Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Lawrence Gonzi 0 1113 329812 313194 2026-05-08T04:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lawrence Gonzi''' ([[Pietà (Malta)|Pietà]], [[1 ta' Lulju]] [[1953]]) huwa avukat u kien Priministru ta' Malta u Kap tal-[[Partit Nazzjonalista (Malta)|Partit Nazzjonalista]] mill-2004 sal-2013. Kien ukoll Speaker tal-Kamra tad-Deputati għal żewg leġislaturi bejn 1988 u 1996. == Qabel il-Politika == Bin Luigi u Ineż, Lawrence Gonzi huwa ukoll in-neputi tal-Arċisqof [[Mikiel Gonzi]] u huwa miżżewweġ lil Catherine magħrufa bħala Kate, u għandhom tliet ulied: David, Mikela u Paul. Gonzi qatta' ħafna mit-tfulija tiegħu fl-Azzjoni Kattolika. Huwa kien student fis-[[Is-Seminarju tal-Arċisqof|Seminarju tal-Arċisqof]], ir-[[Rabat (Malta)|Rabat]]. Minkejja li zijuh, l-Arċisqof Gonzi, ħeġġu biex isir saċerdot, Lawrence Gonzi għażel li jkompli l-istudji tiegħu, billi jidħol għall-kors tal-Liġi fl-[[Università ta' Malta]], fejn eventwalment laħaq [[avukat]] fl-1975. Waqt il-kors Gonzi beda jinteressa ruħu fil-[[politika]]. Huwa beda jipprattika l-professjoni tiegħu f'kumpanija privata, u ftit wara ħadem ta' avukat għal Mizzi Organisation, fejn serva ta' [[Ċermen]] tal-grupp mill-1987 sal-1997. Ftit wara il-gradwazzjoni tiegħu Gonzi beda jieħu sehem fis-settur volontarju, partikularment fis-settur relatat mad-[[diżabilità]] u l-[[mard mentali]]. Huwa kien ukoll President tal-"Moviment Azzjoni Kattolika ta' Malta" bejn l-1976 u l-1986. == Politika == Lawrence Gonzi ikkontesta għall-ewwel darba l-elezzjonijiet ġenerali fl-[[1987]] bla suċċess mal-Partit Nazzjonalista. Intgħażel ''Speaker'' tal-[[Kamra tad-Deputati]] fl-[[1988]] u wkoll fl-[[1992]]. Gonzi ikkontesta b'suċċess l-elezzjonijiet tal-[[1996]]. Bħala membru parlamentari fl-oppożizzjoni, serva bħala ''Shadow Minister'' għas-[[Sigurtà Soċjali]]. Matul iż-żmien hu serva bħala Segretarju Parlamentari għall-Grupp Parlamentari Nazzjonalista, ''Whip'' tal-Partit Nazzjonalista, u Segretarju Ġenerali tal-Partit. Fl-[[elezzjoni|elezzjonijiet]] tal-[[1998]] u l-[[2003]] reġa' ġie elett bħala [[membru parlamentari]] u serva bħala Ministru tas-Sigurtà Soċjali u wara li fl-1999 [[Guido de Marco]] laħaq [[President ta' Malta|President tar-Repubblika]], Gonzi ikkontesta b'suċċess il-kariga ta' Viċi-Kap tal-partit. Ftit wara inħatar Viċi-Prim Ministru ta' Malta u ''Leader of the House'' tal-[[Kamra tad-Deputati]]. === Priministru 2004-2013 === Wara r-riżenja tal-eks-Prim Ministru u Kap tal-Partit Nazzjonalista [[Eddie Fenech Adami]], Gonzi rebaħ l-elezzjoni għat-tmexxija tal-Partit Nazzjonalista f'elezzjoni li saret fi [[Frar]] [[2004]]. Hu laħaq Prim Ministru f'[[Marzu]] tal-istess sena. Mill-2004 huwa żamm il-Ministeru tal-Finanzi f'idejh. Bħala Ministru tal-Finanzi huwa rnexxielu jġib lil Malta fil-pożizzjoni biex tikkwalifika għall-[[kriterji ta' Maastricht]] sabiex tidħol fiż-[[Żona Ewro]] u tadotta l-munita ewlenija Ewropea, l-[[ewro]]. Gonzi kellu jiffaċċja l-ewwel elezzjoni bħala Kap tal-Partit u Prim Ministru ta' Malta fl-2008. Waqt il-kampanja elettorali Gonzi ta importanza kbira lill-ambjent fejn jara l-ambjent l-akbar sfida li Malta għandha tiffaċja. Fit-[[8 ta' Marzu]] [[2008]], il-Partit Nazzjonalista rebaħ l-elezzjoni ġenerali b'distakk minimu ta' kważi 1,500 vot fuq il-[[Malta Labour Party|Partit Laburista]] immexxi minn [[Alfred Sant]], li wara din it-tielet telfa konsekuttiva, irriżenzja minn kap tal-partit. Jumejn wara din ir-rebħa Gonzi ġie konfermat mill-ġdid bħala Prim Ministru. Kif kien stqarr qabel l-elezzjoni, Gonzi ma baqax fil-kariga ta' Ministru tal-Finanzi. Fil-fatt huwa żamm l-[[MEPA|Awtorità tal-Ippjanar]] u s-settur tat-[[turiżmu]] taħt l-uffiċċju tiegħu direttament. === Kap tal-Oppożizzjoni === Nhar l-10 ta' Marzu filgħodu tħabbar li l-[[Partit Laburista (Malta)|Partit Laburista]] għamel waħda mill-akbar rebħiet elettorali fl-istorja politika ta' Malta, meta rebaħ l-[[Elezzjonijiet Ġenerali 2013]] b'maġġoranza ta' 55% jew 35,000 vot. Gonzi mill-ewwel ikkonċeda t-telfa u feraħ lill-Priministru l-ġdid [[Joseph Muscat]]. Huwa ħabbar li kien se jirriżenja minn Kap tal-Partit u kien se jibqa' fil-kariga sakemm il-Partit jagħżel Kap ġdid, kif fil-fatt għamel fit-8 ta' Mejju 2013. Fis-17 ta' Lulju 2013 irriżenja ukoll is-siġġu tiegħu ta' Deputat tal-Kamra u rtira mill-ħajja politika. == Ħoloq esterni == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081105092115/http://lawrencegonzi.info/ Sit uffiċjali] * [http://lawrencegonzi.blogspot.com/ Blogg uffiċjali] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19980113155128/http://www.pn.org.mt/ Sit uffiċjali tal-Partit Nazzjonalista] {{kaxxa tal-bidu}} {{kaxxa ta' suċċessjoni |qabel=[[Eddie Fenech Adami]] |titlu=[[Prim Ministru ta' Malta]] |snin=2004–2013 |wara=[[Joseph Muscat]]}} {{kaxxa ta' suċċessjoni |qabel=[[Jimmy Farrugia]] |titlu=[[Speaker tal-Parlament]] |snin=1988–1996 |wara=[[Miriam Spiteri Debono]]}} {{kaxxa ta' suċċessjoni |qabel=[[Eddie Fenech Adami]] |titlu=[[Partit Nazzjonalista (Malta)|Kap tal-Partit Nazzjonalista]] |snin=2004–2013 |wara=[[Simon Busuttil]]}} {{kaxxa ta' suċċessjoni |qabel=[[Guido de Marco]] |titlu=[[Partit Nazzjonalista (Malta)|Deputat Mexxej tal-Partit Nazzjonalista]] |snin=1999–2004 |wara=[[Tonio Borg]]}} {{kaxxa ta' suċċessjoni |qabel=[[Austin Gatt]] |titlu=[[Partit Nazzjonalista (Malta)|Segretarju Ġenerali tal-Partit Nazzjonalista]] |snin=1998–1999 |wara=[[Joe Saliba]]}} {{kaxxa tat-tmiem}} {{Prim Ministri ta' Malta}} {{DEFAULTSORTJA:Gonzi,Lawrence}} [[Kategorija:Nies ħajjin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1953]] [[Kategorija:Prim Ministri ta' Malta]] [[Kategorija:Presidenti tal-Kamra tad-Deputati - Speakers (Malta)]] [[Kategorija:Politiċi tal-Partit Nazzjonalista (Malta)]] [[Kategorija:Mexxejja tal-Partit Nazzjonalista (Malta)]] [[Kategorija:Avukati Maltin]] 1uquvek4e0huv7629ixmtj48lr1fi4m Birkirkara 0 2109 329804 327811 2026-05-07T23:43:27Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city|name=Birkirkara}} '''Birkirkara''' hija belt fiċ-ċentru ta' [[Malta]]. Hija waħda mill-aktar ibliet popolati fuq il-gżira, bit-29,482 abitant fl-2024.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://nso.gov.mt/population/world-population-day-11-july-2025/|titlu=World Population Day: 11 July 2025|kunjom=Migliore|isem=Sharon|data=2025-07-10|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2025-11-18|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803152942/https://nso.gov.mt/population/world-population-day-11-july-2025/|arkivju-data=2025-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Il-belt tikkonsisti f'ħames parroċċi awtonomi: Santa Elena, San Ġużepp Ħaddiem<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://church.mt/parishes/birkirkara-st-joseph-the-worker/|titlu=Birkirkara (St Joseph the Worker)|aċċess=2020-12-12|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2020-08-01|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029154659/https://church.mt/parishes/birkirkara-st-joseph-the-worker/|arkivju-data=2020-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>, il-Madonna tal-Karmnu<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.catholicdirectory.com/birkirkara/church/our-lady-of-mount-carmel|titlu=Our Lady of Mount Carmel on The Catholic Directory|aċċess=2020-12-12|opra=The Catholic Directory|lingwa=en}}</ref>, Santa Marija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.catholicdirectory.com/birkirkara/church/st-mary|titlu=St. Mary on The Catholic Directory|aċċess=2020-12-12|opra=The Catholic Directory|lingwa=en}}</ref> u San Ġorġ Preca (Swatar)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.quddies.com.mt/churches/353/San-Gorg-Preca/Swatar|titlu=San Gorg Preca - Parish Church - Swatar, Malta|aċċess=2020-12-12|opra=www.quddies.com.mt}}</ref>. Il-Mottu tal-belt huwa "''[[In hoc signo vinces]]''" ("B'dan is-sinjal inti tirbaħ") għall-viżjoni tas-salib li kellu l-Imperatur Kostantinu bin Santa Elena, li wasslet għall-konverżjoni tiegħu għall-fidi Nisranija, u l-arma għandha salib aħmar sempliċi, b'kuruna fuqha. == Etimoloġija == ''Birkirkara'' tfisser “ilma kiesaħ” jew “ilma mexxej"<ref>https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=krRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> L-isem jirreferi ghal post ta' wied fil-belt.<ref>https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/53136/1/ISIMHA%20...%20NIESHA%20...%20GRAJJIETHA.pdf</ref> Oriġinarjament, l-isem kien miktub bħala ''Birchircara'', b'influwenza mill-ortografija Taljana li tradizzjonalment ma tużax l-ittra “K”. Ta’ spiss jitqassar bħala B’kara/Kara. == Ġeografija == Birkirkara tinsab f’wied. Minhabba din il-pozizzjoni, hija maghrufa għall-għargħar fi ġranet b’maltempati kbar billi l-ilma li jaqa fin-[[Naxxar|Naxxar,]] [[Ħ'Attard]] u [[Ħal Balzan|Ħal-Balzan]] jispicca jghaddi minnha.<ref>http://www.malta.com/en/about-malta/city-village/birkirkara</ref> Ġew proposti diversi proġetti biex jghinu f'dan ir-rigward.<ref>https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2005-06-25/news/possible-solution-for-birkirkara-flooding-problems-in-the-pipeline-77188/</ref> == Klima == Birkirkara ghandha klima Mediterranja Csa taħt il-klassifikazzjoni tal-[[Klima Koppen]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification</ref> Birkirkara tgawdi xtiewi ħfief bi ftit xita u sjuf sħan xotti. It-temperatura tal-belt tvarja minn 10 sa 31 °C (50.5 sa 87.3 °F) matul is-sena<ref>https://weatherspark.com/y/76321/Average-Weather-in-Birkirkara-Malta-Year-Round</ref> ==Storja== Birkirkara hija waħda mill-eqdem bliet f’Malta b’referenza rrekordjata fl-1402 fil-kitba ta' [[Luttrell, Anthony T]], ''Cappella of Birkarkam'' <ref>https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/38417</ref> Hija ssemmiet fir-Rapport Ekkleżjastiku tal-1436 li jsemmi l-parroċċi f’Malta u Għawdex li kienu jeżistu dak iż-żmien, li minnhom Birkirkara ħareġ bħala l-akbar parroċċa<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2020-08-01 |titlu=Archive copy |url=http://archives.maltadiocese.org/Portals/0/Issue%205%20-%20Jun%202014.pdf |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725093752/http://archives.maltadiocese.org/Portals/0/Issue%205%20-%20Jun%202014.pdf |arkivju-data=2020-07-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Matul is-snin żviluppaw diversi parroċċi u subborgi minn Birkirkara, fosthom [[Tas-Sliema|Sliema]], [[San Ġiljan (lokalità)|San Ġiljan]], [[Imsida]], il-[[Ħamrun]] fis-seklu 19 u [[Santa Venera]] fil-bidu tas-seklu 20. Fis-snin aktar reċenti, [[San Ġwann (Malta)|San Ġwann]] (1965) u [[Tal-Ibraġ]] li hareg minn Birkirkara biex jifforma parti mill-lokalità tas-Swieqi fl-1993. Tul is-snin Birkirkara kibret f’ċentru kummerċjali importanti kif ukoll f’żona residenzjali b’densità għolja ta’ popolazzjoni. == Knejjes == Il-Parroċċa ta' Birkirkara kienet ilha mill-1360 bil-kappella ta' Santa Elena fil-limiti tal-Għargħar. Fl-1436, l-Isqof Mons. Dusina rrikonoxxiha bħala waħda mill-għaxar Parroċċi ta' Malta. Fil-5 ta' Diċembru 1630, [[Papa Urbanu VIII]] waqqaf il-Kolleġjata Elenjana permezz ta' Bolla Papali bl-isem "Sacri Apostolatus Ministerio". Dan kien fi żmien il-Kappillan [[Dun Filippu Borgia]] (1567-1649). === Il-Knisja ta' Santa Elena === Il-Knisja ta' Santa Elena nbniet f'post l-aktar ċentrali ta' Birkirkara u akbar fid-daqs minn ta' qabilha, u hi r-raba' knisja parrokkjali. Din bdiet tinbena fl-1727, l-Isqof Gaspare Gori Mancini qiegħed l-ewwel ġebla tal-Knisja. Taħt l-ewwel ġebla tqiegħdu midalja ta' Santa Elena kif ukoll l-ismijiet tal-Papa u l-Isqof ta' dak iż-żmien. Fl-20 ta' Ottubru 1782, l-Isqof [[Vincenzo Labini]] ikkonsagra l-Knisja taħt it-titlu tal-Imperatriċi Santa Elena. Fit-18 ta' Jannar 1950, [[Papa Piju XII]] għolla l-Knisja għall-unur ta' Bażilka Minuri bl-unuri kollha. === Knisja l-Qadima === Il-knisja ta’ Santa Marija, magħrufa bħala l-Knisja l-Qadima ta’ Birkirkara, tinsab il-barra miċ-ċentru storiku ta’ Birkirkara, fuq il-naħa l-oħra tal-wied. Inbniet għall-ħabta tal-1607 fuq pjanta ta' Vittorio Cassar, iben [[Ġlormu Cassar]]. Meta Vittorio Cassar miet, fl-1607, ix-xogħol fuq il-knisja tkompla minn [[Tumas Dingli|Tommaso Dingli]]. Fil-post fejn hemm il-knisja llum, qabel kien hemm knisja medjevali. Meta l-Kapitlu iddeċieda li jitlaq mill-knisja u jmur fil-Knisja ta’ Sant’ Elena riedu jwaqqgħu l-knisja l-qadima. Wara 120 sena il-knisja ingħalqet u ġiet abbandunata. Dun Gejtanu Mannarino, magħruf għar-Rewwixta tal-Qassisin tal-1775, indifen f’din il-knisja. Matul il-Pesta l-Kbira tal-1813, f'din il-knisja ndifnu l-mejtin. Sa madwar l-1850 il-koppla tal-Knisja kienet għadha f’postha, imma partijiet mis-saqaf kienu ga waqgħu sa mill-1830. Fl-1969, beda xogħol kbir fuq din l-knisja biex tkun tista' terġa' tibda tintuża wara ħafna snin ta’ abbandun totali. Fl-1992, l-Arcisqof Ġużeppi Mercieca kien ħass il-bżonn pastorali li din iż-żona ta’ Birkirkara tkun awtonoma, jiġifieri indipendenti mill-parroċċa ta’ Sant’ Elena. Nhar it-8 ta’ Mejju 2005, iż-żona pastorali awtonoma ta’ Santa Marija reġgħet saret Parroċċa għaliha. == Arkitettura u Postijiet Importanti == Birkirkara jospita ħafna postijiet importanti: * [[Awtorità Maltija għas-Servizzi Finanzjarji|Malta Financial Services Authority]] (MFSA), ir-regolatur finanzjarju ta’ Malta għandu l-kwartieri ġenerali tiegħu f’Birkirkara. * Il-[[Kulleġġ San Alwiġi (Malta)|Kulleġġ San Alwigi]] * l-[[Akkwedott ta' Wignacourt|Akwadott ta’ Wignacourt]] mibni fis-seklu 17. * Il-[[Bażilika ta' Sant' Elena|Bażilika ta’ Sant' Elena]], li tospita l-akbar qanpiena tal-knisja f’Malta. * [[Simonds Farsons Cisk]] – l-ewwel Birrerija f'Malta * [[Dar Pirotta]] * [[Dar Papa Frangisku]] – Kenn immexxi mill-fergħa Maltija ta’ Caritas Internationalis * [[Villa Chelsea]] issa dar il-[[Fondazzjoni Richmond]] – Karità li toffri Programmi ta’ Riabilitazzjoni * l-[[Istazzjon l-Antik tal-Ferrovija]] li llum jinsab fi ġnien pubbliku. Il-ferrovija ta’ Malta li kienet tintuza bħala mezz ta’ trasport importanti kienet tieqaf hawn. Il-Ferroviji ngħalqu fl-1931. * [[Teatru Roxy]] * [[Torri ta' Birkirkara]] (''Ghar il-Gobon'') * [[Torri tal-Wejter]] * [[Villa Lauri]] * [[Mitħna Ta’ Ganu]] === Monumenti === * Monument ta' Sir [[Anthony Mamo]] * [[Nicca tal-Erwieħ|Nicca ta' l-Erwieh]] <ref>https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/one-world-protecting-the-most-significant-buildings-monuments-and.263999</ref> == Kunsill Lokali ta' Birkirkara == Il-Kunsill ta' Birkirkara jinsab fit-tieni sular tac-Centru Civiku f' Birkirkara. Il-membri tal-Kunsill preżenti huma dawn:<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/Birkirkara/Pages/The_%20Local_Council/Mayor-and-Councillors.aspx|titlu=Archive copy|data-aċċess=2020-08-16|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124182626/https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/Birkirkara/Pages/The_%20Local_Council/Mayor-and-Councillors.aspx|arkivju-data=2020-11-24}}</ref> * Desirei Grech (Sindku) * Maurizio Gauci (Viċi Sindku) * Yana Borg Debono Grech * Kaylocke Buhagiar * Alfred Attard * Jade England * Rosette Cassar * Luke Vella * Antoine Attard * Stefano Sicari * Karl Cutajar * Marie Claire Zammit Bonello * Gilmour Borg ==Żoni f'Birkirkara== *Il-[[Bwieraq]] *[[Fleur-De-Lys]] *L-[[Imrieħel]] *[[Ta' Ganu]] *[[Ta' Paris]] *[[Tal-Qattus]] *Is-[[Swatar]] *[[Ħas-Sajjied]] == Sport == F'Birkirkara is-[[St. Joseph Sports Club]]<ref>https://bkarastjoseph.com/</ref> huwa magħruf l-aktar għas-sezzjoni tal-Atletika tiegħu, iżda għandu wkoll sezzjonijiet attivi ohra bħaċ-ċikliżmu<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2020-08-16 |titlu=Archive copy |url=https://bkarastjoseph.com/index.php?id=11 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105021522/https://bkarastjoseph.com/index.php?id=11 |arkivju-data=2020-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, it-triathlon<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2020-08-16 |titlu=Archive copy |url=https://bkarastjoseph.com/index.php?id=13 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105141949/https://bkarastjoseph.com/index.php?id=13 |arkivju-data=2020-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, l-għawm<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2020-08-16 |titlu=Archive copy |url=https://bkarastjoseph.com/index.php?id=14 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106182351/https://bkarastjoseph.com/index.php?id=14 |arkivju-data=2020-11-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, u t-team tal-futbol li jikkompeti fil-Kompetizzjoni tal-IASC (''Inter Amateur Soccer Competition - Malta'')<ref>http://www.iascmalta.com/</ref> [[Birkirkara FC|Birkirkara F.C]].<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2020-08-16 |titlu=Archive copy |url=https://www.birkirkarafc.com/ |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919093339/http://www.birkirkarafc.com/ |arkivju-data=2024-09-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> rebaħ il-[[Premier League Malti]] erba’ darbiet <ref>https://www.birkirkarafc.com/TheClubHistory.php</ref> u pparteċipat fl-EUFA [[UEFA Europa League|Europa League]] fl-2015-16.<ref>https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-07-22/football/Europa-League-Birkirkara-make-history-after-splendid-win-in-Scotland-6736161355</ref> == Mwielda fil-Lokalita' == <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand">Koordinati: {{coord|35|53|48|N|14|27|35|E|type:city}}</span> Żewġ personalitajiet prominenti mill-lokal huma [[Eddie Fenech Adami]] u [[Alfred Sant]], li servew bħala [[Prim Ministru ta' Malta|Prim Ministri ta’ Malta]] għal numru ta’ snin. Birkirkara huwa wkoll il-post fejn twieled l-ewwel [[President ta' Malta|President ta’ Malta]] [[Anthony Mamo]]. == Ġemellaġġi == Birkirkara għandha ġemellaġġi ma' * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Grosseto]], Italja<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2020-08-16 |titlu=Archive copy |url=https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/Birkirkara/Pages/Services/Twinning.aspx |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024248/https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/Birkirkara/Pages/Services/Twinning.aspx |arkivju-data=2020-08-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sorrento]], Italja<ref>https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/local-council-twinnings.124695</ref> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Longobardi, Calabria|Longobardi, Italja]] <ref>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53894</ref> ==Referenzi== {{Referenzi}} == Ħoloq esterni== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160618013656/http://www.birkirkaraonline.com/ Kunsill Lokali ta' Birkirkara] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050222020238/http://www.malta.co.uk/KHS/cross.html Birkirkara u s-salib] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060917035746/http://www.malta.co.uk/KHS/helenfeast.htm Empress Helen en fete] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009171819/http://bkara.com/info.htm Birkirkara: Informazzjoni ġenerali] {{Kunsilli lokali ta' Malta u Għawdex}} [[Kategorija:Bliet ta' Malta]] jw700yjqa1zncbv7vu9pen781oae96c Bormla 0 2114 329806 326696 2026-05-07T23:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city|name=Bormla (Ċittà Cospicua)}} <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand">Koordinati: {{coord|35|52|56|N|14|31|20|E|type:city}}</span>'''Bormla''', hi waħda mit-tlett ibliet li jinsabu wara s-swar doppji tal-Kottonera li jiċċirkondaw lill-Bormla, lill-[[Birgu]] u lill-[[Isla]] madwar il-[[Il-Port il-Kbir|Port il-Kbir]]. Bormla hi magħrufa wkoll bħala '''Cospicua''', titlu li jindika kemm din il-belt kienet rikonoxxuta bħala belt importanti kemm fi żmien l-[[Ordni ta’ San Ġwann|Ordni ta' San Ġwann]] kif ukoll fi żminijiet aktar riċenti. Kien il-Gran Mastru [[Marc'Antonio Zondadari]] li fl-1722 ddikjara din il-belt bħala belt li tispikka u għalhekk iddikjaralha t-titlu ta' '''Città Cospicua'''. Bormla kienet l-aħħar belt mit-tlieta li hemm fil-Kottonera li żviluppat biss illum għandha l-ikbar popolazzjoni fosthom. Il-fortifikazzjonijiet tal-Kottonera jduru l-aktar madwar din il-belt. Fl-1776, l-Ordni beda jibni baċir f'Bormla. Minn dakinhar 'il quddiem xogħol l-abitanti ta' Bormla kien jiffoka l-aktar max-xogħol u mat-tiswija tal-bastimenti. Dan ix-xogħol sar aktar importanti għalihom meta fl-1848 l-Ingliżi bnew l-ewwel baċir, il-Baċir Nru 1. fil-parti ta' ġewwa magħrufa bħala, tad-Daħla tal-Franċiżi (Ing. French Creek). Kien l-aktar minħabba dan il-baċir li matul it-[[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]] Bormla kienet fil-mira tal-attakki tal-ajru tal-Assi. Il-popolazzjoni ta' Bormla hi ta' 4,780 (fl-aħħar tat-2024)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://nso.gov.mt/population/world-population-day-11-july-2025/|titlu=World Population Day: 11 July 2025|kunjom=Migliore|isem=Sharon|data=2025-07-10|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2025-11-18|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803152942/https://nso.gov.mt/population/world-population-day-11-july-2025/|arkivju-data=2025-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> u hija l-iktar waħda ppopolata mit-Tlett Ibliet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://secure2.gov.mt/localgovernment/file.aspx?f=7810|titlu=Estimated Population by Locality|kunjom=Il-Gvern ta' Malta|data=2015-06-21|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621211549/https://secure2.gov.mt/localgovernment/file.aspx?f=7810|arkivju-data=2015-06-21|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Il-festa ta' Bormla hi dik tal-[[Immakulata Kunċizzjoni]] li tiġi ċċelebrata fit-8 ta' Diċembru.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=42583|titlu=The Malta Independent Online|data=2012-03-30|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330020432/http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=42583|arkivju-data=2012-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/cospicua-celebrations.104426|titlu=Cospicua celebrations|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> == Etimoloġija == L-oriġini tal-isem Bormla probabbilment ġej mill-isem ''Bur Mula'': il-''Bur'' (Ing. ''meadow'') ''tal-Mulej''.<ref>Abela, Giovanni Francesco (1647). ''Della Descrizione di Malta Isola nel Mare Siciliano con le sue Antichità, ed Altre Notizie'' (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]). Paolo Bonacota. p. 18.</ref> == Postijiet ta' interess == * Il-knisja parrokkjali ddedikata lil-Immakulata Kunċizzjoni. * Il-Knisja ta' Santa Tereża. *Bir Mula Heritage (dar antika li fiha hemm esebiti kwantità ta' oġġetti). * Il-fortifikazzjonijiet tal-Kottonera. * L-ambjent madwar il-Baċir Nru 1, qrib Pjazza Gavino Gulija. * Ix-Xatt ta' Bormla li jibqa' tiela' lejn il-Birgu. * Id-daħla ddekorata fi stil Barokk ta' Santa Liena (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: St. Helena's Gate; 1738). * Id-daħla ta' Verdala (ta' żmien l-Ordni) u l-Barrakki ta' Verdala (bl-Ingliż: Verdala Barracks; 1883). * It-toroq dojoq ta' madwar il-knisja parrokkjali u l-Oratorju u lil hinn minnhom. * Is-Suq ta' nhar ta' Tlieta. * Pjazza Santa Margarita. ==Nies Magħrufa Bormliżi== *[[Dom Mintoff]], is-6 ta' Awwissu 1916-2012, Prim Ministru ta' Malta fl-1955-1958 u fl-1971-1984<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dom-Mintoff|titlu=Dom Mintoff {{!}} prime minister of Malta|sit=Encyclopedia Britannica|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> *[[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]], 1933-2022, [[Prim Ministru ta' Malta]] fl-1984-1987<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20of%20Malta/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta/Pages/Dr-Carmelo-Mifsud-Bonnici.aspx|titlu=Dr Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici (1984 - 1987)|sit=www.gov.mt|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> *[[Ugo Mifsud Bonnici]], 1932-, politiku u [[President ta' Malta|President]] (''Emeritus'') ta' Malta<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.gov.mt/mt/Government/DOI/Pages/default.aspx/en/islands/presidents/mifsud_bonnici_ugo.asp|titlu=Dr. Ugo Mifsud Bonnici|kunjom=DOI|sit=www.gov.mt|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> *[[Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici]] (Il-Gross), 1897-1948, [[politiku]] u ministru *[[Ġużè Chetcuti]], 1914-2006, [[kittieb]] *Abram Gatt, 1863-1944, [[arġentier]] u statwarju *[[Maggie Borg]], ambjentalista mal-Greenpeace *[[Joe. H. Griffiths]], 1910-, kowċ tat-[[tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta' Malta]] *[[Gavino Gulia]], 1835-1889, [[tabib]], naturalista, editur ta' ''Il Barth Maltese'' *[[Paolino Vassallo]], 24 ta' Lulju 1856-20 ta' Jannar 1923, [[kompożitur]] *[[Erin Serracino Inglott]], 1904-1983, lingwista u kittieb (l-iskola tar-raħal issemmiet għalih)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/scholars-birth-centenary.109200|titlu=Scholar's birth centenary|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=43405|titlu=The Malta Independent Online|data=2012-03-15|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315084236/http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=43405|arkivju-data=2012-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Gianni Vella]], 1885-1977, artist<ref>Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). ''Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 2 G–Z''. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 1594–1595. ISBN <bdi>9789993291329</bdi>.</ref> *[[Mario Azzopardi]], qaddief tad-dgħajjes tat-tiġrija u kitarrista ==Ħoloq esterni== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010626231214/http://www.geocities.com/cospicua2000 Sit elettroniku dwar Bormla] == Referenzi == [[Category:Bliet ta' Malta]] <references />{{Kunsilli lokali ta' Malta u Għawdex}} 3jngfe7uxfoi121580a86uzsyej5fu7 Birżebbuġa 0 6452 329805 326695 2026-05-07T23:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Birżebbuġa''' hi lokalità b'populazzjoni ta' 12,601 ruħ (fl-aħħar ta' 2024)<ref name=":0">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Migliore|isem=Sharon|data=2025-07-10|titlu=World Population Day: 11 July 2025 - NSO Malta|url=https://nso.gov.mt/population/world-population-day-11-july-2025/|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2025-11-18|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803152942/https://nso.gov.mt/population/world-population-day-11-july-2025/|arkivju-data=2025-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> fuq in-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tal-Bajja ta' Marsaxlokk. Din il-lokalità hi magħrufa għall-fossili li nstabu f'[[Għar Dalam]], għar qrib Birżebbuġa. Il-knisja parrokkjali ta' Birżebbuġa hija ddedikata lil [[San Pietru]] fil-Ktajjen. ==Arma== L-arma ta' Birżebbuġa turi forma ta' 'V' blu u fergħa taż-żebbuġ blu fuq sfond abjad. Il-blu jirappreżenta l-baħar u ż-żebbuġa tindika minn fejn ġej l-isem ta' din il-lokalità. Il-motto tar-raħal huwa ''Pax Salus Que Omnibus'' (Paċi u Saħħa lil Kulħadd). ==Storja== Għall-ħabta tal-bidu tas-seklu għoxrin dawn l-inħawi bdew ikunu abitati minn mijiet ta' nies speċjalment fis-sajf, minħabba l-bajjiet tar-ramel, magħrufa bħala l-Bajja s-Sabiħa u l-Bajja ta’ San Ġorġ, ħajru lil ħafna nies biex immorru jgħixu hemm, l-aktar fix-xhur tas-sajf.  Madankollu, Birżebbuġa u l-madwar kienu ilhom abitati mill-bniedem għal bosta eluf ta’ snin. Il-lokalità ta' Birżebbuġa saret parroċċa fl-1913. L-isem ta' din il-lokalità jindika li hawn kien post tajjeb biex jirgħu il-bhejjem, għax il-prefiss ‘bir’ ġej minn bur (plural bwar), post fejn jikbru l-pjanti u fejn jirgħu l-merħliet. Il-parti l-oħra tal-isem jagħti ħjiel li hawn kienu jikbru jew jitkabbru s-siġar taż-żebbuġ. Hekk kif wieħed jasal biex jidħol f'din il-lokalità mal-liwja tal-Bajja ta' San Ġorġ, hemm [[kappella]] li tmur lura sas-[[Seklu XVII|seklu sbatax]]. Din hi ddedikata lil San Ġorġ. Ma' din id-dawra, darba ma kienx hawn triq asfaltata bħal ma hemm illum. Minflok, it-triq li tilwi lejn Birżebbuġa kienet tgħaddi minn fuq l-għolja, sewwa sew tħaxken quddiem il-kappella żgħira. Imbagħad, it-triq kienet tinżel għal qrib il-baħar fil-bajja fejn sa żmien ilu kien aktar qisu art mistagħdra. L-għolja ta' ħdejn il-kappella hi magħrufa bħala Borġ in-Nadur. Hawn jinsabu l-fdalijiet ta' [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|tempju megalitiku]] li jmur lura daqs tlett elef sena qabel [[Ġesù|Kristu]]. Imbagħad daqs tefa' ta' gebla 'l bogħod, fuq l-istess għolja, naraw ħaġar qadim ieħor, din id-darba f'forma ta' ħajt tas-sejjieħ, biss magħmul minn ċnagen kbar maqtugħa u mqegħda fuq xulxin. Dan kien iservi bħala ħajt ta' difiża, li n-nies ta' madwar 1,500 sena qabel Kristu bnew biex jipproteġihom minn baħħara li setgħu jiżbarkaw għall-għarrieda fil-bajja ta’ San Ġorġ. L-abitanti ta' dan ir-raħal ċkejken kienu jabitaw dawn l-inħawi matul Żmien il-Bronż; dawn kienu nies li raw jasal fi tmiem tiegħu l-[[preistorja|perijiodu]] preistoriku ta' Malta, qabel il-wasla tal-[[Feniċi]]. X'aktarx kien l-istess ġens ta' nies li qatta' r-[[raddi fil-blat]] li hemm max-xatt ta' quddiem il-Kappella ta' San Ġorġ. Dawn ir-raddi jinżlu taħt il-baħar, u sa żmien ilu wieħed kien jista' jarahom ifiġġu n-naħa l-oħra tal-istess bajja, fejn illum hemm xatt miksi bil-konkos fin-naħa tal-Qajjenza. Qrib sew ta' dawn ir-raddi fuq l-istess blat mad-dawra, hemm ħofor, li kull waħda minnhom fiha daqs metru fond. L-istudjużi jaħsbu li dawn il-ħofor kienu jservu bħala fosos tal-qamħ. Minn dawn il-ħofor hemm daqs sitta, u xi wħud minnhom illum mikula u mgħottija bl-ilma baħar. Biex il-ħofor setgħu jintużaw għall-iskop tagħhom, bilfors li fi żmienhom il-baħar kien ħafna aktar baxx milli hu llum. Ir-raddi ta' ħdejhom xi darba wkoll kienu jaqsmu l-bajja fuq blat sod mingħajr ma jmissu mal-ilma. Kemm ir-raddi kif ukoll il-[[fosos tal-qamħ]] qegħdin jindikaw biċ-ċar li l-livell tal-baħar illum hu ħafna aktar ogħla minn kif kien daqs tlett elef sena ilu. Aktar ‘il fuq minn din il-bajja, fit-triq prinċipali li minnha wieħed jgħaddi biex iħalli Birżebbuġa warajh, man-naħa tax-xellug hemm Wied Dalam. Daqs tliet mitt metru ’l fuq hemm [[mużew]] li wieħed jista’ jżur biex wara jinżel fil-wied u jidħol f’[[Għar Dalam]]. Fuq l-għolja, fuq ix-xaqliba l-oħra tal-wied, hemm il-fdalijiet ta' [[villa]] [[Imperu Ruman|Rumana]], sit arkeoloġiku li fi żmienu kien iservi ta’ razzett u art agrikola. Għad hemm bosta ġebel u trinek li jindikaw iż-żmien meta din il-villa ntużat mill-bdiewa. Hemm ukoll ċisterna fonda maqtugħa fil-blat qrib l-istess fdalijiet. Il-kobor ta' din iċ-ċisterna hu impressjonanti hu ta' xi għaxar metri u jagħti wieħed x'jifhem li hawn kien hawn ħażna kbira tal-ilma. Bla dubju l-aqwa u l-eqdem [[monument]] storiku ta' dawn l-inħawi hu Għar Dalam. Dan għaliex fih instabu l-fdalijiet ta' [[Annimal|annimali]] li għexu f'Malta madwar 20,000 sa 150,000 sena ilu. F'dan l-istess perjodu, minn żmien għall-ieħor, kienu jersqu lejn Malta, annimali li llum ma nsibuhomx jgħixu aktar f’din il-gżira. Dawn kienu [[Iljunfant|iljunfanti]], [[Ippopotamu|ippopotami]], kif ukoll annimali li ġew wara żmienhom, bħal ċriev, orsijiet, ilpup u ħafna oħrajn. Dan ifisser li dak iż-żmien, Malta kienet magħquda ma' [[Sqallija]], għax annimali bħal dawn instabu hemm ukoll. Sqallija hi daqs 90 kilometru 'l bogħod u meta dawn il-merħliet ta' annimali preistoriċi qasmu lejn Malta, il-baħar bejn Malta u Sqallija ma kienx jeżisti. == Kappelli == Kappelli fir-raħal ta' Birżebbuġa: # il-Kappella ta' San Ġorġ Martri (għall-ħabta tal-1565); # il-Kappella tal-Immakkulata Kunċizzjoni f'[[Bengħisa]] (1822); # il-Kappella tal-Għajnuna tal-[[Kristjaneżmu|Insara]] (1830); # il-Kappella tas-Sagra Familja (1865); # il-Kappella ta' [[San Ġużepp]] (1871); # il-Kappella ta' [[Santa Marija|Marija]] Addolorata (1907), li serviet ta' parroċċa sal-1937; # il-Kappella tar-Ragħaj it-Tajjeb (is-snin 80 tas-seklu 20) Il-Parroċċa ta' Birżebbuġa hija waħda mis-sitta li ħarġu minn dik tal-[[Gudja]] u twaqqfet mill-Isqof Pietru Pace nhar id-9 ta' Settembru 1913 taħt it-titlu ta' Marija Addolorata. Kienet xewqa personali tal-Isqof Mauro Caruana li l-knisja l-ġdida li bdiet tinbena fl-1926 tkun iddedikata lil San Pietru fil-Ktajjen. Fl-1937, il-parroċċa ġiet trasferita mill-knisja l-antika tad-Duluri għall-knisja l-ġdida ta’ San Pietru fil-Ktajjen, u minn dik is-sena bdiet tiġi ċċelebrata l-festa titulari ta' dan il-qaddis f'kull l-ewwel Ħadd ta' Awwissu. Matul dawn l-aħħar għoxrin sena, f'din il-lokalità kien hawn influss kbir ta' abitanti permanenti. Dan wassal biex din il-lokalità kibret sostanzjalment. Illum, il-popolazzjoni ta' Birżebbuġa tlaħħaq iktar minn 12-il elf ruħ<ref name=":0" />. Il-kappillan preżenti huwa r-Reverend Kanonku Dun Anton Galea-Scannura. ==Żoni f'Birżebbuġa== [[Image:Birzebbuga Church.JPG|240px|thumb|right|Il-parroċċa ta' Birżebbuġa]] Apparti ċ-ċentru ta' Birżebbuġa madwar il-knisja parrokjali, insibu diversi żoni mxerrda mar-raħal, fosthom: # Il-[[Qajjenza]] # [[Tal-Papa]] # [[Bengħisa]] # Il-[[Brolli]] #[[Kalafrana]] #[[Ħal Far]] Biex tasal f'din il-lokalità bit-trasport pubbliku, wieħed jista' jaqbad diversi rotot tal-linja, fosthom 82/82A/82B ==Każini tal-Banda== F'Birżebbuġa hemm żewġ każini tal-Banda: # Għaqda Mużikali San Pietru fil-Ktajjen, 1957 # Soċjetà Filarmonika San Pietru, Banda Birżebbuġa, 1990 {{Kunsilli lokali ta' Malta u Għawdex}} == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} [[Category:Bliet ta' Malta]] [[Kategorija:Birżebbuġa]] 1ip98lrotfpzvr7lu2gzc79aps7gpcl Lista ta' pajjiżi skont il-popolazzjoni 0 17739 329813 329577 2026-05-08T04:24:47Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World Population.svg|thumb|right|350px|Mappa tal-popolazzjoni dinjija]] Din hija '''lista ta' pajjiżi skont il-popolazzjoni'''. Il-lista tinkludi [[pajjiżi indipendenti]] u [[territorji dipendenti]] abitati ibbażati fuq l-istandard [[ISO 3166-1]]. Il-popolazzjoni ta' kull pajjiż hi mogħtija wkoll bħala persentaġġ tal-[[popolazzjoni tad-dinja]], li skont l-arloġġ tal-popolazzjoni tal-Bureau taċ-Ċensiment tal-Istati Uniti hi stmata li hi 7.071 biljuni. Skond stima separata mill-[[Ġnus Magħquda]], qabżet is-7 biljuni f'Ottubru tal-2011. Iż-żoni li jiffurmaw parti integrali minn stati sovrani, bħall-pajjiżi tar-[[Renju Unit]], huma magħduda bħala parti mill-istati sovrani kkonċernati. Mhumiex inklużi entitajiet oħra, bħall-[[Unjoni Ewropea]], li mhumiex stati sovrani, u territorji dipendenti li m'għandhomx popolazzjoni permanenti, bħall-klejms ta' diversi pajjiżi għall-Antartika. Iċ-ċifri użati f'din tabella huma bbażati fuq l-istima l-aktar riċenti jew projezzjonijiet mill-awtoritajiet taċ-ċensiment nazzjonali meta jkunu disponibbli u ġeneralment jiġu approssimati. Fejn ma jkunx hemm informazzjoni nazzjonali aġġornata disponibbli, iċ-ċifri huma bbażati fuq l-istimi tal-2012 mid-Diviżjoni tal-Popolazzjoni tad-[[Dipartiment tan-Ġnus Magħquda għall-Affarijiet Ekonomiċi u Soċjali]]. Minħabba li l-figuri miġbura ma jinġabrux fl-istess ħin f'kull pajjiż, jew bl-istess livell ta' preċiżjoni, il-paraguni numeriċi li jirriżultaw jistgħu jagħtu konklużjonijiet mhux korretti. Barra minn hekk, it-total tal-figuri tal-pajjiżi kollha mhux daqs it-total tad-dinja. ==Lista== '''Nota:''' territorji dipendenti kollha huma murija bil-''korsiv''. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! Pozizzjoni !! Pajjiz (jew territorju dipendenti) !! Popolazzjoni !! Data !! % popolazzjoni<br>tad-dinja !! Sors |- |1 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ċina}} |1,347,350,000 |Dicembru 31, 2011 |19.11% |align=left|[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20120120_402780233.html Stima Ufficjali] |- |2 |align=left|{{bandiera|Indja}} |1,210,193,422 |Marzu 1, 2011 |17.16% |align=left|[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |3 |align=left|{{bandiera|Stati Uniti}} |314,762,000 |Novembru 14, 2012 |4.46% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |4 |align=left|{{bandiera|Indoneżja}} |237,641,326 |Mejju 1, 2010 |3.37% |align=left|[http://dds.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 ċensiment tal-2010] |- |5 |align=left|{{bandiera|Brażil}} |193,946,886 |Lulju 1, 2012 |2.75% |align=left|[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2204&id_pagina=1 Stima Ufficjali] |- |6 |align=left|{{bandiera|Pakistan}} |181,219,000 |Novembru 14, 2012 |2.57% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/%20 Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |7 |align=left|{{bandiera|Niġerja}} |166,629,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |2.36% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |8 |align=left|{{bandiera|Bangladexx}} |152,518,015 |Lulju 16, 2012 |2.16% |align=left|[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf Stima Ufficjali] |- |9 |align=left|{{bandiera|Russja}} |143,228,300 |Settembru 1, 2012 |2.03% |align=left|[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b12_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk09/8-0.htm Stima Ufficjali] |- |10 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ġappun}} |127,530,000 |Ottubru 1, 2012 |1.81% |align=left|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Stima ufficjali ta 'kull xahar] |- |11 |align=left|{{bandiera|Messiku}} |112,336,538 |Gunju 12, 2010 |1.59% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111113162732/http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/Default.aspx ċensiment tal-2010] |- |12 |align=left|{{bandiera|Filippini}} |92,337,852 |Mejju 1, 2010 |1.31% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2012/pr1227tx.