt;/div&gt;
}}

::::[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:47, 22 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Din id-diskussjoni qamet ukoll waqt l-aħħar editathon tal-[[Wikipedija:Rebbiegħa CEE 2020]] ma' [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]], [[Utent:Mewga|Mewga]], [[Utent:Angie Balzan|Angie Balzan]], [[Utent:EnriqueTabone|EnriqueTabone]], u [[Utent:Scutajar|Scutajar]]. Il-kunsens ġenerali kien li nużaw &quot;nebbieta&quot; u l-plural kollettiv ta' &quot;nebbitiet&quot;. Naħseb jekk ma hemm l-ebda oġġezzjoni nistgħu mmexxu b'dan il-mod. --[[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Nevborg|d]]) 16:47, 29 Mej 2020 (UTC)
Araw diskussjoni oħra:

https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pjazza/Arkivju_2009#Stub

=== Abbozzi oħra ===
Hemm ukoll:

{{Abbandunat}}

u abbozzi bis-suġġett

{{Stub| Matematika}}

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:56, 22 Mej 2020 (UTC)

::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Bħala azzjoni konkreta vis-a-vis dak li kiteb dwaru {{irrispondi|Nevborg}} hawn fuq, {{irrispondi|Scutajar}} u jien ħidmna biċċa sew illum biex nibdew naqilbu dawk li kienu abbozzi/stubs għal nebbieta, a bażi ta' dak li ddiskutejna fuq il-proposta tiegħek. Idealment, id-diskussjoni issa [[Diskussjoni_Wikipedija:Nebbieta|għandha timxi għal hawn]] u b'hekk nibdew nifirdu ħidma fuq livell infrastrutturali fuq dan l-aspett u dawk ta' politika ta' kif jitħaddmu, kif bdejna anke niddiskutu ukoll hawn taħt fis-suġġett/taqsima li jmiss. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 19:05, 29 Mej 2020 (UTC)

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== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

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You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

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Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]].

You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. 

Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... 

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The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. 

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

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== Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 ==

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 5, January 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
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Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates.
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*'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]])
*'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
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[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:27, 29 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review ==

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&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello everyone,

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''.

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations.

The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].'''

To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].'''

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].'''

Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. 

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br/&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:55, 4 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== ĦU SEHEM: Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|130px|lemin]]
'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' huwa konkors annwali tal-fotografija miftuħ għal kulħadd, fejn int ukoll tista' żżid ritratti ta' aspetti mill-kultura folkoristika f'Malta u f'pajjiżi oħra madwar id-dinja. Din hija l-ewwel sena li Malta qed tkun inkluża f'din l-attività globali. F'Malta din l-inzjattiva titmexxa minn [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]] li jorganizzaw attivitajiet ta' taħriġ u informazzjoni online għal min jixtieq jieħu sehem kull nhar ta' Ħamis fis-6pm matul ix-xahar ta' Frar.&lt;div class=&quot;main-footer&quot;&gt;''Ħu sehem minn din il-ħolqa fuq Wikimedia Commons: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Malta]]. --'' [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:43, 8 Frar 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work.

The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:35, 9 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March ==

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[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

'''International Team'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Folklore'''

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:50, 22 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== Coming soon ==

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=== Several improvements around templates ===
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
* Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]),
* Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]),
* and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. &lt;/div&gt; - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12:38, 28 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!&lt;/span&gt; ==

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&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki.

There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss:
* A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&amp;A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants.
* The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022.

You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance &lt;br /&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:17, 2 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]].

You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance

Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 00:52, 8 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;Hello! 

The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about &quot;Regional and Thematic Hubs&quot;. The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. 

Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9.

The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''.

Best regards,

[[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]&lt;br /&gt;Movement Strategy
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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01:31, 10 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. 

([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram])

The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]]

A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on  [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]].

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 14:40, 14 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''.

Thank you,

From the Community Development team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:20, 18 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Rebbiegħa CEE 2022 ==

[[Stampa:Rebbiegħa_CEE_logo.jpg|alt=CEE Spring logo|daqsminuri|Rebbiegħa CEE 2022]]
L-għaqda voluntarja Wikimedia Community Malta (WCM) qed tistiednek tieħu sehem fit-tielet edizzjoni tal-konkors Rebbiegħa CEE 2022 fuq il-Wikipedija bil-Malti bejn il-21 ta' Marzu u l-20 ta' Ġunju 2022. Matul dan il-perjodu, il-WCM qed torganizza numru ta' edit-a-toni għal min jixtieq jitgħallem aktar dwar kif jinkitbu l-artiklu fuq il-Wikipedija. 

Ingħaqad ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikipedia madwar id-dinja biex tittraduċi artikli dwar suġġetti li għandhom x'jaqsmu mal-Ewropa Ċentrali u tal-Lvant. Hemm diversi premjijiet x'jintrebħu f'dan il-konkors. Id-dettalji kollha ssibhom fuq il-paġna [[Wikipedija:Rebbiegħa CEE 2022]]. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 09:34, 21 Marzu 2022 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]]
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on &lt;b&gt;31 March 2022 11:59 UTC&lt;/b&gt;. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as &lt;i&gt;folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more&lt;/i&gt;

Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. 

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 14:29, 26 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Greetings,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work.

The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Best regards,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:53, 30 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Konkors Internazzjonali Wiki Loves Monuments 2021 ==

[[File:Portes des Bombes in Floriana, Malta.jpg|300px|Bieb il-Bombi bil-lejl|lemin]]Ritratt tal-utent [[c:Special:ListFiles/Gizwardu|Gizwardu]] (George Abdilla) li juri [[Portes des Bombes|Portes de Bombes]] bil-lejl ġie kklassifikat fl-14-il-post fil-[[commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2021 winners|konkors internazzjonali Wiki Loves Monuments tal-2021]]. Tajjeb ngħidu li f'dan l-konkors ħadu ikkompetew 172,465 ritratt minn 37 pajjiż madwar id-dinja.  

Il-konkors Wiki Loves Monuments huwa organizzat f'Malta kull sena minn Wikimedia Community Malta matul ix-xahar ta' Settembru. L-aqwa 10 ritratt minn kull sena ([[:commons:Wiki_Loves_Monuments_2021_winners#Malta|ara tal-2021]]) jieħdu sehem ukoll fil-konkors internazzjonali organizzat mill-Fondazzjoni Wikimedia fl-ewwel xhur tas-sena ta' wara. 

[http://www.wikimalta.org Wikimedia Community Malta] tifraħ lil dan l-utent ta' dan is-suċċess u bi pjaċir issa naraw dan ir-ritratt fl-artiklu bil-Malti u bl-Ingliż dwar Bieb il-Bombi fil-Furjana.

Prosit, George! -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 14:59, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 6, April 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----

Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]])
*'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]])
*'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get  up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:45, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/:
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research

Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more.

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today!
&lt;br&gt;--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
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== Coming soon: Improvements for templates ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--T:11--&gt;
[[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]]
Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon:

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': 
This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]]

In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]]

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. 

We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages!
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 11:14, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Editing news 2022 #1&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;
[[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]]

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages.  New editors are more successful with this new tool.  You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]].  Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test.  You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:55, 2 Mejju 2022 (UTC)
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== 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']]

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees.

The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team.

;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]].

Thank you for your support, 

Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
10:39, 10 Mejju 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct.  After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself.

Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments!  The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. 

Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. 

Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals.

On behalf of the UCoC project team &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 22:56, 3 Ġunju 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Earth 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:WLE_Austria_Logo_(transparent).svg|lemin|200x200px]]
Malta qed tieħu sehem għall-ewwel darba fil-konkors '''[[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Earth]]''' matul ix-xahar ta' Ġunju. Diversi utenti tal-Wikipedija jingħaqdu kull sena ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikimedia madwar id-dinja għal konkors fotografiku dwar wirt naturali protett. F'Malta dan qed isir bil-kollaborazzjoni ta' [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]]. Ir-rebbieħa ta' dan il-konkors jitħabbru f'Awwissu. [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 08:32, 5 Ġunju 2022 (UTC)

== Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:please-translate}}
[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Hi, Greetings

The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced!

We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]'''

Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project.

We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year.

'''Thank you,'''

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 16:12, 4 Lulju 2022 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in Maltese language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Maltese Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback
* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.
* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Maltese Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since data shows significant mobile editing activity.

We plan to enable the tool on Maltese Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message
* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Maltese Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:ts:Special:ContentTranslation|https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool
* What you think about our plans to enable it
* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions.

[[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 05:23, 7 Lulju 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team

'''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice.

===Section Translation tool enabled in Maltese Wikipedia===

Hello Friends!
 
The Language team is pleased to let you know that the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Section_translation Section Translation] tool is [https://mt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Especial:Traducci%C3%B3n_de_contenidos&amp;from=en&amp;to=mt&amp;sx=true&amp;section=#/ now enabled in Maltese Wikipedia]. It means you can translate real content one section at a time using your mobile devices with ease.

Now you can also start translating an article on your mobile device right when you notice it is missing in Maltese. From a Wikipedia article in any language, switch languages and search for Malti. If the article does not exist, an option to translate it will appear, as shown in the image below.
 
[[File:Sx-language-selector-invite-th.png|thumb|center|Image of the entry point]]

Content created with the tool will be marked [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Re%C4%A1istru?type=&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=sectiontranslation&amp;wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers with the “sectiontranslation” tag] for the community to review. We’ll monitor the content created, but we are very interested in hearing about your experience using the tool and reviewing the content created with it. 
 
So, [https://mt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation enjoy the tool] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation provide feedback] on improving it.

Thank you!

[[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 16:59, 10 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass ==

:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]]

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

* July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass
* July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements
* July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
* August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
* August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
* August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) 11:34, 14 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt; 
----
Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation.  

The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
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* '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]])
* '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]])
* '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]])
* '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]])
* '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]])
* '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]])
* '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]])
* '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]])
* '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]])
* '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]])
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&lt;/div&gt;

Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:37, 18 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
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== Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi everyone,

'''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are:

* Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[:m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]])
* Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[:m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]])
* Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[:m:User:Esh77|Esh77]])
* Kunal Mehta ([[:m:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]])
* Michał Buczyński ([[:m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]])
* Mike Peel ([[:m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]])

You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election.

Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation.

Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia.

Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process.

'''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&amp;A]].
* See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles.
* Encourage others in your community to take part in the election.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 14:03, 27 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
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== Vote for Election Compass Statements ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki.

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

*&lt;s&gt;July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements&lt;/s&gt;
*July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
*August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
*August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
*August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August

Best, 

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 21:01, 27 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Earth 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:WLE_Austria_Logo_(transparent).svg|lemin|200x200px]]
Bi pjaċir kbir inħabbru [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022/Winners#Malta|r-rebbieħa minn Malta tal-konkors globali Wiki Loves Earth 2022]].

Kull sena diversi utenti tal-Wikipedija jingħaqdu ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikimedia madwar id-dinja għal konkors fotografiku dwar wirt naturali protett. L-ewwel edizzjoni tal-konkors '''[[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Earth]]''' f'Malta saret matul ix-xhur ta' Ġunju u Lulju ta' din is-sena.  

F'Malta dawn il-konkorsi jsiru bil-kollaborazzjoni ta' [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]] (WCM), li tifraħ lill-utenti kollha li ħadu sehem f'dan il-konkors, b'mod partikolari lil dawk li r-ritratti taħghom ingħażlu biex jipparteċipaw fil-konkors internazzjonali. Grazzi u prosit tassew!

Aktar dettalji dwar premjijiet u apprezzamenti tal-parteċipazzjoni dalwaqt, fuq is-sit ta' WCM. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 10:44, 23 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== Mudell:Progress bar ==

Ħellow,
Jien editur Malti u m'ilnix wisq fuq il-WP Maltija. Waqt li qed nipprova nagħmel 'table' għall-reżultati ta elezzjoni ta Partit żgħir partikolari (dawn il-pettegorezzi żgħar ta infoboxes u templates jinteressawni ħafna) u nasal għas-Siġġijiet fil-Parlament Malti, insib li ma jeżistix xi forma ta mudell għal 'progress bar' jew indikazzjoni simili illi tallokala numru bhala 'fraction' u ggibulhek qishu loading bar. Fittixt ftit fil-lista ta Mudelli imma ma sibt xejn. Qed infittex ħażin, jew għadha ma teżistix? Fuq il-WP Ingliża dan huwa [[w:Template:Progressbar]] (Fuq kollox nispera li tfajt dal-messaġġ fiċ-'channel' tajjeb.)

[[Utent:Mtonna257|Mtonna257]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Mtonna257|d]]) 10:24, 25 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dx9bfmm9yj3l2zg23n8zv0xkcustxed</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279736</id>
      <parentid>279735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T10:25:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mtonna257</username>
        <id>17384</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mudell:Progress bar */ żball żgħir fil-mudell rranġat.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="83587" xml:space="preserve">{{Il-Pjazza}}
&lt;!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --&gt;

== Paġna Prinċipali ==
Fuq il-paġna prinċipali hemm ''item'': Kommemorazzjonijiet...

Dan konna ħadnieh mit-Taljan:Oggi ricorre....
Ħlief għal xi ftit ġranet tas-sena dan ikun fih biss il-qaddisin ikkommemorati mill-Knisja Kattolika. Ta' min iżommu dan l-''item''?

Hemm ukoll Vetrina li rari jkun hemm xi ħaġa fiha. Nistgħu nuruha biss meta jkollna xi ħaġa x'nuru?

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 19:43, 16 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:Rigward il-Vetrina naħseb li tkun idea tajba li nippruvaw nerġgħu nqajjmuha. Fid-[[Utent:Chrisportelli/PaġnaPrinċipali|disinn il-ġdid]] li pproponejt hemma l-kaxxa tal-Vetrina però li nistgħu nagħmlu hu li kif qed tgħid int tinħeba meta ma jkunx hemm. —[[Utent:Chrisportelli|Chrisportelli]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Chrisportelli|d]]) 06:07, 17 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:: L-aktar milli nikkunsidraw inżommux dan l-''item'' naħseb li tajjeb naraw hemmx lok li jsiru waħda minn żewġ affarijiet, jekk mhux it-tnejn: jew (a) naraw jistgħu jinħolqu paġni dwar dan il-qaddisin anke biex ma jkollnix daqs tant ħoloq ħomor fuq il-paġna prinċiali, u/jew (b) insibu mezz biex inżidu aktar magħhom flok qaddisin biss, jew kważi. Meta kont naħdem ma'/fuq aboutmalta.com kellna servizz ta' On This Day in Maltese History din kienet waħda mill-aktar paġni li kienet tiġbed nies lejha.
:: Dwar il-veterina naqbel kompletament ma' li qed tgħidu. {{irrispondi|Nevborg}} Kif għaddi r-Rebbiegħa CEE 2020 nistgħu naraw ma' WCM forsi nistgħu naraw noħolqux edit-a-tona fuq hekk, anke possibilment b'rabta ma' [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital_articles|dan li jidher hawn rigward paġni vitali għal mt.wikipedia]]. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:12, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:::{{irrispondi|Chrisportelli}} Is-sena t-tajba! Bl-għajnuna ta' [[Utent:Dans]] ħdimna naqra fuq verżjoni tikka differenti minn dik li pproponejt int u jekk m'hemmx oġġezzjoni mingħandek jew xi ħadd ieħor (b'mod partikolari [[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] (naqbel miegħek dwar il-Vetrina) u [[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] (naqbel miegħek dwar il-mod kif ninvolvu lill-kommunità) li kienu parti mid-diskussjoni s'issa, allura għada filgħaxija noħorġuha għall-pubbliku bħala parti mill-ħidma li għaddejja bħalissa mill-kommunità b'rabta ma' [[Wikipedija:Wikipedia 20]]. Il-verżjoni li qed nipproponu tinstab [[Utent:Dans/Sandbox|hawn]]. Grazzi dejjem! --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 18:19, 18 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
:::: Forsi nista' nerġa' nqajjem id-diskussjoni dwar &quot;Kommemorazzjonijiet&quot;. Araw ir-rimarka fil-bidu ta' din it-taqsima. —[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 12:06, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
:::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} iva, grazzi. Punt tajjeb ħafna dan! Dwaru kien hemm żewġ kummenti fid-diskussjonijiet tal-kommunità illejla stess. L-ewwel huwa li hemm lok noħolqu attivitajiet biex intejbuh. Hemm il-mudell ta' 'On this day' mill-Ingliż li jidher ferm aħjar minn tat-Taljan għax rari jinkludi qaddisin.  It-tieni ħaġa hija li jekk inneħħuh ħabta u sabta il-Paġna Prinċipali taf tinħass naqra vojta.  Allura, dan li qed tgħid int huwa mhux biss punt tajjeb imma wieħed validissimu u li WCM qed tħares biex tużah fit-tfassil tal-attivitajiet tagħha.  Aktarx induru għal dan mill-ewwel wara li tgħaddi l-kampanja biex inżidu artikli dwar suġġetti essenzjali fil-Wikipedija bħala parti minn Wikipedia 20. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 17:16, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
::::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}}{{irrispondi|ToniSant}} Naqbel li s-sezzjoni dwar &quot;Kommemorazzjonijiet&quot; tista titneħħa. Sa fejn naf jien din hija serje ta' files individwali li jridu jitneħħew individwalment. Jien naħseb li l-mudell Ingliż joffri iżjed varjazzjoni fit-tip ta' avvenimenti u nies li jiġu mfakkra. Naħseb ukoll li fiha ftit xogħol u ħsieb biex norganizzaw l-affarijiet sew - forsi nistgħu niddedikaw ftit ħin biex nippjanaw għalija waqt l-avvenimenti ta' Wikipedia 20 fil-ġimgħat li ġejjin? --[[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Nevborg|d]]) 17:52, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)

== Abbozz == 
Nixtieq nerġa niftaħ id-diskussjoni fuq it-terminu &quot;abbozz&quot;. 

Dan konna iddusketejnieh hawn:

https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pjazza/Arkivju_2008#Stub_jew_Abbozz?

Xi artikli qsar ħafna ma jixirqilhom li jissejħu &quot;abbozz&quot; pereżemju https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa .

Jien kont għedt:
&quot;Togħġobni l-idea tal-Olandiż: &quot;Begintje&quot; jew &quot;bidu żgħir&quot;. Forsi jmissna nivvintaw kliem ġdid fejn ma nsibux kelma adekwata bħal &quot;bdejju&quot; - bidu żgħir! &quot; 

Kont issuġġerejt ukoll &quot;nibbieta&quot;.

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 15:59, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

: {{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Grazzi tassew ta' din. &quot;Abbozz&quot; huwa aktar &quot;draft&quot;, skond jien. Fl-ispirtu ta' dan li qed tipproponi inti, flok &quot;stub&quot; jiena kieku nipproponi &quot;loqma&quot; - xi tgħid? 

: Apparti hekk dan l-aħħar konna qed nitkellmu ukoll dwar aktar parametri li nistgħu norbtu mal-mudell &lt;nowiki&gt;{{stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. {{irrispondi|Scutajar}} x'taħseb dwar din il-biċċa kollha? --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:19, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}}Personalment &quot;loqma&quot; ma tantx togħġobni għax negattiva. Aquilina għal &quot;loqma&quot; jagħti piece of bread, morsel, a crust of bread. Kieku nippreferi xi ħaġa bħal &quot;Bidu ċkejken&quot; jew &quot;Nibbieta&quot; fis-sens li l-artiklu ħa jikber minnha.
:: [[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:39, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}} Milli rajt fuq il-Wikipedija bl-Ingliż, donnhom jintużaw mudelli differenti skont il-kategorija tal-artiklu, imma forsi kellek xi ideat oħra? Rigward l-isem, kemm &quot;loqma&quot; kif ukoll &quot;nibbieta&quot; jogħġbuni, imma minix l-ikbar espert fuq x'isem għandu jingħata. —[[Utent:Scutajar|Scutajar]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Scutajar|d]]) 11:32, 20 Mej 2020 (UTC)

::: {{irrispondi|Leli Forte|Scutajar}}: Nasal naqbel magħkom faċilment. Loqma tassew li għandha konnotazzjonijiet negattivi, anke minħabba loqma ta' sigarett. Naħseb &quot;nibbieta&quot; ideali però mhux ċert għandiex tkun &quot;nebbieta&quot; minflok; [https://mlrs.research.um.edu.mt/resources/gabra/lexemes/view/55eea2269ba3c2094bf097ea araw hawn]. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 18:44, 21 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:::: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}}: Aquilina M-E jagħti t-tnejn (nibbieta/nebbieta). Jien kuntent bit-tnejn.

:::: Kont issuġġerejt dan:
{{ambox
| type  = style
| image = [[Image:Acer seedling drawing.png|55px]]
| text = '''Dan l-artiklu huwa [[Għajnuna:Stub|nibbieta]]''' li nittamaw li minnha jinbet artiklu sħiħ.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;Jekk trid, tista' [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} tikkontribwixxi issa] biex tkabbar u tiżviluppa dan l-artiklu, dejjem skont il-[[Għajnuna:Manwal tal-istil|konvenzjonijiet tal-Wikipedija]].&lt;br/&gt;Għal-lista tan-nibbitiet kollha, ara l-[[:category:stub|kategorija]] li għandha x'taqsam.&lt;/div&gt;
}}

::::[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:47, 22 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Din id-diskussjoni qamet ukoll waqt l-aħħar editathon tal-[[Wikipedija:Rebbiegħa CEE 2020]] ma' [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]], [[Utent:Mewga|Mewga]], [[Utent:Angie Balzan|Angie Balzan]], [[Utent:EnriqueTabone|EnriqueTabone]], u [[Utent:Scutajar|Scutajar]]. Il-kunsens ġenerali kien li nużaw &quot;nebbieta&quot; u l-plural kollettiv ta' &quot;nebbitiet&quot;. Naħseb jekk ma hemm l-ebda oġġezzjoni nistgħu mmexxu b'dan il-mod. --[[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Nevborg|d]]) 16:47, 29 Mej 2020 (UTC)
Araw diskussjoni oħra:

https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pjazza/Arkivju_2009#Stub

=== Abbozzi oħra ===
Hemm ukoll:

{{Abbandunat}}

u abbozzi bis-suġġett

{{Stub| Matematika}}

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:56, 22 Mej 2020 (UTC)

::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Bħala azzjoni konkreta vis-a-vis dak li kiteb dwaru {{irrispondi|Nevborg}} hawn fuq, {{irrispondi|Scutajar}} u jien ħidmna biċċa sew illum biex nibdew naqilbu dawk li kienu abbozzi/stubs għal nebbieta, a bażi ta' dak li ddiskutejna fuq il-proposta tiegħek. Idealment, id-diskussjoni issa [[Diskussjoni_Wikipedija:Nebbieta|għandha timxi għal hawn]] u b'hekk nibdew nifirdu ħidma fuq livell infrastrutturali fuq dan l-aspett u dawk ta' politika ta' kif jitħaddmu, kif bdejna anke niddiskutu ukoll hawn taħt fis-suġġett/taqsima li jmiss. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 19:05, 29 Mej 2020 (UTC)

&lt;hr /&gt;

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

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{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:15, 9 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ==

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{{int:please-translate}}

Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]].

You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. 

Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... 

Thank you.

'''Feminism and Folklore Team''',

[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]]
--05:49, 11 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. 

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]]

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:04, 15 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Dear community members, 

Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. 

If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories.

Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]].

More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]].

For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org.
------
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#8B0000&quot;&gt;'''ZI Jony'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Talk)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;]], {{&lt;includeonly&gt;subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 5, January 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----
Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates.
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]])
*'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:27, 29 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello everyone,

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''.

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations.

The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].'''

To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].'''

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].'''

Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. 

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br/&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:55, 4 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== ĦU SEHEM: Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|130px|lemin]]
'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' huwa konkors annwali tal-fotografija miftuħ għal kulħadd, fejn int ukoll tista' żżid ritratti ta' aspetti mill-kultura folkoristika f'Malta u f'pajjiżi oħra madwar id-dinja. Din hija l-ewwel sena li Malta qed tkun inkluża f'din l-attività globali. F'Malta din l-inzjattiva titmexxa minn [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]] li jorganizzaw attivitajiet ta' taħriġ u informazzjoni online għal min jixtieq jieħu sehem kull nhar ta' Ħamis fis-6pm matul ix-xahar ta' Frar.&lt;div class=&quot;main-footer&quot;&gt;''Ħu sehem minn din il-ħolqa fuq Wikimedia Commons: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Malta]]. --'' [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:43, 8 Frar 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work.

The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:35, 9 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

'''International Team'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Folklore'''

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:50, 22 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== Coming soon ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
=== Several improvements around templates ===
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
* Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]),
* Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]),
* and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. &lt;/div&gt; - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12:38, 28 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki.

There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss:
* A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&amp;A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants.
* The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022.

You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance &lt;br /&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:17, 2 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]].

You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance

Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 00:52, 8 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;Hello! 

The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about &quot;Regional and Thematic Hubs&quot;. The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. 

Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9.

The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''.

Best regards,

[[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]&lt;br /&gt;Movement Strategy
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:31, 10 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. 

([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram])

The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]]

A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on  [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]].

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 14:40, 14 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''.

Thank you,

From the Community Development team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:20, 18 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Rebbiegħa CEE 2022 ==

[[Stampa:Rebbiegħa_CEE_logo.jpg|alt=CEE Spring logo|daqsminuri|Rebbiegħa CEE 2022]]
L-għaqda voluntarja Wikimedia Community Malta (WCM) qed tistiednek tieħu sehem fit-tielet edizzjoni tal-konkors Rebbiegħa CEE 2022 fuq il-Wikipedija bil-Malti bejn il-21 ta' Marzu u l-20 ta' Ġunju 2022. Matul dan il-perjodu, il-WCM qed torganizza numru ta' edit-a-toni għal min jixtieq jitgħallem aktar dwar kif jinkitbu l-artiklu fuq il-Wikipedija. 

Ingħaqad ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikipedia madwar id-dinja biex tittraduċi artikli dwar suġġetti li għandhom x'jaqsmu mal-Ewropa Ċentrali u tal-Lvant. Hemm diversi premjijiet x'jintrebħu f'dan il-konkors. Id-dettalji kollha ssibhom fuq il-paġna [[Wikipedija:Rebbiegħa CEE 2022]]. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 09:34, 21 Marzu 2022 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]]
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on &lt;b&gt;31 March 2022 11:59 UTC&lt;/b&gt;. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as &lt;i&gt;folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more&lt;/i&gt;

Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. 

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 14:29, 26 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Greetings,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work.

The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Best regards,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:53, 30 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Konkors Internazzjonali Wiki Loves Monuments 2021 ==

[[File:Portes des Bombes in Floriana, Malta.jpg|300px|Bieb il-Bombi bil-lejl|lemin]]Ritratt tal-utent [[c:Special:ListFiles/Gizwardu|Gizwardu]] (George Abdilla) li juri [[Portes des Bombes|Portes de Bombes]] bil-lejl ġie kklassifikat fl-14-il-post fil-[[commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2021 winners|konkors internazzjonali Wiki Loves Monuments tal-2021]]. Tajjeb ngħidu li f'dan l-konkors ħadu ikkompetew 172,465 ritratt minn 37 pajjiż madwar id-dinja.  

Il-konkors Wiki Loves Monuments huwa organizzat f'Malta kull sena minn Wikimedia Community Malta matul ix-xahar ta' Settembru. L-aqwa 10 ritratt minn kull sena ([[:commons:Wiki_Loves_Monuments_2021_winners#Malta|ara tal-2021]]) jieħdu sehem ukoll fil-konkors internazzjonali organizzat mill-Fondazzjoni Wikimedia fl-ewwel xhur tas-sena ta' wara. 

[http://www.wikimalta.org Wikimedia Community Malta] tifraħ lil dan l-utent ta' dan is-suċċess u bi pjaċir issa naraw dan ir-ritratt fl-artiklu bil-Malti u bl-Ingliż dwar Bieb il-Bombi fil-Furjana.

Prosit, George! -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 14:59, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 6, April 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----

Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]])
*'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]])
*'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get  up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:45, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/:
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research

Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more.

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today!
&lt;br&gt;--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
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== Coming soon: Improvements for templates ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--T:11--&gt;
[[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]]
Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon:

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': 
This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]]

In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]]

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. 

We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages!
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 11:14, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Editing news 2022 #1&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;
[[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]]

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages.  New editors are more successful with this new tool.  You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]].  Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test.  You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:55, 2 Mejju 2022 (UTC)
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== 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']]

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees.

The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team.

;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]].

Thank you for your support, 

Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
10:39, 10 Mejju 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct.  After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself.

Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments!  The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. 

Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. 

Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals.

On behalf of the UCoC project team &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 22:56, 3 Ġunju 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Earth 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:WLE_Austria_Logo_(transparent).svg|lemin|200x200px]]
Malta qed tieħu sehem għall-ewwel darba fil-konkors '''[[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Earth]]''' matul ix-xahar ta' Ġunju. Diversi utenti tal-Wikipedija jingħaqdu kull sena ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikimedia madwar id-dinja għal konkors fotografiku dwar wirt naturali protett. F'Malta dan qed isir bil-kollaborazzjoni ta' [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]]. Ir-rebbieħa ta' dan il-konkors jitħabbru f'Awwissu. [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 08:32, 5 Ġunju 2022 (UTC)

== Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:please-translate}}
[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Hi, Greetings

The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced!

We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]'''

Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project.

We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year.

'''Thank you,'''

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 16:12, 4 Lulju 2022 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=23454230 --&gt;

== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in Maltese language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Maltese Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback
* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.
* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Maltese Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since data shows significant mobile editing activity.

We plan to enable the tool on Maltese Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message
* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Maltese Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:ts:Special:ContentTranslation|https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool
* What you think about our plans to enable it
* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions.

[[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 05:23, 7 Lulju 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team

'''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice.

===Section Translation tool enabled in Maltese Wikipedia===

Hello Friends!
 
The Language team is pleased to let you know that the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Section_translation Section Translation] tool is [https://mt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Especial:Traducci%C3%B3n_de_contenidos&amp;from=en&amp;to=mt&amp;sx=true&amp;section=#/ now enabled in Maltese Wikipedia]. It means you can translate real content one section at a time using your mobile devices with ease.

Now you can also start translating an article on your mobile device right when you notice it is missing in Maltese. From a Wikipedia article in any language, switch languages and search for Malti. If the article does not exist, an option to translate it will appear, as shown in the image below.
 
[[File:Sx-language-selector-invite-th.png|thumb|center|Image of the entry point]]

Content created with the tool will be marked [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Re%C4%A1istru?type=&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=sectiontranslation&amp;wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers with the “sectiontranslation” tag] for the community to review. We’ll monitor the content created, but we are very interested in hearing about your experience using the tool and reviewing the content created with it. 
 
So, [https://mt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation enjoy the tool] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation provide feedback] on improving it.

Thank you!

[[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 16:59, 10 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass ==

:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]]

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

* July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass
* July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements
* July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
* August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
* August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
* August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) 11:34, 14 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23215441 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt; 
----
Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation.  

The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; 

* '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]])
* '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]])
* '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]])
* '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]])
* '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]])
* '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]])
* '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]])
* '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]])
* '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]])
* '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:37, 18 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23529147 --&gt;

== Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi everyone,

'''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are:

* Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[:m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]])
* Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[:m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]])
* Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[:m:User:Esh77|Esh77]])
* Kunal Mehta ([[:m:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]])
* Michał Buczyński ([[:m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]])
* Mike Peel ([[:m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]])

You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election.

Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation.

Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia.

Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process.

'''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&amp;A]].
* See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles.
* Encourage others in your community to take part in the election.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 14:03, 27 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23530132 --&gt;

== Vote for Election Compass Statements ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki.

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

*&lt;s&gt;July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements&lt;/s&gt;
*July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
*August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
*August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
*August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August

Best, 

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 21:01, 27 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23530132 --&gt;

== Wiki Loves Earth 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:WLE_Austria_Logo_(transparent).svg|lemin|200x200px]]
Bi pjaċir kbir inħabbru [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022/Winners#Malta|r-rebbieħa minn Malta tal-konkors globali Wiki Loves Earth 2022]].

Kull sena diversi utenti tal-Wikipedija jingħaqdu ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikimedia madwar id-dinja għal konkors fotografiku dwar wirt naturali protett. L-ewwel edizzjoni tal-konkors '''[[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Earth]]''' f'Malta saret matul ix-xhur ta' Ġunju u Lulju ta' din is-sena.  

F'Malta dawn il-konkorsi jsiru bil-kollaborazzjoni ta' [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]] (WCM), li tifraħ lill-utenti kollha li ħadu sehem f'dan il-konkors, b'mod partikolari lil dawk li r-ritratti taħghom ingħażlu biex jipparteċipaw fil-konkors internazzjonali. Grazzi u prosit tassew!

Aktar dettalji dwar premjijiet u apprezzamenti tal-parteċipazzjoni dalwaqt, fuq is-sit ta' WCM. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 10:44, 23 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== Mudell:Progress bar ==

Ħellow,
Jien editur Malti u m'ilnix wisq fuq il-WP Maltija. Waqt li qed nipprova nagħmel 'table' għall-reżultati ta elezzjoni ta Partit żgħir partikolari (dawn il-pettegorezzi żgħar ta infoboxes u templates jinteressawni ħafna) u nasal għas-Siġġijiet fil-Parlament Malti, insib li ma jeżistix xi forma ta mudell għal 'progress bar' jew indikazzjoni simili illi tallokala numru bhala 'fraction' u ggibulhek qishu loading bar. Fittixt ftit fil-lista ta Mudelli imma ma sibt xejn. Qed infittex ħażin, jew għadha ma teżistix? Fuq il-WP Ingliża dan huwa [[w:Template:Composition bar]] (Fuq kollox nispera li tfajt dal-messaġġ fiċ-'channel' tajjeb.)

[[Utent:Mtonna257|Mtonna257]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Mtonna257|d]]) 10:24, 25 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0swuxsd9f2ucvbm2vraqmzrm7ecm38v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lega Anżejatika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279697</id>
      <parentid>243198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T14:48:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Lega Anżejatika]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="741" xml:space="preserve">{{stub|Storja}}
[[Stampa:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|[[Mappa Marittima]] tar-reġġjoni tal-[[Baħar Baltiku]] (1539).]]

Il-'''Lega Anżejatika''' ([[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: ''die Hanse'', [[Lingwa Olandiża|Olandiż]]: ''de Hanze'', [[Lingwa Pollakka|Pollakk]]: ''Hanza'', [[Lingwa Żvediża|Żvediż]]: ''Hansan'') kienet tikkonsisti f'[[allejanza militari|allejanza]] ta' xirek [[Negozjanti|merkantili]] li ffurmaw u żammew [[monopolju]] merkantili fuq il-[[baħar Baltiku]] u fuq il-parti l-kbira tal-[[Ewropa tat-tramuntana]] għal ċertu żmien bejn tmiem il-[[Medjuevu]] u l-bidu tal-perjodu Modern, bejn is-seklu tlettax u s-seklu sbatax. 

{{Commons|Category:Hanseatic League}}

[[Kategorija:Ekonomija medjevali]]</text>
      <sha1>ndxaehfdkivzysn4d9ad0j0e7qcc5c2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279698</id>
      <parentid>279697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T14:48:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Ekonomija medjevali]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[Stampa:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|[[Mappa Marittima]] tar-reġġjoni tal-[[Baħar Baltiku]] (1539).]]

Il-'''Lega Anżejatika''' ([[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: ''die Hanse'', [[Lingwa Olandiża|Olandiż]]: ''de Hanze'', [[Lingwa Pollakka|Pollakk]]: ''Hanza'', [[Lingwa Żvediża|Żvediż]]: ''Hansan'') kienet tikkonsisti f'[[allejanza militari|allejanza]] ta' xirek [[Negozjanti|merkantili]] li ffurmaw u żammew [[monopolju]] merkantili fuq il-[[baħar Baltiku]] u fuq il-parti l-kbira tal-[[Ewropa tat-tramuntana]] għal ċertu żmien bejn tmiem il-[[Medjuevu]] u l-bidu tal-perjodu Modern, bejn is-seklu tlettax u s-seklu sbatax. 

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[[Stampa:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|[[Mappa Marittima]] tar-reġġjoni tal-[[Baħar Baltiku]] (1539).]]

Il-'''Lega Anżejatika''' ([[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: ''die Hanse'', [[Lingwa Olandiża|Olandiż]]: ''de Hanze'', [[Lingwa Pollakka|Pollakk]]: ''Hanza'', [[Lingwa Żvediża|Żvediż]]: ''Hansan'') kienet tikkonsisti f'[[allejanza militari|allejanza]] ta' xirek [[Negozjanti|merkantili]] li ffurmaw u żammew [[monopolju]] merkantili fuq il-[[baħar Baltiku]] u fuq il-parti l-kbira tal-[[Ewropa tat-tramuntana]] għal ċertu żmien bejn tmiem il-[[Medjuevu]] u l-bidu tal-perjodu Modern, bejn is-seklu tlettax u s-seklu sbatax. 

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[[Stampa:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|[[Mappa Marittima]] tar-reġġjoni tal-[[Baħar Baltiku]] (1539).]]

Il-'''Lega Anżejatika''' ([[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: ''die Hanse'', [[Lingwa Olandiża|Olandiż]]: ''de Hanze'', [[Lingwa Pollakka|Pollakk]]: ''Hanza'', [[Lingwa Żvediża|Żvediż]]: ''Hansan'') kienet tikkonsisti f'[[allejanza militari|allejanza]] ta' xirek [[Negozjanti|merkantili]] li ffurmaw u żammew [[monopolju]] merkantili fuq il-[[baħar Baltiku]] u fuq il-parti l-kbira tal-[[Ewropa tat-tramuntana]] għal ċertu żmien bejn tmiem il-[[Medjuevu]] u l-bidu tal-perjodu Modern, bejn is-seklu tlettax u s-seklu sbatax. 

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[[Stampa:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Mappa Marittima tar-reġjuni tal-Baħar Baltiku (1539).]]

Il-'''Lega Anseatika''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: ''die Hanse'', bl-[[Lingwa Olandiża|Olandiż]]: ''de Hanze'', bil-[[Lingwa Pollakka|Pollakk]]: ''Hanza'', bl-I[[Lingwa Żvediża|żvediż]]: ''Hansan'') kienet tikkonsisti f'alleanza ta' xirek [[Negozjanti|merkantili]] li kienu jiffurmaw u jżommu [[monopolju]] merkantili fuq il-[[baħar Baltiku]] u fuq il-parti l-kbira tat-Tramuntana tal-[[Ewropa]] għal ċertu żmien bejn tmiem il-[[Medjuevu]] u l-bidu tal-perjodu modern, bejn is-seklu tlettax u s-seklu sbatax. 

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    <title>Mario Azzopardi (poeta)</title>
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      <comment>/* Ħajja */</comment>
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[[Stampa:MarioAzzopardi.jpg|thumb|lemin|200px]]{{Infobox bijografija}}{{Wikifikazzjoni}}
'''Mario Azzopardi''' ([[Ħamrun]], [[11 ta' Settembru]] [[1944]] - 11 ta' Marzu 2022) kien poeta, direttur teatrali u kritiku tal-arti Malti.

== Ħajja ==
Mario Azzopardi  twieled il-Hamrun f'familja tal-ħaddiema, l-ewwel wieħed minn sitt ulied. Kellu trobbija reliġjuża rigida li f'żgħożitu rreaġixxa kontriha kif jixhdu ħafna poeżiji u kitbiet oħra tiegħu. Studja fil-Liċeo, fil-Kulleġġ tal-Għalliema u fl-[[Universita' ta' Malta]], mnejn iggradwa (M.Pħil.) b'teżi dwar it-Teatru Komunitarju. Għallem l-arti, id-drama edukattiva u l-letteratura Maltija għal bosta snin fl-iskejjel statali u ħadem fil-Policy Unit tal-Ministeru tal-Edukazzjoni u Kultura bejn l-1998-2004, meta rtira mis-servizz pubbliku iżda xorta ntalab ikompli jmexxi ċ-Ċentru tad-Drama ta' Malta. Azzopardi jgħallem l-Istorja tat-Teatru tas-seklu 20 fl-Università ta' Malta. 

Ħuwa kittieb prolifiku u versatili, u aktarx ħu l-aktar poeta Malti li esperimenta bi stili differenti, mill-vers &quot;grafiku&quot; sal-&quot;poesej&quot;. Sa mill-1967 ilu attiv ukoll bħala ġurnalista kulturali u ħadem bħala artikolista ma' ''L-Orizzont'', ''Tħe Malta Economist'', ''Tħe Bullettin'', ''Tħe Malta Independent'', ''In-Nazzjon'' u ''Il-Mument''.  Kien ukoll l-editur tar-rivista letterarja xellugija ''Neo'' u tas-supplimenti kulturali ''Spektrum'' u ''Fokus'' li kienu ppubblikati mal-gazzetta ''Il-Mument''. Bħala reġgista dderieġa x-xogħol ta' awturi klassiċi u kontemporanji għat-televżijoni u fl-1992 kien ħoloq u ppreżenta l-ewwel programm satiriku li qatt ixxandar fuq stazzjon tar-radju u li kien ħoloq reazzjonijiet  imħalltin, l-aktar minħabba li mess temi &quot;devozzjonali&quot;, meqjusin bħala intokkabbli fil-media radjufonika.        

Azzopardi kien wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-letteratura ''New Wave'' li tfaċċat f'Malta fis-snin Sittin, kif ukoll wieħed mill-fundaturi tal-Moviment Qawmien Letterarju, li kien twaqqaf fl-1967, sewwasew biex jikkonfronta 'l-istagnar fil-letteratura Maltija ta' dik l-epoka u biex jiddemokratizza l-letteratura billi jeħodħa għand il-poplu fl-imsieraħ, fit-triqat, f'ambjenti rurali u f'xatt il-baħar.

== Kitba poetika ==
L-ewwel kitbiet ta' Azzopardi deħru f'antoloġiji ma' poeti oħra. (1968 - 1972). Sa mill-bidunett deher illi kien qed jisfida l-istatus quo letterarju, imxekkel kif kien b'forom u kontenut sorpassati. Azzopardi, flimkien ma' oħrajn, introduċa forom sperimentali, inkluż il-vers projettiv u ttratta temi li li sa dak iż-żmien kienu &quot;ipprojbiti&quot;, fostħom is-sesswalità, l-ipokresija religjuża u l-pretensjoni parijottika.

Ħafna mill-poeżija tiegħu ħi bbażata fuq episodji biografiċi u tieħu ton konfessjonali li jitfa' dawl fuq l-indottrinazzjoni religjuża fi tfulitu; id-diffikultajiet kostanti fir-relazzjonijiet ma' nisa diversi li daħlu f'ħajtu; l-anjostiċiżmu religjuż tiegħu bħala adult u l-esperjenza tal-ħafna vjaġġi li għamel mħux bħala turist, imma bħala pellegrin fittiex.  Aspett ieħor ċentrali fil-poeżija tiegħu għandu x'jaqsam mal-identifikazzjoni ma' nies li jbatu, kienu min kienu u għexu fejn għexu. It-timbri poetiċi l-aktar pronunzjati fil-poeżija tiegħu huma l-ironija, l-introspezzjoni, il-protesta, l-ambigwità, l-awto-definizzjoni, id-drammatiċità barokka, l-effett ta' dettalji istantanji, metaforizzazzjoni oriġinali, evokazzjoni grafika, is-sens ta' telfa u d-deformazzjoni grotteska.

Fost ix-xogħlijiet tiegħu nsibu l-kotba ''Demgħat tas-Silġ'' (1976), ''Passiflora'' (1977), ''Tabernakli'' (1979), ''Monokordi'' (1984). ''Noti mis-Sanatorju tal-Mistiċi'' (1995) u ''Skizzi tal-Karnival'' (2010). Fl-1995 ħuwa ġabar, flimkien ma' [[Oliver Friggieri]], għadd ġmielħu ta' poeżiji u novelli b'temi ambjentali fil-ktieb ''L-Antoloġija tan-Natura'', mitbugħ mis-Segretarjat Għall-Ambjent. Wieħed mill-aħħar kotba ppubblikati ta' Azzopardi deħer fl-2007, meta ħareg ''Alicia Titkellem mill-Imwiet'' (Merlin Library). Din hi antologija ta' stejjer b'kontenut soċjali indirizzata direttament liż-żgħażagħ u tinkludi temi bħall-pedofelija, il-manipulazzjoni tal-adolexxenti bil-medja, l-aljenazzjoni, it-traffikar tad-droga, ir-razziżmu u l-pregudizzju, fost l-oħrajn.  Il-ktieb rebaħ premju nazzjonali għal-letteratura tal-adolexxenti.

It-tieni ktieb fuq temi simili, '' L-Aħħar Granet ta' Ciorni '' (pubblikazzjoni oħra tal-Merlin, 2009) rega' rebaħ il-premju nazzjonali għall-kitba għall-adolexxenti, filwaqt li s-sena ta' wara, Azzopardi għaqqad triloġija ta' volumi b'narrattiva għaż-żgħażagħ meta ppubblika ''Vampir'' (Horizons).  Dan il-krieb ħoloq kontroversja qalila minħabba li t-Taqsima tal-Libreriji għall-Iskejjel imblukkatu mill-iskejjel sekondarji. Kien ħemm bosta protesti min-naħa tal-medja u l-Ministeru tal-Edukazzjoni ħatar kummissjoni apposta biex tistħarreg il-każ u tara jekk ''Vampir'' ħuwiex adattat għall-iskejjel. Il-kummissjoni ħarget b'verdett pożittiv anzi, qalet li kotba bħal dawk ta' Azzopardi ħuma neċessarji biex jimmaturaw lill-istudenti. Il-ktieb kien irrakkomandat għall-klassijiet il-kbar tas-sekondarji, jiġifieri dawk tar-raba' u l-ħames sena.   

Fl-2010 Mario Azzopardi ħareg  ''Skizzi tal-Karnival'' ktieb ta' ta' ''poesaġġi'', terminu li fil-letteratura lokali kien għadu qatt ma ntuża. Azzopardi joħloq sensiela ta' ''saġġi poetiċi'' li bosta minnhom għandhom laqta' parodika jew grotteska. Iżda hemm ukoll bċejjeċ fejn il-poeżija tiddomina fuq kollox.  Aspetti oħra interessanti jixħdu r-rabta li Azzopardi dejjem kellu mal-mottiv teatriku. Dan il-ktieb kiseb premju letterarju mniedi mill-Gvern.  Fl-2012 ħareġ it-tieni ktieb ta' ''poesaġġi'', ''Il-Fabbrikant tal-Marjunetti''.  Azzopardi hu wkoll l-editur ta' żewġ volumi dwar it-Teatru f'Malta, ''Kitbiet dwar it-Teatrin'' (2010) u ''Mhemmx bżonn Siparu'' (2012).

== Kitba kritika ==
[[Image:MarioAzzopardi_Bejnid-duce.jpg‎|thumb|150px|''Bejn il-Vatikan, id-Duce u l-Kuruna'']] 
Huwa ppubblika wkoll sensiela ta' noti kritiċi fuq ix-xogħlijiet ta' drammaturgi importanti Maltin, fostħom Guże' Diaċono, [[Francis Ebejer]] u [[Alfred Sant]]. Xandar ukoll studju  kontroversjali fuq il-poeta nazzjonali [[Dun Karm Psaila]], permezz tal-ktieb maħruġ mill-P.E.G. fl-1993 - ''Bejn il-Vatikan, id-Duce u l-Kuruna''.  

Azzopardi jattakka l-pożizzjoni plaċida tal-poeta nazzjonali quddiem avvenimenti storiċi kruċjali, fosthom it-theddida tal-faxxiżmu f'Malta tas-snin Tletin, kif ukoll l-implikazzjonijiet soċjo-politiċi kollha tal-kolonjaliżmu, fejn il-qassis-poeta wera dejjem sottomissjoni inkondizzjonata lejn l-awtoritajiet Britanniċi. L-istoriku Frans Ciappara jara f'dan ix-xogħol estensjoni tal-qagħda ta' Azzopardi bħala anti-konvenżjonalista ewlieni. Ciappara jqis li Azzopardi qed iġiegħel lill-qarrejja jirridimensjonaw lil Dun Karm u jaraw jekk kienx konxju tal-qagħda soċjali tal-Maltin fi żmienu: għaliex it-temi li ħarbtu ruħ awturi kontemporanji bħal John Marks, Manwel Dimech u Juan Mamo ma ħallew l-ebda marka fuq ruħ il-poeta-saċerdot, li baqa' sieket quddiem tant miżerja?

Min-naħa l-oħra, il-kritiku Adrian Stivala jgħid li Azzopardi, b'reqqa ta' tiftix u dokumentazzjoni, jikkonfronta lil Dun karm ma' kurrenti soċjo-letterarji ta' żmienu stess u joħrog xbieha ta' poeta-qassis li kien iqis l-awtorità u l-poter bi skala vertikali, fejn l-ubbidjenza tal-kotra hi indispensabbli biex il-ftit ikollhom id-dritt li jiddeċiedu d-destin tas-soċjetà Maltija.      

Għalkemm dan il-ktieb ma wasalx daqstant f'idejn il-qarrejja daqskemm appikk xtaq l-awtur innifsu, madanakollu fetaħ diskussjoni fuq perspettivi ġodda ta' kif il-Maltin għandhom iqisu lill-poeta nazzjonali tagħhom. Ciappara jżid li Azzopardi ġiegħel lill-istoriċi u lill-istudjużi tal-letteratura Maltija jirridimensjonaw lil Dun Karm, il-poeta saċerdot li baqa' konxju dwar il-qagħda soċjali miżeri tal-kotra tal-Maltin ta' żmienu.  Azzopardi jistaqsi wkoll jekk il-poeta nazzjonali qattx kellu viżjoni ta' Malta indipendenti jew jekk il-pożizzjoni kompjaċenti tiegħu kinetx waħda politikament komda, filwaqt li qagħad attent li ma jwassalhiex lejn il-periklu.  Filwaqt li jsellem lil Dun Karm għax-xogħol siewi tiegħu favur il-lingwa Maltija, Azzopardi jiddibatti bis-sħiħ it-titlu tal-poeta saċerdot bħala poeta nażjonali.

== Kontribut Teatrali ==
Azzopardi stinka kemm seta' sabiex iwassal it-teatru impenjattiv lill-poplu Malti bl-ilsien tagħhom. Iggradwat bħala għalliem tal-arti fl-1969 ħuwa ħadem għal diversi snin fid-Taqsima tad-Drama fi ħdan il-Ministeru ta' l-Edukazzjoni. Fl-1979 waqqaf il-Lyceum Youtħ Tħeatre, formazzjoni ta' studenti żgħażagħ li ħadmu fuq proġetti estensivi, fosthom dramm espressjonista li fakkar il-waqgħa tal-Ħajt ta' Berlin fl-1989 u li kien inħadem f'Ħamburg, il-Ġermanja. Fl-1986 tella' d-dramm ''Galileo Galilei'' ta' Bertold Brecht u l-produzzjoni li ntlaqgħet kemm bħala fewġa ta' arja friska mill-imxennqin għall-bidla fil-kamp teatrali kif ukoll b'arja ta' xettiċiżmu mill-qasam neo-konformista, fostħom il-gazzetta kattolika ''[[Leħen is-Sewwa]]''. 

Sena wara waqqaf ''Politeatru'' u baqa' jmexxihħ sal-1992. Fi ħdan dik il-formazzjoni ssawret xehda ta' artisti ewlenin tal-palk, fosthom Ray Abdilla, Ray Calleja, Etienne St. John, Marvic Cordina, Maria Vella, Karmenu Vella, Maryanne Muscat, Mario (Snits) Spiteri u Żep Camilleri, fost oħrajn. F'din l-intrapriża introduċa t-teatru Russu, minn Cekov sa Vampilov, ingaġġa diversi diretturi barranin kif ukoll ippreżenta drammi maqlubin għall-Malti mir-repertorju Ingliż tal-''kitchen sink drama'' fit-Teatru tal-General Workers' Union, magħruf ukoll bħala t-Teatru tal-Ħaddiema, quddiem udjenżi numerużi. 

Fl-1990, bħala d-direttur artistiku taċ-Ċentru Kulturali Russu, ħuwa kkordina l-ewwel festival ta' l-arti Malti-Russu ġewwa Moska. Bħala direttur teatrali ħuwa tella', fost l-oħrajn, xogħolijiet ta' [[Aristofani]], [[Ewripede]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Ibsen]], [[Gorky]], [[Pinter]], [[Williams]] u [[Sartre]].

Fl-aħħar deċenju tas-seklu 20 Azzopardi baqa' joqrob aktar lejn tip ta' teatru &quot;impenjat soċjalment&quot; u beda jieħu seħem fi proġetti ġodda ma' pajjiżi Ewropej. L-involviment tiegħu baqa' jissaħħaħ bi proġetti teatrali assistiti mill-Unjoni Ewropea, l-aktar fil-qasam ta' l-edukazzjoni għal matul il-ħajja trasmessa b'forom drammatiċi. Mill-2000 'il hawn, hu ħadem bħala animatur ewlieni teatrali f'inħawi bħall-Italja, l-Awstrija, il-Germanja, is-Slovakkja, ir-Romanija, il-Polonja, il-Latvja, il-Litwanja, il-Finlandja u l-Ingilterra. Fl-2007 kiteb u pproduċa ''Coming in from the Shadows'', dramm ibbażat fuq sensiela ta' narrativi awtentiċi ta' klandestini li ħarbu lejn l-Ewropa biex jevitaw kull xorta ta' oppressjoni, minn abbuż domestiku sa persekuzzjoni politika. Id-dramm kien iffilmjat fl-2008 u magħżul mill-Uffiċċju ta' l-UNHCR f'[[Ankara]] biex jintwera fl-okkazzjoni tal-Jum Dinji tar-Refuġjati.      
 
Għaddew erbgħin sena minn mindu Azzopardi beda jikteb. Xorta jidher li baqa' diżilluż bil-qagħda kulturali f'Malta, mifnija bil-konformiżmu u l-biża li wieħed iħaddan fehmiet differenti, jekk mħux ukoll radikali. Il-pinna tiegħu dejjem tħassret, il-ftit jew wisq, l-insularità ta' poplu ċkejken li jħossu komdu ma jaħsibx jew li jkun manipulat mentalment. Azzopardi hu wieħed mill-aktar kritiċi ħorox tal-manipulaturi tal-''medja'' kif ukoll tal-mod kif ħafna drabi, ix-xandir televiżiv nazzjonali iwarrab l-obbligi formattivi tiegħu biex ibaxxi ruħu għall-forżi tal-kummerċ u għad-dominanża ta' produtturi privati.

Fl-2007, il-kritiku Charles Briffa ppubblika studju estensiv dwar Mario Azzopardi bit-titlu ''Travelling between Sħadows'' (Progress Press) u nkluda għadd ta' traduzzjonijiet tax-xogħlijiet ta' Azzopardi għall-Ingliż. Pubblikazzjoni oħra bil-poeżiji ta' Azzopardi, maqlubin għall-Ingliż mill-professur Grazio Falzon, għandha t-titlu ''Naked as Water''
u kienet ippubblikata fl-iStati Uniti minn Xenox Books fl-1996.  L-aktar xogħlijiet reċenti ta' Mario Azzopardi, inklużi kitbiet prożo-poetiċi jidhru fil-sit elettroniku ''marioAzzopardi.ċom''

== Kotba ==
=== Ma' poeti oħrajn ===
* Antenni (1968)
* Analiżi '70 (1970)
* Mas-Sejħa tat-Tnabar (1972)
* Dwal fil-Persjani (1973) 

=== Antologiji Personali ===
* Demgħat tas-Silġ (1976)
* Passiflora (1977)
* Tabernakli (1979)
* Monokordi (1984)
* Noti mis-Sanatorju tal-Mistiċi (1995)
* Skizzi tal-Karnival (2010)
* Il-Fabbrikant tal-Marjunetti (2012)
* Epistoli mid-Deżert (2014)

=== Kotba Kritiċi ===
*Sensiela ta' Studji Kritiċi pubblikati mill-PEG (Malta);
*Dun Karm: Bejn il-Vatikan, id-Duce u l-Kuruna (1993)
*Storja tat-Teatu f'Malta (2003)

=== Kotba għat-Tfal u l-Adolexxenti ===
* Stejjer minn Kullmkien (1974)
* Is-Sultana s-Sewda (2006)
* Alicia Titkellem mill-Imwiet (2007)
* L-Aħħr Ġranet ta' Ciorni (2009)
* Vampir (2010)
* Ix-Xitan b'Denbu Aħmar (2016)

=== Riċerka ===
* It-Teatru f'Malta (2003)
* Kitbiet dwar it-Teatrin (ed.) (2010)
* M'hemmx bżonn Siparju (ed.) (2012)

== Ħoloq esterni ==
* [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/2007/11/11/n7.html &quot;We need confrontational art&quot; f' MaltaToday 11 Nov 2007, paġna 8].
* [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/2007/11/18/interview.ħtml &quot;The junk we deserve&quot; f' MaltaToday 18 Nov 2007, paġni 12-13].
* [http://arcade.acted.org/images/Mario%20Azzopardi%20-%20Malta%20Drama%20Theatre%20-%20Good%20Practice.pdf ARCADE]
* [http://www.marioazzopardi.com/ Sit uffiċjali]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azzopardi, Mario}}
[[Kategorija:Poeti Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Poeti bil-Malti]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1950]]
[[Kategorija:Azzopardi (kunjom)|Mario]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2022]]</text>
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[[Stampa:MarioAzzopardi.jpg|thumb|lemin|200px]]{{Infobox bijografija}}{{Wikifikazzjoni}}
'''Mario Azzopardi''' ([[Ħamrun]], [[11 ta' Settembru]] [[1944]] - 11 ta' Marzu 2022) kien poeta, direttur teatrali u kritiku tal-arti Malti.

== Ħajja ==
Mario Azzopardi  twieled il-Hamrun f'familja tal-ħaddiema, l-ewwel wieħed minn sitt ulied. Kellu trobbija reliġjuża rigida li f'żgħożitu rreaġixxa kontriha kif jixhdu ħafna poeżiji u kitbiet oħra tiegħu. Studja fil-Liċeo, fil-Kulleġġ tal-Għalliema u fl-[[Universita' ta' Malta]], mnejn iggradwa (M.Pħil.) b'teżi dwar it-Teatru Komunitarju. Għallem l-arti, id-drama edukattiva u l-letteratura Maltija għal bosta snin fl-iskejjel statali u ħadem fil-Policy Unit tal-Ministeru tal-Edukazzjoni u Kultura bejn l-1998-2004, meta rtira mis-servizz pubbliku iżda xorta ntalab ikompli jmexxi ċ-Ċentru tad-Drama ta' Malta. Azzopardi jgħallem l-Istorja tat-Teatru tas-seklu 20 fl-Università ta' Malta. 

Huwa kittieb prolifiku u versatili, u aktarx hu l-aktar poeta Malti li esperimenta bi stili differenti, mill-vers &quot;grafiku&quot; sal-&quot;poesej&quot;. Sa mill-1967 ilu attiv ukoll bħala ġurnalista kulturali u ħadem bħala artikolista ma' ''L-Orizzont'', ''Tħe Malta Economist'', ''Tħe Bullettin'', ''Tħe Malta Independent'', ''In-Nazzjon'' u ''Il-Mument''.  Kien ukoll l-editur tar-rivista letterarja xellugija ''Neo'' u tas-supplimenti kulturali ''Spektrum'' u ''Fokus'' li kienu ppubblikati mal-gazzetta ''Il-Mument''. Bħala reġgista dderieġa x-xogħol ta' awturi klassiċi u kontemporanji għat-televiżjoni u fl-1992 kien ħoloq u ppreżenta l-ewwel programm satiriku li qatt ixxandar fuq stazzjon tar-radju u li kien ħoloq reazzjonijiet  imħalltin, l-aktar minħabba li mess temi &quot;devozzjonali&quot;, meqjusin bħala intokkabbli fil-media radjufonika.        

Azzopardi kien wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-letteratura ''New Wave'' li tfaċċat f'Malta fis-snin Sittin, kif ukoll wieħed mill-fundaturi tal-Moviment Qawmien Letterarju, li kien twaqqaf fl-1967, sewwasew biex jikkonfronta 'l-istagnar fil-letteratura Maltija ta' dik l-epoka u biex jiddemokratizza l-letteratura billi jeħodħa għand il-poplu fl-imsieraħ, fit-triqat, f'ambjenti rurali u f'xatt il-baħar.

== Kitba poetika ==
L-ewwel kitbiet ta' Azzopardi deħru f'antoloġiji ma' poeti oħra. (1968 - 1972). Sa mill-bidunett deher illi kien qed jisfida l-istatus quo letterarju, imxekkel kif kien b'forom u kontenut sorpassati. Azzopardi, flimkien ma' oħrajn, introduċa forom sperimentali, inkluż il-vers projettiv u ttratta temi li li sa dak iż-żmien kienu &quot;ipprojbiti&quot;, fostħom is-sesswalità, l-ipokresija religjuża u l-pretensjoni parijottika.

Ħafna mill-poeżija tiegħu ħi bbażata fuq episodji biografiċi u tieħu ton konfessjonali li jitfa' dawl fuq l-indottrinazzjoni religjuża fi tfulitu; id-diffikultajiet kostanti fir-relazzjonijiet ma' nisa diversi li daħlu f'ħajtu; l-anjostiċiżmu religjuż tiegħu bħala adult u l-esperjenza tal-ħafna vjaġġi li għamel mħux bħala turist, imma bħala pellegrin fittiex.  Aspett ieħor ċentrali fil-poeżija tiegħu għandu x'jaqsam mal-identifikazzjoni ma' nies li jbatu, kienu min kienu u għexu fejn għexu. It-timbri poetiċi l-aktar pronunzjati fil-poeżija tiegħu huma l-ironija, l-introspezzjoni, il-protesta, l-ambigwità, l-awto-definizzjoni, id-drammatiċità barokka, l-effett ta' dettalji istantanji, metaforizzazzjoni oriġinali, evokazzjoni grafika, is-sens ta' telfa u d-deformazzjoni grotteska.

Fost ix-xogħlijiet tiegħu nsibu l-kotba ''Demgħat tas-Silġ'' (1976), ''Passiflora'' (1977), ''Tabernakli'' (1979), ''Monokordi'' (1984). ''Noti mis-Sanatorju tal-Mistiċi'' (1995) u ''Skizzi tal-Karnival'' (2010). Fl-1995 ħuwa ġabar, flimkien ma' [[Oliver Friggieri]], għadd ġmielħu ta' poeżiji u novelli b'temi ambjentali fil-ktieb ''L-Antoloġija tan-Natura'', mitbugħ mis-Segretarjat Għall-Ambjent. Wieħed mill-aħħar kotba ppubblikati ta' Azzopardi deħer fl-2007, meta ħareg ''Alicia Titkellem mill-Imwiet'' (Merlin Library). Din hi antologija ta' stejjer b'kontenut soċjali indirizzata direttament liż-żgħażagħ u tinkludi temi bħall-pedofelija, il-manipulazzjoni tal-adolexxenti bil-medja, l-aljenazzjoni, it-traffikar tad-droga, ir-razziżmu u l-pregudizzju, fost l-oħrajn.  Il-ktieb rebaħ premju nazzjonali għal-letteratura tal-adolexxenti.

It-tieni ktieb fuq temi simili, '' L-Aħħar Granet ta' Ciorni '' (pubblikazzjoni oħra tal-Merlin, 2009) rega' rebaħ il-premju nazzjonali għall-kitba għall-adolexxenti, filwaqt li s-sena ta' wara, Azzopardi għaqqad triloġija ta' volumi b'narrattiva għaż-żgħażagħ meta ppubblika ''Vampir'' (Horizons).  Dan il-krieb ħoloq kontroversja qalila minħabba li t-Taqsima tal-Libreriji għall-Iskejjel imblukkatu mill-iskejjel sekondarji. Kien ħemm bosta protesti min-naħa tal-medja u l-Ministeru tal-Edukazzjoni ħatar kummissjoni apposta biex tistħarreg il-każ u tara jekk ''Vampir'' ħuwiex adattat għall-iskejjel. Il-kummissjoni ħarget b'verdett pożittiv anzi, qalet li kotba bħal dawk ta' Azzopardi ħuma neċessarji biex jimmaturaw lill-istudenti. Il-ktieb kien irrakkomandat għall-klassijiet il-kbar tas-sekondarji, jiġifieri dawk tar-raba' u l-ħames sena.   

Fl-2010 Mario Azzopardi ħareg  ''Skizzi tal-Karnival'' ktieb ta' ta' ''poesaġġi'', terminu li fil-letteratura lokali kien għadu qatt ma ntuża. Azzopardi joħloq sensiela ta' ''saġġi poetiċi'' li bosta minnhom għandhom laqta' parodika jew grotteska. Iżda hemm ukoll bċejjeċ fejn il-poeżija tiddomina fuq kollox.  Aspetti oħra interessanti jixħdu r-rabta li Azzopardi dejjem kellu mal-mottiv teatriku. Dan il-ktieb kiseb premju letterarju mniedi mill-Gvern.  Fl-2012 ħareġ it-tieni ktieb ta' ''poesaġġi'', ''Il-Fabbrikant tal-Marjunetti''.  Azzopardi hu wkoll l-editur ta' żewġ volumi dwar it-Teatru f'Malta, ''Kitbiet dwar it-Teatrin'' (2010) u ''Mhemmx bżonn Siparu'' (2012).

== Kitba kritika ==
[[Image:MarioAzzopardi_Bejnid-duce.jpg‎|thumb|150px|''Bejn il-Vatikan, id-Duce u l-Kuruna'']] 
Huwa ppubblika wkoll sensiela ta' noti kritiċi fuq ix-xogħlijiet ta' drammaturgi importanti Maltin, fostħom Guże' Diaċono, [[Francis Ebejer]] u [[Alfred Sant]]. Xandar ukoll studju  kontroversjali fuq il-poeta nazzjonali [[Dun Karm Psaila]], permezz tal-ktieb maħruġ mill-P.E.G. fl-1993 - ''Bejn il-Vatikan, id-Duce u l-Kuruna''.  

Azzopardi jattakka l-pożizzjoni plaċida tal-poeta nazzjonali quddiem avvenimenti storiċi kruċjali, fosthom it-theddida tal-faxxiżmu f'Malta tas-snin Tletin, kif ukoll l-implikazzjonijiet soċjo-politiċi kollha tal-kolonjaliżmu, fejn il-qassis-poeta wera dejjem sottomissjoni inkondizzjonata lejn l-awtoritajiet Britanniċi. L-istoriku Frans Ciappara jara f'dan ix-xogħol estensjoni tal-qagħda ta' Azzopardi bħala anti-konvenżjonalista ewlieni. Ciappara jqis li Azzopardi qed iġiegħel lill-qarrejja jirridimensjonaw lil Dun Karm u jaraw jekk kienx konxju tal-qagħda soċjali tal-Maltin fi żmienu: għaliex it-temi li ħarbtu ruħ awturi kontemporanji bħal John Marks, Manwel Dimech u Juan Mamo ma ħallew l-ebda marka fuq ruħ il-poeta-saċerdot, li baqa' sieket quddiem tant miżerja?

Min-naħa l-oħra, il-kritiku Adrian Stivala jgħid li Azzopardi, b'reqqa ta' tiftix u dokumentazzjoni, jikkonfronta lil Dun karm ma' kurrenti soċjo-letterarji ta' żmienu stess u joħrog xbieha ta' poeta-qassis li kien iqis l-awtorità u l-poter bi skala vertikali, fejn l-ubbidjenza tal-kotra hi indispensabbli biex il-ftit ikollhom id-dritt li jiddeċiedu d-destin tas-soċjetà Maltija.      

Għalkemm dan il-ktieb ma wasalx daqstant f'idejn il-qarrejja daqskemm appikk xtaq l-awtur innifsu, madanakollu fetaħ diskussjoni fuq perspettivi ġodda ta' kif il-Maltin għandhom iqisu lill-poeta nazzjonali tagħhom. Ciappara jżid li Azzopardi ġiegħel lill-istoriċi u lill-istudjużi tal-letteratura Maltija jirridimensjonaw lil Dun Karm, il-poeta saċerdot li baqa' konxju dwar il-qagħda soċjali miżeri tal-kotra tal-Maltin ta' żmienu.  Azzopardi jistaqsi wkoll jekk il-poeta nazzjonali qattx kellu viżjoni ta' Malta indipendenti jew jekk il-pożizzjoni kompjaċenti tiegħu kinetx waħda politikament komda, filwaqt li qagħad attent li ma jwassalhiex lejn il-periklu.  Filwaqt li jsellem lil Dun Karm għax-xogħol siewi tiegħu favur il-lingwa Maltija, Azzopardi jiddibatti bis-sħiħ it-titlu tal-poeta saċerdot bħala poeta nażjonali.

== Kontribut Teatrali ==
Azzopardi stinka kemm seta' sabiex iwassal it-teatru impenjattiv lill-poplu Malti bl-ilsien tagħhom. Iggradwat bħala għalliem tal-arti fl-1969 ħuwa ħadem għal diversi snin fid-Taqsima tad-Drama fi ħdan il-Ministeru ta' l-Edukazzjoni. Fl-1979 waqqaf il-Lyceum Youtħ Tħeatre, formazzjoni ta' studenti żgħażagħ li ħadmu fuq proġetti estensivi, fosthom dramm espressjonista li fakkar il-waqgħa tal-Ħajt ta' Berlin fl-1989 u li kien inħadem f'Ħamburg, il-Ġermanja. Fl-1986 tella' d-dramm ''Galileo Galilei'' ta' Bertold Brecht u l-produzzjoni li ntlaqgħet kemm bħala fewġa ta' arja friska mill-imxennqin għall-bidla fil-kamp teatrali kif ukoll b'arja ta' xettiċiżmu mill-qasam neo-konformista, fostħom il-gazzetta kattolika ''[[Leħen is-Sewwa]]''. 