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |13 |align=left|{{bandiera|Vjetnam}} |87,840,000 |Lulju 1, 2011 |1.25% |align=left|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=12133 Stima Ufficjali] |- |14 |align=left|{{bandiera|Etjopja}} |84,320,987 |Lulju 1, 2012 |1.2% |align=left|[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 Stima Ufficjali] |- |15 |align=left|{{bandiera|Eġittu}} |82,828,000 |Novembru 14, 2012 |1.17% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030052148/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=1&lname=%201 Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |16 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ġermanja}} |81,857,000 |April 30, 2012 |1.16% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110018/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_zs01_bund.asp Stima ufficjali ta 'kull xahar] |- |17 |align=left|{{bandiera|Iran}} |75,149,669 |Ottubru 24, 2011 |1.07% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133852/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/99936-irans-population-reaches-75-million-national-census-reveals censiment tal-2010] |- |18 |align=left|{{bandiera|Turkija}} |74,724,269 |Dicembru 31, 2011 |1.06% |align=left|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10736 Stima ufficjali] |- |19 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo}} |69,575,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.99% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |20 |align=left|{{bandiera|Tajlandja}} |65,479,453 |Settembru 1, 2010 |0.93% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Thailand.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |21 |align=left|{{bandiera|Franza}} |65,350,000 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.93% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATnon02145 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |22 |align=left|{{bandiera|Renju Unit}} |62,262,000 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.88% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160117063130/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2010-population-estimates/annual-mid-year-population-estimates--2010.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |23 |align=left|{{bandiera|Italja}} |60,849,247 |Marzu 31, 2012 |0.86% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522030004/http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2012gen/index02.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |24 |align=left|{{bandiera|Afrika t'Isfel}} |51,770,560 |Ottubru 9, 2011 |0.73% |align=left|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/Census2011/Products/Census_2011_Fact_sheet.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |25 |align=left|{{bandiera|Korea t'Isfel}} |50,004,441 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.71% |align=left|[http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/news/1/9/index.board?bmode=download&bSeq=&aSeq=259208&ord=1 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |26 |align=left|{{bandiera|Burma}} |48,724,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.69% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |27 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kolombja}} |46,787,000 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.66% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |28 |align=left|{{bandiera|Spanja}} |46,163,116 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.65% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115207/http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2 Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |29 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ukrajna}} |45,560,272 |Awissu 1, 2012 |0.65% |align=left|[https://archive.is/20121223024524/www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2012/fin/ds/kn/kn_e/kn0812_e.html Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |30 |align=left|{{bandiera|Tanżanija}} |43,188,000 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.61% |align=left|[http://www.nbs.go.tz/pdf/Tanzania_in_Figures2010.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |31 |align=left|{{bandiera|Arġentina}} |40,117,096 |Ottubru 27, 2010 |0.57% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |32 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kenja}} |38,610,097 |Awissu 24, 2009 |0.55% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20101010234039/http://www.knbs.or.ke/Census%20Results/KNBS%20Brochure.pdf ċensiment tal-2009] |- |33 |align=left|{{bandiera|Polonja}} |38,538,447 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.55% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_13211_PLK_HTML.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |34 |align=left|{{bandiera|Alġerija}} |37,100,000 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.53% |align=left|[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |35 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kanada}} |34,979,600 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.5% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180605075430/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |36 |align=left|{{bandiera|Iraq}} |33,330,000 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.47% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121029160543/http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |37 |align=left|{{bandiera|Uganda}} |32,939,800 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.47% |align=left|[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP32010.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |38 |align=left|{{bandiera|Marokk}} |32,730,400 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.46% |align=left|[http://www.hcp.ma Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |39 |align=left|{{bandiera|Sudan}} |30,894,000 |April 22, 2008 |0.44% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130520025735/http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf ċensiment tal-2008] |- |40 |align=left|{{bandiera|Peru}} |30,135,875 |Ġunju 30, 2012 |0.43% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120601002017/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |41 |align=left|{{bandiera|Malażja}} |29,554,000 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.42% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145703/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |42 |align=left|{{bandiera|Użbekistan}} |29,123,400 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.41% |align=left|[http://www.stat.uz/upload/iblock/c0a/naselenie.xlsx Stima Uffiċjali] |- |43 |align=left|{{bandiera|Veneżwela}} |28,946,101 |Novembru 30, 2011 |0.41% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 ċensiment tal-2011] |- |44 |align=left|{{bandiera|Għarabja Sawdita}} |28,376,355 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.4% |align=left|[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Stima Uffiċjali] |- |45 |align=left|{{bandiera|Nepal}} |26,620,809 |Ġunju 22, 2011 |0.38 |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415130818/http://census.gov.np/ ċensiment tal-2011] |- |46 |align=left|{{bandiera|Afganistan}} |25,500,100 |Jannar 1, 2013 |0.36 |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |47 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gana}} |24,658,823 |Settembru 26, 2010 |0.35% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105945/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |48 |align=left|{{bandiera|Korea ta' Fuq}} |24,554,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.35% |align=left|[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |49 |align=left|{{bandiera|Jemen}} |24,527,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.35% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |50 |align=left|{{bandiera|Możambik}} |23,700,715 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.34% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx?lang=pt Stima Uffiċjali] |- |51 |align=left|{{bandiera|Tajwan}} |23,268,372 |Lulju 31, 2012 |0.33% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |52 | align=left|{{bandiera|Awstralja}} |22,813,438 | {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.32% | align=left|[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |53 |align=left|{{bandiera|Sirja}} |21,836,000 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.31% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090809193456/http://www.cbssyr.org/index-EN.htm Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |54 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kosta tal-Avorju}} |21,395,000 |Lulju 1, 2009 |0.3% |align=left|[http://www.ins.ci/stats/Tableaux/Tab06.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |55 |align=left|{{bandiera|Madagaskar}} |20,696,070 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.29% |align=left|[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |56 |align=left|{{bandiera|Angola}} |20,609,294 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.29% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130127033329/http://www.ine.gov.ao/oPais.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |57 |align=left|{{bandiera|Sri Lanka}} |20,277,597 |Marzu 20, 2012 |0.29% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.lk ċensiment tal-2012] |- |58 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kamerun}} |19,406,100 |Jannar 1, 2010 |0.28% |align=left|[http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/fr5/downloads/La_population_du_Cameroun_2010.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |59 |align=left|{{bandiera|Rumanija}} |19,042,936 |Ottubru 20, 2011 |0.28% |align=left|[http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |60 |align=left|{{bandiera|Każakistan}} |16,815,000 |Awissu 1, 2012 |0.27% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |61 |align=left|{{bandiera|Olanda}} |16,765,558 |Awissu 31, 2012 |0.24% |align=left|[http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLEN&PA=37943eng&LA=EN Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |62 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ċili}} |16,572,475 |April 9, 2012 |0.23% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120906234112/http://www.censo.cl/2012/08/resultados_preliminares_censo_2012.pdf ċensiment tal-2012] |- |63 |align=left|{{bandiera|Niġer}} |16,274,738 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.23% |align=left|[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique Stima Uffiċjali] |- |64 |align=left|{{bandiera|Malawi}} |15,883,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.23% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |65 |align=left|{{bandiera|Burkina Faso}} |15,730,977 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.22% |align=left|[http://www.insd.bf/fr Stima Uffiċjali] |- |66 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gwatemala}} |14,713,763 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.21% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |67 |align=left|{{bandiera|Mali}} |14,528,662 |April 1, 2009 |0.21% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120413171022/http://www.instat.gov.ml/ ċensiment tal-2009] |- |68 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ekwador}} |14,483,499 |Novembru 28, 2010 |0.21% |align=left|[http://www.inec.gob.ec/estadisticas ċensiment tal-2010] |- |69 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kambodja}} |14,478,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.21% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |70 |align=left|{{bandiera|Żambja}} |13,092,666 |Ottubru 16, 2010 |0.19% |align=left|[http://www.zamstats.gov.zm ċensiment tal-2010] |- |71 |align=left|{{bandiera|Żimbabwe}} |13,014,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.18% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |72 |align=left|{{bandiera|Senegal}} |12,855,153 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.18% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |73 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ċad}} |11,274,106 |Mejju 20, 2009 |0.16% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511145318/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article2169 ċensiment tal-2009] |- |74 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kuba}} |11,247,925 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.16% |align=left|[http://www.one.cu/EstadisticaPoblacion/EstadisticaPoblacion.asp Stima Uffiċjali] |- |75 |align=left|{{bandiera|Belġju}} |10,839,905 |Jannar 1, 2010 |0.15% |align=left|[http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_par_nationalite_sexe_superficie_et_densite.jsp Stima Uffiċjali] |- |76 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ginea}} |10,824,200 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.15% |align=left|[http://www.stat-guinee.org Stima Uffiċjali] |- |77 |align=left|{{bandiera|Greċja}} |10,787,690 |Mejju 24, 2011 |0.15% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111011061403/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_01_F_GR.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |78 |align=left|{{bandiera|Rwanda}} |10,718,379 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.15% |align=left|[http://statistics.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=152&Itemid=318 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |79 |align=left|{{bandiera|Tuneżija}} |10,673,800 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.15% |align=left|[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexfr.php Stima Uffiċjali] |- |80 |align=left|{{bandiera|Portugall}} |10,561,614 |Marzu 21, 2011 |0.15% |align=left|[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&selTab=tab0 ċensiment tal-2011] |- |81 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika Ċeka}} |10,507,566 |Marzu 31, 2012 |0.15% |align=left|[http://czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/population Stima Uffiċjali] |- |82 |align=left|{{bandiera|Bolivja}} |10,426,155 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.15% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20118.HTM Stima Uffiċjali] |- |83 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ħaiti}} |10,085,214 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.14% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103153/http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |84 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ungerija}} |9,957,731 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.14% |align=left|[http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |85 |align=left|{{bandiera|Somalja}} |9,797,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.14% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |86 |align=left|{{bandiera|Żvezja}} |9,532,634 |Awissu 31, 2012 |0.14% |align=left|[http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx Official registered population] <!-- DON'T CHANGE THIS, it's not a monthly ESTIMATE but a monthly OFFICIAL figure from the population register! --> |- |87 |align=left|{{bandiera|Belarus}} |9,459,800 |Ottubru 1, 2012 |0.13% |align=left|[https://archive.is/20121128000236/belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/press/demographics.php Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |88 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika Dominikana}} |9,445,281 |Diċembru 1, 2010 |0.13% |align=left|[http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 ċensiment tal-2010] |- |89 |align=left|{{bandiera|Benin}} |9,352,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.13% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |90 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ażerbajġan}} |9,235,100 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.13% |align=left|[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml Stima Uffiċjali] |- |91 |align=left|{{bandiera|Burundi}} |8,749,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.12% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |92 |align=left|{{bandiera|Awstrija}} |8,452,835 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.12% |align=left|[http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/population/demographic_forecasts/population_forecasts/029024.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |93 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ħonduras}} |8,385,072 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.12% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |94 |align=left|{{bandiera|Emirati Għarab Magħquda}} |8,264,070 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.12% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20131008044353/http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |95 |align=left|{{bandiera|Sudan t'Isfel}} |8,260,490 |April 22, 2008 |0.12% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130520025735/http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf ċensiment tal-2008] |- |96 |align=left|{{bandiera|Żvizzera}} |8,000,001 |Awissu 2, 2012 |0.11% |align=left|[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/22/press.html?pressID=8180 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |97 |align=left|{{bandiera|Iżrael}} |7,941,900 |Settembru 30, 2012 |0.11% |align=left|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/yarhon/b1_e.htm Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |98 |align=left|{{bandiera|Taġikistan}} |7,800,000 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.11% |align=left|[http://www.stat.tj/en Stima Uffiċjali] |- |99 |align=left|{{bandiera|Bulgarija}} |7,364,570 |Frar 1, 2011 |0.1% |align=left|[http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/PDOCS2/Census2011final_en.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |100 |align=left|{{bandiera|Papwa Ginea Ġdida}} |7,170,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.1% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |101 |align=left|{{bandiera|Serbja}} |7,120,666 |Ottubru 1, 2011 |0.1% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20200408140039/http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |102 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Ħong Kong}}'' ([[Ċina]]) |7,103,700 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.1% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609015356/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T Stima Uffiċjali] |- |103 |align=left|{{bandiera|Libja}} |6,469,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.092% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |104 |align=left|{{bandiera|Laos}} |6,465,800 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.092% |align=left|[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |105 |align=left|{{bandiera|Paragwaj}} |6,337,127 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.09% |align=left|[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/EPH2010/Boletín%20Pobreza%20EPH%202010%202309.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |106 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ġordan}} |6,370,300 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.088% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |107 |align=left|{{bandiera|Togo}} |6,191,155 |Novembru 6, 2010 |0.088% |align=left|[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&&Itemid=56 ċensiment tal-2010] |- |108 |align=left|{{bandiera|El Salvador}} |6,183,000 |Ġunju 30, 2010 |0.088% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/ElSalvador.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |109 |align=left|{{bandiera|Sierra Leone}} |6,126,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.087% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |110 |align=left|{{bandiera|Nikaragwa}} |6,071,045 |Ġunju 30, 2012 |0.086% |align=left|[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |111 |align=left|{{bandiera|Danimarka}} |5,587,085 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.079% |align=left|[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspx Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |112 |align=left|{{bandiera|Eritrea}} |5,581,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.078% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |113 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kirġiżistan}} |5,477,600 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.078% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034313/http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/Ejegodnik/Population/demo%202.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |114 |align=left|{{bandiera|Slovakkja}} |5,445,324 |Settembru 30, 2011 |0.077% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190208/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=40930 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |115 |align=left|{{bandiera|Finlandja}} |5,424,560 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.08% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20151006024826/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?site=4 Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |116 |align=left|{{bandiera|Singapor}} |5,312,400 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.074% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090221030353/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html#popnarea Stima Uffiċjali] |- |117 |align=left|{{bandiera|Turkmenistan}} |5,170,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.073% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |118 |align=left|{{bandiera|Norveġja}} |5,048,100 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.072% |align=left|[http://www.ssb.no/befolkning_en Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |119 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika tal-Irlanda}} |4,588,252 |April 10, 2011 |0.065% |align=left|[http://www.cso.ie/en/newsandevents/pressreleases/2012pressreleases/pressreleasethisisireland-highlightsfromcensus2011part1 ċensiment tal-2011] |- |120 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika Afrikana Ċentrali}} |4,576,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.065% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |121 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ġeorġja}} |4,497,600 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.064% |align=left|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Stima Uffiċjali] |- |122 |align=left|{{bandiera|New Zealand}} |4,445,890 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.063% |align=left|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |123 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kosta Rika}} |4,301,712 |Ġunju 3, 2011 |0.061% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009165019/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/Noticia.aspx?id=1 ċensiment tal-2011] |- |124 |align=left|{{bandiera|Territorji Palestinjani}} |4,293,313 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.061% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Stima Uffiċjali] |- |125 |align=left|{{bandiera|Libanu}} |4,292,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.061% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |126 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kroazja}} |4,290,612 |Marzu 31, 2011 |0.061% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111114150141/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/e11_RH.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |127 |align=left|{{bandiera|Liberja}} |4,245,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.06% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |128 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika tal-Kongo}} |4,233,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.06% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |129 |align=left|{{bandiera|Bosnja-Ħerzegovina}} |3,868,621 |Ġunju 30, 2012 |0.055% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20170804170036/http://www.bhas.ba/ Stima Uffiċjali] |- |130 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Pwerto Riko}}'' ([[Stati Uniti]]) |3,706,690 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.053% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popest/data/municipios/totals/2011/tables/PRM-EST2011-01.xls Stima Uffiċjali] |- |131 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kuwajt}} |3,582,054 |Diċembru 31, 2010 |0.051% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kuwait.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |132 |align=left|{{bandiera|Moldova}} |3,559,500 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.05% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103& Stima Uffiċjali] |- |133 |align=left|{{bandiera|Panama}} |3,405,813 |Mejju 16, 2010 |0.048% |align=left|[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx ċensiment tal-2010] |- |134 |align=left|{{bandiera|Mawritanja}} |3,378,254 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.048% |align=left|[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |135 |align=left|{{bandiera|Urugwaj}} |3,286,314 |Settembru 30, 2011 |0.047% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |136 |align=left|{{bandiera|Armenja}} |3,275,700 |Ġunju 1, 2012 |0.046% |align=left|[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=11001 Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |137 |align=left|{{bandiera|Litwanja}} |3,180,394 |Awissu 1, 2012 |0.045% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |138 |align=left|{{bandiera|Albanija}} |2,831,741 |Ottubru 1, 2011 |0.04% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094307/http://census.al/Resources/Data/Census2011/Instat_print%20.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |139 |align=left|{{bandiera|Oman}} |2,773,479 |Diċembru 12, 2010 |0.039% |align=left|[http://www.moneoman.gov.om/documents/Census_2010.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |140 |align=left|{{bandiera|Mongolja}} |2,736,800 |Lulju 1, 2009 |0.039% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401092152/http://www.nso.mn/v3/index2.php?page=news_more&id=268 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |141 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ġamajka}} |2,709,300 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.038% |align=left|[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Stima Uffiċjali] |- |142 |align=left|{{bandiera|Lesoto}} |2,217,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.031% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |143 |align=left|{{bandiera|Namibja}} |2,104,900 |Awissu 28, 2011 |0.03% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |144 |align=left|{{bandiera|Latvja}} |2,070,371 |Marzu 1, 2011 |0.029% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120610225219/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-census-2011-key-indicators-33613.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |145 |align=left|{{bandiera|Repubblika tal-Maċedonja}} |2,059,794 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.029% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |146 |align=left|{{bandiera|Slovenja}} |2,061,480 |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |0.029% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090618041010/http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp Arlogg Ufficjali tal-popolazzjoni] |- |147 |align=left|{{bandiera|Botswana}} |2,024,904 |Awissu 22, 2011 |0.029% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130517065836/http://www.cso.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_releases&id=196 ċensiment tal-2011] |- |148 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gambja}} |1,825,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.026% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |149 |align=left|{{bandiera|Qatar}} |1,757,540 |Ottubru 31, 2012 |0.025% |align=left|[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |150 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gabon}} |1,564,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.022% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |151 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ginea Bissaw}} |1,520,830 |Marzu 1, 2009 |0.022% |align=left|[http://www.stat-guinebissau.com ċensiment tal-2009] |- |152 |align=left|{{bandiera|Trinidad u Tobago}} |1,317,714 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.019% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107040217/http://www.cso.gov.tt/statistics/Pages/details.aspx?category=Population%20Statistics Stima Uffiċjali] |- |153 |align=left|{{bandiera|Estonja}} |1,294,236 |Marzu 31, 2012 |0.018% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113214338/http://www.stat.ee/63780?parent_id=39113 ċensiment tal-2012] |- |154 |align=left|{{bandiera|Mawrizju}} |1,286,051 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.018% |align=left|[http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/cso/menuitem.a31c41a0cdd58d2533b6e70ea0208a0c Stima Uffiċjali] |- |155 |align=left|{{bandiera|Baħrejn}} |1,234,571 |April 27, 2010 |0.018% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |156 |align=left|{{bandiera|Sważiland}} |1,220,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.017% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |157 |align=left|{{bandiera|Timor tal-Lvant}} |1,066,409 |Lulju 11, 2010 |0.015% |align=left|[http://dne.mof.gov.tl ċensiment tal-2010] |- |158 |align=left|{{bandiera|Fiġi}} |876,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.012% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |159 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ċipru}} |838,897 |Ottubru 1, 2011 |0.012% |align=left|[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=&print ċensiment tal-2011] |- |160 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ġibuti}} |818,159 |Mejju 29, 2009 |0.012% |align=left|[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/RECENSEMENTDE%20LA%20POPULATION.html ċensiment tal-2009] |- |161 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Rèunion}}'' ([[Franza]]) |816,364 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.012% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp?annee=2009#regions Stima Uffiċjali] |- |162 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gujana}} |784,894 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.011% |align=left|[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |163 |align=left|{{bandiera|Ginea Ekwatorjali}} |740,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.01% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |164 |align=left|{{bandiera|Butan}} |720,679 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.01% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113145947/http://www.nsb.gov.bt/pub/phcb/Population%20Projections%20of%20Bhutan%202005-2030.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |165 |align=left|{{bandiera|Komoros}} |669,300 |Lulju 1, 2009 |0.0095% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Comores.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |166 |align=left|{{bandiera|Montenegro}} |620,029 |April 1, 2011 |0.0088% |align=left|[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |167 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Makaw}}'' ([[Ċina]]) |568,700 |Ġunju 30, 2012 |0.0081% |align=left|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/Statistic/Demographic/DemographicStatistics/DemographicStatistics2012Q2.aspx?lang=en-US Stima Uffiċjali] |- |168 |align=left|{{bandiera|Saħara tal-Punent}} |567,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.008% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |169 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gżejjer Solomon}} |553,935 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0079% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/prism/country/sb/stats/Social/Popcen/Projection.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |170 |align=left|{{bandiera|Surinam}} |534,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0076% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |171 |align=left|{{bandiera|Lussemburgu}} |511,800 |Diċembru 31, 2010 |0.0073% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192950/http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |172 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kap Verde}} |491,875 |Ġunju 16, 2010 |0.007% |align=left|[http://www.ine.cv/actualise%5Cdestaques%5Cfiles%5CApresentação_dados%20preliminares%20RGPH%202010.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |173 |align=left|{{bandiera|Malta}} |460,297 |Diċembru 31, 2016 |0.0059% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033214/https://nso.gov.mt/en/News_Releases/View_by_Unit/Unit_C5/Population_and_Migration_Statistics/Documents/2018/News2018_022.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |174 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Guadeloupe}}'' ([[Franza]]) |401,554 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.0057% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp?annee=2009#regions Stima Uffiċjali] |- |175 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Martinika|local}}'' ([[Franza]]) |396,404 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.0057% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp?annee=2009#regions Stima Uffiċjali] |- |176 |align=left|{{bandiera|Brunej}} |393,162 |Ġunju 20, 2011 |0.0056% |align=left|[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |177 |align=left|{{bandiera|Baħamas}} |353,658 |Mejju 3, 2010 |0.005% |align=left|[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/095485600.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |178 |align=left|{{bandiera|Iżlanda}} |320,060 |April 1, 2012 |0.0045% |align=left|[http://www.statice.is/Pages/444?NewsID=8978 Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |179 |align=left|{{bandiera|Maldive}} |317,280 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.0045% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |180 |align=left|{{bandiera|Beliże}} |312,971 |Mejju 12, 2010 |0.0044% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051640/http://www.statisticsbelize.org.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20110511165337_2.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |181 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Polineżja Franċiża}}'' ([[Franza]]) |277,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0039% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |182 |align=left|{{bandiera|Barbados}} |274,200 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.0039% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |183 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Kaledonja l-Ġdida|local}}'' ([[Franza]]) |245,580 |Lulju 27, 2009 |0.0035% |align=left|[http://www.isee.nc/population/population.html ċensiment tal-2009] |- |184 |align=left|{{bandiera|Vanwatu}} |234,023 |Novembru 16, 2009 |0.0033% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/prism/country/vu/stats ċensiment tal-2009] |- |185 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gujana Franċiża}}'' ([[Franza]]) |224,469 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.0032% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp?annee=2009#regions Stima Uffiċjali] |- |186 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Mayotte}}'' ([[Franza]]) |217,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0031% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |187 |align=left|{{bandiera|Samoa}} |186,340 |Novembru 7, 2011 |0.0026% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120714210956/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/Portals/138/PDF/census%20survey/Census%202011/Preliminary%20Count.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |188 |align=left|{{bandiera|São Tomé u Príncipe}} |172,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0024% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |189 |align=left|{{bandiera|Santa Luċija}} |166,526 |Mejju 10, 2010 |0.0024% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112605/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |190 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Guam}}'' ([[Stati Uniti]]) |159,358 |April 1, 2010 |0.0023% |align=left|[http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn179.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |191 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Curaçao}}'' ([[Olanda]]) |149,679 |Marzu 26, 2011 |0.0021% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |192 |align=left|{{bandiera|Grenada}} |110,821 |Lulju 1, 2009 |0.0016% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |193 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Verġni Amerikani}}'' |106,405 |April 1, 2010 |0.0015% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121101063104/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn180.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |194 |align=left|{{bandiera|Tonga}} |103,036 |Novembru 30, 2011 |0.0015% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230502/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |195 |align=left|{{bandiera|Kiribati}} |103,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0015% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |196 |align=left|{{bandiera|Stati Federati tal-Mikroneżja}} |102,843 |April 4, 2010 |0.0015% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Micronesia.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |197 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Aruba}}'' ([[Olanda]]) |101,484 |Settembru 29, 2010 |0.0014% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425151522/http://www.censo2010.aw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=48&lang=pa ċensiment tal-2010] |- |198 |align=left|{{bandiera|San Vinċenz u l-Grenadini}} |100,892 |Lulju 1, 2009 |0.0014% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |199 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Jersey}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |97,857 |Marzu 27, 2011 |0.0014% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003705/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |200 |align=left|{{bandiera|Seychelles}} |90,945 |Awissu 26, 2010 |0.0013% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021324/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 ċensiment tal-2010] |- |201 |align=left|{{bandiera|Antigwa u Barbuda}} |86,295 |Mejju 27, 2011 |0.0012% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |202 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżira tal-Bniedem}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |84,497 |Marzu 27, 2011 |0.0012% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034313/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/mdr081211provisionalkeycensus.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |203 |align=left|{{bandiera|Andorra}} |78,115 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.0011% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20170616074150/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic=&bGrafic=&formules=inici&any1=01/01/2000&any2=01/01/2011&codi_divisio=8&lang=1&codi_subtemes=8&codi_tema=2&chkseries= Stima Uffiċjali] |- |204 |align=left|{{bandiera|Dominika}} |71,293 |Mejju 14, 2011 |0.001% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |205 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Bermuda}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |64,237 |Mejju 20, 2010 |0.00091% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120526201308/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_18881_227_1014_43/http;/ptpublisher.gov.bm;7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/preliminary_results/2010_census_final_report_publication__dec_9_2011.pdf ċensiment tal-2010] |- |206 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Guernsey}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |62,431 |Marzu 31, 2010 |0.00089% |align=left|[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&p=0 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |207 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Greenland}}'' ([[Danimarka]]) |56,749 |Jannar 1, 2012 |0.0008% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&link=BE&subthemecode=undefined Stima Uffiċjali] |- |208 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Samoa Amerikana}}'' ([[Stati Uniti]]) |55,519 |April 1, 2010 |0.00079% |align=left|[http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn177.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |209 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Kajman}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |55,456 |Ottubru 10, 2010 |0.00079% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport ċensiment tal-2010] |- |210 |align=left|{{bandiera|Gżejjer Marshall}} |54,305 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.00077% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/prism/country/mh/stats/Social/Population/pop_proj.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |211 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer tat-Tramuntana tal-Mariana}}'' ([[Stati Uniti]]) |53,883 |April 1, 2010 |0.00076% |align=left|[http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn178.html ċensiment tal-2010] |- |212 |align=left|{{bandiera|Saint Kitts u Nevis}} |51,970 |Lulju 1, 2009 |0.00074% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |213 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Faroe}}'' ([[Danimarka]]) |48,459 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.00069% |align=left|[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |214 |align=left|''{{bandiera|San Maarten}}'' ([[Olanda]]) |37,429 |Jannar 1, 2010 |0.00053% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |215 |align=left|''{{bandiera|San Martin}}'' ([[Franza]]) |36,824 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.00052% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2009 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |216 |align=left|{{bandiera|Liechtenstein}} |36,476 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.00052% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |217 |align=left|{{bandiera|Monako}} |35,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0005% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |218 |align=left|{{bandiera|San Marino}} |32,404 |Lulju 31, 2012 |0.00046% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.sm/contents/instance15/files/document/14052503pop_bilancio_dem.pdf Stima Uffiċjali ta kull xahar] |- |219 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Turks u Kajkos}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |31,458 |Jannar 25, 2012 |0.00045% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html ċensiment tal-2012] |- |220 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Ġibiltà}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |29,752 |Lulju 1, 2011 |0.00042% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123433/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf Stima Uffiċjali] |- |221 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Verġni Brittaniċi}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |29,537 |Lulju 1, 2010 |0.00042% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ Stima Uffiċjali] |- |222 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Åland}}'' ([[Finlandja]]) |28,355 |Diċembru 31, 2011 |0.0004% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20161115211225/http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |223 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Olanda tal-Karibew}}'' ([[Olanda]]) |21,133 |Jannar 1, 2011 |0.0003% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |224 |align=left|{{bandiera|Palaw}} |21,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.0003% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |225 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Cook}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |17,791 |Diċembru 1, 2011 |0.00025% |align=left|[http://www.stats.gov.ck ċensiment tal-2011] |- |226 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Angwilla}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |13,452 |Mejju 11, 2011 |0.00019% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |227 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Wallis u Futuna|local}}'' ([[Franza]]) |13,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.00018% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |228 |align=left|{{bandiera|Nawru}} |10,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.00014% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |229 |align=left|{{bandiera|Tuvalu}} |10,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.00014% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |230 |align=left|''{{bandiera|San Barthélemy}}'' ([[Franza]]) |8,902 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.00013% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2009 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |231 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Saint-Pierre u Miquelon}}'' ([[Franza]]) |6,082 |Jannar 1, 2009 |0.00006% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2009 Stima Uffiċjali] |- |232 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Montserrat}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |4,922 |Mejju 12, 2011 |0.00005% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |233 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Santa Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |4,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.00004% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |234 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Falkland}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |2,563 |April 15, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120929024001/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/news/2012/09/headline-results-of-2012-falkland-islands-census-released/ ċensiment tal-2012] |- |235 |align=left|''{{flagicon|Norveġja}} [[Gżejjer Svalbard u Jan Mayen]]'' ([[Norveġja]]) |2,495 |Marzu 1, 2010 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Stima Uffiċjali] |- |236 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżira Norfolk}}'' ([[Awstralja]]) |2,302 |Awissu 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |237 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżira tal-Milied}}'' ([[Awstralja]]) |2,072 |Awissu 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |238 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Tokelau}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,411 |Ottubru 18, 2011 |0.00001% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf ċensiment tal-2011] |- |239 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Niue}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,000 |Lulju 1, 2012 |0.00001% |align=left|stima tal-UN |- |240 |align=left|{{bandiera|Belt tal-Vatikan}} |800 |Marzu 1, 2011 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://www.vaticanstate.va/IT/Stato_e_Governo/NoteGenerali/Popolazione.htm Stima Uffiċjali] |- |241 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Kokos}}'' ([[Awstralja]]) |550 |Awissu 9, 2011 |0.000008% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html ċensiment tal-2011] |- |242 |align=left|''{{bandiera|Gżejjer Pitcairn}}'' ([[Renju Unit]]) |66 |Lulju 1, 2008 |0.000001% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html ċensiment tal-2008] |} ==Ħoloq esterni== *[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm Nazzjonijiet Uniti Rapport Analitiku għall-reviżjoni tal-2004 tal-Prospetti tal-Popolazzjoni Dinjija] (ir-rapport analitiku għar-reviżjoni tal-2006 ma tkunx disponibbli online) - tinkludi dettalji tal-metodoloġija u s-sorsi użati għall-estimi tal-popolazzjoni ta 'hawn fuq. [[Kategorija:Listi ta' pajjiżi]] [[Kategorija:Statistika]] qu5ti4cfzoy9hcybhf6bvksozenpdqr Juan Carlos Garrido 0 19915 329809 279105 2026-05-08T03:01:46Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox plejer tal-futbol |isem_plejer = Juan Carlos Garrido |stampa = [[File:Juan Carlos Garrido 2019.jpg|200px]] |isem_sħiħ = Juan Carlos Garrido Fernández |data_twelid = {{dte|1969|3|29}} |post_twelid = [[Valencia]] |pajjiż_twelid = Spanja |tul = 1.80 m |rwol = |klabb_attwali = |snin_kowċ1 = 1993–1999 |klabb_kowċ1 = El Puig |snin_kowċ2 = 1999–2001 |klabb_kowċ2 = [[CD Onda|Onda]] |snin_kowċ3 = 2002–2003 |klabb_kowċ3 = [[Villarreal CF B|Villarreal B]] |snin_kowċ4 = 2004 |klabb_kowċ4 = [[Villarreal CF B|Villarreal B]] |snin_kowċ5 = 2008–2010 |klabb_kowċ5 = [[Villarreal CF B|Villarreal B]] |snin_kowċ6 = 2010–2011 |klabb_kowċ6 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] |snin_kowċ7 = 2012–2013 |klabb_kowċ7 = [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] |snin_kowċ8 = 2013–2014 |klabb_kowċ8 = [[Real Betis]] |snin_kowċ9 = 2014–2015 |klabb_kowċ9 = [[Al Ahly SC|Al Ahly]] |snin_kowċ10 = 2016–2017 |klabb_kowċ10 = [[Ettifaq FC|Al Ettifaq]] |snin_kowċ11 = 2017–2019 |klabb_kowċ11 = [[Raja CA|Raja]] |snin_kowċ12 = 2019 |klabb_kowċ12 = [[Al Ain FC|Al Ain]] |snin_kowċ13 = 2019–2020 |klabb_kowċ13 = [[Étoile Sportive du Sahel|Étoile du Sahel]] |snin_kowċ14 = 2020 |klabb_kowċ14 = [[Wydad AC|Wydad]] |snin_kowċ15 = 2021 |klabb_kowċ15 = [[CD Castellón|Castellón]] }} '''Juan Carlos Garrido Fernández''' (twieled fid-29 ta' Marzu 1969) huwa kowċ tal-[[futbol]] [[Spanja|Spanjol]]. ==Karriera== Huwa twieled ġewwa [[Valenzja]],<ref>{{ċita web |url=http://www.goal.com/en/people/spain/34547/juan-carlos-garrido |titlu=Juan Carlos Garrido |pubblikatur=Goal.com |data=|data-aċċess=2010-05-26 |lingwa=Ingliż }}</ref> Garrido beda jikkowċja meta kellu 24 sena biss, l-ewwel klabb tiegħu kien id-dilettanti lokali El Puig Club de Fútbol. Fl-1998–99 huwa ggwidata lil [[CD Onda]] fit-[[Tercera División]], imbagħad huwa mar jikkowċja lil [[Villarreal CF B]], klabb li għalih għandu jkun assoċjat mill-qrib fis-snin li ġejjin. Fl-2003 Garrido wassal lir-riżervi ta' Villarreal – Onda issa sar tim indipendenti – għall-promozzjoni mir-raba' diviżjoni, imbagħad iggwidati in-naħa għal ftit xhur fl-2004, ukoll f'dik il-kategorija. Tard f'Jannar 2008, Garrido ġie sostitwit mill-kowċ imkeċċi [[Juan Carlos Oliva]] fit-tmexxija ta ' Villarreal B, eventwalment jwassal it-tim fil-[[Segunda División B 2007–08|11-il pożizzjoni]] fis-[[Segunda División B]] u kiseb l-ewwel promozzjoni tas-[[Segunda División]] f'[[Segunda División B 2008–09|dak l-istaġun]]. Fl-1 ta' Frar 2010 huwa nħatar kowċ tal-ewwel tim ta' Villarreal, wara t-tkeċċija ta' [[Ernesto Valverde]] wara telfa ta' 0–2 f'darhom kontra [[CA Osasuna]].<ref>{{ċita aħbar |url=http://www.marca.com/2010/01/31/futbol/equipos/villarreal/1264965639.html?a=BBVddf97ad21ca867da264b51a1a804ee17&t=1274897498 |titlu=El Villarreal destituye a Valverde y Juan Carlos Garrido toma el mando |pubblikatur=[[Marca (gazzetta)|Marca]] |lingwa=Spanjol |data=2010-02-01 |data-aċċess=2010-05-26 }}</ref> Fis-26 ta' April, qabel l-[[La Liga 2009–10|istaġun]] ta' [[La Liga]] kien lest, Garrido ngħata kuntratt li jiskadi f'Ġunju 2011;<ref>{{ċita aħbar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_villarreal-reward-juan-carlos-garrido-with-contract-extension_1375942 |titlu=Villarreal reward Juan Carlos Garrido with contract extension |pubblikatur=DNA India |data=2010-04-26 |data-aċċess=2010-05-26 |lingwa=Ingliż }}</ref> Villarreal spiċċaw fis-seba pożizzjoni iżda, wara li [[RCD Mallorca]] kienu meqjusa mhux eliġibbli għall-[[UEFA Europa League 2010–11|parteċipazzjoni]] tal-[[UEFA Europa League]] mill-[[UEFA]] minħabba irregolaritajiet finanzjarji, il-[[Komunità tal-Valenzja|Valenzja]] ħadu posthom. Fl-[[La Liga 2010–11|ewwel staġun sħiħ tiegħu]] fit-tmexxija ta' Villarreal, Garrido wassal it-tim għar-raba' post fil-kampjonat, bil-[[UEFA Champions League 2011–12|kwalifika]] sussegwenti tal-[[UEFA Champions League]]. Il-klabb ukoll laħaq l-aħħar erbgħa fl-Europa League, li kien inapplikabbli mir-rebbieħa eventwali [[FC Porto]]. Fl-istaġun [[La Liga 2011–12|2011–12]], Garrido u Villarreal ma setgħax imexxi punt wieħed fil-UEFA Champions League, u t-tim kien kklassifikat perikoluż qrib iż-żona tar-relegazzjoni fil-kampjonat f'dak il-perjodu. Fil-21 ta' Diċembru 2011, wara telfa ta' 0–2 kontra [[CD Mirandés]] fil-[[Copa del Rey]] tal-[[Copa del Rey 2011–12|istaġun]] (1–3 bl-aggregat), huwa kien imkeċċi.<ref>{{ċita aħbar |url=http://www.villarrealcf.es/es/noticias/portada/item/66-garrido-deja-de-ser-el-entrenador-del-villarreal |titlu=El Villarreal destituye a Juan Carlos Garrido |pubblikatur=Villarreal CF |lingwa=Spanjol |data=2011-12-21 |data-aċċess=2011-12-21 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108035033/http://www.villarrealcf.es/es/noticias/portada/item/66-garrido-deja-de-ser-el-entrenador-del-villarreal |arkivju-data=2012-01-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fil-15 ta' Novembru 2012, Garrido issostitwixxi sparat lil [[Georges Leekens]] ta' [[Club Brugge KV]].<ref>{{ċita aħbar|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=1893021.html |titlu=Garrido confirmed as new Club Brugge coach |pubblikatur=UEFA |data=2012-11-15 |data-aċċess=2012-11-15 |lingwa=Ingliż }}</ref><ref>{{ċita aħbar |url=http://www.sporza.be/permalink/1.1481916|titlu=Spanjaard Garrido is nieuwe Club-coach |pubblikatur=Sporza |lingwa=Olandiż |data=2012-11-15 |data-aċċess=2012-11-15 }}</ref> Huwa inizjalment iffirma kuntratt għall-bqija tal-istaġun iżda kien hekk estiż sal-aħħar tal-istaġun 2013-14. ==Referenzi== {{referenzi}} == Ħoloq esterni == {{Commonscat}} * {{Sit uffiċjali}} * [http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/l/l6632.html Profil] fuq BDFutbol {{DEFAULTSORT:Garrido, Juan Carlos}} [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1969]] [[Kategorija:Nies ħajjin]] [[Kategorija:Kowċis Spanjoli]] [[Kategorija:Kowċis tal-Ewwel Diviżjoni Belġjana]] [[Kategorija:Kowċis ta' La Liga]] [[Kategorija:Kowċis ta' Villarreal CF B]] [[Kategorija:Kowċis ta' Villarreal CF]] [[Kategorija:Kowċis ta' Club Brugge KV]] 9bjlyux8slpi87wxpqepsitrk1txp6i Klima ta' Malta 0 25684 329810 328344 2026-05-08T03:33:54Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Malta]] għandha klima [[Mediterran|Mediterranja]] skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta’ Köppen<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/|titlu=Malta - The World Factbook|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|sit=www.cia.gov|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402195116/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/|arkivju-data=2021-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.doi.gov.mt/en/islands/location.asp|titlu=“The Maltese Islands” DOI Malta. Arkivjat 31-05-2009.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531132411/http://www.doi.gov.mt/en/islands/location.asp|arkivju-data=2009-05-31|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>, bi xtiewi miti ħafna u bi sjuf sħan ħafna. Ix-xita tinżel l-iktar fix-xitwa, u s-sajf is-soltu jkun niexef. Skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta’ Troll-Paffen<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg|titlu="Tiscali Webspace". Web.tiscali.it. Arkivjat 04-10-2012.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052732/http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg|arkivju-data=2012-10-04|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> u dik ta’ Siegmund/Frankenberg<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html|titlu=PH Heidelberg. "Klimakarte der Erde: Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg". Ph-heidelberg.de.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114174500/https://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html|arkivju-data=2021-11-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>, Malta tinsab f’żona subtropikali, peress li tinsab f’latitudni ta’ 35ºN. == Temperatura == [[Stampa:Ramla Bay.jpg|daqsminuri|321x321px|[[Ir-Ramla l-Ħamra]] f’temp bnazzi]] It-temperatura annwali medja hija xi 23 °C (73 °F) binhar u 16 °C (61 °F) billejl (waħda mill-iktar temperaturi medji sħan fil-[[Ewropa]]). Fl-iktar xahar kiesaħ – Jannar – it-temperatura massima tipika tvarja bejn 12 u 20 °C (bejn 54 u 68 °F) binhar u t-temperatura minima tvarja bejn 6 u 12 °C (bejn 43 u 54 °F) billejl. Fl-iktar xahar sħun – Awwissu – it-temperatura massima tipika tvarja bejn 28 u 34 °C (bejn 82 u 93 °F) binhar u t-temperatura minima tvarja bejn 20 u 24 °C (bejn 68 u 75 °F) billejl. B’mod ġenerali, April jibda b’temperaturi bejn 17 u 22 °C (bejn 63 u 72 °F) binhar u bejn 10 u 14 °C (bejn 50 u 57 °F) billejl. F’Novembru t-temperatura tvarja bejn 17 u 23 °C (bejn 63 u 73 °F) binhar u bejn 11 u 18 °C (bejn 52 u 64 °F) billejl. Madankollu, anke fix-xhur tax-xitwa (Diċembru, Jannar u Frar), it-temperaturi xi kultant jilħqu l-20 °C (68 °F). Marzu huwa xahar tranżizzjonali, b’temperaturi iktar sħan, b’temperaturi massimi ta’ kuljum li sikwit jaqbżu l-20 °C (68 °F) u b’temperaturi minimi li diġà jkollhom żewġ ċifri (iktar minn 10 °C (50 °F)) mill-bidu tax-xahar. B’temperatura medja ta’ 19.3 °C (67 °F), Malta tgawdi l-iktar temperatura medja sħuna fl-Ewropa. Fost il-bliet kapitali fil-kontinent Ewropew, il-[[Valletta|Belt Valletta]] jkollha l-iktar xtiewi sħan, b’temperaturi medji qrib is-16 °C (61 °F) binhar u l-10 °C (50 °F) billejl fix-xhur ta’ Jannar u Frar. F’Marzu u f’Diċembru, it-temperaturi medji jkunu xi 17 °C (63 °F) binhar u 11 °C (52 °F) billejl. F’Malta qajla jkun hemm fluttwazzjonijiet kbar fit-temperaturi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltairport.com/weather/page.asp?p=17148&l=1|titlu=“Malta International Airport”. Arkivjat 06-09-2010.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906074233/http://www.maltairport.com/weather/page.asp?p=17148&l=1|arkivju-data=2010-09-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Malta hija waħda minn ftit postijiet fl-Ewropa b’żona ta’ ebusija tal-USDA ta’ 11a, jiġifieri t-temperatura minima assoluta medja li tiġi rreġistrata kull sena tkun bejn 4.4 u 7.2 °C (bejn 39.9 u 45.0 °F). == Dawl binhar == Malta tgawdi wieħed mill-iktar arranġamenti ottimali ta’ sigħat ta’ dawl binhar fl-Ewropa. Fix-xitwa, il-jiem ma jkunux daqshekk qosra daqs dawk fit-Tramuntana tal-kontinent, filwaqt li s-sigħat medji ta’ dawl binhar f’Diċembru, f’Jannar u fi Frar ilaħħqu l-10.3 sigħat<ref>{{Ċita web|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/ML/16597.TXT|titlu="Climate Data for Luqa". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> (b’paragun: [[Londra]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/england/london/climate/|titlu="London Climate and Weather Averages, UK". Weather2travel.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> jew [[Moska]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/russia-europe/moscow/climate/|titlu="Moscow Climate and Weather Averages, Russia (Europe)". Weather2travel.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> jew [[Varsavja]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/poland/warsaw/climate/|titlu="Warsaw Climate and Weather Averages, Poland". Weather2travel.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> - ilaħħqu t-8 sigħat). Fl-iqsar jum tas-sena, il-21 ta’ Diċembru, ix-xemx titla’ għall-ħabta tas-07:00 u tinżel lejn il-17:00. Fl-itwal jum tas-sena, il-21 ta’ Ġunju, ix-xemx titla’ għall-ħabta tal-05:30 u tinżel lejn it-20:30. {| class="wikitable" |+Sigħat medji ta’ dawl binhar<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.malta.climatemps.com/sunlight.php|titlu=“Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Luqa, Malta” Climatemps.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501094224/http://www.malta.climatemps.com/sunlight.php|arkivju-data=2015-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Sigħat !Jan !Frar !Mar !Apr !Mej !Ġun !Lul !Aww !Set !Ott !Nov !Diċ |- !Binhar |10 |10.8 |11.9 |13 |14 |14.5 |14.3 |13.5 |12.3 |11.2 |10.2 |9.8 |- !Għabex/Billejl |14 |13.2 |12.1 |11 |10 |9.5 |9.7 |10.5 |11.7 |12.8 |13.8 |14.2 |} == Sigħat ta’ xemx == Kif wieħed jista’ jobsor mis-sigħat ta’ dawl binhar, Malta tgawdi xi 3,000 siegħa ta’ xemx fis-sena (fost l-ogħla ammonti fl-Ewropa wkoll), minn medja ta’ iktar minn ħames sigħat ta’ xemx f’Diċembru sa medja ta’ iktar minn 12-il siegħa kuljum f’Lulju. Għaldaqstant, Malta tgawdi d-doppju tal-ammont ta’ xemx li jkollhom il-bliet fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa. B’paragun, Londra tgawdi 1,461 siegħa ta’ xemx fis-sena. Malta jkollha ħafna iktar xemx fix-xitwa; fil-fatt, f’Diċembru Malta tgawdi 161 siegħa ta’ xemx filwaqt li Londra jkollha 37 siegħa ta’ xemx biss.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/|titlu="Malta's Climate". Maltaweather.com. Arkivjat 06-08-2015.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806124550/http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/|arkivju-data=2015-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jand sun = 5.46 |Febd sun = 6.36 |Mard sun = 7.33 |Aprd sun = 8.46 |Mayd sun = 9.99 |Jund sun = 11.23 |Juld sun = 12.15 |Augd sun = 11.36 |Sepd sun = 9.00 |Octd sun = 7.22 |Novd sun = 6.50 |Decd sun = 5.20 |yeard sun = 8.4 |Jan sun = 169.3 |Feb sun = 178.1 |Mar sun = 227.2 |Apr sun = 253.8 |May sun = 309.7 |Jun sun = 336.9 |Jul sun = 376.7 |Aug sun = 352.2 |Sep sun = 270.0 |Oct sun = 223.8 |Nov sun = 195.0 |Dec sun = 161.2 |year sun = 3054 |Jan percentsun= 58 |Feb percentsun= 62 |Mar percentsun= 64 |Apr percentsun= 67 |May percentsun= 72 |Jun percentsun= 81 |Jul percentsun= 87 |Aug percentsun= 88 |Sep percentsun= 77 |Oct percentsun= 65 |Nov percentsun= 62 |Dec percentsun= 55 |year percentsun= 70 |source 1 = MaltaWeather (Mean daily and monthly sunshine hours),<ref name=MaltaWeather /> climatemps.com (Percent possible sunshine)<ref name="climatemps-sun">{{cite web |url=http://www.malta.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |title=Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Luqa, Malta Sunlight, Cloud & Day length |publisher=Malta.climatemps.com |data-aċċess=2015-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501094224/http://www.malta.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |archive-date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} == Temperatura tal-baħar == It-temperatura annwali medja tal-baħar f’Malta hija 20 °C (68 °F) (l-ogħla temperatura annwali tal-baħar fl-Ewropa), u tinżel bejn 15-16 °C (59-61 °F) fil-perjodu minn Jannar sa April u titla’ sa 26 °C (79 °F) f’Awwissu. Fis-sitt xhur minn Ġunji sa Novembru, it-temperatura medja tal-baħar taqbeż l-20 °C (68 °F). F’Mejju u f’Diċembru, ix-xhur tat-tranżizzjoni, il-medja tkun xi 18 °C (64 °F). Fit-tieni nofs ta’ April, meta jibda jirranka l-istaġun tat-turisti u tal-vaganzi, it-temperatura medja tal-baħar tkun 17 °C (63 °F). L-ogħla temperatura tal-baħar hija 27 °C (81 °F) fin-nofs tat-tielet ġimgħa ta’ Awwissu. Fl-aħħar ta’ Awwissu u fil-bidu ta’ Settembru, it-temperatura tinżel għal 26 °C (79 °F), u fit-tieni nofs ta’ Settembru tinżel għal 25 °C (77 °F). Lejn nofs Ottubru, it-temperatura tinżel għal 24 °C (75 °F), filwaqt li fl-aħħar ġimgħa ta’ Ottubru tinżel għal 23 °C (73 °F). Fil-bidu ta’ Novembru, it-temperatura tkun niżlet għal 22 °C (72 °F) (abbażi tad-''data'' tal-2010).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/malta/valletta/climate/|titlu="Valletta Climate Guide". Weather2travel.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Temperatura medja tal-baħar skont MaltaWeather.com<ref name=":0" /> !'''Jan''' !'''Frar''' !'''Mar''' !'''Apr''' !'''Mej''' !Ġ'''un''' !L'''ul''' !'''Aww''' !'''Set''' !'''Ott''' !'''Nov''' !'''Diċ''' !Sena |- | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|14.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.0|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|17.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|21.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|24.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|25.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|25.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|23.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|20.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|17.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> |} {| class="wikitable" |+Temperatura medja tal-baħar skont seatemperature.org<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/malta/birzebbuga-december.htm|titlu="Birżebbuġa Sea Temperature December Average, Malta Water Temperatures". 35.82583;14.52694: Seatemperature.org.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> !'''Jan''' !'''Frar''' !'''Mar''' !'''Apr''' !'''Mej''' !Ġun !L'''ul''' !'''Aww''' !'''Set''' !'''Ott''' !'''Nov''' !'''Diċ''' !Sena |- | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|18.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|22.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|25.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|26.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|25.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|23.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|21.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|18.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> |} {| class="wikitable" |+Temperatura medja tal-baħar skont weather2travel.com<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.weather2travel.com/malta/climate/|titlu="Malta Climate and Weather Averages". Weather2travel.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> !'''Jan''' !'''Frar''' !'''Mar''' !'''Apr''' !'''Mej''' !Ġ'''un''' !L'''ul''' !'''Aww''' !'''Set''' !'''Ott''' !'''Nov''' !'''Diċ''' !Sena |- | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|26|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> | style="background:#fc6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small> |} == Xita == [[Stampa:Rain in Malta 08.jpg|daqsminuri|284x284px|Maltempata bix-xita f’[[Marsaxlokk]]]] Il-provvista tal-ilma hija problema f’Malta, peress li fis-sajf qajla tagħmel xita u huwa ż-żmien tas-sena fejn l-ilma jintuża l-iktar. Barra minn hekk, fix-xitwa x-xita spiss tinżel qliel fi żmien qasir u tintilef fil-baħar flok tilħaq tiskula fl-art. Malta tiddependi fuq ir-riżervi tal-ilma taħt l-art, b’sistema ta’ mini taħt l-art fejn jinġabar l-ilma tal-pjan bħal f’[[Ta’ Kandja]] jew f’[[Ta’ Bakkja]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.wsc.com.mt/watch-ta-bakkja-tunnels-the-resting-place-for-rain-water-after-a-50-year-process/|titlu=Watch: Ta’ Bakkja tunnels – the resting place for rain water after a 50 year process|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|sit=Water Services Corporation|lingwa=en-US|data=2020-07-16}}</ref>. Dawn il-mini tal-ilma mifruqa jlaħħqu medja ta’ 97 metru taħt l-art. Il-ġebla tal-[[franka]] hija poruża min-natura tagħha, u għalhekk l-ilma ħelu jinġabar fuq saff ta’ salmura.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm|titlu=McGrath, Matt (4 April 2007). "Science/Nature {{!}} Briny future for vulnerable Malta". News.bbc.co.uk.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> Iktar minn nofs l-ilma tax-xorb ta’ Malta jinkiseb bl-impjanti tad-[[desalinazzjoni]], li joħolqu problemi ambjentali ulterjuri bħall-użu tal-fjuwils fossili u t-tniġġis. Malta għandha medja ta’ 90 jum bix-xita fis-sena, u tesperjenza minn ftit jiem bix-xita sa 12-il jum bix-xita fix-xahar (≥ 1 mm). L-għadd ta’ jiem bix-xita jvarja minn nofs jum f’Lulju sa 15-il jum bix-xita f’Diċembru. Ix-xita medja fis-sena tlaħħaq xi 600 mm, u l-ammont ivarja bejn ≈0.3 mm f’Lulju u ≈110 mm f’Diċembru.<ref name=":0" /> {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta ([[Ħal Balzan]] fil-parti ċentrali tal-gżira) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan precipitation mm = 94.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 63.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 37.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 26.3 |May precipitation mm = 9.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 5.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 6.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 67.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 77.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 108.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 107.7 |year precipitation mm = 603.1 |Jan precipitation days = 15 |Feb precipitation days = 12 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 3 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 5 |Oct precipitation days = 9 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 16 |year precipitation days = 90 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |source 1 = MaltaWeather.com<ref name=MaltaWeather />}} {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan precipitation mm = 89.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 61.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 40.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 22.5 |May precipitation mm = 6.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 7.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 40.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 89.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 80.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 112.3 |year precipitation mm = 553.3 |Jan precipitation days = 13.7 |Feb precipitation days = 10.9 |Mar precipitation days = 8.9 |Apr precipitation days = 6.4 |May precipitation days = 2.8 |Jun precipitation days = 1.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.4 |Aug precipitation days = 1.0 |Sep precipitation days = 3.9 |Oct precipitation days = 10.2 |Nov precipitation days = 10.6 |Dec precipitation days = 14.2 |year precipitation days = 84.1 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name="Weather Information for Malta">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldweather.org/012/c00042.htm | titlu= World Weather Information Service – Luqa, Malta | pubblikatur = World Meteorological Organization | data-aċċess = 26 February 2013}}</ref> |data = August 2010}} == Umdità == L-umdità relattiva medja annwali hija għolja, b’medja ta’ 76 %, u tvarja bejn 69 % f’Lulju (filgħodu: 78 %; filgħaxija: 53 %) u 79 % f’Diċembru (filgħodu: 83 %; filgħaxija: 73 %).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=79561&refer=&units=metric|titlu="Valletta, Malta Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase.com|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403141404/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?refer=&s=79561&units=metric|arkivju-data=2016-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = ta' [[Ħal Luqa]] |metric first = yes |single line = yes | Jan humidity = 79 | Feb humidity = 79 | Mar humidity = 79 | Apr humidity = 77 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 71 | Jul humidity = 69 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 77 | Oct humidity = 78 | Nov humidity = 77 | Dec humidity = 79 |year humidity = |source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/ML/16597.TXT |titlu=Monthly Averages for Luqa, Malta (1961–1990)|pubblikatur=NOAA |data-aċċess=2020-10-20}}</ref> }} == Rekords == Minkejja l-istażi relattiva tal-klima Maltija, ir-rekords storiċi juru xi varjazzjonijiet. Fil-Belt Valletta, l-uffiċjali meteoroloġiċi tal-imgħoddi rreġistraw temperatura ta’ 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) fid-19 ta’ Frar 1895, li għadha temperatura rekord sa llum. Fir-rigward tal-gżira kollha kemm hi, fl-1 ta’ Frar 1962 ġiet irreġistrata temperatura ta’ −1.7 °C (28.9 °F) fil-mitjar f’Ta' Qali, fiċ-ċentru tal-gżira, li ġiet akkumpanjata minn xita bis-silġ, għalkemm din it-temperatura ma ġietx rikonoxxuta mill-Uffiċċju Meteoroloġiku ta’ Malta peress li l-mitjar ma kienx stazzjon uffiċjali ta’ reġistrazzjoni tat-temperaturi u ma kienx juża l-istrumenti meteoroloġiċi li huma standard fid-dinja kollha.<ref name=":2">Dr. Charles Mifsud (1985). ''The Climate of the Maltese Islands''. Mireva Publication.</ref> Il-borra hija fenomenu rari ħafna. Il-borra ġiet irrappurtata f’Jannar 1858, f’Marzu 1877 (ftit borra bl-ebda akkumulu), fi Frar 1895 (ftit borra mingħajr akkumulu), f’Jannar 1905 (ftit fjokki mingħajr akkumulu), f’Marzu 1949 (borra rreġistrata fin-naħa ta’ ġewwa tal-gżira)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.guidememalta.com/en/snow-in-malta-a-rare-photo-from-the-1940s-shows-the-streets-of-sliema-covered-in-snow|titlu=Snow in Malta? A rare photo from the 1940s shows the streets of Sliema covered in snow|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|sit=www.guidememalta.com|lingwa=en}}</ref>, u fil-31 ta’ Jannar 1962.<ref name=":2" /> Fil-31 ta’ Diċembru 2014, il-borra ġiet irrappurtata f’diversi lokalitajiet, għalkemm l-Uffiċċju Meteoroloġiku ta’ Malta iktar tard ikkonferma li fil-fatt ma kinitx borra iżda silġ artab.