Sena wara waqqaf ''Politeatru'' u baqa' jmexxihħ sal-1992. Fi ħdan dik il-formazzjoni ssawret xehda ta' artisti ewlenin tal-palk, fosthom Ray Abdilla, Ray Calleja, Etienne St. John, Marvic Cordina, Maria Vella, Karmenu Vella, Maryanne Muscat, Mario (Snits) Spiteri u Żep Camilleri, fost oħrajn. F'din l-intrapriża introduċa t-teatru Russu, minn Cekov sa Vampilov, ingaġġa diversi diretturi barranin kif ukoll ippreżenta drammi maqlubin għall-Malti mir-repertorju Ingliż tal-''kitchen sink drama'' fit-Teatru tal-General Workers' Union, magħruf ukoll bħala t-Teatru tal-Ħaddiema, quddiem udjenżi numerużi. 

Fl-1990, bħala d-direttur artistiku taċ-Ċentru Kulturali Russu, ħuwa kkordina l-ewwel festival ta' l-arti Malti-Russu ġewwa Moska. Bħala direttur teatrali ħuwa tella', fost l-oħrajn, xogħolijiet ta' [[Aristofani]], [[Ewripede]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Ibsen]], [[Gorky]], [[Pinter]], [[Williams]] u [[Sartre]].

Fl-aħħar deċenju tas-seklu 20 Azzopardi baqa' joqrob aktar lejn tip ta' teatru &quot;impenjat soċjalment&quot; u beda jieħu seħem fi proġetti ġodda ma' pajjiżi Ewropej. L-involviment tiegħu baqa' jissaħħaħ bi proġetti teatrali assistiti mill-Unjoni Ewropea, l-aktar fil-qasam ta' l-edukazzjoni għal matul il-ħajja trasmessa b'forom drammatiċi. Mill-2000 'il hawn, hu ħadem bħala animatur ewlieni teatrali f'inħawi bħall-Italja, l-Awstrija, il-Germanja, is-Slovakkja, ir-Romanija, il-Polonja, il-Latvja, il-Litwanja, il-Finlandja u l-Ingilterra. Fl-2007 kiteb u pproduċa ''Coming in from the Shadows'', dramm ibbażat fuq sensiela ta' narrativi awtentiċi ta' klandestini li ħarbu lejn l-Ewropa biex jevitaw kull xorta ta' oppressjoni, minn abbuż domestiku sa persekuzzjoni politika. Id-dramm kien iffilmjat fl-2008 u magħżul mill-Uffiċċju ta' l-UNHCR f'[[Ankara]] biex jintwera fl-okkazzjoni tal-Jum Dinji tar-Refuġjati.      
 
Għaddew erbgħin sena minn mindu Azzopardi beda jikteb. Xorta jidher li baqa' diżilluż bil-qagħda kulturali f'Malta, mifnija bil-konformiżmu u l-biża li wieħed iħaddan fehmiet differenti, jekk mħux ukoll radikali. Il-pinna tiegħu dejjem tħassret, il-ftit jew wisq, l-insularità ta' poplu ċkejken li jħossu komdu ma jaħsibx jew li jkun manipulat mentalment. Azzopardi hu wieħed mill-aktar kritiċi ħorox tal-manipulaturi tal-''medja'' kif ukoll tal-mod kif ħafna drabi, ix-xandir televiżiv nazzjonali iwarrab l-obbligi formattivi tiegħu biex ibaxxi ruħu għall-forżi tal-kummerċ u għad-dominanża ta' produtturi privati.

Fl-2007, il-kritiku Charles Briffa ppubblika studju estensiv dwar Mario Azzopardi bit-titlu ''Travelling between Sħadows'' (Progress Press) u nkluda għadd ta' traduzzjonijiet tax-xogħlijiet ta' Azzopardi għall-Ingliż. Pubblikazzjoni oħra bil-poeżiji ta' Azzopardi, maqlubin għall-Ingliż mill-professur Grazio Falzon, għandha t-titlu ''Naked as Water''
u kienet ippubblikata fl-iStati Uniti minn Xenox Books fl-1996.  L-aktar xogħlijiet reċenti ta' Mario Azzopardi, inklużi kitbiet prożo-poetiċi jidhru fil-sit elettroniku ''marioAzzopardi.ċom''

== Kotba ==
=== Ma' poeti oħrajn ===
* Antenni (1968)
* Analiżi '70 (1970)
* Mas-Sejħa tat-Tnabar (1972)
* Dwal fil-Persjani (1973) 

=== Antologiji Personali ===
* Demgħat tas-Silġ (1976)
* Passiflora (1977)
* Tabernakli (1979)
* Monokordi (1984)
* Noti mis-Sanatorju tal-Mistiċi (1995)
* Skizzi tal-Karnival (2010)
* Il-Fabbrikant tal-Marjunetti (2012)
* Epistoli mid-Deżert (2014)

=== Kotba Kritiċi ===
*Sensiela ta' Studji Kritiċi pubblikati mill-PEG (Malta);
*Dun Karm: Bejn il-Vatikan, id-Duce u l-Kuruna (1993)
*Storja tat-Teatu f'Malta (2003)

=== Kotba għat-Tfal u l-Adolexxenti ===
* Stejjer minn Kullmkien (1974)
* Is-Sultana s-Sewda (2006)
* Alicia Titkellem mill-Imwiet (2007)
* L-Aħħr Ġranet ta' Ciorni (2009)
* Vampir (2010)
* Ix-Xitan b'Denbu Aħmar (2016)

=== Riċerka ===
* It-Teatru f'Malta (2003)
* Kitbiet dwar it-Teatrin (ed.) (2010)
* M'hemmx bżonn Siparju (ed.) (2012)

== Ħoloq esterni ==
* [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/2007/11/11/n7.html &quot;We need confrontational art&quot; f' MaltaToday 11 Nov 2007, paġna 8].
* [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/2007/11/18/interview.ħtml &quot;The junk we deserve&quot; f' MaltaToday 18 Nov 2007, paġni 12-13].
* [http://arcade.acted.org/images/Mario%20Azzopardi%20-%20Malta%20Drama%20Theatre%20-%20Good%20Practice.pdf ARCADE]
* [http://www.marioazzopardi.com/ Sit uffiċjali]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azzopardi, Mario}}
[[Kategorija:Poeti Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Poeti bil-Malti]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1950]]
[[Kategorija:Azzopardi (kunjom)|Mario]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2022]]</text>
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'''Futbol Club Barcelona''', magħruf ukoll bħala sempliċement '''Barcelona''' u xi drabi '''Barça''', huwa [[klabb tal-futbol]] professjonali [[Spanja|Spanjol]], ibbażat ġewwa l-belt ta' [[Barċellona]], fi Spanja. Huma jilgħabu fl-ogħla diviżjoni Spanjola, [[La Liga]], u flimkien ma' [[Athletic Bilbao]] u r-rivali [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] huma l-uniċi li qatt ma ġew irregalati  

Mill-fondazzjoni tal-klabb fis-sena 1899 minn grupp ta' plejers Żvizzeri u Brittaniċi mmexxija minn [[Joan Gamper]], il-klabb sar simbolu tal-kultura Katalana, għalhekk il-motto huwa ''&quot;Més que un club&quot;'' (Aktar minn klabb). L-innu uffiċjali ta' Barcelona huwa &quot;Cant del Barça&quot; miktub minn Jaume Picas u Josep Maria Espinàs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/simbols/himne.html |titlu=FC Barcelona Hymn |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |lingwa=Ingliż }}&lt;/ref&gt; Huwa hu t-tieni l-aktar klabb sinjur fid-dinja tal-futbol f'termini ta' dħul, b'fatturat annwali ta' €398 miljun. Il-klabb għandu rivalità twila u qalila ma' [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]; il-logħbiet bejn iż-żewġ timijiet huma magħrufin bħala &quot;[[El Clásico]]&quot;.

Bħalissa huma ċ-ċampjins attwali tal-[[Copa del Rey]] u għandhom 21 titlu tal-[[La Liga]], 26 tal-[[Copa del Rey]], 10 tal-[[Supercopa de España]], 3 [[Copa Eva Duarte]]{{nota|Il-[[Copa Eva Duarte]] kienet biss rikonoxxuta u organizzata b'dak l-isem mill-RFEF mill-1947 sa l-1953, u għalhekk il-&quot;Copa de Oro Argentina&quot; tal-Barcelona li rebħu fl-1945 ma kienitx inkluża f'dan għadd, i.e. it-trofej biss fl-1948, 1952 u 1953.}} u żewġ trofej tal-[[Copa de la Liga]], kif ukoll bħala d-detentur tar-rekord għall-aħħar 4 kompetizzjonijiet. Fit-[[Lista tar-rebbieħa tal-kompetizzjoni konfederazzjoni u inter-konfederazzjoni tal-klabb|titli internazzjonali uffiċjali]] Barcelona rebħu 4 titli tal-[[UEFA Champions League]], rekord ta' 4 titli tat-[[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej]], 4 titli tal-[[UEFA Super Cup]], u 3 titli tal-[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]{{nota|Meqjus bħala titlu ewlieni mill-FIFA&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44217/ |titlu=Classic club |pubblikatur=FIFA |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106144603/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44217/ |arkivju-data=2012-01-06 |lingwa=Ingliż }}&lt;/ref&gt; iżda ġeneralment ma ġiex uffiċjali t-titlu hekk kif il-kompetizzjoni ma kinitx organizzata mill-UEFA.}} u rekord ta' 2 trofej tal-[[FIFA Club World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html|titlu=Football Europe: FC Barcelona|pubblikatur=UEFA|data-aċċess=2009-05-04|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barcelona huwa l-uniku klabb Ewropew li lagħab futbol kontinentali kull staġun mill-1955, u wieħed mit-tliet klabbs li qatt ma ġew relegati minn [[La Liga]], ma [[Athletic Bilbao]] u [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]. Fl-2009, Barcelona sar l-ewwel klabb Spanjol li rebaħ it-[[It-Tripletta|Tripletta]] li tikkonsisti [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], u [[UEFA Champions League 2008–09|Champions League]]. Dik l-istess sena, sar ukoll l-ewwel klabb tal-futbol li rebaħ  sitt kompetizzjonijiet minn sitta f'sena waħda, u b'hekk ikkompletew it-tripletta dobbja li tinkludi s-[[Super Cup Spanjola]], [[UEFA Super Cup]] u l-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2009|FIFA Club World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|titlu=FC Barcelona Records|data=2012-01-12|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|data-aċċess=2012-01-12|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
=== Twelid ta' FC Barcelona (1899–1922) ===
Fit-22 ta' Ottubru 1899, [[Joan Gamper|Hans Kamper]] poġġa reklam fil-''Los Deportes'' li ddikjara x-xewqa tiegħu li joħloq klabb tal-futbol; risposta pożittiva rriżultat laqgħa fil-Gimnasio Solé fid-29 ta' Novembru. Ħdax-il plejer attendew—[[Walter Wild]] (l-ewwel direttur tal-klabb), Lluís d'Ossó, [[Bartomeu Terradas]], Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons, u William Parsons—u '''Foot-Ball Club Barcelona''' kien twieled.

FC Barcelona kellhom bidu b'suċċess fit-tazzi reġjonali u nazzjonali, li kkompetu fil-[[Catalan football championship|Campionat de Catalunya]] u [[Copa del Rey]]. Fl-1902, il-klabb rebaħ l-ewwel trofew , il-[[Catalan football championship|Copa Macaya]], u pparteċipaw fl-ewwel Copa del Rey, iżda tilfu 1–2 kontra [[Athletic Bilbao|Bizcaya]] fil-finali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spancuphist.html |titlu=Spain – List of Cup Finals |kunjom=Carnicero |isem=José Vicente Tejedor |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2010-05-21 |data-aċċess=2010-03-09 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamper issa magħruf bħala Joan Gamper sar president tal-klabb fl-1908, kien ħoloq il-klabb f'diffikultà finanzjarja wara li ma rebħux il-kompetizzjoni Catalunya de Campionat fl-1905. Il-President tal-klabb kellu ħames okkażjonijiet separati bejn 1908 u 1925, huwa qatta 25 sena b'kollox fit-tmexxija. Waħda mill-kisbiet prinċipali tiegħu kien żgurat li l-Barça akkwista stadju tiegħu stess u b'hekk ġġenera d-dħul stabbli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_1.html |titlu=History part I|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-11 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-14 ta' Marzu 1909, it-tim mar fil-[[Camp de la Indústria]], stadju akbar b'kapaċità ta' 8,000 spettatur bilqiegħda. Mill-1910 sal-1914, Barcelona ħadu sehem fit-[[Tazza Pirenej]], li kienet tikkonsisti mill-aqwa timijiet ta' [[Languedoc]], [[Midi]], [[Aquitaine]] (nofsinhar ta' Franza), il-[[Pajjiż Baski (l-akbar reġjun)|Pajjiż Baski]], u Katalonja. F'dak iż-żmien kienet ikkunsidrata l-ifjen kompetizzjoni miftuħa għall-parteċipazzjoni.&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Bill; Murray, William J. p. 30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesp/pyrenees.html |titlu=Coupe des Pyrenées – Copa de los Pirineos |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2011-06-19 |data-aċċess=2010-06-12 |kunjom=Ferrer |isem=Carles Lozano |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matul l-istess perjodu, il-klabb bidel lingwa uffiċjali tiegħu minn [[Spanjol Kastiljan|Kastiljan]] għall-[[Lingwa Katalana|Katalana]] u gradwalment evolvew simbolu importanti tal-identità Katalana.Għal ħafna partitarji, li tappoġġja l-klabb għandha inqas x'taqsam mal-logħba nnifisha u aktar ma 'li tkun parti mill-identità kollettiva tal-klabb.&lt;ref&gt;Spaaij, Ramón. p. 279.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gamper nieda l-kampanja biex jirrekluta aktar membri tal-klabb, u mill 1922 l-klabb kellu aktar minn 20,000 membri u kien kapaċi li jiffinanzjaw l-istadju l-ġdid. Il-klabb mexa għall-[[Camp de Les Corts|Les Corts]], inawgurat fl-istess sena. Les Corts kellu kapaċità inizjali ta' 22,000,li aktar tard ġie estiż għall-60,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_2.html |titlu=History part II |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jack Greenwell]] ġie reklutat bħala l-ewwel kowċ ''full-time'', u l-fortuni tal-klabb beda jtejjeb fuq il-qasam. Matul l-era ta' Gamper, FC Barcelona rebħu ħdax-il Campionat de Catalunya, sitta Copas del Rey, u erba' Tazzi Pirenej.

=== Gwerra Rivera, Repubblika u Ċivili (1923–1957) ===
[[Stampa:Barcelona bombing.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=Black-and-white photo of the city from high above. Smoke from a bomb can be seen|Il-bumbardament mill-ajru ta' Barċellona fl-1938]]
Fil 14 ta' Ġunju, 1925, il-folla fil-grawnd kantaw l-[[Marcha Real|Innu Nazzjonali Spanjol]] u mbagħad taw diversi minuti biex [[Alla Salva r-Re]] fi protesta spontanja kontra dittatura ta' [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]]. Il-grawnd kien magħluq għal sitt xhur bħala tpattija, u Gamper kien sfurzat li jċedi l-Presidenza tal-klabb.&lt;ref&gt;Shubert, Adrian. p. 200.&lt;/ref&gt; Dan ikkoinċida mat-transizzjoni tal-klabb biex jiprofessjona; fl-1926 id-diretturi tal-Barċellona iddikjaraw pubblikament lil Barcelona bħala professjonali għall-ewwel darba.&lt;ref&gt;Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James. p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-klabb rebaħ it-[[Copa del Rey|Tazza Spanjola]] fl-1928 u ġiet iċċelebrata bil-poeżija titolata &quot;Oda a [[Franz Platko|Platko]]&quot;, miktuba minn membru tal-[[Ġenerazzjoni ta' 27]], poeta Rafael Alberti, li kienet ispira mill-&quot;prestazzjoni straordinarja&quot; mill-kustodju tal-Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni|titlu=Football, European Integration, National Identity: The Case of FC Barcelona|kunjom=Roy |isem=Joaquín|sena=2001|pubblikatur=European Community Studies Association |paġna=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-30 Lulju 1930, Gamper ikkommetta suwiċidju wara perjodu ta' dipressjoni miġjuba minn problemi personali u finanzjarji.

Għalkemm dawn komplew ikollhom plejers tal-pożizzjoni ta' [[Josep Escolà]], il-klabb daħal f'perjodu ta' tnaqqis li fih kien hemm kunflitt politiku fl-isport fis-soċjetà.&lt;ref&gt;Burns, Jimmy. pp. 111–112.&lt;/ref&gt; Għalkemm it-tim rebaħ il-Campionat de Catalunya fl-1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, u 1938, suċċess fuq livell nazzjonali (bl-eċċezzjoni tal-[[Kampjonat Mediterranju|kwistjon tat-titlu fl-1937]]) evitawhom. Xahar wara il-[[Gwerra Ċivili Spanjola]] bdiet fl-1936, diversi plejers ta' Barcelona u [[Athletic Bilbao]] kienu elenkati fil-gradi ta' dawk li ġġieldu kontra r-rewwixta militari.&lt;ref&gt;Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James. p. 104.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-6 ta' Awwissu, [[Josep Sunyol]], il-president tal-klabb u rappreżentant tal-parti pro-indipendenza politika, nqatel minn suldati [[Falanġist]]i viċin [[Guadarrama]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaaij, Ramón. p. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-martirju mlaqqam ''barcelonisme'', il-qtil kien mument tiddefinixxi fl-istorja ta' FC Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil. pp. 116–117.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-Sajf tal-1937, l-iskwadra marret fuq mawra fil-Messiku u l-Istati Uniti, fejn kienet irċieviet l-ambaxxatur tat-[[It-Tieni Repubblika Spanjola|Tieni Repubblika Spanjola]]. Din il-mawra assigurat lil-klabb finanzjarjament, iżda wkoll wassal nofs it-tim li jfittxu [[dritt ta' ażil|ażil]] fil-Messiku u Franza. Fis-16 ta' Marzu 1938, Barċellona kienet waqgħat taħt bumbardament mill-ajru, li rriżulta 3,000 imwiet; waħda mill-bombi laqtghet xi bini tal-uffiċċji tal-klabb.&lt;ref&gt;Raguer, Hilari. pp. 223–225.&lt;/ref&gt; Katalonja kienet ġiet okkupata ftit xhur wara. Bħala simbolu ta' [[Katalaniżmu]] 'indixxiplinat', il-klabb, naqsu għal 3486 membri biss, iffaċċjaw numru ta' restrizzjonijiet.&lt;ref&gt;Raguer, Hilari. pp. 232–233.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Gwerra Ċivili, il-[[Senyera|bandiera Katalana]] ġiet pprojbita u l-klabbs tal-futbol kienu projbiti milli jużaw ismijiet mhumiex Spanjoli. Dawn il-miżuri sfurza l-klabb li jbidel ismu għall-''Club de Fútbol Barcelona'' u neħħew il-bandiera Katalana mill-arma tal-klabb.

Fl-1943, il-Barcelona ffaċċjaw ir-rivali Real Madrid fis-semi-finali tal-[[Copa del Generalísimo]]. L-ewwel logħba tagħhom fl-Les Corts kienet mirbuħa minn Barcelona 3–0. Qabel it-tieni leg, il-plejers tal-Barcelona kellhom żjara fil-kamra ta' tibdil minn direttur tas-sigurtà ta' [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]. Huwa &quot;fakkarhom&quot; li kienu se jilagħbu biss minħabba l-&quot;ġenerożità tas-sistema&quot;. Real Madrid iddominaw il-logħba, billi rebħu 11–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=70557.html|titlu=Barça—Much more than just a Club|data=1998-12-10|data-aċċess=2011-05-01|pubblikatur=FIFA|kunjom=Aguilar|isem=Paco|arkivju-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100527222642/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=70557.html |arkivju-data=2010-05-27|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minkejja s-sitwazzjoni diffiċli tal-politika, CF Barcelona gawdiet suċċess konsiderevoli matul il-1940ijiet u 1950ijiet. Fl-1945, ma [[Josep Samitier]] bħala kowċis u plejers  bħal [[César Rodríguez Alvarez|César]], [[Antoni Ramallets|Ramallets]], u [[Juan Zambudio Velasco|Velasco]], huma rebħu La Liga għall-ewwel darba mill-1929. Huma żiedu dan it-total fl-1948 u għal darb'oħra fl-1949. Huma wkoll rebħu l-ewwel [[Latin Cup|Copa Latina]] f'dik is-sena. F'Ġunju tal-1950, Barcelona ffirmaw lil [[Ladislao Kubala]], li kien sar figura influwenti fil-klabb.

Fix-xita tal-Ħadd fl-1951, il-folla ħalliet l-istadju Les Corts wara rebħa ta' 2-1 kontra [[Racing Santander|Santander]] bil-mixi, irrifjutaw li jaqbdu xi trammijiet sorprendenti minħabba l-awtoritajiet ta' [[Francoist]]. Tramm ta' strajk kien qed isir f'[[Barċellona]], li rċevew appoġġ tal-[[Partitarji ta' FC Barcelona|partitarji blaugrana]]. Avvenimenti li għamel il-klabb jirrappreżentaw ħafna iktar minn sempliċiment Katalonja; ħafna progressivi Spanjoli raw il-klabb bħala difensur tad-drittijiet u l-libertajiet.&lt;ref&gt;Ferrand, Alain; McCarthy, Scott. p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Witzig, Richard. p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-kowċis [[Ferdinand Daučík]] u [[László Kubala]] waslu lit-tim għal ħames trofej differenti inklużi La Liga, il-Copa del Generalísimo (issa Copa del Rey), il-[[Copa Latina]], [[Supercopa de España|Copa Eva Duarte]], u l-Copa Martini Rossi fl-1952. Fl-1953, il-klabb rebaħ il-La Liga u l-Copa del Generalísimo għal darb'oħra.

=== Club de Fútbol Barcelona (1957–1978) ===
[[Stampa:Europa cup 1961 Barcelona - Hamburg 5.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Barcelona kontra [[Hamburger SV|Hamburg]] fl-1961]]
Ma [[Helenio Herrera]] bħala kowċ, iż-żagħżugħ [[Luis Suárez Miramontes|Luis Suárez]], il-[[Plejer Ewropew tas-Sena]] fl-1960, u tnejn influwenti [[Ungerija|Ungeriżi]] rakkomandati minn Kubala, [[Sándor Kocsis]] u [[Zoltán Czibor]], it-tim rebaħ id-dobbja nazzjonali fl-1959 li kienu La Liga u [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] dobbja fl-1960. Fl-1961 huma saru l-ewwel klabb li għelbu lil-Real Madrid fil-kompetizzjoni tat-[[European Cup|Tazza Ewropea]], imma tilfu 3–2 kontra [[SL Benfica|Benfica]] fil-finali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/ec1.html |titlu=European Champions' Cup |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2010-06-02 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11 |isem=Karel |kunjom=Stokkermans|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196061.html |titlu=European Competitions 1960–61 |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2007-06-27 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11 |isem=James M. |kunjom=Ross|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_3.html |titlu=History part III |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-15|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fis-1960ijiet kien inqas suċċessiv il-klabb, Real Madrid immonopolizzaw il-La Liga. Il-bini ta' [[Camp Nou]], tlesta 1957, fisser li klabb kellu ftit flus biex jonfoq għall-plejers ġodda. Fuq nota pożittiva, l-għaxar snin raw il-ħolqien ta' [[Josep Maria Fusté]] u [[Carles Rexach]], u l-klabb rebaħ il-Copa del Generalísimo fl-1963 u il-Fairs Cup fl-1966. Barça rrestawraw xi kburija preċedenti tagħhom billi rebħu lil-Real Madrid 1–0 fl-1968 fil-finali tal-Copa del Generalísimo ġewwa [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Bernabéu]], quddiem Franco, mal-eks pilota [[It-Tieni Repubblika Spanjola|repubblikan]], [[Salvador Artigas]] bħala kowċ. It-tmiem tad-dittatorjat Franco fl-1974 ra lil-klabb jerġa jibdel l-isem uffiċjali għal Futbol Club Barcelona u jintraddu lura l-emblema għal disinn oriġinali tagħha,mill-ġdid inklużi l-ittri oriġinali.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-crest&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/simbols/escut.html |titlu=The Crest |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-04-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-istaġun 1973–74 ra l-wasla ta' [[Johan Cruyff]], li kien mixtri għal rekord dinji £920,000 min [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]].&lt;ref&gt;MacWilliam, Rab; MacDonald, Tom. p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt; Kien diġa plejer stabbilit fl-Olanda, Cruyff malajr rebaħ fuq il-partitarji tal-Barça meta huwa qal lill-istampa Ewropea li huwa għażel Barça milli Real Madrid għaliex hu ma setax jilagħab għal klabb assoċjati ma 'Franco. Huwa kompla miegħu nnifsu meta huwa għażel l-isem Katalan [[Jordi Cruyff|''Jordi'']], wara l-qaddis lokali, għal ibnu.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil. pp. 83–85.&lt;/ref&gt; Li jmiss għall-plejers ta' kwalità simili [[Juan Manuel Asensi]], [[Carles Rexach]], u [[Hugo Sotil]], huwa għen lil-klabb jirbaħ it-titlu La Liga fl-istaġun 1973–74 għall-ewwel darba mill-1960, li sfrattaw lil-Real Madrid 5–0 ġewwa Bernabéu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lfp.es/?tabid=113&amp;Controltype=tres&amp;t=073&amp;idDivision=1 |titlu=La Liga season 1973–74 |pubblikatur=Liga de Fútbol Profesional |data-aċċess=2010-06-28|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huwa kien inkurant il-[[Plejer Ewropew tas-Sena]] fl-1973 matul l-ewwel staġun tiegħu ma' Barcelona (it-tieni rebħa tal-Ballon d'Or; huwa rebaħ l-ewwel wieħed meta kien jilgħab għall-Ajax fl-1971). Cruyff irrċiva dan il-premju prestiġjuż għat-tielet darba (l-ewwel plejer li għamel dan) fl-1974 waqt li kien għadu ma Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/europa-poy.html|data=2009-12-11|kunjom1=Moore |isem1=Rob |kunjom2=Stokkermans |isem2=Karel |titlu=European Footballer of the Year (&quot;Ballon d'Or&quot;) |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data-aċċess=2010-04-11 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Núñez u s-snin ta' stabilizzazzjoni (1978–2000) ===

Il-Bidu ma [[Josep Lluís Núñez]] fl-1978, il-president ta' FC Barcelona ġie elett mill-membri tal-klabb. Din id-deċiżjoni kienet marbuta mill-qrib it-transizzjoni ta' Spanja għad-demokrazija fl-1974 u t-tmiem ta' dittatorjat ta' Franco. L-għan ewlieni ta' Núñez kien li jiżviluppa lil-Barça fi klabb ta' klassi dinji billi jagħtih l-istabbiltà kemm fuq ġewwa u barra tal-grawnd. Fuq rakkomandazzjoni minn Cruyff, Núñez inawgura [[La Masia]] bħala l-akkademja taż-żgħażagħ ta' Barċellona fl-20 ta' Ottubru 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/20100818/masia-como-laboratorio/840127.shtml |titlu=La Masia, como un laboratorio |pubblikatur=SPORT.es |data-aċċess=2010-08-19 |lingwa=Spanjol |kunjom=Perarnau |isem=Martí |data=2010-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Presidenza tiegħu kienet damet għal 22 sena u profondament affettwat l-immaġni ta' Barcelona, kif Núñez ikkontrolla l-politika stretta fir-rigward ta' pagi u dixxiplina, li ħalla plejer kbar bħal [[Diego Maradona]], [[Romário]] u [[Ronaldo]] imorru aktar mit-talbiet tagħhom li jissodisfaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_4.html |titlu=History part IV |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-15|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fis-16 ta' Mejju 1979, il-klabb rebaħ l-ewwel [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] meta rebħu lil [[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] 4–3 f'Basel fil-finali li kien segwita aktar minn 30,000 paritarji ta' blaugrana. F'Ġunju 1982 Maradona ġie ffirmat għal ħlas rekord dinji ta' £5 miljum minn [[Boca Juniors]].&lt;ref&gt;Dobson, Stephen; Goddard, John A. p. 180.&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-istaġun segwenti, taħt il-kowċ [[César Luis Menotti|Menotti]], Barcelona rebħu l-Copa del Rey, meta għelbu lil-Real Madrid. Iż-żmien ta' Maradona mal-Barça kien qasir wisq; huwa malajr telaq ma [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]]. Fil-bidu tal-istaġun 1984-85 [[Terry Venables]] kien mikri bħala maniġer, u rebaħ La Liga b'turija notevoli mill-midfielder Ġermaniż [[Bernd Schuster]]. Fl-istaġun ta wara Venables ħa lit-tim għat-2 finali tagħhom fl-[[European Cup]], iżda sfortunament huma tilfu bl-[[L-għoti tal-penalties|għoti tal-penalties]] kontra [[FC Steaua Bucureşti|Steaua Bucureşti]] waqt serata drammatika f'Sevilja.

Wara it-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1986|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-1986]], l-awqa skorer ingliż [[Gary Lineker]] ġie ffirmat flimkien mal-gowler [[Andoni Zubizarreta]], iżda t-tim ma setgħux jiksbu suċċess minħabba li Schuster ġie eskluż mill-iskwadra. Venables kien maħruq fil-bidu tal-istaġun 1987-88 u ġie mibdul ma' [[Luis Aragonés]]. Il-plejers irribellaw kontra l-president Núñez f'avveniment li sar magħruf bħala l-ammutinament Hesperia, u spiċċaw l-istaġun ma' b'rebħa ta' 1–0 fil-finali kontra [[Real Sociedad]] u b'hekk il-Barça rebħu l-Copa del Rey.
[[Stampa:Johan Cruijff 1982.jpg|thumb|left|alt=photo of Johan Cruyff|upright|[[Johan Cruyff]] rebaħ erba titli konsekuttivi ta' La Liga bħala kowċ ta' Barcelona.]]

==== ''Dream Team'' ====

Fl-1988, [[Johan Cruyff]] irritorna fil-klabb bħala maniġer u hu immonta sejħa hekk ''Dream Team''. Huwa uża taħlita ta' players Spanjoli simili [[Pep Guardiola]], [[José Mari Bakero]], u [[Txiki Begiristain]] filwaqt li ffirma stilel internazzjonali bħal [[Ronald Koeman]], [[Michael Laudrup]], Romário, u [[Hristo Stoichkov]].&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil. pp. 106–107.&lt;/ref&gt; Taħt il-gwida tiegħu, Barcelona rebħu erba titli konsekuttivi ta' La Liga mill-1991 sal-1994. Huma rebħu lis-[[UC Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] darbtejn fl-1989 fil-finali tal-[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1988–89|Cup Winners' Cup]] u fl-1992 fil-finali tal-[[European Cup 1991–92|European Cup]] ġewwa [[Stadju Wembley (1923)|Wembley]]. Huma wkoll rebħu l-Copa del Rey fl-1990, il- [[European Super Cup]] fl-1992, u tlett [[Supercopa de España]]. Bi 11-il trofew, Cruyff sar l-aktar maniġer suċċessiv tal-klabb, sakemm ġie sorpass minn Guardiola fl-2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/88/spain/2011/08/18/2625001/pep-guardiola-enters-barcelona-history-books-with-record|titlu=Pep Guardiola enters Barcelona history books with record 11th title as coach|pubblikatur=Goal.com |data-aċċess=2011-08-19|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huwa wkoll l-aktar kowċ li għamel ħafna żmien ma Barcelona, li serva 8 snin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/futbol/palmares/palmares.html |titlu=Honours |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-12|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-fortuna ta' Cruyff tbidlet fl-aħħar żewġ staġuni tiegħu, meta naqas li jirbaħ xi trofej u waqaw il president Núñez, li rriżulta t-tluq tiegħu.

Cruyff kien fil-qosor sostitwit minn [[Bobby Robson]], li ħa ħsieb il-klabb għal staġun wieħed 1996–97. Il-klabb iffirma lil Ronaldo u wassal għal [[It-Tripletta|tripletta]], billi rebħu l-Copa del Rey, [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1995–96|Cup Winners Cup]], u s-Supercopa de España. Minkejja s-suċċess tiegħu Robson qatt ma deher bħala soluzzjoni għaż-żmien qasir filwaqt li l-klabb stenna lil [[Louis van Gaal]] biex isir disponibbli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_5.html |titlu=History part V |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data=2003-06-15 |data-aċċess=2010-03-12|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-klabb rebaħ is-[[UEFA Super Cup|Super Cup]] kontra [[Borussia Dortmund]] u rebħu il-Copa del Rey u La Liga dobbja fl-1998. Fl-1999 il-klabb ċċelebra 'ċentinarju' tiegħu, li rebħu t-titlu tal-Primera División. Rivaldo sar ir-4 plejer li ngħata l-[[Plejer Ewropew tas-Sena]]. Minkejja dan is-suċċess domestiku, il-ħsara li testendi dan is-suċċess għaċ-Ċampjins Lijg wassal li Van Gaal u Núñez irriżenjaw fl-2000.

=== Joħroġ Núñez, jitħol Laporta (2000–2008) ===
[[Stampa:Ronaldinho 11feb2007.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Ronaldinho]], Rebbieħ tal-Ballon d'Or u Plejer tas-Sena tal-FIFA]]
It-tluq ta' Núñez u van Gaal ma kienu xejn mqabbla ma dik ta' [[Luís Figo]]. Kif ukoll il-viċi kaptan tal-klabb, Figo kienet sar eroj u kien meqjus mill-Katalni bħala wieħed minn tagħhom stess. Il-partitarji tal-Barça kienu mdejjin bid-deċiżjoni ta' Figo li kien issieħbu mar-rivali eterni Real Madrid, u matul iż-żjarat sussegwenti ġewwa Camp Nou, huwa kien ingħata l-akkoljenza estremament ostili. Mal-ewwel ritorn tiegħu, il-folla ssuttatu b'ras ta' ħanżir u flixkun mimli tal-wiski.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-President Núñez ġie mibdul minn [[Joan Gaspart]] fl-2000, u fi tlett snin huwa kien inkarigat u ra it-tnaqqis ta' maniġers jidħlu u jmorru; van Gaal serva t-tieni terminu. Gaspart ma inspirax il-fiduċja barra l-qasam u fl-2003, hu u van Gaal irreżenjaw.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil. pp. 109–110.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara d-diżappunt tal-era ta' Gaspart, il-klabb mar lura b'kombinazzjoni ta' president ġdid żagħżugħ, [[Joan Laporta]], u kowċ ġdid żgħażagħ, eks plejer [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Olanda|Olandiż]], [[Frank Rijkaard]]. Fil grawnd, influss ta' plejers internazzjonali tħaltu ma plejers Spanjoli biex iwwasslu r-ritorn tas-suċċess għal-klabb. Barça rebħu La Liga u s-Supercopa de España fl-istaġun 2004–05, u l-midfilder tat-tim, [[Ronaldinho]], rebaħ l-unur tal-[[Plejer tas-Sena tal-FIFA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/4486166.stm |titlu=Ronaldinho wins world award again |pubblikatur=BBC News |data=2005-12-19 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-istaġun 2005–06, Barcelona reġaw għamlu s-suċċess tal-kampjonat u Supercup .&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/real-madrid-0-barcelona-3-bernabeu-forced-to-pay-homage-as-ronaldinho-soars-above-the-galacticos-516202.html |titlu=Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3: Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos |pubblikatur=The Independent |data=2005-11-21 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11 | isem=Patrick | kunjom=McCurdy|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiċ-Champions League, Barça rebħu lil klabb Ingliż [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] 2–1 fil-finali. B'diffikulta 1–0 b'10 minn nies Arsenal b'inqas minn 15-il minuta għat-tisfira finali, dawn ġew lura biex rebħu 2–1 u b'hekk rebħu l-ewwel rebħa tat-Tazza Ewropea f'14-il sena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4773353.stm |titlu=Barcelona 2–1 Arsenal |pubblikatur=BBC News |data=2006-05-17 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Minkejja li kienu l-favoriti u l-bdew bil-qawwa, Barcelona spiċċaw l-istaċun 2006–07 mingħajr trofej apparti mill-2006 meta rebħu s-[[Supercopa de España]] kontra r-rivali lokali [[RCD Espanyol]]. Huma ħadu sehem fit-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2006|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs 2006]], imma kienu melgħuba fil-finali b'gowl tard mill-klabb Brażiljan [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=107/edition=248388/news/newsid=108718.html#internacional+make+japan |titlu=Internacional make it big in Japan |pubblikatur=FIFA |data=2006-12-17 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-pre-staġun fil-Istati Uniti u vendetta miftuħa bejn il-plejer [[Samuel Eto'o]] u Rijkaard kienet tard akkużata għan-nuqqas ta' trofej.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6353861.stm |titlu=Barcelona will not punish Eto'o |pubblikatur=BBC News |data=2007-02-14 |data-aċċess=2010-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita aħbar|url=http://www.soccerway.com/news/2007/August/03/barcelona-defends-asian-tour/ |titlu=Barcelona defends Asian tour |sit=soccerway.com|data-aċċess=2010-03-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'La Liga, Barça kienu fl-ewwel post għal ħafna mill-istaġun, iżda mill-inkonsistenza tagħhom fis-sena ġdida kkawżaw sorpriża minn Real Madrid fit-12 ta' Mejju 2007; il-Barça abbinaw lil-Madrid bil-punti iżda tilfu t-titlu b'superjorità fuq wiċċ ma wiċċ. Fiċ-Champions League, Barça b'mod strett irnexxielhom javvanzaw minn Grupp A li rebħu 2-0 kontra [[SV Werder Bremen]],iżda kienu eliminati fil-rawnd tal-aħħar 16 mir-rebbieħa tal-2005 [[Liverpool FC]] bil-gowl barra mid-dar.

Fl-istaġun 2007–08 intemm mingħajr l-ebda titli, kif Barça spiċċaw it-tielet f'La Liga u kienu megħluba fis-semifinali taċ-Champions League 1–0 mir-rebbieħa eventwali [[Manchester United]].

=== L-era ta' Guardiola ===
Il-kowċ ta' [[FC Barcelona B]] [[Pep Guardiola]] ħad f'idejh id-dmirijiet ta' Frank Rijkaard fil-konklużjoni tal-istaġun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/noticies/destacades/n080508104104.html|titlu=Rijkaard until 30 June; Guardiola to take over|data=2008-05-08|data-aċċess=2009-05-08|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guardiola ġab miegħu stil famuż ta' [[tiki-taka]] hu kien mgħallem matul il-ħin tiegħu mat-timijiet żagħżagħ ta' Barcelona. Fil-proċess Guardiola biegħ lil [[Ronaldinho]]  u lil-[[Deco]], u beda jibni t-tim ta' Barcelona madwar [[Xavi]], [[Andrés Iniesta|Iniesta]] u Messi.
[[Stampa:Lionel Messi Player of the Year 2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lionel Messi]], Rebbieħ ta' 4 [[FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA]]/[[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]], fis-snin 2009, 2010, 2011 u 2012, u l-aqwa skorer ta' FC Barcelona fil-kompetizzjonijiet uffiċjali b'299 gowl&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/the-honours/detail/card/fc-barcelona-individual-records |titlu=Individual records |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2012-11-29|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Il-Barça rebħu lil [[Athletic Bilbao]] 4–1 fil-finali tal-[[Copa del Rey]] tal-2009, filwaqt li rebħu kompetizzjoni għall-25 darba u b'hekk kissru r-rekord. Rebħa storika 2-6 kontra Real Madrid u tlett ijiem wara u żguraw li Barcelona saru c-ċampjins ta' La Liga fl-istaġun 2008–09. Barça spiċċaw l-istaġun billi għelbu r-rebbieħa taċ-Ċampjins Lijg [[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] 2–0 fl-[[Stadju Olimpiku|Istadju Olimpiku]] f'Ruma biex għalhekk jirbħu it-tielet titlu taċ-Ċampjins Lijg u għamlu l-ewwel [[It-Tripletta|tripletta]] tagħhom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=646187&amp;sec=europe&amp;root=europe&amp;&amp;cc=5739|titlu=One title closer to the treble|data=2009-05-14|pubblikatur=ESPN|isem=Eduardo|kunjom=Alvarez|data-aċċess=2009-05-30|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8060878.stm|titlu=Barcelona 2–0 Man Utd|data=2009-05-27|pubblikatur=BBC Sport|data-aċċess=2009-05-30|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.thesportreview.com/tsr/2009/05/pep-guardiola-barcelona/|titlu=Pep Guardiola's love affair with Barça continues|data=2009-05-19|pubblikatur=Thesportreview.com|data-aċċess=2009-05-31|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filwaqt it-tim rebaħ ukoll is [[Supercopa de España]] kontra Athletic Bilbao&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Messi leads Barcelona to Spanish Supercup win|pubblikatur=CNN |data=2009-08-23|url=http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/gold/story.asp?i=20090823224656240000201|data-aċċess=2009-12-25|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; u l-[[UEFA Super Cup]] tal-2009 kontra [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/futbol/temporada_09-10/arxiu_partits/supercopa_europa/final/jornada01/Barcelona_Shakhtar_Donetsk/partit.html |titlu=Barcelona vs Shakhtar Donetsk |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-13|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; li ġew l-ewwel klabb Ewropej li rebħu s-Super Cup kemm domestiku u Ewropew. F'Diċembru 2009, Barcelona rebħu [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2009|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs 2009]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/8422908.stm | titlu = Barcelona beat Estudiantes to win the Club World Cup |pubblikatur=BBC Sport | data = 2009-12-19|data-aċċess=2010-04-14|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; u saru l-ewwel klabb tal-futbol li rebħu sitt tazzi fi staġun wieħed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1151676.html |titlu=The year in pictures |pubblikatur=FIFA.com |data=2009-12-13|data-aċċess=2010-03-13|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barcelona wettgħu 2 rekords ġodda fil-futbol Spanjol li fl-2010 huma rebħu t-trofew ta' La Liga b'99 punt u rebħu Super Cup Spanjola għad disa 'darba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|kunjom=Associated |isem=The |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5hTKYLfFVJSz8N1uam6zrvdyQGZqA |titlu=The Canadian Press: Messi's three goals as Barcelona wins record ninth Spanish Supercup |pubblikatur=Canadian Press |data=2010-08-21 |data-aċċess=2010-08-27 |arkivju-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100824072643/http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5hTKYLfFVJSz8N1uam6zrvdyQGZqA |arkivju-data=2010-08-24|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2010-05-16-barcelona-spanish-league-title_N.htm|titlu=Messi, Barcelona set records in Spanish league title repeat|pubblikatur=USA Today|data=2010-05-16|data-aċċess=2010-08-11|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara t-tluq ta' Laporta mill-klabb f'Ġunju 2010, [[Sandro Rosell]] kien malajr elett bħala President ġdid. L-elezzjonijiet saru fit-13 ta' Ġunju, fejn huwa ġab 61.35% (57,088 voti, rekord) ta' voti totali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/presidents/sandrorosell.html |titlu=Sandro Rosell i Feliu (2010–)|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|data-aċċess=2011-06-05|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rosell iffirma lil [[David Villa]] minn għand [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] bi prezz ta' €40 miljun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada09-10/05/19/n100519111099.html |titlu=Barca agree Villa move with Valencia|data=2010-05-19|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2011-06-04|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; u lil [[Javier Mascherano]] minn għand [[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] bi prezz ta' €19 miljun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada10-11/08/27/n100827112582.html |titlu=Deal with Liverpool to sign Mascherano|data=2010-08-07|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2011-06-04|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'Novembru tal-2010, Barcelona għelbu r-rivali prinċipali tagħhom, [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] 5–0 f'[[El Clásico]]. Fl-istaġun 2010–11, Barcelona rebħu t-trofew ta' La Liga, it-tielet titlu f'suċċessjoni, huma spiċċaw il-kampjonat b'96 punt.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13368064.stm Barcelona secure La Liga Spanish title hat-trick] BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 May 2011&lt;/ref&gt; F'April 2011, il-klabb laħaq il-finali tal-Copa del Rey final, iżda tilfu 1–0 ma Real Madrid f'[[Stadju Mestalla|Istadju Mestalla]] ġewwa Valenzja.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0,19764,11065_3365041,00.html Madrid clinch Copa del Rey] Sky Sports. Retrieved 30 May 2011&lt;/ref&gt; F'Mejju, Barcelona għelbu lil Manchester United fil-finali tal-[[UEFA Champions League 2010–11]] li kienu lagħbu ġewwa Wembley, repetizzjoni tal-finali tal-2009, filwaqt li rebħu r-4 Tazza Ewropea tagħhom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13576522.stm |titlu=Barcelona 3–1 Man Utd |awtur=Phil McNulty|data=2011-05-28 |pubblikatur=BBC |data-aċċess=2011-05-30|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'Awwissu 2011, il-gradwat ta' La Masia [[Cesc Fàbregas]] ġie mixtri minn [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] li għin lil Barcelona jiddefendu s-Supercup Spanjola kontra Real Madrid. Ir-rebħa tas-Supercup ippreżentat ammont totali ta' trofej uffiċjali għal 73, bl-għadd ta' titli mirbuħa minn Real Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.marca.com/2011/08/17/futbol/equipos/barcelona/1313608792.html |titlu=El Barça iguala en títulos al Real Madrid |pubblikatur=MARCA |data-aċċess=2011-08-18 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aktar tard fl-istess xahar, Barcelona rebħu l-[[UEFA Super Cup]] wara li għelbu lil [[FC Porto|Porto]] 2–0 grazzi mill-gowl ta' [[Lionel Messi]] u [[Cesc Fábregas]]. Dan estenda l-ammont globali ta' trofej uffiċjali tal-klabb għal 74, li ssuperat it-total ta' Real Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/2011/08/27/barca-madrid/1131109.shtml|titlu=El club azulgrana ya tiene más títulos que el Real|pubblikatur=SPORT |data-aċċess=2011-08-27|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fir-rebħa tal-UEFA Super Cup wkoll immarkaw kisba oħra impressjonanti kif Josep Guardiola rebaħ it-12-il trofej minn 15 fi tliet snin biss fit-tmexxija tal-klabb, li sar il-pussessur tar-rekord kollhu tal-aktar rebħ ta' titli bħala kowċ ta' FC Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/20110827/pep-guardiola-supero-marca-johan-cruyff/1131117.shtml|titlu=Pep Guardiola superó la marca de Johan Cruyff|data=2011-08-26|pubblikatur=SPORT |data-aċċess=2011-08-26|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Stampa:FC Barcelona - Bayer 04 Leverkusen, 7 mar 2012 (18).jpg|thumb|FC Barcelona fil-[[UEFA Champions League]] fl-2012]]
F'Diċembru, Barcelona rebħu t-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs]] għat-tieni darba rekord mill-istabbiliment tagħhom, billi għelbu liċ-ċampjins Brażiljani tal-[[Copa Libertadores]], [[Santos FC|Santos]], li ġew 4–0 fil-finali grazzi għal żewġ gowls minn Lionel Messi u gowls minn [[Xavi]] u Fábregas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/santos-fcb-legendary-barca-0-4|titlu=SANTOS-FCB: Legendary Barça (0–4)|data=2011-12-18|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|data-aċċess=2011-12-18|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bħala riżultat, ir-refgħa tat-trofew globali matul ir-renju ta' Guardiola kien estiż għal 13-il trofew minn 24 possibbli f'4 snin, li komplew kwalità għolja u werew il-prestazzjoni tagħhom fil-kompetizzjonijiet tal-futbol riċenti tad-dinja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/guardiola-winning-13-out-of-16-titles-is-only-possible-when-you-have-a-competitive-mentality|titlu=Guardiola: &quot;Winning 13 out of 16 titles is only possible when you have a competitive mentality&quot;|data=2011-12-18|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2011-12-18|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=257437/match=300180901/summary.html
|titlu=Santos humbled by brilliant Barcelona|data=2011-12-18|xogħol=fifa.com|data-aċċess=2011-12-18|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-istaġun 2011–12, il-Barcelona tilfu s-semifinali tal-UEFA Champions League kontra [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]]. Dritt wara dan, il-kowċ [[Pep Guardiola]], li kien fuq kuntratt irrumblat u kien iffaċċjat kritiku fuq tattiċi reċenti tiegħu u selezzjonijiet tal-iskwadra,&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://video.uk.msn.com/watch/video/barca-not-tired/2i6en3os?cpkey=a70999a2-196d-4734-bf81-43688140eec8|titlu=Barca 'not tired' on MSN Video |pubblikatur=MSN |data= |data-aċċess=2012-11-29|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/champions-league/9230314/Pep-Guardiolas-reign-in-Spain-was-coming-to-an-end-according-to-all-the-signs.html |pubblikatur=The Daily Telegraph | isem=Pete | kunjom=Jenson | titlu=Pep Guardiola's reign in Spain was coming to an end, according to all the signs | data=2012-04-26|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; ħabbar li kien se jirriżenja bħala kowċ fit-30 ta' Ġunju u kien segwit minn l-assistent [[Tito Vilanova]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1055094/pep-guardiola-to-part-company-with-barcelona---reports?cc=5901 |titlu=Pep Guardiola to part company with Barcelona |pubblikatur=ESPN |data=2012-04-26 |data-aċċess=2012-11-29 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/9222641/Barcelona-v-Chelsea-Pep-Guardiola-keeps-calm-as-Nou-Camp-critics-question-selection-and-tactics.html |pubblikatur=The Daily Telegraph | titlu=Barcelona v Chelsea: Pep Guardiola keeps calm as Nou Camp critics question selection and tactics |data=2012-04-24 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guardiola spiċċa l-ħatra tiegħu billi rebaħ il-finali tal-[[Copa del Rey]] 3–0, li b'kollox rebħu 14-il trofej taħt l-amministrazzjoni tiegħu.

L-erba trofej mgħobbija minn Guardiola ispira lid-direttur Brittaniku [[Paul Greengrass]] li għamel dokumentarju dwar il-ġganti Katalani. Intitolat ''Barça'', il-film se jeżamina l-aktar proċess u l-wirt famuż ta' wieħed mill frankiġji-dinji sportivi, li jiffoka primarjament fuq l-erba 'snin li fihom Guardiola ggwidata l-klabb għal 14-il trofej. Il-film huwa mistenni li jkun lest qabel it-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2014|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-2014]], meta l-attenzjoni pubblika bdiet tibda tiffoka fuq l-avveniment internazzjonali ta' [[Rio de Janeiro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.insideworldsoccer.com/2012/05/hollywood-to-do-film-on-barcelona.html |titlu=Hollywood to do film on Barcelona |pubblikatur=Inside World Soccer |data=2012-05-19|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tito Vilanova (2012-preżent) ===
Kien imħabbar fis-sajf tal-2012 li [[Tito Vilanova]], assistent maniġer MA Barcelona, se jieħu f'idejh il-kariga ta' kowċ flok [[Pep Guardiola]]. Wara l-ħatra tiegħu, Barcelona marru fuq ġirja nkredibbli li rahom iżommu fil-quċċatta tal-kampjonat għall-ewwel 26 ġimgħa, rekord ta' telfa 1 biss fit-23 logħba. [[Lionel Messi]] skorja 34 gowl waħdu f'dan il-perjodu,u f'nofs Frar huma kellhom 12-il punt vantaġġ fuq [[Atlético Madrid]].

== Sapport ==
Il-laqam ''culer'' għal sapporter tal-Barcelona huwa derivat mill-Katalan ''cul'' (Ingliż: arse), bħala spettaturi fl-ewwel stadju, [[Camp de la Indústria]]. Fi Spanja, madwar 25% tal-popolazzjoni huma simpatizzanti tal-Barca, it-tieni wara [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], appoġġjata minn 32% tal-popolazzjoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/2700_2719/2705/Es2705mar_A.pdf |titlu=Ficha Técnica | editur=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |format=PDF |data =2007-05-01|data-aċċess=2010-08-08|lingwa=Spanjol}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madwar l-Ewropa, Barcelona huwa tieni għażla favorita.&lt;ref&gt;Chadwick, Simon; Arthur, Dave. pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt; Iċ-ċifri tas-sħubija tal-klabb raw żieda sinifikanti mill 100,000 fl-istaġun 2003-04 għal 170,000 f'Settembru 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/20090919/barcelona-tiene-170000-socios/813866.shtml |titlu=El FC Barcelona ya tiene 170.000 socios |pubblikatur=SPORT |lingwa=Spanjol|data=2009-09-19 |isem=Víctor |kunjom=Aznar |data-aċċess=2010-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; iż-żieda qawwija ġiet attribwita lill-influwenza ta' [[Ronaldinho]] u mbagħad l-istrateġija tal-midja tal-President [[Joan Laporta]] li ffukat fuq mezzi Spanjola u Ingliża.&lt;ref&gt;Fisk, Peter. pp. 201–202.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brott, Steffen. p. 77.&lt;/ref&gt;

Minbarra l-isħubija, minn 'Ġunju 2010 hemm 1,335 sapporters uffiċjalment reġistrati tal-klabb, imsejħa''penyes'', madwar id-dinja. Il-klabbs tas-sapporters ppromwovu lil Barcelona fil-lokalità tagħhom u jirċievu offerti ta' benefiċċju meta jżuru Barċellona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/penyes/llistat_penyes/llistat_penyes.html |titlu=Penyes |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-08-08|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Il-klabb kellu persuni prominenti ħafna fost il-partitarji tiegħu, inklużi l-Papa [[Ġwanni Pawlu II]], li kien membru onorarju, u l-eks prim ministru ta' Spanja [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/377088531.html?dids=377088531:377088531&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jul+29%2C+2003&amp;author=Steven+Goff&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Barça+Isn%27t+Lounging+Around%3B+Storied+Catalonian+Club+Plots+Its+Return+to+the+Top|titlu=Barça Isn't Lounging Around; Storied Catalonian Club Plots Its Return to the Top|isem=Steven|kunjom=Goff|pubblikatur=The Washington Post | data=2003-07-29|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2008/07/02/news0376.htm|aġenzija=Associated Press|titlu=Spain's football team welcomed by royals|pubblikatur=The New Nation|data-aċċess=2010-08-10|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; FC Barcelona għandha t-tieni l-ogħla [[Attendenzi medji ta' klabbs tal-futbol Ewropej|attendenza medja ta' klabbs tal-futbol Ewropej]] biss wara [[Borussia Dortmund]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/stats/attendance/_/league/ger.1/year/2010/german-bundesliga?cc=5901 |titlu=German Bundesliga Stats: Team Attendance – 2010–11 |pubblikatur=ESPN |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/club/temporada10-11/05/17/n110517117527.html |titlu=Camp Nou: Average attendance 79,390 &amp;#124; FCBarcelona.cat |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data=2011-05-17 |data-aċċess=2012-11-29|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rivalitajiet tal-Klabb ==
=== ''El Clásico'' ===
{{artiklu prinċipali|El Clásico}}
Spiss ikun hemm rivalità ħarxa bejn l-aqwa żewġ timijiet fil-kampjonat nazzjonali, u dan huwa partikolarment il-każ fl-La Liga, fejn il-logħba bejn Barça u Real Madrid hija magħrufa bħala ''El Clásico''. Mill-bidu tal-kompetizzjonijiet nazzjonali l-klabbs kienu meqjusa bħala rappreżentanti ta' żewġ reġjuni rivali fi Spanja: [[Katalonja]] u [[Kastilja (reġjun storiku)|Kastilja]], kif ukoll taż-żewġt ibliet. Il-rivalità tirrifletti dak li kkunsidraw ħafna bħala t-tensjonijiet politiċi u kulturali bejn l-feltru tal-[[Poplu Katalan|Katalani]] u l-[[Poplu Kastiljan|Kastiljani]], meqjus minn awtur wieħed bħala ri-promulgazzjoni tal- [[Gwerra Ċivili Spanjola]].&lt;ref&gt;Ghemawat, Pankaj. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matul id-dittatorjati ta' [[Miguel Primo de Rivera, it-2 Marquis ta Estella|Primo de Rivera]] u speċjalment ta' [[Francisco Franco]] (1939–1975), il-kulturi reġjonali kollha kienu mrażżna. Il-lingwi kollha mitkellma fit-territorju Spanjol, ħlief l-Ispanjol ([[Lingwa Spanjola|Kastiljan]]) nnifisha, kienu uffiċjalment ipprojbita.&lt;ref&gt;Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée. p. 70.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|awtur=Phil Ball |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2002/apr/21/championsleague.sport |titlu=The ancient rivalry of Barcelona and Real Madrid|xogħol=The Guardian|pubblikatur=Guardian News and Media |data= 2002-04-21|data-aċċess=2010-03-13 | lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-simbolu tax-xewqa tal-poplu Katalan kien il-libertà, Barça ġew 'Aktar minn klabb' (''Més que un club'') għall-Katalani. Skond [[Manuel Vázquez Montalbán]], l-aħjar mod għall-Katalani kienet li juru l-identità tagħhom billi jingħaqdu ma Barça. Kien inqas riskjuż minn jingħaqad mal-moviment tal-klandestin anti-Franco-, u ppermettilhom li jesprimu l-għazla tagħhom.&lt;ref&gt;Spaaij, Ramón. p. 251.&lt;/ref&gt;

Min-naħa l-oħra, Real Madrid kienet meqjusa minn ħafna bħala l-inkarnazzjoni oppressiva taċ-[[ċentraliżmu]] sovrana u r-reġim faxxista fil-livell ta' ġestjoni u lil hinn minn ([[Santiago Bernabéu Yeste|Santiago Bernabeu]], il-president ta' qabel tal-klabb li semmew l-Istadju [[Stadju Santiago Bernabéu|Merengues]] għalih, miġġieled ma [[Stat Spanjol|''los nacionales'']]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1697027,00.html|titlu=Barcelona vs. Real Madrid: More Than a Game|data=2007-12-20|data-aċċess=2009-07-01|pubblikatur=Time|kunjom=Abend|isem=Lisa|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2001/mar/26/newsstory.sport13|titlu=Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football by Phil Ball |data=2001-03-26|data-aċċess=2009-07-01|pubblikatur=The Guardian|kunjom=Lowe|isem=Sid|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, matul il-Gwerra Ċivili Spanjola, membri taż-żewġ timijiet bħal [[Josep Sunyol]] u [[Rafael Sánchez Guerra]] sofrew fl-idejn ta' partitarji ta' Franco.

Matul il-1950ijiet, ir-rivalità kienet aktar aggravata meta kien hemm kontroversja madwar it-trasferiment ta'  [[Alfredo di Stéfano]], li finalment lagħab għal Real Madrid u kien muftieħ għas-suċċess sussegwenti tagħhom.&lt;ref&gt;Burns, Jimmy. pp. 31–34.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-1960ijiet raw ir-rivalità tilħaq l-istadju Ewropew meta ltaqaw darbtejn fil-fażi eliminatorja fit-Tazza Ewropea.&lt;ref name=&quot;rsssf1&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesb/barcamadrid.html |titlu=FC Barcelona vs Real Madrid CF since 1902 |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2000-01-31 |data-aċċess=2010-08-21 |kunjom=García |isem=Javier}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''El derbi Barceloní'' ===
{{artiklu prinċipali|Derbi barceloní}}
Ir-rivali lokali ta' Barça minn dejjem kienu [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]]. ''Blanc-i-blaus'', huwa wieħed mill-klabbs mogħtija patroċinju rjali, kien fondat esklussivament minn partitarji tal-futbol Spanjol, b'differenza tan-natura multinazzjonali tal-bord primarju ta' Barça. Il-messaġġ fundatur tal-klabb kien anti-Barcelona, u dawn diżapprovazzjoni raw lil FC Barcelona bħala tim tal-barranin. Il-rivalità kienet imsaħħa permezz milli l-Katalani raw bħala rappreżentant provokattiva ta' Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;Shubert, Arthur. p. 199.&lt;/ref&gt; L-istadju oriġinali tagħhom kien fid-distrett sinjur ta' [[Estadi de Sarrià|Sarrià]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1901/04/09/pagina-2/33398307/pdf.html |titlu=Edición del martes, 09 abril 1901, página 2 – Hemeroteca – Lavanguardia.es |lingwa=Spanjol|pubblikatur=Hemeroteca Lavanguardia|data-aċċess=2010-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rcdespanyol.cat/principal.php?modulo=estatico&amp;idcontenido=8&amp;idmenu=2&amp;idsubmenu=22&amp;nombremodulo=dates&amp;idlinkchk=21 |titlu=History of Espanyol|pubblikatur=RCD Espanyol |data-aċċess=2010-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tradizzjonalment,speċjalment matul ir-reġim ta' Franco, Espanyol kienu meqjusa mill-maġġoranza kbira taċ-ċittadini ta' Barċellona bħala klabb li kkultivata tip ta' konformità lill-awtorità ċentrali, f'kuntrast qawwi ma 'l-ispirtu rivoluzzjonarju ta' Barça&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.iss.europa.eu/index.php?id=18&amp;no_cache=1&amp;L=1&amp;tx_ttnews%5Bpointer%5D=41&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=697&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=232&amp;tx_ttnews%5Bpage%5D=1&amp;cHash=2becc765c6|titlu=European football cultures and their integration: the 'short' Twentieth Century|data=2002-03-01|data-aċċess=2009-07-01|pubblikatur=Europa|kunjom=Missiroli|isem=Antonio|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1918 Espanyol bdew kontro-petizzjoni kontra l-awtonomija, li dak iż-żmien kienet saret kwistjoni pertinenti.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil. pp. 86–87.&lt;/ref&gt; Aktar tard, grupp ta' partitarji ta' Espanyol issieħbu mal-''Falangists'' fil-gwerra ċivili Spanjola, binarju żgħir mal-faxxisti. Minkejja dawn id-differenzi fl-ideoloġija, id-''derbi'' dejjem kienet aktar rilevanti għall-partitarji ta' Espanyol minn dawk ta' Barcelona minħabba d-differenza fl-għanijiet. Fis-snin riċenti r-rivalità saret anqas politika, kif Espanyol qalbu l-isem uffiċjali tagħhom u l-innu minn Spanjol għall-Katalan.

Għalkemm hija l-aktar derby lokali li intlagħet fl-istorja fl-La Liga, hija wkoll l-aktar żbilanċjata, li Barcelona tassew ikunu [[Derbi barceloní#Ras ma Ras|dominanti]]. Fil-klassifika tal-kampjonat, Espanyol irnexxielhom biss jispiċċaw jegħlbu lil Barça fi tliet okkażjonijiet fi kważi 70 sena u l-unika finali tal-Copa del Rey kienet mirbuħa minn Barça fl-1957. Espanyol għandhom konsolazzjoni li kisbu rebħa bi skor kbir ta' 6-0 fl-1951. Espanyol kisbu wkoll rebħa ta' 2-1 kontra Barça matul l-istaġun 2008-09, li sar l-ewwel tim li għeleb lil-Barcelona ġewwa fi Camp Nou fl-istaġun tat-tripletta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/futbol/temporada_08-09/arxiu_partits/lliga/jornada24/Barcelona_Espanyol/partit.html |titlu=Matchday 24|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|data-aċċess=2010-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Finanzi u sjieda ==
Fl-2010, ''[[Forbes]]'' evalwa l-valur ta' Barcelona li jkun ta' madwar € 752,000,000 (USD $1 biljun), klassifikazzjoni fir-raba post wara Manchester United, Real Madrid, u Arsenal, ibbażat fuq figuri mill-istaġun 2008-09.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/21/soccer-value-teams-business-sports-soccer-10-intro.html |titlu=The Business Of Soccer |pubblikatur=Forbes |data=2010-04-21 |data-aċċess=2010-08-07|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/34/soccer-10_Soccer-Team-Valuations_Rank.html |titlu=Soccer Team Valuations |pubblikatur=Forbes |data=2009-06-30 |data-aċċess=2010-08-07|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Skond id-[[Deloitte]], Barcelona kellhom dħul irreġistrat ta €366 miljun fl-istess perjodu, klassifikati t-tieni ma Real Madrid, li ġġeneraw €401 miljun fi dħul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/industries/sportsbusinessgroup/d039400401a17210VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htm |titlu=Real Madrid becomes the first sports team in the world to generate €400m in revenues as it tops Deloitte Football Money League |pubblikatur=Deloitte |data-aċċess=2010-08-07|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flimkien ma ' Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, u [[CA Osasuna|Osasuna]], Barcelona huma organizzati bħala assoċjazzjoni reġistrata. B'differenza ta' [[Kumpanija limitata]], mhuwiex possibbli li jixtru ishma fil-klabb, iżda biss sħubija.&lt;ref&gt;Peterson, Marc p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-membri ta' Barcelona, issejħin ''socis'', jiffurmaw assemblaġġ ta' delegati li huwa l-ogħla korp governattiv tal-klabb.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|titlu=Handbook on the economics of sport|isem1=Wladimir|kunjom1=Andreff|isem2=Stefan|kunjom2=Szymański|pubblikatur=Edward Elgar Publishing|sena=2006|
isbn=1-84376-608-6|paġna=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-2010, il-klabb kellhu 170,000 ''socis''.

Verifika minn Deloitte f'Lulju tal-2010 wera li Barcelona kellhom dejn ta' €442,000,000, Bħalissa 58% tal-valur nett kif huwa evalwat minn ''Forbes''. L-amministrazzjoni ġdid ta' Barcelona, li kienu ordnaw il-verifika, iċċitaw &quot;problemi strutturali&quot; bħala l-kawża tad-dejn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE66Q0H720100727 |titlu=Barcelona audit uncovers big 2009/10 loss |pubblikatur=Reuters |data=2010-07-27 |data-aċċess=2010-08-09|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aħbarijiet kienu ħarġu li l-klabb kien irreġistra tnaqqis ta' madwar €79 miljun matul il-kors tas-sena, minkejja li iddefendew it-titlu tagħhom La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Rosell announces record Barcelona loss, lawsuit against Laporta |isem=Duncan |kunjom=Shaw |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1591876.php/Rosell-announces-record-Barcelona-loss-lawsuit-against-Laporta |pubblikatur=Monsters and Critics |data=2010-10-10 |data-aċċess=2011-10-24|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Għall-2011, Id-dejn gross ta' Barcelona huwa ta' madwar €483 miljun u d-dejn nett huwa fuq €364 miljun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/926957/barcelona-announce-%E2%82%AC45m-transfer-budget?cc=5901 |titlu=Barca announce €45m budget |pubblikatur=ESPN |data=2011-06-09 |data-aċċess=2012-01-12|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Barcelona instab li għandhom l-ogħla salarju medju għal kull plejer ta' kull timijiet sportivi professjonali fid-dinja, biss qabel ir-rivali Real Madrid .&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=6354899 |titlu=ESPN The Magazine – The Money Issue – 200 Best-Paying Teams in the World |pubblikatur=ESPN |data=2011-04-20 |data-aċċess=2011-05-28|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rekords ==
{{dettalji|Lista ta' rekords u statistiki ta' FC Barcelona}}
[[Xavi]] bħalissa huwa jżżomm ir-rekord tat-tim għan-numru ta' logħob li lagħab totali (661) u numru rekord ta' apparenzi f'La Liga (436), li ssupera d-detentur tar-rekord preċedenti [[Migueli]] (391).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_individuals.html |titlu=FC Barcelona Records (Team &amp; Individual Records) | pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|data-aċċess=2010-03-15|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-aqwa skorer fil-kompetizzjonijiet kollha ta' FC Barcelona (inkużi logħob ta' ħbiberija) huwa [[Paulino Alcántara]] b'369 gowl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|awtur=23:10 |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-one-goal-away-from-cesar-s-record |titlu=Messi one goal away from Cesar's record, fcbarcelona.com, 19 ta' Marzu 2012 |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data=2012-03-19 |data-aċċess=2012-11-29 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-awqa skorer ta' kull żmien ta' Barcelona fil-kompetizzjonijiet kollha uffiċjali, minbarra logħob ta' ħbiberija, huwa [[Lionel Messi]] bi 301 gowl. Huwa wkoll għandhu rekord tal-aqwa skorer għal Barcelona f'kompetizzjonijiet Ewropej u internazzjonali tal-klabb &lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Lionel Messi Becomes Barcelona's All-time Record Goal Scorer|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/9157015/Lionel-Messi-becomes-Barcelonas-all-time-record-scorer.html|data-aċċess=2012-05-25 |pubblikatur=The Daily Telegraph|data=2012-03-21|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;  u rekord ta' l-aqwa skorer fil-kampjonat b'206 gowls fl-La Liga. [[Lista ta' plejers ta' FC Barcelona|Erba' persuni]] kienu rnexxielhom jiskorjaw fuq 100 gowl fil-kampjonat ma Barcelona: [[Lionel Messi]] (206), [[César Rodríguez Álvarez|César Rodríguez]] (192), [[Ladislao Kubala]] (131) u [[Samuel Eto'o]] (108) .