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/updated-snowflakes-reported-in-several-parts-of-malta-met-office.550143|titlu=Updated - 'Snowflakes' reported in several parts of Malta - Met Office 'monitoring' situation|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb}}</ref> Jingħad li x’aktarx ħafna rapporti storiċi ta’ borra kienu fil-fatt silġ artab. Madankollu, ix-xitwa tal-2014 kienet waħda mill-iktar kesħin u b’maltempati li qatt kien hawn fil-Gżejjer Maltin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://weather.maltairport.com/en/weather-news/news/222/last-maltese-winter-one-of-the-stormiest-in-20-years.htm|titlu="Last Maltese winter one of the stormiest in 20 years {{!}} Malta Weather - Malta Airport Met Office". Weather.maltairport.com.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034100/http://weather.maltairport.com/en/weather-news/news/222/last-maltese-winter-one-of-the-stormiest-in-20-years.htm|arkivju-data=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/48139/december_brought_snow_pellets_and_record_low_temperatures#.YC-dIEBFxjo|titlu="December brought snow pellets and record low temperatures". MaltaToday.com.mt.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021}}</ref> L-iktar temperatura baxxa li qatt ġiet irreġistrata fl-Ajruport Internazzjonali ta’ Malta f’Ħal Luqa kienet 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) f’Jannar 1981, u l-ogħla temperatura li qatt ġiet irreġistrata kienet 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) f’Awwissu 1999.<ref name=":3">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3141|titlu=Galdies, Charles (2011). "The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951-2010". National Statistics Office. pp. 6-7. Arkivjat 13-11-2014.|data-aċċess=19-02-2021|data-aċċess=2021-02-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113194812/http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3141|arkivju-data=2014-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 25.8 |Feb record high C = 26.7 |Mar record high C = 33.5 |Apr record high C = 30.7 |May record high C = 35.3 |Jun record high C = 41.5 |Jul record high C = 42.7 |Aug record high C = 43.8 |Sep record high C = 37.4 |Oct record high C = 34.5 |Nov record high C = 28.2 |Dec record high C = 24.3 |year record high C = 43.8 |Jan record low C = 1.4 |Feb record low C = 1.7 |Mar record low C = 2.2 |Apr record low C = 4.4 |May record low C = 8.0 |Jun record low C = 12.6 |Jul record low C = 15.5 |Aug record low C = 15.9 |Sep record low C = 13.2 |Oct record low C = 8.0 |Nov record low C = 5.0 |Dec record low C = 3.6 |year record low C = 1.4 |source 1 = Malta Airport Meteorological Office (extremes 1947−2010)<ref name= NSO /> |source 2 = https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2022-01-19/local-news/2021-was-a-year-of-meteorological-records-6736239923 |date = January 2022}} {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta ([[Ħal Balzan]] fil-parti ċentrali tal-gżira. 1985-2017) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C= 26.3 <!--(1988)--> |Feb record high C= 24.1 <!--(2010)--> |Mar record high C= 33.5 <!--(2001)--> |Apr record high C= 31.7 <!--(2008)--> |May record high C= 37.3 <!--(2006)--> |Jun record high C= 40.1 <!--(2007)--> |Jul record high C= 43.1 <!--(1988)--> |Aug record high C= 43.0 <!--(1999)--> |Sep record high C= 39.2 <!--(1990)--> |Oct record high C= 33.5 <!--(1991)--> |Nov record high C= 28.9 <!--(1990)--> |Dec record high C= 24.9 <!--(1987)--> |Jan record low C= 3.9 <!--(2002)--> |Feb record low C= 2.6 <!--(1999)--> |Mar record low C= 4.8 <!--(1993)--> |Apr record low C= 6.5 <!--(1997)--> |May record low C= 10.5 <!--(1992)--> |Jun record low C= 14.7 <!--(2013)--> |Jul record low C= 17.4 <!--(1992)--> |Aug record low C= 18.0 <!--(1997)--> |Sep record low C= 15.4 <!--(2004)--> |Oct record low C= 11.3 <!--(1996)--> |Nov record low C= 5.7 <!--(1995)--> |Dec record low C= 3.6 <!--(2014)--> |source 1 = MaltaWeather.com<ref name=MaltaWeather/>}} == ''Data'' klimatika == {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta ([[Ħal Balzan]] fil-parti ċentrali tal-gżira, mill-1985 ’l hawn) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 16.1 |Feb high C = 16.0 |Mar high C = 17.8 |Apr high C = 20.0 |May high C = 24.2 |Jun high C = 28.5 |Jul high C = 31.5 |Aug high C = 31.8 |Sep high C = 28.4 |Oct high C = 25.2 |Nov high C = 21.0 |Dec high C = 17.5 |year high C = 23.2 |Jan mean C = 13.2 |Feb mean C = 13.0 |Mar mean C = 14.6 |Apr mean C = 16.7 |May mean C = 20.4 |Jun mean C = 24.4 |Jul mean C = 27.2 |Aug mean C = 27.7 |Sep mean C = 25.0 |Oct mean C = 21.9 |Nov mean C = 18.0 |Dec mean C = 14.7 |year mean C = 19.7 |Jan low C = 10.3 |Feb low C = 9.9 |Mar low C = 11.3 |Apr low C = 13.3 |May low C = 16.6 |Jun low C = 20.3 |Jul low C = 22.8 |Aug low C = 23.6 |Sep low C = 21.6 |Oct low C = 18.6 |Nov low C = 15.0 |Dec low C = 11.9 |year low C = 16.3 |Jan precipitation mm = 94.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 63.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 37.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 26.3 |May precipitation mm = 9.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 5.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 6.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 67.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 77.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 108.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 107.7 |year precipitation mm = 603.1 |Jan precipitation days = 15 |Feb precipitation days = 12 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 3 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 5 |Oct precipitation days = 9 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 16 |year precipitation days = 90 |source 1 = MaltaWeather.com<ref name=MaltaWeather>{{cite web |url=http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/ |titlu=Malta's Climate |pubblikatur=Maltaweather.com |data-aċċess=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806124550/http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/ |arkivju-data=6 August 2015 }}</ref>|date=October 2013}} {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta ([[Ħal Luqa]] fil-Grigal tal-gżira, 1961-1990) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 15.7 |Feb high C = 15.7 |Mar high C = 17.4 |Apr high C = 20.0 |May high C = 24.2 |Jun high C = 28.7 |Jul high C = 31.7 |Aug high C = 32.0 |Sep high C = 28.6 |Oct high C = 25.0 |Nov high C = 20.8 |Dec high C = 17.2 |year high C = 23.1 |Jan mean C = 12.9 |Feb mean C = 12.6 |Mar mean C = 14.1 |Apr mean C = 16.4 |May mean C = 20.1 |Jun mean C = 24.2 |Jul mean C = 26.9 |Aug mean C = 27.5 |Sep mean C = 24.9 |Oct mean C = 21.8 |Nov mean C = 17.9 |Dec mean C = 14.5 |year mean C = 19.5 |Jan low C = 10.1 |Feb low C = 9.5 |Mar low C = 10.9 |Apr low C = 12.8 |May low C = 15.8 |Jun low C = 19.6 |Jul low C = 22.1 |Aug low C = 23.0 |Sep low C = 21.2 |Oct low C = 18.4 |Nov low C = 14.9 |Dec low C = 11.8 |year low C = 15.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 79.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 73.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 45.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 20.7 |May precipitation mm = 11.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 6.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 17.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 60.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 81.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 91.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 93.7 |year precipitation mm = 580.7 |Jan precipitation days = 10.0 |Feb precipitation days = 8.2 |Mar precipitation days = 6.1 |Apr precipitation days = 3.8 |May precipitation days = 1.5 |Jun precipitation days = 0.8 |Jul precipitation days = 0.0 |Aug precipitation days = 1.0 |Sep precipitation days = 4.3 |Oct precipitation days = 6.6 |Nov precipitation days = 8.7 |Dec precipitation days = 10.0 |year precipitation days = 61 |unit precipitation days = 1.0&nbsp;mm |Jan sun = 169.3 |Feb sun = 178.1 |Mar sun = 227.2 |Apr sun = 253.8 |May sun = 309.7 |Jun sun = 336.9 |Jul sun = 376.7 |Aug sun = 352.2 |Sep sun = 270.0 |Oct sun = 223.8 |Nov sun = 195.0 |Dec sun = 161.2 |year sun = 3054 |source 1 = ''Meteo Climate'' (1991–2020 Data),<ref>{{Cite web |titlu=Luqa Weather Averages 1991–2020 |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p138.php |url-status=live |arkivju-url=https://archive.today/20141010095844/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p138.php |arkivju-data=10 October 2014 |data-aċċess=2 June 2015 |pubblikatur=Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org}}</ref> MaltaWeather.com (Sun data)<ref name="MaltaWeather"/>|date=October 2013}} {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta (Ħal Luqa fil-Grigal tal-gżira, 1981-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan high C = 15.6 |Feb high C = 15.6 |Mar high C = 17.3 |Apr high C = 19.8 |May high C = 24.1 |Jun high C = 28.6 |Jul high C = 31.5 |Aug high C = 31.8 |Sep high C = 28.5 |Oct high C = 25.0 |Nov high C = 20.7 |Dec high C = 17.1 |year high C = 23.0 |Jan mean C = 12.8 |Feb mean C = 12.5 |Mar mean C = 13.9 |Apr mean C = 16.1 |May mean C = 19.8 |Jun mean C = 23.9 |Jul mean C = 26.6 |Aug mean C = 27.2 |Sep mean C = 24.7 |Oct mean C = 21.5 |Nov mean C = 17.7 |Dec mean C = 14.4 |year mean C = 19.3 |Jan low C = 9.9 |Feb low C = 9.4 |Mar low C = 10.6 |Apr low C = 12.4 |May low C = 15.5 |Jun low C = 19.1 |Jul low C = 21.7 |Aug low C = 22.6 |Sep low C = 20.8 |Oct low C = 18.1 |Nov low C = 14.6 |Dec low C = 11.6 |year low C = 15.5 |Jan precipitation mm = 98.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 60.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 44.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 20.7 |May precipitation mm = 16.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 4.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 12.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 58.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 82.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 92.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 109.2 |year precipitation mm = 595.8 |Jan precipitation days = 10 |Feb precipitation days = 7 |Mar precipitation days = 5 |Apr precipitation days = 4 |May precipitation days = 1 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 4 |Oct precipitation days = 6 |Nov precipitation days = 9 |Dec precipitation days = 10 |year precipitation days = 58 |unit precipitation days = 1.0&nbsp;mm |source 1 = ''Meteo Climate'' (1981-2010 Data),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p138.php |titlu=Luqa Weather Averages 1981-2010 |pubblikaturr=Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org |data-aċċess=2015-06-02}}</ref> |date = January 2015}} {{Weather box |location = ta' Malta (Ħal Luqa fil-Grigal tal-gżira, data storika 1961–1990) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan high C = 15.2 |Feb high C = 15.5 |Mar high C = 16.7 |Apr high C = 19.1 |May high C = 23.3 |Jun high C = 27.5 |Jul high C = 30.7 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 28.0 |Oct high C = 24.2 |Nov high C = 20.1 |Dec high C = 16.7 |year high C = 22.3 |Jan mean C = 12.2 |Feb mean C = 12.4 |Mar mean C = 13.4 |Apr mean C = 15.5 |May mean C = 19.1 |Jun mean C = 23.0 |Jul mean C = 25.9 |Aug mean C = 26.3 |Sep mean C = 24.1 |Oct mean C = 20.7 |Nov mean C = 17.0 |Dec mean C = 13.9 |year mean C = 18.6 |Jan low C = 9.2 |Feb low C = 9.3 |Mar low C = 10.1 |Apr low C = 11.9 |May low C = 14.9 |Jun low C = 18.4 |Jul low C = 21.0 |Aug low C = 21.8 |Sep low C = 20.1 |Oct low C = 17.1 |Nov low C = 13.9 |Dec low C = 11.0 |year low C = 14.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 89.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 61.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 40.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 22.5 |May precipitation mm = 6.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 7.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 40.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 89.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 80.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 112.3 |year precipitation mm = 553.3 |Jan precipitation days = 13.7 |Feb precipitation days = 10.9 |Mar precipitation days = 8.9 |Apr precipitation days = 6.4 |May precipitation days = 2.8 |Jun precipitation days = 1.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.4 |Aug precipitation days = 1.0 |Sep precipitation days = 3.9 |Oct precipitation days = 10.2 |Nov precipitation days = 10.6 |Dec precipitation days = 14.2 |year precipitation days = 84.1 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan humidity = 79 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 79 |Apr humidity = 77 |May humidity = 74 |Jun humidity = 71 |Jul humidity = 69 |Aug humidity = 73 |Sep humidity = 77 |Oct humidity = 78 |Nov humidity = 77 |Dec humidity = 79 |year humidity = 76 |Jan sun = 159 |Feb sun = 171 |Mar sun = 224 |Apr sun = 247 |May sun = 300 |Jun sun = 328 |Jul sun = 365 |Aug sun = 338 |Sep sun = 260 |Oct sun = 221 |Nov sun = 185 |Dec sun = 156 |year sun = |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]],<ref name="Weather Information for Malta"/> National Statistics Office, Malta (sun data)|date = August 2010}} == Referenzi == izlh5akzjaijxqgdlg3n23ftqhrd9nh Mario Draghi 0 26936 329814 328681 2026-05-08T04:43:34Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Mario Draghi''' (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]: [ˈmaːrjo ˈdraːɡi]; twieled fit-3 ta' Settembru 1947) huwa [[ekonomista]], bankier, akkademiku, impjegat taċ-ċivil, u [[politiku]] [[Taljan]] li ilu Prim Ministru tal-[[Italja]] mit-13 ta' Frar 2021.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=2021-02-13|titlu=Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56049115|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Governo-Draghi-accetta-incarico-677dedcb-1285-4a3b-ae98-a7dcb77c922a.html|titlu=Nasce il governo di Mario Draghi, con 8 tecnici e 15 ministri di sei partiti|sit=rainews|lingwa=italian|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Preċedentement kien il-President tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew (BĊE) mill-2011 sal-2019. Draghi kien ukoll President tal-Bord għall-Istabbiltà Finanzjarja mill-2009 sal-2011 u Gvernatur tal-Bank tal-Italja mill-2006 sal-2011.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/storia/governatori-direttori-generali/governatori/mario-draghi/index.html|titlu=Banca d'Italia - Mario Draghi|kunjom=d'Italia|isem=Banca|sit=www.bancaditalia.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Wara karriera twila bħala ekonomista akkademiku fl-Italja, Draghi ħadem għall-Bank Dinji f'[[Washington D.C.]], l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]], tul is-snin 80 tas-seklu 20, u fl-1991 reġa' lura [[Ruma]] biex isir id-Direttur Ġenerali tat-Teżor Taljan. Huwa telaq minn dik il-kariga wara deċennju biex jissieħeb ma' Goldman Sachs, fejn baqa' jaħdem sal-ħatra tiegħu bħala Gvernatur tal-Bank tal-Italja fl-2006. Il-mandat tiegħu bħala Gvernatur inzerta fil-perjodu tar-Reċessjoni l-Kbira tal-2008, u f'nofs il-kriżi finanzjarja ntgħażel biex isir l-ewwel President tal-Bord għall-Istabbiltà Finanzjarja, l-entità li ħadet post il-Forum għall-Istabbiltà Finanzjarja u li kellha l-għan li tistabbilixxi standards globali. Huwa telaq dawk il-karigi wara li ġie nnominat mill-[[Kunsill tal-Unjoni Ewropea|Kunsill Ewropew]] fl-2011 biex jaqdi r-rwol ta' President tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew (BĊE). Huwa ppresieda fl-istituzzjoni matul il-kriżi taż-żona tal-[[ewro]], u sar famuż fl-[[Ewropa]] kollha talli qal li lest jagħmel ħiltu "akkost ta' kollox" biex il-proġett tal-ewro ma jfallix.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.kfw.de/KfW-Group/Newsroom/Latest-News/News-Details_426753.html|titlu='Whatever it takes' – a speech and its implications for the euro area|sit=www.kfw.de|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-21|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526103408/https://www.kfw.de/KfW-Group/Newsroom/Latest-News/News-Details_426753.html|arkivju-data=2021-05-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fl-2014, Draghi ġie elenkat mir-rivista ''Forbes'' bħala t-tmien l-iktar persuna setgħana fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]]. Fl-2015, ir-rivista ''Fortune'' kklassifikatu bħala "t-tieni l-ikbar mexxej" dinji.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/mario-draghi/|titlu=Mario Draghi|sit=Fortune|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Fl-2019, [[Paul Krugman]] iddeskrivieh bħala "l-ikbar bankier ċentrali taż-żminijiet moderni".<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Krugman|isem=Paul|data=2019-05-24|titlu=Opinion {{!}} After Draghi (Wonkish)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/opinion/after-draghi-wonkish.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Barra minn hekk, bis-saħħa tal-politiki monetarji tiegħu, huwa jitqies minn bosta bħala "s-salvatur tal-ewro" matul il-kriża Ewropea tad-dejn.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/383ec389-3fbe-44c5-bac9-ef61f0248f43|titlu=Mario Draghi accepts mandate to form new Italian government|sit=www.ft.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/il-saluto-del-salvatore-dell-euro-201910242045238162|titlu=Il saluto del salvatore dell’euro - MilanoFinanza.it|kunjom=Finanza|isem=MF Milano|data=2019-10-25|sit=MF Milano Finanza|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20210203-mario-draghi-eurozone-saviour-now-called-to-italy-s-side|titlu=Mario Draghi, eurozone saviour, now called to Italy's side|data=2021-02-03|sit=France 24|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202102/04/WS601b3a06a31099a234353ca7.html|titlu=Eurozone savior called to Italy's side - Chinadaily.com.cn|kunjom=李齐|sit=epaper.chinadaily.com.cn|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Huwa ngħata l-laqam ta' ''Super Mario'' minn xi mezzi tax-xandir, u l-laqam ġie popolarizzat tul il-kariga tiegħu bħala President tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew, meta ġie akkreditat minn bosta sorsi li kellu rwol ewlieni fil-ġlieda kontra l-kriżi taż-żona tal-ewro.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/approfondimenti/mario-draghi|titlu=Draghi, dal liceo a Roma alla guida della Bce: la storia di SuperMario|kunjom=TG24|isem=Sky|sit=tg24.sky.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/super-mario-draghi-sworn-in-as-italys-new-pm-can-he-save-its-economy-like-he-saved-the-euro-12215054|titlu='Super' Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new PM - can he save its economy like he saved the euro?|sit=Sky News|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Wara l-mandat ta' Draghi bħala President tal-BĊE ntemm fl-2019, huwa inizjalment reġa' lura għall-ħajja privata tiegħu. Fit-3 ta' Frar 2021, f’nofs il-pandemija tal-COVID-19, Draghi ġie mistieden mill-President tar-Repubblika Taljan [[Sergio Mattarella]] biex jifforma gvern ta’ għaqda nazzjonali, wara r-riżenja ta' [[Giuseppe Conte]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/02/03/mattarella-sceglie-un-governo-del-presidente-e-convoca-mario-draghi-voto-non-opportuno-con-lemergenza-serve-pienezza-delle-funzioni/6088195/|titlu=Mattarella sceglie un governo del presidente e convoca Mario Draghi: "Voto non opportuno con l'emergenza, serve pienezza delle funzioni"|data=2021-02-03|sit=Il Fatto Quotidiano|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9022639f-9b88-40fe-9875-1d4a282ac5e4|titlu=Mario Draghi accepts mandate to form new Italian government|sit=www.ft.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>Horowitz, Jason (12 February 2021). "A Giant of Europe Prepares to Head Italy's New Unity Government". ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331.</ref> Wara negozjati ta' suċċess mal-partiti Taljani, fosthom il-Lega, il-Moviment tal-Ħames Stilel, il-Partit Demokratiku u Forza Italia, Draghi ħa l-ġurament biex isir Prim Ministru fit-13 ta' Frar 2021, u wiegħed li jissorvelja l-implimentazzjoni effettiva tal-istimolu ekonomiku meħtieġ fil-kriżi tal-[[Pandemija tal-COVID-19 tal-2019–20|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/12/mario-draghis-new-italian-government-to-be-sworn-in-on-saturday|titlu=Mario Draghi's new government to be sworn in on Saturday|data=2021-02-12|sit=the Guardian|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> == Ħajja bikrija u edukazzjoni == Mario Draghi twieled f'Ruma fl-1947 f'familja ta' klassi għolja; missieru Carlo, li kien twieled fl-1895 f'[[Padova]], ingħaqad mal-Bank tal-Italja fl-1922, u iktar 'il quddiem ħadem għall-Istitut għar-Rikostruzzjoni Industrijali (IRI) u għall-Bank Nazzjonali tax-Xogħol (bit-Taljan: Banca Nazionale del Lavoro); filwaqt li ommu, [[Gilda Mancini]], li kienet twieldet f'Monteverde, Campania, ħdejn [[Avellino]], kienet [[Spiżjar|spiżjara]]. Huwa kien l-ikbar minn tliet aħwa: Andreina, storika ta[[L-Arti|l-arti]], u Marcello, imprenditur.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://biografieonline.it/biografia.htm?BioID=2045&biografia=Mario+Draghi|titlu=Mario Draghi. Moderna economia globale|data=2009-04-26|sit=Biografieonline|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Meta kellu 15-il sena miet missieru u meta kellu 19-il sena mietet ommu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=303&v=zo2OzbcEEiU&feature=youtu.be|titlu=Straight Talk with Hank Paulson: Mario Draghi}}</ref> Draghi studja fl-Istitut Massimiliano Massimo, skola tal-[[Ġiżwiti]] f'Ruma, fejn kien fl-istess klassi mal-President futur tal-[[Ferrari]], [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]], u mal-preżentatur futur tat-[[televiżjoni]], [[Giancarlo Magalli]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2005/12_Dicembre/30/conti.shtml|titlu=Corriere della Sera - I compagni di classe del nuovo Governatore|sit=www.corriere.it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2005/12_Dicembre/30/conti.shtml|titlu=Corriere della Sera - I compagni di classe del nuovo Governatore|sit=www.corriere.it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/dicembre/30/compagni_classe_Montezemolo_Magalli_Snider_co_9_051230016.shtml|titlu=I compagni di classe, da Montezemolo a Magalli: «Snider il più bravo, ma Mario ci faceva copiare»|data=2015-02-18|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-21|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218223838/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/dicembre/30/compagni_classe_Montezemolo_Magalli_Snider_co_9_051230016.shtml|arkivju-data=2015-02-18|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-1970, huwa ggradwa bl-unuri fix-Xjenza Ekonomika fl-Università La Sapienza ta' Ruma, taħt is-superviżjoni tal-ekonomista Keynesjan [[Federico Caffè]]; it-teżi li ggradwa biha kien jisimha "L-integrazzjoni ekonomika u l-varjazzjoni tar-rati tal-kambju".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.unipd.it/sites/unipd.it/files/18_12_09_Draghi.pdf|titlu=Laurea a Mario Draghi in Scienze Statistiche, Università ta' Padova|kunjom=Draghi|isem=Mario|data=2014-09-04|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-21|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904121313/http://www.unipd.it/sites/unipd.it/files/18_12_09_Draghi.pdf|arkivju-data=2014-09-04|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fit-teżi tiegħu, Draghi kien partikolarment kritiku tar-rimarki tal-Prim Ministru tal-[[Lussemburgu]] [[Pierre Werner]] li l-unjoni monetarja Ewropea kienet "prematura".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2014/html/sp141112.en.html|titlu=The economic policy of Federico Caffè in our times|kunjom=Bank|isem=European Central|data=2014-11-12|sit=European Central Bank|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Draghi kompla jistudja sa ma ġab Dottorat fix-Xjenza Ekonomika mill-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) fl-1976, din id-darba b’teżi li kien jisimha: "Esejs dwar it-teorija ekonomika u applikazzjonijiet", taħt is-superviżjoni ta' [[Franco Modigliani]] u [[Robert Solow]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/54263/04184143.pdf?sequence=1|titlu=Essays on Economic Theory and Applications|kunjom=Draghi|isem=Mario|data=2013-02-23|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-21|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223223329/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/54263/04184143.pdf?sequence=1|arkivju-data=2013-02-23|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Professur u impjegat taċ-ċivil == Mill-1975 sal-1981, Draghi kien l-ewwel Professur tal-Politika Ekonomika u Finanzjarja fl-Università ta' [[Trento]], imbagħad tax-Xjenza Makroekonomika fl-Università ta' Padova, u mbagħad tax-Xjenza Ekonomika Matematika fl-Università ta' [[Venezja]].<ref>"Mario Draghi, il Governatore". ''Stefania Tamburello''. ''Milan''</ref> Fl-1981, huwa nħatar bħala Professur tal-Politika Ekonomika u Monetarja fl-Università ta' [[Firenze]] u baqa' f'dik il-kariga sal-1994.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.bancaditalia.it/bancaditalia/direttorio/governatore|titlu=Banca d'Italia - Mario Draghi|data=2011-10-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008134839/http://www.bancaditalia.it/bancaditalia/direttorio/governatore|arkivju-data=2011-10-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matul dak iż-żmien, huwa għamel xi żmien bħala konsulent fil-Bank Dinji f'Washington D.C. Fl-1983, Draghi nħatar ukoll bħala konsulent tal-Ministru tat-Teżor ta' dak iż-żmien [[Giovanni Goria]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/rubriche/lato-boralevi/2021/02/04/news/la-biografia-di-mario-draghi-1.39860010|titlu=La biografia di Mario Draghi|data=2021-02-04|sit=lastampa.it|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fl-1991, il-Ministru tat-Teżor [[Guido Carli]] u l-Gvernatur tal-Bank tal-Italja [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]] ħatru lil Draghi bħala d-Direttur Ġenerali tat-Teżor Taljan; Draghi baqa' f'din il-kariga għolja fiċ-ċivil sal-2001.<ref>Subrata Ghatak; John N. Kallianiotis; José Roberto Sánchez-Fung (3 October 2013). ''Exchange Rates and International Financial Economics: History, Theories, and Practices''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN <bdi>978-1-137-31888-6</bdi>.</ref> Matul dan iż-żmien fit-Teżor, huwa kien il-President tal-Kumitat li rreveda l-leġiżlazzjoni korporattiva u finanzjarja Taljana, u fassal l-liġi li għadha qed tirregola s-swieq finanzjarji Taljani.<ref name=":0">David A Dieterle PhD (8 August 2013). ''Economic Thinkers: A Biographical Encyclopedia: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 67–. ISBN <bdi>978-0-313-39747-9</bdi>.</ref> Draghi kien ukoll fost dawk li kienu favur il-privatizzazzjonijiet ta' ħafna kumpaniji tal-istat li seħħew fl-ekonomija Taljana matul is-snin 90 tas-seklu 20. Huwa kien ukoll il-President tal-Kumitat Maniġerjali tas-SACE, u implimenta riforma sħiħa tal-grupp u ġestixxa t-tranżizzjoni mill-iskandlu tal-korruzzjoni magħruf bħala ''Mani Pulite''. Draghi reġa' sar President tas-SACE bejn l-1998 u l-2001, qabel il-privatizzazzjoni sussegwenti. Matul dawn is-snin, huwa kien ukoll membru tal-bord ta' diversi banek u korporazzjonijiet Taljani, fosthom Eni, l-Istitut għar-Rikostruzzjoni Industrijali, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro u l-Istitut Taljan għall-Proprjetà (bit-Taljan: Istituto Mobiliare Italiano).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2021/02/03/chi-e-mario-draghi/|titlu=Chi è Mario Draghi|data=2021-02-03|sit=Il Post|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/news/en/144558|titlu=GERMANY GIVES GREEN LIGHT TO DRAGHI {{!}} Italy|data=2012-03-14|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314062703/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/news/en/144558|arkivju-data=2012-03-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-2001, huwa telaq mill-kariga fit-Teżor biex isir sħab fl-Istitut tal-[[Politika]] fl-Iskola tal-Governanza ta' [[John F. Kennedy]] fl-Università ta' Harvard.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mario-draghi|titlu=Draghi, Mario nell'Enciclopedia Treccani|sit=www.treccani.it|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Draghi nħatar bħala Viċi President u Direttur Maniġerjali ta' Goldman Sachs International fl-2002. Huwa sar ukoll membru tal-kumitat ta' ġestjoni tal-azjenda, u baqa' f'dan il-karigi kollha sal-2005.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/what-price-new-democracy-goldman-sachs-conquers-europe-6264091.html|titlu=What price the new democracy? Goldman Sachs conquers Europe|data=2011-11-18|sit=The Independent|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Huwa mexxa l-istrateġija Ewropea ta' Goldman Sachs u l-involvimenti tagħha ma' korporazzjonijiet u gvernijiet maġġuri Ewropej.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/media-relations/press-releases/archived/2002/2002-01-28.html|titlu=Goldman Sachs {{!}} Press Releases - Professor Mario Draghi Joins Goldman Sachs|sit=Goldman Sachs|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Wara li ħareġ fil-beraħ li kienu qed jintużaw swaps lil hinn mis-suq b'mod sistematiku mill-gvern [[Greċja|Grieg]], faċilitati minn Goldman Sachs, Draghi stqarr li ma kien "jaf b'xejn" dwar dan l-arranġament, u li "ma kellu x'jaqsam xejn mal-kwistjoni".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-06-14/draghi-says-he-knew-nothing-about-goldman-greece-deal-1-|titlu=Draghi Says He Knew Nothing About Goldman-Greece Deal|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=}}</ref> Matul dan il-perjodu, Draghi ħadem ukoll bħala fiduċjarju fl-Istitut għall-Istudju Avvanzat fi Princeton, New Jersey, u għamel żmien bħala konsulent fil-Brookings Institution f'Washington D.C.<ref name=":0" /> == Gvernatur tal-Bank tal-Italja == [[Stampa:President George W. Bush greets Bank of Italy Governor and Financial Stability Forum Chairman Mario Draghi.jpg|daqsminuri|254x254px|Draghi mal-eks President tal-Istati Uniti [[George W. Bush]] fl-2008]] F'Diċembru 2005, ġie mħabbar li Draghi kien se jsir Gvernatur tal-Bank tal-Italja.<ref>Nomi Prins (2 October 2009). ''It Takes a Pillage: An Epic Tale of Power, Deceit, and Untold Trillions''. John Wiley & Sons. p. 89. ISBN <bdi>978-0-470-55550-7</bdi>.</ref> Huwa ħa l-kariga uffiċjalment fis-16 ta' Jannar 2006. F'April 2006, huwa ġie elett mill-gvernaturi tal-banek ċentrali biex isir il-President tal-Forum għall-Istabbiltà Finanzjarja; iktar 'il quddiem dan il-korp ġie organizzat mill-ġdid u sar il-Bord għall-Istabbiltà Finanzjarja f'April 2009 f'isem il-G20, u laqqa' flimkien ir-rappreżentanti tal-gvernijiet, tal-banek ċentrali u tal-istituzzjonijiet ta' superviżjoni nazzjonali fid-dawl tal-kriżi finanzjarja.<ref>Juan Fernández de Guevara Radoselovics; José Pastor Monsálvez (29 November 2012). ''Crisis, Risk and Stability in Financial Markets''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 94. ISBN <bdi>978-1-137-00183-2</bdi>.</ref> Bħala l-President inawgurali tal-Bord għall-Istabbiltà Finanzjarja, Draghi kien responsabbli għall-mexxejja tal-G20, u ħadem biex jippromwovi l-istabbiltà finanzjarja internazzjonali, itejjeb il-funzjonament tas-swieq u jnaqqas ir-riskju sistemiku permezz tal-iskambju ta' informazzjoni u l-kooperazzjoni internazzjonali bejn is-superviżuri. Fir-rwol tiegħu bħala Gvernatur tal-Bank tal-Italja, Draghi kien membru wkoll tal-Kunsill tal-Governanza u tal-Kunsill Ġenerali tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew u membru tal-Bord tad-Diretturi tal-Bank għall-Ħlasijiet Internazzjonali. Huwa rrappreżenta wkoll lill-Italja fil-Bord tal-Gvernaturi kemm fil-Bank Internazzjonali għar-Rikostruzzjoni u l-Iżvilupp kif ukoll fil-Bank Asjatiku għall-Iżvilupp.<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Symposium|isem=Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City|kunjom2=City|isem2=Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas|data=2009|titlu=Maintaining Stability in a Changing Financial System: A Symposium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23RQAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Board%20of%20Directors%20of%20the%20Bank%20for%20International%20Settlements%22|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=The Bank}}</ref> Fil-5 ta' Awwissu 2011, huwa ta kontribut fid-dibattitu politiku domestiku meta, flimkien mal-President tal-BĊE [[Jean Claude Trichet]], huwa ppubblika ittra notevoli lill-Gvern Taljan ta' [[Silvio Berlusconi]] biex jirrakkomanda sensiela ta' miżuri ekonomiċi li kellhom jiġu implimentati b'urġenza fl-Italja.<ref>Jean Pisani-Ferry (2014). ''The Euro Crisis and Its Aftermath''. Oxford University Press. p. 183. ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-999333-8</bdi>.</ref> == President tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew == [[Stampa:Strauss-Kahn, Trichet, Draghi (IMF 2009).jpg|daqsminuri|Draghi (lemin) ma' [[Dominique Strauss-Kahn]] u Jean-Claude Trichet]] Draghi kien ilu snin jissemma bħala suċċessur possibbli ta' Jean-Claude Trichet, qabel it-tmiem tal-mandat tiegħu bħala President tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew f'Ottubru 2011.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/konjunktur/trichet-nachfolge-super-mario-fuer-die-ezb/3269638.html|titlu=Trichet-Nachfolge: Super-Mario für die EZB|sit=www.handelsblatt.com|lingwa=de|data-aċċess=2021-07-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421130257/https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/konjunktur/trichet-nachfolge-super-mario-fuer-die-ezb/3269638.html|arkivju-data=2022-04-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fit-13 ta' Frar 2011, [[Wolfgang Münchau]], editur assoċjat tal-''Financial Times'', appoġġa lil Draghi bħala l-aqwa kandiat għall-kariga.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e9edc55e-37a9-11e0-b91a-00144feabdc0|titlu=Subscribe to read {{!}} Financial Times|sit=www.ft.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Ftit jiem wara, ir-rivista ''The Economist'' kitbet li "l-President li jmiss tat-tieni l-iktar bank ċentrali importanti fid-dinja għandu jkun Mario Draghi".<ref>{{Ċita rivista|data=2011-02-17|titlu=The Italian's job|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/02/17/the-italians-job|rivista=The Economist}}</ref> Draghi sussegwentement rebaħ l-appoġġ tal-Prim Ministru Taljan ta' dak iż-żmien Silvio Berlusconi għall-kariga, li esprima x-xewqa li jara Taljan ikollu r-rwol importanti tat-tfassil tal-politika ekonomika fi ħdan l-[[Unjoni Ewropea]] (UE).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2011-06-23/rinviata-nomina-draghi-presidente-230821.shtml?uuid=Aa5i6ZiD|titlu=Mario Draghi nominato presidente della Bce dal vertice Ue. Berlusconi: un successo italiano e del governo|sit=Il Sole 24 ORE|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fis-17 ta' Mejju 2011, il-Kunsill tal-Unjoni Ewropea rrakkomanda n-nomina ta' Draghi bħala President tal-BĊE.<ref>"Draghi Appointed ECB Chief", ''Wall Street Journal'', is-16 ta' Mejju 2011.</ref> In-nomina ta' Draghi iktar 'il quddiem ġiet approvata mill-[[Parlament Ewropew]] u mill-BĊE stess, u fl-24 ta' Ġunju 2011 il-ħatra tiegħu ġiet iffirmata mill-mexxejja tal-UE.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=2011-06-24|titlu=Mario Draghi appointed as head of European Central Bank|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-13904781|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Horobin|isem=Alessandra Galloni and William|data=2011-06-25|titlu=Leaders Name Draghi European Bank Head|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304569504576405273012401058.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Matul il-proċess tan-nominazzjoni, tqajjem xi tħassib dwar l-impjieg passat ta' Draghi f'Goldman Sachs.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Toyer|isem=Luke Baker, Julien|data=2011-06-24|titlu=EU appoints Draghi to ECB, Bini Smaghi to leave|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-summit-draghi-idUSTRE75N0UK20110624|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Bħala membru tal-Grupp tat-Tletin, stabbilit mill-Fondazzjoni Rockefeller, huwa ġie akkużat f'<nowiki/>''Der Spiegel'', f'''Tagesschau.de'' u f'''Die Welt'' li kellu kunflitt ta' interess bħala President tal-BĊE.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bis.org/about/board.htm|titlu=Board of Directors|data=2010-04-07|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407151504/https://www.bis.org/about/board.htm|arkivju-data=2010-04-07|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.group30.org/members.shtml|titlu=Group of Thirty {{!}} Members|data=2013-08-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806072717/http://www.group30.org/members.shtml|arkivju-data=2013-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Draghi ttrasferixxa ruħu f'[[Frankfurt]] u ħa l-kariga formalment bħala President tal-BĊE fl-1 ta' Novembru 2011, l-għada ta' tmiem il-mandat ta' Trichet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/eu-leaders-confirm-draghi-to-head-ecb-2011-06-24|titlu=EU leaders confirm Draghi to head ECB|kunjom=Watts|isem=William L.|sit=MarketWatch|lingwa=EN-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> [[Stampa:Mario Draghi World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|319x319px|Mario Draghi f'[[Davos]] fl-2013]] F'Diċembru 2011, Draghi ħejja programm ta' self ta' €489 biljun fuq tliet snin mill-BĊE għall-banek tal-UE. Il-BĊE taħt Draghi ħassar ukoll iż-żewġ żidiet finali fir-rata tal-imgħax li saru fil-mandat ta' Trichet, u hu ddikjara li dan kellu jgħin biex itaffi il-kriżi Ewropea kontinwa tad-dejn sovran. Fi Frar 2012, ir-rebbieħ tal-[[Premju Nobel]] għax-Xjenza Ekonomika, [[Joseph Stiglitz]], argumenta li l-kwistjoni tar-ristrutturar imminenti tad-dejn Grieg, wara l-insistenza tal-BĊE li għandu jkun "volontarju", minflok inadempjenza kif miftiehem mal-awtoritajiet Griegi, kien ikun "rigal" lill-istituzzjonijiet finanzjarji li biegħu l-assigurazzjoni fuq l-inadempjenza tal-kreditu fir-rigward ta' dak id-dejn, li skont Stiglitz kien periklu morali.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/capturing-the-ecb|titlu=Capturing the ECB {{!}} by Joseph E. Stiglitz|kunjom=Stiglitz|isem=Joseph E.|data=2012-02-06|sit=Project Syndicate|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> F'Marzu 2012, beda t-tieni rawnd ta' self, ikbar minn ta' qabel, mill-BĊE lill-banek tal-UE, u din id-darba ġie msejjaħ Operazzjoni ta' Rifinanzjament fuq Żmien Itwal (LTRO). Matthew Lynn ikkummenta li l-ippumpjar ta' fondi mill-BĊE, flimkien mal-illaxkar kwantitattiv tal-kundizzjonijiet monetarji mir-Riżerva Federali tal-Istati Uniti u mill-Bank of England, kienu qed iwasslu għal żieda fil-prezzijiet taż-żejt fl-2011 u fl-2012.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/what-central-banks-provide-oil-markets-take-away-2012-02-29|titlu=What central banks provide, oil markets take away|kunjom=Lynn|isem=Matthew|sit=MarketWatch|lingwa=EN-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> F'Lulju 2012, qalb il-biża' mġedded dwar id-dejn sovran fiż-żona tal-ewro, Draghi stqarr f'diskussjoni li taħt it-tmexxija tiegħu, il-BĊE "...lest jagħmel isalva l-proġett tal-ewro ''akkost ta' kollox''. U emmnuni, li se nagħmlu se jkun biżżejjed".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pq1V0aPEO3c|titlu=ECB's Draghi to the euro's rescue?|kunjom=Euronews fuq YouTube}}</ref> Din id-dikjarazzjoni dehret ħafna fil-mezzi tax-xandir fl-UE kollha u fis-swieq finanzjarji tad-dinja, u inizjalment wasslet għal tnaqqis kostanti fir-rendimenti tal-bonds (il-kostijiet ta' min jissellef) għall-pajjiżi taż-żona tal-ewro, b'mod partikolari [[Spanja]], l-Italja u [[Franza]]. Fid-dawl tal-progress politiku kajman biex tinstab soluzzjoni għall-kriżi taż-żona tal-ewro, id-dikjarazzjoni ta' Draghi kienet mument ta' żvolta importanti għaż-żona tal-ewro, u bosta fassala tal-politika u kummentaturi ddeskrivuha bħala essenzjali għat-tkomplija tal-munita ewro.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://blogs.marketwatch.com/thetell/2013/07/26/heres-how-things-look-a-year-after-mario-draghi-pledged-whatever-it-takes-to-save-the-euro/|titlu=Here's how things look a year after Mario Draghi pledged 'whatever it takes' to save the euro - The Tell - MarketWatch|data=2013-07-28|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728040943/http://blogs.marketwatch.com/thetell/2013/07/26/heres-how-things-look-a-year-after-mario-draghi-pledged-whatever-it-takes-to-save-the-euro/|arkivju-data=2013-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Reuters|isem=Hugo Dixon {{!}}|data=2012-07-29|titlu=Saving Face and the Euro Will Be Tough|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/business/global/30iht-dixon30.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn, Draghi baqa' jiġi assoċjat ferm mal-frażi "''akkost ta' kollox''". Fil-bidu tal-2013 Draghi ġie kkritikat fil-kuntest tal-iskandli li bdew ifaqqgħu rigward il-Bank Monte dei Paschi ta' [[Siena]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/aelteste-bank-der-welt-monte-dei-paschi-affaere-erreicht-ezb-chef-draghi-a-880304.html|titlu=Älteste Bank der Welt Monte dei Paschi: Affäre erreicht EZB-Chef Draghi|kunjom=SPIEGEL|isem=DER|sit=www.spiegel.de|lingwa=de|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> li skont mill-inqas pubblikazzjoni Ġermaniża waħda kienet qed tieħu sehem f'ħafna negozji u operazzjonijiet riskjużi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/konjunktur/muellers-memo-wir-exportieren-unsere-wirtschaftsprobleme-a-1005798.html|titlu=Müllers Memo Wir exportieren unsere Wirtschaftsprobleme|kunjom=magazin|isem=Henrik Müller, manager|sit=www.manager-magazin.de|lingwa=de|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> [[Stampa:Twenty years of the euro three in four Europeans are in favour of the single currency (39786518243).jpg|daqsminuri|247x247px|Draghi waqt sessjoni plenarja tal-Parlament Ewropew fl-2019]] F'April 2013, Draghi wieġeb għal mistoqsija rigward is-sħubija taż-żona tal-ewro, "Dawn il-mistoqsijiet jiġu fformulati minn nies li jissottovalutaw ferm xi tfisser l-ewro għall-Ewropej, għaż-żona tal-ewro. Jissottovalutaw ferm il-kapital politiku li ġie investit fl-ewro".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/draghi-zero-hedge-readers-dont-understand-euro-crisis-2013-4|titlu=MARIO DRAGHI: Zero Hedge Readers Don't Understand The Euro Crisis|kunjom=Boesler|isem=Matthew|sit=Business Insider|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fl-2015, fil-Parlament Ewropew Draghi qal li l-futur taż-żona tal-ewro kien f'periklu diment li l-Istati Membri fiha ma jċedux ftit indipendenza u joħolqu istituzzjonijiet governattivi iktar Pan-Ewropej. Huwa stqarr "Għadna ma lħaqnix l-istadju ta' unjoni monetarja ġenwina. Jekk il-pajjiżi taż-żona tal-ewro ma jarmonizzawx l-ekonomiji tagħhom u ma joħolqux istituzzjonijiet iktar b'saħħithom, dan se jipperikola s-suċċess fit-tul tal-unjoni monetarja meta tħabbat wiċċha ma' xokk importanti".<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Ewing|isem=Jack|data=2015-02-25|titlu=Eurozone’s Future Remains at Risk, Mario Draghi Warns|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/business/mario-draghi-warns-of-risky-future-for-eurozone.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fl-2015, Draghi sostna li l-ideat politiċi tiegħu huma qrib is-soċjaliżmu liberali.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/inter/date/2015/html/sp150115.en.html|titlu=Interview with Die Zeit|kunjom=Bank|isem=European Central|data=2015-01-15|sit=European Central Bank|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fil-31 ta' Ottubru 2019, il-mandat tiegħu bħala President tal-BĊE spiċċa u d-Direttur Maniġerjali tal-Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali [[Christine Lagarde]] nħatret bħala s-suċċessur tiegħu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2019/html/ecb.pr191101~8f1889db97.en.html|titlu=New President of the European Central Bank|kunjom=Bank|isem=European Central|data=2019-11-01|sit=European Central Bank|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> == Prim Ministru tal-Italja == === Formazzjoni tal-gvern === [[Stampa:Mattarella Draghi Quirinale 2021.jpg|daqsminuri|235x235px|Draghi mal-President tar-Repubblika Sergio Mattarella fil-Palazz tal-Quirinale]] Bejn Diċembru 2020 u Jannar 2021 feġġew tensjonijiet fi ħdan il-koalizzjoni tal-gvern tal-Italja, u l-Prim Ministru Giuseppe Conte u l-eks Prim Ministru [[Matteo Renzi]] ħaduha qatta' bla ħabel kontra xulxin fir-rigward tal-ġestjoni tal-pandemija tal-COVID-19 fl-Italja kif ukoll fir-rigward tal-konsegwenzi ekonomiċi profondi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.open.online/2021/01/03/governo-conte-renzi-ritira-ministre-scenari/|titlu=A un passo dalla crisi di governo: Renzi pronto a ritirare le ministre. Ecco gli scenari possibili|data=2021-01-03|sit=Open|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fit-13 ta' Jannar, Renzi ħabbar ir-riżenja taż-żewġ Ministri tal-Kabinett tal-partit tiegħu Italia Viva, u dan wassal għall-waqgħa tal-gvern immexxi minn Conte.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/13/renzi-italys-government-in-crisis-after-former-pm-pulls-support.html|titlu=Italy's government in crisis after former PM pulls support for ruling coalition|kunjom=Amaro|isem=Sam Meredith,Silvia|data=2021-01-13|sit=CNBC|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fis-26 ta' Jannar, wara jiem ta' negozjati fost il-partiti politiċi li ma wasslu għal imkien, Conte ta r-riżenja tiegħu bħala Prim Ministru lill-President tar-Repubblika Sergio Mattarella.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Legorano|isem=Marcus Walker and Giovanni|data=2021-01-25|titlu=Italy’s Prime Minister Conte to Resign Amid Struggle Against Covid-19 and Recession|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/italian-prime-minister-giuseppe-conte-to-resign-11611599680|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-22}}</ref> Fit-2 ta' Frar 2021, wara konsultazzjonijiet bejn il-partiti biex jinnominaw sostitut, ladarba dawn ma kinux suċċess, il-President tar-Repubblika Mattarella ħabbar li kien se jikkonvoka lil Draghi fil-Palazz tal-Quirinale, bl-intenzjoni li jagħtih il-kompitu li jifforma gvern teknokratiku. L-għada, Draghi aċċetta l-kompitu li jifforma gvern ġdid u beda l-konsultazzjonijiet mal-kapijiet tal-partiti politiċi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2021/02/02/nuovo-governo-trattative-roberto-fico/|titlu=La vecchia maggioranza non si è messa d’accordo|data=2021-02-02|sit=Il Post|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/03/former-european-central-bank-chief-mario-draghi-asked-to-form-italy-s-next-government|titlu=Ex-ECB chief Mario Draghi accepts mandate to form Italian government|kunjom=Chadwick|isem=Lauren|data=2021-02-03|sit=euronews|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/02/03/mattarella-sceglie-un-governo-del-presidente-e-convoca-mario-draghi-voto-non-opportuno-con-lemergenza-serve-pienezza-delle-funzioni/6088195/|titlu=Mattarella sceglie un governo del presidente e convoca Mario Draghi: "Voto non opportuno con l'emergenza, serve pienezza delle funzioni"|data=2021-02-03|sit=Il Fatto Quotidiano|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2021/02/03/crisi-governo-draghi-news-diretta|titlu=Crisi di Governo, incarico a Draghi: le ultime news|kunjom=TG24|isem=Sky|sit=tg24.sky.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Draghi malajr kiseb l-appoġġ tal-Partit Demokratiku (PD) taċ-Ċentru-Xellug, ta' Italia Viva (IV) taċ-Ċentru, ta' Liberi u Ugwali (LeU) tax-Xellug, u ta' partiti liberali u ċentristi żgħar oħra.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/02/11/news/governo_draghi_zingaretti_partito_democratico_consultazioni-287124139/|titlu=Zingaretti: "Unità contro chi vuole destabilizzare il Pd. Ora Costituente per riforme in Parlamento"|data=2021-02-11|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Wara xi dewmien inizjali, [[Matteo Salvini]], il-kap tal-Lega tal-Lemin, u Silvio Berlusconi, il-kap ta' Forza Italia taċ-Ċentru-Lemin, ħabbru b'mod konġunt li huma kienu se jappoġġaw lil Draghi wkoll.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/berlusconi-e-salvini-sostegno-draghi-responsabilit-e-senza-1923011.html|titlu=Berlusconi e Salvini: "Sostegno a Draghi con responsabilità e senza veti"|data=2021-02-10|sit=ilGiornale.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Finalment, fil-11 ta' Frar, il-membri tal-Moviment tal-Ħames Stilel (M5S) approvaw l-appoġġ tal-partit lil Draghi, b'59.3 % tal-membri tal-partit favur is-sħubija tal-partit fi gvern ġdid.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2021/02/11/news/al-via-il-voto-su-rousseau-fico-voto-si-il-momento-del-paese-e-molto-delicato-1.39887941|titlu=Dal voto Cinquestelle via libera al governo Draghi con il 59,3%. Ma Di Battista annuncia l’addio: “Mi faccio da parte”|data=2021-02-11|sit=lastampa.it|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Fit-12 ta' Frar, Draghi żvela l-membri tal-Kabinett tiegħu, li kienu jinkludu rappreżentanti mill-partiti politiċi kollha msemmija hawn fuq, fosthom disa' Ministri mill-Kabinett uxxenti, kif ukoll teknokrati indipendenti.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Horowitz|isem=Jason|data=2021-02-12|titlu=A Giant of Europe Prepares to Head Italy’s New Unity Government|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/world/europe/italy-mario-draghi-government.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> L-għada, Draghi ħa l-ġurament bħala Prim Ministru.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/13/mario-draghi-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-of-italy|titlu=Mario Draghi sworn in as prime minister of Italy|kunjom=agency|isem=Guardian staff and|data=2021-02-13|sit=the Guardian|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Malli ħarġet din l-aħbar, il-Kabinett ta' Draghi ġie deskritt bħala gvern tal-għaqda nazzjonali minn bosta mezzi tax-xandir.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6f3c3de9-bb70-4352-ba26-c30b6965dcd6|titlu=Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy’s new prime minister|kunjom=Financial Times|sit=www.ft.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2021/02/13/draghi-government-sworn-in_dd95ed4f-db58-4b2b-ab57-381898e9a950.html|titlu=Draghi government sworn in - English|data=2021-02-13|sit=ANSA.it|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/mario-draghi-forms-italian-government/|titlu=Mario Draghi forms Italian government|data=2021-02-12|sit=POLITICO|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> [[Stampa:Mario Draghi February 2021.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|243x243px|Draghi meta ħabbar il-Kabinett tiegħu]] Fis-17 ta' Frar, Draghi rebaħ il-vot tal-fiduċja fis-Senat, b'262 vot favur, 40 kontra u żewġ astensjonijiet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/02/17/news/governo_draghi_fiducia_senato_risultati_voto-288040204/|titlu=Governo, ok del Senato alla fiducia a Draghi con 262 sì. "Grazie per la stima, andrà validata dai fatti". Nel M5S 15 votano contro|data=2021-02-17|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> L-għada, huwa rebaħ vot tal-fiduċja ieħor fil-Kamra tad-Deputati b'535 vot favur, 56 kontra u ħames astensjonijiet; dan il-marġni kien jirrappreżenta waħda mill-ikbar maġġoranzi li qatt inkisbu fl-[[Storja|istorja]] tar-Repubblika Taljana.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/02/18/news/governo_draghi_fiducia_camera_che_cosa_succede-288009134/|titlu=Governo, ok della Camera alla fiducia con 535 sì, 56 no e 5 astenuti. Voto contrario di un leghista che passa a Fdi. Dissenso leghista a quota 30. Draghi: "Lotta alla corruzione e alle mafie"|data=2021-02-18|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Matul l-ewwel diskors tiegħu bħala Prim Ministru liż-żewġ Kmamar tal-Parlament Taljan, Draghi ddikjara li l-Italja ta' wara l-pandemija tal-COVID-19 kien se jkollha tgħaddi minn perjodu ta' rikostruzzjoni simili għal dak ta' wara [[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], u li hija r-responsabbiltà tal-gvern tiegħu li jagħti bidu għal dan il-proċess.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Horowitz|isem=Jason|data=2021-02-17|titlu=Italy’s New Prime Minister Appeals for Unity and Sacrifice|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/world/europe/italy-mario-draghi.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Huwa saħaq ukoll li l-gvern tiegħu kien se jadotta pożizzjoni ferm favur l-Ewropa, u enfasizza l-importanza li l-Italja tibqa' fiż-żona tal-ewro.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/draghi-a-salvini-sostenermi-significa-accettare-lirreversibilita-delleuro_it_602ce14fc5b66dfc101b1bc7|titlu=Draghi a Salvini: "Sostenermi significa accettare l'irreversibilità dell'euro"|data=2021-02-17|sit=L'HuffPost|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021033142/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/draghi-a-salvini-sostenermi-significa-accettare-lirreversibilita-delleuro_it_602ce14fc5b66dfc101b1bc7|arkivju-data=2021-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/key-policy-points-italy-pm-draghis-maiden-speech-senate-2021-02-17/|titlu=Key policy points in Italy PM Draghi’s maiden speech to Senate|data=2021-02-17|sit=Reuters|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Amante|isem=Crispian Balmer, Gavin Jones, Angelo|data=2021-02-17|titlu=Italy's new PM Draghi promises sweeping reforms, urges national unity|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-draghi-idUSKBN2AH143|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/mario-draghi-to-league-learn-to-love-the-euro-eu/|titlu=Italy’s Draghi to League: Learn to love the euro|data=2021-02-17|sit=POLITICO|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Fit-13 ta' Mejju, ġie mħabbar li Draghi ma kienx se jieħu s-salarju annwali tiegħu ta' €115,000 tax-xogħol tiegħu bħala Prim Ministru.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2bb0d4d-29ec-48be-8660-fb39192b6caa|titlu=Mario Draghi waives his salary as Italy’s PM|sit=www.ft.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> === Pandemija tal-COVID-19 === F'diskors lin-nazzjoni ftit wara li sar Prim Ministru, Draghi ddikjara li l-prijorità tal-gvern tiegħu kienet li jippjana t-triq tal-ħruġ mill-pandemija tal-COVID-19, u wiegħed li jorganizza mill-ġdid l-unitajiet tar-rispons għall-pandemija tal-pajjiż; fis-27 ta' Frar, Draghi ssostitwixxa lill-Kap tal-Protezzjoni Ċivili, [[Angelo Borrelli]], ma' [[Fabrizio Curcio]], u fl-1 ta' Marzu, huwa ssostitwixxa l-Kummissarju Straordinarju għall-Emerġenza tal-COVID-19, [[Domenico Arcuri]], mal-Ġeneral tal-Armata [[Francesco Paolo Figliuolo]], li ngħata l-mandat addizzjonali li jorganizza mill-ġdid u li jimplimenta l-kampanja tal-vaċċinazzjoni. Borrelli u Arcuri t-tnejn li huma kienu kkunsidrati qrib ħafna tal-eks Prim Ministru Conte.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/ecco-perch-arcuri-capolinea-1927056.html|titlu=Ecco perché Arcuri è al capolinea|data=2021-02-27|sit=ilGiornale.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/in-edicola/articoli/2021/02/27/curcio-per-borrelli-draghi-cambia-la-protezione-civile/6115469/|titlu=Curcio per Borrelli: Draghi cambia la Protezione civile|sit=Il Fatto Quotidiano|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Wara diskussjonijiet mal-President tal-[[Kummissjoni Ewropea]] [[Ursula von der Leyen]], Draghi ħabbar li kien qabel li jiżgura li l-vaċċini prodotti l-Italja jingħataw il-prijorità għad-distribuzzjoni lill-popolazzjoni tal-Unjoni Ewropea.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/03/03/news/draghi_sente_von_der_leyen_priorita_accelerare_vaccini-290161798/|titlu=Ue, Draghi sente von der Leyen: priorità accelerare vaccini e una nuova politica migratoria|data=2021-03-03|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> L-għada, Draghi spiċċa fuq l-aħbarijiet internazzjonali prinċipali peress li awtorizza l-imblokkar ta' konsenja ta' 250,000 vaċċin ta' Oxford–AstraZeneca li oriġinarjament kienu maħsuba għall-[[Awstralja]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-04/italy-blocks-astra-vaccine-export-risking-backlash-against-eu|titlu=Italy Blocks Australia’s AstraZeneca Vaccines Under EU Rule|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Dan wassal għal kritika qalila mill-Prim Ministru Awstraljan [[Scott Morrison]] u l-Prim Ministru [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-australia-wants-eu-to-review-italys-vaccine-block/a-56779185|titlu=Coronavirus: Australia wants EU to 'review' Italy's vaccine block {{!}} DW {{!}} 05.03.2021|kunjom=Welle (www.dw.com)|isem=Deutsche|sit=DW.COM|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-prime-minister-draghi-of-italy-4-march-2021|titlu=PM call with Prime Minister Draghi of Italy: 4 March 2021|sit=GOV.UK|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Min-naħa l-oħra, id-deċiżjoni ta' Draghi ġiet imfaħħra minn mexxejja Ewropej oħra, bħall-President Franċiż [[Emmanuel Macron]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://europa.today.it/attualita/vaccino-macron-draghi-export.html|titlu=Blocco vaccini, ora Macron potrebbe seguire Draghi: "Valutiamo stop a export"|sit=Today|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> F'nofs Marzu, il-gvern Taljan ħabbar li kien se jissospendi t-tqassim tal-vaċċin ta' Oxford-AstraZeneca, wara li ħarġu rapporti li xi Taljani li ngħataw dak il-vaċċin kienu żviluppaw forom ta' trombożi fid-[[demm]], għalkemm l-ebda każ ta' [[mewt]] ma kien ġie kkonfermat direttament minħabba l-vaċċin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-germany-suspends-oxford-astrazeneca-coronavirus-vaccine-amid-blood-clot-concerns-12246936|titlu=COVID-19: Germany, France, Italy and Spain pause Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine amid blood clot concerns|sit=Sky News|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Fis-16 ta' Marzu 2021, Draghi rċieva telefonata mill-President Franċiż Macron rigward is-sospensjoni tal-vaċċin ta' Astrazeneca u d-deċiżjonijiet eventwali tal-Aġenzija Ewropea tal-Mediċini li kienu se jaslu b'mod definittiv fit-18 ta' Marzu 2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/mario-draghi-sente-emmanuel-macron-se-ok-dellema-si-riparte-con-astrazeneca_it_6050ec32c5b6f2f91a2cf48c|titlu=Draghi e Macron pronti a ripartire con AstraZeneca|data=2021-03-16|sit=L'HuffPost|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318234952/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/mario-draghi-sente-emmanuel-macron-se-ok-dellema-si-riparte-con-astrazeneca_it_6050ec32c5b6f2f91a2cf48c|arkivju-data=2021-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fil-15 ta' Marzu 2021, Draghi impona kundizzjonijiet ta' 'lockdown totali' fuq il-maġġoranza taċ-ċittadini Taljani, l-għeluq tan-negozji meqjusa mhux essenzjali u r-restrizzjoni fuq l-ivvjaġġar, b'rispons għal żieda fit-trażmissjoni tal-COVID-19, għalkemm għad-differenza tal-lockdown tal-2020, il-fabbriki u xi postijiet tax-xogħol oħrajn tħallew jibqgħu miftuħin. Meta ħabba il-lockdown, Draghi wiegħed li l-programm tal-vaċċinazzjoni fl-Italja kien se jittriplika r-riżultati tiegħu f'April, biex b'hekk sa dak iż-żmien ikunu qed jitlaqqmu 500,000 ruħ kuljum.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2021-03-16/italy-back-in-lockdown-as-draghi-vows-to-speed-up-vaccines-video|titlu=Italy Back in Lockdown as Draghi Vows to Speed Up Vaccines|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Għall-ħabta ta' dak iż-żmien, il-klassifikazzjoni tal-approvazzjoni fil-konfront ta' Draghi bħala Prim Ministru laħqet livell rekord ta' 63 % fl-istħarriġiet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/03/10/sondaggi-il-pd-senza-segretario-cala-al-174-draghi-conte-e-speranza-i-leader-piu-apprezzati/6129282/|titlu=Sondaggi, il Pd senza segretario cala al 17,4%. Draghi, Conte e Speranza i leader più apprezzati|data=2021-03-10|sit=Il Fatto Quotidiano|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Fis-16 ta' April, matul konferenza stampa mal-Ministru għas-Saħħa [[Roberto Speranza]], Draghi ħabbar li r-restrizzjonijiet kienu se jiġu llaxkati mis-26 ta' April, biex b'hekk ikunu jistgħu jerġgħu jiftħu l-bars u r-[[Ristorant|ristoranti]], u stqarr li "kien possibbli li wieħed iħares lejn il-futur b'ottimiżmu u b'fiduċja prudenti".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2021/04/16/restrictions-to-start-being-eased-april-26-draghi-4_24e15465-051a-43d7-b42c-85301ebe4a82.html|titlu=COVID-19 restrictions to start being eased from April 26 says Draghi - English|data=2021-04-16|sit=ANSA.it|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> === Politika barranija === [[Stampa:P20210611AS-0528 (51269443335).jpg|daqsminuri|268x268px|Draghi u l-mexxejja l-oħra tad-dinja u mistednin fis-summit tal-G7 f'[[Cornwall]], f'Ġunju 2021]] Mill-bidu tal-mandat tiegħu bħala Prim Ministru, Draghi implimenta politika barranija attiva ffukata fuq il-[[Baħar Mediterran]], it-Tramuntana tal-[[Afrika]] u l-[[Lvant Nofsani]] sabiex iżid l-influwenza tal-Italja fuq dawn iż-żoni.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Horowitz|isem=Jason|data=2021-04-15|titlu=How Mario Draghi Is Making Italy a Power Player in Europe|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/15/world/europe/italy-draghi-eu.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.corriere.it/esteri/21_aprile_06/libia-visita-draghi-solo-primo-passo-annullare-l-influenza-straniera-57ffa60e-9710-11eb-b9bd-e7351dbb7d6a.shtml|titlu=Draghi in Libia: l’obiettivo è annullare l’influenza straniera|kunjom=Galluzzo|isem=Marco|data=2021-06-04|sit=Corriere della Sera|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Fis-6 ta' April 2021, Draghi żar il-[[Libja]], fl-ewwel vjaġġ internazzjonali tiegħu, li matulu ltaqa' mal-Prim Ministru Libjan [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]], u sostna li ried isaħħaħ ir-rabtiet mal-pajjiż [[Għarbi]] u eks [[kolonja]] tal-Italja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2021/04/06/visita-draghi-libia/|titlu=La visita di Draghi in Libia|data=2021-04-06|sit=Il Post|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Il-vjaġġ kien ġie deskritt bħala tentattiv biex jitnaqqsu l-influwenzi [[Turkija|Torok]] u [[Eġittu|Eġizzjani]] fuq il-Libja, wara tmiem il-gwerra ċivili.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-06/italy-s-draghi-picks-libya-for-first-trip-seeking-stronger-ties|titlu=Draghi Picks Libya for First Trip, Seeking Stronger Ties|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Jiem wara, Draghi ttikketta pubblikament lill-President Tork [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] bħala "dittatur", u kkritikah b'mod aħrax għall-mod kif ġab ruħu wara laqgħa mal-mexxejja Ewropej Ursula von der Leyen u [[Charles Michel]], li matulha, skont Draghi, huwa kien "umilja lill-President von der Leyen".<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Staff|isem=Reuters|data=2021-04-08|titlu=Italy's Draghi accuses 'dictator' Erdogan, draws Turkey's condemnation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-eu-italy-idUSKBN2BV2YW|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/draghi-erdogan-un-dittatore-di-cui-si-ha-bisogno_it_606f426bc5b6fc989f5a2db3|titlu=Draghi: "Erdogan? Un dittatore di cui si ha bisogno". La Turchia: "Ritiri queste parole"|data=2021-04-08|sit=L'HuffPost|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105034546/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/draghi-erdogan-un-dittatore-di-cui-si-ha-bisogno_it_606f426bc5b6fc989f5a2db3|arkivju-data=2021-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> Id-dikjarazzjoni kkawżat reazzjonijiet immedjati mill-gvern Tork. Il-Ministru Tork għall-Affarijiet Barranin [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]] kkonvoka lill-Ambaxxatur Taljan u ddeskriva kliem Draghi bħala "retorika populista inaċċettabbli", filwaqt li bosta membri prominenti oħra tal-Kabinett ta' Erdoğan attakkaw b'mod qawwi lil Draghi.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Brussels|isem=Jack Parrock|titlu=Turkey summons Italian ambassador after Mario Draghi called Erdogan ‘dictator’|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/turkey-summons-italian-ambassador-after-mario-draghi-called-erdogan-dictator-mnjxpbrbm|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=5a7debf0-ec76-11eb-8cff-3d496bb61ac5&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMS0wNC0wOC90dXJrZXktc3VtbW9ucy1pdGFsaWFuLWVudm95LWFmdGVyLWRyYWdoaS1jYWxscy1lcmRvZ2FuLWRpY3RhdG9y|titlu=Turkey Summons Italian Envoy After Draghi Calls Erdogan Dictator|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Madankollu, Draghi ġie appoġġat minn diversi mexxejja Ewropej, inkluż mill-Kap tal-[[Partit Popolari Ewropew]], [[Manfred Weber]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2021/04/09/draghi-was-right-on-erdogan-says-weber_aa8cb72d-0001-4fbe-8ac8-e97b1067dc3d.html|titlu=Draghi was right on Erdogan says Weber - English|data=2021-04-09|sit=ANSA.it|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Fl-14 ta' April, Erdoğan akkuża lil Draghi li kien "Prim Ministru maħtur u mhux elett", u ddeskriva d-dikjarazzjoni tiegħu bħala "pastaża u impertinenti".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2021/04/14/news/erdogan_draghi_turchia_dittatore-296442527/|titlu=Erdogan risponde a Draghi: "Totale maleducazione, colpite le relazioni tra Italia e Turchia"|data=2021-04-14|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/mondo/erdogan-draghi-nominato-e-non-eletto-danneggiate-relazioni_30985047-202102k.shtml|titlu=Erdogan: "Io dittatore? Draghi nominato e non eletto, danneggiate relazioni Turchia-Italia"|sit=Tgcom24|lingwa=IT|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> F'Ġunju 2021, Draghi attenda l-ewwel summit tal-G7 tiegħu f'Cornwall, ir-Renju Unit. Matul il-laqgħa, Draghi mexxa d-diskussjonijiet dwar l-istrateġija biex jiġu evitati reazzjonijiet avversi tas-swieq għan-nefqa fuq stimolu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=63db9d90-e245-11eb-b0a0-a54a219fd7f7&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMS0wNi0xMS9qb2huc29uLWRlZmVycy10by1kcmFnaGktb24tZWNvbm9teS1hdC1maXJzdC1nLTctc3VtbWl0LXNlc3Npb24=|titlu=Johnson Defers to Draghi on Economy at First G-7 Summit Session|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> Matul is-summit, Draghi kellu laqgħa bilaterali mal-President tal-Istati Uniti [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/12/readout-of-president-bidens-meeting-with-prime-minister-mario-draghi-of-italy/|titlu=Readout of President Biden’s Meeting with Prime Minister Mario Draghi of Italy|data=2021-06-12|sit=The White House|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704114344/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/12/readout-of-president-bidens-meeting-with-prime-minister-mario-draghi-of-italy/|arkivju-data=2021-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Draghi faħħar lil Biden, u qal li kien tejjeb ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Unjoni Ewropea u l-Istati Uniti.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.la7.it/tagada/video/mario-draghi-biden-ha-portato-aria-nuova-nei-rapporti-tra-usa-e-ue-26-03-2021-372283|titlu=Mario Draghi: "Biden ha portato aria nuova nei rapporti tra USA e UE"}}</ref> == Ħajja personali == Fl-1973, Mario Draghi żżewweġ lil [[Serena Cappello]], esperta fil-letteratura Ingliża<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/02/03/news/chi_e_serena_cappello_la_moglie_di_mario_draghi_lei_ne_sa_piu_di_me_-285764078/|titlu=Chi è Serena Cappello la moglie di Mario Draghi: "Lei ne sa più di me"|data=2021-02-03|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref>, u magħha kellu żewġt itfal: Federica, li ħadmet bħala direttur tal-investiment ta' Genextra Spa u membru tal-bord tal-Anġli Taljani għal Biotechis, u Giacomo, analist tal-finanzi, li ħadem bħala kummerċjant tad-derivati tar-rati tal-imgħax fil-bank tal-investiment Morgan Stanley sal-2017, u issa fil-fond ħeġġ ta' LMR Partners.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-08/giacomo-draghi-said-to-exit-morgan-stanley-for-hedge-fund-lmr|titlu=Giacomo Draghi Said to Exit Morgan Stanley for Hedge Fund|sit=www.bloomberg.com|data-aċċess=}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/finanza/2017/02/08/news/il_figlio_di_mario_draghi_lascia_morgan_stanley_per_un_fondo_hedge-157861230/|titlu=Il figlio di Mario Draghi lascia Morgan Stanley per un fondo hedge|data=2017-02-08|sit=la Repubblica|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Draghi huwa [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattoliku Ruman]]. Irċieva l-ewwel [[edukazzjoni]] tiegħu mill-Ġiżwiti u huwa devot lejn [[San Injazju ta' Loyola]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilgiorno.it/politica/mario-draghi-profilo-1.5978154|titlu=Cattolico, socialista e liberale. Chi è Mario Draghi|kunjom=Il Giorno|isem=|data=|sit=Il Giorno|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031091139/https://www.ilgiorno.it/politica/mario-draghi-profilo-1.5978154|arkivju-data=2021-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> Draghi għandu djar fid-distrett ta' Parioli f'Ruma u f'[[Città della Pieve]] fl-[[Umbria]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.romatoday.it/politica/mario-draghi-roma-dove-vive.html|titlu=Mario Draghi, dal liceo all'Eur alla casa ai Parioli: la Roma del Premier incaricato|sit=RomaToday|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> Huwa partitarju ta' [[AS Roma|A.S. Roma]], wieħed mit-timijiet tal-[[futbol]] ta' Ruma, u [[Francesco Totti]] huwa l-plejer l-iktar għal qalbu. Barra minn hekk, huwa partitarju kbir tal-[[basketball]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.sky.it/altro/2021/02/03/mario-draghi-partito-sport|titlu=Mario Draghi, non solo economia: quante passioni sportive|kunjom=Sport|isem=Sky|sit=sport.sky.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-21}}</ref> == Unuri == === Unuri Taljani === * Gran Uffiċjal tal-Ordni tal-Mertu tar-Repubblika Taljana – mogħti fis-27 ta' Diċembru 1991.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/207569|titlu=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana|sit=www.quirinale.it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> * Kavallier tal-Gran Salib tal-Ordni tal-Mertu tar-Repubblika Taljana – mogħti fil-5 ta' April 2000.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=12137|titlu=Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115000753/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=12137|arkivju-data=2012-01-15|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>David A. Dieterle (2017). "Draghi, Mario". ''Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice''. '''4'''. ABC-CLIO. p. 88. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4408-4747-9</bdi>.</ref> === Unuri barranin === * Gran Kullar tal-Ordni tal-Prinċep Enriku – mogħti fid-19 ta' Ġunju 2019.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.presidencia.pt/|titlu=Presidência da República Portuguesa|kunjom=Portuguesa|isem=Presidência da República|sit=www.presidencia.pt|lingwa=pt|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> * Gran Salib tal-Mertu tal-Ordni tal-Mertu tar-Repubblika Federali tal-Ġermanja – mogħti fil-31 ta' Jannar 2020.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2020/01/200131-Verdienstorden-Draghi.html|titlu=www.bundespraesident.de: Der Bundespräsident / Reden / Verleihung des Großkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland an Mario Draghi|sit=www.bundespraesident.de|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> === Lawriji onorarji === * Masters Onorarju fl-Amministrazzjoni tan-Negozju (Skola tal-Immaniġġjar MIB ta' [[Trieste]], 2004).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://mib.edu/proxyvfs.axd/image/r15728/file-jpg?v=8507&ext=.jpg|titlu=MIB}}</ref> * Distinzjoni Onorarja fl-Istatistika (l-Università ta' [[Padova]], 2009).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.bancaditalia.it/media/notizie/181209|titlu=Banca d'Italia - Laurea honoris causa al prof. Mario Draghi|data=2011-08-13|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813235147/http://www.bancaditalia.it/media/notizie/181209|arkivju-data=2011-08-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Masters Onorarju fl-Amministrazzjoni tan-Negozju ([[Vicenza]], Fondazzjoni CUOA, 2010). * Lawrija Onorarja fix-Xjenza Politika (Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, 2013).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.luiss.it/news|titlu=Luiss Guido Carli {{!}} Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali, Roma|sit=Luiss Guido Carli|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> * Dottorat Onorarju (l-Università ta' Tel Aviv, 2017).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://english.tau.ac.il/news/honorary_doctorates_2017|titlu=TAU Honorary Doctorates 2017|data=2017-05-15|sit=Tel Aviv University|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116212721/https://english.tau.ac.il/news/honorary_doctorates_2017|arkivju-data=2019-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Dottorat Onorarju fix-Xjenza Ekonomika (L-Iskola ta' Sant'Anna tal-Istudji Avvanzati, 2018).