Fit-2 ta' Frar 2009, Barcelona laħqu total ta' 5,000 gowl f'La Liga. Il-gowl kien konvertit minn Messi fil-logħba kontra [[Racing de Santander|Racing Santander]], fejn Barça rebħu 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1012195.html |titlu=Messi propels 5,000-goal Barcelona |pubblikatur=FIFA|data=2009-02-01 |data-aċċess=2010-03-13|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-18 ta' Diċembru 2009 Barcelona għelbu lil Estudiantes 2–1 biex rebħu is-6 titlu tagħhom f'sena u sar l-ewwel tim tal-futbol biex jikseb is-''sextuple''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/news/newsid=1151723.html |titlu=Kings, queens and a young prince |pubblikatur=FIFA|data=2009-12-23|data-aċċess=2010-03-23|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-ogħla attendenza f'darhom Barcelona kienet 120,000, fil-kwarti tal-finali tat-Tazza Ewropea kontra Juventus fit-3 ta' Marzu 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html |titlu=Records |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-03-15|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-modernizzazzjoni ta Camp Nou matul id-1990ijiet u l-introduzzjoni ta' ''all-seater stands'' tfisser li r-rekord ma jkunx maqsum għall-futur prevedibbli bħala l-kapaċità attwali tal-istadju huwa 99,354.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/informacio_corporativa/barca_enxifres/barca_enxifres.html |titlu=FC Barcelona Information |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2012-01-12|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emblema u flokk ==
[[Stampa:Barcelonacrest.jpg|thumb|right|alt=diamond shaped crest surrounded by laurels and topped with a crown and a bat|L-ewwel emblema li ntlibset minn Barcelona]]
Mill-fondazzjoni tiegħu il-klabb lagħab b'emblema. L-emblema oriġinali tal-klabb kienet forma ta' djamanta kkompletata mill-[[Kuruna ta' Aragona]] u friefet il-lejl tar-Re James, u mdawra minn żewġ fergħat, siġra tar-rand u l-oħra tal-palm.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-crest&quot; /&gt; Fl-1910 il-klabb kellu kompetizzjoni fost il-membri tiegħu għal disinn tal-emblema l-ġdida. Ir-rebbieħ kien [[Carles Comamala]], li fil-ħin lagħab għall-klabb. Is-uġġeriment ta' Comamala beda l-emblema li l-klabb jilbes illum, b'xi varjazzjonijiet minuri. L-emblema tikkonsisti s-Salib ta' San Ġorġ fil-kantuniera tax-xellug mal-bandiera Katalana maġenbu, u l-kulur tat-tim taħt.

Il-kuluri blu u aħmar tal-flokk ġew intlibsu l-ewwel fil-logħba kontra Hispania fl-1900.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bosta teoriji li jikkompetu ġew imressqa għar-raba disinn blu u aħmar tal-flokk ta' Barcelona. L-iben tal-ewwel president, [[Arthur Witty]], qal li kien l-idea ta' missieru bħala l-kuluri kienu l-istess bħat-tim tal-[[Skola Merkantili Taylors , Crosby|Iskola Merkantili Taylors]]. Spjegazzjoni oħra, skond l-awtur Toni Strubell, huwa dawk il-kuluri li huma mill-[[Ewwel Repubblika Franċiża|Ewwel Repubblika]] ta' Robespierre. F'Katalunja, perċezzjoni komuni hija li l-kuluri kienu magħżula minn Joan Gamper u li huma bħal ta' [[FC Basel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil pp. 90–91.&lt;/ref&gt;

Qabel l-istaġun 2011-2012, Barcelona kellhom storja twila li evitaw sponsorizzazzjoni korporattiva fuq il-flokkijiet tal-logħob. Fl-14 ta' Lulju 2006, il-klabb ħabbar ftehim ta' ħames snin ma [[UNICEF]], li jinkludi li l-arma ta' UNICEF fuq il-flokk tal-klabb. Il-ftehim għandu jiddona €1.5 miljun kull sena għal UNICEF (0.7 fil-mija tad-dħul ordinarju tagħhom, ugwali għall-''UN International Aid Target'', [[cf.]] [[Official development assistance|ODA]]) permezz tal-Fundazzjoni ta' FC Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/Fundacio/english/nacions_unides/convenis/unicef/continguts/carta_laporta.html|titlu=Open letter from Joan Laporta|data-aċċess=2010-02-21|sena=2010|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Fundazzjoni ta' FC Barcelona hija entità stabbilita fl-1994 fuq is-suġġeriment tal-President tal-Kumitat Ekonomiku-Statutorju, Jaime Gil-Aluja. L-idea kienet li titwaqqaf il-fondazzjoni li tista' tattira sponsorizzazzjoni finanzjarja għall-appoġġ ta' kumpanija mhux sportiva għall-profitt.&lt;ref&gt;Desbordes, Michel p. 195.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-2004, il-kumpanija tista ssir 25 &quot;Membru onorarji&quot; billi jikkontribwixxu bejn £40,000–60,000 (£45,800–68,700) fis-sena. Hemm ukoll 48 sħubija jassoċjaw disponibbli għal miżata annwali ta'  £14,000 (£16,000) u numru illimitat ta' ''patronages'' għal spiża ta' £4,000 fis-sena (£4,600). Mhuwiex ċar jekk il-membri onorarji jkollhom xi jgħidu formali fil-politika tal-klabb, iżda skond l-awtur Anthony King, hija &quot;improbabbli li Kompożizzjoni Onorarja ma tkunx tinvolvi mill-inqas xi influwenza informali fuq il-klabb.&lt;ref&gt;King, Anthony pp. 123–24.&lt;/ref&gt;

Barcelona ntemmet ir-rifjut tagħha ta' sponsorizzazzjoni korporattiva qabel il-bidu tal-istaġun 2011-12, li ffirmat ftehim ta' ħames snin, €150 miljun tratt ma' Qatar Sports Investments, li tfisser il-[[Qatar Foundation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/dec/10/barcelona-shirt-sponsor-qatar-foundation |titlu=Barcelona agree €150m shirt sponsor deal with Qatar Foundation |lingwa=Ingliż |pubblikatur=The Guardian |data=2010-12-10 |data-aċċess=2010-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kienet fuq il-flokk tal-klabb għall-istaġuni 2011–12 u 2012–13, imbagħad ġew mibdula minn [[Qatar Airways]] għall-istaġun 13/14, il-ftehim jippermetti l-arma tal-isponsor kummerċjali li tieħu post l-emblema tal-karità, sentejn għall-ftehim ta' sitt snin.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/barcelona-qatar-airways-new-sponsor_17399 |titlu=New Shirt Sponsor For Barcelona 13/14 – Qatar Airways |lingwa=Ingliż |pubblikatur=Football Shirts News |data=2012-11-17 |data-aċċess=2012-11-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|-
!Perjodu
!Manifattur tal-[[Kit (futbol)|kit]] 
!Sieħba
|-
|1982–1992
|| Meyba
|rowspan=3|&lt;small&gt;''Ebda''&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|1992–1998
|| [[Kappa (kumpanija)|Kappa]]
|-
|1998–2006
|rowspan=4| [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|-
|2006–2011
|| [[UNICEF]]
|-
|2011–2013
|| [[Qatar Foundation]], UNICEF
|-
|2013-
|| [[Qatar Airways]], UNICEF
|}

== Stadju ==
{{Main|Camp de la Indústria|Camp de Les Corts|Camp Nou}}
[[Stampa:Chelsea on Tour - Barcelona 311006.jpg|right|thumb|alt=an elevated view of the stadium at night|Veduta elevata ta' Camp Nou]]
Barcelona inizjalment lagħbu fil-[[Camp de la Indústria]]. Il-kapaċità kienet ta' madwar 6,000, u l-uffiċjali tal-klabb qiesu l-faċilitajiet eċċellenti għal klabb bis-sħubija tikber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/catala/noticies/club/temporada08-09/03/n090314107593.html|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona|titlu=Cent anys del camp de la Indústria |data-aċċess=2010-09-11 |data=2009-03-14|kunjom=Santacana |isem=Carles|lingwa=Katalan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1922, in-numru ta' partitarji kienu qabżu l-20,000 b'hekk il-klabb jaqla ħafna flus, Barça kienu kapaċi li jibnu grawnd akbar [[Camp de Les Corts]], li għandhu kapaċità inizjali ta' 20,000 spettatur. Wara l-Gwerra Ċivili Spanjola, il-klabb beda jiġbed aktar membri u numru akbar ta' spettaturi fil-logħbiet. Dan wassal għal bosta proġetti ta' espansjoni: il-grandstand fl-1944, l-istand tan-nofsinhar fl-1946, u finalment l-istand tat-tramuntana fl-1950. Wara l-aħħar espansjoni, Les Corts sar iżomm 60,000 spettatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/territori_barca/CampNou/intro_historica.html|titlu=Brief history of Camp Nou |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2010-07-30|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara li l-kostruzzjoni kienet kompluta ma kienx hemm lok għal aktar espansjoni fl-Les Corts. Lura-għall-lura t-titli ta' La Liga fl-1948 u fl-1949 u l-iffirmar f'Ġunju 1950 ta' [[László Kubala]], li aktar tard skorja 196 gowl f'256 logħbiet, ġibda akbar ta' folol kbar għall-logħob.&lt;ref&gt;Farred, Grant. p. 124.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Eaude, Michael. p. 104.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-klabb beda jagħmel pjanijiet għal stadju ġdid. Il-bini ta' Camp Nou beda fit-28 ta' Marzu 1954,quddiem folla ta' 60,000 spettatur ta' Barça. L-ewwel ġebla tal-istadju kienet stabbilita fil-post taħt il-patroċinju tal-Gvernatur Felipe ACEDO Colunga u bil-barka tal-Arċisqof ta' Barċellona Gregorio Modrego. Il-kostruzzjoni ħadet tliet snin u ntemmet fl-24 ta' Settembru 1957 bi spiża finali ta 288 miljun peseta, 336% fuq il-baġit.

[[Stampa:Camp Nou més que un club.jpg|right|thumb|Il-kliem &quot;Més que un club&quot; huma miżbugħa bl-isfar fuq is-sedili blu tal-istadju|Wieħed mill-istands turi l-mottu ta' Barcelona, ''&quot;Més que un club&quot;'', li jfisser 'Aktar minn klabb']]
Fl-1980, meta l-istadju kien fil-bżonn ta' disinn mill-ġdid biex jissodisfaw il-kriterji tal-UEFA, il-klabb kellu joħroġ il-flus billi joffri l-partitarji l-opportunità li jdaħħlu l-isem tagħhom fuq il-briks għal miżata żgħira. L-idea kienet popolari mal-partitarji, u eluf ta' nies ħallsu l-miżata. Aktar tard dan sar iċ-ċentru ta' kontroversja meta il-medja f'Madrid telgħet rapporti li ġebla kienet iskritta bl-isem ta' żmien twil ta' president ta' Real Madrid u sapporter ta' [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] [[Santiago Bernabéu Yeste|Santiago Bernabéu]].&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil pp. 20–21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Phil pp. 121–22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Bill; Murray, William J.. p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; Bi tħejjija għal-Logħob tas-Sajf tal-1992 żewġ saffi ta' stands kienu installati fuq ir-''roofline'' preċedenti.&lt;ref&gt;Snyder, John. pp. 81–2.&lt;/ref&gt; Huwa għandu kapaċità kurrenti ta' 99,354 li jagħmilha wieħed mill-akbar [[Lista ta' grawnds Ewropej mill-kapaċità|akbar grawnds]] fl-Ewropa.

Hemm ukoll faċilitajiet oħra, li jinkludu:&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/castellano/noticies/club/temporada09-10/07/n090728107768.html|titlu=El proyecto Barça Parc, adelante |data-aċċess=2009-07-28 |sena=2009 |lingwa=Spanjol |pubblikatur=FC Barcelona}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper]] (Grawnd ta' taħriġ ta' FC Barcelona)
* Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Residenza ta' plejers żgħażagħ)
* [[Mini Estadi]] (Grawnd tat-tim riserv)
* [[Palau Blaugrana]] (Grawnd fuq ġewwa ta' FC Barcelona)
* Palau Blaugrana 2 (Grawnd Sekondarju fuq ġewwa ta' FC Barcelona)
* Pista de Gel (Rink tas-silġ ta' FC Barcelona)

== Unuri ==
{{Main|Unuri ta' FC Barcelona|FC Barcelona fl-Ewropa}}
[[Stampa:FC Barcelona Team 2, 2011.jpg|thumb|Barcelona jiċċelebraw it-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2011|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs 2011]] b'reħba kontra [[Santos FC]]]]
Mill-5 ta' Mejju 25 2012, Barcelona rebħu 21 [[La Liga]], 26 [[Copa del Rey]], 10 [[Supercopa de España]], 3 [[Copa Eva Duarte]]{{nota|Il-[[Copa Eva Duarte]] kienet biss rikonoxxuta u organizzata bl-isem mill-RFEF mill-1947 sa l-1953, u għalhekk il-&quot;Copa de Oro Argentina&quot; ta' Barcelona li ntrebħet mill-1945 mhuwiex inkluża f'dan l-għadd, jiġifieri biss fl-1948, 1952 u fl-1953 trofej huma validi.}} u 2 trofej tal-[[Copa de la Liga]], kif ukoll bħala d-detentur tar-rekord għall-aħħar 4 kompetizzjonijiet. Huma wkoll rebħu 4 [[UEFA Champions League]], u rekord ta' 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], 4 [[UEFA Super Cup]] u rekord ta' 2 [[FIFA Club World Cup]]. Huma wkoll rebħu rekord ta' 3 trofej tal-[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], li kkunsidrati l-predeċessuri tal-[[UEFA Cup]]-[[Europa League]].

Barcelona huwa l-uniku klabb fl-Ewropea li lagħab futbol kontinentali kull staġun mill-1955, u wieħed mit-tliet klabbs li qatt ma ġie relegat mill-[[La Liga]], ma [[Athletic Bilbao]] u [[Real Madrid]]. Fl-2009, Barcelona sar l-ewwel klabb fi Spanja biex jirbaħ [[It-Tripletta|it-tripletta]] li tikkonsisti [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], u l- [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]]. Dik l-istess sena, sar ukoll l-ewwel klabb tal-futbol biex jirbaħ sitta tazzi minn sitt kompetizzjonijiet f'sena waħda, li tinkludi t-tripletta msemmija qabel u s-[[2009 Supercopa de España|Super Spanjola]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]] u [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2009|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs]].

=== Kompetizzjonijiet Domestiċi ===
* '''[[La Liga]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=113&amp;Controltype=EvHist&amp;id=1&amp;tmpd=28&amp;tmph=110&amp;e1=5&amp;e2=&amp;e3=&amp;e4= |titlu=Evolution 1929–10 |pubblikatur=Liga de Fútbol Profesional |data-aċċess=2010-08-06 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:'''Rebbieħa (21):''' 1928–1929, 1944–45, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1973–74, 1984–85, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11

: ''Runners-up (23):'' 1929–30, 1945–46, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2003–04, 2006–07, 2011–12
* '''[[Copa del Rey]]'''

:'''Rebbieħa (26):''' 1909–10, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1919–20, 1921–22, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1927–28, 1941–42, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1962–63, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2008–09, 2011–12

: ''Runners-up (10):'' 1901–02, 1918–19, 1931–32, 1935–36, 1953–54, 1973–74, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1995–96, 2010–11
* '''[[Supercopa de España]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spansupcuphist.html |kunjom1=Carnicero |isem1=José |kunjom2=Torre |isem2=Raúl |kunjom3=Ferrer |isem3=Carles Lozano |titlu=Spain – List of Super Cup Finals |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2009-08-28 |data-aċċess=2010-06-22 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:'''Rebbieħa (10):''' 1983, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011

: ''Runners-up (8):'' 1985, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2012
* '''[[Copa Eva Duarte]]''' (il-prekursur tas-'''[[Supercopa de España]]''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spansupcuphist.html |titlu=List of Super Cup Finals |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data-aċċess=2011-03-18 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
: '''Winners (3):''' 1948, 1952, 1953

: ''Runners-up (2):'' 1949, 1951
* '''[[Copa de la Liga]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spanleagcuphist.html |awtur=Torre, Raúl |titlu=Spain – List of League Cup Finals |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |data=2009-01-29 |data-aċċess=2010-06-22 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: '''Rebbieħa (2):''' 1982–83, 1985–86

=== Kompetizzjonijiet Ewropej ===
* '''[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup / UEFA Champions League]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/index.html |titlu=Champions League history |pubblikatur=UEFA |data-aċċess=2010-06-22 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: '''Rebbieħa (4):''' [[1991–92 European Cup|1991–92]], [[UEFA Champions League 2005–06|2005–06]], [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|2008–09]], [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|2010–11]]
: ''Runners-up (3):'' [[1960–61 European Cup|1960–61]], [[1985–86 European Cup|1985–86]], [[1993–94 UEFA Champions League|1993–94]]
* '''[[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej]] / [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ecwc/index.html |titlu=UEFA Cup Winners' Cup |pubblikatur=UEFA |data-aċċess=2010-06-22|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
: '''Rebbieħa (4):''' [[1978–79 European Cup Winners' Cup|1978–79]], [[1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup|1981–82]], [[1988–89 European Cup Winners' Cup|1988–89]], [[1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|1996–97]]
: ''Runners-up (2):'' [[1968–69 European Cup Winners' Cup|1968–69]], [[1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990–91]]
* '''[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]''' (il-prekursur tal-'''[[UEFA Europa League]]''')

: '''Rebbieħa (3):''' [[1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1955–58]], [[1958–60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1958–60]], [[1965–66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1965–66]]
: ''Runners-up (1):'' [[1961–62 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1961–62]]
* '''[[UEFA Super Cup|European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/index.html |titlu=UEFA Super Cup |pubblikatur=UEFA |data-aċċess=2010-06-22 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: '''Rebbieħa (4):''' [[1992 European Super Cup|1992]], [[1997 UEFA Super Cup|1997]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|2009]], [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|2011]]
: ''Runners-up (4):'' [[1979 European Super Cup|1979]], [[1982 European Super Cup|1982]], [[1989 European Super Cup|1989]], [[2006 UEFA Super Cup|2006]]

=== Kompetizzjonijiet Dinjija ===
* '''[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=107/index.html |titlu=Tournaments |pubblikatur=FIFA |data-aċċess=2010-06-22 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:'''Rebbieħa (2):''' [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2009|2009]], [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2011|2011]]
:''Runners-up (1):'' [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-Klabbs 2006|2006]]
* '''[[Tazza Interkontinentali (futbol)|Tazza Interkontinentali]]'''
:''Runners-up (1):'' [[Tazza Interkontinentali 1992|1992]]

== Plejers ==
=== Skwadra ===
{{Main|Lista ta' plejers ta' FC Barcelona}}

&lt;small&gt;''Mid-29 ta' Diċembru 2015''&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff|titlu=2012–13 season|pubblikatur=FC Barcelona |data-aċċess=2012-11-29|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol/bidu}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 1|poż=G|naz=GER|isem=[[Marc-André ter Stegen]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 2|poż=D|naz=BRA|isem=[[Douglas (futboler twieled fl-1990)|Douglas]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 3|poż=D|naz=ESP|isem=[[Gerard Piqué]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 4|poż=M|naz=CRO|isem=[[Ivan Rakitić]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 5|poż=M|naz=ESP|isem=[[Sergio Busquets]]|oħrajn=[[kaptan (futbol)|it-3&lt;sup&gt;et&lt;/sup&gt; kaptan]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 6|poż=D|naz=BRA|isem=[[Dani Alves]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 7|poż=M|naz=TUR|isem=[[Arda Turan]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 8|poż=M|naz=ESP|isem=[[Andrés Iniesta]]|oħrajn=[[kaptan (futbol)|kaptan]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= 9|poż=A|naz=URU|isem=[[Luis Suárez]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=10|poż=A|naz=ARG|isem=[[Lionel Messi]]|oħrajn=[[kaptan (futbol)|viċi-kaptan]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=11|poż=A|naz=BRA|isem=[[Neymar]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=12|poż=M|naz=BRA|isem=[[Rafa Alcântara|Rafinha]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol/nofs}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=13|poż=G|naz=CHI|isem=[[Claudio Bravo (futboler)|Claudio Bravo]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=14|poż=M|naz=ARG|isem=[[Javier Mascherano]]|oħrajn=[[kaptan (futbol)|ir-4 kaptan]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=15|poż=D|naz=ESP|isem=[[Marc Bartra]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=17|poż=A|naz=ESP|isem=[[Munir El Haddadi]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=18|poż=D|naz=ESP|isem=[[Jordi Alba]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=19|poż=A|naz=ESP|isem=[[Sandro Ramírez]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=20|poż=M|naz=ESP|isem=[[Sergi Roberto]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=21|poż=D|naz=BRA|isem=[[Adriano (futboler twieled fl-1984)|Adriano]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=22|poż=M|naz=ESP|isem=[[Aleix Vidal]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=23|poż=D|naz=BEL|isem=[[Thomas Vermaelen]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=24|poż=D|naz=FRA|isem=[[Jérémy Mathieu]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n=25|poż=G|naz=ESP|isem=[[Jordi Masip]]}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol/tmiem}}

=== Plejers barra f'self ===
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol/bidu}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=D|naz=SEN|isem=[[Diawandou Diagne]]|oħrajn=ma' [[KAS Eupen|Eupen]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=D|naz=ESP|isem=[[Martín Montoya]]|oħrajn=ma' [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=D|naz=ESP|isem=[[Lucas Gafarot]]|oħrajn=ma' [[UE Cornellà|Cornellà]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=M|naz=POR|isem=[[Agostinho Cá]]|oħrajn=ma' [[Lleida Esportiu]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol/nofs}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=M|naz=CMR|isem=[[Alex Song]]|oħrajn=ma' [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=M|naz=CRO|isem=[[Alen Halilović]]|oħrajn=ma' [[Sporting de Gijón|Sporting Gijón]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=M|naz=ESP|isem=[[Joel Huertas]]|oħrajn=ma' [[Lleida Esportiu]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol|n= —|poż=A|naz=ESP|isem=[[Cristian Tello]]|oħrajn=ma' [[FC Porto|Porto]] sat-30 ta' Ġunju 2016}}
{{Plejers fit-tim tal-futbol/tmiem}}

== Persunal ==
=== Staff tekniku kurrenti ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:90%&quot; width=40%
!style=&quot;background: #26559B; color:red&quot; align=left| Isem
!style=&quot;background: #26559B; color:red&quot; align=right| Rwol
|-
| [[Gerardo Martino]]
| Kowċ
|-
| [[Jordi Roura]]
| Assistent Kowċ
|-
| Aureli Altimiraz&lt;br /&gt;Paco Seiruŀlo&lt;br /&gt;Francesc Cos&lt;br /&gt;Eduardo Pons
| Kowċis tas-saħħa
|-
| José Ramón de la Fuente
| Kowċ tal-Gowlers
|-
| Àlex García&lt;br /&gt;Domènec Torrent&lt;br /&gt;Carles Planchart
| Esploratorji
|-
| [[Andoni Zubizarreta]]
| Direttur tal-futbol
|-
| Guillermo Amor
| Kowċ tat-[[FC Barcelona B|tim B]]
|}

&lt;small&gt;Sors: [http://www.fcbarcelona.com/ FC Barcelona]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

== Tmexxija ==
[[Stampa:Sandro Rosell - 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|alt=Photo of Rosell|[[Sandro Rosell]], il-President attwali ta' FC Barcelona]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:90%&quot; width=40%
!style=&quot;background: #26559B; color:red&quot; align=left| Isem
!style=&quot;background: #26559B; color:red&quot; align=right| Rwol
|-
| [[Sandro Rosell]]
| President
|-
| Jordi Cardoner
| Viċi-president taż-żona soċjali
|-
| Josep Bartomeu
| Viċi-president taż-żona tal-isports
|-
| Antoni Rossich
| Direttur korporattiv ġenerali
|-
| Antoni Freixa
| Segretarju tal-Bord 
|-
| Susana Monje
| Teżorier
|-
| Ramon Pont
| Direttur taż-żona soċjali
|}

&lt;small&gt;Sors: [http://www.fcbarcelona.com/ FC Barcelona]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

== Filmografija ==
* Jordi Feliú, ''Barça, 75 años de historia del Fútbol Club Barcelona'', 1974.

== Biblijografija ==
* Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James ''Sport and international politics.'' Taylor &amp; Francis 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-419-21440-3}}
* Ball Phill ''Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football.'' 2003 WSC Books Limited {{ISBN|0-9540134-6-8}}
* Burns, Jimmy (1998). ''Barça: A People's Passion.'' Bloomsbury. {{ISBN|0-7475-4554-5}}.
* Dave Arthur Simon Chadwick ''International cases in the business of sport.'' Butterworth-Heinemann 2007 {{ISBN|0-7506-8543-3}}
* Michael Desbordes ''Marketing and football: an international perspective.'' Butterworth-Heinemann 2007 {{ISBN|0-7506-8204-3}}
* Eaude, Michael (2008). ''Catalonia: a cultural history.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-532797-7}}.
* Ferrand, Alain; McCarthy, Scott (2008). ''Marketing the Sports Organisation: Building Networks and Relationships.'' Taylor &amp; Francis. {{ISBN|0-415-45329-1}}.
* Fisk, Peter (2008). ''Business Genius: A More Inspired Approach to Business Growth.'' John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN|1-84112-790-6}}.
* Ghemawat, Pankaj (2007). ''Redefining global strategy: crossing borders in a world where differences still matter.'' Harvard Business Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|1-59139-866-5}}.
* Farred, Grant (2008). ''Long distance love: a passion for football.'' Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-59213-374-6}}.
* Ferrand, Alain; McCarthy, Scott (2008). ''Marketing the Sports Organisation: Building Networks and Relationships.'' Taylor &amp; Francis. {{ISBN|0-415-45329-1}}.
* King, Anthony (2003). ''The European ritual: football in the new Europe.'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7546-3652-6}}.
* Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée (2009). ''Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain.'' '''15'''. Iberoamericana Editorial. {{ISBN|84-8489-476-2}}.
* Murray, Bill; Murray, William J. (1998). ''The world's game: a history of soccer.'' University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-06718-5}}.
* Peterson, Marc (2009). ''The Integrity of the Game and Shareholdings in European Football Clubs.'' GRIN Verlag. {{ISBN|3-640-43109-X}}.
* Raguer, Hilari (2007). ''The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War.'' '''11'''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-31889-0}}.
* Shubert, Adrian (1990). ''A social history of modern Spain.'' Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-09083-0}}.
* Snyder, John (2001). ''Soccer's most wanted: the top 10 book of clumsy keepers, clever crosses, and outlandish oddities. ''Brassey's. {{ISBN|1-57488-365-8}}.
* Spaaij, Ramón (2006). ''Understanding football hooliganism: a comparison of six Western European football clubs.'' Amsterdam University Press. {{ISBN|90-5629-445-8}}.
* Witzig, Richard (2006). ''The Global Art of Soccer.'' CusiBoy Publishing. {{ISBN|0-9776688-0-0}}

== Noti ==
{{noti}}

== Referenzi ==
{{referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
{{Commons|FC Barcelona}}
* {{lingwi|ca|cn|en|ja|es}} {{Sit uffiċjali}}
* {{lingwi|en|es}} [https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/clubs/fc-barcelona FC Barcelona] fil-La Liga

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barcelona}}
[[Kategorija:FC Barcelona| ]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Spanjoli]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1899]]</text>
      <sha1>dzn61d2pmetbx8glj3mlveh8g6sbjaz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SP Tre Penne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279713</id>
      <parentid>253428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T21:29:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>12206</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Skawdra kurrenti */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2833" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Tre Penne
| stampa = [[Image:Tre Penne.png|150px]]
| isem_sħiħ = Società Polisportiva Tre Penne
| grawnd = Stadio Fonte dell'Ovo
| jesa'  = 500
| fundazzjoni  = 1956
| president  = Andrea Della Balda
| kowċ  = Stefano Ceci
| kampjonat   = [[Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio]]
| staġun      = 2018/19
| pożizzjoni  = 1
| sit_elettroniku = http://www.trepenne.sm
|pattern_la1=_whiteshoulders|pattern_b1=_stripesonwhite|pattern_ra1=_whiteshoulders|
  leftarm1=7EC9E4|body1=7EC9E4|rightarm1=7EC9E4|shorts1=7EC9E4|socks1=FFFFFF|
  pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_thinsidesonwhite|pattern_ra2=|
  leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=000000|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=000000|socks2=000000|
}}
'''SP Tre Penne''' huwa [[klabb tal-futbol]] minn [[San Marino]] bbażat fil-[[Belt ta' San Marino]].

Il-klabb beda il-futbol fl-1956. Tre Penne attwalment jilgħabu f''' Girone B'' tal-[[Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio]]. Kuluri tat-tim huma bojod u blu meta jilgħabu f'darhom u aħmar meta jilgħabu barra min darhom.

==Unuri==
*'''[[Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio]]: 4'''
:: 2011-12,  2012-2013, 2015-2016, 2018-19

*'''[[Coppa Titano]]: 5'''
:: 1967, 1970, 1982, 1983, 2000

*'''[[San Marino Federal Trophy]]: 1'''
:: 2005

== Rekord ewropew ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2010–11|2010–11]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|[[UEFA Europa League 2010–11#L-ewwel rawnd ta' kwalifikazzjoni|It-tieni rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni]]
|{{flagicon|Bożnija u Ħerżegovina}}
|[[HŠK Zrinjski Mostar]]
|2–9
|1–4
|'''3–13'''
|-
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2011–12|2011–12]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|[[UEFA Europa League 2011–12#L-ewwel rawnd ta' kwalifikazzjoni|L-ewwel rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni]]
|{{flagicon|Serbja}}
|[[FK Rad]]
|1–3
|0–6
|'''1–9'''
|-
|[[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|2012–13]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|[[UEFA Champions League 2012–13#L-ewwel rawnd ta' kwalifikazzjoni|L-ewwel rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni]]
|{{flagicon|LUX}}
|[[F91 Dudelange]]
|0–4
|0–7
|'''0–11'''
|-
| [[UEFA Champions League 2013–14|2013–14]]
| [[UEFA Champions League]]
| [[UEFA Champions League 2013–14#L-ewwel rawnd ta' kwalifikazzjoni|L-ewwel rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni]]
| {{flagicon|Armenja}} 
| [[Shirak FC|Shirak]]
| – 
|0–3 
| –
|}
==Referenzi==
{{Referenzi}}

== Ħoloq Esterni ==
* [http://www.trepenne.sm Sit Uffiċjali]
* [http://www.fsgc.sm/sources/comp_societa.asp?id=1087&amp;id_squadra=15 Paġna FSGC]
* [http://www.eufo.de/football/smr/sp_tenne.htm Tre Penne fuq EUFO.DE]
* [http://uk.soccerway.com/teams/san-marino/sp-tre-penne/ Profil fuq Soccerway]

[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol tas-San Marino|Tre Penne]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1956|Tre Penne]]</text>
      <sha1>pxzn4h82g1nxczygywgly2vwngc0xri</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Utent:Trigcly</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>25623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279693</id>
      <parentid>279682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:25:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21914" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (767)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>69f4uua2313l9ycki62t15q4e0gsfe4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279709</id>
      <parentid>279693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21933" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (768)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>37ugvca7dav5shoo5ca4uccj56qt4os</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279719</id>
      <parentid>279709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T05:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21972" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (769)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>bjuechmj98w6n8x1x1r26d5sl172dqe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279721</id>
      <parentid>279719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T06:57:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21997" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (770)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>5s97yneafts20wpract7pu34339axes</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279733</id>
      <parentid>279721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T09:47:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22024" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (771)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Partit Popolari (Malta)</title>
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        <username>Mtonna257</username>
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      <text bytes="3578" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikifikazzjoni}}{{stub|Politika}}
{{Info_Partit_Politiku_Malti |
  isem_partit = Partit Popolari |
  arma_partit = [[File:Emblema Partit Popolari.svg|200px]]|
  mexxej = Paul Salomone |
  fundat = [[1895]] riorganizzat [[2020]] |
  ideoloġija = [[Konservatiżmu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Populiżmu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ewroxettiċiżmu]] |
  kuluri = [[Blu skur]] |
  kwartieri = Vjal il-21 ta Settembru&lt;br /&gt;Naxxar|
  sit = https://partitpopolari.mt/
|internazzjonali=(mhux applikabbli)|ewropea=(mhux applikabbli)|ewroparl=(mhux applikabbli)}}

Il-'''Partit Popolari''' (PP) huwa wieħed mill-partiti politiċi kontemporanji f’Malta. Il-PP ġie imwaqqaf fl-1895 bħala moviment għall-awtonomija li wassal għall-ewwel żviluppi fit-tfittxija għall-Indipendenza ta’ Malta. Ideoloġikament, il-Partit huwa lemini, populista u konservattiv. Il-partit jopponi l-immigrazzjoni illegali u spiss adotta pożizzjonijiet Ewroxettiċi.

== Storja ==

===Fondazzjoni u snin bikrija===

Il-Partit Popolari twaqqaf fit-2 ta' Ġunju 1895 minn Sigismondo Savona, li qabel kien il-mexxej tal-Partit Unjonista u tal-Partit Riformista.[3] Persuni politiċi oħra involuti fit-twaqqif tal-Partit kienu l-Kanonku Ignazio Panzavecchia, Giuseppe Bonavia, Cesare Darmanin, Giovanni Vassallo, Antonio Dalli, Dr Andrea Pullicino u Dr Ernesto Manara. Bonavia, Darmanin u Vassallo biss kienu qabel partitarji ta’ Savona, filwaqt li Manara qabel kien kritiku evidenti. 

L-elezzjoni tal-1895 intrebħet mill-PN u Panzavecchia ġie megħlub minn Mons. Alfredo Mifsud tal-PN bħala rappreżentant ekkleżjastiku. Madankollu, din l-elezzjoni wriet l-PP bħala forza politika prominenti peress li dan sfida l-poter tal-PN speċjalment meta Sigismondo Savona kien fuq quddiem fl-istħarriġ fost l-eletturi komuni. Ir-raġunijiet ewlenin wara l-popolarità daqshekk f’daqqa tal-Partit kienu l-pożizzjoni ta’ Savona dwar it-tassazzjoni u l-fehmiet ultra-nazzjonalisti tiegħu fir-rigward tal-lingwa Maltija u n-nazzjonalità ta’ Malta. B’kuntrast ma’ Fortunato Mizzi u l-PN, Savona kien kapaċi jidentifika ruħu mal-popolazzjoni li titkellem bil-Malti u li la kienet titkellem bl-Ingliż u lanqas bit-Taljan. Fil-fatt, Savona ħabbatha mal-Kamra tal-Avukati meta fl-1896 ippropona li l-ilsien Malti jintuża fil-qrati tal-liġi.

Il-Partit aġixxa b'mod indipendenti bejn it-twaqqif tiegħu fl-1895 u l-irtirar ta' Savona mill-politika fl-1898, u wara, taħt it-tmexxija ta' Panzavecchia, l-aderenti tiegħu gradwalment bdew joperaw aktar flimkien mal-Partito Nazionale fl-elezzjonijiet u fi ħdan il-Kunsill tal-Gvern, speċjalment wara li Panzavecchia spicca l-mexxej tal-moviment magħqud fl-1910. Wara l-għoti tal-Kostituzzjoni tal-1921, Panzavecchia ifforma l-Unione Politica Maltese, u l-lista tiegħu kienet tinkludi l-eks aderenti tal-PP, fosthom Antonio Dalli. Dan il-Partit rebaħ l-akbar numru ta’ siġġijiet fl-ewwel Parlament ta’ Malta fl-1921.

L-appoġġ tal-Partit ġie prinċiparjament mill-klassi tal-ħaddiema, u mill-Isla, fejn kien imwieled Panzavecchia u li kienet meqjusa bħala fortizza tal-PP.

== Tmexxija==

L-Att dwar il-Finanzjament tal-Partiti Politiċi, li daħal fis-seħħ fl-1 ta’ Jannar 2016, introduċa r-rekwiżit li l-partiti politiċi jirreġistraw lilhom infushom mal-Kummissjoni Elettorali u l-Partit Popolari finalment irreġistra f’Lulju 2020. Fl-ewwel Laqgħa Ġenerali Annwali li saret fl-4 ta’ Awwissu 2020, Paul Salomone ġie elett mexxej tal-Partit. Salomone nieda l-Partit aktar tard f'Novembru tal-istess sena.

[[Kategorija:Partiti politiċi ta' Malta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ravenna</title>
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      <text bytes="25653" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox city}}'''Ravenna''' (pronunzjata: [raˈvenna] jew lokalment [raˈvɛnna]; bir-Romanjol: ''Ravèna'') hija l-[[belt kapitali]] tal-Provinċja ta' Ravenna, fir-reġjun ta' Emilia-Romagna fit-Tramuntana tal-[[Italja]]. Kienet il-belt kapitali tal-[[Imperu Ruman]] tal-Punent mill-402 sal-waqgħa tal-imperu fl-476. Imbagħad kienet il-kapitali tar-[[Ostrogoti|Renju Ostrogotiku]] sa ma nħakmet mill-ġdid fil-540 mill-[[Biżantini|Imperu Biżantin]]. Wara dan iż-żmien, il-belt saret iċ-ċentru tal-Eżarkat Biżantin ta' Ravenna sal-qtil tal-aħħar eżark mil-[[Longobardi]] fis-751. Għalkemm hija belt 'il ġewwa mill-baħar, Ravenna hija kkollegata mal-[[Baħar Adrijatiku]] permezz tal-Kanal ta' Candiano. Il-belt hija magħrufa għall-arkitettura ppreservata sew tal-aħħar tal-Imperu Ruman u tal-Imperu Biżantin, bi tmien binjiet li jikkostitwixxu [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] bit-titlu &quot;[[Monument|Monumenti]] [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjani]] Bikrin ta' Ravenna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/788/|titlu=Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
L-oriġini tal-isem ''Ravenna'' mhuwiex ċert. Uħud jispekulaw li &quot;Ravenna&quot; hija relatata ma' &quot;Rasenna&quot; (jew &quot;Rasna&quot;), li huwa t-terminu li l-Etruski kienu jużaw għalihom infushom, iżda qatt ma ntlaħaq qbil dwar dan fost l-istudjużi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Deborah M. Deliyannis, Ravenna in Late Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Era tal-qedem ===
[[Stampa:Ravenna(Peutinger Map).png|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-belt ta' Ravenna fis-seklu 4 W.K. kif tidher fuq il-Mappa ta' Peutinger]]
L-oriġini tal-belt ta' Ravenna mhumiex ċerti lanqas. Madankollu, l-eqdem evidenza arkeoloġika li nstabet tippermettilna niddataw il-preżenza tal-Umbri f'Ravenna minn tal-inqas mis-seklu 5 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K.]], fejn baqgħu għall-kwiet sas-seklu 3 Q.K., meta bdew isiru l-ewwel kuntatti maċ-ċivilizzazzjoni Rumana. It-territorju tal-belt ġie insedjat ukoll mis-Senoni, speċjalment fil-kampanja fin-Nofsinhar tal-belt (li ma kinitx parti mil-laguna), jiġifieri l-''Ager Decimanus''. Ravenna kienet tikkonsisti minn djar mibnija fuq puntali fuq sensiela ta' gżejjer żgħar f'laguna mtajna – sitwazzjoni simili għal dik ta' [[Venezja]] diversi sekli wara. Ir-Rumani injorawha matul il-ħakma tagħhom tad-delta tax-xmara Po, iżda iktar 'il quddiem aċċettawha fir-Repubblika Rumana bħala raħal federat fid-89 Q.K.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fl-49 Q.K., Ravenna kienet il-post fejn [[Ġulju Ċesri]] ġabar il-forzi tiegħu flimkien qabel il-qsim tax-xmara Rubicone. Iktar 'il quddiem [[Ottavjanu]], wara l-battalja tiegħu kontra [[Marku Antonju]] fil-31 Q.K., stabbilixxa l-port militari ta' Classis. Dan il-port, protett fil-bidu bis-swar tiegħu stess, kien stazzjon importanti tal-Flotta Imperjali Rumana. Illum il-ġurnata l-belt hija interkjuża, iżda Ravenna baqgħet port marittimu importanti fuq l-Adrijatiku sal-bidu tal-[[Medjuevu]]. Matul il-kampanji militari Ġermaniċi, Thusnelda, l-armla ta' Arminius, u Marbod, ir-Re tal-Marcomanni, kienu ġew ikkonfinati f'Ravenna.&lt;ref&gt;Mascanzoni, Leardo (1990). ''Ravenna: Una storia millenaria'' (in Italian). Giunti Barbera Editore. pp. 3–50.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|daqsminuri|Mużajk tal-Imperatur Ġustinjanu I fil-Bażilika ta' San Vitale, Ravenna]]
Ravenna gawdiet mill-prosperità taħt it-tmexxija Rumana. L-[[Imperatur Trajanu]] bena akkwedott twil 70 kilometru fil-bidu tas-seklu 2 W.K. Matul il-Gwerer tal-Marcomanni, l-insedjaturi Ġermaniċi f'Ravenna rvellaw u rnexxielhom jaħtfu l-belt. Għal din ir-raġuni, [[Marku Awrelju]] ddeċieda mhux biss kontra l-wasla ta' iktar Barbari fl-Italja, iżda saħansitra keċċa lil dawk li kienu nġabu hemmhekk qabel. Fl-402 W.K., l-[[Imperatur Onorju]] ttrasferixxa l-belt kapitali tal-Imperu Ruman tal-Punent minn [[Milan]] għal Ravenna. Dak iż-żmien, il-belt kellha popolazzjoni ta' 50,000 ruħ. It-trasferiment sar parzjalment għal skopijiet difensivi: Ravenna kienet imdawra b'imraġ u b'artijiet bassasa, u kienet meqjusa bħala belt li faċli tiddefendiha (għalkemm fil-fatt il-belt inħakmet mill-forzi tal-għadu diversi drabi fl-istorja tagħha); x'aktarx ukoll li t-trasferiment tal-belt kapitali għal Ravenna kien minħabba l-port tal-belt u l-kollegamenti tajbin bil-baħar mal-Imperu Ruman tal-Lvant. Madankollu, fl-409, ir-Re [[Alariku I]] tal-[[Viżigoti]] sempliċement qabeż lil Ravenna, u baqa' sejjer jattakka lil [[Ruma]] fl-410 u ħa lil Galla Placidia, bint l-Imperatur [[Teodożju I]], bħala ostaġġ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Wara bosta ħwejjeġ, Galla Placidia reġgħet lura Ravenna ma' binha, l-Imperatur Valentinjanu III, bis-saħħa tal-appoġġ tan-neputi tagħha Teodożju II. Ravenna gawdiet perjodu ta' paċi u matulu r-[[reliġjon]] Kristjana ġiet iffavorita mill-qorti imperjali. Dan wassal biex il-belt kisbet uħud mill-iżjed monumenti famużi tagħha, inkluż il-Battisterju Ortodoss, il-Mawżolew ta' Galla Placidia (li fil-fatt mhux mawżolew u effettivament Galla Placidia qatt ma ndifnet hemmhekk), u l-binja ddedikata lil [[San Ġwann Appostlu u Evanġelista|San Ġwann Evanġelista]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Renju Ostrogotiku ===
Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 5 W.K. seħħ ix-xoljiment tal-awtorità Rumana fil-Punent, u l-aħħar persuna li kellha t-titlu ta' imperatur fil-Punent tneħħiet mill-poter fl-476 mill-Ġeneral [[Odoacer]]. Odoacer mexxa bħala r-Re tal-Italja għal 13-il sena, iżda fl-489 l-Imperatur tal-Lvant [[Zeno]] bagħat lir-Re tal-Ostrogoti Teodoriku l-Kbir biex jerġa' jaħtaf il-[[peniżola]] Taljana. Wara li tilef il-Battalja ta' [[Verona]], Odoacer irtira lejn Ravenna, fejn irreżista għal assedju li dam tliet snin min-naħa ta' Teodoriku, sa meta l-ħakma ta' [[Rimini]] ċaħdet lil Ravenna mill-provvisti. Teodoriku ħakem lil Ravenna fl-493, u jingħad li huwa stess qatel lil Odoacer. B'hekk Ravenna saret il-belt kapitali tar-Renju Ostrogotiku tal-Italja. Teodoriku, kompla fil-passi tal-predeċessuri imperjali tiegħu, u bena wkoll bosta binjiet mill-isbaħ f'Ravenna u qrib il-belt, inkluż il-knisja-palazz tiegħu ta' Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, [[katidral]] Arjan (issa tal-[[Spirtu s-Santu|Ispirtu s-Santu]]) u l-Battisterju, kif ukoll il-Mawżolew tiegħu stess ftit 'il barra mis-swar tal-belt.
[[Stampa:Mausoleum of Theoderic.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Mawżolew ta' Teodoriku]]
Kemm Odoacer kif ukoll Teodoriku u s-segwaċi tagħhom kienu Kristjani Arjani, iżda dawn baqgħu jgħixu flimkien b'mod paċifiku mal-Latini, li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Kattoliċi Ortodossi. L-isqfijiet Ortodossi ta' Ravenna wettqu diversi proġetti ta' binjiet notevoli, għalkemm l-unika binja li għadha eżistenti hija dik tal-Kappella tal-Arċisqof. Teodoriku ppermetta li ċ-ċittadini Rumani fi ħdan ir-renju tiegħu jkunu soġġetti għal-liġi Rumana u għas-sistema ġudizzjarja Rumana. Il-Goti, sadanittant, għexu skont il-liġijiet u d-drawwiet tagħhom stess. Fil-519, meta rvell wassal biex is-sinagogi ta' Ravenna jingħataw in-nar, Teodoriku ordna li jerġgħu jinbnew għas-spejjeż tal-belt.

Teodoriku miet fil-526 u minfloku laħaq in-neputi żgħir tiegħu Atalarika taħt l-awtorità ta' bintu Amalasunta, iżda sal-535 it-tnejn li huma mietu u l-arblu tar-razza ta' Teodoriku kien irrappreżentat biss minn bint Amalasunta, Matasunta. Diversi mexxejja militari Ostrogoti ħadu f'idejhom ir-Renju tal-Italja, iżda l-ebda wieħed minnhom ma kellu s-suċċess li kellu Teodoriku. Sadanittant, l-Imperatur Biżantin Kristjan Ortodoss, [[Ġustinjanu I]], oppona kemm it-tmexxija Ostrogota kif ukoll il-varjetà Arjana tal-Kristjaneżmu. Fil-535, il-ġeneral tiegħu, Belisarju, invada l-Italja u fil-540 ħakem lil Ravenna. Wara l-ħakma tal-Italja li tlestiet fil-554, Ravenna saret is-sede tal-gvern Biżantin fl-Italja.

Mill-540 sas-600, l-isqfijiet ta' Ravenna wettqu programm ta' binjiet u knejjes notevoli f'Ravenna u qrib il-belt portwali ta' [[Classe]]. Fost il-monumenti li għadhom eżistenti hemm il-Bażilika ta' San Vitale u l-Bażilika ta' Sant'Apollinare f'Classe, kif ukoll parti mill-binja ta' San Michele in Africisco.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Eżarkat ta' Ravenna ===
Wara l-konkwisti ta' Belisarju f'isem l-Imperatur Ruman tal-Lvant Ġustinjanu I fis-seklu 6 W.K., Ravenna saret is-sede tal-gvernatur Biżantin tal-Italja, magħruf bħala l-Eżarka, u saret magħrufa bħala l-Eżarkat ta' Ravenna. Kien għall-ħabta ta' dan iż-żmien li nkitbet il-Kożmografija ta' Ravenna.

Taħt it-tmexxija Biżantina, fis-666, l-arċisqof tal-Arċidjoċesi ta' Ravenna temporanjament ingħata awtoċefalija mill-Knisja Rumana min-naħa tal-imperatur, iżda din malajr ġie revokata. Minkejja dan, l-arċisqof ta' Ravenna kien meqjus fit-tieni post fl-Italja wara l-[[Papa]], u kellu rwol importanti x'jaqdi f'bosta kontroversji teoloġiċi li nqalgħu matul dan il-perjodu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Medju Evu u Rinaxximent ===
[[Stampa:Ravenna SantApollinare Classe3.jpg|daqsminuri|259x259px|Mużajk tat-Trasfigurazzjoni ta' [[Ġesù]]. Immaġni allegorika tal-''Crux gemmata'' u ħrief li jirrappreżentaw l-appostli, 533–549, fl-apsida tal-Bażilika ta' Sant'Apollinare f'Classe]]
Il-Longobardi, taħt ir-Re Liutprand, okkupaw il-belt ta' Ravenna fis-712, iżda kellhom jirritornawha lill-Biżantini.&lt;ref&gt;Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). ''The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-8122-1239-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, fis-751, ir-Re tal-Longobardi, Aistulf, irnexxielu jaħkem lil Ravenna, u b'hekk temm it-tmexxija Biżantina fit-Tramuntana tal-Italja.

Ir-Re Pepin tal-Franki attakka lil-Longobardi skont l-ordnijiet tal-[[Papa Stiefnu II]]. Ravenna mbagħad bil-mod il-mod ġiet taħt l-awtorità diretta tal-Papiet, għalkemm dan ġie kkontestat mill-arċisqfijiet diversi drabi. Il-[[Papa Adrijanu I]] awtorizza lil [[Karlu Manju]] jieħu kull ma xtaq minn Ravenna, u b'hekk kwantità mhux magħrufa ta' kolonni, mużajk, statwi u oġġetti Rumani portabbli oħra ttieħdu lejn it-Tramuntana sabiex jarrikkixxu l-belt kapitali tiegħu ta' [[Aachen]].

Fl-1198, Ravenna mexxiet lega ta' bliet tar-Romagna kontra l-imperatur, u l-Papa rnexxielu jirreżisti. Wara l-gwerra tal-1218, il-familja Traversari setgħet timponi t-tmexxija tagħha fuq il-belt, li damet sal-1240. Wara perjodu qasir taħt it-tmexxija ta' vikarju imperjali, Ravenna ġiet irritornata lill-Istati Papali fl-1248 u mill-ġdid lill-familja Traversari sakemm, fl-1275, il-familja Da Polenta stabbiliet is-sinjorija dejjiema tagħha. Wieħed mir-residenti l-iktar illustri ta' Ravenna dak iż-żmien kien il-[[poeta]] eżiljat [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]. L-aħħar wieħed mill-familja Da Polenta, [[Ostasju III]], tilef il-poter fi Frar 1441 bis-saħħa tar-Repubblika ta' Venezja, u l-belt ġiet annessa mat-territorji Venezjani permezz tat-Trattat ta' [[Cremona]].

Ravenna kienet immexxija minn Venezja sal-1509, meta ż-żona tal-madwar ġarrbet invażjoni matul il-Gwerer Taljani. Fl-1512, matul il-gwerer tal-Lega Mqaddsa, ir-rikkezzi ta' Ravenna ġew misruqa mill-Franċiżi wara l-Battalja ta' Ravenna. Ravenna kienet magħrufa wkoll matul ir-Rinaxximent bħala l-post fejn twieled il-Mostru ta' Ravenna.

Wara li l-forzi ta' Venezja rtiraw, Ravenna reġgħet ġiet immexxija minn legati tal-Papa bħala parti mill-Istati Papali. Il-belt ġarrbet ħsarat estensivi minħabba għargħar f'Mejju 1636. Matul it-300 sena ta' wara, network ta' kanali bidlu l-fluss tax-xmajjar fil-qrib u dan wassal għad-drenaġġ tal-artijiet imtajna tal-madwar. B'hekk tnaqqset il-possibbiltà ta' għargħar u twittiet it-triq għal raba' agrikolu għammiel madwar il-belt.

=== Era moderna ===
Apparti okkupazzjoni qasira oħra minn Venezja (1527–1529), Ravenna kienet parti mill-Istati Papali sal-1796, meta ġiet annessa mal-istat pupazz Franċiż tar-Repubblika Ċisalpina (ir-Repubblika Taljana mill-1802 u r-Renju tal-Italja mill-1805). Ġiet irritornata lill-Istati Papali fl-1814. Bl-okkupazzjoni min-naħa tat-truppi ta' Piemonte fl-1859, Ravenna u ż-żona tal-madwar fir-Romagna saru parti mir-Renju unifikat il-ġdid tal-Italja fl-1861.

Matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], it-truppi tal-Gwardji tar-Raba' Dragun tal-Prinċipessa Louise u tal-Ħames Diviżjoni Armata [[Kanada|Kanadiża]], flimkien mas-27 Lanċiera Brittaniċi, daħlu u lliberaw lil Ravenna fil-5 ta' Diċembru 1944. Total ta' 937 suldat tal-[[Commonwealth tan-Nazzjonijiet|Commonwealth]] li mietu fix-xitwa tal-1944-1945 ġew midfuna fiċ-Ċimiterju tal-Gwerra ta' Ravenna, fosthom 438 Kanadiż.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/canada-Italy-1943-to-1945|titlu=Canada - Italy 1943-1945 - The Second World War - History - Remembrance - Veterans Affairs Canada|kunjom=Canada|isem=Veterans Affairs|data=2021-06-23|sit=www.veterans.gc.ca|data-aċċess=2022-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-belt ma tantx ġarrbet ħsarat estensivi matul il-gwerra.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Basilica of San Vitale - triumphal arch mosaics.jpg|daqsminuri|Mużajk fl-arkata trijonfali tal-Bażilika ta' San Vitale]]
Tmien monumenti Kristjani bikrin ġew imniżżla bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dawn huma:

* il-Battisterju Ortodoss magħruf ukoll bħala l-''Battisterju ta''' ''Neon'' (għall-ħabta tal-430)
* il-Mawżolew ta' Galla Placidia (għall-ħabta tal-430)
* il-Battisterju Arjan (għall-ħabta tal-500)
* il-Kappella tal-Arċisqof (għall-ħabta tal-500)
* il-Bażilika ta' Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (għall-ħabta tal-500)
* il-Mawżolew ta' Teodoriku (520)
* il-Bażilika ta' San Vitale (548)
* il-Bażilika ta' Sant'Apollinare f'Classe (549)

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' erba' kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; il-'''kriterju (iii)''' &quot;Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Attrazzjonijiet oħra ==
[[Stampa:Arian Baptistry ceiling mosaic - Ravenna.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-mużajk tal-koppla tal-Battisterju Arjan ta' Ravenna]]
Fost l-attrazzjonijiet l-oħra nsibu:

* Il-Knisja ta' San Ġwann l-Evanġelista tal-ħabta tas-seklu 5 W.K., li nbniet minn Galla Placidia wara li ħelsitha ħafif minn maltempata fuq il-baħar. Ġiet irrestawrata wara l-bumbardamenti tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija. It-torri tal-kampnar fih erba' qniepen, u ż-żewġ qniepen maġġuri jmorru lura għall-1208.
* Il-Knisja tal-Ispirtu s-Santu tas-seklu 6 W.K., li ġiet alterata b'mod drastiku mis-seklu 6 'l hawn. Oriġinarjament kienet il-katidral Arjan. Il-faċċata tal-knisja fiha portiku tas-seklu 16 b'ħames arkati.
* Il-Bażilika ta' San Franġisk, li reġgħet inbniet fis-sekli 10-11 fuq binja preċedenti ddedikata lill-appostli u iktar 'il quddiem lil San Pietru. Wara l-faċċata pjuttost umli tal-brikks, il-bażilika għandha navata u żewġ apsidi. Xi frammenti tal-mużajk mill-ewwel knisja huma viżibbli fuq l-art tal-bażilika, li spiss jitgħattew bl-ilma (flimkien mal-kripta) wara li tinżel xita qliel. Iċ-ċerimonja funebri ta' Dante Alighieri saret hawnhekk fl-1321. Il-poeta huwa midfun f'qabar anness mal-knisja, wara li l-awtoritajiet lokali rreżistew għal sekli sħaħ it-talbiet kollha minn [[Firenze]] biex jiġi rritornat il-katavru tal-iżjed eżiljat famuż tagħha.
* Il-Knisja Barokka ta' ''Santa Maria Maggiore'' (525–532; reġgħet inbniet fl-1671). Fiha [[pittura]] magħmula minn [[Luca Longhi]].
* Il-Knisja ta' [[Ġwanni l-Battista|San Ġwann Battista]] (1683), bi stil Barokk ukoll, li fiha torri tal-kampnar ta' żmien il-Medjuevu.
* Il-Bażilika ta' ''Santa Maria in Porto'' (tas-seklu 16), b'faċċata rikka tas-seklu 18. Għandha navata u żewġ apsidi, b'koppla għolja. Fiha pittura famuża tal-Madonna Griega, li allegatament inġabet Ravenna minn [[Istanbul|Kostantinopli]].
* Il-Gallerija Komunali, li fiha diversi xogħlijiet ta' pitturi tar-Romagna.
* Ir-''Rocca Brancaleone'' (&quot;il-Kastell ta' Brancaleone&quot;), li nbena mill-Venezjani fl-1457. Fl-imgħoddi kien parti mis-swar tal-belt u issa huwa park pubbliku. Huwa maqsum f'żewġ partijiet: il-Kastell proprja u ċ-Ċittadella; din tal-aħħar tkopri 14,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.
* L-hekk imsejjaħ &quot;Palazz ta' Teodoriku&quot;, li fil-fatt huwa d-daħla għall-eks Knisja ta' ''San Salvatore''. Jinkludi mużajk mill-palazz proprju tar-re tal-Ostrogoti.
* Il-Knisja ta' ''Sant'Eufemia'' (tas-seklu 18), tagħti aċċess għall-hekk imsejħa Domus tat-Twapet tal-Ġebel (tas-sekli 6–7): fiha mużajk mill-isbaħ minn palazz Biżantin.
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali.
* Il-Mużew tal-Arċisqof.

== Mużika ==
Kull sena l-belt tospita l-Festival ta' Ravenna, wieħed mill-iżjed festivals prominenti tal-[[mużika]] klassika fl-Italja. Ikun hemm spettakli tal-opri fit-Teatru Alighieri, u kunċerti fil-Palazz Mauro de André kif ukoll fil-Bażilika Antika ta' San Vitale u fil-Bażilika ta' Sant'Apollinare f'Classe. Id-direttur mużikali taċ-Chicago Symphony Orchestra, [[Riccardo Muti]], resident li ilu jgħixa long f'Ravenna, jipparteċipa regolarment fil-festival, fejn jiġu mistiedna orkestri u artisti oħra tal-ispettaklu minn madwar id-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].

== Letteratura ==

; Qabel l-1800

* Wara li tkeċċa minn Firenze, belt twelidu, Dante qatta' l-bqija ta' ħajtu f'Ravenna, u jsemmi l-belt fil-Canto V tal-''Inferno'' tad-''Divina Commedia''.
* Fis-seklu 16 ukoll, [[Nostradamus]] jipprovdi erba' profeziji:
** rigward &quot;għawġ kbir fil-kanal ta' Magnavacca f'Ravenna&quot;, ikkawżat minn ħmistax-il sabotatur Franċiż;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Tom (2012). ''Nostradamus''. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781434918239&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
** rigward battalja estiża sa [[Perugia]] fejn il-belt teħlisha ħafif;
** rigward il-ħtif ta' mara &quot;ħdejn Ravenna&quot; u l-ħtif ta' 70 ruħ fuq il-baħar mil-legat ta' [[Liżbona]];
** rigward it-twelid tat-tielet u l-aħħar Antikrist tal-jasar tas-[[Slovenja]]; Ravenna hija waħda minn tlett ibliet b'isem simili.&lt;ref&gt;Reading, Mario (2009). ''The Complete Prophesies of Nostradamus''. London: Watkins Publishing. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781906787394&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Witch'', reċta ta' [[Thomas Middleton]] (1580–1627), ġiet ambjentata f'Ravenna.

; Wara l-1800

* [[Lord Byron]] għex f'Ravenna bejn l-1819 u l-1821, fejn sar iħobb żagħżugħa aristokratika miżżewġa lokali, [[Teresa Guiccioli]]. Hemmhekk kompla jikteb ''Don Juan'' u kiteb ''Ravenna Diary'', ''My Dictionary'' u ''Recollections''.
* Lionel, il-protagonista tan-novella postapokalittika ta' [[Mary Shelley]], ''The Last Man'', jispiċċa mal-kosta f'Ravenna wara li jitlef lil sħabu f'maltempata fil-[[Baħar Eġew]].
* [[Oscar Wilde]] (1854–1900) kiteb [[poeżija]] jisimha ''Ravenna'' fl-1878.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.infomotions.com/etexts/literature/english/1800-1899/wilde-ravenna-609.htm|titlu=Ravenna / Wilde, Oscar|sit=www.infomotions.com|data-aċċess=2022-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Is-simbolista u poeta liriku [[Alexander Blok]] (1880–1921) kiteb poeżija li jisimha ''Ravenna'' (Mejju–Ġunju 1909) ispirata mill-vjaġġ tiegħu fl-Italja (rebbiegħa tal-1909).
* Matul il-vjaġġi tiegħu, il-poeta u l-[[Filosfi tas-Seklu XIX|filosfu]] Ġermaniż [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877–1962) għadda minn Ravenna u ispira ruħu biex jikteb żewġ poeżiji dwar il-belt li jisimhom ''Ravenna (1)'' u ''Ravenna (2)''.
* [[T. S. Eliot]] (1888–1965) kiteb poeżija bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]] &quot;Lune de Miel&quot; li tiddeskrivi koppja minn Indiana fil-qamar il-għasel tagħhom li kienu reqdin mhux wisq 'il bogħod mill-Bażilika antika ta' Sant'Apollinare f'Classe (ftit 'il barra minn Ravenna), famuża għall-kapitelli mnaqqxin tal-kolonni tagħha, b'weraq tal-ħannewija minfuħa bir-riħ, b'kuntrast ma' weraq wieqaf fuq kolonni simili f'inħawi oħra.
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] (1892–1973) jaf ibbaża l-belt tiegħu ta' Minas Tirith mill-inqas parzjalment fuq Ravenna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|titlu=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|data=2015-10-23|sit=the Guardian|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Films ==
[[Michelangelo Antonioni]] ġibed il-film tal-1964 tiegħu, ''Deserto Rosso'' (Deżert Aħmar) fiż-żoni industrijalizzati tal-wied ta' Pialassa.

== Trasport ==
Ravenna għandha port kummerċjali u turistiku importanti.

L-istazzjon ferrovjarju ta' Ravenna għandha servizz dirett ta' Trenitalia lejn [[Bolonja|Bologna]], [[Ferrara]], [[Lecce]], [[Milan]], [[Parma]], [[Rimini]], u [[Verona]].

L-Ajruport ta' Ravenna jinsab proprju f'Ravenna. L-eqreb ajurporti kummerċjali huma dawk ta' [[Forlì]], Rimini u Bologna.

Fost l-awtostradi li jgħaddu minn Ravenna hemm: l-A14-bis miċ-ċentru ta' Bologna; fuq l-assi Tramuntana–Nofsinhar tar-rotot tal-[[Unjoni Ewropea]], ir-rotot E45 minn Ruma u l-E55 jew l-SS-309 &quot;Romea&quot; minn Venezja; u fuq l-assi reġjonali Ferrara-Rimini, l-SS-16 (parzjalment imsejħa l-&quot;Adrijatika&quot;).

== Parks tad-Divertiment ==

* Mirabilandia
* Safari Ravenna

== Ġemellaġġ ==
Ravenna hija ġemellata ma':&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.comune.ra.it/aree-tematiche/politiche-europee-e-rapporti/reti-europee/citta-gemellate/|titlu=Gemellaggi|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2022-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Chichester]], l-Ingilterra, ir-[[Renju Unit]], mill-1996
* [[Speyer]], il-[[Ġermanja]], mill-1989
* [[Chartres]], [[Franza]], mill-1957

== Sport ==
Il-klabb tal-[[futbol]] tradizzjonali tal-belt huwa r-Ravenna F.C. Attwalment jilgħab fit-tielet diviżjoni tal-futbol Taljan, is-Serie C.

L-A.P.D. Ribelle 1927 huwa l-klabb tal-futbol ta' Castiglione di Ravenna, raħal li jinsab fin-Nofsinhar ta' Ravenna, u ġie stabbilit fl-1927. Attwalment jilgħab fir-raba' diviżjoni tal-futbol Taljan, is-Serie D, wara l-promozzjoni mir-Rawnd B tad-diviżjoni tal-Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna fl-istaġun 2013–2014. Il-president tal-klabb huwa [[Marcello Missiroli]] u l-kowċ huwa [[Enrico Zaccaroni]]. Il-grawnd tal-klabb jissejjaħ ''Stadio Massimo Sbrighi'' u jesa' 1,000 ruħ. Il-kuluri tat-tim huma l-abjad u l-blu.

F'Settembru 2011, fuq il-bajjiet ta' Ravenna, ġiet ospitata t-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-[[FIFA]] tal-Futbol fuq il-Bajja.

== Nies notevoli ==

* [[Valentinjanu III]] (419-455), imperatur Ruman
* [[Matteo Plazzi]], baħri Taljan
* [[Laura Pausini]] (twieldet fl-1974), kantanta u kantawtriċi pop Taljana, produttur tad-diski u personalità televiżiva
* [[Raul Gardini]] (1933-1993), negozjant Taljan
* [[Franco Manzecchi]] (1931-1979), mużiċista Jazz li jdoqq it-tnabar
* [[Andrea Montanari]] (twieled fl-1965), sprinter Taljan
* [[Arcangelo Corelli]] (1653-1713), vjolinist u [[kompożitur]] Barokk
* [[Luigi Legnani]] (1790-1877), kitarrista u mużiċista li jdoqq il-ljut
* [[Tullio Bassi]] (twieled fl-1937), produttur tal-vjolini Taljan
* [[Peter Damian]] (għall-ħabta tal-988-1072 jew 1073), qaddis u kardinal Kattoliku
* [[Francesco Ingoli]] (1578-1649), xjenzat, [[avukat]] u analizzatur ta' [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]
* [[Francesca da Rimini]] (1255-għall-ħabta tal-1285), persuna storika
* [[Guido I da Polenta]] (miet fl-1310), lord ta' Ravenna
* [[Francesco Baracca]] (1888-1918), il-bdot ewlieni tal-fighters tal-Italja fl-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]]
* [[Federico Caricasulo]] (twieled fl-1996), motoċiklista professjonali
* [[Marco Melandri]] (twieled fl-1982), motoċiklista professjonali
* [[Davide Tardozzi]] (twieled fl-1959), motoċiklista professjonali u maniġer ta' tim tas-Superbike
* [[Ivano Marescotti]] (twieled fl-1946), attur
* [[Amadeus]] (twieled fl-1962), preżentatur televiżiv
* [[Romolo Gessi]] (1831-1881), esploratur
* [[Romuald]] (għall-ħabta tad-951-għall-ħabta tal-1025/1027), superjur tal-qassisin u fundatur tal-Ordni Camaldolese
* [[Marco Dente]] (1493-1527), [[inċiżur]]
* [[Paolo Roversi]] (twieled fl-1947), [[fotografu]] tal-[[moda]]
* [[Angelo Mariani]] (1821-1873), konduttur
* [[Giuseppe Vitali]] (1875-1932), matematiku
* [[Evangelista Torricelli]] (1606-1647), fiżiku u matematiku
* [[Federico Marchetti]] (twieled fl-1969), negozjant u fundatur ta' YOOX
* [[Gianluca Costantini]] (twieled fl-1971), artist
* [[Luigi Legnani]], mużiċista u kompożitur
* [[Luigi Rossini]] (1790-1857), artist
* [[Alex Majoli]] (twieled fl-1971), fotografu

== Iktar qari ==

* Cameron, Averil. &quot;Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe.&quot; ''History Today.'' pp 94–97.
* Janet Nelson, Judith Herrin, ''Ravenna: its role in earlier medieval change and exchange,'' London, Institute of Historical Research, 2016, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781909646148&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Bliet tal-Italja]]
[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]</text>
      <sha1>mpow1jvfht5c9tg9466r5o8fu5u4d97</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tajwan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279687</id>
      <parentid>275428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:22:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2A02:A468:1656:1:7587:5814:8CB8:4194</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>a good letter</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5512" xml:space="preserve">{{stub|ġeografija}}
{{Infobox Pajjiż
|isem_twil_konvenzjonali     = Repubblika taċ-Ċina
|isem_nattiv                 = 中華民國&lt;br /&gt;Zhōnghuá Mínguó
|isem_komuni                 = Tajwan
|stampa_bandiera             = Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_emblema              = National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_mappa                = Taiwan_(orthographic_projection;_southeast_Asia_centered).svg
|deskrizzjoni_mappa          = Projezzjoni ortografika tat-Tajwan, iċċentrata fuq l-Asja tax-Xlokk.
|ħolqa_bandiera              = Bandiera tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_emblema               = Emblema tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_demografija           = Demografija tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|mottu_nazzjonali            =
|innu_nazzjonali             = &quot;三民主義歌 (San Min Chu-i),&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Three Principles of the People]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;''Tliet Prinċipji tal-Poplu''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Stampa:National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)_中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|lingwi_uffiċjali            = [[Mandarin Tajwaniż]]
|gruppi_etniċi               = 95–97% Han&lt;br /&gt;2.3% Indiġeni&lt;br /&gt;0.7–2.7% Oħrajn
|kapitali                    =  [[Tajpej]]
|l-ikbar_belt                = [[Belt Ġdida ta' Tajpej]]
| latd=25 |latm=00 |latNS=N |lonġd=121 |lonġm=26 |lonġEW=E
|tip_gvern                   = [[Repubblika|Repubblika kostituzzjonali]] [[Stat Unitarju|unitarja]] [[Sistema semi-presidenzjali|semi-presidenzjali]]
|titlu_kap1                  = [[President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|President]]
|titlu_kap2                  = [[Viċi President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Viċi President]]
|titlu_kap3                  = [[Prim Ministru tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Prim Ministru]]
|titlu_kap4                  = [[Leġiżlattiv Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap5                  = [[Kontroll Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap6                  = [[Ġudizzjarju Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap7                  = [[Eżami Yuan President]]
|isem_kap1                   = [[Tsai Ing-wen]]
|isem_kap2                   = [[Lai Ching-te]]
|isem_kap3                   = [[Su Tseng-chang]]
|isem_kap4                   = [[You Si-kun]]
|isem_kap5                   = [[Chen Chu]]
|isem_kap6                   = [[Hsu Tzong-li]]
|isem_kap7                   = [[Huang Jong-tsun]]
|żona_kklassifika            = 139
|poż_erja                    = 139 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|erja_km2                    = 36,197
|erja_mi_kw                  = 13,976
|perċentwal_ilma             = 
|sena_stima_popolazzjoni     = 2021
|stima_popolazzjoni          = 23,451,837
|poż_stima_popolazzjoni      = 56 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|ċensiment_popolazzjoni      = 23,123,866
|sena_ċensiment_popolazzjoni = 2010
|densità_popolazzjoni_km2    = 650
|densità_popolazzjoni_mi_kw  = 1,683.5
|poż_densità_popolazzjoni    = 10 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|sena_PGD_PSX                = 2021
|PGD_PSX                     = $1.403 triljun
|poż_PGD_PSX                 = 19
|PGD_PSX_per_capita          = $56,959
|poż_PGD_PSX_per_capita      = 13
|sena_IŻU                    = 2019
|IŻU                         = {{increase}} 0.916
|poż_IŻU                     = 23
|kategorija_IŻU              = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008900;&quot;&gt;għoli&lt;/span&gt;
|tip_sovranità               = [[Storja tat-Tajwan|Formazzjoni]]
|avveniment_stabbilit1       = [[Rivoluzzjoni Xinhai]] 
|data_stabbilit1             = 10 ta’ Ottubru 1911
|avveniment_stabbilit2       = Ħa l-kontroll tat-Tajwan u l-Pescadori
|data_stabbilit2             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1945
|avveniment_stabbilit3       = Kostituzzjoni adottata
|data_stabbilit3             = 25 ta’ Diċembru 1947
|avveniment_stabbilit4       = Gvern kurrenti stabbilit
|data_stabbilit4             = 20 ta’ Mejju 1948
|avveniment_stabbilit5       = Il-Gvern imxiet lejn Taipei
|data_stabbilit5             = 7 ta’ Diċembru 1949
|avveniment_stabbilit6       = Telf ta' rappreżentazzjoni tan-[[Ġnus Magħquda|ĠM]]
|data_stabbilit6             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1971
|avveniment_stabbilit7       = Relazzjonijiet bejn l-Istrett definiti legalment
|data_stabbilit7             = 31 ta’ Lulju 1992
|valuta                      = [[Dollaru ġdid tat-Tajwan]] (NT$)
|kodiċi_valuta               = TWD
|żona_ħin                    = [[Ħin Standard taċ-Ċina]]
|differenza_ħku              = +8
|żona_ħin_legali             =
|differenza_żona_ħin_legali  = 
|cctld                       = [[.tw]], .台灣, .台湾
|kodiċi_telefoniku           = +886
|sena_PGD_nominali           = 2021
|PGD_nominali                = $759.104 biljun
|poż_PGD_nominali            = 21
|PGD_nominali_per_capita     = $32,123
|poż_PGD_nominali_per_capita = 29
|nota1                       = 
}}

It-'''Tajwan''', uffiċjalment ir-'''Repubblika taċ-Ċina''' (ROC), huwa pajjiż fl-[[Asja tal-Lvant]] li t-territorju tiegħu bħalissa jestendi fuq il-gżira tat-[[Tajwan (Gżira)|Tajwan]], kif ukoll gżejjer ġirien oħra, dawk tal-[[provinċja ta’ Fujian]] u l-[[Gżejjer Pescadores]]. It-Tajwan bħalissa huwa rikonoxxut minn 14-il pajjiż. It-Tajwan ikopri erja ta '36,197 kilometru kwadru (13,976 mi kw) u għandu popolazzjoni ta' madwar 23,451,837. Il-kapitali tagħha hija [[Tajpej]].