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.santannapisa.it/en/event/celebrating-new-academic-year-2018-2019|titlu=Celebrating new academic year 2018–2019|data-aċċess=2021-07-24|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180742/https://www.santannapisa.it/en/event/celebrating-new-academic-year-2018-2019|arkivju-data=2019-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lawrija Onorarja fid-[[Dritt]] (l-Università ta' [[Bolonja|Bologna]], 2018).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.unibo.it/en/notice-board/mario-draghi-to-be-awarded-law-degree-honoris-causa-from-the-university-of-bologna|titlu=Mario Draghi to be awarded Law Degree honoris causa from the University of Bologna - University of Bologna|sit=www.unibo.it|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> * Lawrija Onorarja fix-Xjenza Ekonomika (l-Università Kattolika tal-Qalb Imqaddsa, 2019).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cattolicanews.it/conoscenza-coraggio-umilta-la-lezione-di-mario-draghi|titlu=“Conoscenza, coraggio, umiltà”: la lezione di Mario Draghi|sit=www.cattolicanews.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2021-07-24}}</ref> == Referenzi == {{DEFAULTSORT:Draghi, Mario}} [[Kategorija:Ekonomisti Taljani]] [[Kategorija:Prim Ministri tal-Italja]] [[Kategorija:Politiċi Taljani]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1947]] l6j24x0ui6l3wykav0kpk6ccgv1er4e Osvaldo Moles 0 29377 329815 325467 2026-05-08T05:57:36Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Osvaldo Moles''' (twieled f'[[Santos]] fit-14 ta' Marzu 1913 – miet f'[[São Paulo]] fit-14 ta' Mejju 1967)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.publionline.iar.unicamp.br/index.php/sonora/article/viewFile/667/640|titlu=Centenário de Osvaldo Moles|kunjom=Adami|isem=Antonio|data=|sit=publionline.iar.unicamp.br|data-aċċess=2022-12-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723153449/https://www.publionline.iar.unicamp.br/index.php/sonora/article/viewFile/667/640|arkivju-data=2020-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> kien [[ġurnalist]], liriċista u preżentatur tar-radju [[Brażil]]jan.<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2022-12-12 |titlu=Osvaldo Molles |url=http://baudomaga.com.br/humor/2015/01/28/osvaldo-molles/ |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008181231/http://baudomaga.com.br/humor/2015/01/28/osvaldo-molles/ |arkivju-data=2022-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bijografija == === Oriġini u edukazzjoni === Imwieled f'[[Santos]] fl-1913, Moles mar jgħid f'[[São Paulo]] mal-ġenituri tiegħu. L-antenati tiegħu kienu immigranti [[Taljani]].<ref>{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2022-12-12 |titlu=Osvaldo Moles: O legado do radialista |url=http://docplayer.com.br/19656080-Osvaldo-moles-o-legado-do-radialista.html |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008173918/http://docplayer.com.br/19656080-Osvaldo-moles-o-legado-do-radialista.html |arkivju-data=2022-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.publishnews.com.br/materias/2015/07/31/celebrando-osvaldo-moles Celebrando Osvaldo Moles]</ref> === Karriera ġurnalistika === Bil-bidu tal-karriera tiegħu huwa ltaqa’ mal-modernisti u beda l-karriera ġurnalistika tiegħu fid-Diário Nacional. Influwenzat mill-vjaġġi etnografiċi ta' Mário de Andrade ukoll għall-Correio Paulistano. Fl-1937, ħa sehem fil-twaqqif ta' "''Rádio Tupi''" f'São Paulo u, fl-1941, beda jaħdem f'Rádio Record, fejn iltaqa' ma' [[Adoniran Barbosa]], u flimkien kitbu bosta testi ta' kanzunetti, pereżempju ''Tiro ao Álvaro'' u ''[[Joga a chave]]''. Huwa miet fl-1967 kważa ta' suwiċidju<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=820eEAAAQBAJ&dq=Morte+de+Osvaldo+Moles&pg=PT21 Os Sons das Malocas e os Ambientes Culturais da Cidade de São Paulo nos Anos 1950]</ref><ref>Fil-ktieb ''Os Sons das Malocas e os Ambientes Culturais da Cidade de São Paulo nos Anos 1950'' hemm miktub li ma kinitx regola bil-miktub, iżda l-istampa kienet ġeneralment tinjora lil dawk li kienu qed jagħmlu suwiċidju.</ref> fatt moħbi pubblikament għall-bosta snin. Għalkemm dak iż-żmien kien magħruf sew, is-skiet dwar mewtu ikkontribwixxa biex ix-xogħol tiegħu jiġi relattivament imwarrab sal-lum. === Ħajja privata === Huwa kien miżżewweġ lil Anita Ramos. == Unuri == [[File:Moles osvaldo journalist brazil in 1950.JPG|thumb|right|160px|Osvaldo Moles - 1950]] * 1950 - [[Troféu Roquette Pinto]] - Programador / Roquette Pinto - Redator Humorístico * 1952 - [[Premju Saci]] de Cinema - Melhor Argumento / Roquette Pinto - Programador Popular * 1953 - Prêmio Governador do Estado - por Roteiro de "Simão, o caolho" * 1955 - Troféu Roquette Pinto - Programador Geral / Os melhores paulistas de 55 - Manchete RJ, Categoria Rádio. * 1956 - Troféu Roquette Pinto - Programador Geral * 1957 - Prog. Alegria dos Bairros de J. Rosemberg - 04/08/1957 - Produtor Rádio Record / PRF3-TV Os Melhores da Semana, homenagem dos revendedores Walita * 1958 - "Tupiniquim" - Produtor / Dr. Paulo Machado de Carvalho - Associação Paulista de Propaganda - Melhor programa. * 1959 Revista RM Prêmio Octávio Gabus Mendes – Produtor (Rádio) / Grau de Comendador da Honorífica Ordem Acadêmica de São Francisco / "Tupiniquim" - Prod. Rádio / Troféu Roquette Pinto - Prog. Hum. Rádio / Diploma de Burro Faculdade São Francisco * 1960 - [[Troféu Roquette Pinto]] - Especial * 1964 - Jubileu de Prata (Associação dos profissionais de imprensa de São Paulo on its 25° anniversary) == Biblijografija == * MICHELETTI, B. D. . Piquenique classe C y Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda : Osvaldo Moles como successor de António de Alcântara Machado. In: Edición a cargo de Fidel López Criado; CILEC. (Org.). LITERATURA, CINE Y PRENSA: EL CANON Y SU CIRCUNSTANCIA. 1ed.Santiago de Compostela: Andavira, 2014, v. 1, p.&nbsp;641-650. * MICHELETTI, B. D. Osvaldo Moles - o legado do radialista. Tese de Mestrado (Comunicação) - PPGCOM-UNIP, São Paulo, 2015. * MOLES, O. Piquenique classe C: Crônicas e flagrantes de São Paulo. São Paulo: Boa Leitura, 1962. * MOURA, F.; NIGRI, A. Adoniran Barbosa: Se o senhor não tá lembrado. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2002. * MUGNAINI Jr., A., Adoniran - Dá Licença de Contar..., A Girafa, 2002. * CAMPOS JR., C. Adoniran: uma biografia. 2. ed. São Paulo: Globo, 2009. * LUSO JR., J. DE A.; CASTRO, J. V. DE. Laudo Natel: biografia do governador. São Paulo, 1971. * HOHLFELDT, A. Rádio e imprensa: como as duas mídias se encontraram e se fortaleceram em Moçambique. In: Conferência Internacional Império Português . Lisboa: Instituto de Ciéncias Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, 2013. == Referenzi == {{referenzi}} == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://soundcloud.com/revistasonora/audiodocument-rio-sobre Dokumentarju awdjo dwar Osvaldo Moles] {{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Moles, Osvaldo}} [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1913]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1967]] [[Kategorija:Ġurnalisti Brażiljani]] orbh7ersggszk4jv0vq9x8h2s4pac7s Dinastija Idrisija 0 31592 329807 325457 2026-05-08T00:59:23Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Idris I silver coin.jpg|alt=Munita tal-fidda tad-Dinastija Idrisija taħt il-ħakma ta’ Idris I mis-sena 790.|daqsminuri|Munita tal-fidda tad-Dinastija Idrisija taħt il-ħakma ta’ [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris I]] mis-sena 790.]] Id-'''dinastija Idrisija''', l-'''Idrisin''' jew l-'''Adarisa''' ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: الأدارسة, ''al-Adārisah'') kienu dinastija [[Għarab|Għarbija]] [[Iżlam|Misilma]] mis-788 sal-974, li ħakmet il-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[Marokk]] tal-lum u partijiet tal-punent tal-[[Alġerija]] tal-lum. Imsemmi wara l-fundatur, [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris I]], l-Adarisa kienu dinastija [[Għalawin]] imnissla minn [[Muħammed]] permezz ta' neputi tiegħu [[Ħasan bin Għali|Ħasan]].<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Brett|isem=Michael|sena=2017|titlu=Fatimid Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC5WDwAAQBAJ&dq=idrisids+descent+hasan&pg=PA27|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Edinburgh University Press|paġni=27|isbn=978-1-4744-2151-5}}</ref> Ir-renju tagħhom kellu rwol importanti fl-[[Iżlamizzazzjoni]] bikrija tal-Marokk u ppresediet ukoll żieda fl-immigrazzjoni Għarbija u t-tagħrib ([[Arabizzazzjoni]]) fiċ-ċentri urbani ewlenin.<ref name=":15">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Abun-Nasr|isem=Jamil|sena=1987|titlu=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&q=A%20history%20of%20the%20Maghrib%20in%20the%20Islamic%20period&pg=PP1|post=Cambridge|pubblikatur=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521337674}}</ref>{{Rp|52}}<ref name=":0">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Rivet|isem=Daniel|sena=2012|titlu=Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI|pubblikatur=Fayard}}</ref>{{Rp|83-84}} Waqt li ħarab mill-[[Kalifat Għabbasi]] lejn il-lvant wara l-[[Battalja ta' Faħħ]], Idris I stabbilixxa ruħu għall-ewwel darba fl-788 f'[[Volubilis]] fil-Marokk tal-lum bl-għajnuna ta' alleati [[Berberi]] lokali. Sussegwentement waqqfu huwa u ibnu, [[Idris II tal-Marokk|Idris II]], dik li saret il-belt ta' [[Fes]] aktar fil-lvant. Fes saret il-kapitali ta’ stat Idrisi li ħakem il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Marokk tal-lum u parti mill-Punent tal-[[Alġerija]]. Wara l-mewt ta’ Idris II, l-isfera kienet maqsuma bejn uliedu rivali. Wara perjodu ta’ konflitt, l-awtorità tad-dinastija reġgħet bdiet u baqgħet relattivament stabbli bejn l-836 u l-863. Fl-aħħar tad-9 seklu, madankollu, iffaċċjaw sfidi ripetuti u oppożizzjoni lokali. Fis-seklu 10 ir-reġjun daħal taħt id-dominazzjoni politika ta' tribujiet [[Zenata|Żenata]] li ġġieldu battalji prokura f'isem żewġ poteri rivali fir-reġjun, il-[[Kalifat Fatimi]] u l-[[Kalifat ta' Córdoba|Kalifat Għumawi ta' Córdoba]]. L-Adarisa tkeċċew b'mod definittiv minn Fez fl-927, iżda żammew f'territorju mnaqqas fit-tramuntana tal-Marokk mill-bażi tagħhom f'[[Ħaġar in-Nasr]]. Fl-aħħar ġew megħluba u mneħħija mill-poter fl-974, u tentattiv qasir biex jerġgħu jiksbu l-poter fl-985 falla wkoll. == Reliġjon == Skont [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], "għalkemm Idris I kellu simpatiji tax-[[Xigħa]], l-istat imwaqqaf minn ibnu kien [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunni]] fi kwistjonijiet ta' duttrina reliġjuża."<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa/The-Rustamid-state-of-Tahart|titlu=North Africa - The Rustamid state of Tāhart|sit=Encyclopedia Britannica|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-08-19}}</ref> Materjal tas-sors primarju u studjużi kontemporanji ddeskrivewhom bħala [[dinastija]] [[Iżlam Sunni|Misilma Sunnija]].<ref name=":15"/><sup>:50</sup><ref>Al-Bayan Al-Maghreb (Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi, 13th century), Vol.1, p.118 (''Arabic - Dr. Bashar A. Marouf & Mahmoud B. Awad, 2013)''</ref><ref>''Tarikh al-Tabari (Al-Tabari, 9th century) – English translation: The History of al-Tabari vol.26, p.37-38''</ref> Ċerti akkademiċi kontemporanji ddeskrivewhom bħala Xigħa jew [[Żejdija|Xigħa Żejdija]] sa ċertu punt jew ieħor, x'aktarx minħabba l-affiljazzjoni politika tagħhom.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201221061328/https://www.aus.edu/faculty/dr-meis-al-kaisi Meis Al-Kaisi], "The Development of Politico-Religious Movements: A General Overview", ''Arabic Heritage in the Post-Abbasid Period'', ed. Imed Nsiri, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019), 124.<br />[[Ludwig W. Adamec]], ''The Historical Dictionary of Islam'', page 145, "Idrisid Dynasty (788-985). First Shi'ite dynasty in Islamic history, founded by Idris ibn Abdullah....".<br />[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]]''The New Islamic Dynasties'', page 25, "The Idrisids were the first dynasty who attempted to introduce the doctrines of Shi'ism, albeit in a very attenuated form, into the Maghrib...".<br />[[Ignác Goldziher]] and [[Bernard Lewis]], ''Introduction to Islamic theology and law'', Princeton University Press (1981), p. 218<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20201127101317/http://anthropology.msu.edu/author/maraleichtman/ Mara A. Leichtman], ''Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal'', page 216;"''Senegalese Shi'a also refer to the spread of Shi'i Islam to Senegal through the Idrisid dynasty and evidence of Shi'i roots in Morocco through 'Alaouis (Hydarah 2008:132-135). Cornell writes that Moulay Idris and his successors, descendants of the Prophet's grandson Hasan, brought with them to Morocco from the Arabian Peninsula "a form of archaic Shi'ism that was similar in many respects to Zaydism" (1998:200).''"</ref> L-Idrisin kienu avversarji politiċi tal-Kalifat Għabbasi. Oħrajn ikkritikaw din it-talba talli għaqqad it-teoloġija Xigħa ma' moviment politiku f'perjodu storiku fejn s'issa ma kien hemm l-ebda teoloġija Xigħa distinta mit-teoloġija Sunnija f'dan il-qasam.<ref>De Geschiedenis van Marokko & Noord-Afrika (Sofyan al Kandoussi, 2019), p.179 (Dutch history book on Morocco and North-Africa)</ref> [[Amira Bennison]] targumenta li l-muniti Idrisi jissuġġerixxu li Idris I muri lilu nnifsu bħala mexxej reliġjuż li l-leġittimità tiegħu kienet ibbażata fuq id-dixxendenza tiegħu minn Muħammed, li Bennison jiddeskrivi bħala "pożizzjoni proto-Xigħi jew Għalawi."<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Bennison|isem=Amira K.|data=2016|titlu=Almoravid and Almohad Empires|pubblikatur=Edinburgh University Press|paġna=233|isbn=9780748646821}}</ref> Il-Berberi Awraba li laqgħu lil Idris I f'Volubilis kienu [[Mugħtażila]] u Idris qagħad ħafna fuq l-appoġġ tat-tribujiet Berberi Mugħtażiliet biex iwaqqaf l-istat tiegħu. <ref name=":5">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Ess|isem=Josef van|sena=2018|titlu=Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 4: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIN1DwAAQBAJ&dq=idrisid+mu%27tazila&pg=PA291|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Brill|paġni=291–292|isbn=978-90-04-38159-9}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=867&lang=en|titlu=Qantara - The Idrisids (789- 974)|sit=www.qantara-med.org|data-aċċess=2021-01-05}}</ref> Huwa probabbli wkoll li kellu rabtiet maʼ figuri Mugħtażiliet fil-[[Hejaz|Ħiġaz]] u aktar fil-lvant, peress li kien akkumpanjat fil-vjaġġ tiegħu lejn il-[[Magreb]] minn Mugħtażila ''[[ħatib]]'' minn [[Basra]] li għenu biex jikseb l-appoġġ tat-tribujiet.<ref name=":5" /> Mhuwiex ċar, madankollu, sa liema punt il-komunità li stabbilixxa kienet Mugħtażila fil-karattru.<ref name=":5" /> == Legat == [[Stampa:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 3.jpg|alt=Żawija Mulaj Idris II immarkat mill-imnara (minaret) għoli fil-qalba ta’ Fes el Bali, l-imdina l-qadima ta’ Fes, u hija meqjusa bħala waħda mill-aktar santwarji qaddisa fil-Marokk.|daqsminuri|[[Żawija Mulaj Idris II]] immarkat mill-imnara ([[minaret]]) għoli fil-qalba ta’ [[Fes il-Bali]], l-[[Mdina (kwartier)|imdina]] l-qadima ta’ [[Fes]], u hija meqjusa bħala waħda mill-aktar santwarji qaddisa fil-[[Marokk]].]] Minkejja li waqgħu mill-poter, l-Idrisin nissel ħafna familji [[Xarif|xorfa]] li baqgħu preżenti għas-sekli li ġejjin. Xi Marokkini llum għadhom jippretendu nisel minnhom. Fis-seklu 11, familja Idrisija imnissla minn Għumar (bin Idris II), il-[[Dinastija Ħammudija|Ħammudin]], setgħu jiksbu l-poter f'diversi bliet tat-tramuntana tal-[[Marokk]] u tan-Nofsinhar ta' [[Spanja]].<ref name=":052" /> [[Stampa:Zawiya Moulay Idris 2.jpg|alt=Żawija Mulaj Idris II fil-qalba ta’ Fes il-Bali, l-imdina l-qadima ta’ Fes, u hija meqjusa bħala waħda mill-aktar santwarji qaddisa fil-Marokk.|daqsminuri|Ġewwa ż-[[żawija]], bil-qabar ta’ [[Idris II tal-Marokk|Idris II]] fil-lemin.]] F'Fes u fil-belt ta' [[Moulay Idriss Zerhoun|Moulay Idriss]] (ħdejn Volubilis), l-oqbra ta' Idris II u Idris I, rispettivament, eventwalment żviluppaw f'kumplessi reliġjużi importanti u siti ta' pellegrinaġġ, bħaż-[[Żawija Mulaj Idris II]].<ref name=":3">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Achouar|isem=Amina|sena=2005|titlu=Fès, Meknès|pubblikatur=Flammarion}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Gaudio|isem=Attilio|sena=1982|titlu=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|post=Paris|pubblikatur=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|paġni=123–131|isbn=2723301591}}</ref> Diversi familji prominenti xorfa f'Fes traċċaw in-nisel tagħhom għal Idris I,<ref name=":02">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Le Tourneau|isem=Roger|sena=1949|titlu=Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman|post=Casablanca|pubblikatur=Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition}}</ref>{{Rp|488}} u xi wħud minn dawn kellhom rwol fiż-żamma jew il-bini mill-ġdid taż-[[Żawija]] Idris II fil-belt.<ref name=":4">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;ma;mon01;20;en|titlu=Mulay Idris Mausoleum|isem=Mohamed|awtur=Mezzine|sit=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers|data-aċċess=January 6, 2018}}</ref> Il-perjodu Idrisi kellu wkoll rwol importanti fl-[[Iżlamizzazzjoni]] tar-reġjun, partikolarment fit-tixrid tal-Iżlam għat-tribujiet Berberi li okkupaw it-territorji interni tal-Marokk tal-lum, barra r-reġjuni kostali tat-tramuntana fejn inizjalment kienet ikkonċentrata l-ewwel preżenza Misilma.<ref name=":1">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Bosworth|isem=Clifford Edmund|sena=1996|kapitlu=The Idrisids|kapitlu-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaMkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9-IA1|titlu=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|pubblikatur=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748621378}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Stephen|isem=Cory|sena=2012|kapitlu=Idris I|kapitlu-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA140|editur-kunjom2=Gates Jr.|editur-isem2=Henry Louis|titlu=Dictionary of African Biography|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Oxford University Press|paġni=140–141|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref><ref name=":15"/><sup>: 52</sup> <ref name=":0"/><sup>: 84</sup> Il-belt il-ġdida ta' Fes saret ukoll ċentru ta' tagħrib ([[Arabizzazzjoni]]) li nfirxet għal xi wħud mit-tribujiet Berberi tal-madwar fiż-żona.<ref name=":0" /><sup>: 84</sup> Il-bliet Idrisin kienu wkoll jiffurmaw parti min-netwerk kummerċjali usa’ li għaqqad il-Magreb mas-Saħara u r-[[Is-Sudan (reġjun)|reġjun tas-Sudan]] (fin-nofsinhar tas-Saħara). Dan in-netwerk kummerċjali u n-negozjanti Misilmin li bdew jiddominawha fis-seklu 9 kienu importanti min-naħa tagħhom għall-[[Iżlamizzazzjoni tar-reġjun tas-Sudan|Iżlamizzazzjoni tas-Sudan]].<ref name=":15" />: <sup>52</sup>  L-istat Idrisi stabbilixxa preċedent għall-ħakma tax-xarif, li ispira ż-żieda tax-''[[Xarifiżmu]]'' fil-Marokk matul is-seklu 15<ref name=":6"/> u li hija miżmuma mid-dinastija li tmexxi l-lum tal-Marokk, l-[[Dinastija Għalawija|Għalawin]].<ref name=":28">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Naylor|isem=Phillip|sena=2015|titlu=North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=University of Texas Press|paġni=70|isbn=978-0-292-76192-6}}</ref> Mis-seklu 14, kittieba lokali bdew ipinġu lill-Adarisa bħala l-punt tat-tluq ta' ''Magħrib il-Aqsa'' Iżlamiku ("Punent l-Ibgħad", li jikkorrispondi mal-Marokk tal-lum<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Clancy-Smith|isem=Julia|sena=2013|titlu=North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seH9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Routledge|paġni=12|isbn=978-1-135-31213-8}}</ref>).<ref name=":0"/><sup>: 81</sup> Kemm id-[[dinastija Marinija]] (sekli 13 ''–'' 15) kif ukoll id-[[dinastija Wattasija]] (sekli 15 ''–'' 16) ppruvaw kultant jassoċjaw lilhom infushom mad-dinastija Idrisija bħala mod biex jilleġittimizzaw il-ħakma tagħhom stess.<ref name=":1322">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Tuil Leonetti|isem=Bulle|sena=2014|kapitlu=Reformer le royaume idrisside : Fès et l’historiographie officielle mérinide|editur-kunjom2=Déléry|editur-isem2=Claire|editur-kunjom3=Tuil Leonetti|editur-isem3=Bulle|titlu=Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne|lingwa=fr|post=Paris|pubblikatur=Louvre éditions|paġni=452–454|isbn=9782350314907}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Loimeier|isem=Roman|sena=2013|titlu=Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR5yCmUejWEC&dq=idrisids+first+dynasty+of+morocco&pg=PA50|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Indiana University Press|paġni=50|isbn=978-0-253-00797-1}}</ref> Ir- ''[[Rawd il-Qirtas]]'', miktub minn [[Iben Abi Żargħ]] fis-seklu 14, huwa wieħed mill-aktar kronaki magħrufa ta’ dan il-perjodu u ppromwova l-idea ta’ kontinwità bejn il-ħakma Idrisija u l-ħakma kontemporanja Marinija, fil-waqt l-istess inaqqsu l-karattru Xigħa potenzjali ta' Idris I.<ref name=":1322" /> Fin-narrattivi nazzjonali tal-Marokk modern, l-Idrisin huma spiss murija bħala l-ewwel dinastija Marokkina u bħala l-bidu ta' tradizzjoni bla interruzzjoni ta' monarkija sal-lum.<ref name=":0" /><sup>: 81</sup>  == Id-dinastija == === Ħakkiema === * [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris I]] – (788–791) * [[Idris II]] – (791–828) * [[Muħammed bin Idris]] – (828–836) * [[Għali I tal-Marokk|Għali I bin Muħammed]] – (836–849) * [[Jaħja I tal-Marokk|Jaħja I bin Muħammed]] – (849–863) * [[Jaħja II tal-Marokk|Jaħja II bin Jaħja]] – (863–866) * [[Għali II tal-Marokk|Għali II bin Għumar]] – (866–?)<ref name=":1"/> * [[Jaħja III tal-Marokk|Jaħja III bin il-Qasim]] – (?–905)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":052" /> * [[Jaħja IV tal-Marokk|Jaħja IV bin Idris]] – (905–919 jew 921)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":052" /><ref name=":15"/>{{Rp|63}} * ''Kontroll ta' [[Miknasa]] f’isem il-[[Kalifat Fatimi|Fatimin]] – (919–925)'' * [[Ħasan I il-Ħaġġam l-Idrisi|Ħasan I il-Ħaġġam bin Muħammad bin il-Qasim]] – (925–927), l-aħħar ħakkiem Idrisi f'Fes '''Il-ħakma tal-Idrisija fit-tramuntana tal-Marokk:''' * [[Il-Qasim Knun]] – (938–948) * [[Abu l-Għajx Aħmad bin il-Qasim Knun|Abu l-Għajx Aħmad]] – (948–954) * [[Il-Ħasan bin il-Qasim Knun|Il-Ħasan II bin il-Qasim Knun]] – (954–974, 985) <ref name=":1"/> === Kronoloġija === <timeline> ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:775 till:1000 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:800 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:25 start:775 Colors = id:canvas value:rgb(1,1,1) id:m value:rgb(0.4,0.8,0.4) id:w value:rgb(0.9,0.5,0.5) id:d value:yellow id:n value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) id:a value:rgb(1,0.5,0.5) id:l value:rgb(0.6,0.4,1) id:y value:rgb(0.6,0.5,1) id:t value:rgb(0.5,0.8,0.5) id:s value:rgb(0.1,0.8,0.1) id:cw value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8) id:eon value:Black Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Rulers bar:eon PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:none width:25 shift:(0,-5) bar:eon color:eon from: 789 till: 974 color: s text: Idrisin/Adarisa (789–974) width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:Rulers from:789 till: 791 color:s text:"[[Idris I]]" from:791 till: 828 color:s text:"[[Idris II]]" from:828 till: 836 color:s text:"[[Muħammed bin Idris]]" from:836 till: 848 color:s text:"[[Għali I]]" from:848 till: 864 color:s text:"[[Jaħja I]]" from:864 till: 874 color:s text:"[[Jaħja II]]" from:874 till: 883 color:s text:"[[Ali ibn Umar]]" from:883 till: 904 color:s text:"[[Jaħja III]]" from:904 till: 922 color:s text:"[[Jaħja IV]]" from:922 till: 925 color:eon text:"[[Kalifat Fatimi|L-ewwel kontroll tal-Fatimin]]" from:925 till: 927 color:s text:"[[Ħasan I il-Ħaġġam]]" from:927 till: 937 color:eon text:"[[Kalifat Fatimi|It-tieni kontroll tal-Fatimin]]" from:937 till: 948 color:s text:"[[Il-Qasim Knun]]" from:948 till: 954 color:s text:"[[Abu l-Għajx Aħmad]]" from:954 till: 974 color:s text:"[[Il-Ħasan bin il-Qasim Knun]]" barset:skip </timeline> == Ara ukoll == * [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Muħammed l-Idrisi]] (dixxendent tad-dinastija Idrisija) == Noti u referenzi == <references /> == Sorsi == * [[Iben Abi Żargħ]], ''[[Rawd il-Qirtas]]'' (fih kronika tad-dinastija). * Charles-André Julien, ''Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830'', Payot 1994. == Links esterni == * (bl-Ingliż) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610132109/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=867&lang=en Y. Benhima, "The Idrisids (789- 974)" in ''qantara-med.org'' (2008)] * (bil-Franċiż) [http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1529 C. El Briga, "Idrisides", in ''Encyclopédie berbère, vol.24'' (Edisud 2001)] * (bl-Ingliż) [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282093/Idrisid-dynasty B. Duignan, "Idrīsid dynasty", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2007)] [[Kategorija:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Kategorija:Dinastija Idrisija]] [[Kategorija:Storja tal-Marokk]] [[Kategorija:Storja Iżlamika]] [[Kategorija:Dinastiji Għarab]] [[Kategorija:Dinastiji Iżlamiċi]] [[Kategorija:Familja ta' Muħammed]] [[Kategorija:Storja tal-Magreb]] [[Kategorija:Imperi]] 5dw60ulnjqkln6h5gqwluwiyonzpbmn Lake Fest 0 33976 329811 329281 2026-05-08T04:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 329811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Fest''' huwa l-akbar festival tal-mużika fil-[[Montenegro]]. Il-festival isir fuq ix-xatt tal-Lag Krupac matul is-sajf, u fis-snin riċenti tradizzjonalment isir fil-bidu ta’ Awwissu bħala avveniment ta’ tlett ijiem. Joffri firxa wiesgħa ta’ mużika, inkluż rock and roll, mużika alternattiva u, fis-snin riċenti, mużika elettronika. Il-programm jinkludi prinċipalment artisti mir-reġjun tal-eks [[Jugoslavja]], iżda wkoll minn madwar id-dinja. Uħud mill-aktar artisti notevoli kienu [[Manu Chao]], [[Laibach]], [[Guano Apes]], [[Paul van Dyk]], [[Mahmut Orhan]], [[James Zabiela]], [[Dubioza Kolektiv]], [[Rambo Amadeus]], Partibrejkers, Urban & 4, Hladno Pivo, Riblja Čorba, Van Gogh u ħafna oħrajn.<ref>{{ċita web|url=https://lake-fest.me/o-festivalu/|titlu=Lake Fest je najveći crnogorski muzički festival|pubblikatur=lake-fest.me|data=|data-aċċess=2025-10-12 |lingwa=Serb}}</ref> Mill-bidu tiegħu fl-2011, il-festival ġie attendut minn aktar minn 220,000 ruħ.<ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.portalanalitika.me/clanak/lake-fest-2022-u-auvustu-objavljen-spisak-izvodaca|titlu=Lake fest od 4. do 6. avgusta: Objavljen spisak izvođača|pubblikatur=portalanalitika.me|data=2022-07-11|data-aċċess=2025-10-12 |lingwa=Serb}}</ref> ==Storja== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Sena ! style="width:7em"| Data ! class="unsortable"| Programm ! Ref. |- | 2011. <br> {{small|(1)}} | 22–24 ta' Lulju | Shin ei ·Punkreas · Autumn For Free · Post scriptum · [[Zoster]] · DST · [[Letu štuke]] · [[Damir Urban]] · Human · Nagual · Gomila nesklada · Manisent i mentalnost · [[E-Play]] · Autogeni trening · [[Zabranjeno pušenje]] · [[Sunshine (Serbian band)|Sunshine]] · H.A.N.T. · Fetah Vibration · The Dojka · [[Bolesna štenad]] · [[Elemental]] · [[Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša]] · [[Patribrejkersi]] · [[Dubioza kolektiv]] |<ref>{{ċita web|url=http://konkursiregiona.net/lake-fest-niksic/|titlu=Lake fest Niksic - Konkursi regiona|data=2011-07-21|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105005705/http://konkursiregiona.net/lake-fest-niksic/|arkivju-data=2020-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2012. <br> {{small|(2)}} | 20–22 ta' Lulju | Marble · [[ZAA]] · [[Čovek bez sluha]] · [[Edo Maajka]] · DST · [[Atomsko sklonište]] · [[Damir Urban]] · [[Beogradski sindikat]] · Demodemolls · [[Lude Krawe]]- · [[Zemlja gruva!]] · Hypnotized · [[Darko Rundek]] · [[Električni orgazam]] · [[Ritam nereda]] · [[Block Out (band)|Block Out]] · Brzi bend Crtinja · Zoon politikon · 16x8x23 · [[Jarboli]] · Autogeni trening · [[Bjesovi]] · [[Psihomodo pop]] · Marky Ramone's Blitzkrieg | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/315642/raspored-nastupa-na-lake-festu-otvara-marble-zatvara-marky-ramone|titlu=Raspored nastupa na Lake Festu: Otvara Marble, zatvara Marky Ramone|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2013. <br> {{small|(3)}} | 19–21 ta' Lulju | Beer & Steel · Hipotalmus · HBŠ · Happy Hour · Mikrokozma · [[Six Pack (band)|Six Pack]] · Neozbiljni pesimisti · [[Deca loših muzičara]] · [[Goblini]] · [[Hladno pivo]] · [[Goribor]] · LUR · Spank · Pogonbgd · [[Sharks Snakes & Planes|Sharks, Snakes & Planes]] · Pištolj na gumene metke · Skroz · Postolar Tripper · [[Obojeni program]] · [[Disciplin a Kitschme]]}- ·Pozdrav Azri · [[Let 3]] ·Ućuti pas · Sivi · [[Hadži prodane duše]] · Innergate · Decomposing Entity · Iskaz i [[Marčelo]] · [[Atheist Rap]] · [[Eyesburn]] · [[Plejboj]] · [[Bajaga i instruktori]] · [[Bad Copy]] | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.rocksvirke.com/kompletan-program-i-satnica-3-lake-fest-a/|titlu=Комплетан програм и сатница 3. Лејк феста|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105010701/https://www.rocksvirke.com/kompletan-program-i-satnica-3-lake-fest-a/|arkivju-data=2020-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2014. <br> {{small|(4)}} | 25–27 ta' Lulju | Ubrzo potom · [[Lutke]] · [[Popečitelji]] · Vrooom · [[Negative (Serbian band)|Negative]] · [[Kultur Shock]] · [[Gibonni]] · [[Brkovi]] · [[Strah od Džeki Čena]] · Gomila nesklada · [[Zoster]] · [[S.A.R.S.]] · DST · [[Orthodox Celts]] · [[Laibach]] · Feud · PPG · Kiza bluz bend · [[Veliki prezir]] · Nagual · Davorin i Bogovići · [[Dječaci]] · [[Van Gogh (band)|Van Gogh]] · [[Sunshine (Serbian band)|Sunshine]]} | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://balkanrock.com/vesti/vesti-iz-regiona/laibach-gibboni-i-mnogi-drugi-na-niksickom-lake-festu/|titlu=Laibach, Gibonni i mnogi drugi na nikšićkom Lake Festu &#124; Balkanrock.com|data=2014-06-22|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105010921/https://balkanrock.com/vesti/vesti-iz-regiona/laibach-gibboni-i-mnogi-drugi-na-niksickom-lake-festu/|arkivju-data=2020-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2015. <br> {{small|(5)}} | 11–16 ta' Awwissu | Masturbeator · Pogrešna odluka · Alexandria · Mangrov · [[Sasja]] · [[Stereo banana]] · Willie and the Groundskeepers · Antivirus prepelica · Uzemljenje · Holographic Human Element · Shejdi Kruu · [[Sivilo (reper)|Sivilo]] · Josip A Lisac · Deca apokalipse · Bad Seasons · [[Strah od Džeki Čena]] · Vizija · Manitou · Igra duhova · Tuhhtš i Espikuer · [[Samostalni referenti]] · Podroom · [[ZAA]] · Mortal kombat · Iskaz · [[Guano Apes]] · [[Bjesovi]] · [[Prti Bee Gee]] · [[Ničim izazvan]] · [[Pankrti]] · DST · [[Goblini]] · [[Riblja čorba]] · [[Babe (Serbian band)|Babe]] · Zahed Sultan · [[Nikola Pejaković|Kolja i grobovlasnici]] · [[Elemental]] · [[Darko Rundek|Rundek Cargo Trio]] · [[Orthodox Celts]] · [[Dejan Petrović|Dejan Petrović big bend]] · [[Who See]] · Koza mostra | <ref>{{ċita web|url=http://www.urbanbug.net/magazin/vest/lake-fest-2015-peti-po-redu-festival-alternativne-rock-muzike-u-niksicu|titlu=LAKE FEST 2015: Peti po redu festival alternativne rock muzike u Nikšiću!|pubblikatur=urbanbug.net|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330201403/http://www.urbanbug.net/magazin/vest/lake-fest-2015-peti-po-redu-festival-alternativne-rock-muzike-u-niksicu|arkivju-data=2023-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.portalanalitika.me/clanak/197684--program-i-satnica-lake-festa|titlu=Program i satnica LAKE FESTA|pubblikatur=Portal Analitika|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2016. <br> {{small|(6)}} | 11–14 ta' Awwissu | Voodoo · Off Duty · Mangrov · [[Rambo Amadeus]] · [[Bajaga i instruktori]] · [[Kultur Shock]] · [[Sivilo]] · Light Under the Black Mountain · Zoon politikon · M.O.R.T. · [[Kerber (band)|Kerber]] · [[Goran Bare]] i [[Majke]] · [[Kiril Džajkovski]] · [[Nikola Vranjković]] · Justin's Johnson · [[Irish Stew of Sindidun]] · [[Lačni Franc]] · DST · [[YU Grupa]] · [[Dejan Petrović|Dejan Petrović big bend]] · [[Ritam nereda]] · Aurora · [[Sara Renar]] · Punkreas · [[Stray Dogg]] · [[The Beat Fleet]] · [[Manu Chao|Manu Chao La Ventura]] · Gužva u 16-ercu | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.novineniksica.me/pocinje-lake-fest-2016/|titlu=Počinje Lake fest 2016|data=2016-09-11|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2017. <br> {{small|(7)}} | 11–13 ta' Awwissu | Mikrokozma · [[Buč Kesidi]] · Justin's Johnson · Gomila nesklada · [[Zabranjeno pušenje]] · [[Hladno pivo]] · BandX · [[Bad Copy]] · [[Galija]] · [[Natali Dizdar]] · [[Gru]] · OPG · Parampašćad · Talisco · Freedom · Porto Morto · [[Pero Defformero]] · Mortal kombat · [[Neverne bebe]] · [[Kiril Džajkovski]] · [[Samostalni referenti]] | <ref>{{ċita web|url=http://www.seecult.org/vest/7-lake-fest-u-niksicu|titlu=7. Lake fest u Nikšiću &#124; SEEcult|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2018. <br> {{small|(8)}} | 9–11 ta' Awwissu | Rudolf · Barbara Munjas · [[Orthodox Celts]] · [[Perper (band)|Perper]] · [[Zoster]] · [[Ritam nereda]] · [[Iskaz]] · Kontradikšn · [[KBO!]] · [[Atomsko sklonište]] · [[Van Gogh (band)|Van Gogh]] · [[Goblini]] ·Punkreas · Bubnjivi · Helem nejse · [[Vlatko Stefanovski|Vlatko Stefanovski trio]] · DST · [[Marčelo]] · Kawasaki 3P | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.danas.rs/kultura/poznat-spisak-izvodjaca-za-lake-fest-2018/|titlu=Poznat spisak izvođača za LAKE FEST 2018 - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas|data=2018-06-22|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2019. <br> {{small|(9)}} | 8-10 ta' Awwissu | Akademija · [[Stereo banana]] · [[The Beat Fleet]] · [[Željko Bebek]] · Dog Eat Dog · [[Nikola Vranjković]] · Off Duty · Killo Killo Banda · [[Ibrica Jusić]] · [[Bombaj štampa]] · Punkreas · [[Prti Bee Gee]] · [[Aklea Neon]] · [[Nikola Pejaković|Kolja i grobovlasnici]] · [[Artan Lili]] · [[Kerber (band)|Kerber]] · [[Dejan Najdanović Najda|Najda]] i Smak tribjut · [[Love Hunters]] | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://balkanrock.com/vesti/najave/konacni-lineup-lake-festa-2019/|titlu=Konačni lineup Lake Festa 2019. &#124; Balkanrock.com|data=2019-06-19|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105012055/https://balkanrock.com/vesti/najave/konacni-lineup-lake-festa-2019/|arkivju-data=2020-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2020. |colspan=2 | L-għaxar edizzjoni ta’ Lake Fest kienet skedata li ssir mis-6 sat-8 ta’ Awwissu 2020, iżda l-festival ma sarx dik is-sena minħabba l-pandemija tal-COVID-19. | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://etrebinje.com/2020/07/sundic-zelja-nam-je-da-se-ne-prekine-tradicija-festivala-zecevic-lake-fest-necemo-za-200-ljudi/|titlu=Šundić: Želja nam je da se ne prekine tradicija festivala, Zečević: Lake fest nećemo za 200 ljudi|data=2020-07-04|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803235104/https://etrebinje.com/2020/07/sundic-zelja-nam-je-da-se-ne-prekine-tradicija-festivala-zecevic-lake-fest-necemo-za-200-ljudi/|arkivju-data=2021-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.portalanalitika.me/clanak/zecevic-jubilej-koji-nosi-poruku-da-ce-muzika-pobijediti|titlu=Zečević: Jubilej koji nosi poruku da će muzika pobijediti|pubblikatur=Portal Analitika|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2021. <br> {{small|(10)}} | 5-7 ta' Awwissu | [[Rudolf (muzička grupa)|Rudolf]] · [[Mortal kombat (muzička grupa)|Mortal kombat]] · [[Hladno pivo]] · [[Psihomodo pop]] · [[Nikola Vranjković]] · Parampaščad · [[Zoster]] · [[Goblini]] · [[Sunshine (Serbian band)|Sunshine]] · [[Six Pack (band)|Six Pack]] · Štrajk mozga · [[Dejan Petrović|Dejan Petrović big bend]] · [[Bjesovi]] · [[Ritam nereda]] · Iskaz | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.portalanalitika.me/clanak/na-lake-fest-sa-potvrdom-o-vakcinisanju-negativnim-pcr-ili-antigenskim-testom|titlu=Na Lake fest sa potvrdom o vakcinisanju, negativnim PCR ili antigenskim testom|pubblikatur=Portal Analitika|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2022. <br> {{small|(11)}} | 4-6 ta' Awwissu | Vrpca ·DST · [[Piloti]] · Black — Metallica tribute · Agents of Time · [[Marko Nastić]] · Deca iz vode · [[Atheist Rap]] · [[Van Gogh (band)|Van Gogh]] · [[Negative (Serbian band)|Negative]] · Ten Walls · Lea Dobričić · [[Kraljevski apartman]] · [[Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša]] · [[Bolero]] · [[Vojko V]] · [[Pol van Dajk]] · Dejan Milićević | |- |2023. <br> {{small|(12)}} | 4-6 ta' Awwissu | Gladni naučnici · Tribjut Idoli · [[Bijelo dugme]] · [[Brkovi]] · Tom Novi · Punkreas · [[Partibrejkers]] · [[YU Grupa]] · [[Kerber (band)|Kerber]] · [[Mahmut Orhan]] [[Električni orgazam]] · [[Smak|Smak+]] · [[Zoster (muzička grupa)|Zoster]] · [[Vojko V]] · Džejms Zabijela | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/664321/lejk-fest-od-4-do-6-avgusta-u-niksicu-nastupaju-bijelo-dugme-partibrejkersi-zoster-mahmut-orhan|titlu=Lejk fest od 4. do 6. avgusta u Nikšiću: Nastupaju Bijelo dugme, Partibrejkersi, Zoster, Mahmut Orhan...