Vincent Cumstain, i hereby sentence you to 2 years NO BITCHES!!

{{Asja}}

[[Kategorija:Tajwan| ]]
[[Kategorija:Repubbliki]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Asja]]</text>
      <sha1>fz6kwvdcnpsg0dqjlqy1a19sh3bdyvn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279690</id>
      <parentid>279687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>94.17.128.191</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>vandaliżmu</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5446" xml:space="preserve">{{stub|ġeografija}}
{{Infobox Pajjiż
|isem_twil_konvenzjonali     = Repubblika taċ-Ċina
|isem_nattiv                 = 中華民國&lt;br /&gt;Zhōnghuá Mínguó
|isem_komuni                 = Tajwan
|stampa_bandiera             = Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_emblema              = National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_mappa                = Taiwan_(orthographic_projection;_southeast_Asia_centered).svg
|deskrizzjoni_mappa          = Projezzjoni ortografika tat-Tajwan, iċċentrata fuq l-Asja tax-Xlokk.
|ħolqa_bandiera              = Bandiera tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_emblema               = Emblema tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_demografija           = Demografija tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|mottu_nazzjonali            =
|innu_nazzjonali             = &quot;三民主義歌 (San Min Chu-i),&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Three Principles of the People]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;''Tliet Prinċipji tal-Poplu''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Stampa:National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)_中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|lingwi_uffiċjali            = [[Mandarin Tajwaniż]]
|gruppi_etniċi               = 95–97% Han&lt;br /&gt;2.3% Indiġeni&lt;br /&gt;0.7–2.7% Oħrajn
|kapitali                    =  [[Tajpej]]
|l-ikbar_belt                = [[Belt Ġdida ta' Tajpej]]
| latd=25 |latm=00 |latNS=N |lonġd=121 |lonġm=26 |lonġEW=E
|tip_gvern                   = [[Repubblika|Repubblika kostituzzjonali]] [[Stat Unitarju|unitarja]] [[Sistema semi-presidenzjali|semi-presidenzjali]]
|titlu_kap1                  = [[President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|President]]
|titlu_kap2                  = [[Viċi President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Viċi President]]
|titlu_kap3                  = [[Prim Ministru tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Prim Ministru]]
|titlu_kap4                  = [[Leġiżlattiv Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap5                  = [[Kontroll Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap6                  = [[Ġudizzjarju Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap7                  = [[Eżami Yuan President]]
|isem_kap1                   = [[Tsai Ing-wen]]
|isem_kap2                   = [[Lai Ching-te]]
|isem_kap3                   = [[Su Tseng-chang]]
|isem_kap4                   = [[You Si-kun]]
|isem_kap5                   = [[Chen Chu]]
|isem_kap6                   = [[Hsu Tzong-li]]
|isem_kap7                   = [[Huang Jong-tsun]]
|żona_kklassifika            = 139
|poż_erja                    = 139 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|erja_km2                    = 36,197
|erja_mi_kw                  = 13,976
|perċentwal_ilma             = 
|sena_stima_popolazzjoni     = 2021
|stima_popolazzjoni          = 23,451,837
|poż_stima_popolazzjoni      = 56 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|ċensiment_popolazzjoni      = 23,123,866
|sena_ċensiment_popolazzjoni = 2010
|densità_popolazzjoni_km2    = 650
|densità_popolazzjoni_mi_kw  = 1,683.5
|poż_densità_popolazzjoni    = 10 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|sena_PGD_PSX                = 2021
|PGD_PSX                     = $1.403 triljun
|poż_PGD_PSX                 = 19
|PGD_PSX_per_capita          = $56,959
|poż_PGD_PSX_per_capita      = 13
|sena_IŻU                    = 2019
|IŻU                         = {{increase}} 0.916
|poż_IŻU                     = 23
|kategorija_IŻU              = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008900;&quot;&gt;għoli&lt;/span&gt;
|tip_sovranità               = [[Storja tat-Tajwan|Formazzjoni]]
|avveniment_stabbilit1       = [[Rivoluzzjoni Xinhai]] 
|data_stabbilit1             = 10 ta’ Ottubru 1911
|avveniment_stabbilit2       = Ħa l-kontroll tat-Tajwan u l-Pescadori
|data_stabbilit2             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1945
|avveniment_stabbilit3       = Kostituzzjoni adottata
|data_stabbilit3             = 25 ta’ Diċembru 1947
|avveniment_stabbilit4       = Gvern kurrenti stabbilit
|data_stabbilit4             = 20 ta’ Mejju 1948
|avveniment_stabbilit5       = Il-Gvern imxiet lejn Taipei
|data_stabbilit5             = 7 ta’ Diċembru 1949
|avveniment_stabbilit6       = Telf ta' rappreżentazzjoni tan-[[Ġnus Magħquda|ĠM]]
|data_stabbilit6             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1971
|avveniment_stabbilit7       = Relazzjonijiet bejn l-Istrett definiti legalment
|data_stabbilit7             = 31 ta’ Lulju 1992
|valuta                      = [[Dollaru ġdid tat-Tajwan]] (NT$)
|kodiċi_valuta               = TWD
|żona_ħin                    = [[Ħin Standard taċ-Ċina]]
|differenza_ħku              = +8
|żona_ħin_legali             =
|differenza_żona_ħin_legali  = 
|cctld                       = [[.tw]], .台灣, .台湾
|kodiċi_telefoniku           = +886
|sena_PGD_nominali           = 2021
|PGD_nominali                = $759.104 biljun
|poż_PGD_nominali            = 21
|PGD_nominali_per_capita     = $32,123
|poż_PGD_nominali_per_capita = 29
|nota1                       = 
}}

It-'''Tajwan''', uffiċjalment ir-'''Repubblika taċ-Ċina''' (ROC), huwa pajjiż fl-[[Asja tal-Lvant]] li t-territorju tiegħu bħalissa jestendi fuq il-gżira tat-[[Tajwan (Gżira)|Tajwan]], kif ukoll gżejjer ġirien oħra, dawk tal-[[provinċja ta’ Fujian]] u l-[[Gżejjer Pescadores]]. It-Tajwan bħalissa huwa rikonoxxut minn 14-il pajjiż. It-Tajwan ikopri erja ta '36,197 kilometru kwadru (13,976 mi kw) u għandu popolazzjoni ta' madwar 23,451,837. Il-kapitali tagħha hija [[Tajpej]].

{{Asja}}

[[Kategorija:Tajwan| ]]
[[Kategorija:Repubbliki]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Asja]]</text>
      <sha1>1vqy191tcayr478bupf434tfq95dp79</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279692</id>
      <parentid>279690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:23:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2A02:A468:1656:1:7587:5814:8CB8:4194</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5467" xml:space="preserve">{{stub|ġeografija}}
{{Infobox Pajjiż
|isem_twil_konvenzjonali     = Repubblika taċ-Ċina
|isem_nattiv                 = 中華民國&lt;br /&gt;Zhōnghuá Mínguó
|isem_komuni                 = Tajwan
|stampa_bandiera             = Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_emblema              = National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_mappa                = Taiwan_(orthographic_projection;_southeast_Asia_centered).svg
|deskrizzjoni_mappa          = Projezzjoni ortografika tat-Tajwan, iċċentrata fuq l-Asja tax-Xlokk.
|ħolqa_bandiera              = Bandiera tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_emblema               = Emblema tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_demografija           = Demografija tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|mottu_nazzjonali            =
|innu_nazzjonali             = &quot;三民主義歌 (San Min Chu-i),&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Three Principles of the People]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;''Tliet Prinċipji tal-Poplu''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Stampa:National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)_中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|lingwi_uffiċjali            = [[Mandarin Tajwaniż]]
|gruppi_etniċi               = 95–97% Han&lt;br /&gt;2.3% Indiġeni&lt;br /&gt;0.7–2.7% Oħrajn
|kapitali                    =  [[Tajpej]]
|l-ikbar_belt                = [[Belt Ġdida ta' Tajpej]]
| latd=25 |latm=00 |latNS=N |lonġd=121 |lonġm=26 |lonġEW=E
|tip_gvern                   = [[Repubblika|Repubblika kostituzzjonali]] [[Stat Unitarju|unitarja]] [[Sistema semi-presidenzjali|semi-presidenzjali]]
|titlu_kap1                  = [[President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|President]]
|titlu_kap2                  = [[Viċi President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Viċi President]]
|titlu_kap3                  = [[Prim Ministru tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Prim Ministru]]
|titlu_kap4                  = [[Leġiżlattiv Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap5                  = [[Kontroll Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap6                  = [[Ġudizzjarju Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap7                  = [[Eżami Yuan President]]
|isem_kap1                   = [[Tsai Ing-wen]]
|isem_kap2                   = [[Lai Ching-te]]
|isem_kap3                   = [[Su Tseng-chang]]
|isem_kap4                   = [[You Si-kun]]
|isem_kap5                   = [[Chen Chu]]
|isem_kap6                   = [[Hsu Tzong-li]]
|isem_kap7                   = [[Huang Jong-tsun]]
|żona_kklassifika            = 139
|poż_erja                    = 139 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|erja_km2                    = 36,197
|erja_mi_kw                  = 13,976
|perċentwal_ilma             = 
|sena_stima_popolazzjoni     = 2021
|stima_popolazzjoni          = 23,451,837
|poż_stima_popolazzjoni      = 56 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|ċensiment_popolazzjoni      = 23,123,866
|sena_ċensiment_popolazzjoni = 2010
|densità_popolazzjoni_km2    = 650
|densità_popolazzjoni_mi_kw  = 1,683.5
|poż_densità_popolazzjoni    = 10 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|sena_PGD_PSX                = 2021
|PGD_PSX                     = $1.403 triljun
|poż_PGD_PSX                 = 19
|PGD_PSX_per_capita          = $56,959
|poż_PGD_PSX_per_capita      = 13
|sena_IŻU                    = 2019
|IŻU                         = {{increase}} 0.916
|poż_IŻU                     = 23
|kategorija_IŻU              = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008900;&quot;&gt;għoli&lt;/span&gt;
|tip_sovranità               = [[Storja tat-Tajwan|Formazzjoni]]
|avveniment_stabbilit1       = [[Rivoluzzjoni Xinhai]] 
|data_stabbilit1             = 10 ta’ Ottubru 1911
|avveniment_stabbilit2       = Ħa l-kontroll tat-Tajwan u l-Pescadori
|data_stabbilit2             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1945
|avveniment_stabbilit3       = Kostituzzjoni adottata
|data_stabbilit3             = 25 ta’ Diċembru 1947
|avveniment_stabbilit4       = Gvern kurrenti stabbilit
|data_stabbilit4             = 20 ta’ Mejju 1948
|avveniment_stabbilit5       = Il-Gvern imxiet lejn Taipei
|data_stabbilit5             = 7 ta’ Diċembru 1949
|avveniment_stabbilit6       = Telf ta' rappreżentazzjoni tan-[[Ġnus Magħquda|ĠM]]
|data_stabbilit6             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1971
|avveniment_stabbilit7       = Relazzjonijiet bejn l-Istrett definiti legalment
|data_stabbilit7             = 31 ta’ Lulju 1992
|valuta                      = [[Dollaru ġdid tat-Tajwan]] (NT$)
|kodiċi_valuta               = TWD
|żona_ħin                    = [[Ħin Standard taċ-Ċina]]
|differenza_ħku              = +8
|żona_ħin_legali             =
|differenza_żona_ħin_legali  = 
|cctld                       = [[.tw]], .台灣, .台湾
|kodiċi_telefoniku           = +886
|sena_PGD_nominali           = 2021
|PGD_nominali                = $759.104 biljun
|poż_PGD_nominali            = 21
|PGD_nominali_per_capita     = $32,123
|poż_PGD_nominali_per_capita = 29
|nota1                       = 
}}

It-'''Tajwan''', uffiċjalment ir-'''Repubblika taċ-Ċina''' (ROC), huwa pajjiż fl-[[Asja tal-Lvant]] li t-territorju tiegħu bħalissa jestendi fuq il-gżira tat-[[Tajwan (Gżira)|Tajwan]], kif ukoll gżejjer ġirien oħra, dawk tal-[[provinċja ta’ Fujian]] u l-[[Gżejjer Pescadores]]. It-Tajwan bħalissa huwa rikonoxxut minn 14-il pajjiż. It-Tajwan ikopri erja ta '36,197 kilometru kwadru (13,976 mi kw) u għandu popolazzjoni ta' madwar 23,451,837. Il-kapitali tagħha hija [[Tajpej]].


smells like a fard

{{Asja}}

[[Kategorija:Tajwan| ]]
[[Kategorija:Repubbliki]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Asja]]</text>
      <sha1>2kqlgcodc0hvalrlh3vdw0olep8qji9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279695</id>
      <parentid>279692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:33:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>185.153.150.23</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Annulata r-reviżjoni 279692 ta' [[Speċjali:Kontribuzzjonijiet/2A02:A468:1656:1:7587:5814:8CB8:4194|2A02:A468:1656:1:7587:5814:8CB8:4194]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:2A02:A468:1656:1:7587:5814:8CB8:4194|Diskussjoni]])</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5446" xml:space="preserve">{{stub|ġeografija}}
{{Infobox Pajjiż
|isem_twil_konvenzjonali     = Repubblika taċ-Ċina
|isem_nattiv                 = 中華民國&lt;br /&gt;Zhōnghuá Mínguó
|isem_komuni                 = Tajwan
|stampa_bandiera             = Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_emblema              = National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
|stampa_mappa                = Taiwan_(orthographic_projection;_southeast_Asia_centered).svg
|deskrizzjoni_mappa          = Projezzjoni ortografika tat-Tajwan, iċċentrata fuq l-Asja tax-Xlokk.
|ħolqa_bandiera              = Bandiera tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_emblema               = Emblema tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|ħolqa_demografija           = Demografija tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina.
|mottu_nazzjonali            =
|innu_nazzjonali             = &quot;三民主義歌 (San Min Chu-i),&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Three Principles of the People]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;''Tliet Prinċipji tal-Poplu''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Stampa:National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)_中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|lingwi_uffiċjali            = [[Mandarin Tajwaniż]]
|gruppi_etniċi               = 95–97% Han&lt;br /&gt;2.3% Indiġeni&lt;br /&gt;0.7–2.7% Oħrajn
|kapitali                    =  [[Tajpej]]
|l-ikbar_belt                = [[Belt Ġdida ta' Tajpej]]
| latd=25 |latm=00 |latNS=N |lonġd=121 |lonġm=26 |lonġEW=E
|tip_gvern                   = [[Repubblika|Repubblika kostituzzjonali]] [[Stat Unitarju|unitarja]] [[Sistema semi-presidenzjali|semi-presidenzjali]]
|titlu_kap1                  = [[President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|President]]
|titlu_kap2                  = [[Viċi President tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Viċi President]]
|titlu_kap3                  = [[Prim Ministru tar-Repubblika taċ-Ċina|Prim Ministru]]
|titlu_kap4                  = [[Leġiżlattiv Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap5                  = [[Kontroll Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap6                  = [[Ġudizzjarju Yuan President]]
|titlu_kap7                  = [[Eżami Yuan President]]
|isem_kap1                   = [[Tsai Ing-wen]]
|isem_kap2                   = [[Lai Ching-te]]
|isem_kap3                   = [[Su Tseng-chang]]
|isem_kap4                   = [[You Si-kun]]
|isem_kap5                   = [[Chen Chu]]
|isem_kap6                   = [[Hsu Tzong-li]]
|isem_kap7                   = [[Huang Jong-tsun]]
|żona_kklassifika            = 139
|poż_erja                    = 139 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|erja_km2                    = 36,197
|erja_mi_kw                  = 13,976
|perċentwal_ilma             = 
|sena_stima_popolazzjoni     = 2021
|stima_popolazzjoni          = 23,451,837
|poż_stima_popolazzjoni      = 56 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|ċensiment_popolazzjoni      = 23,123,866
|sena_ċensiment_popolazzjoni = 2010
|densità_popolazzjoni_km2    = 650
|densità_popolazzjoni_mi_kw  = 1,683.5
|poż_densità_popolazzjoni    = 10 &lt;!--pożizzjoni bbażata fuq l-istati sovrani biss--&gt;
|sena_PGD_PSX                = 2021
|PGD_PSX                     = $1.403 triljun
|poż_PGD_PSX                 = 19
|PGD_PSX_per_capita          = $56,959
|poż_PGD_PSX_per_capita      = 13
|sena_IŻU                    = 2019
|IŻU                         = {{increase}} 0.916
|poż_IŻU                     = 23
|kategorija_IŻU              = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008900;&quot;&gt;għoli&lt;/span&gt;
|tip_sovranità               = [[Storja tat-Tajwan|Formazzjoni]]
|avveniment_stabbilit1       = [[Rivoluzzjoni Xinhai]] 
|data_stabbilit1             = 10 ta’ Ottubru 1911
|avveniment_stabbilit2       = Ħa l-kontroll tat-Tajwan u l-Pescadori
|data_stabbilit2             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1945
|avveniment_stabbilit3       = Kostituzzjoni adottata
|data_stabbilit3             = 25 ta’ Diċembru 1947
|avveniment_stabbilit4       = Gvern kurrenti stabbilit
|data_stabbilit4             = 20 ta’ Mejju 1948
|avveniment_stabbilit5       = Il-Gvern imxiet lejn Taipei
|data_stabbilit5             = 7 ta’ Diċembru 1949
|avveniment_stabbilit6       = Telf ta' rappreżentazzjoni tan-[[Ġnus Magħquda|ĠM]]
|data_stabbilit6             = 25 ta’ Ottubru 1971
|avveniment_stabbilit7       = Relazzjonijiet bejn l-Istrett definiti legalment
|data_stabbilit7             = 31 ta’ Lulju 1992
|valuta                      = [[Dollaru ġdid tat-Tajwan]] (NT$)
|kodiċi_valuta               = TWD
|żona_ħin                    = [[Ħin Standard taċ-Ċina]]
|differenza_ħku              = +8
|żona_ħin_legali             =
|differenza_żona_ħin_legali  = 
|cctld                       = [[.tw]], .台灣, .台湾
|kodiċi_telefoniku           = +886
|sena_PGD_nominali           = 2021
|PGD_nominali                = $759.104 biljun
|poż_PGD_nominali            = 21
|PGD_nominali_per_capita     = $32,123
|poż_PGD_nominali_per_capita = 29
|nota1                       = 
}}

It-'''Tajwan''', uffiċjalment ir-'''Repubblika taċ-Ċina''' (ROC), huwa pajjiż fl-[[Asja tal-Lvant]] li t-territorju tiegħu bħalissa jestendi fuq il-gżira tat-[[Tajwan (Gżira)|Tajwan]], kif ukoll gżejjer ġirien oħra, dawk tal-[[provinċja ta’ Fujian]] u l-[[Gżejjer Pescadores]]. It-Tajwan bħalissa huwa rikonoxxut minn 14-il pajjiż. It-Tajwan ikopri erja ta '36,197 kilometru kwadru (13,976 mi kw) u għandu popolazzjoni ta' madwar 23,451,837. Il-kapitali tagħha hija [[Tajpej]].

{{Asja}}

[[Kategorija:Tajwan| ]]
[[Kategorija:Repubbliki]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Asja]]</text>
      <sha1>1vqy191tcayr478bupf434tfq95dp79</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Messiku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279710</id>
      <parentid>279664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T18:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chrisportelli</username>
        <id>355</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Storja */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17269" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tim nazzjonali tal-futbol
| isem               = Messiku
| pajjiż             = Messiku
| psewdonimu         = ''El Tri''
| assoċjazzjoni      = [[Federazzjoni tal-Futbol tal-Messiku|Federación Mexicana de Fútbol]]
| konfederazzjoni    = [[CONCACAF]] (L-Amerika ta' Fuq)
| kowċ               = [[Gerardo Martino]]
| kaptan             = [[Andrés Guardado]]
| rekord_preżenzi    = [[Claudio Suárez]] (177)
| rekord_gowls       = [[Javier Hernández Balcázar|Javier Hernández]] (52)
| stadju             = [[Estadio Azteca]]
| kodiċi_FIFA        = MEX
| pożizzjoni_FIFA    = 12
| data_pożizzjoni_FIFA = Ġunju 2022
| pożizzjoni_massima_FIFA = 4
| data_pożizzjoni_massima_FIFA = Frar – Ġunju 1998, Awwissu 2003, April 2004, Ġunju 2004, Mejju – Ġunju 2006
| pożizzjoni_minima_FIFA = 40
| data_pożizzjoni_minima_FIFA = Lulju 2015

| l-ewwel_logħba     = {{fb|Gwatemala}} 2–3 Messiku {{flagicon|Messiku}}&lt;br /&gt;([[Belt tal-Gwatemala]], [[Gwatemala]]; 1 ta' Jannar 1923)
| l-ikbar_rebħa      = {{flagicon|Messiku}} Messiku 13–0 {{fb-lemin|Baħamas}}&lt;br /&gt;([[Toluca]], [[Messiku]]; 28 ta' April 1987)
| l-ikbar_telfa      = {{fb|Ingilterra}} 8–0 Messiku {{flagicon|Messiku}}&lt;br /&gt;([[Londra]], [[Ingilterra]]; 10 ta' Mejju 1961)
| pattern_la1        = _mex22h
| pattern_b1         = _mex22h
| pattern_ra1        = _mex22h
| pattern_sh1        = _adidasonwhite2002
| pattern_so1        = _mex22h
| leftarm1           = 000000
| body1              = 000000
| rightarm1          = 000000
| shorts1            = ff0000
| socks1             = ff0000
| pattern_la2        = _mex20a
| pattern_b2         = _mex20a
| pattern_ra2        = _mex20a
| pattern_sh2        = _mex20a
| pattern_so2        = _mex20a
| leftarm2           = FFFFFF
| body2              = FFFFFF
| rightarm2          = FFFFFF
| shorts2            = FFFFFF
| socks2             = FFFFFF
}}
It-'''tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Messiku''' (bl-[[Lingwa Spanjola|Ispanjol]]: ''Selección de fútbol de México'') jirrappreżenta lill-[[Messiku]] fil-kompetizzjonijiet internazzjonali tal-[[futbol]]. It-tim huwa mmexxi mill-[[Federazzjoni tal-Futbol tal-Messiku|Federazzjoni Messikana]] u huwa membru tal-[[FIFA]] u l-[[CONCACAF]].

Il-Messiku ikkwalifika għal sbatax-il [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]] u hu fost sitt pajjiżi li ilu jikkwalifika b'mod konsekuttiv mill-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1994|1994]]. Huma ħadu sehem fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|ewwel edizzjoni]] tat-Tazza tad-Dinja, bl-aqwa riżultat ikun il-kwarti tal-finali miksuba fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1970|1970]] u l-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1986|1986]], liema saru fil-pajjiż stess.

Storikament, il-Messiku huwa fost l-aktar timijiet nazzjonali ta' suċċess fiż-żona tal-CONCACAF, bi ħdax-il titlu tal-konfederazzjoni, fosthom ħdax-il titlu tal-[[CONCACAF Gold Cup]]. Bir-rebħa fit-[[Tazza tal-Konfederazzjonijiet 1999|Tazza tal-Konfederazzjonijiet tal-1999]],&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita aħbar |url=https://www.supersport.com/football/fifa-confederations-cup/mexico-1999 |titlu=Mexico 1999 |sit=SuperSport.com |data-aċċess=2022-08-23 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616014724/https://www.supersport.com/football/fifa-confederations-cup/mexico-1999 |arkivju-data=2013-06-16 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt; il-Messiku hu l-unika tim fil-CONCACAF li rebaħ kompetizzjoni uffiċjali tal-FIFA.

== Storja ==

Il-futbol fil-Messiku daħal fil-bidu tas-seklu 20 minn gruppi ta' immigranti Ewropej u fis-snin ta' wara minn Spanjoli eżiljati mill-[[Gwerra Ċivili Spanjola]]. L-ewwel logħba tal-Messiku saret fl-1 ta' Jannar 1923 kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Gwatemala|Gwatemala]] li huma rebħu 3–2.&lt;ref name=&quot;el-comienzo&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |titlu=El Comienzo |pubblikatur=Televisa |url=http://www.esmas.com/seleccionmexicana/historia/313563.html |data-aċċess=2022-08-23 |lingwa=Spanjol |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004084233/http://www.esmas.com/seleccionmexicana/historia/313563.html |arkivju-data=2003-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Stampa:Mexico 1930 vs france.jpg|thumb|250px|It-tim nazzjonali Messikan qabel l-ewwel logħba tat-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-1930 kontra Franza.]]
Fl-1927, ġiet imwaqqfa l-organizzazzjoni uffiċjali li tamministra l-futbol fil-Messiku. L-ewwel kompetizzjoni internazzjonali kienu l-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf 1928|Olimpjadi tal-1928]] fejn il-Messiku ġew eliminati fil-kwarti tal-finali minn [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta' Spanja|Spanja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;el-comienzo&quot; /&gt; Il-Messiku ħadu sehem fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|ewwel edizzjoni]] tat-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]] ġewwa l-[[Urugwaj]], fi grupp magħmul mill-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Arġentina|Arġentina]], ċ-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol taċ-Ċili|Ċili]] u [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta' Franza|Franza]]. Kienu l-Messiku li lagħbu l-ewwel logħba fl-istorja tal-kompetizzjoni, li kienet telfa ta' 4–1 kontra Franza. Fit-tieni logħba huma tilfu kontra ċ-Ċili, u fl-aħħar logħba kontra l-Arġentina, il-Messiku skorjaw l-ewwel ''penalty'' fl-istorja tal-kompetizzjoni, ikkonvertit minn [[Manuel Rosas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |titlu=Six countries entered bidding for first World Cup |pubblikatur=The Times of India |url=http://sport.indiatimes.com/soccerarticleshow/1533342.cms |data-aċċess=2022-08-23 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615213553/http://sport.indiatimes.com/soccerarticleshow/1533342.cms |arkivju-data=2006-06-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Qabel l-1970, il-Messiku ftit li xejn ħallew impatt fit-Tazza tad-Dinja, minkejja li kienu l-aqwa tim fin-''North American Football Confederation'' u s-sessur tagħha, il-CONCACAF. Minkejja dan, il-gowler [[Antonio Carbajal]] iddistingwa ruħu biex sar l-ewwel plejer li deher f'ħames edizzjonijiet tat-Tazza tad-Dinja konsekuttivi.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://es.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=94525.html |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617213754/http://es.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=94525.html |arkivju-data=2010-06-17 |titlu=Antonio Carbajal, el eterno Cinco Copas |lingwa=Spanjol |pubblikatur=FIFA |data=2004-10-26 |data-aċċess=2022-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuq livell kontinentali huma rebħu l-ewwel titlu fl-[[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1965|1965]], bir-rebħ tal-[[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Kampjonat CONCACAF]]. Fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1970|1970]], ospitaw it-Tazza tad-Dinja u fil-grupp ġabu dro ta' mingħajr gowls kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Unjoni Sovjetika|Unjoni Sovjetika]] u rebħa ta' 4–0 fuq [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta' El Salvador|El Salvador]]. Fil-fażi ta' wara huma rebħu lill-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Belġju|Belġju]], però kellhom ibaxxu rashom għall-finalisti tal-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Italja|Italja]] fil-kwarti tal-finali.

Fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1986|1986]], il-Messiku reġgħu ospitaw it-Tazza tad-Dinja. Huma kkwalifikaw mill-fażi tal-gruppi b'żewġ rebħiet kontra l-Belġju u l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Iraq|Iraq]], u dro mal-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Paragwaj|Paragwaj]]. Huma rnexxielhom jagħmluha għal darb'oħra sal-kwarti tal-finali wara li għelbu lill-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Bulgarija|Bulgarija]], imma tilfu kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Ġermanja tal-Punent|Ġermanja tal-Punent]] wara l-[[għoti tal-penalties|għoti tal-''penalties'']].

Il-Messiku kienu ġew skwalifikati mit-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-1990 u kompetizzjonijiet oħra internazzjonali wara li wżaw plejers fuq l-età massima għal-logħbiet ta' kwalifikazzjoni tat-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol ta' taħt l-20 sena|Tazza tad-Dinja taż-Żgħażagħ]] tal-1989. L-iskandlu kien magħruf bħala ''Cachirules'' u l-iskwalifika applikat għat-timijiet Messikani ta' kull livell f'kull kompetizzjoni organizzata mill-FIFA għal sentejn.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |titlu=Mexico Given Ban In Soccer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/01/sports/mexico-given-ban-in-soccer.html |pubblikatur=The New York Times |data=1988-07-01 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rekords individwali ==
:''Aġġornati sal-5 ta' Ġunju 2022.''&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/mex-recintlp.html#app |titlu=Appearances for Mexico National Team |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |isem=Roberto |kunjom=Mamrud |data=2022-08-12 |lingwa=Ingliż }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== L-aktar preżenzi ===
[[Stampa:Claudio Suarez.jpg|180px|thumb|right|[[Claudio Suárez]] huwa l-aktar plejer li lagħab bil-flokk tal-Messiku b'177 logħba.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;30&quot; |Poż.
! style=&quot;width:150px;&quot;|Plejer
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Preżenzi
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Gowls
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Karriera
|-
|1
|align=left|[[Claudio Suárez]]
|177
|7
|1992–2006
|-
|2
|align=left|[[Andrés Guardado]]
|175
|28
|2005–
|-
|3
|align=left|[[Rafael Márquez]]
|147
|17
|1997–2018
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 4
|align=left|[[Pável Pardo]]
|146
|11
|1996–2009
|-
|align=left|[[Gerardo Torrado]]
|146
|6
|1999–2013
|-
|6
|align=left|[[Jorge Campos]]
|130
|0
|1991–2004
|-
|7
|align=left|[[Guillermo Ochoa]]
|129
|0
|2005–
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 8
|align=left|[[Carlos Salcido]]
|124
|10
|2004–2014
|-
|align=left|[[Héctor Moreno]]
|124
|5
|2007–
|-
|10
|align=left|[[Ramón Ramírez]]
|121
|15
|1991–2000
|-
|}

=== L-aqwa skorers ===
[[Stampa:Mex-Kor (31).jpg|180px|thumb|right|[[Javier Hernández Balcázar|Javier Hernández]] huwa l-aqwa skorer fl-istorja tal-Messiku bi 52 gowl.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;30&quot; |Poż.
! style=&quot;width:150px;&quot;|Plejer
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Gowls
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Preżenzi
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Karriera
|-
|1
|align=left|[[Javier Hernández Balcázar|Javier Hernández]]
|52
|109
|2009–
|-
|2
|align=left|[[Jared Borgetti]]
|46
|89
|1997–2008
|-
|3
|align=left|[[Cuauhtémoc Blanco]]
|38
|120
|1995–2014
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|4
|align=left|[[Luis Hernández]]
|35
|85
|1995–2002
|-
|align=left|[[Carlos Hermosillo]]
|35
|90
|1984–1997
|-
|6
|align=left|[[Enrique Borja]]
|31
|65
|1966–1975
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|7
|align=left|[[Luís Roberto Alves]]
|30
|84
|1988–2001
|-
|align=left|[[Raúl Jiménez]]
|30
|97
|2013–
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|8
|align=left|[[Hugo Sánchez]]
|29
|58
|1977–1998
|-
|align=left|[[Luis Flores Ocaranza|Luis Flores]]
|29
|62
|1983–1993
|-
|align=left|[[Luis García Postigo|Luis García]]
|29
|78
|1991–1999
|}

== Rekord kompetittiv ==

=== Tazza tad-Dinja ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Sena
!Fażi
!Pożizzjoni
!L
!R
!D
!T
!GF
!GK
|-
|{{flagicon|Urugwaj}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|1930]]
|Fażi tal-gruppi
|13
|3
|0
|0
|3
|4
|13
|-
|{{flagicon|Italja|1861}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1934|1934]]
|colspan=9|''Ma kkwalifikawx''
|-
|{{flagicon|Franza|1794}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1938|1938]]
|colspan=9|''Irtiraw''
|-
|{{flagicon|Brażil|1889}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1950|1950]]
|rowspan=5| Fażi tal-gruppi
|12
|3
|0
|0
|3
|2
|10
|-
|{{flagicon|Żvizzera}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1954|1954]]
|13
|2
|0
|0
|2
|2
|8
|-
|{{flagicon|Żvezja}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1958|1958]]
|16
|3
|0
|1
|2
|1
|8
|-
|{{flagicon|Ċili}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1962|1962]]
|11
|3
|1
|0
|2
|3
|4
|-
|{{flagicon|Ingilterra}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1966|1966]]
|12
|3
|0
|2
|1
|1
|3
|-
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Messiku}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1970|1970]]
|Kwarti tal-finali
|6
|4
|2
|1
|1
|6
|4
|-
|{{flagicon|Ġermanja tal-Punent}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1974|1974]]
|colspan=9|''Ma kkwalifikawx''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arġentina}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1978|1978]]
|Fażi tal-gruppi
|16
|3
|0
|0
|3
|2
|12
|-
|{{flagicon|Spanja}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1982|1982]]
|colspan=9|''Ma kkwalifikawx''
|-
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Messiku}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1986|1986]]
|Kwarti tal-finali
|6
|5
|3
|2
|0
|6
|2
|-
|{{flagicon|Italja|1946}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1990|1990]]
|colspan=9|''[[Cachirules|Ipprojbiti]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1994|1994]]
|rowspan=7| L-aħħar sittax
|13
|4
|1
|2
|1
|4
|4
|-
|{{flagicon|Franza|1974}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1998|1998]]
|13
|4
|1
|2
|1
|8
|7
|-
|{{flagicon|Korea t'Isfel|1997}} {{flagicon|Ġappun}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2002|2002]]
|11
|4
|2
|1
|1
|4
|4
|-
|{{flagicon|Ġermanja}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2006|2006]]
|15
|4
|1
|1
|2
|5
|5
|-
|{{flagicon|Afrika t'Isfel}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2010|2010]]
|14
|4
|1
|1
|2
|4
|5
|-
|{{flagicon|Brażil}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2014|2014]]
|10
|4
|2
|1
|1
|5
|3
|-
|{{flagicon|Russja}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2018|2018]]
|12
|4
|2
|0
|2
|3
|6
|-
|{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2022|2022]]
|colspan=9|''Ikkwalifikaw''
|-
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Kanada}} {{flagicon|Messiku}} {{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2026|2026]]
|colspan=9|''Ikkwalifikaw bħala ospitu''
|-
!Total
!Kwarti tal-finali
!17/22
!57
!16
!14
!27
!60
!98
|}

=== CONCACAF Gold Cup ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Sena
!Fażi
!Pożizzjoni
!L
!R
!D
!T
!GF
!GK
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|SLV}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1963|1963]]
|Fażi tal-gruppi
|7
|3
|1
|1
|1
|9
|2 
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Gwatemala}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1965|1965]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''5'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''13'''
|'''2'''
|-bgcolor=silver
|{{flagicon|Ħonduras|1949}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1967|1967]]
|'''Finalisti telliefa'''
|'''2'''
|'''5'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
|'''10'''
|'''1'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|{{flagicon|Kosta Rika}} [[1969 CONCACAF Championship|1969]]
|'''Ir-raba' post'''
|'''4'''
|5
|1
|2
|2
|4
|5
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Trinidad u Tobago}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1971|1971]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''5'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''6'''
|'''1'''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;
|{{flagicon|Ħaiti|1964}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1973|1973]]
|'''It-tielet post'''
|'''3'''
|5
|2
|2
|1
|10
|5
|-bgcolor=gold
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Messiku}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1977|1977]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''5'''
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''20'''
|'''5'''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;
|{{flagicon|Ħonduras|1949}} [[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1981|1981]]
|'''It-tielet post'''
|'''3'''
|5
|1
|3
|1
|6
|3
|-
|[[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1985|1985]]
|colspan=8|''Irtiraw biex jospitaw it-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1986]]''
|-
|[[Kampjonat CONCACAF 1989|1989]]
|colspan=8|''[[Cachirules|Ipprojbiti]]''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991|1991]]
|'''It-tielet post'''
|'''3'''
|5
|3
|1
|1
|10
|5
|-bgcolor=gold
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;|{{flagicon|Messiku}} {{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 1993|1993]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''5'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''28'''
|'''2'''
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 1996|1996]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''9'''
|'''0'''
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 1998|1998]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''8'''
|'''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2000|2000]]
|rowspan=2|Kwarti tal-finali
|7
|3
|1
|1
|1
|6
|3
|-
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2002|2002]]
|5
|3
|2
|1
|0
|4
|1
|-bgcolor=gold
|style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot;| {{flagicon|Messiku}} {{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2003|2003]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''5'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''9'''
|'''0'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2005|2005]]
|Kwarti tal-finali
|6
|4
|2
|0
|2
|7
|4
|-bgcolor=silver
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2007|2007]]
|'''Finalisti telliefa'''
|'''2'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''2'''
|'''7'''
|'''5'''
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2009|2009]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''15'''
|'''2'''
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2011|2011]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''6'''
|'''6'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''22'''
|'''4'''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2013|2013]]
|Semifinali
|'''3'''
|5
|3
|0
|2
|8
|5
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Kanada}} {{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2015|2015]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''16'''
|'''6'''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2017|2017]]
|Semifinali
|'''3'''
|5
|3
|1
|1
|6
|2
|-bgcolor=gold
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} {{flagicon|Kosta Rika}} {{flagicon|Ġamajka}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2019|2019]]
|'''Rebbieħa'''
|'''1'''
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''16'''
|'''4'''
|-bgcolor=silver
|{{flagicon|Stati Uniti}} [[CONCACAF Gold Cup 2021|2021]]
|'''Finalisti telliefa'''
|'''2'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''9'''
|'''2'''
|-
!Total
!11-il titlu
!24/26
!117
!80
!21
!16
!258
!71
|}

== Referenzi ==
{{referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{Sit uffiċjali}}
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mex-intres.html Arkivju tar-riżultati] fuq RSSSF

[[Kategorija:Timijiet nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Amerika ta' Fuq|Messiku]]
[[Kategorija:Futbol fil-Messiku]]</text>
      <sha1>ddul03jzauoug7kuz7kwchbt45b5t71</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chilehaus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279688</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kontenut, stampi, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4151" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|daqsminuri|Iċ-Chilehaus.]]
Iċ-'''Chilehaus''' (pronunzja: [ˈt͡ʃiː.lə.haʊ̯s], litteralment &quot;Dar taċ-[[Ċili|Ċilì]]&quot;) hija binja tal-uffiċini għolja għaxar sulari f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]]. Tinsab fid-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus, iċ-ċentru storiku tal-belt. Hija eżempju eċċezzjonali tal-istil arkitettoniku tal-[[Espressjoniżmu]] bil-Brikks tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20. Din il-binja angolari għandha erja ta' madwar 6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1.5 akru), tul it-triq Fischertwiete f'Amburgu. Ġiet iddisinjata mill-[[arkitett]] Ġermaniż [[Fritz Höger]] u tlestiet fl-1924.

== Disinn ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Chilehaus Innenhof.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|241x241px|Ħarsa 'l fuq mill-bitħa taċ-Chilehaus.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus hija famuża għall-għamla tagħha fuq in-naħa ta' fuq, li qisha pruwa ta' vapur, u għall-faċċati, li jiltaqgħu ma' xulxin f'angolu ppuntat ħafna fil-kantuniera ta' Pumpenstrasse u ta' ''Niedernstrasse''. L-aqwa veduta tal-binja [[Moderniżmu|Modernista]] hija mil-Lvant. Dan minħabba li jiġu aċċentwati l-elementi vertikali, is-sulari ta' fuq fissi fihom, kif ukoll il-faċċata kurva f'Pumpenstrasse. Minkejja d-daqs enormi tagħha, il-binja xorta waħda tagħti sensazzjoni ta' sottilezza.

Il-binja għandha qafas tal-konkos rinfurzat u nbniet bl-użu ta' 4.8 miljun brikksa skura ta' Oldenburg.&lt;ref&gt;Thiel-Siling, Sabine (ed.): ''Icons of Architecture'', Prestel, 1998, ISBN 3-7913-3398-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-binja nbniet fuq superfiċe diffiċli ħafna, għaldaqstant sabiex ikollha stabbiltà kien meħtieġ li tinbena fuq pilastri tal-konkos rinfurzat fondi 16-il metru.

Minħabba l-qrubija tal-binja għax-xmara Elbe, kienet meħtieġ kantina ssiġillata b'mod speċjali. Barra minn hekk, it-tagħmir tat-tisħin inbena f'qisha kaxxa li tista' tibqa' f'wiċċ l-ilma fi ħdan il-binja stess; b'hekk it-tagħmir ma jkollux ħsara f'każ ta' għargħar.

L-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] fit-taraġ u mal-faċċata nħadmu mill-iskultur [[Richard Kuöhl]].

Il-binja kellha żewġ settijiet ta' liftijiet tat-tip ''paternoster'' qabel ma ġiet immodernizzata fl-1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFfEtXLbKVQ&amp;ab_channel=UpliftingPostTower|titlu=On the trails of the paternoster - Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany. YouTube.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Hh-chilehaus-det1.jpg|daqsminuri|Uħud mill-iskulturi tal-binja.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus ġiet iddisinjata mill-arkitett Fritz Höger u nbniet bejn l-1922 u l-1924. Ġiet ikkummissjonata mill-imprenditur tat-trasport tal-merkanzija [[Henry B. Sloman]], li sar sinjurun permezz tal-kummerċ tan-nitrat tal-potassju miċ-Ċilì. L-isem tal-binja ġej proprju minn hemm. Diffiċli li jiġi stabbilit kemm swiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-binja, peress li ċ-Chilehaus inbniet matul il-perjodu tal-iperinflazzjoni li affettwat lill-Ġermanja fil-bidu tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20, iżda huwa stmat li b'kollox ammontat għal iktar minn 10 miljun reichsmark. Attwalment hija l-proprjetà tal-kumpanija tal-beni immobbli Ġermaniża Union Investment Real Estate AG. Is-sit ta' Amburgu tal-Instituto Cervantes huwa wieħed mill-kerrejja tal-binja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://hamburgo.cervantes.es/es/default.shtm|titlu=Instituto Cervantes de Hamburgo: aprender español y vivir cultura en español en Hamburgo.|sit=hamburgo.cervantes.es|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==</text>
      <sha1>20wemg4mxjhy7rgdupngubmaxkb5qd6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279689</id>
      <parentid>279688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:23:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4187" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|daqsminuri|Iċ-Chilehaus.]]
Iċ-'''Chilehaus''' (pronunzja: [ˈt͡ʃiː.lə.haʊ̯s], litteralment &quot;Dar taċ-[[Ċili|Ċilì]]&quot;) hija binja tal-uffiċini għolja għaxar sulari f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]]. Tinsab fid-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus, iċ-ċentru storiku tal-belt. Hija eżempju eċċezzjonali tal-istil arkitettoniku tal-[[Espressjoniżmu]] bil-Brikks tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20. Din il-binja angolari għandha erja ta' madwar 6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1.5 akru), tul it-triq Fischertwiete f'Amburgu. Ġiet iddisinjata mill-[[arkitett]] Ġermaniż [[Fritz Höger]] u tlestiet fl-1924.

== Disinn ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Chilehaus Innenhof.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|241x241px|Ħarsa 'l fuq mill-bitħa taċ-Chilehaus.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus hija famuża għall-għamla tagħha fuq in-naħa ta' fuq, li qisha pruwa ta' vapur, u għall-faċċati, li jiltaqgħu ma' xulxin f'angolu ppuntat ħafna fil-kantuniera ta' Pumpenstrasse u ta' ''Niedernstrasse''. L-aqwa veduta tal-binja [[Moderniżmu|Modernista]] hija mil-Lvant. Dan minħabba li jiġu aċċentwati l-elementi vertikali, is-sulari ta' fuq fissi fihom, kif ukoll il-faċċata kurva f'Pumpenstrasse. Minkejja d-daqs enormi tagħha, il-binja xorta waħda tagħti sensazzjoni ta' sottilezza.

Il-binja għandha qafas tal-konkos rinfurzat u nbniet bl-użu ta' 4.8 miljun brikksa skura ta' Oldenburg.&lt;ref&gt;Thiel-Siling, Sabine (ed.): ''Icons of Architecture'', Prestel, 1998, ISBN 3-7913-3398-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-binja nbniet fuq superfiċe diffiċli ħafna, għaldaqstant sabiex ikollha stabbiltà kien meħtieġ li tinbena fuq pilastri tal-konkos rinfurzat fondi 16-il metru.

Minħabba l-qrubija tal-binja għax-xmara Elbe, kienet meħtieġ kantina ssiġillata b'mod speċjali. Barra minn hekk, it-tagħmir tat-tisħin inbena f'qisha kaxxa li tista' tibqa' f'wiċċ l-ilma fi ħdan il-binja stess; b'hekk it-tagħmir ma jkollux ħsara f'każ ta' għargħar.

L-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] fit-taraġ u mal-faċċata nħadmu mill-iskultur [[Richard Kuöhl]].

Il-binja kellha żewġ settijiet ta' liftijiet tat-tip ''paternoster'' qabel ma ġiet immodernizzata fl-1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFfEtXLbKVQ&amp;ab_channel=UpliftingPostTower|titlu=On the trails of the paternoster - Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany. YouTube.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Hh-chilehaus-det1.jpg|daqsminuri|Uħud mill-iskulturi tal-binja.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus ġiet iddisinjata mill-arkitett Fritz Höger u nbniet bejn l-1922 u l-1924. Ġiet ikkummissjonata mill-imprenditur tat-trasport tal-merkanzija [[Henry B. Sloman]], li sar sinjurun permezz tal-kummerċ tan-nitrat tal-potassju miċ-Ċilì. L-isem tal-binja ġej proprju minn hemm. Diffiċli li jiġi stabbilit kemm swiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-binja, peress li ċ-Chilehaus inbniet matul il-perjodu tal-iperinflazzjoni li affettwat lill-Ġermanja fil-bidu tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20, iżda huwa stmat li b'kollox ammontat għal iktar minn 10 miljun reichsmark. Attwalment hija l-proprjetà tal-kumpanija tal-beni immobbli Ġermaniża Union Investment Real Estate AG. Is-sit ta' Amburgu tal-Instituto Cervantes huwa wieħed mill-kerrejja tal-binja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://hamburgo.cervantes.es/es/default.shtm|titlu=Instituto Cervantes de Hamburgo: aprender español y vivir cultura en español en Hamburgo.|sit=hamburgo.cervantes.es|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]</text>
      <sha1>ho0elj5gxqsucpmc7dk7z1b31qoeucr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279691</id>
      <parentid>279689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:23:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Arkitettura urbana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4221" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|daqsminuri|Iċ-Chilehaus.]]
Iċ-'''Chilehaus''' (pronunzja: [ˈt͡ʃiː.lə.haʊ̯s], litteralment &quot;Dar taċ-[[Ċili|Ċilì]]&quot;) hija binja tal-uffiċini għolja għaxar sulari f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]]. Tinsab fid-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus, iċ-ċentru storiku tal-belt. Hija eżempju eċċezzjonali tal-istil arkitettoniku tal-[[Espressjoniżmu]] bil-Brikks tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20. Din il-binja angolari għandha erja ta' madwar 6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1.5 akru), tul it-triq Fischertwiete f'Amburgu. Ġiet iddisinjata mill-[[arkitett]] Ġermaniż [[Fritz Höger]] u tlestiet fl-1924.

== Disinn ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Chilehaus Innenhof.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|241x241px|Ħarsa 'l fuq mill-bitħa taċ-Chilehaus.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus hija famuża għall-għamla tagħha fuq in-naħa ta' fuq, li qisha pruwa ta' vapur, u għall-faċċati, li jiltaqgħu ma' xulxin f'angolu ppuntat ħafna fil-kantuniera ta' Pumpenstrasse u ta' ''Niedernstrasse''. L-aqwa veduta tal-binja [[Moderniżmu|Modernista]] hija mil-Lvant. Dan minħabba li jiġu aċċentwati l-elementi vertikali, is-sulari ta' fuq fissi fihom, kif ukoll il-faċċata kurva f'Pumpenstrasse. Minkejja d-daqs enormi tagħha, il-binja xorta waħda tagħti sensazzjoni ta' sottilezza.

Il-binja għandha qafas tal-konkos rinfurzat u nbniet bl-użu ta' 4.8 miljun brikksa skura ta' Oldenburg.&lt;ref&gt;Thiel-Siling, Sabine (ed.): ''Icons of Architecture'', Prestel, 1998, ISBN 3-7913-3398-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-binja nbniet fuq superfiċe diffiċli ħafna, għaldaqstant sabiex ikollha stabbiltà kien meħtieġ li tinbena fuq pilastri tal-konkos rinfurzat fondi 16-il metru.

Minħabba l-qrubija tal-binja għax-xmara Elbe, kienet meħtieġ kantina ssiġillata b'mod speċjali. Barra minn hekk, it-tagħmir tat-tisħin inbena f'qisha kaxxa li tista' tibqa' f'wiċċ l-ilma fi ħdan il-binja stess; b'hekk it-tagħmir ma jkollux ħsara f'każ ta' għargħar.

L-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] fit-taraġ u mal-faċċata nħadmu mill-iskultur [[Richard Kuöhl]].

Il-binja kellha żewġ settijiet ta' liftijiet tat-tip ''paternoster'' qabel ma ġiet immodernizzata fl-1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFfEtXLbKVQ&amp;ab_channel=UpliftingPostTower|titlu=On the trails of the paternoster - Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany. YouTube.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Hh-chilehaus-det1.jpg|daqsminuri|Uħud mill-iskulturi tal-binja.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus ġiet iddisinjata mill-arkitett Fritz Höger u nbniet bejn l-1922 u l-1924. Ġiet ikkummissjonata mill-imprenditur tat-trasport tal-merkanzija [[Henry B. Sloman]], li sar sinjurun permezz tal-kummerċ tan-nitrat tal-potassju miċ-Ċilì. L-isem tal-binja ġej proprju minn hemm. Diffiċli li jiġi stabbilit kemm swiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-binja, peress li ċ-Chilehaus inbniet matul il-perjodu tal-iperinflazzjoni li affettwat lill-Ġermanja fil-bidu tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20, iżda huwa stmat li b'kollox ammontat għal iktar minn 10 miljun reichsmark. Attwalment hija l-proprjetà tal-kumpanija tal-beni immobbli Ġermaniża Union Investment Real Estate AG. Is-sit ta' Amburgu tal-Instituto Cervantes huwa wieħed mill-kerrejja tal-binja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://hamburgo.cervantes.es/es/default.shtm|titlu=Instituto Cervantes de Hamburgo: aprender español y vivir cultura en español en Hamburgo.|sit=hamburgo.cervantes.es|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]]</text>
      <sha1>qv9pmss5v856rj87tprv6pdgki2tjnx</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>279694</id>
      <parentid>279691</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Sit ta' Wirt Dinji */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4225" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|daqsminuri|Iċ-Chilehaus.]]
Iċ-'''Chilehaus''' (pronunzja: [ˈt͡ʃiː.lə.haʊ̯s], litteralment &quot;Dar taċ-[[Ċili|Ċilì]]&quot;) hija binja tal-uffiċini għolja għaxar sulari f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]]. Tinsab fid-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus, iċ-ċentru storiku tal-belt. Hija eżempju eċċezzjonali tal-istil arkitettoniku tal-[[Espressjoniżmu]] bil-Brikks tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20. Din il-binja angolari għandha erja ta' madwar 6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1.5 akru), tul it-triq Fischertwiete f'Amburgu. Ġiet iddisinjata mill-[[arkitett]] Ġermaniż [[Fritz Höger]] u tlestiet fl-1924.

== Disinn ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Chilehaus Innenhof.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|241x241px|Ħarsa 'l fuq mill-bitħa taċ-Chilehaus.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus hija famuża għall-għamla tagħha fuq in-naħa ta' fuq, li qisha pruwa ta' vapur, u għall-faċċati, li jiltaqgħu ma' xulxin f'angolu ppuntat ħafna fil-kantuniera ta' Pumpenstrasse u ta' ''Niedernstrasse''. L-aqwa veduta tal-binja [[Moderniżmu|Modernista]] hija mil-Lvant. Dan minħabba li jiġu aċċentwati l-elementi vertikali, is-sulari ta' fuq fissi fihom, kif ukoll il-faċċata kurva f'Pumpenstrasse. Minkejja d-daqs enormi tagħha, il-binja xorta waħda tagħti sensazzjoni ta' sottilezza.

Il-binja għandha qafas tal-konkos rinfurzat u nbniet bl-użu ta' 4.8 miljun brikksa skura ta' Oldenburg.&lt;ref&gt;Thiel-Siling, Sabine (ed.): ''Icons of Architecture'', Prestel, 1998, ISBN 3-7913-3398-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-binja nbniet fuq superfiċe diffiċli ħafna, għaldaqstant sabiex ikollha stabbiltà kien meħtieġ li tinbena fuq pilastri tal-konkos rinfurzat fondi 16-il metru.

Minħabba l-qrubija tal-binja għax-xmara Elbe, kienet meħtieġ kantina ssiġillata b'mod speċjali. Barra minn hekk, it-tagħmir tat-tisħin inbena f'qisha kaxxa li tista' tibqa' f'wiċċ l-ilma fi ħdan il-binja stess; b'hekk it-tagħmir ma jkollux ħsara f'każ ta' għargħar.

L-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] fit-taraġ u mal-faċċata nħadmu mill-iskultur [[Richard Kuöhl]].

Il-binja kellha żewġ settijiet ta' liftijiet tat-tip ''paternoster'' qabel ma ġiet immodernizzata fl-1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFfEtXLbKVQ&amp;ab_channel=UpliftingPostTower|titlu=On the trails of the paternoster - Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany. YouTube.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Hh-chilehaus-det1.jpg|daqsminuri|Uħud mill-iskulturi tal-binja.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus ġiet iddisinjata mill-arkitett Fritz Höger u nbniet bejn l-1922 u l-1924. Ġiet ikkummissjonata mill-imprenditur tat-trasport tal-merkanzija [[Henry B. Sloman]], li sar sinjurun permezz tal-kummerċ tan-nitrat tal-potassju miċ-Ċilì. L-isem tal-binja ġej proprju minn hemm. Diffiċli li jiġi stabbilit kemm swiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-binja, peress li ċ-Chilehaus inbniet matul il-perjodu tal-iperinflazzjoni li affettwat lill-Ġermanja fil-bidu tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20, iżda huwa stmat li b'kollox ammontat għal iktar minn 10 miljun reichsmark. Attwalment hija l-proprjetà tal-kumpanija tal-beni immobbli Ġermaniża Union Investment Real Estate AG. Is-sit ta' Amburgu tal-Instituto Cervantes huwa wieħed mill-kerrejja tal-binja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://hamburgo.cervantes.es/es/default.shtm|titlu=Instituto Cervantes de Hamburgo: aprender español y vivir cultura en español en Hamburgo.|sit=hamburgo.cervantes.es|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
L-i[[Speicherstadt]] u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]]</text>
      <sha1>6v7zp5fd44tvv5jmddd7c1gllj6sayi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279708</id>
      <parentid>279694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Ġermanja]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4250" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|daqsminuri|Iċ-Chilehaus.]]
Iċ-'''Chilehaus''' (pronunzja: [ˈt͡ʃiː.lə.haʊ̯s], litteralment &quot;Dar taċ-[[Ċili|Ċilì]]&quot;) hija binja tal-uffiċini għolja għaxar sulari f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]]. Tinsab fid-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus, iċ-ċentru storiku tal-belt. Hija eżempju eċċezzjonali tal-istil arkitettoniku tal-[[Espressjoniżmu]] bil-Brikks tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20. Din il-binja angolari għandha erja ta' madwar 6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1.5 akru), tul it-triq Fischertwiete f'Amburgu. Ġiet iddisinjata mill-[[arkitett]] Ġermaniż [[Fritz Höger]] u tlestiet fl-1924.

== Disinn ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Chilehaus Innenhof.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|241x241px|Ħarsa 'l fuq mill-bitħa taċ-Chilehaus.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus hija famuża għall-għamla tagħha fuq in-naħa ta' fuq, li qisha pruwa ta' vapur, u għall-faċċati, li jiltaqgħu ma' xulxin f'angolu ppuntat ħafna fil-kantuniera ta' Pumpenstrasse u ta' ''Niedernstrasse''. L-aqwa veduta tal-binja [[Moderniżmu|Modernista]] hija mil-Lvant. Dan minħabba li jiġu aċċentwati l-elementi vertikali, is-sulari ta' fuq fissi fihom, kif ukoll il-faċċata kurva f'Pumpenstrasse. Minkejja d-daqs enormi tagħha, il-binja xorta waħda tagħti sensazzjoni ta' sottilezza.

Il-binja għandha qafas tal-konkos rinfurzat u nbniet bl-użu ta' 4.8 miljun brikksa skura ta' Oldenburg.&lt;ref&gt;Thiel-Siling, Sabine (ed.): ''Icons of Architecture'', Prestel, 1998, ISBN 3-7913-3398-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-binja nbniet fuq superfiċe diffiċli ħafna, għaldaqstant sabiex ikollha stabbiltà kien meħtieġ li tinbena fuq pilastri tal-konkos rinfurzat fondi 16-il metru.

Minħabba l-qrubija tal-binja għax-xmara Elbe, kienet meħtieġ kantina ssiġillata b'mod speċjali. Barra minn hekk, it-tagħmir tat-tisħin inbena f'qisha kaxxa li tista' tibqa' f'wiċċ l-ilma fi ħdan il-binja stess; b'hekk it-tagħmir ma jkollux ħsara f'każ ta' għargħar.

L-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] fit-taraġ u mal-faċċata nħadmu mill-iskultur [[Richard Kuöhl]].

Il-binja kellha żewġ settijiet ta' liftijiet tat-tip ''paternoster'' qabel ma ġiet immodernizzata fl-1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFfEtXLbKVQ&amp;ab_channel=UpliftingPostTower|titlu=On the trails of the paternoster - Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany. YouTube.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Hh-chilehaus-det1.jpg|daqsminuri|Uħud mill-iskulturi tal-binja.]]
Il-binja taċ-Chilehaus ġiet iddisinjata mill-arkitett Fritz Höger u nbniet bejn l-1922 u l-1924. Ġiet ikkummissjonata mill-imprenditur tat-trasport tal-merkanzija [[Henry B. Sloman]], li sar sinjurun permezz tal-kummerċ tan-nitrat tal-potassju miċ-Ċilì. L-isem tal-binja ġej proprju minn hemm. Diffiċli li jiġi stabbilit kemm swiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-binja, peress li ċ-Chilehaus inbniet matul il-perjodu tal-iperinflazzjoni li affettwat lill-Ġermanja fil-bidu tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 20, iżda huwa stmat li b'kollox ammontat għal iktar minn 10 miljun reichsmark. Attwalment hija l-proprjetà tal-kumpanija tal-beni immobbli Ġermaniża Union Investment Real Estate AG. Is-sit ta' Amburgu tal-Instituto Cervantes huwa wieħed mill-kerrejja tal-binja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://hamburgo.cervantes.es/es/default.shtm|titlu=Instituto Cervantes de Hamburgo: aprender español y vivir cultura en español en Hamburgo.|sit=hamburgo.cervantes.es|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
L-i[[Speicherstadt]] u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]]
[[Kategorija:Ġermanja]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Diskussjoni:Lega Anżejatika</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bidla fl-isem tal-Artiklu */ sezzjoni ġdida</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="258" xml:space="preserve">== Bidla fl-isem tal-Artiklu ==

Abbażi ta' artikli u referenzi oħra, nissuġġerixxi li l-ortografija tat-titlu tan-nebbieta jinbidel għal Lega Anseatika. X'taħsbu? [[Utent:Trigcly|Trigcly]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Trigcly|d]]) 14:56, 24 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Speicherstadt</title>
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    <id>28914</id>
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      <id>279703</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:50:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kontenut, stampi, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8889" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|daqsminuri|263x263px|L-iSpeicherstadt billejl.]]
L-i'''Speicherstadt''' (pronunzja bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: [ˈʃpaɪ̯çɐˌʃtat], litteralment &quot;Belt tal-Imħażen&quot;, li tfisser distrett tal-imħażen) f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]], huwa l-ikbar distrett tal-imħażen fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], fejn il-binjiet iserrħu fuq pedamenti magħmula minn puntali tal-[[injam]]; f'dan il-każ partikolari puntali magħmula minn zkuk tal-ballut. Jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu — fi ħdan il-kwartier ta' HafenCity — u nbena mill-1883 sal-1927.

Id-distrett inbena bħala żona ħielsa fejn setgħu jiġu ttrasferiti l-oġġetti tal-merkanzija mingħajr il-ħlas tad-dwana. Fl-2009 kemm id-distrett kif ukoll l-inħawi tal-madwar ġew żviluppati mill-ġdid. Fil-5 ta' Lulju 2015, dan id-distrett flimkien ma' dak ta' Kontorhaus saru l-ewwel Sit ta' Wirt Dinji f'Amburgu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
L-iSpeicherstadt jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu. Huwa twil 1.5 kilometru (0.93 mili) u fi ħdanu hemm network sħiħ ta' kanali tal-ħatt.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4706.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Veduta tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-ajru min-naħa tal-Lvant.]]
Mill-1815, il-belt indipendenti u sovrana ta' Amburgu kienet membru tal-Konfederazzjoni Ġermaniża — l-assoċjazzjoni ta' stati [[Ewropa Ċentrali|Ewropej Ċentrali]] li nħolqot bil-Kungress ta' [[Vjenna]] —iżda ma kinitx membru tal-Unjoni Ġermaniża tad-Dwana.&lt;ref&gt;Planung und Finanzierung der Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Frank M. Hinz; LIT Verlag Münster, 2000; p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara l-Gwerra bejn l-[[Awstrija]] u l-[[Prussja]] li stabbiliet l-eġemonija Prussjana fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġermanja, Amburgu kienet obbligata tingħaqad mal-Federazzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana. Madankollu kisbet id-dritt għal deroga skont l-Artikolu 34 tal-kostituzzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana, li kienet tiddikjara li Amburgu u stati [[Lega Anżejatika|Anseatiċi]] oħra setgħu jibqgħu jkunu portijiet ħielsa 'l barra mill-fruntiera tad-dwana komunitarja sakemm japplikaw għall-inklużjoni. L-Artikolu 34 ġie traspost ukoll fil-kostituzzjoni imperjali tal-1871, meta l-istati Ġermaniżi tan-Nofsinhar issieħbu fil-federazzjoni. Madankollu, Amburgu għaddiet minn ħafna pressjoni minn [[Berlin]] biex tissieħeb fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana wara l-1879, meta t-tariffa esterna ta' din tal-aħħar żdiedet ferm. Fl-1881 ġie ffirmat ftehim bejn il-Ministru għall-Finanzi Prussjan [[Karl Hermann Bitter]] u s-Segretarju Statali tat-Teżor Imperjali, fuq naħa, u s-Senaturi Plenipotenzjarji ta' Amburgu Versmann u O'Swald, u l-mibgħut tal-istati Anseatiċi f'Berlin, Dr. Krüger, fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Amburgu ssieħbet fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana bit-territorju kollu tagħha, għajr distrett ta' port ħieles permanenti speċifikat fil-ftehim. Għal dan id-distrett, l-Artikolu 34 japplika xorta waħda, u għaldaqstant il-libertajiet ta' dak id-distrett ma setgħux jiġu aboliti jew ristretti mingħajr l-approvazzjoni ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Hamburg and the Freeport - Economy and Society 1888–1914, Peter Borowsky, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, 2005; p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Zollanschluß&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. p. 538. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Speicherstadt 2008b.JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-brikks ħomor ta' maħżen tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
Fl-1883, sabiex jiġi lliberat l-ispazju għaż-żona l-ġdida tal-port, beda t-twaqqigħ taż-żona ta' ''Kehrwieder'' u ta' ''Wandrahm'' u iżjed minn 20,000 ruħ kellhom jiġu rilokati. Il-kostruzzjoni tlestiet qabel il-bidu tal-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], ġestita mill-''Freihafen-Lagerhaus-Gesellschaft'' (il-predeċessur tal-Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG), li kien responsabbli wkoll għall-operazzjoni sussegwenti.

Wara l-qerda ta' madwar nofs il-binjiet fl-Operazzjoni Gomorra mill-bumbardamenti matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], ir-rikostruzzjoni konservattiva ntemmet fl-1967, filwaqt li ċ-Ċentru Kummerċjali Anseatiku issa jokkupa s-siti tal-istrutturi li nqerdu għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/4056088/data/download-konzept.pdf|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg Entwicklungskonzept (bil-Ġermaniż). Hamburg Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1991 l-iSpeicherstadt ġie elenkat bħala wirt protett ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Speicherstadt&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. pp. 444–445. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-2008 sar parti mill-kwartier magħruf bħala ''HafenCity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/el5RQ|titlu=Ein Service von Hamburg und juris|data=2007-08-13|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'tentattiv sabiex iż-żona ta' ġewwa tal-belt terġa' tingħata l-ħajja, il-gvern ta' Amburgu beda jiżviluppa ż-żona tal-kwartier ta' ''HafenCity'', pereżempju permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tas-Sala Filarmonika tal-Elbe.&lt;ref&gt;Jörn Weinhold (2008). Martina Heßler and Clemens Zimmermann (ed.). ''Port Culture: Maritime Entertainment and Urban Revitalisation, 1950–2000''. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. pp. 179–201. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-3-593-38547-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arkitettura ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Speicherstadt 1888 Querschnitt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|563x563px|Veduta trasversali tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-1888.]]
L-imħażen inbnew bi strutturi ta' appoġġ differenti, iżda [[Franz Andreas Meyer]] ħoloq saff ta' barra tal-brikks ħomor bi stil Neo-Gotiku, b'torrijiet żgħar, alkovi, u tiżjin igglejżjat tat-terrakotta. L-imħażen huma binjiet ta' diversi sulari b'daħliet mill-ilma u mill-art. Wieħed mill-eqdem imħażen huwa l-''Kaispeicher B'' li issa jospita l-Mużew Marittimu Internazzjonali.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg.Speicherstadt.panorama.wmt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|560x560px|Veduta panoramika tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Hamburg-090613-0249-DSC 8346-Speicherstadt.jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Il-binja tal-Hafenrathaus (il-Kunsill Muniċipali tal-Port) fl-iSpeicherstadt.]]

== Użu ==
L-iSpeicherstadt huwa attrazzjoni turistika ewlenija tal-belt u hija l-attrazzjoni ċentrali tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-dawriet turistiċi mal-port bid-dgħajjes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hamburg-travel.com/see-explore/maritime-hamburg/seeing-the-speicherstadt/|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg {{!}} Hamburg Tourismus|sit=www.hamburg-travel.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemm diversi [[Mużew|mużewijiet]] bħad-''Deutsches Zollmuseum'' (il-Mużew Ġermaniż tad-Dwana), ''Miniatur Wunderland'' (mudell ta' linja ferrovjarja) u l-Ħabs ta' Hamburg. Il-Mużew [[Afganistan|Afgan]] kien jinsab hawn ukoll iżda għalaq fl-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/15-countries/individual-chapters/196-afghanistan-museum-hamburg|titlu=Afghanistan Museum Hamburg - Dark Tourism - the guide to dark travel destinations around the world|sit=www.dark-tourism.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-binjiet jintużaw ukoll bħala mħażen. Mill-2005, il-kumpaniji fl-iSpeicherstadt ħadu ħsieb terz tal-produzzjoni dinjija tat-twapet, kif ukoll merkanzija oħra bħall-kawkaw, il-kafè, it-te, il-ħwawar, it-tagħmir marittimu u l-elettronika.

== Biblijografija ==

* Batz, M. (2002). &quot;Urbane Light Germany Speicherstadt, Hamburg, the largest historical warehouse complex in the world, has become a softly-glowing night-time panorama&quot;. International Lighting Review (12): 14–19. OCLC 193350885.

* Lawrenz, Dierk; von Borstel, Christiane (2008). Die Hamburger Speicherstadt (bil-Ġermaniż). Freiburg, Br: EK-Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-88255-893-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Meyn, Boris (2003). Die rote Stadt: ein historischer Kriminalroman (bil-Ġermaniż). Reinbek: Rowohlt. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-499-23407-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lange, Ralf; Hampel, Thomas (2004). Speicherstadt und HafenCity: zwischen Tradition und Vision (bil-Ġermaniż). Amburgu: Elbe-und-Flut-Ed., Hampel und Hettchen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-7672-1440-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>279704</id>
      <parentid>279703</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8925" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|daqsminuri|263x263px|L-iSpeicherstadt billejl.]]
L-i'''Speicherstadt''' (pronunzja bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: [ˈʃpaɪ̯çɐˌʃtat], litteralment &quot;Belt tal-Imħażen&quot;, li tfisser distrett tal-imħażen) f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]], huwa l-ikbar distrett tal-imħażen fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], fejn il-binjiet iserrħu fuq pedamenti magħmula minn puntali tal-[[injam]]; f'dan il-każ partikolari puntali magħmula minn zkuk tal-ballut. Jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu — fi ħdan il-kwartier ta' HafenCity — u nbena mill-1883 sal-1927.

Id-distrett inbena bħala żona ħielsa fejn setgħu jiġu ttrasferiti l-oġġetti tal-merkanzija mingħajr il-ħlas tad-dwana. Fl-2009 kemm id-distrett kif ukoll l-inħawi tal-madwar ġew żviluppati mill-ġdid. Fil-5 ta' Lulju 2015, dan id-distrett flimkien ma' dak ta' Kontorhaus saru l-ewwel Sit ta' Wirt Dinji f'Amburgu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
L-iSpeicherstadt jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu. Huwa twil 1.5 kilometru (0.93 mili) u fi ħdanu hemm network sħiħ ta' kanali tal-ħatt.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4706.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Veduta tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-ajru min-naħa tal-Lvant.]]
Mill-1815, il-belt indipendenti u sovrana ta' Amburgu kienet membru tal-Konfederazzjoni Ġermaniża — l-assoċjazzjoni ta' stati [[Ewropa Ċentrali|Ewropej Ċentrali]] li nħolqot bil-Kungress ta' [[Vjenna]] —iżda ma kinitx membru tal-Unjoni Ġermaniża tad-Dwana.&lt;ref&gt;Planung und Finanzierung der Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Frank M. Hinz; LIT Verlag Münster, 2000; p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara l-Gwerra bejn l-[[Awstrija]] u l-[[Prussja]] li stabbiliet l-eġemonija Prussjana fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġermanja, Amburgu kienet obbligata tingħaqad mal-Federazzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana. Madankollu kisbet id-dritt għal deroga skont l-Artikolu 34 tal-kostituzzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana, li kienet tiddikjara li Amburgu u stati [[Lega Anżejatika|Anseatiċi]] oħra setgħu jibqgħu jkunu portijiet ħielsa 'l barra mill-fruntiera tad-dwana komunitarja sakemm japplikaw għall-inklużjoni. L-Artikolu 34 ġie traspost ukoll fil-kostituzzjoni imperjali tal-1871, meta l-istati Ġermaniżi tan-Nofsinhar issieħbu fil-federazzjoni. Madankollu, Amburgu għaddiet minn ħafna pressjoni minn [[Berlin]] biex tissieħeb fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana wara l-1879, meta t-tariffa esterna ta' din tal-aħħar żdiedet ferm. Fl-1881 ġie ffirmat ftehim bejn il-Ministru għall-Finanzi Prussjan [[Karl Hermann Bitter]] u s-Segretarju Statali tat-Teżor Imperjali, fuq naħa, u s-Senaturi Plenipotenzjarji ta' Amburgu Versmann u O'Swald, u l-mibgħut tal-istati Anseatiċi f'Berlin, Dr. Krüger, fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Amburgu ssieħbet fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana bit-territorju kollu tagħha, għajr distrett ta' port ħieles permanenti speċifikat fil-ftehim. Għal dan id-distrett, l-Artikolu 34 japplika xorta waħda, u għaldaqstant il-libertajiet ta' dak id-distrett ma setgħux jiġu aboliti jew ristretti mingħajr l-approvazzjoni ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Hamburg and the Freeport - Economy and Society 1888–1914, Peter Borowsky, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, 2005; p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Zollanschluß&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. p. 538. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Speicherstadt 2008b.JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-brikks ħomor ta' maħżen tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
Fl-1883, sabiex jiġi lliberat l-ispazju għaż-żona l-ġdida tal-port, beda t-twaqqigħ taż-żona ta' ''Kehrwieder'' u ta' ''Wandrahm'' u iżjed minn 20,000 ruħ kellhom jiġu rilokati. Il-kostruzzjoni tlestiet qabel il-bidu tal-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], ġestita mill-''Freihafen-Lagerhaus-Gesellschaft'' (il-predeċessur tal-Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG), li kien responsabbli wkoll għall-operazzjoni sussegwenti.

Wara l-qerda ta' madwar nofs il-binjiet fl-Operazzjoni Gomorra mill-bumbardamenti matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], ir-rikostruzzjoni konservattiva ntemmet fl-1967, filwaqt li ċ-Ċentru Kummerċjali Anseatiku issa jokkupa s-siti tal-istrutturi li nqerdu għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/4056088/data/download-konzept.pdf|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg Entwicklungskonzept (bil-Ġermaniż). Hamburg Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1991 l-iSpeicherstadt ġie elenkat bħala wirt protett ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Speicherstadt&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. pp. 444–445. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-2008 sar parti mill-kwartier magħruf bħala ''HafenCity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/el5RQ|titlu=Ein Service von Hamburg und juris|data=2007-08-13|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'tentattiv sabiex iż-żona ta' ġewwa tal-belt terġa' tingħata l-ħajja, il-gvern ta' Amburgu beda jiżviluppa ż-żona tal-kwartier ta' ''HafenCity'', pereżempju permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tas-Sala Filarmonika tal-Elbe.&lt;ref&gt;Jörn Weinhold (2008). Martina Heßler and Clemens Zimmermann (ed.). ''Port Culture: Maritime Entertainment and Urban Revitalisation, 1950–2000''. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. pp. 179–201. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-3-593-38547-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arkitettura ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Speicherstadt 1888 Querschnitt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|563x563px|Veduta trasversali tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-1888.]]
L-imħażen inbnew bi strutturi ta' appoġġ differenti, iżda [[Franz Andreas Meyer]] ħoloq saff ta' barra tal-brikks ħomor bi stil Neo-Gotiku, b'torrijiet żgħar, alkovi, u tiżjin igglejżjat tat-terrakotta. L-imħażen huma binjiet ta' diversi sulari b'daħliet mill-ilma u mill-art. Wieħed mill-eqdem imħażen huwa l-''Kaispeicher B'' li issa jospita l-Mużew Marittimu Internazzjonali.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg.Speicherstadt.panorama.wmt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|560x560px|Veduta panoramika tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Hamburg-090613-0249-DSC 8346-Speicherstadt.jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Il-binja tal-Hafenrathaus (il-Kunsill Muniċipali tal-Port) fl-iSpeicherstadt.]]

== Użu ==
L-iSpeicherstadt huwa attrazzjoni turistika ewlenija tal-belt u hija l-attrazzjoni ċentrali tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-dawriet turistiċi mal-port bid-dgħajjes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hamburg-travel.com/see-explore/maritime-hamburg/seeing-the-speicherstadt/|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg {{!}} Hamburg Tourismus|sit=www.hamburg-travel.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemm diversi [[Mużew|mużewijiet]] bħad-''Deutsches Zollmuseum'' (il-Mużew Ġermaniż tad-Dwana), ''Miniatur Wunderland'' (mudell ta' linja ferrovjarja) u l-Ħabs ta' Hamburg. Il-Mużew [[Afganistan|Afgan]] kien jinsab hawn ukoll iżda għalaq fl-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/15-countries/individual-chapters/196-afghanistan-museum-hamburg|titlu=Afghanistan Museum Hamburg - Dark Tourism - the guide to dark travel destinations around the world|sit=www.dark-tourism.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-binjiet jintużaw ukoll bħala mħażen. Mill-2005, il-kumpaniji fl-iSpeicherstadt ħadu ħsieb terz tal-produzzjoni dinjija tat-twapet, kif ukoll merkanzija oħra bħall-kawkaw, il-kafè, it-te, il-ħwawar, it-tagħmir marittimu u l-elettronika.

== Biblijografija ==

* Batz, M. (2002). &quot;Urbane Light Germany Speicherstadt, Hamburg, the largest historical warehouse complex in the world, has become a softly-glowing night-time panorama&quot;. International Lighting Review (12): 14–19. OCLC 193350885.

* Lawrenz, Dierk; von Borstel, Christiane (2008). Die Hamburger Speicherstadt (bil-Ġermaniż). Freiburg, Br: EK-Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-88255-893-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Meyn, Boris (2003). Die rote Stadt: ein historischer Kriminalroman (bil-Ġermaniż). Reinbek: Rowohlt. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-499-23407-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lange, Ralf; Hampel, Thomas (2004). Speicherstadt und HafenCity: zwischen Tradition und Vision (bil-Ġermaniż). Amburgu: Elbe-und-Flut-Ed., Hampel und Hettchen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-7672-1440-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>279705</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Ġermanja]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8950" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|daqsminuri|263x263px|L-iSpeicherstadt billejl.]]
L-i'''Speicherstadt''' (pronunzja bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: [ˈʃpaɪ̯çɐˌʃtat], litteralment &quot;Belt tal-Imħażen&quot;, li tfisser distrett tal-imħażen) f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]], huwa l-ikbar distrett tal-imħażen fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], fejn il-binjiet iserrħu fuq pedamenti magħmula minn puntali tal-[[injam]]; f'dan il-każ partikolari puntali magħmula minn zkuk tal-ballut. Jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu — fi ħdan il-kwartier ta' HafenCity — u nbena mill-1883 sal-1927.

Id-distrett inbena bħala żona ħielsa fejn setgħu jiġu ttrasferiti l-oġġetti tal-merkanzija mingħajr il-ħlas tad-dwana. Fl-2009 kemm id-distrett kif ukoll l-inħawi tal-madwar ġew żviluppati mill-ġdid. Fil-5 ta' Lulju 2015, dan id-distrett flimkien ma' dak ta' Kontorhaus saru l-ewwel Sit ta' Wirt Dinji f'Amburgu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
L-iSpeicherstadt jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu. Huwa twil 1.5 kilometru (0.93 mili) u fi ħdanu hemm network sħiħ ta' kanali tal-ħatt.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4706.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Veduta tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-ajru min-naħa tal-Lvant.]]
Mill-1815, il-belt indipendenti u sovrana ta' Amburgu kienet membru tal-Konfederazzjoni Ġermaniża — l-assoċjazzjoni ta' stati [[Ewropa Ċentrali|Ewropej Ċentrali]] li nħolqot bil-Kungress ta' [[Vjenna]] —iżda ma kinitx membru tal-Unjoni Ġermaniża tad-Dwana.&lt;ref&gt;Planung und Finanzierung der Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Frank M. Hinz; LIT Verlag Münster, 2000; p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara l-Gwerra bejn l-[[Awstrija]] u l-[[Prussja]] li stabbiliet l-eġemonija Prussjana fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġermanja, Amburgu kienet obbligata tingħaqad mal-Federazzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana. Madankollu kisbet id-dritt għal deroga skont l-Artikolu 34 tal-kostituzzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana, li kienet tiddikjara li Amburgu u stati [[Lega Anżejatika|Anseatiċi]] oħra setgħu jibqgħu jkunu portijiet ħielsa 'l barra mill-fruntiera tad-dwana komunitarja sakemm japplikaw għall-inklużjoni. L-Artikolu 34 ġie traspost ukoll fil-kostituzzjoni imperjali tal-1871, meta l-istati Ġermaniżi tan-Nofsinhar issieħbu fil-federazzjoni. Madankollu, Amburgu għaddiet minn ħafna pressjoni minn [[Berlin]] biex tissieħeb fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana wara l-1879, meta t-tariffa esterna ta' din tal-aħħar żdiedet ferm. Fl-1881 ġie ffirmat ftehim bejn il-Ministru għall-Finanzi Prussjan [[Karl Hermann Bitter]] u s-Segretarju Statali tat-Teżor Imperjali, fuq naħa, u s-Senaturi Plenipotenzjarji ta' Amburgu Versmann u O'Swald, u l-mibgħut tal-istati Anseatiċi f'Berlin, Dr. Krüger, fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Amburgu ssieħbet fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana bit-territorju kollu tagħha, għajr distrett ta' port ħieles permanenti speċifikat fil-ftehim. Għal dan id-distrett, l-Artikolu 34 japplika xorta waħda, u għaldaqstant il-libertajiet ta' dak id-distrett ma setgħux jiġu aboliti jew ristretti mingħajr l-approvazzjoni ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Hamburg and the Freeport - Economy and Society 1888–1914, Peter Borowsky, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, 2005; p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Zollanschluß&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. p. 538. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Speicherstadt 2008b.JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-brikks ħomor ta' maħżen tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
Fl-1883, sabiex jiġi lliberat l-ispazju għaż-żona l-ġdida tal-port, beda t-twaqqigħ taż-żona ta' ''Kehrwieder'' u ta' ''Wandrahm'' u iżjed minn 20,000 ruħ kellhom jiġu rilokati. Il-kostruzzjoni tlestiet qabel il-bidu tal-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], ġestita mill-''Freihafen-Lagerhaus-Gesellschaft'' (il-predeċessur tal-Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG), li kien responsabbli wkoll għall-operazzjoni sussegwenti.

Wara l-qerda ta' madwar nofs il-binjiet fl-Operazzjoni Gomorra mill-bumbardamenti matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], ir-rikostruzzjoni konservattiva ntemmet fl-1967, filwaqt li ċ-Ċentru Kummerċjali Anseatiku issa jokkupa s-siti tal-istrutturi li nqerdu għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/4056088/data/download-konzept.pdf|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg Entwicklungskonzept (bil-Ġermaniż). Hamburg Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1991 l-iSpeicherstadt ġie elenkat bħala wirt protett ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Speicherstadt&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. pp. 444–445. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-2008 sar parti mill-kwartier magħruf bħala ''HafenCity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/el5RQ|titlu=Ein Service von Hamburg und juris|data=2007-08-13|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'tentattiv sabiex iż-żona ta' ġewwa tal-belt terġa' tingħata l-ħajja, il-gvern ta' Amburgu beda jiżviluppa ż-żona tal-kwartier ta' ''HafenCity'', pereżempju permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tas-Sala Filarmonika tal-Elbe.&lt;ref&gt;Jörn Weinhold (2008). Martina Heßler and Clemens Zimmermann (ed.). ''Port Culture: Maritime Entertainment and Urban Revitalisation, 1950–2000''. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. pp. 179–201. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-3-593-38547-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arkitettura ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Speicherstadt 1888 Querschnitt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|563x563px|Veduta trasversali tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-1888.]]
L-imħażen inbnew bi strutturi ta' appoġġ differenti, iżda [[Franz Andreas Meyer]] ħoloq saff ta' barra tal-brikks ħomor bi stil Neo-Gotiku, b'torrijiet żgħar, alkovi, u tiżjin igglejżjat tat-terrakotta. L-imħażen huma binjiet ta' diversi sulari b'daħliet mill-ilma u mill-art. Wieħed mill-eqdem imħażen huwa l-''Kaispeicher B'' li issa jospita l-Mużew Marittimu Internazzjonali.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg.Speicherstadt.panorama.wmt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|560x560px|Veduta panoramika tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Hamburg-090613-0249-DSC 8346-Speicherstadt.jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Il-binja tal-Hafenrathaus (il-Kunsill Muniċipali tal-Port) fl-iSpeicherstadt.]]

== Użu ==
L-iSpeicherstadt huwa attrazzjoni turistika ewlenija tal-belt u hija l-attrazzjoni ċentrali tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-dawriet turistiċi mal-port bid-dgħajjes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hamburg-travel.com/see-explore/maritime-hamburg/seeing-the-speicherstadt/|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg {{!}} Hamburg Tourismus|sit=www.hamburg-travel.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemm diversi [[Mużew|mużewijiet]] bħad-''Deutsches Zollmuseum'' (il-Mużew Ġermaniż tad-Dwana), ''Miniatur Wunderland'' (mudell ta' linja ferrovjarja) u l-Ħabs ta' Hamburg. Il-Mużew [[Afganistan|Afgan]] kien jinsab hawn ukoll iżda għalaq fl-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/15-countries/individual-chapters/196-afghanistan-museum-hamburg|titlu=Afghanistan Museum Hamburg - Dark Tourism - the guide to dark travel destinations around the world|sit=www.dark-tourism.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-binjiet jintużaw ukoll bħala mħażen. Mill-2005, il-kumpaniji fl-iSpeicherstadt ħadu ħsieb terz tal-produzzjoni dinjija tat-twapet, kif ukoll merkanzija oħra bħall-kawkaw, il-kafè, it-te, il-ħwawar, it-tagħmir marittimu u l-elettronika.

== Biblijografija ==

* Batz, M. (2002). &quot;Urbane Light Germany Speicherstadt, Hamburg, the largest historical warehouse complex in the world, has become a softly-glowing night-time panorama&quot;. International Lighting Review (12): 14–19. OCLC 193350885.

* Lawrenz, Dierk; von Borstel, Christiane (2008). Die Hamburger Speicherstadt (bil-Ġermaniż). Freiburg, Br: EK-Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-88255-893-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Meyn, Boris (2003). Die rote Stadt: ein historischer Kriminalroman (bil-Ġermaniż). Reinbek: Rowohlt. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-499-23407-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lange, Ralf; Hampel, Thomas (2004). Speicherstadt und HafenCity: zwischen Tradition und Vision (bil-Ġermaniż). Amburgu: Elbe-und-Flut-Ed., Hampel und Hettchen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-7672-1440-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Ġermanja]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8984" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|daqsminuri|263x263px|L-iSpeicherstadt billejl.]]
L-i'''Speicherstadt''' (pronunzja bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: [ˈʃpaɪ̯çɐˌʃtat], litteralment &quot;Belt tal-Imħażen&quot;, li tfisser distrett tal-imħażen) f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]], huwa l-ikbar distrett tal-imħażen fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], fejn il-binjiet iserrħu fuq pedamenti magħmula minn puntali tal-[[injam]]; f'dan il-każ partikolari puntali magħmula minn zkuk tal-ballut. Jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu — fi ħdan il-kwartier ta' HafenCity — u nbena mill-1883 sal-1927.

Id-distrett inbena bħala żona ħielsa fejn setgħu jiġu ttrasferiti l-oġġetti tal-merkanzija mingħajr il-ħlas tad-dwana. Fl-2009 kemm id-distrett kif ukoll l-inħawi tal-madwar ġew żviluppati mill-ġdid. Fil-5 ta' Lulju 2015, dan id-distrett flimkien ma' dak ta' Kontorhaus saru l-ewwel Sit ta' Wirt Dinji f'Amburgu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
L-iSpeicherstadt jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu. Huwa twil 1.5 kilometru (0.93 mili) u fi ħdanu hemm network sħiħ ta' kanali tal-ħatt.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4706.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Veduta tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-ajru min-naħa tal-Lvant.]]
Mill-1815, il-belt indipendenti u sovrana ta' Amburgu kienet membru tal-Konfederazzjoni Ġermaniża — l-assoċjazzjoni ta' stati [[Ewropa Ċentrali|Ewropej Ċentrali]] li nħolqot bil-Kungress ta' [[Vjenna]] —iżda ma kinitx membru tal-Unjoni Ġermaniża tad-Dwana.&lt;ref&gt;Planung und Finanzierung der Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Frank M. Hinz; LIT Verlag Münster, 2000; p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara l-Gwerra bejn l-[[Awstrija]] u l-[[Prussja]] li stabbiliet l-eġemonija Prussjana fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġermanja, Amburgu kienet obbligata tingħaqad mal-Federazzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana. Madankollu kisbet id-dritt għal deroga skont l-Artikolu 34 tal-kostituzzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana, li kienet tiddikjara li Amburgu u stati [[Lega Anżejatika|Anseatiċi]] oħra setgħu jibqgħu jkunu portijiet ħielsa 'l barra mill-fruntiera tad-dwana komunitarja sakemm japplikaw għall-inklużjoni. L-Artikolu 34 ġie traspost ukoll fil-kostituzzjoni imperjali tal-1871, meta l-istati Ġermaniżi tan-Nofsinhar issieħbu fil-federazzjoni. Madankollu, Amburgu għaddiet minn ħafna pressjoni minn [[Berlin]] biex tissieħeb fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana wara l-1879, meta t-tariffa esterna ta' din tal-aħħar żdiedet ferm. Fl-1881 ġie ffirmat ftehim bejn il-Ministru għall-Finanzi Prussjan [[Karl Hermann Bitter]] u s-Segretarju Statali tat-Teżor Imperjali, fuq naħa, u s-Senaturi Plenipotenzjarji ta' Amburgu Versmann u O'Swald, u l-mibgħut tal-istati Anseatiċi f'Berlin, Dr. Krüger, fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Amburgu ssieħbet fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana bit-territorju kollu tagħha, għajr distrett ta' port ħieles permanenti speċifikat fil-ftehim. Għal dan id-distrett, l-Artikolu 34 japplika xorta waħda, u għaldaqstant il-libertajiet ta' dak id-distrett ma setgħux jiġu aboliti jew ristretti mingħajr l-approvazzjoni ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Hamburg and the Freeport - Economy and Society 1888–1914, Peter Borowsky, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, 2005; p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Zollanschluß&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. p. 538. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Speicherstadt 2008b.JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-brikks ħomor ta' maħżen tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
Fl-1883, sabiex jiġi lliberat l-ispazju għaż-żona l-ġdida tal-port, beda t-twaqqigħ taż-żona ta' ''Kehrwieder'' u ta' ''Wandrahm'' u iżjed minn 20,000 ruħ kellhom jiġu rilokati. Il-kostruzzjoni tlestiet qabel il-bidu tal-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], ġestita mill-''Freihafen-Lagerhaus-Gesellschaft'' (il-predeċessur tal-Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG), li kien responsabbli wkoll għall-operazzjoni sussegwenti.

Wara l-qerda ta' madwar nofs il-binjiet fl-Operazzjoni Gomorra mill-bumbardamenti matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], ir-rikostruzzjoni konservattiva ntemmet fl-1967, filwaqt li ċ-Ċentru Kummerċjali Anseatiku issa jokkupa s-siti tal-istrutturi li nqerdu għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/4056088/data/download-konzept.pdf|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg Entwicklungskonzept (bil-Ġermaniż). Hamburg Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1991 l-iSpeicherstadt ġie elenkat bħala wirt protett ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Speicherstadt&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. pp. 444–445. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-2008 sar parti mill-kwartier magħruf bħala ''HafenCity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/el5RQ|titlu=Ein Service von Hamburg und juris|data=2007-08-13|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'tentattiv sabiex iż-żona ta' ġewwa tal-belt terġa' tingħata l-ħajja, il-gvern ta' Amburgu beda jiżviluppa ż-żona tal-kwartier ta' ''HafenCity'', pereżempju permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tas-Sala Filarmonika tal-Elbe.&lt;ref&gt;Jörn Weinhold (2008). Martina Heßler and Clemens Zimmermann (ed.). ''Port Culture: Maritime Entertainment and Urban Revitalisation, 1950–2000''. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. pp. 179–201. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-3-593-38547-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arkitettura ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Speicherstadt 1888 Querschnitt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|563x563px|Veduta trasversali tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-1888.]]
L-imħażen inbnew bi strutturi ta' appoġġ differenti, iżda [[Franz Andreas Meyer]] ħoloq saff ta' barra tal-brikks ħomor bi stil Neo-Gotiku, b'torrijiet żgħar, alkovi, u tiżjin igglejżjat tat-terrakotta. L-imħażen huma binjiet ta' diversi sulari b'daħliet mill-ilma u mill-art. Wieħed mill-eqdem imħażen huwa l-''Kaispeicher B'' li issa jospita l-Mużew Marittimu Internazzjonali.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg.Speicherstadt.panorama.wmt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|560x560px|Veduta panoramika tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-Chilehaus ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Hamburg-090613-0249-DSC 8346-Speicherstadt.jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Il-binja tal-Hafenrathaus (il-Kunsill Muniċipali tal-Port) fl-iSpeicherstadt.]]

== Użu ==
L-iSpeicherstadt huwa attrazzjoni turistika ewlenija tal-belt u hija l-attrazzjoni ċentrali tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-dawriet turistiċi mal-port bid-dgħajjes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hamburg-travel.com/see-explore/maritime-hamburg/seeing-the-speicherstadt/|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg {{!}} Hamburg Tourismus|sit=www.hamburg-travel.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemm diversi [[Mużew|mużewijiet]] bħad-''Deutsches Zollmuseum'' (il-Mużew Ġermaniż tad-Dwana), ''Miniatur Wunderland'' (mudell ta' linja ferrovjarja) u l-Ħabs ta' Hamburg. Il-Mużew [[Afganistan|Afgan]] kien jinsab hawn ukoll iżda għalaq fl-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/15-countries/individual-chapters/196-afghanistan-museum-hamburg|titlu=Afghanistan Museum Hamburg - Dark Tourism - the guide to dark travel destinations around the world|sit=www.dark-tourism.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-binjiet jintużaw ukoll bħala mħażen. Mill-2005, il-kumpaniji fl-iSpeicherstadt ħadu ħsieb terz tal-produzzjoni dinjija tat-twapet, kif ukoll merkanzija oħra bħall-kawkaw, il-kafè, it-te, il-ħwawar, it-tagħmir marittimu u l-elettronika.

== Biblijografija ==

* Batz, M. (2002). &quot;Urbane Light Germany Speicherstadt, Hamburg, the largest historical warehouse complex in the world, has become a softly-glowing night-time panorama&quot;. International Lighting Review (12): 14–19. OCLC 193350885.

* Lawrenz, Dierk; von Borstel, Christiane (2008). Die Hamburger Speicherstadt (bil-Ġermaniż). Freiburg, Br: EK-Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-88255-893-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Meyn, Boris (2003). Die rote Stadt: ein historischer Kriminalroman (bil-Ġermaniż). Reinbek: Rowohlt. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-499-23407-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lange, Ralf; Hampel, Thomas (2004). Speicherstadt und HafenCity: zwischen Tradition und Vision (bil-Ġermaniż). Amburgu: Elbe-und-Flut-Ed., Hampel und Hettchen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-7672-1440-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Ġermanja]]
[[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]]</text>
      <sha1>l2c5ol7lsbqqommy41muso038niffgk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>279707</id>
      <parentid>279706</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:52:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Sit ta' Wirt Dinji */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8988" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|daqsminuri|263x263px|L-iSpeicherstadt billejl.]]
L-i'''Speicherstadt''' (pronunzja bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: [ˈʃpaɪ̯çɐˌʃtat], litteralment &quot;Belt tal-Imħażen&quot;, li tfisser distrett tal-imħażen) f'[[Amburgu]], il-[[Ġermanja]], huwa l-ikbar distrett tal-imħażen fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], fejn il-binjiet iserrħu fuq pedamenti magħmula minn puntali tal-[[injam]]; f'dan il-każ partikolari puntali magħmula minn zkuk tal-ballut. Jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu — fi ħdan il-kwartier ta' HafenCity — u nbena mill-1883 sal-1927.

Id-distrett inbena bħala żona ħielsa fejn setgħu jiġu ttrasferiti l-oġġetti tal-merkanzija mingħajr il-ħlas tad-dwana. Fl-2009 kemm id-distrett kif ukoll l-inħawi tal-madwar ġew żviluppati mill-ġdid. Fil-5 ta' Lulju 2015, dan id-distrett flimkien ma' dak ta' Kontorhaus saru l-ewwel Sit ta' Wirt Dinji f'Amburgu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1467/|titlu=Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
L-iSpeicherstadt jinsab fil-port ta' Amburgu. Huwa twil 1.5 kilometru (0.93 mili) u fi ħdanu hemm network sħiħ ta' kanali tal-ħatt.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4706.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Veduta tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-ajru min-naħa tal-Lvant.]]
Mill-1815, il-belt indipendenti u sovrana ta' Amburgu kienet membru tal-Konfederazzjoni Ġermaniża — l-assoċjazzjoni ta' stati [[Ewropa Ċentrali|Ewropej Ċentrali]] li nħolqot bil-Kungress ta' [[Vjenna]] —iżda ma kinitx membru tal-Unjoni Ġermaniża tad-Dwana.&lt;ref&gt;Planung und Finanzierung der Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Frank M. Hinz; LIT Verlag Münster, 2000; p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara l-Gwerra bejn l-[[Awstrija]] u l-[[Prussja]] li stabbiliet l-eġemonija Prussjana fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġermanja, Amburgu kienet obbligata tingħaqad mal-Federazzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana. Madankollu kisbet id-dritt għal deroga skont l-Artikolu 34 tal-kostituzzjoni Ġermaniża tat-Tramuntana, li kienet tiddikjara li Amburgu u stati [[Lega Anżejatika|Anseatiċi]] oħra setgħu jibqgħu jkunu portijiet ħielsa 'l barra mill-fruntiera tad-dwana komunitarja sakemm japplikaw għall-inklużjoni. L-Artikolu 34 ġie traspost ukoll fil-kostituzzjoni imperjali tal-1871, meta l-istati Ġermaniżi tan-Nofsinhar issieħbu fil-federazzjoni. Madankollu, Amburgu għaddiet minn ħafna pressjoni minn [[Berlin]] biex tissieħeb fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana wara l-1879, meta t-tariffa esterna ta' din tal-aħħar żdiedet ferm. Fl-1881 ġie ffirmat ftehim bejn il-Ministru għall-Finanzi Prussjan [[Karl Hermann Bitter]] u s-Segretarju Statali tat-Teżor Imperjali, fuq naħa, u s-Senaturi Plenipotenzjarji ta' Amburgu Versmann u O'Swald, u l-mibgħut tal-istati Anseatiċi f'Berlin, Dr. Krüger, fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Amburgu ssieħbet fl-Unjoni tad-Dwana bit-territorju kollu tagħha, għajr distrett ta' port ħieles permanenti speċifikat fil-ftehim. Għal dan id-distrett, l-Artikolu 34 japplika xorta waħda, u għaldaqstant il-libertajiet ta' dak id-distrett ma setgħux jiġu aboliti jew ristretti mingħajr l-approvazzjoni ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Hamburg and the Freeport - Economy and Society 1888–1914, Peter Borowsky, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, 2005; p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Zollanschluß&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. p. 538. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Speicherstadt 2008b.JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-brikks ħomor ta' maħżen tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
Fl-1883, sabiex jiġi lliberat l-ispazju għaż-żona l-ġdida tal-port, beda t-twaqqigħ taż-żona ta' ''Kehrwieder'' u ta' ''Wandrahm'' u iżjed minn 20,000 ruħ kellhom jiġu rilokati. Il-kostruzzjoni tlestiet qabel il-bidu tal-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], ġestita mill-''Freihafen-Lagerhaus-Gesellschaft'' (il-predeċessur tal-Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG), li kien responsabbli wkoll għall-operazzjoni sussegwenti.

Wara l-qerda ta' madwar nofs il-binjiet fl-Operazzjoni Gomorra mill-bumbardamenti matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], ir-rikostruzzjoni konservattiva ntemmet fl-1967, filwaqt li ċ-Ċentru Kummerċjali Anseatiku issa jokkupa s-siti tal-istrutturi li nqerdu għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/4056088/data/download-konzept.pdf|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg Entwicklungskonzept (bil-Ġermaniż). Hamburg Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1991 l-iSpeicherstadt ġie elenkat bħala wirt protett ta' Amburgu.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Carsten (2005). &quot;Speicherstadt&quot;. In Franklin Koplitzsch and Daniel Tilgner (ed.). ''Hamburg Lexikon'' (bil-Ġermaniż) (3 ed.). Ellert&amp;Richter. pp. 444–445. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;3-8319-0179-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-2008 sar parti mill-kwartier magħruf bħala ''HafenCity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/el5RQ|titlu=Ein Service von Hamburg und juris|data=2007-08-13|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; F'tentattiv sabiex iż-żona ta' ġewwa tal-belt terġa' tingħata l-ħajja, il-gvern ta' Amburgu beda jiżviluppa ż-żona tal-kwartier ta' ''HafenCity'', pereżempju permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tas-Sala Filarmonika tal-Elbe.&lt;ref&gt;Jörn Weinhold (2008). Martina Heßler and Clemens Zimmermann (ed.). ''Port Culture: Maritime Entertainment and Urban Revitalisation, 1950–2000''. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. pp. 179–201. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-3-593-38547-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arkitettura ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg Speicherstadt 1888 Querschnitt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|563x563px|Veduta trasversali tal-iSpeicherstadt mill-1888.]]
L-imħażen inbnew bi strutturi ta' appoġġ differenti, iżda [[Franz Andreas Meyer]] ħoloq saff ta' barra tal-brikks ħomor bi stil Neo-Gotiku, b'torrijiet żgħar, alkovi, u tiżjin igglejżjat tat-terrakotta. L-imħażen huma binjiet ta' diversi sulari b'daħliet mill-ilma u mill-art. Wieħed mill-eqdem imħażen huwa l-''Kaispeicher B'' li issa jospita l-Mużew Marittimu Internazzjonali.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Hamburg.Speicherstadt.panorama.wmt.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|560x560px|Veduta panoramika tal-iSpeicherstadt.]]
L-iSpeicherstadt u d-Distrett ta' Kontorhaus biċ-[[Chilehaus]] ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Hamburg-090613-0249-DSC 8346-Speicherstadt.jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Il-binja tal-Hafenrathaus (il-Kunsill Muniċipali tal-Port) fl-iSpeicherstadt.]]

== Użu ==
L-iSpeicherstadt huwa attrazzjoni turistika ewlenija tal-belt u hija l-attrazzjoni ċentrali tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-dawriet turistiċi mal-port bid-dgħajjes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hamburg-travel.com/see-explore/maritime-hamburg/seeing-the-speicherstadt/|titlu=Speicherstadt Hamburg {{!}} Hamburg Tourismus|sit=www.hamburg-travel.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemm diversi [[Mużew|mużewijiet]] bħad-''Deutsches Zollmuseum'' (il-Mużew Ġermaniż tad-Dwana), ''Miniatur Wunderland'' (mudell ta' linja ferrovjarja) u l-Ħabs ta' Hamburg. Il-Mużew [[Afganistan|Afgan]] kien jinsab hawn ukoll iżda għalaq fl-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/15-countries/individual-chapters/196-afghanistan-museum-hamburg|titlu=Afghanistan Museum Hamburg - Dark Tourism - the guide to dark travel destinations around the world|sit=www.dark-tourism.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-binjiet jintużaw ukoll bħala mħażen. Mill-2005, il-kumpaniji fl-iSpeicherstadt ħadu ħsieb terz tal-produzzjoni dinjija tat-twapet, kif ukoll merkanzija oħra bħall-kawkaw, il-kafè, it-te, il-ħwawar, it-tagħmir marittimu u l-elettronika.

== Biblijografija ==

* Batz, M. (2002). &quot;Urbane Light Germany Speicherstadt, Hamburg, the largest historical warehouse complex in the world, has become a softly-glowing night-time panorama&quot;. International Lighting Review (12): 14–19. OCLC 193350885.

* Lawrenz, Dierk; von Borstel, Christiane (2008). Die Hamburger Speicherstadt (bil-Ġermaniż). Freiburg, Br: EK-Verlag. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-88255-893-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Meyn, Boris (2003). Die rote Stadt: ein historischer Kriminalroman (bil-Ġermaniż). Reinbek: Rowohlt. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-499-23407-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lange, Ralf; Hampel, Thomas (2004). Speicherstadt und HafenCity: zwischen Tradition und Vision (bil-Ġermaniż). Amburgu: Elbe-und-Flut-Ed., Hampel und Hettchen. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-7672-1440-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Ġermanja]]
[[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jimmy Douglas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>279711</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T19:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chrisportelli</username>
        <id>355</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paġna ġdida: {{Infobox plejer tal-futbol |isem_plejer = Jimmy Douglas |stampa =  |isem_sħiħ = James Edward Douglas |data_twelid = {{data tat-twelid|1898|1|12}} |post_twelid = [[East Newark]] |pajjiż_twelid = Stati Uniti |data_mewt = {{data tal-mewt u età|1972|3|5|1898|1|12}} |post_mewt = [[Point Pleasant (New Jersey)|]] |tul = 1.86 m |rwol = [[Gowler]] |snin_mixtla1 =  |klabb_mixtla1 = Central Juniors |snin_mixtla2 =  |klabb_mixtla2 = Ryerson |snin_mixtla3 =  |klabb_mixtla3 = Antlers...</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5280" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox plejer tal-futbol
|isem_plejer = Jimmy Douglas
|stampa = 
|isem_sħiħ = James Edward Douglas
|data_twelid = {{data tat-twelid|1898|1|12}}
|post_twelid = [[East Newark]]
|pajjiż_twelid = Stati Uniti
|data_mewt = {{data tal-mewt u età|1972|3|5|1898|1|12}}
|post_mewt = [[Point Pleasant (New Jersey)|Point Pleasant]]
|tul = 1.86 m
|rwol = [[Gowler]]
|snin_mixtla1 = 
|klabb_mixtla1 = Central Juniors
|snin_mixtla2 = 
|klabb_mixtla2 = Ryerson
|snin_mixtla3 = 
|klabb_mixtla3 = Antlers
|snin_mixtla4 = 
|klabb_mixtla4 = Erie
|snin_mixtla5 = 
|klabb_mixtla5 = Swanson
|snin1 = 1922–1923
|klabb1 = Harrison
|snin2 = 1923–1925
|klabb2 = Newark Skeeters
|snin3 = 1925–1927
|klabb3 = New York Giants
|snin4 = 1927–1928
|klabb4 = Fall River Marksmen
|snin5 = 1928
|klabb5 = Philadelphia Field Club
|snin6 = 1928–1929
|klabb6 = Brooklyn Wanderers
|snin7 = 1929
|klabb7 = Fall River Marksmen
|snin8 = 1929–1930
|klabb8 = New York Nationals
|snin9 = 1930
|klabb9 = → New York Giants
|snin10 = 1931
|klabb10 = New York Americans
|snin_nazzjonali1 = 1924–1930
|tim_nazzjonali1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Istati Uniti|Stati Uniti]]
}}
'''James Edward Douglas''' (twieled fit-12 ta' Jannar 1898 – miet fil-5 ta' Marzu 1972) kien plejer tal-[[futbol]] [[Stati Uniti tal-Amerika|Amerikan]].

== Bijografija ==

Douglas beda l-karriera tiegħu ta' disa' snin mal-mixtla ta' Central Juniors ta' [[Newark (New Jersey)|Newark]]. Matul it-tfulija u ż-żgħożija tiegħu hu lagħab ma' diversi timijiet tad-dilettanti. Fl-1922, hu ffirma ma' Harrison tal-American Soccer League (ASL). Minkejja dan hu xorta baqa' plejer dilettant, hekk kif irrifjuta li jitħallas.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl020424.html |titlu=A Swing Along Athletic Row |pubblikatur=The Globe |data=1924-02-02 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806102809/http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl020424.html |arkivju-data=2009-08-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1923 ingħaqad ma' Newark Skeeters (li xi drabi kienu jissejħu bħala Newark FC). Magħhom għamel żewġ staġuni u fl-1925 issieħeb man-New York Giants. Madanakollu, minħabba li Newark Skeeters kien għad għandhom lil Douglas irreġistrat magħhom, il-Giants kellhom jingħataw numru ta' telfiet minħabba l-ilmenti tat-timijiet.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl092525.html |titlu=A Swing Along Athletic Row |pubblikatur=The Globe |data=1925-09-25 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021093805/http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl092525.html |arkivju-data=2009-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wara li ġiet solvuta l-problema tar-reġistrazzjoni, Douglas kompla jilgħab mal-Giantas sa Ottubru tal-1927 meta ingħaqad ma' Fall River Marksmen.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl101027.html |titlu=STEEL SOCCER TEAM TO INVADE NEW ENGLAND |pubblikatur=The Globe |data=1927-10-10 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021100949/http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl101027.html |arkivju-data=2009-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara staġun ma' Fall River, Douglas imbagħad lagħab tnax-il partita tal-istaġun 1928–29 mal-Philadelphia Field Club qabel ma ingħaqad mal-Brooklyn Wanderers biex jilgħab tliet logħbiet. Hu temm l-istaġun ma' Fall River Marksmen. Fl-1929, Douglas ingħaqad man-New York Nationals li aktar tard ġie msemmi mill-ġdid bħala New York Giants wara li t-tim oriġinali tal-Giants biddlu isimhom għal New York Soccer Club. Hu għalaq il-karriera tiegħu man-New York Americans fl-1931 meta lagħab seba' logħbiet fl-aħħar staġun.

Fuq livell internazzjonali, Douglas lagħab disa' logħbiet mat-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Istati Uniti|tim nazzjonali tal-Istati Uniti]]. L-ewwel logħba kienet fil-25 ta' Mejju 1924, f'rebħa ta' 1–0 kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Estonja|Estonja]] matul l-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf 1924|Olimpjadi ta' Pariġi]], fejn ġie magħżul bħala l-plejer tal-partita. Hu ħa sehem fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|ewwel edizzjoni]] tat-Tazza tad-Dinja fejn fid-debutt ta-Istati Uniti kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Belġju|Belġju]] hu żamm ix-xibka mhux mittiefsa għall-ewwel darba fl-istorja tal-kompetizzjoni fir-rebħa ta' 3–0. Aktar tard lagħab kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Arġentina|Arġentina]] fis-semifinali u weġġa' wara biss erba' minuti. Minħabba li r-regoli ma kienux jippermettu sostituzzjonijiet, Douglas kellu jkompli logħba mweġġa'.

Fl-1954, Douglas ġie indott fin-''National Soccer Hall of Fame''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://national.soccerhall.org/famers/jimmy_douglas.htm |titlu=Jimmy Douglas |pubblikatur=National Soccer Hall of Fame |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108154217/http://national.soccerhall.org/famers/jimmy_douglas.htm |arkivju-data=2009-01-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
* {{Nfteams}}
* [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/27732 Jimmy Douglas] fuq Olympedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas, Jimmy}}
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1898]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1972]]
[[Kategorija:Futbolers Amerikani]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>279712</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Chrisportelli</username>
        <id>355</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bijografija */ tiswija</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5281" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox plejer tal-futbol
|isem_plejer = Jimmy Douglas
|stampa = 
|isem_sħiħ = James Edward Douglas
|data_twelid = {{data tat-twelid|1898|1|12}}
|post_twelid = [[East Newark]]
|pajjiż_twelid = Stati Uniti
|data_mewt = {{data tal-mewt u età|1972|3|5|1898|1|12}}
|post_mewt = [[Point Pleasant (New Jersey)|Point Pleasant]]
|tul = 1.86 m
|rwol = [[Gowler]]
|snin_mixtla1 = 
|klabb_mixtla1 = Central Juniors
|snin_mixtla2 = 
|klabb_mixtla2 = Ryerson
|snin_mixtla3 = 
|klabb_mixtla3 = Antlers
|snin_mixtla4 = 
|klabb_mixtla4 = Erie
|snin_mixtla5 = 
|klabb_mixtla5 = Swanson
|snin1 = 1922–1923
|klabb1 = Harrison
|snin2 = 1923–1925
|klabb2 = Newark Skeeters
|snin3 = 1925–1927
|klabb3 = New York Giants
|snin4 = 1927–1928
|klabb4 = Fall River Marksmen
|snin5 = 1928
|klabb5 = Philadelphia Field Club
|snin6 = 1928–1929
|klabb6 = Brooklyn Wanderers
|snin7 = 1929
|klabb7 = Fall River Marksmen
|snin8 = 1929–1930
|klabb8 = New York Nationals
|snin9 = 1930
|klabb9 = → New York Giants
|snin10 = 1931
|klabb10 = New York Americans
|snin_nazzjonali1 = 1924–1930
|tim_nazzjonali1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Istati Uniti|Stati Uniti]]
}}
'''James Edward Douglas''' (twieled fit-12 ta' Jannar 1898 – miet fil-5 ta' Marzu 1972) kien plejer tal-[[futbol]] [[Stati Uniti tal-Amerika|Amerikan]].

== Bijografija ==

Douglas beda l-karriera tiegħu ta' disa' snin mal-mixtla ta' Central Juniors ta' [[Newark (New Jersey)|Newark]]. Matul it-tfulija u ż-żgħożija tiegħu hu lagħab ma' diversi timijiet tad-dilettanti. Fl-1922, hu ffirma ma' Harrison tal-American Soccer League (ASL). Minkejja dan hu xorta baqa' plejer dilettant, hekk kif irrifjuta li jitħallas.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl020424.html |titlu=A Swing Along Athletic Row |pubblikatur=The Globe |data=1924-02-02 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806102809/http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl020424.html |arkivju-data=2009-08-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1923 ingħaqad ma' Newark Skeeters (li xi drabi kienu jissejħu bħala Newark FC). Magħhom għamel żewġ staġuni u fl-1925 issieħeb man-New York Giants. Madanakollu, minħabba li Newark Skeeters kien għad għandhom lil Douglas irreġistrat magħhom, il-Giants kellhom jingħataw numru ta' telfiet minħabba l-ilmenti tat-timijiet.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl092525.html |titlu=A Swing Along Athletic Row |pubblikatur=The Globe |data=1925-09-25 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021093805/http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl092525.html |arkivju-data=2009-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wara li ġiet solvuta l-problema tar-reġistrazzjoni, Douglas kompla jilgħab mal-Giantas sa Ottubru tal-1927 meta ingħaqad ma' Fall River Marksmen.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl101027.html |titlu=STEEL SOCCER TEAM TO INVADE NEW ENGLAND |pubblikatur=The Globe |data=1927-10-10 |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021100949/http://geocities.com/bethlehem_soccer/gl101027.html |arkivju-data=2009-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara staġun ma' Fall River, Douglas imbagħad lagħab tnax-il partita tal-istaġun 1928–29 mal-Philadelphia Field Club qabel ma ingħaqad mal-Brooklyn Wanderers biex jilgħab tliet logħbiet. Hu temm l-istaġun ma' Fall River Marksmen. Fl-1929, Douglas ingħaqad man-New York Nationals li aktar tard ġie msemmi mill-ġdid bħala New York Giants wara li t-tim oriġinali tal-Giants biddlu isimhom għal New York Soccer Club. Hu għalaq il-karriera tiegħu man-New York Americans fl-1931 meta lagħab seba' logħbiet fl-aħħar staġun.

Fuq livell internazzjonali, Douglas lagħab disa' logħbiet mat-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Istati Uniti|tim nazzjonali tal-Istati Uniti]]. L-ewwel logħba kienet fil-25 ta' Mejju 1924, f'rebħa ta' 1–0 kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Estonja|Estonja]] matul l-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf 1924|Olimpjadi ta' Pariġi]], fejn ġie magħżul bħala l-plejer tal-partita. Hu ħa sehem fl-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|ewwel edizzjoni]] tat-Tazza tad-Dinja fejn fid-debutt ta-Istati Uniti kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Belġju|Belġju]] hu żamm ix-xibka mhux mittiefsa għall-ewwel darba fl-istorja tal-kompetizzjoni fir-rebħa ta' 3–0. Aktar tard lagħab kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Arġentina|Arġentina]] fis-semifinali hu weġġa' wara biss erba' minuti. Minħabba li r-regoli ma kienux jippermettu sostituzzjonijiet, Douglas kellu jkompli logħba mweġġa'.

Fl-1954, Douglas ġie indott fin-''National Soccer Hall of Fame''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://national.soccerhall.org/famers/jimmy_douglas.htm |titlu=Jimmy Douglas |pubblikatur=National Soccer Hall of Fame |data-aċċess=2022-08-24 |lingwa=Ingliż |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108154217/http://national.soccerhall.org/famers/jimmy_douglas.htm |arkivju-data=2009-01-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
* {{Nfteams}}
* [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/27732 Jimmy Douglas] fuq Olympedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas, Jimmy}}
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1898]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1972]]
[[Kategorija:Futbolers Amerikani]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo</title>
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      <id>279714</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T05:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <comment>Kontenut, infobox, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2827" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo''' (twieled fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1719 – miet fil-15 ta' Novembru 1795) kien pittur Franċiż li kien ipitter xeni allegoriċi u ritratti.

== Bijografija ==
Van Loo studja taħt missieru, il-pittur [[Jean-Baptiste van Loo]], f'[[Torino]] u f'[[Ruma]] fl-[[Italja]], fejn fl-1738 rebaħ il-Prix de Rome, u mbagħad f'[[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Franza]], qabel ma reġa' lura f'[[Pariġi]] fl-1745. Huwa ġie mistieden jissieħeb mal-Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture fl-1747, u fl-istess sena żżewweġ lil kuġintu [[Marie-Marguerite Lebrun]], bint il-pittur [[Michel Lebrun]] (li miet fl-1753).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE011519|titlu=CHARLES AMEDEE PHILIPPE VAN LOO (1719-1795)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huwa kien l-awtur tal-unika ritratt magħruf tal-Markiż de Sade.&lt;ref&gt;Annie Le Brun, ''Sade: Attaquer le soleil'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014, &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070146826&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-aħwa tiegħu kien hemm il-pitturi [[François van Loo]] (1708-1732) u [[Louis-Michel van Loo]] (1707-1771).&lt;ref&gt;Frédéric Chappey, ''Les professeurs de l'École des beaux-arts (1794-1873)'', dans ''Romantisme'' , 1996, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 93, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 95-101.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Studenti ==

* [[Alexandre Kucharski]] (1741-1819), pittur [[Polonja|Pollakk]].

== Xogħlijiet f'kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi ==

; Fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]

* F'[[Washington DC]], fil-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington:
** ''Les Bulles de savon'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila;
** ''La Lanterne magique'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fi Franza

* F'[[Dijon]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle [[L-Arti|Arti]]: ''Le Vœu de Jephté'', 1785, żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/01370004754|titlu=Le Voeu de Jephté|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Grenoble]], fil-Mużew ta' Grenoble: ''Une Bacchante jouant du triangle'', żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/09940005577|titlu=Paysage pastoral ; Campagne romaine, effet du matin (Ancien titre)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Kappella]] tat-[[It-Trinità Mqaddsa|Trinità Mqaddsa]]: ''Le Denier de César'', żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[Nizza]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle Arti: ''Usages et modes du Levant'', dittiku, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fir-[[Russja]]

* F'[[Peterhof]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Peterhof]]: ''Ritratt tal-imperatriċi Élisabeth Petrovna'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[San Pietruburgu]], fil-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]]: ''Élisabeth Ire de Russie'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila.

== Referenzi ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279715</id>
      <parentid>279714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T05:44:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Pitturi Franċiżi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2862" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo''' (twieled fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1719 – miet fil-15 ta' Novembru 1795) kien pittur Franċiż li kien ipitter xeni allegoriċi u ritratti.

== Bijografija ==
Van Loo studja taħt missieru, il-pittur [[Jean-Baptiste van Loo]], f'[[Torino]] u f'[[Ruma]] fl-[[Italja]], fejn fl-1738 rebaħ il-Prix de Rome, u mbagħad f'[[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Franza]], qabel ma reġa' lura f'[[Pariġi]] fl-1745. Huwa ġie mistieden jissieħeb mal-Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture fl-1747, u fl-istess sena żżewweġ lil kuġintu [[Marie-Marguerite Lebrun]], bint il-pittur [[Michel Lebrun]] (li miet fl-1753).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE011519|titlu=CHARLES AMEDEE PHILIPPE VAN LOO (1719-1795)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huwa kien l-awtur tal-unika ritratt magħruf tal-Markiż de Sade.&lt;ref&gt;Annie Le Brun, ''Sade: Attaquer le soleil'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014, &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070146826&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-aħwa tiegħu kien hemm il-pitturi [[François van Loo]] (1708-1732) u [[Louis-Michel van Loo]] (1707-1771).&lt;ref&gt;Frédéric Chappey, ''Les professeurs de l'École des beaux-arts (1794-1873)'', dans ''Romantisme'' , 1996, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 93, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 95-101.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Studenti ==

* [[Alexandre Kucharski]] (1741-1819), pittur [[Polonja|Pollakk]].

== Xogħlijiet f'kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi ==

; Fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]

* F'[[Washington DC]], fil-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington:
** ''Les Bulles de savon'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila;
** ''La Lanterne magique'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fi Franza

* F'[[Dijon]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle [[L-Arti|Arti]]: ''Le Vœu de Jephté'', 1785, żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/01370004754|titlu=Le Voeu de Jephté|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Grenoble]], fil-Mużew ta' Grenoble: ''Une Bacchante jouant du triangle'', żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/09940005577|titlu=Paysage pastoral ; Campagne romaine, effet du matin (Ancien titre)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Kappella]] tat-[[It-Trinità Mqaddsa|Trinità Mqaddsa]]: ''Le Denier de César'', żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[Nizza]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle Arti: ''Usages et modes du Levant'', dittiku, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fir-[[Russja]]

* F'[[Peterhof]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Peterhof]]: ''Ritratt tal-imperatriċi Élisabeth Petrovna'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[San Pietruburgu]], fil-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]]: ''Élisabeth Ire de Russie'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]</text>
      <sha1>25z2rg00s68n4i51so7ujm6ecp751af</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279716</id>
      <parentid>279715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T05:44:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Twieldu fl-1719]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2893" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo''' (twieled fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1719 – miet fil-15 ta' Novembru 1795) kien pittur Franċiż li kien ipitter xeni allegoriċi u ritratti.

== Bijografija ==
Van Loo studja taħt missieru, il-pittur [[Jean-Baptiste van Loo]], f'[[Torino]] u f'[[Ruma]] fl-[[Italja]], fejn fl-1738 rebaħ il-Prix de Rome, u mbagħad f'[[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Franza]], qabel ma reġa' lura f'[[Pariġi]] fl-1745. Huwa ġie mistieden jissieħeb mal-Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture fl-1747, u fl-istess sena żżewweġ lil kuġintu [[Marie-Marguerite Lebrun]], bint il-pittur [[Michel Lebrun]] (li miet fl-1753).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE011519|titlu=CHARLES AMEDEE PHILIPPE VAN LOO (1719-1795)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huwa kien l-awtur tal-unika ritratt magħruf tal-Markiż de Sade.&lt;ref&gt;Annie Le Brun, ''Sade: Attaquer le soleil'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014, &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070146826&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-aħwa tiegħu kien hemm il-pitturi [[François van Loo]] (1708-1732) u [[Louis-Michel van Loo]] (1707-1771).&lt;ref&gt;Frédéric Chappey, ''Les professeurs de l'École des beaux-arts (1794-1873)'', dans ''Romantisme'' , 1996, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 93, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 95-101.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Studenti ==

* [[Alexandre Kucharski]] (1741-1819), pittur [[Polonja|Pollakk]].

== Xogħlijiet f'kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi ==

; Fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]

* F'[[Washington DC]], fil-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington:
** ''Les Bulles de savon'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila;
** ''La Lanterne magique'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fi Franza

* F'[[Dijon]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle [[L-Arti|Arti]]: ''Le Vœu de Jephté'', 1785, żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/01370004754|titlu=Le Voeu de Jephté|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Grenoble]], fil-Mużew ta' Grenoble: ''Une Bacchante jouant du triangle'', żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/09940005577|titlu=Paysage pastoral ; Campagne romaine, effet du matin (Ancien titre)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Kappella]] tat-[[It-Trinità Mqaddsa|Trinità Mqaddsa]]: ''Le Denier de César'', żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[Nizza]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle Arti: ''Usages et modes du Levant'', dittiku, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fir-[[Russja]]

* F'[[Peterhof]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Peterhof]]: ''Ritratt tal-imperatriċi Élisabeth Petrovna'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[San Pietruburgu]], fil-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]]: ''Élisabeth Ire de Russie'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1719]]</text>
      <sha1>ejippvtz2p9fgcacw0n69vohhclb7m5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279717</id>
      <parentid>279716</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T05:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Mietu fl-1795]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2922" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo''' (twieled fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1719 – miet fil-15 ta' Novembru 1795) kien pittur Franċiż li kien ipitter xeni allegoriċi u ritratti.

== Bijografija ==
Van Loo studja taħt missieru, il-pittur [[Jean-Baptiste van Loo]], f'[[Torino]] u f'[[Ruma]] fl-[[Italja]], fejn fl-1738 rebaħ il-Prix de Rome, u mbagħad f'[[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Franza]], qabel ma reġa' lura f'[[Pariġi]] fl-1745. Huwa ġie mistieden jissieħeb mal-Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture fl-1747, u fl-istess sena żżewweġ lil kuġintu [[Marie-Marguerite Lebrun]], bint il-pittur [[Michel Lebrun]] (li miet fl-1753).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE011519|titlu=CHARLES AMEDEE PHILIPPE VAN LOO (1719-1795)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huwa kien l-awtur tal-unika ritratt magħruf tal-Markiż de Sade.&lt;ref&gt;Annie Le Brun, ''Sade: Attaquer le soleil'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014, &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070146826&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-aħwa tiegħu kien hemm il-pitturi [[François van Loo]] (1708-1732) u [[Louis-Michel van Loo]] (1707-1771).&lt;ref&gt;Frédéric Chappey, ''Les professeurs de l'École des beaux-arts (1794-1873)'', dans ''Romantisme'' , 1996, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 93, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 95-101.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Studenti ==

* [[Alexandre Kucharski]] (1741-1819), pittur [[Polonja|Pollakk]].

== Xogħlijiet f'kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi ==

; Fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]

* F'[[Washington DC]], fil-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington:
** ''Les Bulles de savon'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila;
** ''La Lanterne magique'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fi Franza

* F'[[Dijon]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle [[L-Arti|Arti]]: ''Le Vœu de Jephté'', 1785, żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/01370004754|titlu=Le Voeu de Jephté|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Grenoble]], fil-Mużew ta' Grenoble: ''Une Bacchante jouant du triangle'', żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/09940005577|titlu=Paysage pastoral ; Campagne romaine, effet du matin (Ancien titre)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Kappella]] tat-[[It-Trinità Mqaddsa|Trinità Mqaddsa]]: ''Le Denier de César'', żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[Nizza]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle Arti: ''Usages et modes du Levant'', dittiku, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fir-[[Russja]]

* F'[[Peterhof]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Peterhof]]: ''Ritratt tal-imperatriċi Élisabeth Petrovna'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[San Pietruburgu]], fil-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]]: ''Élisabeth Ire de Russie'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1719]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1795]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2972" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo''' (twieled fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1719 – miet fil-15 ta' Novembru 1795) kien pittur Franċiż li kien ipitter xeni allegoriċi u ritratti.

== Bijografija ==
Van Loo studja taħt missieru, il-pittur [[Jean-Baptiste van Loo]], f'[[Torino]] u f'[[Ruma]] fl-[[Italja]], fejn fl-1738 rebaħ il-Prix de Rome, u mbagħad f'[[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Franza]], qabel ma reġa' lura f'[[Pariġi]] fl-1745. Huwa ġie mistieden jissieħeb mal-Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture fl-1747, u fl-istess sena żżewweġ lil kuġintu [[Marie-Marguerite Lebrun]], bint il-pittur [[Michel Lebrun]] (li miet fl-1753).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE011519|titlu=CHARLES AMEDEE PHILIPPE VAN LOO (1719-1795)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huwa kien l-awtur tal-unika ritratt magħruf tal-Markiż de Sade.&lt;ref&gt;Annie Le Brun, ''Sade: Attaquer le soleil'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014, &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070146826&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-aħwa tiegħu kien hemm il-pitturi [[François van Loo]] (1708-1732) u [[Louis-Michel van Loo]] (1707-1771).&lt;ref&gt;Frédéric Chappey, ''Les professeurs de l'École des beaux-arts (1794-1873)'', dans ''Romantisme'' , 1996, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 93, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 95-101.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Studenti ==

* [[Alexandre Kucharski]] (1741-1819), pittur [[Polonja|Pollakk]].

== Xogħlijiet f'kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi ==

; Fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]

* F'[[Washington DC]], fil-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington:
** ''Les Bulles de savon'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila;
** ''La Lanterne magique'', 1764, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fi Franza

* F'[[Dijon]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle [[L-Arti|Arti]]: ''Le Vœu de Jephté'', 1785, żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/01370004754|titlu=Le Voeu de Jephté|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Grenoble]], fil-Mużew ta' Grenoble: ''Une Bacchante jouant du triangle'', żejt fuq it-tila;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/09940005577|titlu=Paysage pastoral ; Campagne romaine, effet du matin (Ancien titre)|sit=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* F'[[Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]], fil-[[Kappella]] tat-[[It-Trinità Mqaddsa|Trinità Mqaddsa]]: ''Le Denier de César'', żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[Nizza]], fil-Mużew tal-Belle Arti: ''Usages et modes du Levant'', dittiku, żejt fuq it-tila.

; Fir-[[Russja]]

* F'[[Peterhof]], fil-[[Palazz ta' Peterhof]]: ''Ritratt tal-imperatriċi Élisabeth Petrovna'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila;
* F'[[San Pietruburgu]], fil-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]]: ''Élisabeth Ire de Russie'', 1760, żejt fuq it-tila.

== Referenzi ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:van Loo, Charles-Amédée-Philippe}}
[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1719]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1795]]</text>
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    <title>Henri Fantin-Latour</title>
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'''Henri Fantin-Latour''' (twieled fl-14 ta' Jannar 1836 – miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Fantin-Latour|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} French painter {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kien pittur u litografu [[Franza|Franċiż]] magħruf l-iktar għall-[[Pittura|pitturi]] tal-fjuri u għar-ritratt fi gruppi ta' artisti u ta' [[Kittieb|kittieba]] [[Pariġi|Pariġini]].&lt;ref&gt;Rosenblum, Robert, ''Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay'', New York: Stewart, Tabori &amp; Chang, 1989. ISBN 978-1-55670-099-6. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bijografija ==
Huwa twieled bħala '''Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Fantin-Latour''' f'[[Grenoble]], Isère. Bħala żagħżugħ, huwa ngħata lezzjonijiet tat-tpinġija mingħand missieru li kien artist.&lt;ref&gt;Poulet, Anne L., &amp; Murphy, A. R., ''Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'', Boston: The Museum, 1979. ISBN 978-0-87846-134-9. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1850 beda jattendi l-Ecole de Dessin, fejn studja ma' [[Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Wara li studja fl-''École des Beaux-Arts'' f'Pariġi mill-1854, huwa qatta' ħafna mill-ħin tiegħu jikkopja x-xogħlijiet tal-pitturi l-kbar antiki fil-[[Mużew]] ta' [[Louvre]]. Għalkemm Fantin-Latour għen lil diversi artisti żagħżagħ li mbagħad saru assoċjati mal-[[Impressjoniżmu]], inkluż Whistler u Manet, ix-xogħol ta' Fantin baqa' bi stil konservattiv.

Whistler ġibed l-attenzjoni fuq ix-xogħol ta' Fantin fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]], fejn il-pitturi tiegħu tan-[[natura mejta]] tant inħatfu li saħansitra &quot;prattikament lanqas kien hemm traċċi tagħhom fi Franza matul ħajtu&quot;. Minbarra l-pitturi realistiċi tiegħu, Fantin-Latour ħoloq litografiji immaġinattivi ispirati mill-[[mużika]] ta' wħud mill-[[Kompożitur|kompożituri]] klassiċi l-kbar. Fl-1876, Fantin-Latour attenda spettaklu taċ-ċiklu ta' ''Ring'' f'[[Bayreuth]], il-[[Ġermanja]], li ħass li tassew misslu qalbu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa ppubblika litografiji ispirati minn [[Richard Wagner]] f'''La revue wagnérienne'', li komplew jissodaw ir-reputazzjoni tiegħu fost l-''avant-guarde'' ta' Pariġi bħala pittur antinaturalista.&lt;ref&gt;Sloan, Rachel (2009). &quot;The Condition of printmaking: Wagnerism and printmaking in France and Britain&quot;. ''Art History''. '''32''' (3): 545–577.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1875, Henri Fantin-Latour iżżewweġ lill-pittriċi [[Victoria Dubourg]], u mbagħad qatta' s-sjuf tiegħu fil-proprjetà tal-villeġġatura tal-familja ta' martu f'Buré, Orne fil-parti t'isfel tan-[[Normandija]], fejn miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904.

Huwa ġie midfun fiċ-Ċimiterju ta' Montparnasse, Pariġi, Franza.

== Legat ==
[[Marcel Proust]] isemmi x-xogħol ta' Fantin-Latour f'''In Search of Lost Time'':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Bosta idejn ta' tfajliet żgħażagħ ma jkunx kapaċi jagħmlu dak li qed nara jien hemmhekk&quot;, qal il-Prinċep, hu u jipponta lejn il-pitturi mhux kompluti bl-akkwarelli tas-Sinjura de Villeparisis. U staqsiha jekk kinitx rat il-pittura tal-fjuri ta' Fantin-Latour li kienet għadha kemm tpoġġiet għall-wiri. (''The Guermantes Way'')&lt;/blockquote&gt;L-ewwel wirja ewlenija f'gallerija tar-Renju Unit f'40 sena saret fil-Mużew ta' Bowes f'April 2011. Il-Musée du Luxembourg ippreżenta wirja retrospettiva tax-xogħol tiegħu fl-2016-2017 intitolata &quot;À fleur de peau&quot;.

Il-pittura ''Bukkett Ward'' intużat għall-album ta' New Order ''Power, Corruption &amp; Lies'' ta' [[Peter Saville]] fl-1983.

== Kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi bix-xogħlijiet ta' Fantin-Latour ==

* Il-Gallerija tal-[[Arti]] ta' [[Aberdeen]], l-[[Skozja|Iskozja]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Armand Hammer]], California, l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' New South Wales, [[Sydney]], l-[[Awstralja]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Rochester, il-[[Belt ta' New York]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija ta' Arthur Ross, l-Università ta' Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Ashmolean, l-Università ta' [[Oxford]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużewijiet u l-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Birmingham, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Bowes, il-Kontea ta' [[Durham]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-[[British Museum]], [[Londra]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1927-1112-3|titlu=drawing {{!}} British Museum|sit=The British Museum|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Clark, Williamstown, Massachusetts, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Cleveland, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Dallas]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' [[Detroit]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija u l-Ġonna ta' Dixon, Tennessee, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Belle Arti ta' [[San Francisco]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Fitzwilliam, l-Università ta' Cambridge, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Fondazzjoni Bemberg, [[Toulouse]], Franza
* Il-Fondazzjoni E.G. Bührle, [[Zürich]], l-[[Żvizzera|Iżvizzera]]
* Il-Mużew ta' Hammer, [[Los Angeles]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Harvard, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]], [[San Pietruburgu]], ir-[[Russja]]
* Il-Mużew  tal-Arti ta' [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Indiana, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' J. Paul Getty, Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Lady Lever, Bebington, ir-Renju Unit
* La Piscine, Roubaix, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Kontea ta' Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' MacKenzie, Regina, Saskatchewan, il-[[Kanada]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Belt ta' [[Manchester]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Metropolitana (MoMA), il-Belt ta' New York, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1800|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} MoMA|sit=The Museum of Modern Art|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Montreal]], il-Kanada
* Il-Mużew ta' Grenoble, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Picardie, [[Amiens]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Bordeaux]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Lyon]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Pau]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Reims]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Geelvinck, [[Amsterdam]], in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Rouen]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Orsay, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Louvre, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Ursolini, Mâcon, Franza
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Buenos Aires]], l-[[Arġentina]]
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], [[Liżbona]], il-[[Portugall]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Boston]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Kanada, [[Ottawa]], il-Kanada
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali ta' [[Wales]], [[Cardiff]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://museum.wales/art/online/?action=show_item&amp;item=562|titlu=Larkspurs {{!}} Art Collections Online|sit=Museum Wales|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Nelson-Atkins, il-Belt ta' Kansas, Missouri, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Norton Simon, Pasadena, California, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/|titlu=About the Collection|sit=Norton Simon Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iċ-Ċentru tal-Arti tal-Ħabs l-Antik, Albany, Texas, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Philadelphia]], l-Istati Uniti
* Ir-Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Saint Louis, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/36223/|titlu=Asters in a Vase|sit=Saint Louis Art Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' San Diego, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Smart, l-Università ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Tate Gallery, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Thyssen-Bornemisza, [[Madrid]], [[Spanja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/fantin-latour-henri|titlu=Fantin-Latour, Henri|sit=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Toledo, Ohio, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Kollezzjonijiet tal-Università ta' [[Liège]], il-[[Belġju]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Michigan, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Victoria and Albert Museum, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' Virginia, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Atenew ta' Wadsworth, Hartford, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Winnipeg, l-Istati Uniti

== Biblijografija ==

* Gibson, Frank F., ''The art of Henri Fantin-Latour, his life and work'', London, Drane's ltd., 1924.
* Lucie-Smith, Edward, ''Henri Fantin-Latour'', New York, Rizzoli, 1977.

== Referenzi ==</text>
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'''Henri Fantin-Latour''' (twieled fl-14 ta' Jannar 1836 – miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Fantin-Latour|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} French painter {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kien pittur u litografu [[Franza|Franċiż]] magħruf l-iktar għall-[[Pittura|pitturi]] tal-fjuri u għar-ritratt fi gruppi ta' artisti u ta' [[Kittieb|kittieba]] [[Pariġi|Pariġini]].&lt;ref&gt;Rosenblum, Robert, ''Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay'', New York: Stewart, Tabori &amp; Chang, 1989. ISBN 978-1-55670-099-6. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bijografija ==
Huwa twieled bħala '''Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Fantin-Latour''' f'[[Grenoble]], Isère. Bħala żagħżugħ, huwa ngħata lezzjonijiet tat-tpinġija mingħand missieru li kien artist.&lt;ref&gt;Poulet, Anne L., &amp; Murphy, A. R., ''Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'', Boston: The Museum, 1979. ISBN 978-0-87846-134-9. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1850 beda jattendi l-Ecole de Dessin, fejn studja ma' [[Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Wara li studja fl-''École des Beaux-Arts'' f'Pariġi mill-1854, huwa qatta' ħafna mill-ħin tiegħu jikkopja x-xogħlijiet tal-pitturi l-kbar antiki fil-[[Mużew]] ta' [[Louvre]]. Għalkemm Fantin-Latour għen lil diversi artisti żagħżagħ li mbagħad saru assoċjati mal-[[Impressjoniżmu]], inkluż Whistler u Manet, ix-xogħol ta' Fantin baqa' bi stil konservattiv.

Whistler ġibed l-attenzjoni fuq ix-xogħol ta' Fantin fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]], fejn il-pitturi tiegħu tan-[[natura mejta]] tant inħatfu li saħansitra &quot;prattikament lanqas kien hemm traċċi tagħhom fi Franza matul ħajtu&quot;. Minbarra l-pitturi realistiċi tiegħu, Fantin-Latour ħoloq litografiji immaġinattivi ispirati mill-[[mużika]] ta' wħud mill-[[Kompożitur|kompożituri]] klassiċi l-kbar. Fl-1876, Fantin-Latour attenda spettaklu taċ-ċiklu ta' ''Ring'' f'[[Bayreuth]], il-[[Ġermanja]], li ħass li tassew misslu qalbu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa ppubblika litografiji ispirati minn [[Richard Wagner]] f'''La revue wagnérienne'', li komplew jissodaw ir-reputazzjoni tiegħu fost l-''avant-guarde'' ta' Pariġi bħala pittur antinaturalista.&lt;ref&gt;Sloan, Rachel (2009). &quot;The Condition of printmaking: Wagnerism and printmaking in France and Britain&quot;. ''Art History''. '''32''' (3): 545–577.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1875, Henri Fantin-Latour iżżewweġ lill-pittriċi [[Victoria Dubourg]], u mbagħad qatta' s-sjuf tiegħu fil-proprjetà tal-villeġġatura tal-familja ta' martu f'Buré, Orne fil-parti t'isfel tan-[[Normandija]], fejn miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904.

Huwa ġie midfun fiċ-Ċimiterju ta' Montparnasse, Pariġi, Franza.

== Legat ==
[[Marcel Proust]] isemmi x-xogħol ta' Fantin-Latour f'''In Search of Lost Time'':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Bosta idejn ta' tfajliet żgħażagħ ma jkunx kapaċi jagħmlu dak li qed nara jien hemmhekk&quot;, qal il-Prinċep, hu u jipponta lejn il-pitturi mhux kompluti bl-akkwarelli tas-Sinjura de Villeparisis. U staqsiha jekk kinitx rat il-pittura tal-fjuri ta' Fantin-Latour li kienet għadha kemm tpoġġiet għall-wiri. (''The Guermantes Way'')&lt;/blockquote&gt;L-ewwel wirja ewlenija f'gallerija tar-Renju Unit f'40 sena saret fil-Mużew ta' Bowes f'April 2011. Il-Musée du Luxembourg ippreżenta wirja retrospettiva tax-xogħol tiegħu fl-2016-2017 intitolata &quot;À fleur de peau&quot;.

Il-pittura ''Bukkett Ward'' intużat għall-album ta' New Order ''Power, Corruption &amp; Lies'' ta' [[Peter Saville]] fl-1983.

== Kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi bix-xogħlijiet ta' Fantin-Latour ==

* Il-Gallerija tal-[[Arti]] ta' [[Aberdeen]], l-[[Skozja|Iskozja]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Armand Hammer]], California, l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' New South Wales, [[Sydney]], l-[[Awstralja]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Rochester, il-[[Belt ta' New York]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija ta' Arthur Ross, l-Università ta' Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Ashmolean, l-Università ta' [[Oxford]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużewijiet u l-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Birmingham, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Bowes, il-Kontea ta' [[Durham]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-[[British Museum]], [[Londra]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1927-1112-3|titlu=drawing {{!}} British Museum|sit=The British Museum|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Clark, Williamstown, Massachusetts, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Cleveland, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Dallas]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' [[Detroit]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija u l-Ġonna ta' Dixon, Tennessee, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Belle Arti ta' [[San Francisco]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Fitzwilliam, l-Università ta' Cambridge, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Fondazzjoni Bemberg, [[Toulouse]], Franza
* Il-Fondazzjoni E.G. Bührle, [[Zürich]], l-[[Żvizzera|Iżvizzera]]
* Il-Mużew ta' Hammer, [[Los Angeles]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Harvard, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]], [[San Pietruburgu]], ir-[[Russja]]
* Il-Mużew  tal-Arti ta' [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Indiana, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' J. Paul Getty, Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Lady Lever, Bebington, ir-Renju Unit
* La Piscine, Roubaix, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Kontea ta' Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' MacKenzie, Regina, Saskatchewan, il-[[Kanada]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Belt ta' [[Manchester]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Metropolitana (MoMA), il-Belt ta' New York, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1800|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} MoMA|sit=The Museum of Modern Art|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Montreal]], il-Kanada
* Il-Mużew ta' Grenoble, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Picardie, [[Amiens]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Bordeaux]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Lyon]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Pau]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Reims]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Geelvinck, [[Amsterdam]], in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Rouen]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Orsay, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Louvre, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Ursolini, Mâcon, Franza
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Buenos Aires]], l-[[Arġentina]]
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], [[Liżbona]], il-[[Portugall]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Boston]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Kanada, [[Ottawa]], il-Kanada
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali ta' [[Wales]], [[Cardiff]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://museum.wales/art/online/?action=show_item&amp;item=562|titlu=Larkspurs {{!}} Art Collections Online|sit=Museum Wales|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Nelson-Atkins, il-Belt ta' Kansas, Missouri, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Norton Simon, Pasadena, California, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/|titlu=About the Collection|sit=Norton Simon Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iċ-Ċentru tal-Arti tal-Ħabs l-Antik, Albany, Texas, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Philadelphia]], l-Istati Uniti
* Ir-Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Saint Louis, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/36223/|titlu=Asters in a Vase|sit=Saint Louis Art Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' San Diego, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Smart, l-Università ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Tate Gallery, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Thyssen-Bornemisza, [[Madrid]], [[Spanja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/fantin-latour-henri|titlu=Fantin-Latour, Henri|sit=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Toledo, Ohio, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Kollezzjonijiet tal-Università ta' [[Liège]], il-[[Belġju]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Michigan, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Victoria and Albert Museum, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' Virginia, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Atenew ta' Wadsworth, Hartford, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Winnipeg, l-Istati Uniti

== Biblijografija ==

* Gibson, Frank F., ''The art of Henri Fantin-Latour, his life and work'', London, Drane's ltd., 1924.
* Lucie-Smith, Edward, ''Henri Fantin-Latour'', New York, Rizzoli, 1977.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>279723</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-25T06:59:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Twieldu fl-1836]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9234" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Henri Fantin-Latour''' (twieled fl-14 ta' Jannar 1836 – miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Fantin-Latour|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} French painter {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kien pittur u litografu [[Franza|Franċiż]] magħruf l-iktar għall-[[Pittura|pitturi]] tal-fjuri u għar-ritratt fi gruppi ta' artisti u ta' [[Kittieb|kittieba]] [[Pariġi|Pariġini]].&lt;ref&gt;Rosenblum, Robert, ''Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay'', New York: Stewart, Tabori &amp; Chang, 1989. ISBN 978-1-55670-099-6. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bijografija ==
Huwa twieled bħala '''Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Fantin-Latour''' f'[[Grenoble]], Isère. Bħala żagħżugħ, huwa ngħata lezzjonijiet tat-tpinġija mingħand missieru li kien artist.&lt;ref&gt;Poulet, Anne L., &amp; Murphy, A. R., ''Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'', Boston: The Museum, 1979. ISBN 978-0-87846-134-9. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1850 beda jattendi l-Ecole de Dessin, fejn studja ma' [[Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Wara li studja fl-''École des Beaux-Arts'' f'Pariġi mill-1854, huwa qatta' ħafna mill-ħin tiegħu jikkopja x-xogħlijiet tal-pitturi l-kbar antiki fil-[[Mużew]] ta' [[Louvre]]. Għalkemm Fantin-Latour għen lil diversi artisti żagħżagħ li mbagħad saru assoċjati mal-[[Impressjoniżmu]], inkluż Whistler u Manet, ix-xogħol ta' Fantin baqa' bi stil konservattiv.

Whistler ġibed l-attenzjoni fuq ix-xogħol ta' Fantin fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]], fejn il-pitturi tiegħu tan-[[natura mejta]] tant inħatfu li saħansitra &quot;prattikament lanqas kien hemm traċċi tagħhom fi Franza matul ħajtu&quot;. Minbarra l-pitturi realistiċi tiegħu, Fantin-Latour ħoloq litografiji immaġinattivi ispirati mill-[[mużika]] ta' wħud mill-[[Kompożitur|kompożituri]] klassiċi l-kbar. Fl-1876, Fantin-Latour attenda spettaklu taċ-ċiklu ta' ''Ring'' f'[[Bayreuth]], il-[[Ġermanja]], li ħass li tassew misslu qalbu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa ppubblika litografiji ispirati minn [[Richard Wagner]] f'''La revue wagnérienne'', li komplew jissodaw ir-reputazzjoni tiegħu fost l-''avant-guarde'' ta' Pariġi bħala pittur antinaturalista.&lt;ref&gt;Sloan, Rachel (2009). &quot;The Condition of printmaking: Wagnerism and printmaking in France and Britain&quot;. ''Art History''. '''32''' (3): 545–577.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1875, Henri Fantin-Latour iżżewweġ lill-pittriċi [[Victoria Dubourg]], u mbagħad qatta' s-sjuf tiegħu fil-proprjetà tal-villeġġatura tal-familja ta' martu f'Buré, Orne fil-parti t'isfel tan-[[Normandija]], fejn miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904.

Huwa ġie midfun fiċ-Ċimiterju ta' Montparnasse, Pariġi, Franza.

== Legat ==
[[Marcel Proust]] isemmi x-xogħol ta' Fantin-Latour f'''In Search of Lost Time'':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Bosta idejn ta' tfajliet żgħażagħ ma jkunx kapaċi jagħmlu dak li qed nara jien hemmhekk&quot;, qal il-Prinċep, hu u jipponta lejn il-pitturi mhux kompluti bl-akkwarelli tas-Sinjura de Villeparisis. U staqsiha jekk kinitx rat il-pittura tal-fjuri ta' Fantin-Latour li kienet għadha kemm tpoġġiet għall-wiri. (''The Guermantes Way'')&lt;/blockquote&gt;L-ewwel wirja ewlenija f'gallerija tar-Renju Unit f'40 sena saret fil-Mużew ta' Bowes f'April 2011. Il-Musée du Luxembourg ippreżenta wirja retrospettiva tax-xogħol tiegħu fl-2016-2017 intitolata &quot;À fleur de peau&quot;.

Il-pittura ''Bukkett Ward'' intużat għall-album ta' New Order ''Power, Corruption &amp; Lies'' ta' [[Peter Saville]] fl-1983.

== Kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi bix-xogħlijiet ta' Fantin-Latour ==

* Il-Gallerija tal-[[Arti]] ta' [[Aberdeen]], l-[[Skozja|Iskozja]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Armand Hammer]], California, l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' New South Wales, [[Sydney]], l-[[Awstralja]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Rochester, il-[[Belt ta' New York]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija ta' Arthur Ross, l-Università ta' Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Ashmolean, l-Università ta' [[Oxford]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużewijiet u l-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Birmingham, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Bowes, il-Kontea ta' [[Durham]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-[[British Museum]], [[Londra]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1927-1112-3|titlu=drawing {{!}} British Museum|sit=The British Museum|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Clark, Williamstown, Massachusetts, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Cleveland, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Dallas]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' [[Detroit]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija u l-Ġonna ta' Dixon, Tennessee, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Belle Arti ta' [[San Francisco]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Fitzwilliam, l-Università ta' Cambridge, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Fondazzjoni Bemberg, [[Toulouse]], Franza
* Il-Fondazzjoni E.G. Bührle, [[Zürich]], l-[[Żvizzera|Iżvizzera]]
* Il-Mużew ta' Hammer, [[Los Angeles]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Harvard, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]], [[San Pietruburgu]], ir-[[Russja]]
* Il-Mużew  tal-Arti ta' [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Indiana, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' J. Paul Getty, Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Lady Lever, Bebington, ir-Renju Unit
* La Piscine, Roubaix, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Kontea ta' Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' MacKenzie, Regina, Saskatchewan, il-[[Kanada]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Belt ta' [[Manchester]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Metropolitana (MoMA), il-Belt ta' New York, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1800|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} MoMA|sit=The Museum of Modern Art|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Montreal]], il-Kanada
* Il-Mużew ta' Grenoble, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Picardie, [[Amiens]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Bordeaux]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Lyon]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Pau]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Reims]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Geelvinck, [[Amsterdam]], in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Rouen]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Orsay, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Louvre, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Ursolini, Mâcon, Franza
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Buenos Aires]], l-[[Arġentina]]
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], [[Liżbona]], il-[[Portugall]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Boston]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Kanada, [[Ottawa]], il-Kanada
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali ta' [[Wales]], [[Cardiff]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://museum.wales/art/online/?action=show_item&amp;item=562|titlu=Larkspurs {{!}} Art Collections Online|sit=Museum Wales|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Nelson-Atkins, il-Belt ta' Kansas, Missouri, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Norton Simon, Pasadena, California, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/|titlu=About the Collection|sit=Norton Simon Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iċ-Ċentru tal-Arti tal-Ħabs l-Antik, Albany, Texas, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Philadelphia]], l-Istati Uniti
* Ir-Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Saint Louis, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/36223/|titlu=Asters in a Vase|sit=Saint Louis Art Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' San Diego, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Smart, l-Università ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Tate Gallery, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Thyssen-Bornemisza, [[Madrid]], [[Spanja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/fantin-latour-henri|titlu=Fantin-Latour, Henri|sit=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Toledo, Ohio, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Kollezzjonijiet tal-Università ta' [[Liège]], il-[[Belġju]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Michigan, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Victoria and Albert Museum, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' Virginia, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Atenew ta' Wadsworth, Hartford, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Winnipeg, l-Istati Uniti

== Biblijografija ==

* Gibson, Frank F., ''The art of Henri Fantin-Latour, his life and work'', London, Drane's ltd., 1924.
* Lucie-Smith, Edward, ''Henri Fantin-Latour'', New York, Rizzoli, 1977.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1836]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>279724</id>
      <parentid>279723</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T06:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Mietu fl-1904]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9263" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Henri Fantin-Latour''' (twieled fl-14 ta' Jannar 1836 – miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Fantin-Latour|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} French painter {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kien pittur u litografu [[Franza|Franċiż]] magħruf l-iktar għall-[[Pittura|pitturi]] tal-fjuri u għar-ritratt fi gruppi ta' artisti u ta' [[Kittieb|kittieba]] [[Pariġi|Pariġini]].&lt;ref&gt;Rosenblum, Robert, ''Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay'', New York: Stewart, Tabori &amp; Chang, 1989. ISBN 978-1-55670-099-6. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bijografija ==
Huwa twieled bħala '''Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Fantin-Latour''' f'[[Grenoble]], Isère. Bħala żagħżugħ, huwa ngħata lezzjonijiet tat-tpinġija mingħand missieru li kien artist.&lt;ref&gt;Poulet, Anne L., &amp; Murphy, A. R., ''Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'', Boston: The Museum, 1979. ISBN 978-0-87846-134-9. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1850 beda jattendi l-Ecole de Dessin, fejn studja ma' [[Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Wara li studja fl-''École des Beaux-Arts'' f'Pariġi mill-1854, huwa qatta' ħafna mill-ħin tiegħu jikkopja x-xogħlijiet tal-pitturi l-kbar antiki fil-[[Mużew]] ta' [[Louvre]]. Għalkemm Fantin-Latour għen lil diversi artisti żagħżagħ li mbagħad saru assoċjati mal-[[Impressjoniżmu]], inkluż Whistler u Manet, ix-xogħol ta' Fantin baqa' bi stil konservattiv.

Whistler ġibed l-attenzjoni fuq ix-xogħol ta' Fantin fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]], fejn il-pitturi tiegħu tan-[[natura mejta]] tant inħatfu li saħansitra &quot;prattikament lanqas kien hemm traċċi tagħhom fi Franza matul ħajtu&quot;. Minbarra l-pitturi realistiċi tiegħu, Fantin-Latour ħoloq litografiji immaġinattivi ispirati mill-[[mużika]] ta' wħud mill-[[Kompożitur|kompożituri]] klassiċi l-kbar. Fl-1876, Fantin-Latour attenda spettaklu taċ-ċiklu ta' ''Ring'' f'[[Bayreuth]], il-[[Ġermanja]], li ħass li tassew misslu qalbu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa ppubblika litografiji ispirati minn [[Richard Wagner]] f'''La revue wagnérienne'', li komplew jissodaw ir-reputazzjoni tiegħu fost l-''avant-guarde'' ta' Pariġi bħala pittur antinaturalista.&lt;ref&gt;Sloan, Rachel (2009). &quot;The Condition of printmaking: Wagnerism and printmaking in France and Britain&quot;. ''Art History''. '''32''' (3): 545–577.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1875, Henri Fantin-Latour iżżewweġ lill-pittriċi [[Victoria Dubourg]], u mbagħad qatta' s-sjuf tiegħu fil-proprjetà tal-villeġġatura tal-familja ta' martu f'Buré, Orne fil-parti t'isfel tan-[[Normandija]], fejn miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904.

Huwa ġie midfun fiċ-Ċimiterju ta' Montparnasse, Pariġi, Franza.

== Legat ==
[[Marcel Proust]] isemmi x-xogħol ta' Fantin-Latour f'''In Search of Lost Time'':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Bosta idejn ta' tfajliet żgħażagħ ma jkunx kapaċi jagħmlu dak li qed nara jien hemmhekk&quot;, qal il-Prinċep, hu u jipponta lejn il-pitturi mhux kompluti bl-akkwarelli tas-Sinjura de Villeparisis. U staqsiha jekk kinitx rat il-pittura tal-fjuri ta' Fantin-Latour li kienet għadha kemm tpoġġiet għall-wiri. (''The Guermantes Way'')&lt;/blockquote&gt;L-ewwel wirja ewlenija f'gallerija tar-Renju Unit f'40 sena saret fil-Mużew ta' Bowes f'April 2011. Il-Musée du Luxembourg ippreżenta wirja retrospettiva tax-xogħol tiegħu fl-2016-2017 intitolata &quot;À fleur de peau&quot;.

Il-pittura ''Bukkett Ward'' intużat għall-album ta' New Order ''Power, Corruption &amp; Lies'' ta' [[Peter Saville]] fl-1983.

== Kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi bix-xogħlijiet ta' Fantin-Latour ==

* Il-Gallerija tal-[[Arti]] ta' [[Aberdeen]], l-[[Skozja|Iskozja]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Armand Hammer]], California, l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' New South Wales, [[Sydney]], l-[[Awstralja]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Rochester, il-[[Belt ta' New York]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija ta' Arthur Ross, l-Università ta' Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Ashmolean, l-Università ta' [[Oxford]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużewijiet u l-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Birmingham, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Bowes, il-Kontea ta' [[Durham]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-[[British Museum]], [[Londra]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1927-1112-3|titlu=drawing {{!}} British Museum|sit=The British Museum|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Clark, Williamstown, Massachusetts, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Cleveland, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Dallas]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' [[Detroit]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija u l-Ġonna ta' Dixon, Tennessee, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Belle Arti ta' [[San Francisco]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Fitzwilliam, l-Università ta' Cambridge, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Fondazzjoni Bemberg, [[Toulouse]], Franza
* Il-Fondazzjoni E.G. Bührle, [[Zürich]], l-[[Żvizzera|Iżvizzera]]
* Il-Mużew ta' Hammer, [[Los Angeles]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Harvard, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]], [[San Pietruburgu]], ir-[[Russja]]
* Il-Mużew  tal-Arti ta' [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Indiana, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' J. Paul Getty, Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Lady Lever, Bebington, ir-Renju Unit
* La Piscine, Roubaix, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Kontea ta' Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' MacKenzie, Regina, Saskatchewan, il-[[Kanada]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Belt ta' [[Manchester]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Metropolitana (MoMA), il-Belt ta' New York, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1800|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} MoMA|sit=The Museum of Modern Art|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Montreal]], il-Kanada
* Il-Mużew ta' Grenoble, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Picardie, [[Amiens]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Bordeaux]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Lyon]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Pau]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Reims]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Geelvinck, [[Amsterdam]], in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Rouen]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Orsay, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Louvre, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Ursolini, Mâcon, Franza
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Buenos Aires]], l-[[Arġentina]]
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], [[Liżbona]], il-[[Portugall]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Boston]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Kanada, [[Ottawa]], il-Kanada
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali ta' [[Wales]], [[Cardiff]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://museum.wales/art/online/?action=show_item&amp;item=562|titlu=Larkspurs {{!}} Art Collections Online|sit=Museum Wales|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Nelson-Atkins, il-Belt ta' Kansas, Missouri, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Norton Simon, Pasadena, California, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/|titlu=About the Collection|sit=Norton Simon Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iċ-Ċentru tal-Arti tal-Ħabs l-Antik, Albany, Texas, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Philadelphia]], l-Istati Uniti
* Ir-Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Saint Louis, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/36223/|titlu=Asters in a Vase|sit=Saint Louis Art Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' San Diego, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Smart, l-Università ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Tate Gallery, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Thyssen-Bornemisza, [[Madrid]], [[Spanja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/fantin-latour-henri|titlu=Fantin-Latour, Henri|sit=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Toledo, Ohio, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Kollezzjonijiet tal-Università ta' [[Liège]], il-[[Belġju]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Michigan, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Victoria and Albert Museum, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' Virginia, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Atenew ta' Wadsworth, Hartford, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Winnipeg, l-Istati Uniti

== Biblijografija ==

* Gibson, Frank F., ''The art of Henri Fantin-Latour, his life and work'', London, Drane's ltd., 1924.
* Lucie-Smith, Edward, ''Henri Fantin-Latour'', New York, Rizzoli, 1977.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1836]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1904]]</text>
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      <id>279725</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-25T07:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>defaultsort</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9299" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bijografija}}

'''Henri Fantin-Latour''' (twieled fl-14 ta' Jannar 1836 – miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Fantin-Latour|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} French painter {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kien pittur u litografu [[Franza|Franċiż]] magħruf l-iktar għall-[[Pittura|pitturi]] tal-fjuri u għar-ritratt fi gruppi ta' artisti u ta' [[Kittieb|kittieba]] [[Pariġi|Pariġini]].&lt;ref&gt;Rosenblum, Robert, ''Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay'', New York: Stewart, Tabori &amp; Chang, 1989. ISBN 978-1-55670-099-6. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bijografija ==
Huwa twieled bħala '''Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Fantin-Latour''' f'[[Grenoble]], Isère. Bħala żagħżugħ, huwa ngħata lezzjonijiet tat-tpinġija mingħand missieru li kien artist.&lt;ref&gt;Poulet, Anne L., &amp; Murphy, A. R., ''Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'', Boston: The Museum, 1979. ISBN 978-0-87846-134-9. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1850 beda jattendi l-Ecole de Dessin, fejn studja ma' [[Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Wara li studja fl-''École des Beaux-Arts'' f'Pariġi mill-1854, huwa qatta' ħafna mill-ħin tiegħu jikkopja x-xogħlijiet tal-pitturi l-kbar antiki fil-[[Mużew]] ta' [[Louvre]]. Għalkemm Fantin-Latour għen lil diversi artisti żagħżagħ li mbagħad saru assoċjati mal-[[Impressjoniżmu]], inkluż Whistler u Manet, ix-xogħol ta' Fantin baqa' bi stil konservattiv.

Whistler ġibed l-attenzjoni fuq ix-xogħol ta' Fantin fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]], fejn il-pitturi tiegħu tan-[[natura mejta]] tant inħatfu li saħansitra &quot;prattikament lanqas kien hemm traċċi tagħhom fi Franza matul ħajtu&quot;. Minbarra l-pitturi realistiċi tiegħu, Fantin-Latour ħoloq litografiji immaġinattivi ispirati mill-[[mużika]] ta' wħud mill-[[Kompożitur|kompożituri]] klassiċi l-kbar. Fl-1876, Fantin-Latour attenda spettaklu taċ-ċiklu ta' ''Ring'' f'[[Bayreuth]], il-[[Ġermanja]], li ħass li tassew misslu qalbu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa ppubblika litografiji ispirati minn [[Richard Wagner]] f'''La revue wagnérienne'', li komplew jissodaw ir-reputazzjoni tiegħu fost l-''avant-guarde'' ta' Pariġi bħala pittur antinaturalista.&lt;ref&gt;Sloan, Rachel (2009). &quot;The Condition of printmaking: Wagnerism and printmaking in France and Britain&quot;. ''Art History''. '''32''' (3): 545–577.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1875, Henri Fantin-Latour iżżewweġ lill-pittriċi [[Victoria Dubourg]], u mbagħad qatta' s-sjuf tiegħu fil-proprjetà tal-villeġġatura tal-familja ta' martu f'Buré, Orne fil-parti t'isfel tan-[[Normandija]], fejn miet fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1904.

Huwa ġie midfun fiċ-Ċimiterju ta' Montparnasse, Pariġi, Franza.

== Legat ==
[[Marcel Proust]] isemmi x-xogħol ta' Fantin-Latour f'''In Search of Lost Time'':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Bosta idejn ta' tfajliet żgħażagħ ma jkunx kapaċi jagħmlu dak li qed nara jien hemmhekk&quot;, qal il-Prinċep, hu u jipponta lejn il-pitturi mhux kompluti bl-akkwarelli tas-Sinjura de Villeparisis. U staqsiha jekk kinitx rat il-pittura tal-fjuri ta' Fantin-Latour li kienet għadha kemm tpoġġiet għall-wiri. (''The Guermantes Way'')&lt;/blockquote&gt;L-ewwel wirja ewlenija f'gallerija tar-Renju Unit f'40 sena saret fil-Mużew ta' Bowes f'April 2011. Il-Musée du Luxembourg ippreżenta wirja retrospettiva tax-xogħol tiegħu fl-2016-2017 intitolata &quot;À fleur de peau&quot;.

Il-pittura ''Bukkett Ward'' intużat għall-album ta' New Order ''Power, Corruption &amp; Lies'' ta' [[Peter Saville]] fl-1983.

== Kollezzjonijiet pubbliċi bix-xogħlijiet ta' Fantin-Latour ==

* Il-Gallerija tal-[[Arti]] ta' [[Aberdeen]], l-[[Skozja|Iskozja]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Armand Hammer]], California, l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' New South Wales, [[Sydney]], l-[[Awstralja]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Rochester, il-[[Belt ta' New York]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija ta' Arthur Ross, l-Università ta' Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Ashmolean, l-Università ta' [[Oxford]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużewijiet u l-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Birmingham, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Bowes, il-Kontea ta' [[Durham]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-[[British Museum]], [[Londra]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1927-1112-3|titlu=drawing {{!}} British Museum|sit=The British Museum|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' Clark, Williamstown, Massachusetts, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Cleveland, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Dallas]], l-Istati Uniti
* L-Istitut tal-Arti ta' [[Detroit]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija u l-Ġonna ta' Dixon, Tennessee, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Belle Arti ta' [[San Francisco]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Fitzwilliam, l-Università ta' Cambridge, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Fondazzjoni Bemberg, [[Toulouse]], Franza
* Il-Fondazzjoni E.G. Bührle, [[Zürich]], l-[[Żvizzera|Iżvizzera]]
* Il-Mużew ta' Hammer, [[Los Angeles]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużewijiet tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Harvard, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-[[Hermitage]], [[San Pietruburgu]], ir-[[Russja]]
* Il-Mużew  tal-Arti ta' [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Indiana, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' J. Paul Getty, Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]]
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Lady Lever, Bebington, ir-Renju Unit
* La Piscine, Roubaix, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Kontea ta' Los Angeles, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' MacKenzie, Regina, Saskatchewan, il-[[Kanada]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Belt ta' [[Manchester]], ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Metropolitana (MoMA), il-Belt ta' New York, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1800|titlu=Henri Fantin-Latour {{!}} MoMA|sit=The Museum of Modern Art|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Montreal]], il-Kanada
* Il-Mużew ta' Grenoble, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Picardie, [[Amiens]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Bordeaux]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Lyon]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Pau]], Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Reims]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Geelvinck, [[Amsterdam]], in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Rouen]], Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Orsay, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew ta' Louvre, Pariġi, Franza
* Il-Mużew tal-Ursolini, Mâcon, Franza
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Buenos Aires]], l-[[Arġentina]]
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Calouste Gulbenkian]], [[Liżbona]], il-[[Portugall]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Boston]], l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Kanada, [[Ottawa]], il-Kanada
* Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew Nazzjonali ta' [[Wales]], [[Cardiff]], ir-Renju Unit&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://museum.wales/art/online/?action=show_item&amp;item=562|titlu=Larkspurs {{!}} Art Collections Online|sit=Museum Wales|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Nelson-Atkins, il-Belt ta' Kansas, Missouri, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' Norton Simon, Pasadena, California, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/|titlu=About the Collection|sit=Norton Simon Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iċ-Ċentru tal-Arti tal-Ħabs l-Antik, Albany, Texas, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' [[Philadelphia]], l-Istati Uniti
* Ir-Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Saint Louis, l-Istati Uniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/36223/|titlu=Asters in a Vase|sit=Saint Louis Art Museum|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' San Diego, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Smart, l-Università ta' Chicago, l-Istati Uniti
* Tate Gallery, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew ta' Thyssen-Bornemisza, [[Madrid]], [[Spanja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/fantin-latour-henri|titlu=Fantin-Latour, Henri|sit=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti ta' Toledo, Ohio, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Kollezzjonijiet tal-Università ta' [[Liège]], il-[[Belġju]]
* Il-Mużew tal-Arti tal-Università ta' Michigan, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Mużew ta' [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], Amsterdam, in-Netherlands
* Victoria and Albert Museum, Londra, ir-Renju Unit
* Il-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' Virginia, l-Istati Uniti
* L-Atenew ta' Wadsworth, Hartford, l-Istati Uniti
* Il-Gallerija tal-Arti ta' Winnipeg, l-Istati Uniti

== Biblijografija ==

* Gibson, Frank F., ''The art of Henri Fantin-Latour, his life and work'', London, Drane's ltd., 1924.
* Lucie-Smith, Edward, ''Henri Fantin-Latour'', New York, Rizzoli, 1977.

== Referenzi ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantin-Latour, Henri}}
[[Kategorija:Pitturi Franċiżi]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1836]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1904]]</text>
      <sha1>n4hji7oh2v32u37qyyf2wp3i4mfvamc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Palazz ta' Versailles</title>
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      <id>279727</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T09:45:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>17859</id>
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      <comment>Kontenut inizjali, stampi, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57062" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Versailles-Chateau-Jardins02.jpg|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles.]]
Il-'''Palazz ta' Versailles''' (pronunzja: /vɛərˈsaɪ, vɜːrˈsaɪ/ ''vair-SY, vur-SY'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versailles|titlu=Definition of Versailles {{!}} Dictionary.com|sit=www.dictionary.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Château de Versailles'' [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj]) huwa eks residenza rjali li nbena mir-Re [[Lwiġi XIV ta' Franza|Lwiġi XIV]] u li jinsab f'[[Versailles]], madwar 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]]. Is-sjieda tal-palazz hija tar-Repubblika Franċiża u mill-1995 ġie ġestit, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]], mill-Istabbiliment Pubbliku tal-Palazz tal-[[Mużew]] u l-Proprjetà Nazzjonali ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/public-establishment|titlu=The Public Establishment|data=2016-10-31|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kull sena, bħala medja, 15,000,000 ruħ iżuru l-palazz, il-park jew il-ġonna ta' Versailles, għaldaqstant huwa wieħed mill-iżjed attrazzjonijiet turistiċi li jżuruh nies fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/paris/article/palace-versailles-chateau-versailles|titlu=Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles)|sit=us.france.fr|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minħabba l-[[pandemija tal-COVID-19]], l-għadd ta' viżitaturi li ħallsu l-biljett biex iżuru l-Palazz ta' Versailles naqas b'75 % minn tmien miljuni fl-2019 għal żewġ miljuni fl-2020. It-tnaqqis kien partikolarment qawwi fost il-viżitaturi barranin, li jirrappreżentaw tmenin fil-mija tal-viżitaturi li jħallsu l-biljett.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://chroniques.amisdeversailles.com/le-rapport-dactivite-2020-du-chateau-est-en-ligne/|titlu=Le rapport d'activité 2020 du château est en ligne|kunjom=benedicte|data=2021-07-24|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lwiġi XIII]] bena loġġa tal-kaċċa sempliċi fis-sit tal-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1623 u ssostitwieh b'palazz żgħir fl-1631-1634. Lwiġi XIV kabbar il-palazz f'diversi fażijiet mill-1661 sal-1715. Kien residenza favorita taż-żewġ rejiet, u fl-1682, Lwiġi XIV ttrasferixxa s-sede tal-qorti u tal-gvern tiegħu lejn Versailles, u b'hekk il-palazz ''de facto'' sar il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' Franza u baqa' hekk anke taħt ir-Rejiet [[Lwiġi XV ta’ Franza|Lwiġi XV]] u [[Lwiġi XVI ta' Franza|Lwiġi XVI]], li primarjament għamlu alterazzjonijiet fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, iżda fl-1789 il-familja rjali u l-belt kapitali ta' Franza reġgħu lura lejn Pariġi. Għall-kumplament tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]], il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie abbandunat għalkollox u żvujtat mill-kontenuti tiegħu, u l-popolazzjoni tal-belt u tal-inħawi naqset ferm.

[[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun Bonaparte]], wara li ħa lil Franza f'idejh, uża l-Palazz ta' Versailles bħala r-residenza tas-sajf tiegħu mill-1810 sal-1814, iżda ma rrestawrahx. Meta l-Monarkija Franċiża rrestawratu, xorta waħda baqgħet f'Pariġi, u qabel is-snin 30 tas-seklu 19 ma sarux tiswijiet kbar fil-palazz. Il-Mużew tal-[[Storja|Istorja]] ta' Franza ġie installat ġo fih minflok l-appartamenti tas-sezzjoni tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz.

Il-palazz u l-park tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1979 għall-importanza tagħhom bħala ċentru tal-poter, tal-[[arti]] u tax-[[xjenza]] fi Franza matul is-[[Seklu 17|sekli 17]] u 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/|titlu=Palace and Park of Versailles|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Ministeru Franċiż għall-Kultura elenka l-palazz, il-ġonna u xi strutturi sussidjarji tiegħu fil-lista tiegħu ta' [[Monument|monumenti]] sinifikanti kulturalment.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Versailles on the 1652 map of Paris by Gomboust - Gallica 2012.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni ta' [[Jacques Gomboust]] tal-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1652.]]
Fl-1623&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIII, ir-Re ta' Franza, bena loġġa tal-kaċċa fuq għolja f'art tal-kaċċa li kienet għal qalbu, 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' Pariġi, u 10 mili (16-il kilometru) mir-residenza primarja tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 369.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit, qrib villaġġ imsejjaħ Versailles, kien art mistagħdra b'żoni bil-boskijiet li l-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIII ddeskriviet bħala post li ma jistħoqlux li jmur fih ir-re;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; wieħed mill-membri tal-qorti tiegħu, [[François de Bassompierre]], kiteb li l-loġġa &quot;ma tispirax il-vanità lanqas fl-iktar ġentlom sempliċi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-1631 sal-1634, l-[[arkitett]] [[Philibert Le Roy]] issostitwixxa l-loġġa b'palazz għal Lwiġi XIII&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, li pprojbixxa lir-reġina tiegħu, Anna tal-[[Awstrija]], milli torqod fih,&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; anke meta kien hemm tifqigħa ta' ġidri f'Saint-Germain-en-Laye fl-1641 li obbligat lil Lwiġi XIII jmur f'Versailles flimkien mal-eredi tiegħu li kellu tliet snin, u li mbagħad sar Lwiġi XIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history|titlu=History|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta Lwiġi XIII [[Mewt|miet]] fl-1643, Anna saret ir-reġġenti ta' Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie abbandunat għal deċennju sħiħ. Anna ttrasferiet il-qorti lura f'Pariġi&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, fejn hi u l-ministru ewlieni tagħha, il-[[Kardinal Mazarin]], komplew il-prattiki monetarji xejn popolari ta' Lwiġi XIII. Dan wassal għall-''Fronde'', sensiela ta' rewwixti kontra l-awtorità rjali mill-1648 sal-1653 u li b'mod parallel wasslet għal taqbida bejn Mazarin u l-prinċpijiet b'[[demm]] irjali, il-familja estiża ta' Lwiġi XIV, għal influwenza fuqu.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 58, 60 u 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Fronde, Lwiġi XIV kien iddeterminat li jirrenja waħdu.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-mewt ta' Mazarin fl-1661&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV rriforma l-gvern tiegħu biex jeskludi lil ommu u lill-prinċpijiet b'demm irjali, ittrasferixxa l-qorti lura lejn Saint-Germain-en-Laye&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). Versailles. Basic Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, u ordna l-espansjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru għall-Palazz ta' Versailles kif inhu llum il-ġurnata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 369-370.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV kien ikkaċċja f'Versailles fis-snin 50 tas-seklu 17, iżda ma kellux xi interess speċjali f'Versailles qabel l-1661.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-17 ta' Awwissu 1661&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV kien mistieden f'festival lussuż ospitat minn [[Nicolas Fouquet]], is-Sovraintendent tal-Finanzi, fir-residenza tal-palazz tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte]].&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV baqa' impressjonat bil-palazz u l-ġonna tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kienu xogħol [[Louis Le Vau]], l-arkitett tal-qorti mill-1654, [[André Le Nôtre]], il-[[ġardinar]] irjali mill-1657, u [[Charles Le Brun]], pittur għas-servizz irjali mill-1647.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/charles-brun|titlu=Charles Le Brun|data=2016-11-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iskala u l-opulenza tal-Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte ispiraw is-sens estetiku ta' Lwiġi XIV, iżda wassluh ukoll biex f'Settembru ta' dik is-sena jitfa' lil Fouquet il-ħabs, għaliex kien bena wkoll fortizza fuq gżira u armata privata.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 18-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV kien ispirat ukoll minn Vaux-le-Vicomte&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;, u qabbad l-awturi ta' dik l-opra biex jaħdmu fuq il-proġetti tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV ssostitwixxa lil Fouquet b'[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], li kien jappoġġa lil Mazarin u kien għadu ta' Fouquet, u qabbdu jġestixxi l-korp ta' [[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] tas-servizz irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. pp. 208-210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Colbert għamilha ta' intermedjarju bejnhom u Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ddirieġa u spezzjona personalment l-ippjanar u l-kostruzzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1668, [[pittura]] ta' [[Pierre Patel]].]]
Għall-ewwel ix-xogħol f'Versailles ikkonċentra fuq il-park u l-ġonna tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 55-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 17, Le Vau żied biss żewġ sezzjonijiet distakkati tas-servizz u binja ta' riċeviment quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Iżda fl-1668-1669&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;, bħala rispons għat-tkabbir tal-ġonna&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 62-63, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, u r-rebħa kontra [[Spanja]] fil-Gwerra tad-Devoluzzjoni, Lwiġi XIV ddeċieda li l-Palazz ta' Versailles isir residenza rjali fuq skala kbira.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Għall-ewwel kien indeċiż bejn is-sostituzzjoni jew l-inkorporazzjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru, iżda għażel din tal-aħħar sa tmiem id-deċennju&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61, 64.&lt;/ref&gt;, u mill-1668 sal-1671&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 334-335.&lt;/ref&gt;, il-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie inkorporat fuq tliet naħat b'teknika mlaqqma l-''enveloppe''.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, il-palazz ingħata faċċata ġdida [[Italja|Taljanizzata]] li tħares lejn il-ġonna, iżda l-faċċata tal-bitħa ġiet ippreservata. Dan irriżulta f'taħlita ta' stili u ta' materjali li ssorprendew lil Lwiġi XIV u li Colbert iddeskriva bħala &quot;ħallata ballata&quot;. It-tentattivi ta' omoġenizzazzjoni taż-żewġ faċċati ma rnexxewx, u fl-1670 Le Vau miet, u l-kariga tiegħu bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett tar-Re baqgħet battala għas-seba' snin ta' wara.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1675FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|258x258px|Il-faċċata ta' Le Vau li tagħti fuq il-ġonna għall-ħabta tal-1675.]]
Le Vau was succeeded at Versailles by his assistant, architect François d'Orbay. Work at the palace during the 1670s focused on its interiors, as the palace was then nearing completion, though d'Orbay expanded Le Vau's service wings and connected them to the château, and built a pair of pavilions for government employees in the forecourt. In 1670, d'Orbay was tasked by Lwiġi XIV with designing a city, also called Versailles, to house and service Lwiġi XIV's growing government and court. The granting of land to courtiers for the construction of townhouses that resembled the palace began in 1671. The next year, the Franco-Dutch War began and funding for Versailles was cut until 1674, when Lwiġi XIV had work begun on the Ambassadors' Staircase, a grand staircase for the reception of guests, and demolished the last of the village of Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 9, 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:General view of Versailles in circa 1682 by Adam Perelle.png|xellug|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1682, inċiżjoni ta' [[Adam Perelle]].]]
Following the end of the Franco-Dutch War with French victory in 1678, Lwiġi XIV appointed as First Architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, an experienced architect in Lwiġi XIV's confidence, who would benefit from a restored budget and large workforce of former soldiers. Mansart began his tenure with the addition from 1678 to 1681 of the Hall of Mirrors, a renovation of the courtyard façade of Lwiġi XIII's château, and the expansion of d'Orbay's pavilions to create the Ministers' Wings [fr] in 1678–79. Adjacent to the palace, Mansart built a pair of stables called the Grande and Petite Écuries from 1679 to 1682 and the Grand Commun, which housed the palace's servants and general kitchens, from 1682 to 1684. Mansart also added two entirely new wings in Le Vau's Italianate style to house the court, first at the south end of the palace from 1679 to 1681 and then at its north end from 1685 to 1689.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

War and the resulting diminished funding slowed construction at Versailles for the rest of the 17th century. The Nine Years' War, which began in 1688, stopped work altogether until 1698. Three years later, however, the even more expensive War of the Spanish Succession began and, combined with poor harvests in 1693–94 and 1709–10, plunged Franza into crisis. Lwiġi XIV thus slashed funding and canceled some of the work Mansart had planned in the 1680s, such as the remodeling of the courtyard façade in the Italianate style. Lwiġi XIV and Mansart focused on a permanent palace chapel, the construction of which lasted from 1699 to 1710.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Nicolas Cochin Masked Ball 1745FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Ballu bil-maskri fis-Sala tal-Mirja (1745), pittura ta' [[Charles-Nicolas Cochin]].]]
Lwiġi XIV's successors, Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI, largely left Versailles as they inherited it and focused on the palace's interiors. Lwiġi XV's modifications began in the 1730s, with the completion of the Salon d'Hercule, a ballroom in the north wing, and the expansion of the king's private apartment, which required the demolition of the Ambassadors' Staircase. In 1748, Lwiġi XV began construction of a palace theater, the Royal Opera of Versailles at the northernmost end of the palace, but completion was delayed until 1770; construction was interrupted in the 1740s by the War of the Austrian Succession and then again in 1756 with the start of the Seven Years' War. These wars emptied the royal treasury and thereafter construction was mostly funded by Madame du Barry, Lwiġi XV's favorite mistress. In 1771, Lwiġi XV had the northern Ministers' Wing rebuilt in Neoclassical style by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, his court architect, as it was in the process of falling down. That work was also stopped by financial constraints, and it remained incomplete when Lwiġi XV died in 1774. In 1784, Lwiġi XVI briefly moved the royal family to the Château de Saint-Cloud ahead of more renovations to the Palazz ta' Versailles, but construction could not begin because of financial difficulty and political crisis. In 1789, the French Revolution swept the royal family and government out of Versailles forever.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwol fil-politika ===
The Palazz ta' Versailles was key to Lwiġi XIV's politics, as an expression and concentration of French art and culture, and for the centralization of royal power. Lwiġi XIV first used Versailles to promote himself with a series of nighttime festivals in its gardens in 1664, 1668, and 1674, the events of which were disseminated throughout Europe by print and engravings. As early as 1669, but especially from 1678, Lwiġi XIV sought to make Versailles his seat of government, and he expanded the palace so as to fit the court within it. The moving of the court to Versailles did not come until 1682, however, and not officially, as opinion on Versailles was mixed among the nobility of Franza.

By 1687, however, it was evident to all that Versailles was the ''de facto'' capital of Franza, and Lwiġi XIV succeeded in attracting the nobility to Versailles to pursue prestige and royal patronage within a strict court etiquette, thus eroding their traditional provincial power bases. It was at the Palazz ta' Versailles that Lwiġi XIV received the Doge of Genoa in 1685, an embassy from the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686, and an embassy from Safavid Iran in 1715.

Lwiġi XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Lwiġi XV, then the duke of Anjou, who was moved to Vincennes and then to Paris by Lwiġi XV's regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Versailles was neglected until 1722, when Philippe II removed the court to Versailles to escape the unpopularity of his regency, and when Lwiġi XV began his majority. The 1722 move, however, broke the cultural power of Versailles, and during the reign of Lwiġi XVI, courtiers spent their leisure in Paris, not Versailles.

In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and Franza signed separate treaties with England at the Palazz ta' Versailles, formally ending the war.

The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.

As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the Palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.

=== Seklu 19 – mużew tal-istorja u sit tal-gvern ===
When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Lwiġie in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Lwiġi XVIII, the younger brother of Lwiġi XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Lwiġi XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the ''Cour Royale'' demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Lwiġi-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of Franza, dedicated to &quot;all the glories of Franza&quot;, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing. The museum project largely came to a halt when Lwiġi Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.

=== Seklu 20 ===
The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.
The Palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and Franza's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.

=== Seklu 21 ===
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the &quot;Grand Versailles&quot; project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.

The Palazz ta' Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.

The grounds of the Palace will host the Equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Il-Palazz u l-Park ta' Versailles ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1979. Saret modifika minuri fiż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit fl-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' &quot;Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arkitettura u pjanta ==
The Palazz ta' Versailles is a visual history of French architecture from the 1630s to the 1780s. Its earliest portion, the ''corps de logis'', was built for Lwiġi XIII in the style of his reign with brick, marble, and slate, which Le Vau surrounded in the 1660s with ''Enveloppe'', an edifice that was inspired by Renaissance-era Italian villas. When Mansart made further expansions to the palace in the 1680s, he used the ''Enveloppe'' as the model for his work. Neoclassical additions were made to the palace with the remodeling of the Ministers' Wings [fr] in the 1770s, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and after the Bourbon Restoration.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Lwiġi XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.

The palace and its grounds have had a great influence on architecture and horticulture from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century. Examples of works influenced by Versailles include Christopher Wren's work at Hampton Court Palace, Berlin Palace, the Palace of La Granja, Stockholm Palace, Ludwigsburg Palace, Karlsruhe Palace, Rastatt Palace, Nymphenburg Palace, Schleissheim Palace, and Esterházy Palace.

== Appartamenti Rjali ==
The construction in 1668–1671 of Le Vau's ''enveloppe'' around the outside of Lwiġi XIII's red brick and white stone château added state apartments for the king and the queen. The addition was known at the time as the ''château neuf'' (new château). The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments) include the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. The private apartments of the king (the ''appartement du roi'' and the ''petit appartement du roi'') and those of the queen (the ''petit appartement de la reine'') remained in the ''château vieux'' (old château). Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, including the placement of the apartments on the main floor (the ''piano nobile'', the next floor up from the ground level), a convention the architect borrowed from Italian palace design.

The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Lwiġi XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

The queen's apartments served as the residence of three queens of Franza – Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Lwiġi XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Lwiġi XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Lwiġi XVI. Additionally, Lwiġi XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

=== Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi ===
The Ambassadors' Staircase (''Escalier des Ambassadeurs'') was an imperial staircase built from 1674 to 1680 by d'Orbay. Until Lwiġi XV had it demolished in 1752 to create a courtyard for his private apartments, the staircase was the primary entrance into the Palazz ta' Versailles and the royal apartments especially. It was entered from the courtyard via a vestibule that, cramped and dark, contrasted greatly with the tall, open space of the staircase – famously lit naturally with a skylight – so as to overawe visitors.

The staircase and walls of the room that contained it were clad in polychrome marble and gilded bronze, with decor in the Ionic order. Le Brun and painted the walls and ceiling of the room according to a festive theme to celebrate Lwiġi XIV's victory in the Franco-Dutch War. On the wall immediately above the staircase were ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings of people from the Four Parts of the World looking into the staircase over a balustrade, a motif repeated on the ceiling fresco. There they were joined by allegorical figures for the twelve months of the year and various Classical Greek figures such as the Muses. A marble bust of Lwiġi XIV, sculpted by Jean Warin in 1665–66, was placed in a niche above the first landing of the staircase.

=== Appartamenti Statali tar-Re ===
The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments.

==== Sala ta' Erkole ====
This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte, to showcase two paintings by Paolo Veronese, ''Eleazar and Rebecca'' and ''Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee'', which was a gift to Lwiġi XIV from the Republic of Venice in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, ''The Apotheosis of Hercules'', by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.

==== Sala tal-Abbundanza ====
The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Lwiġi XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in René-Antoine Houasse's painting ''Abundance and Liberality'' (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.

==== Sala ta' Venere ====
This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions. The principal feature in this room is Jean Warin's life-size statue of Lwiġi XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, ''Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers'' (1672–1681). ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes.

==== Sala ta' Merkurju ====
The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Lwiġi XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Lwiġi-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depict the god Mercury in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Lwiġi XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

==== Sala ta' Marte ====
The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies. It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of Lwiġi XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo decorate the room today.

==== Sala ta' Apollo ====
The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Lwiġi XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The eight-foot-high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.

==== Sala ta' Diana ====
The Salon of Diana was used by Lwiġi XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana. The celebrated bust of Lwiġi XIV by Bernini made during the famous sculptor's visit to Franza in 1665 is on display here.

=== Appartamenti privati tar-Re u tar-Reġina ===

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Re ====
The apartments of the King were the heart of the château; they were in the same location as the rooms of Lwiġi XIII, the creator of the château, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of Lwiġi XIV in 1683. He and his successors Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial ''lever'' (&quot;waking up&quot;) and the ''coucher'' (&quot;going to bed&quot;) of the monarch, which was attended by a crowd of courtiers.

The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the ''Oeil de Boeuf'' antechamber or from the Guardroom and the ''Grand Couvert'', the ceremonial room where Lwiġi XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.

The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Lwiġi XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. He died there on 1 September 1715. Both Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed. On 6 October 1789, from the balcony of this room Lwiġi XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by Nicolas Coustou entitled ''Franza watching over the sleeping King''. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony van Dyck.

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Reġina ====
The ''petit appartement de la reine'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Lwiġi XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.

== Sala tal-Mirja ==
[[Stampa:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|daqsminuri|273x273px|Is-Sala tal-Mirja.]]
The Hall of Mirrors is a long gallery at the westernmost part of the palace that looks out onto the gardens. The hall was built from 1678 to 1681 on the site of a terrace Le Vau built between the king and queen's suites. The hall is clad in marble and decorated in a modified version of the Corinthian order, with 578 mirrors facing 17 windows and reflecting the light provided by them. The ceiling fresco, painted by Le Brun over the next four years, embellishes the first 18 years of Lwiġi XIV's reign in 30 scenes, 17 of which are military victories over the Dutch. The fresco depicts Lwiġi XIV himself alongside Classical figures in the scenes celebrating moments in his reign such as the beginning of personal rule in 1661, breaking from earlier frescoes at Versailles that used allegories derived from Classical and mythological scenes.

The Salon of War and the Salon of Peace bookend the Hall of Mirrors on its northern and southern ends respectively. The Salon of War, constructed and decorated from 1678 to 1686, celebrates French victories in the Franco-Dutch War with marble panels, gilded bronze trophies of arms, and a stucco ''bas-relief'' of Lwiġi XIV on horsebask riding over his enemies. The Salon of Peace is decorated in the same fashion but according to its eponymous theme.

== Kappella rjali ==
The Royal Chapel of Versailles is located at the southern end of the north wing. The building stands 40-meter (130 ft) high, and measures 42 meters (138 ft) long and 24 meters (79 ft) wide. The chapel is rectangular with a semicircular apse, combining traditional, Gothic royal French church architecture with the French Baroque style of Versailles. The ceiling of the chapel is constituted by an unbroken vault, divided into three frescos by Antoine Coypel, Charles de La Fosse, and Jean Jouvenet. The palette of motifs beneath the frescoes glorify the deeds of Lwiġi IX, and include images of David, Constantine, Charlemagne, and Lwiġi IX, ''fleur de lis'', and Lwiġi XIV's monogram.

Lwiġi XIV commissioned the chapel, its sixth, from Mansart and Le Brun in 1683–84. It was the last building constructed at Versailles during Lwiġi XIV's reign. Construction was delayed until 1699, however, and it was not completed until 1710. The only major modification to the chapel since its completion was the removal of a lantern from its roof in 1765. A full restoration of the chapel began in late 2017 and lasted into early 2021.

== Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ==
The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Lwiġi XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Lwiġi XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this was also temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Lwiġi XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists, by Lwiġi Jean-Jacques Durameau. The sculptor Augustin Pajou added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on 16 May 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.
In October 1789, early in the French Revolution, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris.

== Mużew tal-Istorja ta' Franza ==
Shortly after becoming King in 1830, Lwiġi Philippe I decided to transform the Palace into a museum devoted to &quot;All the Glories of Franza,&quot; with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Lwiġi-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Lwiġi David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Lwiġi-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Lwiġi David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including Eugène Delacroix, who painted Saint Lwiġi at the French victory over the British in the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. A monumental painting by Vernet features Lwiġi Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.
The overthrow of Lwiġi Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Lwiġi XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculptures. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.

== Proprjetà ta' Versailles ==
The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the subsidiary buildings around it, and its park and gardens. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of 800 hectares (8.0 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 2,000 acres), with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace. The palace is approached from the east by the Avenue de Paris [fr], measuring 17 miles (27 km) from Paris to a gate between the Grande [fr] and Petite Écuries [fr]. Beyond these stables is the Place d'Armes [fr], where the Avenue de Paris meets the Avenue de Sceaux [fr] and Avenue de Saint-Cloud [fr] (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles. Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''cour d'honneur'', hemmed in by the Ministers' Wings [fr]. Beyond is the Royal Gate [fr] and the main palace, which wraps around the Royal [fr] and finally Marble Courts [fr].

The estate was established by Lwiġi XIII as a hunting retreat, with a park just to the west of his château. From 1661, Lwiġi XIV expanded the estate until, at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the Grand Parc [fr], a hunting ground of 15,000 hectares (150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 37,000 acres), and the gardens, called the Petit Parc, which covered 1,700 hectares (17 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 4,200 acres). A 25-mile (40 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) high wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Lwiġi XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building. The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces. The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles, but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river Bièvre to create an inflow in the 1660s, the construction of an enormous pumping station at the river Seine near Marly-le-Roi in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river Eure with a canal in the later 1680s.

=== Ġonna ===
The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Lwiġi XIV, are the work of André Le Nôtre. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects Jacques Boyceau and Jacques de Nemours, which he rearranged along an east–west axis that, because of Lwiġi XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland, were expanded literally as far as could be seen. The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Lwiġi XIV, marked by rigid order, discipline, and open space, with axial paths, flowerbeds, hedges, and ponds and lakes as motifs. They became the epitome of the French formal garden style, and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.

=== Strutturi sussidjarji ===
The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palazz ta' Versailles was the Versailles Menagerie, built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664, at the southern end of the Grand Canal. The apartments, overlooking the pens, were renovated by Mansart from 1698 to 1700, but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712. After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801. The Versailles Orangery, just to the south of the palace, was first built by Le Vau in 1663, originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate. It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.

In late 1679, Lwiġi XIV commissioned Mansart to build the Château de Marly, a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the palace. The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in Palladian style placed in two rows on either side of the main building. Construction was completed in 1686, when Lwiġi XIV spent his first night there. The château was nationalized and sold in 1799, and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805, and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon. On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.

La Lanterne, is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by Philippe Lwiġi de Noailles, then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.

==== Trianons ====
In 1668, Lwiġi XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon, near the northern tip of the Grand Canal, and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court, remembered as the Porcelain Trianon. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670, it was the first example of ''Chinoiserie'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style. The roof was clad not with porcelain but with delftware, and was thus prone to leaks, so in 1687 Lwiġi XIV ordered it demolished. Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.

To replace the Porcelain Trianon, Lwiġi XIV tasked Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the Grand Trianon, built from marble in three months. The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing, which was modified by Mansart in 1705–06. The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a peristyle. The interiors are mostly original, and housed Lwiġi XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczynska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under de Gaulle, the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of Franza.

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768 led to the advent of the names &quot;Grand&quot; and &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, was constructed for Lwiġi XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel. The building has a ''piano nobile'', basement, and attic, with five windows on each floor. On becoming king, Lwiġi XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current English and Oriental styles, and formed her own court there.

Near the Trianons are the French Pavilion [fr], built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the Queen's Theater [fr] and Hamlet, built by architect Richard Mique in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette; the theater, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original, and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.

== Funzjonijiet politiċi u ċerimonjali moderni ==
The palace still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (''Sénat'') and the National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'')—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the &quot;decentralized organization&quot; of the French Republic).

In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Lwiġi Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palazz ta' Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palazz ta' Versailles.

== Referenzi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="57098" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Versailles-Chateau-Jardins02.jpg|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles.]]
Il-'''Palazz ta' Versailles''' (pronunzja: /vɛərˈsaɪ, vɜːrˈsaɪ/ ''vair-SY, vur-SY'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versailles|titlu=Definition of Versailles {{!}} Dictionary.com|sit=www.dictionary.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Château de Versailles'' [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj]) huwa eks residenza rjali li nbena mir-Re [[Lwiġi XIV ta' Franza|Lwiġi XIV]] u li jinsab f'[[Versailles]], madwar 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]]. Is-sjieda tal-palazz hija tar-Repubblika Franċiża u mill-1995 ġie ġestit, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]], mill-Istabbiliment Pubbliku tal-Palazz tal-[[Mużew]] u l-Proprjetà Nazzjonali ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/public-establishment|titlu=The Public Establishment|data=2016-10-31|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kull sena, bħala medja, 15,000,000 ruħ iżuru l-palazz, il-park jew il-ġonna ta' Versailles, għaldaqstant huwa wieħed mill-iżjed attrazzjonijiet turistiċi li jżuruh nies fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/paris/article/palace-versailles-chateau-versailles|titlu=Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles)|sit=us.france.fr|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minħabba l-[[pandemija tal-COVID-19]], l-għadd ta' viżitaturi li ħallsu l-biljett biex iżuru l-Palazz ta' Versailles naqas b'75 % minn tmien miljuni fl-2019 għal żewġ miljuni fl-2020. It-tnaqqis kien partikolarment qawwi fost il-viżitaturi barranin, li jirrappreżentaw tmenin fil-mija tal-viżitaturi li jħallsu l-biljett.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://chroniques.amisdeversailles.com/le-rapport-dactivite-2020-du-chateau-est-en-ligne/|titlu=Le rapport d'activité 2020 du château est en ligne|kunjom=benedicte|data=2021-07-24|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lwiġi XIII]] bena loġġa tal-kaċċa sempliċi fis-sit tal-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1623 u ssostitwieh b'palazz żgħir fl-1631-1634. Lwiġi XIV kabbar il-palazz f'diversi fażijiet mill-1661 sal-1715. Kien residenza favorita taż-żewġ rejiet, u fl-1682, Lwiġi XIV ttrasferixxa s-sede tal-qorti u tal-gvern tiegħu lejn Versailles, u b'hekk il-palazz ''de facto'' sar il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' Franza u baqa' hekk anke taħt ir-Rejiet [[Lwiġi XV ta’ Franza|Lwiġi XV]] u [[Lwiġi XVI ta' Franza|Lwiġi XVI]], li primarjament għamlu alterazzjonijiet fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, iżda fl-1789 il-familja rjali u l-belt kapitali ta' Franza reġgħu lura lejn Pariġi. Għall-kumplament tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]], il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie abbandunat għalkollox u żvujtat mill-kontenuti tiegħu, u l-popolazzjoni tal-belt u tal-inħawi naqset ferm.

[[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun Bonaparte]], wara li ħa lil Franza f'idejh, uża l-Palazz ta' Versailles bħala r-residenza tas-sajf tiegħu mill-1810 sal-1814, iżda ma rrestawrahx. Meta l-Monarkija Franċiża rrestawratu, xorta waħda baqgħet f'Pariġi, u qabel is-snin 30 tas-seklu 19 ma sarux tiswijiet kbar fil-palazz. Il-Mużew tal-[[Storja|Istorja]] ta' Franza ġie installat ġo fih minflok l-appartamenti tas-sezzjoni tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz.

Il-palazz u l-park tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1979 għall-importanza tagħhom bħala ċentru tal-poter, tal-[[arti]] u tax-[[xjenza]] fi Franza matul is-[[Seklu 17|sekli 17]] u 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/|titlu=Palace and Park of Versailles|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Ministeru Franċiż għall-Kultura elenka l-palazz, il-ġonna u xi strutturi sussidjarji tiegħu fil-lista tiegħu ta' [[Monument|monumenti]] sinifikanti kulturalment.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Versailles on the 1652 map of Paris by Gomboust - Gallica 2012.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni ta' [[Jacques Gomboust]] tal-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1652.]]
Fl-1623&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIII, ir-Re ta' Franza, bena loġġa tal-kaċċa fuq għolja f'art tal-kaċċa li kienet għal qalbu, 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' Pariġi, u 10 mili (16-il kilometru) mir-residenza primarja tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 369.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit, qrib villaġġ imsejjaħ Versailles, kien art mistagħdra b'żoni bil-boskijiet li l-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIII ddeskriviet bħala post li ma jistħoqlux li jmur fih ir-re;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; wieħed mill-membri tal-qorti tiegħu, [[François de Bassompierre]], kiteb li l-loġġa &quot;ma tispirax il-vanità lanqas fl-iktar ġentlom sempliċi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-1631 sal-1634, l-[[arkitett]] [[Philibert Le Roy]] issostitwixxa l-loġġa b'palazz għal Lwiġi XIII&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, li pprojbixxa lir-reġina tiegħu, Anna tal-[[Awstrija]], milli torqod fih,&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; anke meta kien hemm tifqigħa ta' ġidri f'Saint-Germain-en-Laye fl-1641 li obbligat lil Lwiġi XIII jmur f'Versailles flimkien mal-eredi tiegħu li kellu tliet snin, u li mbagħad sar Lwiġi XIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history|titlu=History|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta Lwiġi XIII [[Mewt|miet]] fl-1643, Anna saret ir-reġġenti ta' Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie abbandunat għal deċennju sħiħ. Anna ttrasferiet il-qorti lura f'Pariġi&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, fejn hi u l-ministru ewlieni tagħha, il-[[Kardinal Mazarin]], komplew il-prattiki monetarji xejn popolari ta' Lwiġi XIII. Dan wassal għall-''Fronde'', sensiela ta' rewwixti kontra l-awtorità rjali mill-1648 sal-1653 u li b'mod parallel wasslet għal taqbida bejn Mazarin u l-prinċpijiet b'[[demm]] irjali, il-familja estiża ta' Lwiġi XIV, għal influwenza fuqu.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 58, 60 u 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Fronde, Lwiġi XIV kien iddeterminat li jirrenja waħdu.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-mewt ta' Mazarin fl-1661&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV rriforma l-gvern tiegħu biex jeskludi lil ommu u lill-prinċpijiet b'demm irjali, ittrasferixxa l-qorti lura lejn Saint-Germain-en-Laye&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). Versailles. Basic Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, u ordna l-espansjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru għall-Palazz ta' Versailles kif inhu llum il-ġurnata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 369-370.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV kien ikkaċċja f'Versailles fis-snin 50 tas-seklu 17, iżda ma kellux xi interess speċjali f'Versailles qabel l-1661.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-17 ta' Awwissu 1661&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV kien mistieden f'festival lussuż ospitat minn [[Nicolas Fouquet]], is-Sovraintendent tal-Finanzi, fir-residenza tal-palazz tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte]].&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV baqa' impressjonat bil-palazz u l-ġonna tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kienu xogħol [[Louis Le Vau]], l-arkitett tal-qorti mill-1654, [[André Le Nôtre]], il-[[ġardinar]] irjali mill-1657, u [[Charles Le Brun]], pittur għas-servizz irjali mill-1647.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/charles-brun|titlu=Charles Le Brun|data=2016-11-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iskala u l-opulenza tal-Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte ispiraw is-sens estetiku ta' Lwiġi XIV, iżda wassluh ukoll biex f'Settembru ta' dik is-sena jitfa' lil Fouquet il-ħabs, għaliex kien bena wkoll fortizza fuq gżira u armata privata.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 18-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV kien ispirat ukoll minn Vaux-le-Vicomte&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;, u qabbad l-awturi ta' dik l-opra biex jaħdmu fuq il-proġetti tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV ssostitwixxa lil Fouquet b'[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], li kien jappoġġa lil Mazarin u kien għadu ta' Fouquet, u qabbdu jġestixxi l-korp ta' [[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] tas-servizz irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. pp. 208-210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Colbert għamilha ta' intermedjarju bejnhom u Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ddirieġa u spezzjona personalment l-ippjanar u l-kostruzzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1668, [[pittura]] ta' [[Pierre Patel]].]]
Għall-ewwel ix-xogħol f'Versailles ikkonċentra fuq il-park u l-ġonna tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 55-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 17, Le Vau żied biss żewġ sezzjonijiet distakkati tas-servizz u binja ta' riċeviment quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Iżda fl-1668-1669&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;, bħala rispons għat-tkabbir tal-ġonna&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 62-63, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, u r-rebħa kontra [[Spanja]] fil-Gwerra tad-Devoluzzjoni, Lwiġi XIV ddeċieda li l-Palazz ta' Versailles isir residenza rjali fuq skala kbira.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Għall-ewwel kien indeċiż bejn is-sostituzzjoni jew l-inkorporazzjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru, iżda għażel din tal-aħħar sa tmiem id-deċennju&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61, 64.&lt;/ref&gt;, u mill-1668 sal-1671&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 334-335.&lt;/ref&gt;, il-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie inkorporat fuq tliet naħat b'teknika mlaqqma l-''enveloppe''.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, il-palazz ingħata faċċata ġdida [[Italja|Taljanizzata]] li tħares lejn il-ġonna, iżda l-faċċata tal-bitħa ġiet ippreservata. Dan irriżulta f'taħlita ta' stili u ta' materjali li ssorprendew lil Lwiġi XIV u li Colbert iddeskriva bħala &quot;ħallata ballata&quot;. It-tentattivi ta' omoġenizzazzjoni taż-żewġ faċċati ma rnexxewx, u fl-1670 Le Vau miet, u l-kariga tiegħu bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett tar-Re baqgħet battala għas-seba' snin ta' wara.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1675FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|258x258px|Il-faċċata ta' Le Vau li tagħti fuq il-ġonna għall-ħabta tal-1675.]]
Le Vau was succeeded at Versailles by his assistant, architect François d'Orbay. Work at the palace during the 1670s focused on its interiors, as the palace was then nearing completion, though d'Orbay expanded Le Vau's service wings and connected them to the château, and built a pair of pavilions for government employees in the forecourt. In 1670, d'Orbay was tasked by Lwiġi XIV with designing a city, also called Versailles, to house and service Lwiġi XIV's growing government and court. The granting of land to courtiers for the construction of townhouses that resembled the palace began in 1671. The next year, the Franco-Dutch War began and funding for Versailles was cut until 1674, when Lwiġi XIV had work begun on the Ambassadors' Staircase, a grand staircase for the reception of guests, and demolished the last of the village of Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 9, 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:General view of Versailles in circa 1682 by Adam Perelle.png|xellug|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1682, inċiżjoni ta' [[Adam Perelle]].]]
Following the end of the Franco-Dutch War with French victory in 1678, Lwiġi XIV appointed as First Architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, an experienced architect in Lwiġi XIV's confidence, who would benefit from a restored budget and large workforce of former soldiers. Mansart began his tenure with the addition from 1678 to 1681 of the Hall of Mirrors, a renovation of the courtyard façade of Lwiġi XIII's château, and the expansion of d'Orbay's pavilions to create the Ministers' Wings [fr] in 1678–79. Adjacent to the palace, Mansart built a pair of stables called the Grande and Petite Écuries from 1679 to 1682 and the Grand Commun, which housed the palace's servants and general kitchens, from 1682 to 1684. Mansart also added two entirely new wings in Le Vau's Italianate style to house the court, first at the south end of the palace from 1679 to 1681 and then at its north end from 1685 to 1689.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

War and the resulting diminished funding slowed construction at Versailles for the rest of the 17th century. The Nine Years' War, which began in 1688, stopped work altogether until 1698. Three years later, however, the even more expensive War of the Spanish Succession began and, combined with poor harvests in 1693–94 and 1709–10, plunged Franza into crisis. Lwiġi XIV thus slashed funding and canceled some of the work Mansart had planned in the 1680s, such as the remodeling of the courtyard façade in the Italianate style. Lwiġi XIV and Mansart focused on a permanent palace chapel, the construction of which lasted from 1699 to 1710.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Nicolas Cochin Masked Ball 1745FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Ballu bil-maskri fis-Sala tal-Mirja (1745), pittura ta' [[Charles-Nicolas Cochin]].]]
Lwiġi XIV's successors, Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI, largely left Versailles as they inherited it and focused on the palace's interiors. Lwiġi XV's modifications began in the 1730s, with the completion of the Salon d'Hercule, a ballroom in the north wing, and the expansion of the king's private apartment, which required the demolition of the Ambassadors' Staircase. In 1748, Lwiġi XV began construction of a palace theater, the Royal Opera of Versailles at the northernmost end of the palace, but completion was delayed until 1770; construction was interrupted in the 1740s by the War of the Austrian Succession and then again in 1756 with the start of the Seven Years' War. These wars emptied the royal treasury and thereafter construction was mostly funded by Madame du Barry, Lwiġi XV's favorite mistress. In 1771, Lwiġi XV had the northern Ministers' Wing rebuilt in Neoclassical style by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, his court architect, as it was in the process of falling down. That work was also stopped by financial constraints, and it remained incomplete when Lwiġi XV died in 1774. In 1784, Lwiġi XVI briefly moved the royal family to the Château de Saint-Cloud ahead of more renovations to the Palazz ta' Versailles, but construction could not begin because of financial difficulty and political crisis. In 1789, the French Revolution swept the royal family and government out of Versailles forever.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwol fil-politika ===
The Palazz ta' Versailles was key to Lwiġi XIV's politics, as an expression and concentration of French art and culture, and for the centralization of royal power. Lwiġi XIV first used Versailles to promote himself with a series of nighttime festivals in its gardens in 1664, 1668, and 1674, the events of which were disseminated throughout Europe by print and engravings. As early as 1669, but especially from 1678, Lwiġi XIV sought to make Versailles his seat of government, and he expanded the palace so as to fit the court within it. The moving of the court to Versailles did not come until 1682, however, and not officially, as opinion on Versailles was mixed among the nobility of Franza.