|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2024. <br> {{small|(13)}} | 9-11 ta' Awwissu | Na brzaka · Jelene · Eliza Stark & The Dappers · Subverzija · [[Željko Bebek]] · [[Prljavo kazalište]] · Funk Shui · Murat Unčuoglu · Tantra Brothers · Azilanti · Devet · [[Marčelo]] · Queen Sensation · Splin · [[Ritam nereda]] · Fede le Grand · Petrikor · Mikrokozma · Logička greška · Džanum · [[Jurica Pađen]] i [[Aerodrom (band)|Aerodrom]] · [[Crvena jabuka]] · [[Laibach]] · Džeks Džouns | <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/719158/goblini-otkazali-nastup-na-lake-festu-umjesto-njih-dolazi-funk-shui|titlu=Goblini otkazali nastup na Lake festu, umjesto njih dolazi Funk Shui|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/719344/otvoren-13-lake-fest-povratnicki-koncert-zeljka-bebeka-prljavo-kazalisteprvi-put-u-niksicu|titlu=Otvoren 13. Lake fest: "Povratnički" koncert Željka Bebeka, "Prljavo kazalište" prvi put u Nikšiću|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> <br> <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/719456/drugo-vece-lake-festa-nastupili-marcelo-queen-sensation-ritam-nereda|titlu=Drugo veče Lake festa: Nastupili Marčelo, Queen sensation, Ritam nereda...|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/719537/zavrsen-lake-fest-mozda-medijima-nije-interesantan-ali-rokenrol-je-ziv|titlu=Završen Lake fest: Možda medijima nije interesantan, ali rokenrol je živ|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |- | 2025. <br> {{small|(14)}} | 8-10 ta' Awwissu | Kolektiv 0 · Nabrzaka · Dječiji hor Zahumlje · Wider Horizons — Montenegrin Pink Floyd tribute · M.O.R.T. · [[Kultur Shock]] · [[Nikola Vranjković]] · Paradigma · Roba bez greške · Quiet Dogs · [[Samostalni referenti]] · Ring — ABBA tribute · [[Nele Karajlić|Dr Nele Karajlić]] · Savršeni marginalci · O’Konrads · Maramitu Mintinu · [[Dža ili Bu]] · [[Bombaj štampa]] · [[Dubioza kolektiv]] · [[Goblini]] · [[Sunshine (Serbian band)|Sunshine]] |<ref>{{ċita web|url=https://onogost.me/top1/pocinje-lake-fest-4/|titlu=Počinje Lake fest|data=2025-09-08|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{ċita web|url=https://mnemagazin.me/2025/08/09/poceo-lake-fest-djecji-glas-buducnosti-pink-floyd-katarzicna-zora-kultur-shocka-m-o-r-t-i-nikola-vranjkovic/|titlu=POČEO LAKE FEST: Dječji glas budućnosti, Pink Floyd, katarzična ,,Zora" Kultur Shocka, ,,M.O.R.T" i Nikola Vranjković|data=2025-09-09|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> <br> <ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.vijesti.me/zabava/muzika/770173/u-niksicu-uvijek-ludo|titlu=U Nikšiću uvijek ludo|pubblikatur=vijesti.me|data-aċċess=2025-10-12}}</ref> |} ==Sponsors uffiċjali== *Elektroprivreda Crne Gore<ref>{{ċita web|url=https://www.epcg.com/media-centar/sponzorstva-i-donacije/lake-fest-od-9-do-11-avgusta-epcg-generalni-sponzor|titlu=Lake fest od 9. do 11. avgusta, EPCG generalni sponzor|pubblikatur=epcg.com|data=2018-06-06|data-aċċess=2025-10-12|lingwa=Serb|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117131153/https://www.epcg.com/media-centar/sponzorstva-i-donacije/lake-fest-od-9-do-11-avgusta-epcg-generalni-sponzor|arkivju-data=2025-11-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> *il-Muniċipalità ta' Nikšić *Nikšićko rocks *L-Organizzazzjoni Turistika ta' Nikšić *BusTicket4.me *Plantaže *Caffe Montenegro *Meridianbet<ref>{{ċita web|url=https://meridiansport.me/promo/meridian-lake-fest-muzicki-spektakl/|titlu=Pripremite se za najveći muzički spektakl godine!|pubblikatur=meridiansport.me|data=2024-08-06|data-aċċess=2025-10-12 |lingwa=Serb}}</ref> ==Referenzi== {{referenzi}} == Ħoloq Esterni == * [https://lake-fest.me/ Websajt uffiċjali] [[Kategorija:Montenegro]] ld94vho2zb47wqrjicu0w3q2ih8h6u0 Claire Holt 0 34200 329803 329797 2026-05-07T18:41:23Z Themeramisin 27761 329803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}}{{Grammatika}} '''Claire Rhiannon Holt''' ([[Brisbane]], 11 ta’ [[Ġunju]] 1988) hija attur [[Awstralja|Awstraljana]] li saret ċittadina [[Stati Uniti|Amerikana]]. Huwa kiseb fama internazzjonali grazzi għar-rwoli tiegħu fis-sensiela televiżiva ''H2O'', ''The Vampire Diaries'' u ''The Originals'' u l-film ''47 Meters Down'' . <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2322853/trivia/|titlu=Claire Holt - Trivia|sit=IMDb|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref> == Bijografija == Claire Rhiannon Holt twieldet u trabbiet fi [[Brisbane]], Għandha żewġ aħwa nisa u ħu. Għall-ewwel studjat biex issir tabiba, iżda bdiet tidher f'xi reklami biex taqla' xi flus u, wara li ħadmet għal żmien qasir bħala mudella, iddeċidiet li ssir attriċi. === Karriera === Hi kisbet l-ewwel rwol tagħha bħala Emma Gilbert ''f’H2O'', mill -2006 sal- 2009. Fis-sajf tal-2010 iffilmjat il-film televiżiv ''Mean Girls 2'', is-segwiment ta’ ''Mean Girls'', filwaqt li fl -2011 interpretat ir-rwol rikorrenti ta’ Samara Cook f’Pretty ''Little Liars'' . Waqt l-għażla tal-atturi għas-sensiela televiżiva ''The Secret Circle'', ġiet iffirmata biex tidher fir-rwol tal-vampira Rebekah Mikaelson, f’The ''Vampire Diaries'', rwol li interpretat ukoll fl-ewwel staġun tal -ispin-off tas- sensiela u f’dawk ta’ wara, intitolati ''The Originals'' . <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/vampire-diaries-spinoff-originals-claire-holt-421332/|titlu=‘Vampire Diaries’ Spinoff ‘The Originals’ Adds Claire Holt|kunjom=Goldberg|isem=Lesley|data=2013-02-13|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref> [[Stampa:Claire_Holt_at_PaleyFest_2014.jpg|daqsminuri|Claire Holt fil-Paley Fest 2014]] == Ħajja privata == F'Lulju 2015, ħabbret l-għerusija tagħha mal-għarus tagħha ta' żmien twil, il-produttur tat-televiżjoni Matt Kaplan, u żżewġu f'ċerimonja privata fit-28 ta' April 2016. Fis-27 ta' April 2017, Kaplan ressqet divorzju, fejn semmiet "differenzi irrikonċiljabbli." <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/848671/claire-holt-s-husband-files-for-divorce-just-before-the-couple-s-1-year-wedding-anniversary|titlu=Claire Holt's Husband Files for Divorce Just Before the Couple's 1-Year Wedding Anniversary|data=2017-05-05|sit=E! Online|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref> Fit-3 ta' Diċembru 2017, ħabbret l-għerusija tagħha mal- iżviluppatur tal-proprjetà immobbli Andrew Joblon. Fl-4 ta' Marzu 2018, ħabbret li kellha korriment. Il-koppja żżewġet fit-18 ta' Awwissu 2018. Għandhom tlett itfal: James imwieled fit-28 ta' Marzu 2019, Elle Madeline, imwielda fit-12 ta' Settembru 2020 u Ford Matthew, imwieled fid-9 ta' Novembru 2023. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.instylemag.com.au/claire-holt-wedding?category=Fashion|titlu='Vampire Diaries' Actress Claire Holt Just Got Married|kunjom=Tsoukatos|isem=Arielle|data=2018-08-20|lingwa=en-AU|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1028199/claire-holt-gives-birth-to-a-baby-boy-1-year-after-suffering-miscarriage|titlu=Claire Holt Gives Birth to a Baby Boy 1 Year After Suffering Miscarriage|data=2019-03-29|sit=E! Online|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1187443/claire-holt-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-no-2-with-husband-andrew-joblon|titlu=Claire Holt Gives Birth, Welcomes Baby No. 2 With Husband Andrew Joblon|data=2020-09-13|sit=E! Online|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1389692/claire-holt-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-no-3-with-husband-andrew-joblon|titlu=Claire Holt Gives Birth, Welcomes Baby No. 3 With Husband Andrew Joblon|data=2023-11-10|sit=E! Online|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref> Fil-21 ta' Novembru 2019, ħabbret li kienet saret ċittadina [[Stati Uniti|tal-Istati Uniti]] . <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-7721619/Vampire-Diaries-actress-Claire-Holt-celebrates-citizen.html|titlu=Vampire Diaries actress Claire Holt celebrates becoming a US citizen|kunjom=Place|isem=Tom|data=2019-11-25|sit=Mail Online|data-aċċess=2026-03-05}}</ref> == Filmografija == === Ċinema === * ''Messengers 2: The Scarecrow (2009)'' * ''47 Meters Down'' , dirett minn Johannes Roberts (2017) * ''The Divorce Party'', dirett minn Hughes William Thompson (2019) * ''Film tal-Orrur bla Titlu'', dirett minn Nick Simon (2021) === Televiżjoni === * ''H2O'' ( ''H2O: Just Add Water'' ) – Serje televiżiva, 52 episodju (2006-2008) * ''Mean Girls 2'', dirett minn Melanie Mayron – Film għat-TV (2011) * ''Pretty Little Liars'' – Serje televiżiva, 5 episodji (2011) * ''The Vampire Diaries'' – Serje televiżiva, 38 episodju (2011–2015) * ''L-Oriġinali'' – Serje televiżiva, 38 episodju (2013–2018) * ''Aquarius'' – Serje televiżiva, 22 episodju (2015-2016) * ''Legacies'' – Serje televiżiva, episodji 4x05 - 4x15 (2021-2022) * ''Ibbażat fuq Storja Vera'' – Serje televiżiva, episodju 1x05 (2023) [[Kategorija:Nies ħajjin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1988]] rxztumms3vcig4r4juuzkb1s4fucswg Orthohantavirus 0 34403 329800 329799 2026-05-07T14:09:56Z Trigcly 17859 /* Trażmissjoni */ 329800 wikitext text/x-wiki L-'''''Orthohantavirus''''' huwa [[Ġeneru (tassonomija)|ġeneru]] ta' viruses li jinkludi l-'''''hantaviruses''''' (tal-[[Familja (bijoloġija)|familja]] ''Hantaviridae'') li jikkawżaw il-mard fil-[[bniedem]]. L-''orthohantaviruses'', minn hawn 'il quddiem imsejħa ''hantaviruses'', jinsabu b'mod naturali primarjament fir-rodituri. Inġenerali, kull ''hantavirus'' jinġarr minn [[speċi]] waħda ta' roditur u kull roditur li jkollu ''hantavirus'' iġorr speċi waħda ta' ''hantavirus''. Il-''hantaviruses'' fl-ambjent naturali tagħhom normalment jikkawżaw infezzjoni asintomatika persistenti. Madankollu, fil-bniedem il-''hantaviruses'' jikkawżaw żewġ mardiet: id-deni emorraġiku b'sindromu renali (HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) u s-sindromu pulmonari bil-''hantavirus'' (HPS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome). L-HFRS jiġi kkawżat bil-''hantaviruses'' fl-[[Afrika]], fl-[[Asja]] u fl-[[Ewropa]], imsejħa ''hantaviruses'' tad-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]] l-Antika, u l-HPS jiġi kkawżat normalment bil-''hantaviruses'' fl-Amerki, imsejħa ''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Ġdida. Il-''hantaviruses'' jiġu trażmessi prinċipalment permezz ta' aerosols u qtar li jkun fihom eskrezzjonijiet (ħmieġ) tar-rodituri, kif ukoll permezz ta' ikel ikkontaminat, gidmiet u grif tar-rodituri. Il-virus tal-Andes, li jinstab fl-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]], huwa ''hantavirus'' magħruf attwalment li għalih ġiet iddokumentata trażmissjoni limitata bejn il-bnedmin. Fatturi ambjentali bħax-xita, it-temperatura u l-umdità jinfluwenzaw it-trażmissjoni. L-HFRS huwa mmarkat minn mard tal-kliewi, b'nefħa tal-kliewi, eċċess ta' proteini fl-awrina, u [[demm]] fl-awrina. Ir-rata ta' fatalità tal-HFRS tvarja minn inqas minn 1 % sa 15 % skont liema jkun il-virus. Forma mhux qalila tal-HFRS spiss imsejħa nefropatija epidemika sikwit tiġi kkawżata mill-virus ta' Puumala u mill-virus ta' Dobrava-[[Belgrad]]. Għall-HPS, is-sintomi inizjali huma qishom tal-influwenza, bid-deni, uġigħ ta' ras u uġigħ muskolari, segwiti minn falliment respiratorju f'daqqa. L-HPS għandu rata ta' fatalità ogħla mill-HFRS, ta' 30–60 %. Għall-HFRS u għall-HPS, il-mard huwa r-riżultat ta' permeabbiltà vaskulari miżjuda, tnaqqis fl-għadd ta' pjastrini, u reazzjoni eċċessiva tas-sistema immunitarja. Il-ġenoma tal-''hantavirus'' tikkonsisti minn tliet segmenti tal-RNA li jikkodifikaw proteina kull wieħed: polimerażi dipendenti fuq l-RNA (RdRp), prekursur tal-glikoproteina spika, u l-proteina N. Is-segmenti jkunu integrati f'proteini N biex jiffurmaw kumplessi tar-ribonukleoproteini (RNP) u kull waħda jkollha kopja mehmuża tal-RdRp. Il-kumplessi tal-RNP huma mdawra b'involukru ta' lipidi bi proteini spika li jinbtu mill-wiċċ tiegħu. Ir-replikazzjoni tibda meta l-ispiki jeħlu ma' wiċċ iċ-ċelloli. Wara li jidħol fiċ-ċellola, l-involukru jagħmel fużjoni mal-endożomi u mal-liżożomi, li jbattal l-RNPs fiċ-ċitoplażma. L-RdRp imbagħad jittraskrivi l-ġenoma biex jipproduċi l-RNA messaġġier (mRNA) għat-traskrizzjoni minn ribożomi ospitanti biex jipproduċu proteini virali u biex tiġi rreplikata l-ġenoma għall-viruses proġeniċi. Il-''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Antika jinġemgħu fl-apparat ta' Golgi u jiksbu l-involukru tagħhom minnu, qabel ma jiġu ttrasportati lejn il-membrana ċellolari biex jitilqu miċ-ċellola permezz tal-eżoċitosi. Il-''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Ġdida jinġemgħu qrib il-membrana ċellolari u jiksbu l-involukru tagħhom minnha meta jitilqu miċ-ċellola billi jinbtu mill-wiċċ tagħha. Il-''hantaviruses'' ġew skoperti għall-ewwel darba wara l-Gwerra Koreana. Matul il-gwerra, l-HFRS kien marda komuni fost is-suldati stazzjonati qrib ix-xmara Hantan. L-ewwel ''hantavirus'' ġie iżolat fl-1978 fil-[[Korea t'Isfel]], u ngħata l-isem ta' virus ta' Hantan. Intwera li kien responsabbli għat-tifqigħa matul il-gwerra. Fi żmien ftit snin, ''hantaviruses'' oħrajn li jikkawżaw l-HFRS ġew skoperti madwar l-Ewrasja kollha. Fl-1982, l-[[Organizzazzjoni Dinjija tas-Saħħa]] (WHO, World Health Organization) għażlet isem l-HFRS, u fl-1987, il-''hantaviruses'' ġew ikklassifikati bħala ġeneru distint għall-ewwel darba. Kollettivament ingħataw l-isem tal-virus ta' Hantan u tax-xmara Hantan. Fl-1993, tifqigħa tal-HPS seħħet fir-reġjun tal-Erba' Rkejjen fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]], u dan wassal għall-iskoperta ta' ''hantaviruses'' patoġeniċi tad-Dinja l-Ġdida u tat-tieni marda kkawżata mill-''hantaviruses''. Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn, il-''hantaviruses'' instabu mhux biss fir-rodituri iżda wkoll fit-talpi, fil-bugeddum u fil-friefet il-lejl. == Mard == Il-''hantaviruses'' huma maqsuma f'''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Antika (OWHVs, Old World hantaviruses), li tipikament jikkawżaw deni emorraġiku b'sindromu renali (HFRS) fl-Afrika, fl-Asja u fl-Ewropa, u ''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Ġdida (NWHVs, New World hantaviruses) li huma assoċjati mas-sindromu pulmonari tal-hantavirus (HPS) fl-Amerki. Ir-rata ta' fatalità tal-HFRS tvarja minn inqas minn 1 % sa 15 %, filwaqt li tal-HPS hija 30–60 %. Is-severità tas-sintomi tal-HFRS tvarja skont il-virus: il-virus ta' Hantan jikkawża HFRS sever, il-virus ta' [[Seoul]] jikkawża HFRS moderat, il-virus ta' Puumala jikkawża HFRS mhux qalil, u l-virus ta' Dobrava-Belgrad jikkawża HFRS mhux qalil sa sever skont il-ġenotip. Il-forma mhux qalila tal-HFRS ikkawżata mill-virus ta' Puumala u mill-virus ta' Dobrava-Belgrad spiss tissejjaħ nefropatija epidemika (NE). Ma ġewx osservati infezzjonijiet ripetuti, għaldaqstant il-fejqan wara infezzjoni x'aktarx li jagħti immunità għall-għomor kollu. L-HFRS huwa kkaratterizzat minn ħames fażijiet: deni, ipotensjoni, produzzjoni baxxa tal-awrina (oligurija), produzzjoni għolja tal-awrina (poliurija), u rkupru. Normalment is-sintomi jseħħu 12–16-il jum wara l-esponiment għall-virus. Il-mard akut tal-kliewi jseħħ b'nefħa tal-kliewi, proteini eċċessivi fl-awrina (proteinurija), u demm fl-awrina (ematurija). Sintomi oħra jinkludu l-uġigħ ta' ras, l-uġigħ fil-parti t'isfel tad-dahar, nawżea, rimettar, diarrea, demm fl-eskrezzjoni, it-tfaċċar ta' tikek fuq il-ġilda (peteki), u emorraġija fil-pajp tan-nifs. Il-falliment renali jwassal għall-oligurija, u rkupru tas-saħħa tal-kliewi jinkiseb bil-poliurija. L-irkupru tipikament idum ftit xhur. F'każijiet inqas qalila, il-fażijiet differenti tal-HFRS jaf ikunu diffiċli biex jiġu distinti, jew xi fażijiet jaf ikunu assenti, filwaqt li f'każijiet iktar severi, il-fażijiet jistgħu jitrikkbu fuq xulxin. L-HPS huwa prinċipalment ikkawżat minn żewġ viruses: il-virus tal-Andes u l-virus Sin Nombre (mingħajr isem). Il-marda għandha tliet fażijiet: prodromali (bikrija), kardjopulmonari u l-irkupru. Is-sintomi jokkorru madwar 1–8 ġimgħat wara l-esponiment għall-virus. Is-sintomi bikrin jinkludu d-deni, l-uġigħ ta' ras, l-uġigħ fil-muskoli, il-qtugħ ta' nifs (dispnea), u għadd baxx ta' pjastrini (tromboċitopenija). Matul il-fażi kardjopulmonari, il-qalb tħabbat ferm iktar (takikardija), tħabbat b'mod irregolari (aritmiji), u jkun hemm xokk karjoġeniku. It-tnixxija kapillari pulmonari tista' twassal għal sindromu ta' problemi respiratorji akuti, jibdew jinġemgħu l-fluwidi fil-pulmuni (edema pulmonari), ipotensjoni, u jibda jinġema' l-fluwidu fil-kavità addominali (effużjoni plewrali). Dawn is-sintomi jistgħu jikkawżaw il-[[mewt]] ħesrem. Wara li l-fażi kardjopulmonari tgħaddi, tipikament l-irkupru jseħħ f'bejn 3 sa 6 xhur, bil-poliurija. Filwaqt li l-HFRS huwa assoċjat mal-mard renali u l-HPS mal-mard kardjopulmonari, xi kultant l-HFRS jista' jinkludi sintomi kardjopulmonari assoċjati mal-HPS u l-HPS xi kultant jaf jinkludi sintomi renali assoċjati mal-HFRS. == Trażmissjoni == Il-''hantaviruses'' li jikkawżaw il-mard fil-bniedem jiġu trażmessi l-iktar mir-rodituri. Fir-rodituri, il-''hantaviruses'' normalment jikkawżaw infezzjoni asintomatika persistenti. L-annimali infettati jistgħu jxerrdu l-virus fost annimali mhux infettati permezz ta' aerosols jew qtar mill-eskrezzjoni (ħmieġ), mill-awrina, mill-bżieq u mid-demm tagħhom, permezz tal-konsum ta' ikel ikkontaminat, mill-partikoli tal-virus rilaxxati mill-ġilda jew mill-pil, permezz tat-tqaxxir tal-pil, jew permezz tal-gdim u tal-grif. Il-''hantaviruses'' jistgħu jinfirxu wkoll b'kuntatt tal-feċi mal-fomm u permezz tal-plaċenti matul it-tqala mill-omm għall-wild tagħha. Jistgħu jibqgħu ħajjin għal 10 ijiem f'temperatura ambjentali, 15-il jum f'temperatura miti, u iktar minn 18-il jum f'temperatura ta' 4 gradi Celsius (39 grad Fahrenheit), u dan jgħin lit-trażmissjoni tal-virus. Huwa magħruf li l-kundizzjonijiet ambjentali favorevoli għar-riproduzzjoni u għall-imxija tar-rodituri jżidu t-trażmissjoni tal-mard. L-għajxien f'ambjent rurali, f'ambjenti mhux iġjeniċi, u l-interazzjoni ma' ambjenti kondiviżi ma' ospitanti tal-mard huma l-ikbar fatturi ta' riskju għal infezzjoni, speċjalment fost in-nies li jħobbu jimxu fil-kampanja, il-[[Bidwi|bdiewa]] u l-ħaddiema tal-forestrija, kif ukoll il-minaturi, il-militar u ż-[[Żooloġija|żoologi]]. F'tifqigħa waħda fl-Amerka ta' Fuq fl-2017, il-virus ta' Seoul infetta 31 ruħ permezz ta' kuntatt ma' firien domestiċi. Il-virus tal-Andes spiss jingħad mir-riċerkaturi li huwa magħruf li jinfirex minn persuna għall-oħra, l-unika ''hantavirus'' ta' din ix-xorta, normalment wara li wieħed ikun f'kuntatt mill-qrib ma' persuna infettata. Ġie rrapportat ukoll li jinfirex permezz tas-saliva umana, qtar fl-arja mis-sogħla u mill-għatis, u lejn it-trabi li jkunu għadhom kemm twieldu permezz tal-ħalib u l-plaċenta tal-omm. Madankollu, rieżami sistematiku tal-2021 sab li t-trażmissjoni minn bniedem għall-ieħor tal-virus tal-Andes ma kinitx appoġġata b'mod sod mill-evidenza, għalkem possibbli f'ċirkostanzi limitati, speċjalment bejn kuntatt mill-qrib fi ħdan l-istess abitazzjoni bħal kuntatt sesswali f'koppja. Hemm ukoll suspett li l-virus ta' Puumala jista' jinfirex minn persuna għall-oħra permezz tat-trasfużjoni tad-demm u tal-pjastrini. F'April–Mejju 2026, l-ewwel tifqigħa rreġistrata tal-hantavirus abbord bastiment tal-kruċieri seħħ fuq il-bastiment MV Hondius li kien qed itajjar il-bandiera tan-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]], operat minn Oceanwide Expeditions. Fit-2 ta' Mejju 2026, raggruppament ta' passiġġieri b'mard respiratorju gravi abbord il-bastiment, li kien qed iġorr 147 passiġġier u membri tal-ekwipaġġ, ġie rrapportat lid-WHO. Sal-4 ta' Mejju 2026, seba' każijiet ġew identifikati, inkluż tliet imwiet. It-[[Tabib|tobba]] stabbilew li t-tip ta' virus involut kien il-virus tal-Andes, li jista' jinfirex permezz ta' trażmissjoni limitata minn bniedem għall-ieħor. Id-WHO vvalutat ir-riskju għall-popolazzjoni globali bħala wieħed baxx. Il-''hantaviruses'' li jikkawżaw l-HFRS jistgħu jiġu trażmessi permezz tal-gdim tal-akari u tal-qurdien. Ir-riċerka wriet ukoll li l-[[Ħanżir|ħnieżer]] jistgħu jiġu infettati bil-virus ta' Hantan mingħajr ma jkollhom sintomi severi, u l-majjaliet jistgħu jittrażmettu l-virus lin-nisel tagħhom permezz tal-plaċenta. It-trażmissjoni mill-ħnieżer għall-bnedmin jaf hija possibbli wkoll; nissiel tal-ħnieżer ġie infettat bil-''hantavirus'' mingħajr kuntatt ma' rodituri jew akari. Il-virus ta' Hantan u l-virus ta' Puumala ġew individwati fil-bhejjem tal-ifrat, fiċ-ċriev u fil-[[Fenek|fniek]], u l-antikorpi tal-virus ta' Seoul ġew individwati fil-[[Qattus|qtates]] u fil-[[Kelb|klieb]], iżda r-rwol ta' dawn l-ospitanti għall-''hantaviruses'' mhux magħruf. L-infezzjoni f'dawn l-annimali oħra potenzjalment jista' jiffaċilita l-[[evoluzzjoni]] tal-''hantaviruses'' permezz ta' tislit mill-ġdid tal-ġeni. Minbarra r-rodituri, xi ''hantaviruses'' jinsabu f'[[Mammiferu|mammiferi]] [[Insettivoru|insettivori]] żgħar, bħat-talpi, il-bugeddum u l-friefet il-lejl. L-antiġen tal-''hantavirus'', li huwa indikattiv ta' infezzjoni, ġie individwat ukoll f'varjetà ta' speċijiet ta' [[Għasfur|għasafar]]. L-ambjenti mibnija mill-bniedem huma importanti fit-trażmissjoni tal-''hantaviruses''. Id-deforestazzjoni u l-agrikoltura eċċessiva jaf jeqirdu l-ħabitat naturali tar-rodituri. L-espansjoni tal-art agrikola hija assoċjata ma' deklin fil-popolazzjonijiet tal-predaturi, u b'hekk l-ispeċijiet ospitanti tal-''hantaviruses'' jużaw il-monokulturi tal-azjendi agrikoli bħala siti tal-foraġġ u fejn ibejtu. Is-siti agrikoli mibnija qrib ħafna tal-ħabitats naturali tar-rodituri jistgħu jiffaċilitaw il-proliferazzjoni tar-rodituri peress li jaf jiġu attirati mill-għalf tal-annimali. Is-sistemi tad-dranaġġ u tal-ilma mormi tax-xita jaf ikunu abitati mir-rodituri, speċjalment f'żoni b'immaniġġjar batut tal-iskart solidu. Il-kummerċ u l-ivvjaġġar marittimi ġew implikati wkoll fl-imxija tal-''hantaviruses''. Ir-riżultati tar-riċerka mhumiex konsistenti dwar jekk l-ħajja urbana tnaqqasx jew iżżidx l-inċidenza tal-''hantaviruses''. Is-seroprevalenza, li turi l-infezzjonijiet tal-''hantaviruses'' fl-imgħoddi, hija ogħla b'mod konsistenti fl-okkupazzjonijiet u fiż-żoni li jkunu esposti iktar għar-rodituri. Il-kundizzjonijiet batuti tal-għajxien fil-battalji, fil-kampijiet militari u fil-kampijiet tar-refuġjati jesponu lis-suldati u lir-refuġjati għal infezzjoni. == Ambjent == Rodent species that carry hantaviruses inhabit a diverse range of habitats, including desert-like biomes, equatorial and tropical forests, swamps, savannas, fields, and salt marshes. The seroprevalence of hantaviruses in their host species has been observed to range from 5.9% to 38% in the Americas, and 3% to about 19% worldwide, depending on testing method and location. In some places, such as South Korea, routine trapping of wild rodents is performed to surveil hantavirus circulation. High humidity can benefit rodent populations in warm climates, where it may positively impact plant growth and thus food availability. Increased forest coverage is associated with increased hantavirus incidence, particularly in Europe. Climate change and environmental degradation increase contact areas between rodent hosts and humans, which increases potential exposure to hantaviruses. An example of this was the 1993 Four Corners outbreak in the United States, which was immediately preceded by elevated rainfall from the 1992-1993 El Niño warming period. This caused a substantial growth in the food supply for rodents, which led to rapid growth in their population and facilitated greater spread of the hantavirus that caused that outbreak. Rainfall is consistently associated with hantavirus incidence in various patterns. Heavy rainfall is a risk factor for outbreaks in the following months, but may negatively affect incidence by flooding rodent burrows and nests. In places that have wet and dry seasons, infections are more common in the wet season than in the dry season. Low rainfall and drought are associated with decreased incidence since such conditions result in a smaller rodent population, but displacement of rodent populations via drought or flood can lead to an increase in rodent-human interactions and infections. In Europe, however, no association between rainfall and disease incidence has been found. Temperature has varying effects on hantavirus transmission. Higher temperatures create unfavorable environments for virus survival and decreases activity levels of Neotropic rodents, but it can cause rodents to seek shelter from heat in human settings and is beneficial for aerosol production. Lower temperature can prolong virus survival outside a host. Higher average winter temperature is associated with reduced survival of bank voles, the natural reservoir of Puumala virus, but increased survival of striped field mice in China, the natural reservoirs of Hantaan virus. Extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold, are associated with lower disease incidence. == Ġenoma u struttura == The genome of hantaviruses is segmented into three parts: the large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments. Each part is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA strand and consists of 10,000–15,000 nucleotides in total. The segments form into circles via non-covalent bonding of the ends of the genome. The L segment is about 6.6 kilobases (kb) in length and encodes a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which mediates transcription and replication of viral RNA. The M segment, about 3.7 kb in length, encodes a glycoprotein precursor that is co-translated and cleaved into Gn and Gc. Gn and Gc bind to cell receptors, regulate immune responses, and induce protective antibodies. The S segment is around 2.1 kb in length and encodes the nucleocapsid protein N, which binds to and protects viral RNA. An open reading frame in the N gene on the S segment of some orthohantaviruses also encodes the non-structural protein NS that inhibits interferon production in host cells. The untranslated regions at the ends of the genome are highly conserved and participate in the replication and transcription of the genome. Individual hantavirus particles (virions) are usually spherical, but may be oval, pleomorphic, or tubular. The diameter of the virion is 70–350 nanometers (nm). The outer part of the virion is a lipid envelope that is about 5 nm thick. Embedded in the envelope are the surface spike glycoproteins Gn and Gc, which are arranged in a lattice pattern. Each surface spike is composed of a tetramer of Gn and Gc (four units each) that has four-fold rotational symmetry, and extends about 10 nm out from the envelope. Gn forms the stalk of the spike and Gc the head. Inside the envelope are helical nucleocapsids made of many copies of the nucleocapsid protein N, which are attached to the virus's genome to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Each RNP complex has a copy of RdRp attached to it. Hantaviruses do not encode matrix proteins to assist with structuring the virion, so how surface proteins organize into a sphere with a symmetrical lattice is not yet known. == Ċiklu tal-ħajja == Vascular endothelial cells and macrophages are the primary cells infected by hantaviruses. Podocytes, tubular cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes can also be infected. Attachment and entry into the host cell is mediated by the binding of the viral glycoprotein spikes to host cell receptors, particularly β3 integrins. Decay acceleration factors, complement receptors, and, for New World hantaviruses, protocadherin-1 have also been proposed to be involved in attachment. After attachment, hantaviruses rely on several ways to enter a cell, including micropinocytosis, clathrin-independent receptor-mediated endocytosis and cholesterol- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis. Old World hantaviruses use clathrin-dependent endocytosis while New World hantaviruses use clathrin-independent endocytosis. After entering a cell, virions form vesicles that are transported to early endosomes, then late endosomes and lysosomal compartments. A decrease in pH then causes the viral envelope to fuse with the endosome or lysosome. This fusion releases viral ribonucleoprotein complexes into the cell cytoplasm, which initiates transcription and replication by RdRp. RdRp transcribes viral -ssRNA into complementary positive-sense strands, then snatches 5′ ("five prime") ends of host messenger RNA (mRNA) to prepare mRNA for translation by host ribosomes to produce viral proteins. Complementary RNA strands are also used to produce copies of the genome, which are encapsulated by N proteins to form RNPs. During virion assembly, the glycoprotein precursor is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum into the Gn and Gc glycoproteins by host cell signal peptidases. Gn and Gc are modified by N-glycan chains, which stabilize the spike structure and assist in assembly in the Golgi apparatus for Old World hantaviruses or at the cell membrane for New World hantaviruses. Old World hantaviruses obtain their viral envelope from the Golgi apparatus and are then transported to the cell membrane in vesicles to leave the cell via exocytosis. On the other hand, New World hantavirus RNPs are transported to the cell membrane, where they bud from the surface of the cell to obtain their envelope and leave the cell. == Evoluzzjoni == The most common form of evolution for hantaviruses is mutations through single nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Hantaviruses are usually restricted to individual natural reservoir species and evolve alongside their hosts, but this one-species-one-hantavirus relationship is not true for all hantaviruses. The exact evolutionary history of hantaviruses is likely obscured by many instances of genome reassortment, host spillover, and host-switching. Within species, geography has affected the evolution of hantaviruses. For example, Hantaan virus and Seoul virus have both formed multiple lineages corresponding to their geographic distribution. Because hantaviruses have segmented genomes, they are capable of genetic recombination and reassortment in which segments from different viruses can combine to form new viruses. This occurs often in nature and facilitates the adaptation of hantaviruses to multiple hosts and ecosystems. Recombination in OWHVs of the S and M segments is usually observed amongst viruses within species, but can occur between species. Reassortment in NWHVs of the S and M segments has been observed in rodents. Among Puumala viruses isolated from rodents in 2005-2009, 19.1% of them were identified as reassortments. Diploid progeny are also possible, in which virions may possess two of the same segment from two parent viruses. == Klassifikazzjoni == ''Orthohantavirus'' belongs to the family ''Hantaviridae'', which contains all hantaviruses. The genus has 37 species, listed hereafter with the exemplar virus of the species. In general, species bear the name of the exemplar virus with the suffix -''ense''. * ''Orthohantavirus andesense'', Andes virus * ''Orthohantavirus artybashense'', Artybash virus * ''Orthohantavirus asamaense'', Asama virus * ''Orthohantavirus asikkalaense'', Asikkala virus * ''Orthohantavirus bayoui'', Bayou virus * ''Orthohantavirus boweense'', Bowé virus * ''Orthohantavirus brugesense'', Bruges virus * ''Orthohantavirus caobangense'', Cao Bằng virus * ''Orthohantavirus carrizalense'', Carrizal virus * ''Orthohantavirus chocloense'', Choclo virus * ''Orthohantavirus dabieshanense'', Dàbiéshān virus * ''Orthohantavirus delgaditoense'', Caño Delgadito virus * ''Orthohantavirus dobravaense'', Dobrava-Belgrade virus * ''Orthohantavirus fugongense'', Fúgòng virus * ''Orthohantavirus hantanense'', Hantaan virus * ''Orthohantavirus jejuense'', Jeju virus * ''Orthohantavirus kenkemeense'', Kenkeme virus * ''Orthohantavirus khabarovskense'', Khabarovsk virus * ''Orthohantavirus lankaense'', Lanka virus * ''Orthohantavirus luxiense'', Lúxī virus * ''Orthohantavirus mamorense'', Rio Mamoré virus * ''Orthohantavirus maporalense'', Maporal virus * ''Orthohantavirus montanoense'', Montaño virus * ''Orthohantavirus nigrorivense'', Black Creek Canal virus * ''Orthohantavirus ozarkense'', Ozark virus * ''Orthohantavirus prospectense'', Prospect Hill virus * ''Orthohantavirus puumalaense'', Puumala virus * ''Orthohantavirus rockportense'', Rockport virus * ''Orthohantavirus sagercreekense'' Sager Creek virus * ''Orthohantavirus sangassouense'', Sangassou virus * ''Orthohantavirus seoulense'', Seoul virus * ''Orthohantavirus sinnombreense'', Sin Nombre virus * ''Orthohantavirus tatenalense'', Tatenale virus * ''Orthohantavirus thailandense'', which contains Anjozorobe virus and Thailand virus * ''Orthohantavirus tigrayense'', Tigray virus * ''Orthohantavirus tulaense'', Tula virus * ''Orthohantavirus wufangense'', Wùfeng Chodsigoa smithii orthohantavirus 1 Many other hantaviruses are unclassified, though some may be isolates of other viruses: * Academ virus * Adler virus * Alto Paraguay virus * Amga virus/Seewis virus * Anajatuba virus * Ash River virus * Asturias virus * Azagny virus * Belgrade virus * Biya river virus * Bloodland Lake virus * Blue River virus * Boginia virus * Calabazo virus * Camp Ripley virus * Castelo dos Sonhos virus * CGRn9415 virus * Dode virus * El Moro Canyon virus * Fox Creek virus * Fusong virus * Gōu virus * hantavirus sp. strain Tamarin/BRA/SM22/2014 * HoJo virus * Iamonia virus * Isla Vista virus * Jemez Springs virus * Jerboa hantavirus * Jurong virus * Kielder hantavirus * Laguna Negra virus * Landiras virus * Leakey virus * Lechiguanas virus * Liánghé virus * Lohja virus * Malacky virus * Muleshoe virus * Necocli virus * Orán virus * Oxbow virus * Playa de Oro virus * Powell Butte virus * Prairie vole virus * Qiān Hú Shān virus/Qiāndǎo Lake virus * Rio Mearim virus * Río Segundo virus * Sapporo rat virus * Sarufutsu virus * Serang virus * Shěnyáng virus * Taimyr virus * Tanganya virus * Tualatin River virus * Uurainen virus * Vladivostok virus * Yakeshi virus * Yuánjiāng virus == Storja == Hantavirus hemorrhagic disease was likely first described in the ''Huangdi Neijing'', an ancient Chinese medical text, in Imperial China during the Warring States Period of 475–221 BCE. Hantaviruses have been suggested as a cause of "trench nephritis" in soldiers during the US Civil War and in British soldiers in Flanders, Belgium during the First World War. The disease was also mentioned in East Asia, where it was probably endemic, and was first described scientifically in Vladivostok in 1913–1914. During the Second World War in 1942, an outbreak of disease with symptoms characteristic of hantavirus infection occurred in Salla, Eastern Lapland, Finland among German and Finnish soldiers. This outbreak was later reported in 1980 to be caused by a virus transmitted by bank voles and was named Puumala virus. Also during the war, around 10,000 Japanese soldiers stationed in Manchuria developed HFRS. Around 3,200 cases of HFRS occurred among United Nations soldiers stationed near the Hantan river during the Korean War, where it was first identified in 1951 and named "Korean hemorrhagic fever" and "epidemic hemorrhagic fever". After the war, in 1976 in South Korea, Dr. Ho Wang Lee tested striped field mice and showed that antigens from their lungs were reactive to antibodies in sera from war survivors. In 1978, the virus was isolated for the first time and named Hantaan virus after the river. Retrospective analysis showed that Hantaan virus was responsible for the war outbreak. Other hantaviruses that caused HFRS were then discovered throughout Eurasia. The disease had a variety of names, so in 1982, the World Health Organization officially named it "hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome". In 1985, this group of viruses were named "hantaviruses" after Hantaan virus, and in 1987, the genus ''Hantavirus'' was established to accommodate them in the then-family ''Bunyaviridae''. The first hantavirus vaccine, ''Hantavax'', was developed in 1990 by a research team led by Dr. Ho Wang Lee. The vaccine is only effective against hantavirus strains in Northeast Asia, such as the Hantaan virus(HTNV) and Seoul virus(SEOV). It is not approved for use in Europe or the United States. In 1993, an outbreak of highly lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in the Four Corners region of the United States. This outbreak was determined to be caused by a hantavirus, now named Sin Nombre virus, and represented the first confirmed instance of pathogenic hantaviruses in the Americas as well as the discovery of a new type of disease caused by hantaviruses. The new disease was named "hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". During subsequent years, numerous other hantaviruses were discovered in the Americas, including Andes virus, which has been claimed to be transmissible from person to person. HFRS, however, remains much more common than HPS—more than 100,000 cases of HFRS occur each year, compared to only a few hundred cases of HPS annually. Over time, hundreds of bunyaviruses were discovered but could not be accommodated within the genera of the ''Bunyaviridae'' family. To address this, in 2017 bunyaviruses were elevated to the rank of order, ''Bunyavirales'', and hantaviruses, along with the other bunyavirus genera, were elevated to the rank of family. Hantaviruses, also called hantavirids, now also refer to members of the family ''Hantaviridae''. The prior genus of ''Hantavirus'' was renamed ''Orthohantavirus'' to distinguish them from members of the family, and the genus's members are often called orthohantaviruses. In 2019, additional genera and subfamilies were created to classify non-rodent hantaviruses, and in 2023, binomial nomenclature was adopted for hantaviruses. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Bijoloġija]] 8k5btt468om9aeltror8189euh5csn5 329802 329800 2026-05-07T16:19:32Z Trigcly 17859 żieda kontenut 329802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg|daqsminuri|Mikrograff bit-trażmissjoni tal-elettroni tal-virus Sin Nombre.]] L-'''''Orthohantavirus''''' huwa [[Ġeneru (tassonomija)|ġeneru]] ta' viruses li jinkludi l-'''''hantaviruses''''' (tal-[[Familja (bijoloġija)|familja]] ''Hantaviridae'') li jikkawżaw il-mard fil-[[bniedem]]. L-''orthohantaviruses'', minn hawn 'il quddiem imsejħa ''hantaviruses'', jinsabu b'mod naturali primarjament fir-rodituri. Inġenerali, kull ''hantavirus'' jinġarr minn [[speċi]] waħda ta' roditur u kull roditur li jkollu ''hantavirus'' iġorr speċi waħda ta' ''hantavirus''. Il-''hantaviruses'' fl-ambjent naturali tagħhom normalment jikkawżaw infezzjoni asintomatika persistenti. Madankollu, fil-bniedem il-''hantaviruses'' jikkawżaw żewġ mardiet: id-deni emorraġiku b'sindromu renali (HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) u s-sindromu pulmonari bil-''hantavirus'' (HPS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome). L-HFRS jiġi kkawżat bil-''hantaviruses'' fl-[[Afrika]], fl-[[Asja]] u fl-[[Ewropa]], imsejħa ''hantaviruses'' tad-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]] l-Antika, u l-HPS jiġi kkawżat normalment bil-''hantaviruses'' fl-Amerki, imsejħa ''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Ġdida. Il-''hantaviruses'' jiġu trażmessi prinċipalment permezz ta' aerosols u qtar li jkun fihom eskrezzjonijiet (ħmieġ) tar-rodituri, kif ukoll permezz ta' ikel ikkontaminat, gidmiet u grif tar-rodituri. Il-virus tal-Andes, li jinstab fl-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]], huwa ''hantavirus'' magħruf attwalment li għalih ġiet iddokumentata trażmissjoni limitata bejn il-bnedmin. Fatturi ambjentali bħax-xita, it-temperatura u l-umdità jinfluwenzaw it-trażmissjoni. L-HFRS huwa mmarkat minn mard tal-kliewi, b'nefħa tal-kliewi, eċċess ta' proteini fl-awrina, u [[demm]] fl-awrina. Ir-rata ta' fatalità tal-HFRS tvarja minn inqas minn 1 % sa 15 % skont liema jkun il-virus. Forma mhux qalila tal-HFRS spiss imsejħa nefropatija epidemika sikwit tiġi kkawżata mill-virus ta' Puumala u mill-virus ta' Dobrava-[[Belgrad]]. Għall-HPS, is-sintomi inizjali huma qishom tal-influwenza, bid-deni, uġigħ ta' ras u uġigħ muskolari, segwiti minn falliment respiratorju f'daqqa. L-HPS għandu rata ta' fatalità ogħla mill-HFRS, ta' 30–60 %. Għall-HFRS u għall-HPS, il-mard huwa r-riżultat ta' permeabbiltà vaskulari miżjuda, tnaqqis fl-għadd ta' pjastrini, u reazzjoni eċċessiva tas-sistema immunitarja. Il-ġenoma tal-''hantavirus'' tikkonsisti minn tliet segmenti tal-RNA li jikkodifikaw proteina kull wieħed: polimerażi dipendenti fuq l-RNA (RdRp), prekursur tal-glikoproteina spika, u l-proteina N. Is-segmenti jkunu integrati f'proteini N biex jiffurmaw kumplessi tar-ribonukleoproteini (RNP) u kull waħda jkollha kopja mehmuża tal-RdRp. Il-kumplessi tal-RNP huma mdawra b'involukru ta' lipidi bi proteini spika li jinbtu mill-wiċċ tiegħu. Ir-replikazzjoni tibda meta l-ispiki jeħlu ma' wiċċ iċ-ċelloli. Wara li jidħol fiċ-ċellola, l-involukru jagħmel fużjoni mal-endożomi u mal-liżożomi, li jbattal l-RNPs fiċ-ċitoplażma. L-RdRp imbagħad jittraskrivi l-ġenoma biex jipproduċi l-RNA messaġġier (mRNA) għat-traskrizzjoni minn ribożomi ospitanti biex jipproduċu proteini virali u biex tiġi rreplikata l-ġenoma għall-viruses proġeniċi. Il-''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Antika jinġemgħu fl-apparat ta' Golgi u jiksbu l-involukru tagħhom minnu, qabel ma jiġu ttrasportati lejn il-membrana ċellolari biex jitilqu miċ-ċellola permezz tal-eżoċitosi. Il-''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Ġdida jinġemgħu qrib il-membrana ċellolari u jiksbu l-involukru tagħhom minnha meta jitilqu miċ-ċellola billi jinbtu mill-wiċċ tagħha. Il-''hantaviruses'' ġew skoperti għall-ewwel darba wara l-Gwerra Koreana. Matul il-gwerra, l-HFRS kien marda komuni fost is-suldati stazzjonati qrib ix-xmara Hantan. L-ewwel ''hantavirus'' ġie iżolat fl-1978 fil-[[Korea t'Isfel]], u ngħata l-isem ta' virus ta' Hantan. Intwera li kien responsabbli għat-tifqigħa matul il-gwerra. Fi żmien ftit snin, ''hantaviruses'' oħrajn li jikkawżaw l-HFRS ġew skoperti madwar l-Ewrasja kollha. Fl-1982, l-[[Organizzazzjoni Dinjija tas-Saħħa]] (WHO, World Health Organization) għażlet isem l-HFRS, u fl-1987, il-''hantaviruses'' ġew ikklassifikati bħala ġeneru distint għall-ewwel darba. Kollettivament ingħataw l-isem tal-virus ta' Hantan u tax-xmara Hantan. Fl-1993, tifqigħa tal-HPS seħħet fir-reġjun tal-Erba' Rkejjen fl-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]], u dan wassal għall-iskoperta ta' ''hantaviruses'' patoġeniċi tad-Dinja l-Ġdida u tat-tieni marda kkawżata mill-''hantaviruses''. Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn, il-''hantaviruses'' instabu mhux biss fir-rodituri iżda wkoll fit-talpi, fil-bugeddum u fil-friefet il-lejl. == Mard == [[Stampa:Hantavirus.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-''hantavirus''.]] Il-''hantaviruses'' huma maqsuma f'''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Antika (OWHVs, Old World hantaviruses), li tipikament jikkawżaw deni emorraġiku b'sindromu renali (HFRS) fl-Afrika, fl-Asja u fl-Ewropa, u ''hantaviruses'' tad-Dinja l-Ġdida (NWHVs, New World hantaviruses) li huma assoċjati mas-sindromu pulmonari tal-hantavirus (HPS) fl-Amerki. Ir-rata ta' fatalità tal-HFRS tvarja minn inqas minn 1 % sa 15 %, filwaqt li tal-HPS hija 30–60 %. Is-severità tas-sintomi tal-HFRS tvarja skont il-virus: il-virus ta' Hantan jikkawża HFRS sever, il-virus ta' [[Seoul]] jikkawża HFRS moderat, il-virus ta' Puumala jikkawża HFRS mhux qalil, u l-virus ta' Dobrava-Belgrad jikkawża HFRS mhux qalil sa sever skont il-ġenotip. Il-forma mhux qalila tal-HFRS ikkawżata mill-virus ta' Puumala u mill-virus ta' Dobrava-Belgrad spiss tissejjaħ nefropatija epidemika (NE). Ma ġewx osservati infezzjonijiet ripetuti, għaldaqstant il-fejqan wara infezzjoni x'aktarx li jagħti immunità għall-għomor kollu. [[Stampa:Rötelmaus.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-ġurdien tax-xtut, vettur naturali tal-virus ta' Puumala.]] L-HFRS huwa kkaratterizzat minn ħames fażijiet: deni, ipotensjoni, produzzjoni baxxa tal-awrina (oligurija), produzzjoni għolja tal-awrina (poliurija), u rkupru. Normalment is-sintomi jseħħu 12–16-il jum wara l-esponiment għall-virus. Il-mard akut tal-kliewi jseħħ b'nefħa tal-kliewi, proteini eċċessivi fl-awrina (proteinurija), u demm fl-awrina (ematurija). Sintomi oħra jinkludu l-uġigħ ta' ras, l-uġigħ fil-parti t'isfel tad-dahar, nawżea, rimettar, diarrea, demm fl-eskrezzjoni, it-tfaċċar ta' tikek fuq il-ġilda (peteki), u emorraġija fil-pajp tan-nifs. Il-falliment renali jwassal għall-oligurija, u rkupru tas-saħħa tal-kliewi jinkiseb bil-poliurija. L-irkupru tipikament idum ftit xhur. F'każijiet inqas qalila, il-fażijiet differenti tal-HFRS jaf ikunu diffiċli biex jiġu distinti, jew xi fażijiet jaf ikunu assenti, filwaqt li f'każijiet iktar severi, il-fażijiet jistgħu jitrikkbu fuq xulxin. L-HPS huwa prinċipalment ikkawżat minn żewġ viruses: il-virus tal-Andes u l-virus Sin Nombre (mingħajr isem). Il-marda għandha tliet fażijiet: prodromali (bikrija), kardjopulmonari u l-irkupru. Is-sintomi jokkorru madwar 1–8 ġimgħat wara l-esponiment għall-virus. Is-sintomi bikrin jinkludu d-deni, l-uġigħ ta' ras, l-uġigħ fil-muskoli, il-qtugħ ta' nifs (dispnea), u għadd baxx ta' pjastrini (tromboċitopenija). Matul il-fażi kardjopulmonari, il-qalb tħabbat ferm iktar (takikardija), tħabbat b'mod irregolari (aritmiji), u jkun hemm xokk karjoġeniku. It-tnixxija kapillari pulmonari tista' twassal għal sindromu ta' problemi respiratorji akuti, jibdew jinġemgħu l-fluwidi fil-pulmuni (edema pulmonari), ipotensjoni, u jibda jinġema' l-fluwidu fil-kavità addominali (effużjoni plewrali). Dawn is-sintomi jistgħu jikkawżaw il-[[mewt]] ħesrem. Wara li l-fażi kardjopulmonari tgħaddi, tipikament l-irkupru jseħħ f'bejn 3 sa 6 xhur, bil-poliurija. Filwaqt li l-HFRS huwa assoċjat mal-mard renali u l-HPS mal-mard kardjopulmonari, xi kultant l-HFRS jista' jinkludi sintomi kardjopulmonari assoċjati mal-HPS u l-HPS xi kultant jaf jinkludi sintomi renali assoċjati mal-HFRS. == Trażmissjoni == [[Stampa:Deer Mouse in Tree (6438329699) B.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-ġurdien tal-Punent, vettur naturali tal-virus Sin Nombre.]] Il-''hantaviruses'' li jikkawżaw il-mard fil-bniedem jiġu trażmessi l-iktar mir-rodituri. Fir-rodituri, il-''hantaviruses'' normalment jikkawżaw infezzjoni asintomatika persistenti. L-annimali infettati jistgħu jxerrdu l-virus fost annimali mhux infettati permezz ta' aerosols jew qtar mill-eskrezzjoni (ħmieġ), mill-awrina, mill-bżieq u mid-demm tagħhom, permezz tal-konsum ta' ikel ikkontaminat, mill-partikoli tal-virus rilaxxati mill-ġilda jew mill-pil, permezz tat-tqaxxir tal-pil, jew permezz tal-gdim u tal-grif. Il-''hantaviruses'' jistgħu jinfirxu wkoll b'kuntatt tal-feċi mal-fomm u permezz tal-plaċenti matul it-tqala mill-omm għall-wild tagħha. Jistgħu jibqgħu ħajjin għal 10 ijiem f'temperatura ambjentali, 15-il jum f'temperatura miti, u iktar minn 18-il jum f'temperatura ta' 4 gradi Celsius (39 grad Fahrenheit), u dan jgħin lit-trażmissjoni tal-virus. Huwa magħruf li l-kundizzjonijiet ambjentali favorevoli għar-riproduzzjoni u għall-imxija tar-rodituri jżidu t-trażmissjoni tal-mard. L-għajxien f'ambjent rurali, f'ambjenti mhux iġjeniċi, u l-interazzjoni ma' ambjenti kondiviżi ma' ospitanti tal-mard huma l-ikbar fatturi ta' riskju għal infezzjoni, speċjalment fost in-nies li jħobbu jimxu fil-kampanja, il-[[Bidwi|bdiewa]] u l-ħaddiema tal-forestrija, kif ukoll il-minaturi, il-militar u ż-[[Żooloġija|żoologi]]. F'tifqigħa waħda fl-Amerka ta' Fuq fl-2017, il-virus ta' Seoul infetta 31 ruħ permezz ta' kuntatt ma' firien domestiċi. Il-virus tal-Andes spiss jingħad mir-riċerkaturi li huwa magħruf li jinfirex minn persuna għall-oħra, l-unika ''hantavirus'' ta' din ix-xorta, normalment wara li wieħed ikun f'kuntatt mill-qrib ma' persuna infettata. Ġie rrapportat ukoll li jinfirex permezz tas-saliva umana, qtar fl-arja mis-sogħla u mill-għatis, u lejn it-trabi li jkunu għadhom kemm twieldu permezz tal-ħalib u l-plaċenta tal-omm. Madankollu, rieżami sistematiku tal-2021 sab li t-trażmissjoni minn bniedem għall-ieħor tal-virus tal-Andes ma kinitx appoġġata b'mod sod mill-evidenza, għalkem possibbli f'ċirkostanzi limitati, speċjalment bejn kuntatt mill-qrib fi ħdan l-istess abitazzjoni bħal kuntatt sesswali f'koppja. Hemm ukoll suspett li l-virus ta' Puumala jista' jinfirex minn persuna għall-oħra permezz tat-trasfużjoni tad-demm u tal-pjastrini. F'April–Mejju 2026, l-ewwel tifqigħa rreġistrata tal-hantavirus abbord bastiment tal-kruċieri seħħ fuq il-bastiment MV Hondius li kien qed itajjar il-bandiera tan-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]], operat minn Oceanwide Expeditions. Fit-2 ta' Mejju 2026, raggruppament ta' passiġġieri b'mard respiratorju gravi abbord il-bastiment, li kien qed iġorr 147 passiġġier u membri tal-ekwipaġġ, ġie rrapportat lid-WHO. Sal-4 ta' Mejju 2026, seba' każijiet ġew identifikati, inkluż tliet imwiet. It-[[Tabib|tobba]] stabbilew li t-tip ta' virus involut kien il-virus tal-Andes, li jista' jinfirex permezz ta' trażmissjoni limitata minn bniedem għall-ieħor. Id-WHO vvalutat ir-riskju għall-popolazzjoni globali bħala wieħed baxx. Il-''hantaviruses'' li jikkawżaw l-HFRS jistgħu jiġu trażmessi permezz tal-gdim tal-akari u tal-qurdien. Ir-riċerka wriet ukoll li l-[[Ħanżir|ħnieżer]] jistgħu jiġu infettati bil-virus ta' Hantan mingħajr ma jkollhom sintomi severi, u l-majjaliet jistgħu jittrażmettu l-virus lin-nisel tagħhom permezz tal-plaċenta. It-trażmissjoni mill-ħnieżer għall-bnedmin jaf hija possibbli wkoll; nissiel tal-ħnieżer ġie infettat bil-''hantavirus'' mingħajr kuntatt ma' rodituri jew akari. Il-virus ta' Hantan u l-virus ta' Puumala ġew individwati fil-bhejjem tal-ifrat, fiċ-ċriev u fil-[[Fenek|fniek]], u l-antikorpi tal-virus ta' Seoul ġew individwati fil-[[Qattus|qtates]] u fil-[[Kelb|klieb]], iżda r-rwol ta' dawn l-ospitanti għall-''hantaviruses'' mhux magħruf. L-infezzjoni f'dawn l-annimali oħra potenzjalment jista' jiffaċilita l-[[evoluzzjoni]] tal-''hantaviruses'' permezz ta' tislit mill-ġdid tal-ġeni. Minbarra r-rodituri, xi ''hantaviruses'' jinsabu f'[[Mammiferu|mammiferi]] [[Insettivoru|insettivori]] żgħar, bħat-talpi, il-bugeddum u l-friefet il-lejl. L-antiġen tal-''hantavirus'', li huwa indikattiv ta' infezzjoni, ġie individwat ukoll f'varjetà ta' speċijiet ta' [[Għasfur|għasafar]]. L-ambjenti mibnija mill-bniedem huma importanti fit-trażmissjoni tal-''hantaviruses''. Id-deforestazzjoni u l-agrikoltura eċċessiva jaf jeqirdu l-ħabitat naturali tar-rodituri. L-espansjoni tal-art agrikola hija assoċjata ma' deklin fil-popolazzjonijiet tal-predaturi, u b'hekk l-ispeċijiet ospitanti tal-''hantaviruses'' jużaw il-monokulturi tal-azjendi agrikoli bħala siti tal-foraġġ u fejn ibejtu. Is-siti agrikoli mibnija qrib ħafna tal-ħabitats naturali tar-rodituri jistgħu jiffaċilitaw il-proliferazzjoni tar-rodituri peress li jaf jiġu attirati mill-għalf tal-annimali. Is-sistemi tad-dranaġġ u tal-ilma mormi tax-xita jaf ikunu abitati mir-rodituri, speċjalment f'żoni b'immaniġġjar batut tal-iskart solidu. Il-kummerċ u l-ivvjaġġar marittimi ġew implikati wkoll fl-imxija tal-''hantaviruses''. Ir-riżultati tar-riċerka mhumiex konsistenti dwar jekk l-ħajja urbana tnaqqasx jew iżżidx l-inċidenza tal-''hantaviruses''. Is-seroprevalenza, li turi l-infezzjonijiet tal-''hantaviruses'' fl-imgħoddi, hija ogħla b'mod konsistenti fl-okkupazzjonijiet u fiż-żoni li jkunu esposti iktar għar-rodituri. Il-kundizzjonijiet batuti tal-għajxien fil-battalji, fil-kampijiet militari u fil-kampijiet tar-refuġjati jesponu lis-suldati u lir-refuġjati għal infezzjoni. == Ambjent == [[Stampa:NOAA Nino.jpg|daqsminuri|L-effett ta' El Niño fuq il-klimi lokali.]] L-ispeċijiet tar-rodituri li jġorru magħhom il-''hantaviruses'' jgħixu f'firxa wiesgħa ta' ħabitats, inkluż [[Bijoma|bijomi]] simili għad-deżert, foresti ekwatorjali u tropikali, artijiet bassasa, savani, għelieqi u mraġ tal-ilma salmastru. Is-seroprevalenza tal-''hantaviruses'' fl-ispeċijiet ospitanti tagħhom ġiet osservata li tvarja minn 5.9 % sa 38 % fl-Amerki, u minn 3 % sa madwar 19 % globalment, skont il-metodu tal-ittestjar u l-post tal-ittestjar. F'xi postijiet, bħall-Korea t'Isfel, l-insib abitwali tar-rodituri selvaġġi jsir biex tiġi ssorveljata ċ-ċirkolazzjoni tal-''hantaviruses''. L-umdità għolja tista' tibbenefika lill-popolazzjonijiet tar-rodituri fi klimi sħan, fejn jista' jkollha impatt pożittiv fuq it-tkabbir tal-[[Pjanta|pjanti]] u b'hekk fid-disponibbiltà tal-ikel. Il-kopertura forestali miżjuda hija assoċjata ma' inċidenza ogħla tal-''hantaviruses'', b'mod partikolari fl-Ewropa. It-[[tibdil fil-klima]] u d-degradazzjoni ambjentali jżidu ż-żoni ta' kuntatt bejn ir-rodituri ospitanti u l-bnedmin, u dan iżid l-esponiment potenzjali għall-''hantaviruses''. Eżempju ta' dan kienet it-tifqigħa tal-Erba' Rkejjen tal-1993 fl-Istati Uniti, li ġiet ippreċeduta minnufih minn żieda fix-xita minħabba l-perjodu ta' tisħin ta' El Niño tal-1992-1993. Dan ikkawża tkabbir sostanzjali fil-provvista tal-ikel għar-rodituri, li wassal għat-tkabbir rapidu fil-popolazzjoni tagħhom u ffaċilita tifrix akbar tal-''hantavirus'' li kkawża dik it-tifqigħa. Ix-xita hija assoċjata b'mod konsistenti mal-inċidenza tal-''hantaviruses'' f'diversi xejriet. Ix-xita qliel hija fattur ta' riskju għat-tifqigħat fix-xhur ta' wara, iżda jistgħu jaffettwaw l-inċidenza minħabba l-għargħar tal-moħbiet u tal-bejtiet tar-rodituri. Fil-postijiet li jkollhom staġuni tax-xita u staġuni tan-nixfa, l-infezzjonijiet huma iktar komuni fl-istaġun tax-xita milli fl-istaġun tan-nixfa. In-nuqqas ta' xita u n-nixfa huma assoċjati ma' inċidenza mnaqqsa peress li tali kundizzjonijiet jirriżultaw f'popolazzjoni iżgħar tar-rodituri, iżda l-ispostament tal-popolazzjonijiet tar-rodituri minħabba n-nixfa jew l-għargħar jista' jwassal għal żieda fl-interazzjonijiet bejn ir-rodituri u l-bnedmin u l-infezzjonijiet. Madankollu, fl-Ewropa ma nstabet l-ebda assoċjazzjoni bejn ix-xita u l-inċidenza tal-mard. It-temperatura jkollha effetti li jvarjaw fuq it-trażmissjoni tal-''hantaviruses''. It-temperaturi ogħla joħolqu ambjenti mhux favorevoli għall-għajxien tal-virus u jnaqqsu l-livelli tal-attività tar-rodituri Neotropiċi, iżda jistgħu jwasslu biex ir-rodituri jfittxu l-kenn mis-sħana f'ambjenti umani u jkunu ta' benefiċċju għall-produzzjoni tal-aerosols. It-temperaturi iktar baxxi jistgħu jtawlu l-għajxien tal-virus 'il barra minn ospitant. It-temperaturi medji ogħla tax-xitwa huma assoċjati mat-tnaqqis tal-għajxien tal-ġrieden tax-xtut, il-vettur naturali tal-virus ta' Puumala, iżda huma assoċjati maż-żieda tal-għajxien tal-ġrieden tal-għelieqi bl-istrixxi fiċ-[[Ċina]], il-vettur naturali tal-virus ta' Hantan. It-temperaturi estremi, sħan jew kesħin, huma assoċjati ma' inċidenza iktar baxxa tal-mard. == Ġenoma u struttura == The genome of hantaviruses is segmented into three parts: the large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments. Each part is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA strand and consists of 10,000–15,000 nucleotides in total. The segments form into circles via non-covalent bonding of the ends of the genome. The L segment is about 6.6 kilobases (kb) in length and encodes a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which mediates transcription and replication of viral RNA. The M segment, about 3.7 kb in length, encodes a glycoprotein precursor that is co-translated and cleaved into Gn and Gc. Gn and Gc bind to cell receptors, regulate immune responses, and induce protective antibodies. The S segment is around 2.1 kb in length and encodes the nucleocapsid protein N, which binds to and protects viral RNA. An open reading frame in the N gene on the S segment of some orthohantaviruses also encodes the non-structural protein NS that inhibits interferon production in host cells. The untranslated regions at the ends of the genome are highly conserved and participate in the replication and transcription of the genome. Individual hantavirus particles (virions) are usually spherical, but may be oval, pleomorphic, or tubular. The diameter of the virion is 70–350 nanometers (nm). The outer part of the virion is a lipid envelope that is about 5 nm thick. Embedded in the envelope are the surface spike glycoproteins Gn and Gc, which are arranged in a lattice pattern. Each surface spike is composed of a tetramer of Gn and Gc (four units each) that has four-fold rotational symmetry, and extends about 10 nm out from the envelope. Gn forms the stalk of the spike and Gc the head. Inside the envelope are helical nucleocapsids made of many copies of the nucleocapsid protein N, which are attached to the virus's genome to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Each RNP complex has a copy of RdRp attached to it. Hantaviruses do not encode matrix proteins to assist with structuring the virion, so how surface proteins organize into a sphere with a symmetrical lattice is not yet known. == Ċiklu tal-ħajja == Vascular endothelial cells and macrophages are the primary cells infected by hantaviruses. Podocytes, tubular cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes can also be infected. Attachment and entry into the host cell is mediated by the binding of the viral glycoprotein spikes to host cell receptors, particularly β3 integrins. Decay acceleration factors, complement receptors, and, for New World hantaviruses, protocadherin-1 have also been proposed to be involved in attachment. After attachment, hantaviruses rely on several ways to enter a cell, including micropinocytosis, clathrin-independent receptor-mediated endocytosis and cholesterol- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis. Old World hantaviruses use clathrin-dependent endocytosis while New World hantaviruses use clathrin-independent endocytosis. After entering a cell, virions form vesicles that are transported to early endosomes, then late endosomes and lysosomal compartments. A decrease in pH then causes the viral envelope to fuse with the endosome or lysosome. This fusion releases viral ribonucleoprotein complexes into the cell cytoplasm, which initiates transcription and replication by RdRp. RdRp transcribes viral -ssRNA into complementary positive-sense strands, then snatches 5′ ("five prime") ends of host messenger RNA (mRNA) to prepare mRNA for translation by host ribosomes to produce viral proteins. Complementary RNA strands are also used to produce copies of the genome, which are encapsulated by N proteins to form RNPs. During virion assembly, the glycoprotein precursor is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum into the Gn and Gc glycoproteins by host cell signal peptidases. Gn and Gc are modified by N-glycan chains, which stabilize the spike structure and assist in assembly in the Golgi apparatus for Old World hantaviruses or at the cell membrane for New World hantaviruses. Old World hantaviruses obtain their viral envelope from the Golgi apparatus and are then transported to the cell membrane in vesicles to leave the cell via exocytosis. On the other hand, New World hantavirus RNPs are transported to the cell membrane, where they bud from the surface of the cell to obtain their envelope and leave the cell. == Evoluzzjoni == The most common form of evolution for hantaviruses is mutations through single nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Hantaviruses are usually restricted to individual natural reservoir species and evolve alongside their hosts, but this one-species-one-hantavirus relationship is not true for all hantaviruses. The exact evolutionary history of hantaviruses is likely obscured by many instances of genome reassortment, host spillover, and host-switching. Within species, geography has affected the evolution of hantaviruses. For example, Hantaan virus and Seoul virus have both formed multiple lineages corresponding to their geographic distribution. Because hantaviruses have segmented genomes, they are capable of genetic recombination and reassortment in which segments from different viruses can combine to form new viruses. This occurs often in nature and facilitates the adaptation of hantaviruses to multiple hosts and ecosystems. Recombination in OWHVs of the S and M segments is usually observed amongst viruses within species, but can occur between species. Reassortment in NWHVs of the S and M segments has been observed in rodents. Among Puumala viruses isolated from rodents in 2005-2009, 19.1% of them were identified as reassortments. Diploid progeny are also possible, in which virions may possess two of the same segment from two parent viruses. == Klassifikazzjoni == ''Orthohantavirus'' belongs to the family ''Hantaviridae'', which contains all hantaviruses. The genus has 37 species, listed hereafter with the exemplar virus of the species. In general, species bear the name of the exemplar virus with the suffix -''ense''. * ''Orthohantavirus andesense'', Andes virus * ''Orthohantavirus artybashense'', Artybash virus * ''Orthohantavirus asamaense'', Asama virus * ''Orthohantavirus asikkalaense'', Asikkala virus * ''Orthohantavirus bayoui'', Bayou virus * ''Orthohantavirus boweense'', Bowé virus * ''Orthohantavirus brugesense'', Bruges virus * ''Orthohantavirus caobangense'', Cao Bằng virus * ''Orthohantavirus carrizalense'', Carrizal virus * ''Orthohantavirus chocloense'', Choclo virus * ''Orthohantavirus dabieshanense'', Dàbiéshān virus * ''Orthohantavirus delgaditoense'', Caño Delgadito virus * ''Orthohantavirus dobravaense'', Dobrava-Belgrade virus * ''Orthohantavirus fugongense'', Fúgòng virus * ''Orthohantavirus hantanense'', Hantaan virus * ''Orthohantavirus jejuense'', Jeju virus * ''Orthohantavirus kenkemeense'', Kenkeme virus * ''Orthohantavirus khabarovskense'', Khabarovsk virus * ''Orthohantavirus lankaense'', Lanka virus * ''Orthohantavirus luxiense'', Lúxī virus * ''Orthohantavirus mamorense'', Rio Mamoré virus * ''Orthohantavirus maporalense'', Maporal virus * ''Orthohantavirus montanoense'', Montaño virus * ''Orthohantavirus nigrorivense'', Black Creek Canal virus * ''Orthohantavirus ozarkense'', Ozark virus * ''Orthohantavirus prospectense'', Prospect Hill virus * ''Orthohantavirus puumalaense'', Puumala virus * ''Orthohantavirus rockportense'', Rockport virus * ''Orthohantavirus sagercreekense'' Sager Creek virus * ''Orthohantavirus sangassouense'', Sangassou virus * ''Orthohantavirus seoulense'', Seoul virus * ''Orthohantavirus sinnombreense'', Sin Nombre virus * ''Orthohantavirus tatenalense'', Tatenale virus * ''Orthohantavirus thailandense'', which contains Anjozorobe virus and Thailand virus * ''Orthohantavirus tigrayense'', Tigray virus * ''Orthohantavirus tulaense'', Tula virus * ''Orthohantavirus wufangense'', Wùfeng Chodsigoa smithii orthohantavirus 1 Many other hantaviruses are unclassified, though some may be isolates of other viruses: * Academ virus * Adler virus * Alto Paraguay virus * Amga virus/Seewis virus * Anajatuba virus * Ash River virus * Asturias virus * Azagny virus * Belgrade virus * Biya river virus * Bloodland Lake virus * Blue River virus * Boginia virus * Calabazo virus * Camp Ripley virus * Castelo dos Sonhos virus * CGRn9415 virus * Dode virus * El Moro Canyon virus * Fox Creek virus * Fusong virus * Gōu virus * hantavirus sp. strain Tamarin/BRA/SM22/2014 * HoJo virus * Iamonia virus * Isla Vista virus * Jemez Springs virus * Jerboa hantavirus * Jurong virus * Kielder hantavirus * Laguna Negra virus * Landiras virus * Leakey virus * Lechiguanas virus * Liánghé virus * Lohja virus * Malacky virus * Muleshoe virus * Necocli virus * Orán virus * Oxbow virus * Playa de Oro virus * Powell Butte virus * Prairie vole virus * Qiān Hú Shān virus/Qiāndǎo Lake virus * Rio Mearim virus * Río Segundo virus * Sapporo rat virus * Sarufutsu virus * Serang virus * Shěnyáng virus * Taimyr virus * Tanganya virus * Tualatin River virus * Uurainen virus * Vladivostok virus * Yakeshi virus * Yuánjiāng virus == Storja == Hantavirus hemorrhagic disease was likely first described in the ''Huangdi Neijing'', an ancient Chinese medical text, in Imperial China during the Warring States Period of 475–221 BCE. Hantaviruses have been suggested as a cause of "trench nephritis" in soldiers during the US Civil War and in British soldiers in Flanders, Belgium during the First World War. The disease was also mentioned in East Asia, where it was probably endemic, and was first described scientifically in Vladivostok in 1913–1914. During the Second World War in 1942, an outbreak of disease with symptoms characteristic of hantavirus infection occurred in Salla, Eastern Lapland, Finland among German and Finnish soldiers. This outbreak was later reported in 1980 to be caused by a virus transmitted by bank voles and was named Puumala virus. Also during the war, around 10,000 Japanese soldiers stationed in Manchuria developed HFRS. Around 3,200 cases of HFRS occurred among United Nations soldiers stationed near the Hantan river during the Korean War, where it was first identified in 1951 and named "Korean hemorrhagic fever" and "epidemic hemorrhagic fever". After the war, in 1976 in South Korea, Dr. Ho Wang Lee tested striped field mice and showed that antigens from their lungs were reactive to antibodies in sera from war survivors. In 1978, the virus was isolated for the first time and named Hantaan virus after the river. Retrospective analysis showed that Hantaan virus was responsible for the war outbreak. Other hantaviruses that caused HFRS were then discovered throughout Eurasia. The disease had a variety of names, so in 1982, the World Health Organization officially named it "hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome". In 1985, this group of viruses were named "hantaviruses" after Hantaan virus, and in 1987, the genus ''Hantavirus'' was established to accommodate them in the then-family ''Bunyaviridae''. The first hantavirus vaccine, ''Hantavax'', was developed in 1990 by a research team led by Dr. Ho Wang Lee. The vaccine is only effective against hantavirus strains in Northeast Asia, such as the Hantaan virus(HTNV) and Seoul virus(SEOV). It is not approved for use in Europe or the United States. In 1993, an outbreak of highly lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in the Four Corners region of the United States. This outbreak was determined to be caused by a hantavirus, now named Sin Nombre virus, and represented the first confirmed instance of pathogenic hantaviruses in the Americas as well as the discovery of a new type of disease caused by hantaviruses. The new disease was named "hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". During subsequent years, numerous other hantaviruses were discovered in the Americas, including Andes virus, which has been claimed to be transmissible from person to person. HFRS, however, remains much more common than HPS—more than 100,000 cases of HFRS occur each year, compared to only a few hundred cases of HPS annually. Over time, hundreds of bunyaviruses were discovered but could not be accommodated within the genera of the ''Bunyaviridae'' family. To address this, in 2017 bunyaviruses were elevated to the rank of order, ''Bunyavirales'', and hantaviruses, along with the other bunyavirus genera, were elevated to the rank of family. Hantaviruses, also called hantavirids, now also refer to members of the family ''Hantaviridae''. The prior genus of ''Hantavirus'' was renamed ''Orthohantavirus'' to distinguish them from members of the family, and the genus's members are often called orthohantaviruses. In 2019, additional genera and subfamilies were created to classify non-rodent hantaviruses, and in 2023, binomial nomenclature was adopted for hantaviruses. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Bijoloġija]] 6ttux6qne4fauwq5eldnllcsmdxxtx2 Leon Angel 0 34404 329801 2026-05-07T15:34:14Z Themeramisin 27761 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349775930|Leon Angel]]" 329801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leon Angel''' (15 ta' Mejju 1900 – 12 ta' Lulju 1973) kien attur Eġizzjan li kien magħruf l-aktar fis-snin tletin. Leon deher f'sensiela ta' films ta' ħbieb Musulmani-Lhud fejn interpreta karattru komiku Lhudi. Fost il-Lhud tal-Eġittu involuti fl-industrija taċ-ċinema Eġizzjana, Leon kien l-uniku stilla Lhudi li kien l-attrazzjoni ewlenija ta' film Eġizzjan fejn interpreta karattru Lhudi. Leon aktar tard emigra lejn l-Awstralja, fejn ipparteċipa fit-twaqqif tal-ewwel sinagoga Sefardika fl-Awstralja. Leon twieled fil-15 ta' Mejju 1900, f'Alessandrija, l-Eġittu minn Olga Angel u Victor Angel. Missieru kien idaħħal il-ħaxixa bil-kuntrabandu tul ix-Xmara Nil u ħalla lill-familja tiegħu fqira, u għalhekk Leon kellu jaħdem biex imantni lill-familja tiegħu minn età żgħira. Leon ma kellu l-ebda esperjenza preċedenti fir-reċtar meta beda jikkollabora ma' Togo Mizrahi fl-1930 fuq skript għal film dwar il-perikli tal-użu tad-droga. Leon drew on his family's experience in writing the script. Il-film ''Cocaine, The Abyss'' ġie ppreżentat għall-ewwel darba f'Alessandrija, l-Eġittu fid-19 ta' Novembru 1930. Leon iddebutta l-karattru distintiv tiegħu, Chalom, fil-film sieket ''05001'' (1932), dirett minn Mizrahi. Chalom kien Lhudi u fqir—jipprova jlaħħaq mal-ħajja b’xogħlijiet itineranti, bħall-bejgħ ta’ biljetti tal-lotterija jew it-tħaddim ta’ karrettun tal-ikel. Il-karatterizzazzjoni ta' Chalom bħala membru tal-klassijiet tal-ħaddiema appellat lill-udjenzi Eġizzjani li kienu jiffrekwentaw iċ-ċinemas tat-tielet livell. Chalom irrappreżenta wkoll l-oriġini Lhudija Eġizzjana fi żmien ta’ inċertezza għal-Lhud tal-Eġittu. F’The ''Two Delegates'' (1934), u ''Mistreated by Affluence'' (1937), Chalom għadda minn plot farċikali ma’ sieħeb Musulman jismu ‘Abdu. Permezz tad-deskrizzjoni tagħhom tal-ħbiberija ta’ Chalom u ‘Abdu u r-relazzjonijiet mill-qrib murija bejn Lhud u Musulmani oħra, dawn il-films irrakkomandaw kultura ta’ koeżistenza. Leon idderieġa wkoll żewġ films li fihom reġa’ ħa r-rwol ewlieni tiegħu: ''Chalom the Dragoman'' (1935), u ''The Athlete'' (1937), idderieġu flimkien ma’ Clément Mizrahi. Huwa studja l-inġinerija ċivili permezz ta' kors bil-korrispondenza fi Franza. Huwa żżewweġ lil Esther Cohen, imwielda f'Alexandria. Leon irtira miċ-ċinema fl-1937. Aktar tard immigra lejn l-Awstralja mal-familja tiegħu. Fl-1965, Leon kien involut fit-twaqqif tas-Sephardic Association of Victoria, l-ewwel Sinagoga Sephardic fl-Awstralja. Leon Angel miet f'Melbourne, l-Awstralja fit-12 ta' Lulju 1973. d08t7ulahvlhzlu856edo8e9dcb7ijf .Is-Sirena Żgħira 0 34405 329808 2026-05-08T01:13:03Z ~2026-27763-74 27933 Paġna ġdida: [[Stampa:Stories from Hans Andersen - Edmund Dulac color plate at page 189.jpg|daqsminuri]] Is-Sirena Żgħira (bid-Daniż: Den lille havfrue) hija ħrafa letterarja miktuba mill-awtur Daniż Hans Christian Andersen. Oriġinarjament ippubblikata fl-1837 bħala parti minn ġabra ta’ ħrejjef għat-tfal, l-istorja ssegwi l-vjaġġ ta’ prinċipessa sirena żagħżugħa li hija lesta li tagħti ħajjitha fil-baħar bħala sirena biex tikseb ruħ umana. L-istorja oriġinali k... 329808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Stories from Hans Andersen - Edmund Dulac color plate at page 189.jpg|daqsminuri]] Is-Sirena Żgħira (bid-Daniż: Den lille havfrue) hija ħrafa letterarja miktuba mill-awtur Daniż Hans Christian Andersen. Oriġinarjament ippubblikata fl-1837 bħala parti minn ġabra ta’ ħrejjef għat-tfal, l-istorja ssegwi l-vjaġġ ta’ prinċipessa sirena żagħżugħa li hija lesta li tagħti ħajjitha fil-baħar bħala sirena biex tikseb ruħ umana. L-istorja oriġinali kienet is-suġġett ta’ diversi analiżi minn studjużi bħal Jacob Bøggild u Pernille Heegaard, kif ukoll il-folklorista Maria Tatar. Dawn l-analiżijiet ikopru diversi aspetti tal-istorja, mill-interpretazzjoni tat-temi sad-diskussjoni dwar għaliex Andersen għażel li jikteb storja traġika b’tmiem kuntent. Ġiet adattata għal diversi mezzi, inkluż teatru mużikali, anime, ballet, opra, u film. Hemm ukoll statwa li turi s-sirena f’Copenhagen, id-Danimarka, fejn l-istorja nkitbet u ġiet ippubblikata għall-ewwel darba. 8jm61jr1i2l53j3tdltf6ydnmqgezs3 Attur 0 34406 329816 2026-05-08T10:34:57Z Themeramisin 27761 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:lmo:Special:Redirect/revision/1264168|Atur]]" 329816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Archivi:Kim_Rossi_Stuart_FCI_Tokyo.jpg|daqsminuri|[[Kim Rossi Stuart]] mill- 2009, atur Taljana]] '''Attur''' huwa ''persuna'' li twettaq parti jew rwol fi spettaklu teatru, film '','' televiżjoni, radju jew fit-triq. 056378u44fqpomk37e0re3e1prvxmhq 329817 329816 2026-05-08T10:38:01Z Themeramisin 27761 329817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayl:Atkinson_Rowan_crop.jpg|ħolqa=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayl:Atkinson_Rowan_crop.jpg|daqsminuri|Attur ]] '''Attur''' huwa ''persuna'' li twettaq parti jew rwol fi spettaklu teatru, film '','' televiżjoni, radju jew fit-triq. gwuy94ideok9n8rrrz9eo6ocm8hn8sb 329818 329817 2026-05-08T10:38:24Z Themeramisin 27761 329818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Attur''' huwa ''persuna'' li twettaq parti jew rwol fi spettaklu teatru, film '','' televiżjoni, radju jew fit-triq. ttumgcajo0lt32wzjqtyrymuef4789a