By 1687, however, it was evident to all that Versailles was the ''de facto'' capital of Franza, and Lwiġi XIV succeeded in attracting the nobility to Versailles to pursue prestige and royal patronage within a strict court etiquette, thus eroding their traditional provincial power bases. It was at the Palazz ta' Versailles that Lwiġi XIV received the Doge of Genoa in 1685, an embassy from the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686, and an embassy from Safavid Iran in 1715.

Lwiġi XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Lwiġi XV, then the duke of Anjou, who was moved to Vincennes and then to Paris by Lwiġi XV's regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Versailles was neglected until 1722, when Philippe II removed the court to Versailles to escape the unpopularity of his regency, and when Lwiġi XV began his majority. The 1722 move, however, broke the cultural power of Versailles, and during the reign of Lwiġi XVI, courtiers spent their leisure in Paris, not Versailles.

In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and Franza signed separate treaties with England at the Palazz ta' Versailles, formally ending the war.

The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.

As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the Palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.

=== Seklu 19 – mużew tal-istorja u sit tal-gvern ===
When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Lwiġie in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Lwiġi XVIII, the younger brother of Lwiġi XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Lwiġi XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the ''Cour Royale'' demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Lwiġi-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of Franza, dedicated to &quot;all the glories of Franza&quot;, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing. The museum project largely came to a halt when Lwiġi Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.

=== Seklu 20 ===
The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.
The Palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and Franza's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.

=== Seklu 21 ===
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the &quot;Grand Versailles&quot; project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.

The Palazz ta' Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.

The grounds of the Palace will host the Equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Il-Palazz u l-Park ta' Versailles ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1979. Saret modifika minuri fiż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit fl-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' &quot;Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arkitettura u pjanta ==
The Palazz ta' Versailles is a visual history of French architecture from the 1630s to the 1780s. Its earliest portion, the ''corps de logis'', was built for Lwiġi XIII in the style of his reign with brick, marble, and slate, which Le Vau surrounded in the 1660s with ''Enveloppe'', an edifice that was inspired by Renaissance-era Italian villas. When Mansart made further expansions to the palace in the 1680s, he used the ''Enveloppe'' as the model for his work. Neoclassical additions were made to the palace with the remodeling of the Ministers' Wings [fr] in the 1770s, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and after the Bourbon Restoration.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Lwiġi XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.

The palace and its grounds have had a great influence on architecture and horticulture from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century. Examples of works influenced by Versailles include Christopher Wren's work at Hampton Court Palace, Berlin Palace, the Palace of La Granja, Stockholm Palace, Ludwigsburg Palace, Karlsruhe Palace, Rastatt Palace, Nymphenburg Palace, Schleissheim Palace, and Esterházy Palace.

== Appartamenti Rjali ==
The construction in 1668–1671 of Le Vau's ''enveloppe'' around the outside of Lwiġi XIII's red brick and white stone château added state apartments for the king and the queen. The addition was known at the time as the ''château neuf'' (new château). The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments) include the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. The private apartments of the king (the ''appartement du roi'' and the ''petit appartement du roi'') and those of the queen (the ''petit appartement de la reine'') remained in the ''château vieux'' (old château). Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, including the placement of the apartments on the main floor (the ''piano nobile'', the next floor up from the ground level), a convention the architect borrowed from Italian palace design.

The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Lwiġi XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

The queen's apartments served as the residence of three queens of Franza – Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Lwiġi XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Lwiġi XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Lwiġi XVI. Additionally, Lwiġi XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

=== Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi ===
The Ambassadors' Staircase (''Escalier des Ambassadeurs'') was an imperial staircase built from 1674 to 1680 by d'Orbay. Until Lwiġi XV had it demolished in 1752 to create a courtyard for his private apartments, the staircase was the primary entrance into the Palazz ta' Versailles and the royal apartments especially. It was entered from the courtyard via a vestibule that, cramped and dark, contrasted greatly with the tall, open space of the staircase – famously lit naturally with a skylight – so as to overawe visitors.

The staircase and walls of the room that contained it were clad in polychrome marble and gilded bronze, with decor in the Ionic order. Le Brun and painted the walls and ceiling of the room according to a festive theme to celebrate Lwiġi XIV's victory in the Franco-Dutch War. On the wall immediately above the staircase were ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings of people from the Four Parts of the World looking into the staircase over a balustrade, a motif repeated on the ceiling fresco. There they were joined by allegorical figures for the twelve months of the year and various Classical Greek figures such as the Muses. A marble bust of Lwiġi XIV, sculpted by Jean Warin in 1665–66, was placed in a niche above the first landing of the staircase.

=== Appartamenti Statali tar-Re ===
The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments.

==== Sala ta' Erkole ====
This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte, to showcase two paintings by Paolo Veronese, ''Eleazar and Rebecca'' and ''Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee'', which was a gift to Lwiġi XIV from the Republic of Venice in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, ''The Apotheosis of Hercules'', by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.

==== Sala tal-Abbundanza ====
The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Lwiġi XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in René-Antoine Houasse's painting ''Abundance and Liberality'' (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.

==== Sala ta' Venere ====
This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions. The principal feature in this room is Jean Warin's life-size statue of Lwiġi XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, ''Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers'' (1672–1681). ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes.

==== Sala ta' Merkurju ====
The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Lwiġi XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Lwiġi-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depict the god Mercury in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Lwiġi XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

==== Sala ta' Marte ====
The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies. It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of Lwiġi XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo decorate the room today.

==== Sala ta' Apollo ====
The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Lwiġi XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The eight-foot-high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.

==== Sala ta' Diana ====
The Salon of Diana was used by Lwiġi XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana. The celebrated bust of Lwiġi XIV by Bernini made during the famous sculptor's visit to Franza in 1665 is on display here.

=== Appartamenti privati tar-Re u tar-Reġina ===

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Re ====
The apartments of the King were the heart of the château; they were in the same location as the rooms of Lwiġi XIII, the creator of the château, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of Lwiġi XIV in 1683. He and his successors Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial ''lever'' (&quot;waking up&quot;) and the ''coucher'' (&quot;going to bed&quot;) of the monarch, which was attended by a crowd of courtiers.

The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the ''Oeil de Boeuf'' antechamber or from the Guardroom and the ''Grand Couvert'', the ceremonial room where Lwiġi XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.

The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Lwiġi XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. He died there on 1 September 1715. Both Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed. On 6 October 1789, from the balcony of this room Lwiġi XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by Nicolas Coustou entitled ''Franza watching over the sleeping King''. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony van Dyck.

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Reġina ====
The ''petit appartement de la reine'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Lwiġi XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.

== Sala tal-Mirja ==
[[Stampa:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|daqsminuri|273x273px|Is-Sala tal-Mirja.]]
The Hall of Mirrors is a long gallery at the westernmost part of the palace that looks out onto the gardens. The hall was built from 1678 to 1681 on the site of a terrace Le Vau built between the king and queen's suites. The hall is clad in marble and decorated in a modified version of the Corinthian order, with 578 mirrors facing 17 windows and reflecting the light provided by them. The ceiling fresco, painted by Le Brun over the next four years, embellishes the first 18 years of Lwiġi XIV's reign in 30 scenes, 17 of which are military victories over the Dutch. The fresco depicts Lwiġi XIV himself alongside Classical figures in the scenes celebrating moments in his reign such as the beginning of personal rule in 1661, breaking from earlier frescoes at Versailles that used allegories derived from Classical and mythological scenes.

The Salon of War and the Salon of Peace bookend the Hall of Mirrors on its northern and southern ends respectively. The Salon of War, constructed and decorated from 1678 to 1686, celebrates French victories in the Franco-Dutch War with marble panels, gilded bronze trophies of arms, and a stucco ''bas-relief'' of Lwiġi XIV on horsebask riding over his enemies. The Salon of Peace is decorated in the same fashion but according to its eponymous theme.

== Kappella rjali ==
The Royal Chapel of Versailles is located at the southern end of the north wing. The building stands 40-meter (130 ft) high, and measures 42 meters (138 ft) long and 24 meters (79 ft) wide. The chapel is rectangular with a semicircular apse, combining traditional, Gothic royal French church architecture with the French Baroque style of Versailles. The ceiling of the chapel is constituted by an unbroken vault, divided into three frescos by Antoine Coypel, Charles de La Fosse, and Jean Jouvenet. The palette of motifs beneath the frescoes glorify the deeds of Lwiġi IX, and include images of David, Constantine, Charlemagne, and Lwiġi IX, ''fleur de lis'', and Lwiġi XIV's monogram.

Lwiġi XIV commissioned the chapel, its sixth, from Mansart and Le Brun in 1683–84. It was the last building constructed at Versailles during Lwiġi XIV's reign. Construction was delayed until 1699, however, and it was not completed until 1710. The only major modification to the chapel since its completion was the removal of a lantern from its roof in 1765. A full restoration of the chapel began in late 2017 and lasted into early 2021.

== Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ==
The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Lwiġi XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Lwiġi XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this was also temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Lwiġi XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists, by Lwiġi Jean-Jacques Durameau. The sculptor Augustin Pajou added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on 16 May 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.
In October 1789, early in the French Revolution, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris.

== Mużew tal-Istorja ta' Franza ==
Shortly after becoming King in 1830, Lwiġi Philippe I decided to transform the Palace into a museum devoted to &quot;All the Glories of Franza,&quot; with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Lwiġi-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Lwiġi David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Lwiġi-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Lwiġi David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including Eugène Delacroix, who painted Saint Lwiġi at the French victory over the British in the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. A monumental painting by Vernet features Lwiġi Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.
The overthrow of Lwiġi Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Lwiġi XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculptures. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.

== Proprjetà ta' Versailles ==
The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the subsidiary buildings around it, and its park and gardens. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of 800 hectares (8.0 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 2,000 acres), with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace. The palace is approached from the east by the Avenue de Paris [fr], measuring 17 miles (27 km) from Paris to a gate between the Grande [fr] and Petite Écuries [fr]. Beyond these stables is the Place d'Armes [fr], where the Avenue de Paris meets the Avenue de Sceaux [fr] and Avenue de Saint-Cloud [fr] (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles. Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''cour d'honneur'', hemmed in by the Ministers' Wings [fr]. Beyond is the Royal Gate [fr] and the main palace, which wraps around the Royal [fr] and finally Marble Courts [fr].

The estate was established by Lwiġi XIII as a hunting retreat, with a park just to the west of his château. From 1661, Lwiġi XIV expanded the estate until, at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the Grand Parc [fr], a hunting ground of 15,000 hectares (150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 37,000 acres), and the gardens, called the Petit Parc, which covered 1,700 hectares (17 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 4,200 acres). A 25-mile (40 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) high wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Lwiġi XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building. The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces. The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles, but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river Bièvre to create an inflow in the 1660s, the construction of an enormous pumping station at the river Seine near Marly-le-Roi in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river Eure with a canal in the later 1680s.

=== Ġonna ===
The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Lwiġi XIV, are the work of André Le Nôtre. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects Jacques Boyceau and Jacques de Nemours, which he rearranged along an east–west axis that, because of Lwiġi XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland, were expanded literally as far as could be seen. The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Lwiġi XIV, marked by rigid order, discipline, and open space, with axial paths, flowerbeds, hedges, and ponds and lakes as motifs. They became the epitome of the French formal garden style, and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.

=== Strutturi sussidjarji ===
The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palazz ta' Versailles was the Versailles Menagerie, built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664, at the southern end of the Grand Canal. The apartments, overlooking the pens, were renovated by Mansart from 1698 to 1700, but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712. After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801. The Versailles Orangery, just to the south of the palace, was first built by Le Vau in 1663, originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate. It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.

In late 1679, Lwiġi XIV commissioned Mansart to build the Château de Marly, a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the palace. The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in Palladian style placed in two rows on either side of the main building. Construction was completed in 1686, when Lwiġi XIV spent his first night there. The château was nationalized and sold in 1799, and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805, and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon. On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.

La Lanterne, is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by Philippe Lwiġi de Noailles, then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.

==== Trianons ====
In 1668, Lwiġi XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon, near the northern tip of the Grand Canal, and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court, remembered as the Porcelain Trianon. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670, it was the first example of ''Chinoiserie'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style. The roof was clad not with porcelain but with delftware, and was thus prone to leaks, so in 1687 Lwiġi XIV ordered it demolished. Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.

To replace the Porcelain Trianon, Lwiġi XIV tasked Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the Grand Trianon, built from marble in three months. The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing, which was modified by Mansart in 1705–06. The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a peristyle. The interiors are mostly original, and housed Lwiġi XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczynska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under de Gaulle, the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of Franza.

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768 led to the advent of the names &quot;Grand&quot; and &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, was constructed for Lwiġi XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel. The building has a ''piano nobile'', basement, and attic, with five windows on each floor. On becoming king, Lwiġi XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current English and Oriental styles, and formed her own court there.

Near the Trianons are the French Pavilion [fr], built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the Queen's Theater [fr] and Hamlet, built by architect Richard Mique in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette; the theater, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original, and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.

== Funzjonijiet politiċi u ċerimonjali moderni ==
The palace still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (''Sénat'') and the National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'')—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the &quot;decentralized organization&quot; of the French Republic).

In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Lwiġi Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palazz ta' Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palazz ta' Versailles.

== Referenzi ==

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      <text bytes="57121" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Versailles-Chateau-Jardins02.jpg|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles.]]
Il-'''Palazz ta' Versailles''' (pronunzja: /vɛərˈsaɪ, vɜːrˈsaɪ/ ''vair-SY, vur-SY'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versailles|titlu=Definition of Versailles {{!}} Dictionary.com|sit=www.dictionary.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Château de Versailles'' [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj]) huwa eks residenza rjali li nbena mir-Re [[Lwiġi XIV ta' Franza|Lwiġi XIV]] u li jinsab f'[[Versailles]], madwar 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]]. Is-sjieda tal-palazz hija tar-Repubblika Franċiża u mill-1995 ġie ġestit, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]], mill-Istabbiliment Pubbliku tal-Palazz tal-[[Mużew]] u l-Proprjetà Nazzjonali ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/public-establishment|titlu=The Public Establishment|data=2016-10-31|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kull sena, bħala medja, 15,000,000 ruħ iżuru l-palazz, il-park jew il-ġonna ta' Versailles, għaldaqstant huwa wieħed mill-iżjed attrazzjonijiet turistiċi li jżuruh nies fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/paris/article/palace-versailles-chateau-versailles|titlu=Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles)|sit=us.france.fr|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minħabba l-[[pandemija tal-COVID-19]], l-għadd ta' viżitaturi li ħallsu l-biljett biex iżuru l-Palazz ta' Versailles naqas b'75 % minn tmien miljuni fl-2019 għal żewġ miljuni fl-2020. It-tnaqqis kien partikolarment qawwi fost il-viżitaturi barranin, li jirrappreżentaw tmenin fil-mija tal-viżitaturi li jħallsu l-biljett.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://chroniques.amisdeversailles.com/le-rapport-dactivite-2020-du-chateau-est-en-ligne/|titlu=Le rapport d'activité 2020 du château est en ligne|kunjom=benedicte|data=2021-07-24|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lwiġi XIII]] bena loġġa tal-kaċċa sempliċi fis-sit tal-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1623 u ssostitwieh b'palazz żgħir fl-1631-1634. Lwiġi XIV kabbar il-palazz f'diversi fażijiet mill-1661 sal-1715. Kien residenza favorita taż-żewġ rejiet, u fl-1682, Lwiġi XIV ttrasferixxa s-sede tal-qorti u tal-gvern tiegħu lejn Versailles, u b'hekk il-palazz ''de facto'' sar il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' Franza u baqa' hekk anke taħt ir-Rejiet [[Lwiġi XV ta’ Franza|Lwiġi XV]] u [[Lwiġi XVI ta' Franza|Lwiġi XVI]], li primarjament għamlu alterazzjonijiet fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, iżda fl-1789 il-familja rjali u l-belt kapitali ta' Franza reġgħu lura lejn Pariġi. Għall-kumplament tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]], il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie abbandunat għalkollox u żvujtat mill-kontenuti tiegħu, u l-popolazzjoni tal-belt u tal-inħawi naqset ferm.

[[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun Bonaparte]], wara li ħa lil Franza f'idejh, uża l-Palazz ta' Versailles bħala r-residenza tas-sajf tiegħu mill-1810 sal-1814, iżda ma rrestawrahx. Meta l-Monarkija Franċiża rrestawratu, xorta waħda baqgħet f'Pariġi, u qabel is-snin 30 tas-seklu 19 ma sarux tiswijiet kbar fil-palazz. Il-Mużew tal-[[Storja|Istorja]] ta' Franza ġie installat ġo fih minflok l-appartamenti tas-sezzjoni tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz.

Il-palazz u l-park tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1979 għall-importanza tagħhom bħala ċentru tal-poter, tal-[[arti]] u tax-[[xjenza]] fi Franza matul is-[[Seklu 17|sekli 17]] u 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/|titlu=Palace and Park of Versailles|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Ministeru Franċiż għall-Kultura elenka l-palazz, il-ġonna u xi strutturi sussidjarji tiegħu fil-lista tiegħu ta' [[Monument|monumenti]] sinifikanti kulturalment.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Versailles on the 1652 map of Paris by Gomboust - Gallica 2012.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni ta' [[Jacques Gomboust]] tal-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1652.]]
Fl-1623&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIII, ir-Re ta' Franza, bena loġġa tal-kaċċa fuq għolja f'art tal-kaċċa li kienet għal qalbu, 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' Pariġi, u 10 mili (16-il kilometru) mir-residenza primarja tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 369.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit, qrib villaġġ imsejjaħ Versailles, kien art mistagħdra b'żoni bil-boskijiet li l-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIII ddeskriviet bħala post li ma jistħoqlux li jmur fih ir-re;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; wieħed mill-membri tal-qorti tiegħu, [[François de Bassompierre]], kiteb li l-loġġa &quot;ma tispirax il-vanità lanqas fl-iktar ġentlom sempliċi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-1631 sal-1634, l-[[arkitett]] [[Philibert Le Roy]] issostitwixxa l-loġġa b'palazz għal Lwiġi XIII&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, li pprojbixxa lir-reġina tiegħu, Anna tal-[[Awstrija]], milli torqod fih,&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; anke meta kien hemm tifqigħa ta' ġidri f'Saint-Germain-en-Laye fl-1641 li obbligat lil Lwiġi XIII jmur f'Versailles flimkien mal-eredi tiegħu li kellu tliet snin, u li mbagħad sar Lwiġi XIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history|titlu=History|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta Lwiġi XIII [[Mewt|miet]] fl-1643, Anna saret ir-reġġenti ta' Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie abbandunat għal deċennju sħiħ. Anna ttrasferiet il-qorti lura f'Pariġi&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, fejn hi u l-ministru ewlieni tagħha, il-[[Kardinal Mazarin]], komplew il-prattiki monetarji xejn popolari ta' Lwiġi XIII. Dan wassal għall-''Fronde'', sensiela ta' rewwixti kontra l-awtorità rjali mill-1648 sal-1653 u li b'mod parallel wasslet għal taqbida bejn Mazarin u l-prinċpijiet b'[[demm]] irjali, il-familja estiża ta' Lwiġi XIV, għal influwenza fuqu.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 58, 60 u 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Fronde, Lwiġi XIV kien iddeterminat li jirrenja waħdu.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-mewt ta' Mazarin fl-1661&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV rriforma l-gvern tiegħu biex jeskludi lil ommu u lill-prinċpijiet b'demm irjali, ittrasferixxa l-qorti lura lejn Saint-Germain-en-Laye&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). Versailles. Basic Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, u ordna l-espansjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru għall-Palazz ta' Versailles kif inhu llum il-ġurnata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 369-370.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV kien ikkaċċja f'Versailles fis-snin 50 tas-seklu 17, iżda ma kellux xi interess speċjali f'Versailles qabel l-1661.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-17 ta' Awwissu 1661&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV kien mistieden f'festival lussuż ospitat minn [[Nicolas Fouquet]], is-Sovraintendent tal-Finanzi, fir-residenza tal-palazz tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte]].&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV baqa' impressjonat bil-palazz u l-ġonna tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kienu xogħol [[Louis Le Vau]], l-arkitett tal-qorti mill-1654, [[André Le Nôtre]], il-[[ġardinar]] irjali mill-1657, u [[Charles Le Brun]], pittur għas-servizz irjali mill-1647.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/charles-brun|titlu=Charles Le Brun|data=2016-11-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iskala u l-opulenza tal-Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte ispiraw is-sens estetiku ta' Lwiġi XIV, iżda wassluh ukoll biex f'Settembru ta' dik is-sena jitfa' lil Fouquet il-ħabs, għaliex kien bena wkoll fortizza fuq gżira u armata privata.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 18-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV kien ispirat ukoll minn Vaux-le-Vicomte&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;, u qabbad l-awturi ta' dik l-opra biex jaħdmu fuq il-proġetti tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV ssostitwixxa lil Fouquet b'[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], li kien jappoġġa lil Mazarin u kien għadu ta' Fouquet, u qabbdu jġestixxi l-korp ta' [[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] tas-servizz irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. pp. 208-210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Colbert għamilha ta' intermedjarju bejnhom u Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ddirieġa u spezzjona personalment l-ippjanar u l-kostruzzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1668, [[pittura]] ta' [[Pierre Patel]].]]
Għall-ewwel ix-xogħol f'Versailles ikkonċentra fuq il-park u l-ġonna tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 55-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 17, Le Vau żied biss żewġ sezzjonijiet distakkati tas-servizz u binja ta' riċeviment quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Iżda fl-1668-1669&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;, bħala rispons għat-tkabbir tal-ġonna&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 62-63, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, u r-rebħa kontra [[Spanja]] fil-Gwerra tad-Devoluzzjoni, Lwiġi XIV ddeċieda li l-Palazz ta' Versailles isir residenza rjali fuq skala kbira.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Għall-ewwel kien indeċiż bejn is-sostituzzjoni jew l-inkorporazzjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru, iżda għażel din tal-aħħar sa tmiem id-deċennju&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61, 64.&lt;/ref&gt;, u mill-1668 sal-1671&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 334-335.&lt;/ref&gt;, il-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie inkorporat fuq tliet naħat b'teknika mlaqqma l-''enveloppe''.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, il-palazz ingħata faċċata ġdida [[Italja|Taljanizzata]] li tħares lejn il-ġonna, iżda l-faċċata tal-bitħa ġiet ippreservata. Dan irriżulta f'taħlita ta' stili u ta' materjali li ssorprendew lil Lwiġi XIV u li Colbert iddeskriva bħala &quot;ħallata ballata&quot;. It-tentattivi ta' omoġenizzazzjoni taż-żewġ faċċati ma rnexxewx, u fl-1670 Le Vau miet, u l-kariga tiegħu bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett tar-Re baqgħet battala għas-seba' snin ta' wara.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1675FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|258x258px|Il-faċċata ta' Le Vau li tagħti fuq il-ġonna għall-ħabta tal-1675.]]
Le Vau was succeeded at Versailles by his assistant, architect François d'Orbay. Work at the palace during the 1670s focused on its interiors, as the palace was then nearing completion, though d'Orbay expanded Le Vau's service wings and connected them to the château, and built a pair of pavilions for government employees in the forecourt. In 1670, d'Orbay was tasked by Lwiġi XIV with designing a city, also called Versailles, to house and service Lwiġi XIV's growing government and court. The granting of land to courtiers for the construction of townhouses that resembled the palace began in 1671. The next year, the Franco-Dutch War began and funding for Versailles was cut until 1674, when Lwiġi XIV had work begun on the Ambassadors' Staircase, a grand staircase for the reception of guests, and demolished the last of the village of Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 9, 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:General view of Versailles in circa 1682 by Adam Perelle.png|xellug|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1682, inċiżjoni ta' [[Adam Perelle]].]]
Following the end of the Franco-Dutch War with French victory in 1678, Lwiġi XIV appointed as First Architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, an experienced architect in Lwiġi XIV's confidence, who would benefit from a restored budget and large workforce of former soldiers. Mansart began his tenure with the addition from 1678 to 1681 of the Hall of Mirrors, a renovation of the courtyard façade of Lwiġi XIII's château, and the expansion of d'Orbay's pavilions to create the Ministers' Wings [fr] in 1678–79. Adjacent to the palace, Mansart built a pair of stables called the Grande and Petite Écuries from 1679 to 1682 and the Grand Commun, which housed the palace's servants and general kitchens, from 1682 to 1684. Mansart also added two entirely new wings in Le Vau's Italianate style to house the court, first at the south end of the palace from 1679 to 1681 and then at its north end from 1685 to 1689.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

War and the resulting diminished funding slowed construction at Versailles for the rest of the 17th century. The Nine Years' War, which began in 1688, stopped work altogether until 1698. Three years later, however, the even more expensive War of the Spanish Succession began and, combined with poor harvests in 1693–94 and 1709–10, plunged Franza into crisis. Lwiġi XIV thus slashed funding and canceled some of the work Mansart had planned in the 1680s, such as the remodeling of the courtyard façade in the Italianate style. Lwiġi XIV and Mansart focused on a permanent palace chapel, the construction of which lasted from 1699 to 1710.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Nicolas Cochin Masked Ball 1745FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Ballu bil-maskri fis-Sala tal-Mirja (1745), pittura ta' [[Charles-Nicolas Cochin]].]]
Lwiġi XIV's successors, Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI, largely left Versailles as they inherited it and focused on the palace's interiors. Lwiġi XV's modifications began in the 1730s, with the completion of the Salon d'Hercule, a ballroom in the north wing, and the expansion of the king's private apartment, which required the demolition of the Ambassadors' Staircase. In 1748, Lwiġi XV began construction of a palace theater, the Royal Opera of Versailles at the northernmost end of the palace, but completion was delayed until 1770; construction was interrupted in the 1740s by the War of the Austrian Succession and then again in 1756 with the start of the Seven Years' War. These wars emptied the royal treasury and thereafter construction was mostly funded by Madame du Barry, Lwiġi XV's favorite mistress. In 1771, Lwiġi XV had the northern Ministers' Wing rebuilt in Neoclassical style by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, his court architect, as it was in the process of falling down. That work was also stopped by financial constraints, and it remained incomplete when Lwiġi XV died in 1774. In 1784, Lwiġi XVI briefly moved the royal family to the Château de Saint-Cloud ahead of more renovations to the Palazz ta' Versailles, but construction could not begin because of financial difficulty and political crisis. In 1789, the French Revolution swept the royal family and government out of Versailles forever.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwol fil-politika ===
The Palazz ta' Versailles was key to Lwiġi XIV's politics, as an expression and concentration of French art and culture, and for the centralization of royal power. Lwiġi XIV first used Versailles to promote himself with a series of nighttime festivals in its gardens in 1664, 1668, and 1674, the events of which were disseminated throughout Europe by print and engravings. As early as 1669, but especially from 1678, Lwiġi XIV sought to make Versailles his seat of government, and he expanded the palace so as to fit the court within it. The moving of the court to Versailles did not come until 1682, however, and not officially, as opinion on Versailles was mixed among the nobility of Franza.

By 1687, however, it was evident to all that Versailles was the ''de facto'' capital of Franza, and Lwiġi XIV succeeded in attracting the nobility to Versailles to pursue prestige and royal patronage within a strict court etiquette, thus eroding their traditional provincial power bases. It was at the Palazz ta' Versailles that Lwiġi XIV received the Doge of Genoa in 1685, an embassy from the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686, and an embassy from Safavid Iran in 1715.

Lwiġi XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Lwiġi XV, then the duke of Anjou, who was moved to Vincennes and then to Paris by Lwiġi XV's regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Versailles was neglected until 1722, when Philippe II removed the court to Versailles to escape the unpopularity of his regency, and when Lwiġi XV began his majority. The 1722 move, however, broke the cultural power of Versailles, and during the reign of Lwiġi XVI, courtiers spent their leisure in Paris, not Versailles.

In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and Franza signed separate treaties with England at the Palazz ta' Versailles, formally ending the war.

The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.

As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the Palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.

=== Seklu 19 – mużew tal-istorja u sit tal-gvern ===
When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Lwiġie in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Lwiġi XVIII, the younger brother of Lwiġi XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Lwiġi XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the ''Cour Royale'' demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Lwiġi-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of Franza, dedicated to &quot;all the glories of Franza&quot;, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing. The museum project largely came to a halt when Lwiġi Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.

=== Seklu 20 ===
The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.
The Palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and Franza's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.

=== Seklu 21 ===
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the &quot;Grand Versailles&quot; project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.

The Palazz ta' Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.

The grounds of the Palace will host the Equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Il-Palazz u l-Park ta' Versailles ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1979. Saret modifika minuri fiż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit fl-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' &quot;Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arkitettura u pjanta ==
The Palazz ta' Versailles is a visual history of French architecture from the 1630s to the 1780s. Its earliest portion, the ''corps de logis'', was built for Lwiġi XIII in the style of his reign with brick, marble, and slate, which Le Vau surrounded in the 1660s with ''Enveloppe'', an edifice that was inspired by Renaissance-era Italian villas. When Mansart made further expansions to the palace in the 1680s, he used the ''Enveloppe'' as the model for his work. Neoclassical additions were made to the palace with the remodeling of the Ministers' Wings [fr] in the 1770s, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and after the Bourbon Restoration.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Lwiġi XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.

The palace and its grounds have had a great influence on architecture and horticulture from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century. Examples of works influenced by Versailles include Christopher Wren's work at Hampton Court Palace, Berlin Palace, the Palace of La Granja, Stockholm Palace, Ludwigsburg Palace, Karlsruhe Palace, Rastatt Palace, Nymphenburg Palace, Schleissheim Palace, and Esterházy Palace.

== Appartamenti Rjali ==
The construction in 1668–1671 of Le Vau's ''enveloppe'' around the outside of Lwiġi XIII's red brick and white stone château added state apartments for the king and the queen. The addition was known at the time as the ''château neuf'' (new château). The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments) include the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. The private apartments of the king (the ''appartement du roi'' and the ''petit appartement du roi'') and those of the queen (the ''petit appartement de la reine'') remained in the ''château vieux'' (old château). Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, including the placement of the apartments on the main floor (the ''piano nobile'', the next floor up from the ground level), a convention the architect borrowed from Italian palace design.

The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Lwiġi XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

The queen's apartments served as the residence of three queens of Franza – Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Lwiġi XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Lwiġi XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Lwiġi XVI. Additionally, Lwiġi XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

=== Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi ===
The Ambassadors' Staircase (''Escalier des Ambassadeurs'') was an imperial staircase built from 1674 to 1680 by d'Orbay. Until Lwiġi XV had it demolished in 1752 to create a courtyard for his private apartments, the staircase was the primary entrance into the Palazz ta' Versailles and the royal apartments especially. It was entered from the courtyard via a vestibule that, cramped and dark, contrasted greatly with the tall, open space of the staircase – famously lit naturally with a skylight – so as to overawe visitors.

The staircase and walls of the room that contained it were clad in polychrome marble and gilded bronze, with decor in the Ionic order. Le Brun and painted the walls and ceiling of the room according to a festive theme to celebrate Lwiġi XIV's victory in the Franco-Dutch War. On the wall immediately above the staircase were ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings of people from the Four Parts of the World looking into the staircase over a balustrade, a motif repeated on the ceiling fresco. There they were joined by allegorical figures for the twelve months of the year and various Classical Greek figures such as the Muses. A marble bust of Lwiġi XIV, sculpted by Jean Warin in 1665–66, was placed in a niche above the first landing of the staircase.

=== Appartamenti Statali tar-Re ===
The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments.

==== Sala ta' Erkole ====
This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte, to showcase two paintings by Paolo Veronese, ''Eleazar and Rebecca'' and ''Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee'', which was a gift to Lwiġi XIV from the Republic of Venice in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, ''The Apotheosis of Hercules'', by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.

==== Sala tal-Abbundanza ====
The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Lwiġi XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in René-Antoine Houasse's painting ''Abundance and Liberality'' (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.

==== Sala ta' Venere ====
This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions. The principal feature in this room is Jean Warin's life-size statue of Lwiġi XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, ''Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers'' (1672–1681). ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes.

==== Sala ta' Merkurju ====
The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Lwiġi XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Lwiġi-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depict the god Mercury in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Lwiġi XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

==== Sala ta' Marte ====
The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies. It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of Lwiġi XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo decorate the room today.

==== Sala ta' Apollo ====
The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Lwiġi XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The eight-foot-high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.

==== Sala ta' Diana ====
The Salon of Diana was used by Lwiġi XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana. The celebrated bust of Lwiġi XIV by Bernini made during the famous sculptor's visit to Franza in 1665 is on display here.

=== Appartamenti privati tar-Re u tar-Reġina ===

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Re ====
The apartments of the King were the heart of the château; they were in the same location as the rooms of Lwiġi XIII, the creator of the château, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of Lwiġi XIV in 1683. He and his successors Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial ''lever'' (&quot;waking up&quot;) and the ''coucher'' (&quot;going to bed&quot;) of the monarch, which was attended by a crowd of courtiers.

The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the ''Oeil de Boeuf'' antechamber or from the Guardroom and the ''Grand Couvert'', the ceremonial room where Lwiġi XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.

The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Lwiġi XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. He died there on 1 September 1715. Both Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed. On 6 October 1789, from the balcony of this room Lwiġi XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by Nicolas Coustou entitled ''Franza watching over the sleeping King''. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony van Dyck.

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Reġina ====
The ''petit appartement de la reine'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Lwiġi XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.

== Sala tal-Mirja ==
[[Stampa:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|daqsminuri|273x273px|Is-Sala tal-Mirja.]]
The Hall of Mirrors is a long gallery at the westernmost part of the palace that looks out onto the gardens. The hall was built from 1678 to 1681 on the site of a terrace Le Vau built between the king and queen's suites. The hall is clad in marble and decorated in a modified version of the Corinthian order, with 578 mirrors facing 17 windows and reflecting the light provided by them. The ceiling fresco, painted by Le Brun over the next four years, embellishes the first 18 years of Lwiġi XIV's reign in 30 scenes, 17 of which are military victories over the Dutch. The fresco depicts Lwiġi XIV himself alongside Classical figures in the scenes celebrating moments in his reign such as the beginning of personal rule in 1661, breaking from earlier frescoes at Versailles that used allegories derived from Classical and mythological scenes.

The Salon of War and the Salon of Peace bookend the Hall of Mirrors on its northern and southern ends respectively. The Salon of War, constructed and decorated from 1678 to 1686, celebrates French victories in the Franco-Dutch War with marble panels, gilded bronze trophies of arms, and a stucco ''bas-relief'' of Lwiġi XIV on horsebask riding over his enemies. The Salon of Peace is decorated in the same fashion but according to its eponymous theme.

== Kappella rjali ==
The Royal Chapel of Versailles is located at the southern end of the north wing. The building stands 40-meter (130 ft) high, and measures 42 meters (138 ft) long and 24 meters (79 ft) wide. The chapel is rectangular with a semicircular apse, combining traditional, Gothic royal French church architecture with the French Baroque style of Versailles. The ceiling of the chapel is constituted by an unbroken vault, divided into three frescos by Antoine Coypel, Charles de La Fosse, and Jean Jouvenet. The palette of motifs beneath the frescoes glorify the deeds of Lwiġi IX, and include images of David, Constantine, Charlemagne, and Lwiġi IX, ''fleur de lis'', and Lwiġi XIV's monogram.

Lwiġi XIV commissioned the chapel, its sixth, from Mansart and Le Brun in 1683–84. It was the last building constructed at Versailles during Lwiġi XIV's reign. Construction was delayed until 1699, however, and it was not completed until 1710. The only major modification to the chapel since its completion was the removal of a lantern from its roof in 1765. A full restoration of the chapel began in late 2017 and lasted into early 2021.

== Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ==
The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Lwiġi XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Lwiġi XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this was also temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Lwiġi XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists, by Lwiġi Jean-Jacques Durameau. The sculptor Augustin Pajou added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on 16 May 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.
In October 1789, early in the French Revolution, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris.

== Mużew tal-Istorja ta' Franza ==
Shortly after becoming King in 1830, Lwiġi Philippe I decided to transform the Palace into a museum devoted to &quot;All the Glories of Franza,&quot; with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Lwiġi-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Lwiġi David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Lwiġi-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Lwiġi David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including Eugène Delacroix, who painted Saint Lwiġi at the French victory over the British in the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. A monumental painting by Vernet features Lwiġi Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.
The overthrow of Lwiġi Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Lwiġi XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculptures. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.

== Proprjetà ta' Versailles ==
The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the subsidiary buildings around it, and its park and gardens. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of 800 hectares (8.0 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 2,000 acres), with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace. The palace is approached from the east by the Avenue de Paris [fr], measuring 17 miles (27 km) from Paris to a gate between the Grande [fr] and Petite Écuries [fr]. Beyond these stables is the Place d'Armes [fr], where the Avenue de Paris meets the Avenue de Sceaux [fr] and Avenue de Saint-Cloud [fr] (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles. Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''cour d'honneur'', hemmed in by the Ministers' Wings [fr]. Beyond is the Royal Gate [fr] and the main palace, which wraps around the Royal [fr] and finally Marble Courts [fr].

The estate was established by Lwiġi XIII as a hunting retreat, with a park just to the west of his château. From 1661, Lwiġi XIV expanded the estate until, at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the Grand Parc [fr], a hunting ground of 15,000 hectares (150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 37,000 acres), and the gardens, called the Petit Parc, which covered 1,700 hectares (17 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 4,200 acres). A 25-mile (40 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) high wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Lwiġi XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building. The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces. The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles, but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river Bièvre to create an inflow in the 1660s, the construction of an enormous pumping station at the river Seine near Marly-le-Roi in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river Eure with a canal in the later 1680s.

=== Ġonna ===
The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Lwiġi XIV, are the work of André Le Nôtre. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects Jacques Boyceau and Jacques de Nemours, which he rearranged along an east–west axis that, because of Lwiġi XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland, were expanded literally as far as could be seen. The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Lwiġi XIV, marked by rigid order, discipline, and open space, with axial paths, flowerbeds, hedges, and ponds and lakes as motifs. They became the epitome of the French formal garden style, and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.

=== Strutturi sussidjarji ===
The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palazz ta' Versailles was the Versailles Menagerie, built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664, at the southern end of the Grand Canal. The apartments, overlooking the pens, were renovated by Mansart from 1698 to 1700, but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712. After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801. The Versailles Orangery, just to the south of the palace, was first built by Le Vau in 1663, originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate. It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.

In late 1679, Lwiġi XIV commissioned Mansart to build the Château de Marly, a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the palace. The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in Palladian style placed in two rows on either side of the main building. Construction was completed in 1686, when Lwiġi XIV spent his first night there. The château was nationalized and sold in 1799, and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805, and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon. On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.

La Lanterne, is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by Philippe Lwiġi de Noailles, then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.

==== Trianons ====
In 1668, Lwiġi XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon, near the northern tip of the Grand Canal, and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court, remembered as the Porcelain Trianon. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670, it was the first example of ''Chinoiserie'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style. The roof was clad not with porcelain but with delftware, and was thus prone to leaks, so in 1687 Lwiġi XIV ordered it demolished. Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.

To replace the Porcelain Trianon, Lwiġi XIV tasked Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the Grand Trianon, built from marble in three months. The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing, which was modified by Mansart in 1705–06. The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a peristyle. The interiors are mostly original, and housed Lwiġi XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczynska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under de Gaulle, the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of Franza.

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768 led to the advent of the names &quot;Grand&quot; and &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, was constructed for Lwiġi XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel. The building has a ''piano nobile'', basement, and attic, with five windows on each floor. On becoming king, Lwiġi XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current English and Oriental styles, and formed her own court there.

Near the Trianons are the French Pavilion [fr], built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the Queen's Theater [fr] and Hamlet, built by architect Richard Mique in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette; the theater, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original, and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.

== Funzjonijiet politiċi u ċerimonjali moderni ==
The palace still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (''Sénat'') and the National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'')—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the &quot;decentralized organization&quot; of the French Republic).

In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Lwiġi Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palazz ta' Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palazz ta' Versailles.

== Referenzi ==

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      <text bytes="57143" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Versailles-Chateau-Jardins02.jpg|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles.]]
Il-'''Palazz ta' Versailles''' (pronunzja: /vɛərˈsaɪ, vɜːrˈsaɪ/ ''vair-SY, vur-SY'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versailles|titlu=Definition of Versailles {{!}} Dictionary.com|sit=www.dictionary.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Château de Versailles'' [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj]) huwa eks residenza rjali li nbena mir-Re [[Lwiġi XIV ta' Franza|Lwiġi XIV]] u li jinsab f'[[Versailles]], madwar 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]]. Is-sjieda tal-palazz hija tar-Repubblika Franċiża u mill-1995 ġie ġestit, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]], mill-Istabbiliment Pubbliku tal-Palazz tal-[[Mużew]] u l-Proprjetà Nazzjonali ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/public-establishment|titlu=The Public Establishment|data=2016-10-31|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kull sena, bħala medja, 15,000,000 ruħ iżuru l-palazz, il-park jew il-ġonna ta' Versailles, għaldaqstant huwa wieħed mill-iżjed attrazzjonijiet turistiċi li jżuruh nies fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/paris/article/palace-versailles-chateau-versailles|titlu=Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles)|sit=us.france.fr|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minħabba l-[[pandemija tal-COVID-19]], l-għadd ta' viżitaturi li ħallsu l-biljett biex iżuru l-Palazz ta' Versailles naqas b'75 % minn tmien miljuni fl-2019 għal żewġ miljuni fl-2020. It-tnaqqis kien partikolarment qawwi fost il-viżitaturi barranin, li jirrappreżentaw tmenin fil-mija tal-viżitaturi li jħallsu l-biljett.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://chroniques.amisdeversailles.com/le-rapport-dactivite-2020-du-chateau-est-en-ligne/|titlu=Le rapport d'activité 2020 du château est en ligne|kunjom=benedicte|data=2021-07-24|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lwiġi XIII]] bena loġġa tal-kaċċa sempliċi fis-sit tal-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1623 u ssostitwieh b'palazz żgħir fl-1631-1634. Lwiġi XIV kabbar il-palazz f'diversi fażijiet mill-1661 sal-1715. Kien residenza favorita taż-żewġ rejiet, u fl-1682, Lwiġi XIV ttrasferixxa s-sede tal-qorti u tal-gvern tiegħu lejn Versailles, u b'hekk il-palazz ''de facto'' sar il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' Franza u baqa' hekk anke taħt ir-Rejiet [[Lwiġi XV ta’ Franza|Lwiġi XV]] u [[Lwiġi XVI ta' Franza|Lwiġi XVI]], li primarjament għamlu alterazzjonijiet fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, iżda fl-1789 il-familja rjali u l-belt kapitali ta' Franza reġgħu lura lejn Pariġi. Għall-kumplament tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]], il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie abbandunat għalkollox u żvujtat mill-kontenuti tiegħu, u l-popolazzjoni tal-belt u tal-inħawi naqset ferm.

[[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun Bonaparte]], wara li ħa lil Franza f'idejh, uża l-Palazz ta' Versailles bħala r-residenza tas-sajf tiegħu mill-1810 sal-1814, iżda ma rrestawrahx. Meta l-Monarkija Franċiża rrestawratu, xorta waħda baqgħet f'Pariġi, u qabel is-snin 30 tas-seklu 19 ma sarux tiswijiet kbar fil-palazz. Il-Mużew tal-[[Storja|Istorja]] ta' Franza ġie installat ġo fih minflok l-appartamenti tas-sezzjoni tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz.

Il-palazz u l-park tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1979 għall-importanza tagħhom bħala ċentru tal-poter, tal-[[arti]] u tax-[[xjenza]] fi Franza matul is-[[Seklu 17|sekli 17]] u 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/|titlu=Palace and Park of Versailles|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Ministeru Franċiż għall-Kultura elenka l-palazz, il-ġonna u xi strutturi sussidjarji tiegħu fil-lista tiegħu ta' [[Monument|monumenti]] sinifikanti kulturalment.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Versailles on the 1652 map of Paris by Gomboust - Gallica 2012.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni ta' [[Jacques Gomboust]] tal-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1652.]]
Fl-1623&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIII, ir-Re ta' Franza, bena loġġa tal-kaċċa fuq għolja f'art tal-kaċċa li kienet għal qalbu, 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' Pariġi, u 10 mili (16-il kilometru) mir-residenza primarja tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 369.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit, qrib villaġġ imsejjaħ Versailles, kien art mistagħdra b'żoni bil-boskijiet li l-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIII ddeskriviet bħala post li ma jistħoqlux li jmur fih ir-re;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; wieħed mill-membri tal-qorti tiegħu, [[François de Bassompierre]], kiteb li l-loġġa &quot;ma tispirax il-vanità lanqas fl-iktar ġentlom sempliċi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-1631 sal-1634, l-[[arkitett]] [[Philibert Le Roy]] issostitwixxa l-loġġa b'palazz għal Lwiġi XIII&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, li pprojbixxa lir-reġina tiegħu, Anna tal-[[Awstrija]], milli torqod fih,&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; anke meta kien hemm tifqigħa ta' ġidri f'Saint-Germain-en-Laye fl-1641 li obbligat lil Lwiġi XIII jmur f'Versailles flimkien mal-eredi tiegħu li kellu tliet snin, u li mbagħad sar Lwiġi XIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history|titlu=History|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta Lwiġi XIII [[Mewt|miet]] fl-1643, Anna saret ir-reġġenti ta' Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie abbandunat għal deċennju sħiħ. Anna ttrasferiet il-qorti lura f'Pariġi&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, fejn hi u l-ministru ewlieni tagħha, il-[[Kardinal Mazarin]], komplew il-prattiki monetarji xejn popolari ta' Lwiġi XIII. Dan wassal għall-''Fronde'', sensiela ta' rewwixti kontra l-awtorità rjali mill-1648 sal-1653 u li b'mod parallel wasslet għal taqbida bejn Mazarin u l-prinċpijiet b'[[demm]] irjali, il-familja estiża ta' Lwiġi XIV, għal influwenza fuqu.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 58, 60 u 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Fronde, Lwiġi XIV kien iddeterminat li jirrenja waħdu.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-mewt ta' Mazarin fl-1661&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV rriforma l-gvern tiegħu biex jeskludi lil ommu u lill-prinċpijiet b'demm irjali, ittrasferixxa l-qorti lura lejn Saint-Germain-en-Laye&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). Versailles. Basic Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, u ordna l-espansjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru għall-Palazz ta' Versailles kif inhu llum il-ġurnata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 369-370.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV kien ikkaċċja f'Versailles fis-snin 50 tas-seklu 17, iżda ma kellux xi interess speċjali f'Versailles qabel l-1661.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-17 ta' Awwissu 1661&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV kien mistieden f'festival lussuż ospitat minn [[Nicolas Fouquet]], is-Sovraintendent tal-Finanzi, fir-residenza tal-palazz tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte]].&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV baqa' impressjonat bil-palazz u l-ġonna tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kienu xogħol [[Louis Le Vau]], l-arkitett tal-qorti mill-1654, [[André Le Nôtre]], il-[[ġardinar]] irjali mill-1657, u [[Charles Le Brun]], pittur għas-servizz irjali mill-1647.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/charles-brun|titlu=Charles Le Brun|data=2016-11-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iskala u l-opulenza tal-Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte ispiraw is-sens estetiku ta' Lwiġi XIV, iżda wassluh ukoll biex f'Settembru ta' dik is-sena jitfa' lil Fouquet il-ħabs, għaliex kien bena wkoll fortizza fuq gżira u armata privata.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 18-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV kien ispirat ukoll minn Vaux-le-Vicomte&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;, u qabbad l-awturi ta' dik l-opra biex jaħdmu fuq il-proġetti tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV ssostitwixxa lil Fouquet b'[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], li kien jappoġġa lil Mazarin u kien għadu ta' Fouquet, u qabbdu jġestixxi l-korp ta' [[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] tas-servizz irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. pp. 208-210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Colbert għamilha ta' intermedjarju bejnhom u Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ddirieġa u spezzjona personalment l-ippjanar u l-kostruzzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1668, [[pittura]] ta' [[Pierre Patel]].]]
Għall-ewwel ix-xogħol f'Versailles ikkonċentra fuq il-park u l-ġonna tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 55-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 17, Le Vau żied biss żewġ sezzjonijiet distakkati tas-servizz u binja ta' riċeviment quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Iżda fl-1668-1669&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;, bħala rispons għat-tkabbir tal-ġonna&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 62-63, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, u r-rebħa kontra [[Spanja]] fil-Gwerra tad-Devoluzzjoni, Lwiġi XIV ddeċieda li l-Palazz ta' Versailles isir residenza rjali fuq skala kbira.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Għall-ewwel kien indeċiż bejn is-sostituzzjoni jew l-inkorporazzjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru, iżda għażel din tal-aħħar sa tmiem id-deċennju&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61, 64.&lt;/ref&gt;, u mill-1668 sal-1671&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 334-335.&lt;/ref&gt;, il-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie inkorporat fuq tliet naħat b'teknika mlaqqma l-''enveloppe''.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, il-palazz ingħata faċċata ġdida [[Italja|Taljanizzata]] li tħares lejn il-ġonna, iżda l-faċċata tal-bitħa ġiet ippreservata. Dan irriżulta f'taħlita ta' stili u ta' materjali li ssorprendew lil Lwiġi XIV u li Colbert iddeskriva bħala &quot;ħallata ballata&quot;. It-tentattivi ta' omoġenizzazzjoni taż-żewġ faċċati ma rnexxewx, u fl-1670 Le Vau miet, u l-kariga tiegħu bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett tar-Re baqgħet battala għas-seba' snin ta' wara.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1675FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|258x258px|Il-faċċata ta' Le Vau li tagħti fuq il-ġonna għall-ħabta tal-1675.]]
Le Vau was succeeded at Versailles by his assistant, architect François d'Orbay. Work at the palace during the 1670s focused on its interiors, as the palace was then nearing completion, though d'Orbay expanded Le Vau's service wings and connected them to the château, and built a pair of pavilions for government employees in the forecourt. In 1670, d'Orbay was tasked by Lwiġi XIV with designing a city, also called Versailles, to house and service Lwiġi XIV's growing government and court. The granting of land to courtiers for the construction of townhouses that resembled the palace began in 1671. The next year, the Franco-Dutch War began and funding for Versailles was cut until 1674, when Lwiġi XIV had work begun on the Ambassadors' Staircase, a grand staircase for the reception of guests, and demolished the last of the village of Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 9, 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:General view of Versailles in circa 1682 by Adam Perelle.png|xellug|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1682, inċiżjoni ta' [[Adam Perelle]].]]
Following the end of the Franco-Dutch War with French victory in 1678, Lwiġi XIV appointed as First Architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, an experienced architect in Lwiġi XIV's confidence, who would benefit from a restored budget and large workforce of former soldiers. Mansart began his tenure with the addition from 1678 to 1681 of the Hall of Mirrors, a renovation of the courtyard façade of Lwiġi XIII's château, and the expansion of d'Orbay's pavilions to create the Ministers' Wings [fr] in 1678–79. Adjacent to the palace, Mansart built a pair of stables called the Grande and Petite Écuries from 1679 to 1682 and the Grand Commun, which housed the palace's servants and general kitchens, from 1682 to 1684. Mansart also added two entirely new wings in Le Vau's Italianate style to house the court, first at the south end of the palace from 1679 to 1681 and then at its north end from 1685 to 1689.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

War and the resulting diminished funding slowed construction at Versailles for the rest of the 17th century. The Nine Years' War, which began in 1688, stopped work altogether until 1698. Three years later, however, the even more expensive War of the Spanish Succession began and, combined with poor harvests in 1693–94 and 1709–10, plunged Franza into crisis. Lwiġi XIV thus slashed funding and canceled some of the work Mansart had planned in the 1680s, such as the remodeling of the courtyard façade in the Italianate style. Lwiġi XIV and Mansart focused on a permanent palace chapel, the construction of which lasted from 1699 to 1710.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Nicolas Cochin Masked Ball 1745FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Ballu bil-maskri fis-Sala tal-Mirja (1745), pittura ta' [[Charles-Nicolas Cochin]].]]
Lwiġi XIV's successors, Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI, largely left Versailles as they inherited it and focused on the palace's interiors. Lwiġi XV's modifications began in the 1730s, with the completion of the Salon d'Hercule, a ballroom in the north wing, and the expansion of the king's private apartment, which required the demolition of the Ambassadors' Staircase. In 1748, Lwiġi XV began construction of a palace theater, the Royal Opera of Versailles at the northernmost end of the palace, but completion was delayed until 1770; construction was interrupted in the 1740s by the War of the Austrian Succession and then again in 1756 with the start of the Seven Years' War. These wars emptied the royal treasury and thereafter construction was mostly funded by Madame du Barry, Lwiġi XV's favorite mistress. In 1771, Lwiġi XV had the northern Ministers' Wing rebuilt in Neoclassical style by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, his court architect, as it was in the process of falling down. That work was also stopped by financial constraints, and it remained incomplete when Lwiġi XV died in 1774. In 1784, Lwiġi XVI briefly moved the royal family to the Château de Saint-Cloud ahead of more renovations to the Palazz ta' Versailles, but construction could not begin because of financial difficulty and political crisis. In 1789, the French Revolution swept the royal family and government out of Versailles forever.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwol fil-politika ===
The Palazz ta' Versailles was key to Lwiġi XIV's politics, as an expression and concentration of French art and culture, and for the centralization of royal power. Lwiġi XIV first used Versailles to promote himself with a series of nighttime festivals in its gardens in 1664, 1668, and 1674, the events of which were disseminated throughout Europe by print and engravings. As early as 1669, but especially from 1678, Lwiġi XIV sought to make Versailles his seat of government, and he expanded the palace so as to fit the court within it. The moving of the court to Versailles did not come until 1682, however, and not officially, as opinion on Versailles was mixed among the nobility of Franza.

By 1687, however, it was evident to all that Versailles was the ''de facto'' capital of Franza, and Lwiġi XIV succeeded in attracting the nobility to Versailles to pursue prestige and royal patronage within a strict court etiquette, thus eroding their traditional provincial power bases. It was at the Palazz ta' Versailles that Lwiġi XIV received the Doge of Genoa in 1685, an embassy from the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686, and an embassy from Safavid Iran in 1715.

Lwiġi XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Lwiġi XV, then the duke of Anjou, who was moved to Vincennes and then to Paris by Lwiġi XV's regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Versailles was neglected until 1722, when Philippe II removed the court to Versailles to escape the unpopularity of his regency, and when Lwiġi XV began his majority. The 1722 move, however, broke the cultural power of Versailles, and during the reign of Lwiġi XVI, courtiers spent their leisure in Paris, not Versailles.

In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and Franza signed separate treaties with England at the Palazz ta' Versailles, formally ending the war.

The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.

As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the Palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.

=== Seklu 19 – mużew tal-istorja u sit tal-gvern ===
When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Lwiġie in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Lwiġi XVIII, the younger brother of Lwiġi XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Lwiġi XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the ''Cour Royale'' demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Lwiġi-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of Franza, dedicated to &quot;all the glories of Franza&quot;, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing. The museum project largely came to a halt when Lwiġi Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.

=== Seklu 20 ===
The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.
The Palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and Franza's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.

=== Seklu 21 ===
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the &quot;Grand Versailles&quot; project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.

The Palazz ta' Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.

The grounds of the Palace will host the Equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Il-Palazz u l-Park ta' Versailles ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1979. Saret modifika minuri fiż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit fl-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' &quot;Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arkitettura u pjanta ==
The Palazz ta' Versailles is a visual history of French architecture from the 1630s to the 1780s. Its earliest portion, the ''corps de logis'', was built for Lwiġi XIII in the style of his reign with brick, marble, and slate, which Le Vau surrounded in the 1660s with ''Enveloppe'', an edifice that was inspired by Renaissance-era Italian villas. When Mansart made further expansions to the palace in the 1680s, he used the ''Enveloppe'' as the model for his work. Neoclassical additions were made to the palace with the remodeling of the Ministers' Wings [fr] in the 1770s, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and after the Bourbon Restoration.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Lwiġi XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.

The palace and its grounds have had a great influence on architecture and horticulture from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century. Examples of works influenced by Versailles include Christopher Wren's work at Hampton Court Palace, Berlin Palace, the Palace of La Granja, Stockholm Palace, Ludwigsburg Palace, Karlsruhe Palace, Rastatt Palace, Nymphenburg Palace, Schleissheim Palace, and Esterházy Palace.

== Appartamenti Rjali ==
The construction in 1668–1671 of Le Vau's ''enveloppe'' around the outside of Lwiġi XIII's red brick and white stone château added state apartments for the king and the queen. The addition was known at the time as the ''château neuf'' (new château). The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments) include the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. The private apartments of the king (the ''appartement du roi'' and the ''petit appartement du roi'') and those of the queen (the ''petit appartement de la reine'') remained in the ''château vieux'' (old château). Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, including the placement of the apartments on the main floor (the ''piano nobile'', the next floor up from the ground level), a convention the architect borrowed from Italian palace design.

The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Lwiġi XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

The queen's apartments served as the residence of three queens of Franza – Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Lwiġi XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Lwiġi XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Lwiġi XVI. Additionally, Lwiġi XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

=== Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi ===
The Ambassadors' Staircase (''Escalier des Ambassadeurs'') was an imperial staircase built from 1674 to 1680 by d'Orbay. Until Lwiġi XV had it demolished in 1752 to create a courtyard for his private apartments, the staircase was the primary entrance into the Palazz ta' Versailles and the royal apartments especially. It was entered from the courtyard via a vestibule that, cramped and dark, contrasted greatly with the tall, open space of the staircase – famously lit naturally with a skylight – so as to overawe visitors.

The staircase and walls of the room that contained it were clad in polychrome marble and gilded bronze, with decor in the Ionic order. Le Brun and painted the walls and ceiling of the room according to a festive theme to celebrate Lwiġi XIV's victory in the Franco-Dutch War. On the wall immediately above the staircase were ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings of people from the Four Parts of the World looking into the staircase over a balustrade, a motif repeated on the ceiling fresco. There they were joined by allegorical figures for the twelve months of the year and various Classical Greek figures such as the Muses. A marble bust of Lwiġi XIV, sculpted by Jean Warin in 1665–66, was placed in a niche above the first landing of the staircase.

=== Appartamenti Statali tar-Re ===
The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments.

==== Sala ta' Erkole ====
This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte, to showcase two paintings by Paolo Veronese, ''Eleazar and Rebecca'' and ''Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee'', which was a gift to Lwiġi XIV from the Republic of Venice in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, ''The Apotheosis of Hercules'', by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.

==== Sala tal-Abbundanza ====
The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Lwiġi XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in René-Antoine Houasse's painting ''Abundance and Liberality'' (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.

==== Sala ta' Venere ====
This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions. The principal feature in this room is Jean Warin's life-size statue of Lwiġi XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, ''Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers'' (1672–1681). ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes.

==== Sala ta' Merkurju ====
The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Lwiġi XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Lwiġi-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depict the god Mercury in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Lwiġi XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

==== Sala ta' Marte ====
The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies. It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of Lwiġi XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo decorate the room today.

==== Sala ta' Apollo ====
The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Lwiġi XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The eight-foot-high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.

==== Sala ta' Diana ====
The Salon of Diana was used by Lwiġi XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana. The celebrated bust of Lwiġi XIV by Bernini made during the famous sculptor's visit to Franza in 1665 is on display here.

=== Appartamenti privati tar-Re u tar-Reġina ===

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Re ====
The apartments of the King were the heart of the château; they were in the same location as the rooms of Lwiġi XIII, the creator of the château, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of Lwiġi XIV in 1683. He and his successors Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial ''lever'' (&quot;waking up&quot;) and the ''coucher'' (&quot;going to bed&quot;) of the monarch, which was attended by a crowd of courtiers.

The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the ''Oeil de Boeuf'' antechamber or from the Guardroom and the ''Grand Couvert'', the ceremonial room where Lwiġi XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.

The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Lwiġi XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. He died there on 1 September 1715. Both Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed. On 6 October 1789, from the balcony of this room Lwiġi XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by Nicolas Coustou entitled ''Franza watching over the sleeping King''. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony van Dyck.

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Reġina ====
The ''petit appartement de la reine'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Lwiġi XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.

== Sala tal-Mirja ==
[[Stampa:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|daqsminuri|273x273px|Is-Sala tal-Mirja.]]
The Hall of Mirrors is a long gallery at the westernmost part of the palace that looks out onto the gardens. The hall was built from 1678 to 1681 on the site of a terrace Le Vau built between the king and queen's suites. The hall is clad in marble and decorated in a modified version of the Corinthian order, with 578 mirrors facing 17 windows and reflecting the light provided by them. The ceiling fresco, painted by Le Brun over the next four years, embellishes the first 18 years of Lwiġi XIV's reign in 30 scenes, 17 of which are military victories over the Dutch. The fresco depicts Lwiġi XIV himself alongside Classical figures in the scenes celebrating moments in his reign such as the beginning of personal rule in 1661, breaking from earlier frescoes at Versailles that used allegories derived from Classical and mythological scenes.

The Salon of War and the Salon of Peace bookend the Hall of Mirrors on its northern and southern ends respectively. The Salon of War, constructed and decorated from 1678 to 1686, celebrates French victories in the Franco-Dutch War with marble panels, gilded bronze trophies of arms, and a stucco ''bas-relief'' of Lwiġi XIV on horsebask riding over his enemies. The Salon of Peace is decorated in the same fashion but according to its eponymous theme.

== Kappella rjali ==
The Royal Chapel of Versailles is located at the southern end of the north wing. The building stands 40-meter (130 ft) high, and measures 42 meters (138 ft) long and 24 meters (79 ft) wide. The chapel is rectangular with a semicircular apse, combining traditional, Gothic royal French church architecture with the French Baroque style of Versailles. The ceiling of the chapel is constituted by an unbroken vault, divided into three frescos by Antoine Coypel, Charles de La Fosse, and Jean Jouvenet. The palette of motifs beneath the frescoes glorify the deeds of Lwiġi IX, and include images of David, Constantine, Charlemagne, and Lwiġi IX, ''fleur de lis'', and Lwiġi XIV's monogram.

Lwiġi XIV commissioned the chapel, its sixth, from Mansart and Le Brun in 1683–84. It was the last building constructed at Versailles during Lwiġi XIV's reign. Construction was delayed until 1699, however, and it was not completed until 1710. The only major modification to the chapel since its completion was the removal of a lantern from its roof in 1765. A full restoration of the chapel began in late 2017 and lasted into early 2021.

== Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ==
The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Lwiġi XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Lwiġi XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this was also temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Lwiġi XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists, by Lwiġi Jean-Jacques Durameau. The sculptor Augustin Pajou added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on 16 May 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.
In October 1789, early in the French Revolution, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris.

== Mużew tal-Istorja ta' Franza ==
Shortly after becoming King in 1830, Lwiġi Philippe I decided to transform the Palace into a museum devoted to &quot;All the Glories of Franza,&quot; with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Lwiġi-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Lwiġi David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Lwiġi-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Lwiġi David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including Eugène Delacroix, who painted Saint Lwiġi at the French victory over the British in the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. A monumental painting by Vernet features Lwiġi Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.
The overthrow of Lwiġi Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Lwiġi XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculptures. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.

== Proprjetà ta' Versailles ==
The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the subsidiary buildings around it, and its park and gardens. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of 800 hectares (8.0 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 2,000 acres), with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace. The palace is approached from the east by the Avenue de Paris [fr], measuring 17 miles (27 km) from Paris to a gate between the Grande [fr] and Petite Écuries [fr]. Beyond these stables is the Place d'Armes [fr], where the Avenue de Paris meets the Avenue de Sceaux [fr] and Avenue de Saint-Cloud [fr] (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles. Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''cour d'honneur'', hemmed in by the Ministers' Wings [fr]. Beyond is the Royal Gate [fr] and the main palace, which wraps around the Royal [fr] and finally Marble Courts [fr].

The estate was established by Lwiġi XIII as a hunting retreat, with a park just to the west of his château. From 1661, Lwiġi XIV expanded the estate until, at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the Grand Parc [fr], a hunting ground of 15,000 hectares (150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 37,000 acres), and the gardens, called the Petit Parc, which covered 1,700 hectares (17 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 4,200 acres). A 25-mile (40 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) high wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Lwiġi XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building. The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces. The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles, but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river Bièvre to create an inflow in the 1660s, the construction of an enormous pumping station at the river Seine near Marly-le-Roi in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river Eure with a canal in the later 1680s.

=== Ġonna ===
The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Lwiġi XIV, are the work of André Le Nôtre. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects Jacques Boyceau and Jacques de Nemours, which he rearranged along an east–west axis that, because of Lwiġi XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland, were expanded literally as far as could be seen. The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Lwiġi XIV, marked by rigid order, discipline, and open space, with axial paths, flowerbeds, hedges, and ponds and lakes as motifs. They became the epitome of the French formal garden style, and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.

=== Strutturi sussidjarji ===
The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palazz ta' Versailles was the Versailles Menagerie, built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664, at the southern end of the Grand Canal. The apartments, overlooking the pens, were renovated by Mansart from 1698 to 1700, but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712. After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801. The Versailles Orangery, just to the south of the palace, was first built by Le Vau in 1663, originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate. It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.

In late 1679, Lwiġi XIV commissioned Mansart to build the Château de Marly, a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the palace. The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in Palladian style placed in two rows on either side of the main building. Construction was completed in 1686, when Lwiġi XIV spent his first night there. The château was nationalized and sold in 1799, and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805, and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon. On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.

La Lanterne, is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by Philippe Lwiġi de Noailles, then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.

==== Trianons ====
In 1668, Lwiġi XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon, near the northern tip of the Grand Canal, and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court, remembered as the Porcelain Trianon. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670, it was the first example of ''Chinoiserie'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style. The roof was clad not with porcelain but with delftware, and was thus prone to leaks, so in 1687 Lwiġi XIV ordered it demolished. Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.

To replace the Porcelain Trianon, Lwiġi XIV tasked Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the Grand Trianon, built from marble in three months. The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing, which was modified by Mansart in 1705–06. The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a peristyle. The interiors are mostly original, and housed Lwiġi XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczynska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under de Gaulle, the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of Franza.

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768 led to the advent of the names &quot;Grand&quot; and &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, was constructed for Lwiġi XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel. The building has a ''piano nobile'', basement, and attic, with five windows on each floor. On becoming king, Lwiġi XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current English and Oriental styles, and formed her own court there.

Near the Trianons are the French Pavilion [fr], built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the Queen's Theater [fr] and Hamlet, built by architect Richard Mique in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette; the theater, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original, and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.

== Funzjonijiet politiċi u ċerimonjali moderni ==
The palace still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (''Sénat'') and the National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'')—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the &quot;decentralized organization&quot; of the French Republic).

In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Lwiġi Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palazz ta' Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palazz ta' Versailles.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
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      <text bytes="63249" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Versailles-Chateau-Jardins02.jpg|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles.]]
Il-'''Palazz ta' Versailles''' (pronunzja: /vɛərˈsaɪ, vɜːrˈsaɪ/ ''vair-SY, vur-SY'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versailles|titlu=Definition of Versailles {{!}} Dictionary.com|sit=www.dictionary.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Château de Versailles'' [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj]) huwa eks residenza rjali li nbena mir-Re [[Lwiġi XIV ta' Franza|Lwiġi XIV]] u li jinsab f'[[Versailles]], madwar 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]]. Is-sjieda tal-palazz hija tar-Repubblika Franċiża u mill-1995 ġie ġestit, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]], mill-Istabbiliment Pubbliku tal-Palazz tal-[[Mużew]] u l-Proprjetà Nazzjonali ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/public-establishment|titlu=The Public Establishment|data=2016-10-31|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kull sena, bħala medja, 15,000,000 ruħ iżuru l-palazz, il-park jew il-ġonna ta' Versailles, għaldaqstant huwa wieħed mill-iżjed attrazzjonijiet turistiċi li jżuruh nies fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/paris/article/palace-versailles-chateau-versailles|titlu=Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles)|sit=us.france.fr|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minħabba l-[[pandemija tal-COVID-19]], l-għadd ta' viżitaturi li ħallsu l-biljett biex iżuru l-Palazz ta' Versailles naqas b'75 % minn tmien miljuni fl-2019 għal żewġ miljuni fl-2020. It-tnaqqis kien partikolarment qawwi fost il-viżitaturi barranin, li jirrappreżentaw tmenin fil-mija tal-viżitaturi li jħallsu l-biljett.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://chroniques.amisdeversailles.com/le-rapport-dactivite-2020-du-chateau-est-en-ligne/|titlu=Le rapport d'activité 2020 du château est en ligne|kunjom=benedicte|data=2021-07-24|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lwiġi XIII]] bena loġġa tal-kaċċa sempliċi fis-sit tal-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1623 u ssostitwieh b'palazz żgħir fl-1631-1634. Lwiġi XIV kabbar il-palazz f'diversi fażijiet mill-1661 sal-1715. Kien residenza favorita taż-żewġ rejiet, u fl-1682, Lwiġi XIV ttrasferixxa s-sede tal-qorti u tal-gvern tiegħu lejn Versailles, u b'hekk il-palazz ''de facto'' sar il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' Franza u baqa' hekk anke taħt ir-Rejiet [[Lwiġi XV ta’ Franza|Lwiġi XV]] u [[Lwiġi XVI ta' Franza|Lwiġi XVI]], li primarjament għamlu alterazzjonijiet fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, iżda fl-1789 il-familja rjali u l-belt kapitali ta' Franza reġgħu lura lejn Pariġi. Għall-kumplament tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]], il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie abbandunat għalkollox u żvujtat mill-kontenuti tiegħu, u l-popolazzjoni tal-belt u tal-inħawi naqset ferm.

[[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun Bonaparte]], wara li ħa lil Franza f'idejh, uża l-Palazz ta' Versailles bħala r-residenza tas-sajf tiegħu mill-1810 sal-1814, iżda ma rrestawrahx. Meta l-Monarkija Franċiża rrestawratu, xorta waħda baqgħet f'Pariġi, u qabel is-snin 30 tas-seklu 19 ma sarux tiswijiet kbar fil-palazz. Il-Mużew tal-[[Storja|Istorja]] ta' Franza ġie installat ġo fih minflok l-appartamenti tas-sezzjoni tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz.

Il-palazz u l-park tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1979 għall-importanza tagħhom bħala ċentru tal-poter, tal-[[arti]] u tax-[[xjenza]] fi Franza matul is-[[Seklu 17|sekli 17]] u 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/|titlu=Palace and Park of Versailles|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Ministeru Franċiż għall-Kultura elenka l-palazz, il-ġonna u xi strutturi sussidjarji tiegħu fil-lista tiegħu ta' [[Monument|monumenti]] sinifikanti kulturalment.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Versailles on the 1652 map of Paris by Gomboust - Gallica 2012.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni ta' [[Jacques Gomboust]] tal-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1652.]]
Fl-1623&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIII, ir-Re ta' Franza, bena loġġa tal-kaċċa fuq għolja f'art tal-kaċċa li kienet għal qalbu, 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' Pariġi, u 10 mili (16-il kilometru) mir-residenza primarja tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 369.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit, qrib villaġġ imsejjaħ Versailles, kien art mistagħdra b'żoni bil-boskijiet li l-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIII ddeskriviet bħala post li ma jistħoqlux li jmur fih ir-re;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; wieħed mill-membri tal-qorti tiegħu, [[François de Bassompierre]], kiteb li l-loġġa &quot;ma tispirax il-vanità lanqas fl-iktar ġentlom sempliċi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-1631 sal-1634, l-[[arkitett]] [[Philibert Le Roy]] issostitwixxa l-loġġa b'palazz għal Lwiġi XIII&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, li pprojbixxa lir-reġina tiegħu, Anna tal-[[Awstrija]], milli torqod fih,&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; anke meta kien hemm tifqigħa ta' ġidri f'Saint-Germain-en-Laye fl-1641 li obbligat lil Lwiġi XIII jmur f'Versailles flimkien mal-eredi tiegħu li kellu tliet snin, u li mbagħad sar Lwiġi XIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history|titlu=History|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta Lwiġi XIII [[Mewt|miet]] fl-1643, Anna saret ir-reġġenti ta' Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie abbandunat għal deċennju sħiħ. Anna ttrasferiet il-qorti lura f'Pariġi&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, fejn hi u l-ministru ewlieni tagħha, il-[[Kardinal Mazarin]], komplew il-prattiki monetarji xejn popolari ta' Lwiġi XIII. Dan wassal għall-''Fronde'', sensiela ta' rewwixti kontra l-awtorità rjali mill-1648 sal-1653 u li b'mod parallel wasslet għal taqbida bejn Mazarin u l-prinċpijiet b'[[demm]] irjali, il-familja estiża ta' Lwiġi XIV, għal influwenza fuqu.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 58, 60 u 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Fronde, Lwiġi XIV kien iddeterminat li jirrenja waħdu.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-mewt ta' Mazarin fl-1661&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV rriforma l-gvern tiegħu biex jeskludi lil ommu u lill-prinċpijiet b'demm irjali, ittrasferixxa l-qorti lura lejn Saint-Germain-en-Laye&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). Versailles. Basic Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, u ordna l-espansjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru għall-Palazz ta' Versailles kif inhu llum il-ġurnata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 369-370.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV kien ikkaċċja f'Versailles fis-snin 50 tas-seklu 17, iżda ma kellux xi interess speċjali f'Versailles qabel l-1661.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-17 ta' Awwissu 1661&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV kien mistieden f'festival lussuż ospitat minn [[Nicolas Fouquet]], is-Sovraintendent tal-Finanzi, fir-residenza tal-palazz tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte]].&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV baqa' impressjonat bil-palazz u l-ġonna tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kienu xogħol [[Louis Le Vau]], l-arkitett tal-qorti mill-1654, [[André Le Nôtre]], il-[[ġardinar]] irjali mill-1657, u [[Charles Le Brun]], pittur għas-servizz irjali mill-1647.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/charles-brun|titlu=Charles Le Brun|data=2016-11-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iskala u l-opulenza tal-Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte ispiraw is-sens estetiku ta' Lwiġi XIV, iżda wassluh ukoll biex f'Settembru ta' dik is-sena jitfa' lil Fouquet il-ħabs, għaliex kien bena wkoll fortizza fuq gżira u armata privata.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 18-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV kien ispirat ukoll minn Vaux-le-Vicomte&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;, u qabbad l-awturi ta' dik l-opra biex jaħdmu fuq il-proġetti tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV ssostitwixxa lil Fouquet b'[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], li kien jappoġġa lil Mazarin u kien għadu ta' Fouquet, u qabbdu jġestixxi l-korp ta' [[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] tas-servizz irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. pp. 208-210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Colbert għamilha ta' intermedjarju bejnhom u Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ddirieġa u spezzjona personalment l-ippjanar u l-kostruzzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1668, [[pittura]] ta' [[Pierre Patel]].]]
Għall-ewwel ix-xogħol f'Versailles ikkonċentra fuq il-park u l-ġonna tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 55-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 17, Le Vau żied biss żewġ sezzjonijiet distakkati tas-servizz u binja ta' riċeviment quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Iżda fl-1668-1669&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;, bħala rispons għat-tkabbir tal-ġonna&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 62-63, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, u r-rebħa kontra [[Spanja]] fil-Gwerra tad-Devoluzzjoni, Lwiġi XIV ddeċieda li l-Palazz ta' Versailles isir residenza rjali fuq skala kbira.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Għall-ewwel kien indeċiż bejn is-sostituzzjoni jew l-inkorporazzjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru, iżda għażel din tal-aħħar sa tmiem id-deċennju&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61, 64.&lt;/ref&gt;, u mill-1668 sal-1671&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 334-335.&lt;/ref&gt;, il-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie inkorporat fuq tliet naħat b'teknika mlaqqma l-''enveloppe''.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, il-palazz ingħata faċċata ġdida [[Italja|Taljanizzata]] li tħares lejn il-ġonna, iżda l-faċċata tal-bitħa ġiet ippreservata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 370.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Dan irriżulta f'taħlita ta' stili u ta' materjali li ssorprendew lil Lwiġi XIV u li Colbert iddeskriva bħala &quot;ħallata ballata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; It-tentattivi ta' omoġenizzazzjoni taż-żewġ faċċati ma rnexxewx, u fl-1670 Le Vau miet&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 7-8.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-kariga tiegħu bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett tar-Re baqgħet battala għas-seba' snin ta' wara.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1675FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|258x258px|Il-faċċata ta' Le Vau li tagħti fuq il-ġonna għall-ħabta tal-1675.]]
Minflok Le Vau laħaq f'Versailles l-assistent tiegħu, l-arkitett [[François d'Orbay]].&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1985). ''Versailles: The Château of Louis XIV''. Penn State University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-271-00412-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Ix-xogħol fuq il-palazz matul is-snin 70 tas-seklu 17 iffoka fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, peress li l-palazz minn barra kien kważi tlesta&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 91.&lt;/ref&gt;, għalkemm d'Orbay kabbar is-sezzjonijiet tas-servizz ta' Le Vau u kkollegahom mal-palazz, u bena żewġ paviljuni għall-impjegati tal-gvern fil-binja quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1670, d'Orbay tqabbad minn Lwiġi XIV biex jiddisinja belt, imsejħa Versailles, sabiex jipprovdi l-akkomodazzjoni u s-servizzi għall-gvern u għall-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIV li kulma jmur baqgħu jikbru.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; L-għoti tal-art lill-membri tal-qorti għall-kostruzzjoni ta' djar fil-kampanja li kienu qishom il-palazz beda fl-1671.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 27-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sena ta' wara faqqgħet il-Gwerra bejn Franza u n-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]] u l-finanzjament għal Versailles intemm sal-1674&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 50-51.&lt;/ref&gt;, meta Lwiġi XIV ordna li jibda x-xogħol fuq it-Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi, taraġ grandjuż għar-riċeviment tal-mistednin, u waqqa' l-aħħar villaġġ ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 9, 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:General view of Versailles in circa 1682 by Adam Perelle.png|xellug|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1682, inċiżjoni ta' [[Adam Perelle]].]]
Wara li ntemmet il-Gwerra bejn Franza u n-Netherlands bir-rebħa ta' Franza fl-1678, Lwiġi XIV ħatar bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett lil [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]]&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;, arkitett bl-esperjenza li kien igawdi l-fiduċja tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 86-87, 113.&lt;/ref&gt;, li bbenefika minn baġit ġdid u forza tax-xogħol kbira magħmula minn eks suldati.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Mansart beda x-xogħol tiegħu billi bejn l-1678 u l-1681 żied is-Sala tal-Mirja, wettaq rinnovazzjoni tal-faċċata tal-bitħa tal-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII, u kabbar il-paviljuni ta' d'Orbay biex joħloq is-Sezzjonijiet tal-Ministri fl-1678-1679.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/versailles-capital-kingdom-1682|titlu=Versailles, “capital” of the kingdom, 1682|data=2016-11-22|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biswit il-palazz, Mansart bena żewġ stalel imsejħa l-Grande u l-Petite Écuries mill-1679 sal-1682,&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/royal-stables|titlu=The Royal Stables|data=2016-10-17|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kif ukoll il-Grand Commun, li kien jospita l-qaddejja u l-kċejjen ġenerali tal-palazz, mill-1682 sal-1684.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/palace/grand-commun|titlu=The Grand Commun|data=2019-08-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mansart żied ukoll żewġ sezzjonijiet ġodda għalkollox bl-istil Taljanizzat ta' Le Vau sabiex jospitaw il-qorti&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;, l-ewwel fin-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz mill-1679 sal-1681, u mbagħad fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana mill-1685 sal-1689.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-gwerra u l-finanzjament imnaqqas minħabba fiha wasslu biex il-kostruzzjoni ssir ferm iktar bil-mod f'Versailles għall-bqija tas-seklu 17. Il-Gwerra ta' Disa' Snin, li bdiet fl-1688, waqqfet ix-xogħol għalkollox sal-1698. Tliet snin wara, madankollu, bdiet il-Gwerra tas-Suċċessjoni Spanjola&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; li swiet ferm iktar flus, u flimkien mal-ħsad batut fl-1693-1694 u fl-1709-1710&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 52.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, William, ed. (2001). ''Old Regime France''. Short Oxford History of France. Oxford University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-19-873129-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 190.&lt;/ref&gt;, dawn wasslu biex Franza tidħol fi kriżi.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 51-52.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, Lwiġi XIV naqqas il-finanzjament u kkanċella wħud mix-xogħlijiet li Mansart kien ippjana għas-snin 80 tas-seklu 17, bħall-immudellar mill-ġdid tal-faċċata tal-bitħa bl-istil Taljanizzat. Lwiġi XIV u Mansart iffukaw fuq [[kappella]] permanenti għall-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 17-19.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-kostruzzjoni tagħha damet mill-1699 sal-1710.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Nicolas Cochin Masked Ball 1745FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Ballu bil-maskri fis-Sala tal-Mirja (1745), pittura ta' [[Charles-Nicolas Cochin]].]]
Is-suċċessuri ta' Lwiġi XIV, Lwiġi XV u Lwiġi XVI, inġenerali ħallew il-Palazz ta' Versailles kif wirtuh u ffukaw fuq ġewwa tal-palazz. Il-modifiki ta' Lwiġi XV bdew fis-snin 30 tas-seklu 18, bit-tlestija tas-Sala ta' [[Erkole]], kamra tal-ballu fis-sezzjoni tat-Tramuntana, u t-tkabbir tal-appartament privat tar-re&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 59-60, 65.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 20-21.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kien jeħtieġ it-tiġrif tat-Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi. Fl-1748, Lwiġi XV beda l-kostruzzjoni ta' teatru tal-palazz, it-Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ta' Versailles fl-iktar sezzjoni tat-Tramuntana tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/palace/royal-opera|titlu=The Royal Opera|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iżda t-tlestija ġiet imdewma sal-1770;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; il-kostruzzjoni ġiet interrotta fis-snin 40 tas-seklu 18 minħabba l-Gwerra tas-Suċċessjoni [[Awstrija|Awstrijaka]] u mill-ġdid fl-1756 meta faqqgħet il-Gwerra ta' Seba' Snin. Dawn il-gwerer żvujtaw it-teżor irjali u minn hemm 'il quddiem il-kostruzzjoni ġiet iffinanzjata l-ikbar mis-[[Sinjura du Barry]], il-maħbuba favorita ta' Lwiġi XV. Fl-1771, Lwiġi XV ordna li s-Sezzjoni tal-Ministri tinbena mill-ġdid bi stil Neoklassiku minn [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]], l-arkitett tal-qorti, peress li kienet waslet biex taqa'. Dak ix-xogħol twaqqaf ukoll minħabba diffikultajiet finanzjarji, u baqa' ma tlestiex meta miet Lwiġi XV fl-1774. Fl-1784, Lwiġi XVI għal żmien qasir ittrasferixxa l-familja rjali lejn il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Cloud]] sakemm saru iktar rinnovazzjonijiet fil-Palazz ta' Versailles, iżda l-kostruzzjoni ma setgħetx tibda minħabba diffikultajiet finanzjarji u minħabba kriżi [[politika]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 21-24.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1789, ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża temmet il-perjodu tal-familja u tal-gvern irjali f'Versailles għal dejjem.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwol fil-politika ===
[[Stampa:Réception du Grand Condé à Versailles (Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1878).png|daqsminuri|253x253px|''Ir-Riċeviment tal-Grand Condé f'Versailles'', pittura ta' Jean-Léon Gérôme.]]
The Palazz ta' Versailles was key to Lwiġi XIV's politics, as an expression and concentration of French art and culture, and for the centralization of royal power. Lwiġi XIV first used Versailles to promote himself with a series of nighttime festivals in its gardens in 1664, 1668, and 1674, the events of which were disseminated throughout Europe by print and engravings. As early as 1669, but especially from 1678, Lwiġi XIV sought to make Versailles his seat of government, and he expanded the palace so as to fit the court within it. The moving of the court to Versailles did not come until 1682, however, and not officially, as opinion on Versailles was mixed among the nobility of Franza.

By 1687, however, it was evident to all that Versailles was the ''de facto'' capital of Franza, and Lwiġi XIV succeeded in attracting the nobility to Versailles to pursue prestige and royal patronage within a strict court etiquette, thus eroding their traditional provincial power bases. It was at the Palazz ta' Versailles that Lwiġi XIV received the Doge of Genoa in 1685, an embassy from the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686, and an embassy from Safavid Iran in 1715.

Lwiġi XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Lwiġi XV, then the duke of Anjou, who was moved to Vincennes and then to Paris by Lwiġi XV's regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Versailles was neglected until 1722, when Philippe II removed the court to Versailles to escape the unpopularity of his regency, and when Lwiġi XV began his majority. The 1722 move, however, broke the cultural power of Versailles, and during the reign of Lwiġi XVI, courtiers spent their leisure in Paris, not Versailles.
[[Stampa:L'Opéra-visite de la reine Victoria 1855.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|291x291px|Bankett għar-Reġina Vitorja ospitata f'Awwissu 1855 minn [[Napuljun III]] fit-Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ta' Versailles, pittura ta' [[Eugene Lami]].]]
In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and Franza signed separate treaties with England at the Palazz ta' Versailles, formally ending the war.

The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.

As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the Palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.

=== Seklu 19 – mużew tal-istorja u sit tal-gvern ===
[[Stampa:A v Werner - Kaiserproklamation am 18 Januar 1871 (3. Fassung 1885).jpg|daqsminuri|242x242px|''Proklamazzjoni tal-Imperu Ġermaniż, it-18 ta' Jannar 1871'', pittura tal-1877 ta' [[Anton von Werner]].]]
When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Lwiġie in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Lwiġi XVIII, the younger brother of Lwiġi XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Lwiġi XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the ''Cour Royale'' demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Lwiġi-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of Franza, dedicated to &quot;all the glories of Franza&quot;, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing. The museum project largely came to a halt when Lwiġi Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.

=== Seklu 20 ===
[[Stampa:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|''L-Iffirmar tal-Paċi fis-Sala tal-Mirja, Versailles, it-28 ta' Ġunju 1919,'' pittura ta' [[William Orpen]].]]
The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.
The Palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and Franza's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.

=== Seklu 21 ===
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the &quot;Grand Versailles&quot; project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.

The Palazz ta' Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.

The grounds of the Palace will host the Equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg|daqsminuri|239x239px|Veduta mill-ajru tal-palazz u l-park ta' Versailles.]]
Il-Palazz u l-Park ta' Versailles ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1979. Saret modifika minuri fiż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit fl-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' &quot;Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arkitettura u pjanta ==
[[Stampa:Plans du rez-de-chaussée et du premier étage du palais de Versailles, Éditeur Gavard, premier étage - Gallica 2011 (detail, color-coded).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|313x313px|Pjanta tas-sular prinċipali (għall-ħabta tal-1837, bit-Tramuntana lejn il-lemin), bis-Sala tal-Mirja bl-[[aħmar]], is-Sala tal-Battalji bl-[[aħdar]], il-Kappella Rjali bl-[[isfar]], u t-Teatru Rjali tal-Opri bil-[[blu]].]]
The Palazz ta' Versailles is a visual history of French architecture from the 1630s to the 1780s. Its earliest portion, the ''corps de logis'', was built for Lwiġi XIII in the style of his reign with brick, marble, and slate, which Le Vau surrounded in the 1660s with ''Enveloppe'', an edifice that was inspired by Renaissance-era Italian villas. When Mansart made further expansions to the palace in the 1680s, he used the ''Enveloppe'' as the model for his work. Neoclassical additions were made to the palace with the remodeling of the Ministers' Wings in the 1770s, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and after the Bourbon Restoration.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Lwiġi XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.

The palace and its grounds have had a great influence on architecture and horticulture from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century. Examples of works influenced by Versailles include Christopher Wren's work at Hampton Court Palace, Berlin Palace, the Palace of La Granja, Stockholm Palace, Ludwigsburg Palace, Karlsruhe Palace, Rastatt Palace, Nymphenburg Palace, Schleissheim Palace, and Esterházy Palace.

== Appartamenti Rjali ==
The construction in 1668–1671 of Le Vau's ''enveloppe'' around the outside of Lwiġi XIII's red brick and white stone château added state apartments for the king and the queen. The addition was known at the time as the ''château neuf'' (new château). The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments) include the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. The private apartments of the king (the ''appartement du roi'' and the ''petit appartement du roi'') and those of the queen (the ''petit appartement de la reine'') remained in the ''château vieux'' (old château). Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, including the placement of the apartments on the main floor (the ''piano nobile'', the next floor up from the ground level), a convention the architect borrowed from Italian palace design.

The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Lwiġi XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

The queen's apartments served as the residence of three queens of Franza – Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Lwiġi XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Lwiġi XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Lwiġi XVI. Additionally, Lwiġi XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

=== Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi ===
The Ambassadors' Staircase (''Escalier des Ambassadeurs'') was an imperial staircase built from 1674 to 1680 by d'Orbay. Until Lwiġi XV had it demolished in 1752 to create a courtyard for his private apartments, the staircase was the primary entrance into the Palazz ta' Versailles and the royal apartments especially. It was entered from the courtyard via a vestibule that, cramped and dark, contrasted greatly with the tall, open space of the staircase – famously lit naturally with a skylight – so as to overawe visitors.

The staircase and walls of the room that contained it were clad in polychrome marble and gilded bronze, with decor in the Ionic order. Le Brun and painted the walls and ceiling of the room according to a festive theme to celebrate Lwiġi XIV's victory in the Franco-Dutch War. On the wall immediately above the staircase were ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings of people from the Four Parts of the World looking into the staircase over a balustrade, a motif repeated on the ceiling fresco. There they were joined by allegorical figures for the twelve months of the year and various Classical Greek figures such as the Muses. A marble bust of Lwiġi XIV, sculpted by Jean Warin in 1665–66, was placed in a niche above the first landing of the staircase.

=== Appartamenti Statali tar-Re ===
The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments.

==== Sala ta' Erkole ====
This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte, to showcase two paintings by Paolo Veronese, ''Eleazar and Rebecca'' and ''Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee'', which was a gift to Lwiġi XIV from the Republic of Venice in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, ''The Apotheosis of Hercules'', by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.

==== Sala tal-Abbundanza ====
The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Lwiġi XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in René-Antoine Houasse's painting ''Abundance and Liberality'' (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.

==== Sala ta' Venere ====
This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions. The principal feature in this room is Jean Warin's life-size statue of Lwiġi XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, ''Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers'' (1672–1681). ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes.

==== Sala ta' Merkurju ====
The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Lwiġi XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Lwiġi-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depict the god Mercury in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Lwiġi XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

==== Sala ta' Marte ====
The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies. It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of Lwiġi XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo decorate the room today.

==== Sala ta' Apollo ====
The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Lwiġi XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The eight-foot-high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.

==== Sala ta' Diana ====
The Salon of Diana was used by Lwiġi XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana. The celebrated bust of Lwiġi XIV by Bernini made during the famous sculptor's visit to Franza in 1665 is on display here.

=== Appartamenti privati tar-Re u tar-Reġina ===

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Re ====
The apartments of the King were the heart of the château; they were in the same location as the rooms of Lwiġi XIII, the creator of the château, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of Lwiġi XIV in 1683. He and his successors Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial ''lever'' (&quot;waking up&quot;) and the ''coucher'' (&quot;going to bed&quot;) of the monarch, which was attended by a crowd of courtiers.

The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the ''Oeil de Boeuf'' antechamber or from the Guardroom and the ''Grand Couvert'', the ceremonial room where Lwiġi XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.

The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Lwiġi XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. He died there on 1 September 1715. Both Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed. On 6 October 1789, from the balcony of this room Lwiġi XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by Nicolas Coustou entitled ''Franza watching over the sleeping King''. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony van Dyck.

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Reġina ====
The ''petit appartement de la reine'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Lwiġi XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.

== Sala tal-Mirja ==
[[Stampa:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|daqsminuri|273x273px|Is-Sala tal-Mirja.]]
The Hall of Mirrors is a long gallery at the westernmost part of the palace that looks out onto the gardens. The hall was built from 1678 to 1681 on the site of a terrace Le Vau built between the king and queen's suites. The hall is clad in marble and decorated in a modified version of the Corinthian order, with 578 mirrors facing 17 windows and reflecting the light provided by them. The ceiling fresco, painted by Le Brun over the next four years, embellishes the first 18 years of Lwiġi XIV's reign in 30 scenes, 17 of which are military victories over the Dutch. The fresco depicts Lwiġi XIV himself alongside Classical figures in the scenes celebrating moments in his reign such as the beginning of personal rule in 1661, breaking from earlier frescoes at Versailles that used allegories derived from Classical and mythological scenes.

The Salon of War and the Salon of Peace bookend the Hall of Mirrors on its northern and southern ends respectively. The Salon of War, constructed and decorated from 1678 to 1686, celebrates French victories in the Franco-Dutch War with marble panels, gilded bronze trophies of arms, and a stucco ''bas-relief'' of Lwiġi XIV on horsebask riding over his enemies. The Salon of Peace is decorated in the same fashion but according to its eponymous theme.

== Kappella rjali ==
The Royal Chapel of Versailles is located at the southern end of the north wing. The building stands 40-meter (130 ft) high, and measures 42 meters (138 ft) long and 24 meters (79 ft) wide. The chapel is rectangular with a semicircular apse, combining traditional, Gothic royal French church architecture with the French Baroque style of Versailles. The ceiling of the chapel is constituted by an unbroken vault, divided into three frescos by Antoine Coypel, Charles de La Fosse, and Jean Jouvenet. The palette of motifs beneath the frescoes glorify the deeds of Lwiġi IX, and include images of David, Constantine, Charlemagne, and Lwiġi IX, ''fleur de lis'', and Lwiġi XIV's monogram.

Lwiġi XIV commissioned the chapel, its sixth, from Mansart and Le Brun in 1683–84. It was the last building constructed at Versailles during Lwiġi XIV's reign. Construction was delayed until 1699, however, and it was not completed until 1710. The only major modification to the chapel since its completion was the removal of a lantern from its roof in 1765. A full restoration of the chapel began in late 2017 and lasted into early 2021.

== Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ==
The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Lwiġi XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Lwiġi XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this was also temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Lwiġi XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists, by Lwiġi Jean-Jacques Durameau. The sculptor Augustin Pajou added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on 16 May 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.
In October 1789, early in the French Revolution, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris.

== Mużew tal-Istorja ta' Franza ==
Shortly after becoming King in 1830, Lwiġi Philippe I decided to transform the Palace into a museum devoted to &quot;All the Glories of Franza,&quot; with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Lwiġi-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Lwiġi David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Lwiġi-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Lwiġi David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including Eugène Delacroix, who painted Saint Lwiġi at the French victory over the British in the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. A monumental painting by Vernet features Lwiġi Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.
The overthrow of Lwiġi Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Lwiġi XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculptures. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.

== Proprjetà ta' Versailles ==
The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the subsidiary buildings around it, and its park and gardens. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of 800 hectares (8.0 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 2,000 acres), with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace. The palace is approached from the east by the Avenue de Paris, measuring 17 miles (27 km) from Paris to a gate between the Grande and Petite Écuries. Beyond these stables is the Place d'Armes, where the Avenue de Paris meets the Avenue de Sceaux and Avenue de Saint-Cloud (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles. Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''cour d'honneur'', hemmed in by the Ministers' Wings. Beyond is the Royal Gate and the main palace, which wraps around the Royal and finally Marble Courts.

The estate was established by Lwiġi XIII as a hunting retreat, with a park just to the west of his château. From 1661, Lwiġi XIV expanded the estate until, at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the Grand Parc, a hunting ground of 15,000 hectares (150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 37,000 acres), and the gardens, called the Petit Parc, which covered 1,700 hectares (17 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 4,200 acres). A 25-mile (40 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) high wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Lwiġi XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building. The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces. The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles, but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river Bièvre to create an inflow in the 1660s, the construction of an enormous pumping station at the river Seine near Marly-le-Roi in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river Eure with a canal in the later 1680s.

=== Ġonna ===
The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Lwiġi XIV, are the work of André Le Nôtre. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects Jacques Boyceau and Jacques de Nemours, which he rearranged along an east–west axis that, because of Lwiġi XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland, were expanded literally as far as could be seen. The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Lwiġi XIV, marked by rigid order, discipline, and open space, with axial paths, flowerbeds, hedges, and ponds and lakes as motifs. They became the epitome of the French formal garden style, and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.

=== Strutturi sussidjarji ===
The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palazz ta' Versailles was the Versailles Menagerie, built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664, at the southern end of the Grand Canal. The apartments, overlooking the pens, were renovated by Mansart from 1698 to 1700, but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712. After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801. The Versailles Orangery, just to the south of the palace, was first built by Le Vau in 1663, originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate. It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.

In late 1679, Lwiġi XIV commissioned Mansart to build the Château de Marly, a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the palace. The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in Palladian style placed in two rows on either side of the main building. Construction was completed in 1686, when Lwiġi XIV spent his first night there. The château was nationalized and sold in 1799, and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805, and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon. On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.

La Lanterne, is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by Philippe Lwiġi de Noailles, then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.

==== Trianons ====
In 1668, Lwiġi XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon, near the northern tip of the Grand Canal, and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court, remembered as the Porcelain Trianon. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670, it was the first example of ''Chinoiserie'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style. The roof was clad not with porcelain but with delftware, and was thus prone to leaks, so in 1687 Lwiġi XIV ordered it demolished. Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.

To replace the Porcelain Trianon, Lwiġi XIV tasked Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the Grand Trianon, built from marble in three months. The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing, which was modified by Mansart in 1705–06. The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a peristyle. The interiors are mostly original, and housed Lwiġi XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczynska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under de Gaulle, the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of Franza.

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768 led to the advent of the names &quot;Grand&quot; and &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, was constructed for Lwiġi XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel. The building has a ''piano nobile'', basement, and attic, with five windows on each floor. On becoming king, Lwiġi XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current English and Oriental styles, and formed her own court there.

Near the Trianons are the French Pavilion, built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the Queen's Theater and Hamlet, built by architect Richard Mique in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette; the theater, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original, and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.

== Funzjonijiet politiċi u ċerimonjali moderni ==
The palace still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (''Sénat'') and the National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'')—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the &quot;decentralized organization&quot; of the French Republic).

In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Lwiġi Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palazz ta' Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palazz ta' Versailles.

== Referenzi ==

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      <text bytes="67164" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Versailles-Chateau-Jardins02.jpg|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles.]]
Il-'''Palazz ta' Versailles''' (pronunzja: /vɛərˈsaɪ, vɜːrˈsaɪ/ ''vair-SY, vur-SY'';&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versailles|titlu=Definition of Versailles {{!}} Dictionary.com|sit=www.dictionary.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Château de Versailles'' [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj]) huwa eks residenza rjali li nbena mir-Re [[Lwiġi XIV ta' Franza|Lwiġi XIV]] u li jinsab f'[[Versailles]], madwar 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]]. Is-sjieda tal-palazz hija tar-Repubblika Franċiża u mill-1995 ġie ġestit, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]], mill-Istabbiliment Pubbliku tal-Palazz tal-[[Mużew]] u l-Proprjetà Nazzjonali ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/public-establishment|titlu=The Public Establishment|data=2016-10-31|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kull sena, bħala medja, 15,000,000 ruħ iżuru l-palazz, il-park jew il-ġonna ta' Versailles, għaldaqstant huwa wieħed mill-iżjed attrazzjonijiet turistiċi li jżuruh nies fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/paris/article/palace-versailles-chateau-versailles|titlu=Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles)|sit=us.france.fr|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minħabba l-[[pandemija tal-COVID-19]], l-għadd ta' viżitaturi li ħallsu l-biljett biex iżuru l-Palazz ta' Versailles naqas b'75 % minn tmien miljuni fl-2019 għal żewġ miljuni fl-2020. It-tnaqqis kien partikolarment qawwi fost il-viżitaturi barranin, li jirrappreżentaw tmenin fil-mija tal-viżitaturi li jħallsu l-biljett.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://chroniques.amisdeversailles.com/le-rapport-dactivite-2020-du-chateau-est-en-ligne/|titlu=Le rapport d'activité 2020 du château est en ligne|kunjom=benedicte|data=2021-07-24|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lwiġi XIII]] bena loġġa tal-kaċċa sempliċi fis-sit tal-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1623 u ssostitwieh b'palazz żgħir fl-1631-1634. Lwiġi XIV kabbar il-palazz f'diversi fażijiet mill-1661 sal-1715. Kien residenza favorita taż-żewġ rejiet, u fl-1682, Lwiġi XIV ttrasferixxa s-sede tal-qorti u tal-gvern tiegħu lejn Versailles, u b'hekk il-palazz ''de facto'' sar il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' Franza u baqa' hekk anke taħt ir-Rejiet [[Lwiġi XV ta’ Franza|Lwiġi XV]] u [[Lwiġi XVI ta' Franza|Lwiġi XVI]], li primarjament għamlu alterazzjonijiet fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, iżda fl-1789 il-familja rjali u l-belt kapitali ta' Franza reġgħu lura lejn Pariġi. Għall-kumplament tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]], il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie abbandunat għalkollox u żvujtat mill-kontenuti tiegħu, u l-popolazzjoni tal-belt u tal-inħawi naqset ferm.

[[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun Bonaparte]], wara li ħa lil Franza f'idejh, uża l-Palazz ta' Versailles bħala r-residenza tas-sajf tiegħu mill-1810 sal-1814, iżda ma rrestawrahx. Meta l-Monarkija Franċiża rrestawratu, xorta waħda baqgħet f'Pariġi, u qabel is-snin 30 tas-seklu 19 ma sarux tiswijiet kbar fil-palazz. Il-Mużew tal-[[Storja|Istorja]] ta' Franza ġie installat ġo fih minflok l-appartamenti tas-sezzjoni tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz.

Il-palazz u l-park tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1979 għall-importanza tagħhom bħala ċentru tal-poter, tal-[[arti]] u tax-[[xjenza]] fi Franza matul is-[[Seklu 17|sekli 17]] u 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/|titlu=Palace and Park of Versailles|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Ministeru Franċiż għall-Kultura elenka l-palazz, il-ġonna u xi strutturi sussidjarji tiegħu fil-lista tiegħu ta' [[Monument|monumenti]] sinifikanti kulturalment.

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:Versailles on the 1652 map of Paris by Gomboust - Gallica 2012.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni ta' [[Jacques Gomboust]] tal-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1652.]]
Fl-1623&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 333.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIII, ir-Re ta' Franza, bena loġġa tal-kaċċa fuq għolja f'art tal-kaċċa li kienet għal qalbu, 12-il mil (19-il kilometru) fil-Punent ta' Pariġi, u 10 mili (16-il kilometru) mir-residenza primarja tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Germain-en-Laye]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 369.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit, qrib villaġġ imsejjaħ Versailles, kien art mistagħdra b'żoni bil-boskijiet li l-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIII ddeskriviet bħala post li ma jistħoqlux li jmur fih ir-re;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; wieħed mill-membri tal-qorti tiegħu, [[François de Bassompierre]], kiteb li l-loġġa &quot;ma tispirax il-vanità lanqas fl-iktar ġentlom sempliċi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Mill-1631 sal-1634, l-[[arkitett]] [[Philibert Le Roy]] issostitwixxa l-loġġa b'palazz għal Lwiġi XIII&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, li pprojbixxa lir-reġina tiegħu, Anna tal-[[Awstrija]], milli torqod fih,&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; anke meta kien hemm tifqigħa ta' ġidri f'Saint-Germain-en-Laye fl-1641 li obbligat lil Lwiġi XIII jmur f'Versailles flimkien mal-eredi tiegħu li kellu tliet snin, u li mbagħad sar Lwiġi XIV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history|titlu=History|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta Lwiġi XIII [[Mewt|miet]] fl-1643, Anna saret ir-reġġenti ta' Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie abbandunat għal deċennju sħiħ. Anna ttrasferiet il-qorti lura f'Pariġi&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, fejn hi u l-ministru ewlieni tagħha, il-[[Kardinal Mazarin]], komplew il-prattiki monetarji xejn popolari ta' Lwiġi XIII. Dan wassal għall-''Fronde'', sensiela ta' rewwixti kontra l-awtorità rjali mill-1648 sal-1653 u li b'mod parallel wasslet għal taqbida bejn Mazarin u l-prinċpijiet b'[[demm]] irjali, il-familja estiża ta' Lwiġi XIV, għal influwenza fuqu.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 58, 60 u 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-Fronde, Lwiġi XIV kien iddeterminat li jirrenja waħdu.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; Wara l-mewt ta' Mazarin fl-1661&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV rriforma l-gvern tiegħu biex jeskludi lil ommu u lill-prinċpijiet b'demm irjali, ittrasferixxa l-qorti lura lejn Saint-Germain-en-Laye&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). Versailles. Basic Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, u ordna l-espansjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru għall-Palazz ta' Versailles kif inhu llum il-ġurnata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 369-370.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV kien ikkaċċja f'Versailles fis-snin 50 tas-seklu 17, iżda ma kellux xi interess speċjali f'Versailles qabel l-1661.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Fis-17 ta' Awwissu 1661&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV kien mistieden f'festival lussuż ospitat minn [[Nicolas Fouquet]], is-Sovraintendent tal-Finanzi, fir-residenza tal-palazz tiegħu, il-[[Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte]].&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV baqa' impressjonat bil-palazz u l-ġonna tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kienu xogħol [[Louis Le Vau]], l-arkitett tal-qorti mill-1654, [[André Le Nôtre]], il-[[ġardinar]] irjali mill-1657, u [[Charles Le Brun]], pittur għas-servizz irjali mill-1647.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/charles-brun|titlu=Charles Le Brun|data=2016-11-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iskala u l-opulenza tal-Palazz ta' Vaux-le-Vicomte ispiraw is-sens estetiku ta' Lwiġi XIV, iżda wassluh ukoll biex f'Settembru ta' dik is-sena jitfa' lil Fouquet il-ħabs, għaliex kien bena wkoll fortizza fuq gżira u armata privata.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 18-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV kien ispirat ukoll minn Vaux-le-Vicomte&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;, u qabbad l-awturi ta' dik l-opra biex jaħdmu fuq il-proġetti tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV ssostitwixxa lil Fouquet b'[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], li kien jappoġġa lil Mazarin u kien għadu ta' Fouquet, u qabbdu jġestixxi l-korp ta' [[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] tas-servizz irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Bonney, Richard (2007). &quot;Vindication of the Fronde? The cost of Louis XIV's Versailles building programme&quot;. ''French History''. Oxford University Press. '''21''' (2): 205–22. pp. 208-210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Colbert għamilha ta' intermedjarju bejnhom u Lwiġi XIV&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ddirieġa u spezzjona personalment l-ippjanar u l-kostruzzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles fl-1668, [[pittura]] ta' [[Pierre Patel]].]]
Għall-ewwel ix-xogħol f'Versailles ikkonċentra fuq il-park u l-ġonna tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 55-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 17, Le Vau żied biss żewġ sezzjonijiet distakkati tas-servizz u binja ta' riċeviment quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; Iżda fl-1668-1669&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;, bħala rispons għat-tkabbir tal-ġonna&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 62-63, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, u r-rebħa kontra [[Spanja]] fil-Gwerra tad-Devoluzzjoni, Lwiġi XIV ddeċieda li l-Palazz ta' Versailles isir residenza rjali fuq skala kbira.&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Għall-ewwel kien indeċiż bejn is-sostituzzjoni jew l-inkorporazzjoni tal-palazz ta' missieru, iżda għażel din tal-aħħar sa tmiem id-deċennju&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61, 64.&lt;/ref&gt;, u mill-1668 sal-1671&lt;ref&gt;Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide''. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783930698967&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 334-335.&lt;/ref&gt;, il-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII ġie inkorporat fuq tliet naħat b'teknika mlaqqma l-''enveloppe''.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, il-palazz ingħata faċċata ġdida [[Italja|Taljanizzata]] li tħares lejn il-ġonna, iżda l-faċċata tal-bitħa ġiet ippreservata.&lt;ref&gt;Hoog, Simone (1996). &quot;Versailles&quot;. In Turner, Jane (ed.). ''The Dictionary of Art''. Vol. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781884446009&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 370.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Dan irriżulta f'taħlita ta' stili u ta' materjali li ssorprendew lil Lwiġi XIV u li Colbert iddeskriva bħala &quot;ħallata ballata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; It-tentattivi ta' omoġenizzazzjoni taż-żewġ faċċati ma rnexxewx, u fl-1670 Le Vau miet&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 7-8.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-kariga tiegħu bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett tar-Re baqgħet battala għas-seba' snin ta' wara.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Chateau de Versailles 1675FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|258x258px|Il-faċċata ta' Le Vau li tagħti fuq il-ġonna għall-ħabta tal-1675.]]
Minflok Le Vau laħaq f'Versailles l-assistent tiegħu, l-arkitett [[François d'Orbay]].&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1985). ''Versailles: The Château of Louis XIV''. Penn State University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-271-00412-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Ix-xogħol fuq il-palazz matul is-snin 70 tas-seklu 17 iffoka fuq ġewwa tal-palazz, peress li l-palazz minn barra kien kważi tlesta&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 91.&lt;/ref&gt;, għalkemm d'Orbay kabbar is-sezzjonijiet tas-servizz ta' Le Vau u kkollegahom mal-palazz, u bena żewġ paviljuni għall-impjegati tal-gvern fil-binja quddiem il-palazz.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1670, d'Orbay tqabbad minn Lwiġi XIV biex jiddisinja belt, imsejħa Versailles, sabiex jipprovdi l-akkomodazzjoni u s-servizzi għall-gvern u għall-qorti ta' Lwiġi XIV li kulma jmur baqgħu jikbru.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; L-għoti tal-art lill-membri tal-qorti għall-kostruzzjoni ta' djar fil-kampanja li kienu qishom il-palazz beda fl-1671.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 27-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sena ta' wara faqqgħet il-Gwerra bejn Franza u n-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]] u l-finanzjament għal Versailles intemm sal-1674&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 50-51.&lt;/ref&gt;, meta Lwiġi XIV ordna li jibda x-xogħol fuq it-Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi, taraġ grandjuż għar-riċeviment tal-mistednin, u waqqa' l-aħħar villaġġ ta' Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 9, 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:General view of Versailles in circa 1682 by Adam Perelle.png|xellug|daqsminuri|274x274px|Il-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ħabta tal-1682, inċiżjoni ta' [[Adam Perelle]].]]
Wara li ntemmet il-Gwerra bejn Franza u n-Netherlands bir-rebħa ta' Franza fl-1678, Lwiġi XIV ħatar bħala l-Ewwel Arkitett lil [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]]&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;, arkitett bl-esperjenza li kien igawdi l-fiduċja tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 86-87, 113.&lt;/ref&gt;, li bbenefika minn baġit ġdid u forza tax-xogħol kbira magħmula minn eks suldati.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Mansart beda x-xogħol tiegħu billi bejn l-1678 u l-1681 żied is-Sala tal-Mirja, wettaq rinnovazzjoni tal-faċċata tal-bitħa tal-palazz ta' Lwiġi XIII, u kabbar il-paviljuni ta' d'Orbay biex joħloq is-Sezzjonijiet tal-Ministri fl-1678-1679.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/versailles-capital-kingdom-1682|titlu=Versailles, “capital” of the kingdom, 1682|data=2016-11-22|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biswit il-palazz, Mansart bena żewġ stalel imsejħa l-Grande u l-Petite Écuries mill-1679 sal-1682,&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Robert W. (1994). ''A Royal Passion: Louis XIV as Patron of Architecture''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-521-44029-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/royal-stables|titlu=The Royal Stables|data=2016-10-17|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; kif ukoll il-Grand Commun, li kien jospita l-qaddejja u l-kċejjen ġenerali tal-palazz, mill-1682 sal-1684.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/palace/grand-commun|titlu=The Grand Commun|data=2019-08-02|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mansart żied ukoll żewġ sezzjonijiet ġodda għalkollox bl-istil Taljanizzat ta' Le Vau sabiex jospitaw il-qorti&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;, l-ewwel fin-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tal-palazz mill-1679 sal-1681, u mbagħad fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana mill-1685 sal-1689.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-gwerra u l-finanzjament imnaqqas minħabba fiha wasslu biex il-kostruzzjoni ssir ferm iktar bil-mod f'Versailles għall-bqija tas-seklu 17. Il-Gwerra ta' Disa' Snin, li bdiet fl-1688, waqqfet ix-xogħol għalkollox sal-1698. Tliet snin wara, madankollu, bdiet il-Gwerra tas-Suċċessjoni Spanjola&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; li swiet ferm iktar flus, u flimkien mal-ħsad batut fl-1693-1694 u fl-1709-1710&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 52.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, William, ed. (2001). ''Old Regime France''. Short Oxford History of France. Oxford University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-19-873129-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 190.&lt;/ref&gt;, dawn wasslu biex Franza tidħol fi kriżi.&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 51-52.&lt;/ref&gt; B'hekk, Lwiġi XIV naqqas il-finanzjament u kkanċella wħud mix-xogħlijiet li Mansart kien ippjana għas-snin 80 tas-seklu 17, bħall-immudellar mill-ġdid tal-faċċata tal-bitħa bl-istil Taljanizzat. Lwiġi XIV u Mansart iffukaw fuq [[kappella]] permanenti għall-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 17-19.&lt;/ref&gt;, u l-kostruzzjoni tagħha damet mill-1699 sal-1710.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Nicolas Cochin Masked Ball 1745FXD.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Ballu bil-maskri fis-Sala tal-Mirja (1745), pittura ta' [[Charles-Nicolas Cochin]].]]
Is-suċċessuri ta' Lwiġi XIV, Lwiġi XV u Lwiġi XVI, inġenerali ħallew il-Palazz ta' Versailles kif wirtuh u ffukaw fuq ġewwa tal-palazz. Il-modifiki ta' Lwiġi XV bdew fis-snin 30 tas-seklu 18, bit-tlestija tas-Sala ta' [[Erkole]], kamra tal-ballu fis-sezzjoni tat-Tramuntana, u t-tkabbir tal-appartament privat tar-re&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 59-60, 65.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 20-21.&lt;/ref&gt;, li kien jeħtieġ it-tiġrif tat-Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi. Fl-1748, Lwiġi XV beda l-kostruzzjoni ta' teatru tal-palazz, it-Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ta' Versailles fl-iktar sezzjoni tat-Tramuntana tal-palazz&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/palace/royal-opera|titlu=The Royal Opera|data=2016-03-27|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iżda t-tlestija ġiet imdewma sal-1770;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; il-kostruzzjoni ġiet interrotta fis-snin 40 tas-seklu 18 minħabba l-Gwerra tas-Suċċessjoni [[Awstrija|Awstrijaka]] u mill-ġdid fl-1756 meta faqqgħet il-Gwerra ta' Seba' Snin. Dawn il-gwerer żvujtaw it-teżor irjali u minn hemm 'il quddiem il-kostruzzjoni ġiet iffinanzjata l-ikbar mis-[[Sinjura du Barry]], il-maħbuba favorita ta' Lwiġi XV. Fl-1771, Lwiġi XV ordna li s-Sezzjoni tal-Ministri tinbena mill-ġdid bi stil Neoklassiku minn [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]], l-arkitett tal-qorti, peress li kienet waslet biex taqa'. Dak ix-xogħol twaqqaf ukoll minħabba diffikultajiet finanzjarji, u baqa' ma tlestiex meta miet Lwiġi XV fl-1774. Fl-1784, Lwiġi XVI għal żmien qasir ittrasferixxa l-familja rjali lejn il-[[Palazz ta' Saint-Cloud]] sakemm saru iktar rinnovazzjonijiet fil-Palazz ta' Versailles, iżda l-kostruzzjoni ma setgħetx tibda minħabba diffikultajiet finanzjarji u minħabba kriżi [[politika]].&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 21-24.&lt;/ref&gt; Fl-1789, ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża temmet il-perjodu tal-familja u tal-gvern irjali f'Versailles għal dejjem.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwol fil-politika ===
[[Stampa:Réception du Grand Condé à Versailles (Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1878).png|daqsminuri|253x253px|''Ir-Riċeviment tal-Grand Condé f'Versailles'', pittura ta' Jean-Léon Gérôme.]]
Il-Palazz ta' Versailles kien ċentrali fil-politika ta' Lwiġi XIV, bħala espressjoni u konċentrazzjoni tal-arti u tal-kultura Franċiża, u għaċ-ċentralizzazzjoni tal-poter irjali.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 33-40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 61-64.&lt;/ref&gt; Lwiġi XIV użda l-Palazz ta' Versailles għall-ewwel darba biex jippromwovi lilu nnifsu permezz ta' sensiela ta' festivals billejl fil-ġonna tal-palazz fl-1664, fl-1668 u fl-1674, u dawn ġew imxerda mal-[[Ewropa]] kollha permezz ta' litografiji u inċiżjonijiet.&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 49. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walton, Guy (1986). ''Louis XIV's Versailles''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-2268-7254-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 57, 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Saħansitra fl-1669, iżda speċjalement mill-1678&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;, Lwiġi XIV għamel ħiltu biex Versailles issir is-sede tal-gvern tiegħu, u kabbar il-palazz sabiex jistabbilixxi l-qorti fih.&lt;ref&gt;Bohanan, Donna (2001). ''Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France''. European History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-333-71694-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, William, ed. (2001). ''Old Regime France''. Short Oxford History of France. Oxford University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-19-873129-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 173.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, it-trasferiment tal-qorti lejn Versailles ma seħħx qabel l-1682, u mhux uffiċjalment, għaliex l-opinjoni rigward Versailles kienet imħallta fost in-nobbiltà ta' Franza.&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Minkejja dan, sal-1687 kien evidenti għal kulħadd li Versailles ''de facto'' kienet il-belt kapitali ta' Franza&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;, u Lwiġi XIV rnexxielu jattira n-nobbiltà lejn Versailles għall-prestiġju u għall-patrunaġġ irjali fi ħdan etikett strett tal-qorti&lt;ref&gt;Blanning, T. C. W. (2002). ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789''. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.001.0001. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1982-2745-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp. 31-34, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;, u b'hekk nawwar il-bażijiet provinċjali tradizzjonali tagħhom tal-poter.&lt;ref&gt;Swann, Julian. &quot;Politics: Louis XV&quot;. ''Old Regime France''. pp. 195–222. p. 143, 145.&lt;/ref&gt; Kien fil-Palazz ta' Versailles li Lwiġi XIV laqa' lid-''Doge'' ta' [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi|Genova]] fl-1685&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/reception-doge-genoa-1685|titlu=Reception of the Doge of Genoa, 1685|data=2016-11-22|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaxxata mir-Renju ta' [[Ayutthaya]], it-[[Tajlandja]] (dak iż-żmien is-Siam)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/reception-ambassador-siam-1686|titlu=Reception of the Ambassador of Siam, 1686|data=2016-11-22|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;, fl-1686, u ambaxxata mill-[[Iran]] tas-[[Safavidi]] fl-1715.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/reception-ambassadors-persia-1715|titlu=Reception of the Ambassadors of Persia, 1715|data=2016-11-22|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lwiġi XIV miet f'Versailles fl-1 ta' Settembru 1715 u s-suċċessur tiegħu kien il-proneputi tiegħu li kellu ħames snin, Lwiġi XV&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/death-louis-xiv-1715|titlu=Death of Louis XIV, 1715|data=2016-11-23|sit=Palace of Versailles|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;, id-Duka ta' [[Anjou]]&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 57.&lt;/ref&gt;, li ġie ttrasferit lejn [[Vincennes]] u mbagħad lejn Pariġi mir-reġġent tiegħu, [[Filippu II]], id-Duka ta' [[Orléans]]. Il-Palazz ta' Versailles ġie ttraskurat sal-1722, meta Filippu II ttrasferixxa l-qorti lejn Versailles sabiex jaħrab min-nuqqas ta' popolarità tar-reġġenza tiegħu&lt;ref&gt;Spaworth, Anthony (2008). ''Versailles: A Biography of a Palace''. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-3123-5785-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Colin (2018). ''Versailles''. Basic Books. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5416-7338-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;, u meta Lwiġi XV kiber.&lt;ref&gt;Swann, Julian. &quot;Politics: Louis XV&quot;. ''Old Regime France''. pp. 195–222. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, it-trasferiment tal-1722, kisser il-poter kulturali ta' Versailles&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, William, ed. (2001). ''Old Regime France''. Short Oxford History of France. Oxford University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-19-873129-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. p. 91.&lt;/ref&gt;, u matul ir-renju ta' Lwiġi XVI, il-membri tal-qorti kienu jqattgħu l-ħin liberu tagħhom għad-divertiment f'Pariġi u mhux f'Versailles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:L'Opéra-visite de la reine Victoria 1855.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|291x291px|Bankett għar-Reġina Vitorja ospitata f'Awwissu 1855 minn [[Napuljun III]] fit-Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ta' Versailles, pittura ta' [[Eugene Lami]].]]
In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and Franza signed separate treaties with England at the Palazz ta' Versailles, formally ending the war.

The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.

As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the Palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.

=== Seklu 19 – mużew tal-istorja u sit tal-gvern ===
[[Stampa:A v Werner - Kaiserproklamation am 18 Januar 1871 (3. Fassung 1885).jpg|daqsminuri|242x242px|''Proklamazzjoni tal-Imperu Ġermaniż, it-18 ta' Jannar 1871'', pittura tal-1877 ta' [[Anton von Werner]].]]
When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Lwiġie in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Lwiġi XVIII, the younger brother of Lwiġi XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Lwiġi XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the ''Cour Royale'' demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Lwiġi-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of Franza, dedicated to &quot;all the glories of Franza&quot;, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing. The museum project largely came to a halt when Lwiġi Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.

=== Seklu 20 ===
[[Stampa:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|''L-Iffirmar tal-Paċi fis-Sala tal-Mirja, Versailles, it-28 ta' Ġunju 1919,'' pittura ta' [[William Orpen]].]]
The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.
The Palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and Franza's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.

=== Seklu 21 ===
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the &quot;Grand Versailles&quot; project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.

The Palazz ta' Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.

The grounds of the Palace will host the Equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg|daqsminuri|239x239px|Veduta mill-ajru tal-palazz u l-park ta' Versailles.]]
Il-Palazz u l-Park ta' Versailles ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1979. Saret modifika minuri fiż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit fl-2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' &quot;Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arkitettura u pjanta ==
[[Stampa:Plans du rez-de-chaussée et du premier étage du palais de Versailles, Éditeur Gavard, premier étage - Gallica 2011 (detail, color-coded).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|313x313px|Pjanta tas-sular prinċipali (għall-ħabta tal-1837, bit-Tramuntana lejn il-lemin), bis-Sala tal-Mirja bl-[[aħmar]], is-Sala tal-Battalji bl-[[aħdar]], il-Kappella Rjali bl-[[isfar]], u t-Teatru Rjali tal-Opri bil-[[blu]].]]
The Palazz ta' Versailles is a visual history of French architecture from the 1630s to the 1780s. Its earliest portion, the ''corps de logis'', was built for Lwiġi XIII in the style of his reign with brick, marble, and slate, which Le Vau surrounded in the 1660s with ''Enveloppe'', an edifice that was inspired by Renaissance-era Italian villas. When Mansart made further expansions to the palace in the 1680s, he used the ''Enveloppe'' as the model for his work. Neoclassical additions were made to the palace with the remodeling of the Ministers' Wings in the 1770s, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and after the Bourbon Restoration.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Lwiġi XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.

The palace and its grounds have had a great influence on architecture and horticulture from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century. Examples of works influenced by Versailles include Christopher Wren's work at Hampton Court Palace, Berlin Palace, the Palace of La Granja, Stockholm Palace, Ludwigsburg Palace, Karlsruhe Palace, Rastatt Palace, Nymphenburg Palace, Schleissheim Palace, and Esterházy Palace.

== Appartamenti Rjali ==
The construction in 1668–1671 of Le Vau's ''enveloppe'' around the outside of Lwiġi XIII's red brick and white stone château added state apartments for the king and the queen. The addition was known at the time as the ''château neuf'' (new château). The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments) include the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. The private apartments of the king (the ''appartement du roi'' and the ''petit appartement du roi'') and those of the queen (the ''petit appartement de la reine'') remained in the ''château vieux'' (old château). Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, including the placement of the apartments on the main floor (the ''piano nobile'', the next floor up from the ground level), a convention the architect borrowed from Italian palace design.

The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Lwiġi XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

The queen's apartments served as the residence of three queens of Franza – Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Lwiġi XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Lwiġi XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Lwiġi XVI. Additionally, Lwiġi XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

=== Taraġ tal-Ambaxxaturi ===
The Ambassadors' Staircase (''Escalier des Ambassadeurs'') was an imperial staircase built from 1674 to 1680 by d'Orbay. Until Lwiġi XV had it demolished in 1752 to create a courtyard for his private apartments, the staircase was the primary entrance into the Palazz ta' Versailles and the royal apartments especially. It was entered from the courtyard via a vestibule that, cramped and dark, contrasted greatly with the tall, open space of the staircase – famously lit naturally with a skylight – so as to overawe visitors.

The staircase and walls of the room that contained it were clad in polychrome marble and gilded bronze, with decor in the Ionic order. Le Brun and painted the walls and ceiling of the room according to a festive theme to celebrate Lwiġi XIV's victory in the Franco-Dutch War. On the wall immediately above the staircase were ''trompe-l'œil'' paintings of people from the Four Parts of the World looking into the staircase over a balustrade, a motif repeated on the ceiling fresco. There they were joined by allegorical figures for the twelve months of the year and various Classical Greek figures such as the Muses. A marble bust of Lwiġi XIV, sculpted by Jean Warin in 1665–66, was placed in a niche above the first landing of the staircase.

=== Appartamenti Statali tar-Re ===
The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments.

==== Sala ta' Erkole ====
This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte, to showcase two paintings by Paolo Veronese, ''Eleazar and Rebecca'' and ''Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee'', which was a gift to Lwiġi XIV from the Republic of Venice in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, ''The Apotheosis of Hercules'', by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.

==== Sala tal-Abbundanza ====
The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Lwiġi XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in René-Antoine Houasse's painting ''Abundance and Liberality'' (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.

==== Sala ta' Venere ====
This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions. The principal feature in this room is Jean Warin's life-size statue of Lwiġi XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, ''Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers'' (1672–1681). ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes.

==== Sala ta' Merkurju ====
The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Lwiġi XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Lwiġi-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depict the god Mercury in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Lwiġi XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

==== Sala ta' Marte ====
The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies. It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of Lwiġi XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo decorate the room today.

==== Sala ta' Apollo ====
The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Lwiġi XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The eight-foot-high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.

==== Sala ta' Diana ====
The Salon of Diana was used by Lwiġi XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana. The celebrated bust of Lwiġi XIV by Bernini made during the famous sculptor's visit to Franza in 1665 is on display here.

=== Appartamenti privati tar-Re u tar-Reġina ===

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Re ====
The apartments of the King were the heart of the château; they were in the same location as the rooms of Lwiġi XIII, the creator of the château, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of Lwiġi XIV in 1683. He and his successors Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial ''lever'' (&quot;waking up&quot;) and the ''coucher'' (&quot;going to bed&quot;) of the monarch, which was attended by a crowd of courtiers.

The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the ''Oeil de Boeuf'' antechamber or from the Guardroom and the ''Grand Couvert'', the ceremonial room where Lwiġi XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.

The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Lwiġi XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. He died there on 1 September 1715. Both Lwiġi XV and Lwiġi XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed. On 6 October 1789, from the balcony of this room Lwiġi XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by Nicolas Coustou entitled ''Franza watching over the sleeping King''. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony van Dyck.

==== Appartamenti privati tar-Reġina ====
The ''petit appartement de la reine'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Lwiġi XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.

== Sala tal-Mirja ==
[[Stampa:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|daqsminuri|273x273px|Is-Sala tal-Mirja.]]
The Hall of Mirrors is a long gallery at the westernmost part of the palace that looks out onto the gardens. The hall was built from 1678 to 1681 on the site of a terrace Le Vau built between the king and queen's suites. The hall is clad in marble and decorated in a modified version of the Corinthian order, with 578 mirrors facing 17 windows and reflecting the light provided by them. The ceiling fresco, painted by Le Brun over the next four years, embellishes the first 18 years of Lwiġi XIV's reign in 30 scenes, 17 of which are military victories over the Dutch. The fresco depicts Lwiġi XIV himself alongside Classical figures in the scenes celebrating moments in his reign such as the beginning of personal rule in 1661, breaking from earlier frescoes at Versailles that used allegories derived from Classical and mythological scenes.

The Salon of War and the Salon of Peace bookend the Hall of Mirrors on its northern and southern ends respectively. The Salon of War, constructed and decorated from 1678 to 1686, celebrates French victories in the Franco-Dutch War with marble panels, gilded bronze trophies of arms, and a stucco ''bas-relief'' of Lwiġi XIV on horsebask riding over his enemies. The Salon of Peace is decorated in the same fashion but according to its eponymous theme.

== Kappella rjali ==
The Royal Chapel of Versailles is located at the southern end of the north wing. The building stands 40-meter (130 ft) high, and measures 42 meters (138 ft) long and 24 meters (79 ft) wide. The chapel is rectangular with a semicircular apse, combining traditional, Gothic royal French church architecture with the French Baroque style of Versailles. The ceiling of the chapel is constituted by an unbroken vault, divided into three frescos by Antoine Coypel, Charles de La Fosse, and Jean Jouvenet. The palette of motifs beneath the frescoes glorify the deeds of Lwiġi IX, and include images of David, Constantine, Charlemagne, and Lwiġi IX, ''fleur de lis'', and Lwiġi XIV's monogram.

Lwiġi XIV commissioned the chapel, its sixth, from Mansart and Le Brun in 1683–84. It was the last building constructed at Versailles during Lwiġi XIV's reign. Construction was delayed until 1699, however, and it was not completed until 1710. The only major modification to the chapel since its completion was the removal of a lantern from its roof in 1765. A full restoration of the chapel began in late 2017 and lasted into early 2021.

== Teatru Rjali tal-Opri ==
The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Lwiġi XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Lwiġi XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this was also temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Lwiġi XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists, by Lwiġi Jean-Jacques Durameau. The sculptor Augustin Pajou added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on 16 May 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.
In October 1789, early in the French Revolution, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris.

== Mużew tal-Istorja ta' Franza ==
Shortly after becoming King in 1830, Lwiġi Philippe I decided to transform the Palace into a museum devoted to &quot;All the Glories of Franza,&quot; with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Lwiġi-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Lwiġi David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Lwiġi-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Lwiġi David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including Eugène Delacroix, who painted Saint Lwiġi at the French victory over the British in the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. A monumental painting by Vernet features Lwiġi Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.
The overthrow of Lwiġi Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Lwiġi XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculptures. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.

== Proprjetà ta' Versailles ==
The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the subsidiary buildings around it, and its park and gardens. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of 800 hectares (8.0 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 2,000 acres), with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace. The palace is approached from the east by the Avenue de Paris, measuring 17 miles (27 km) from Paris to a gate between the Grande and Petite Écuries. Beyond these stables is the Place d'Armes, where the Avenue de Paris meets the Avenue de Sceaux and Avenue de Saint-Cloud (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles. Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''cour d'honneur'', hemmed in by the Ministers' Wings. Beyond is the Royal Gate and the main palace, which wraps around the Royal and finally Marble Courts.

The estate was established by Lwiġi XIII as a hunting retreat, with a park just to the west of his château. From 1661, Lwiġi XIV expanded the estate until, at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the Grand Parc, a hunting ground of 15,000 hectares (150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 37,000 acres), and the gardens, called the Petit Parc, which covered 1,700 hectares (17 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; 4,200 acres). A 25-mile (40 km) long, 10-foot (3.0 m) high wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Lwiġi XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building. The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces. The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles, but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river Bièvre to create an inflow in the 1660s, the construction of an enormous pumping station at the river Seine near Marly-le-Roi in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river Eure with a canal in the later 1680s.

=== Ġonna ===
The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Lwiġi XIV, are the work of André Le Nôtre. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects Jacques Boyceau and Jacques de Nemours, which he rearranged along an east–west axis that, because of Lwiġi XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland, were expanded literally as far as could be seen. The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Lwiġi XIV, marked by rigid order, discipline, and open space, with axial paths, flowerbeds, hedges, and ponds and lakes as motifs. They became the epitome of the French formal garden style, and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.

=== Strutturi sussidjarji ===
The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palazz ta' Versailles was the Versailles Menagerie, built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664, at the southern end of the Grand Canal. The apartments, overlooking the pens, were renovated by Mansart from 1698 to 1700, but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712. After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801. The Versailles Orangery, just to the south of the palace, was first built by Le Vau in 1663, originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate. It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.

In late 1679, Lwiġi XIV commissioned Mansart to build the Château de Marly, a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the palace. The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in Palladian style placed in two rows on either side of the main building. Construction was completed in 1686, when Lwiġi XIV spent his first night there. The château was nationalized and sold in 1799, and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805, and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon. On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.

La Lanterne, is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by Philippe Lwiġi de Noailles, then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.

==== Trianons ====
In 1668, Lwiġi XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon, near the northern tip of the Grand Canal, and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court, remembered as the Porcelain Trianon. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670, it was the first example of ''Chinoiserie'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style. The roof was clad not with porcelain but with delftware, and was thus prone to leaks, so in 1687 Lwiġi XIV ordered it demolished. Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.

To replace the Porcelain Trianon, Lwiġi XIV tasked Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the Grand Trianon, built from marble in three months. The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing, which was modified by Mansart in 1705–06. The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a peristyle. The interiors are mostly original, and housed Lwiġi XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczynska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under de Gaulle, the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of Franza.

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768 led to the advent of the names &quot;Grand&quot; and &quot;Petit Trianon&quot;, was constructed for Lwiġi XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel. The building has a ''piano nobile'', basement, and attic, with five windows on each floor. On becoming king, Lwiġi XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current English and Oriental styles, and formed her own court there.

Near the Trianons are the French Pavilion, built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the Queen's Theater and Hamlet, built by architect Richard Mique in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette; the theater, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original, and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.

== Funzjonijiet politiċi u ċerimonjali moderni ==
The palace still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (''Sénat'') and the National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'')—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the &quot;decentralized organization&quot; of the French Republic).

In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Lwiġi Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palazz ta' Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palazz ta' Versailles.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
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