Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1142 330719 330689 2026-06-25T13:29:50Z MediaWiki message delivery 8472 /* Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki */ sezzjoni ġdida 330719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Il-Pjazza}} <!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Jannar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Jannar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Frar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Frar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == CEE Hub Microgrant Programme - 2025 round == '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants|CEE Hub Microgrant programme]]''' is open for submissions from the communities across Central and Eastern Europe (as well as Central Asia, and Farsi contributors that live in these regions). The CEE Hub Microgrant programme will fund projects ranging from 50 to 700 EUR. Please read the criteria and other details with the programme. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdscTZ9EPNjHhU0r7hUHNwntX34Wrk8ieiHemk_clB9VI3PfQ/viewform Application form]''' is accessible on the Meta page where you will need to answer a few simple questions. You can find a list of the applications for the programme from 2024 [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants/Applications 2024|on this page]], so you will get a sense of what other communities asked for funds. If you have any questions, please let us know ([[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Communication|contact us]]). We are waiting for your submissions! --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:35, 24 Frar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=28306207 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Marzu 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Marzu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:15, 14 Marzu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Be part of the next CEE Catch Up about Global Trends == Hi everyone, We want to announce the ninth '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|CEE Catch Up]]''' session, which will be dedicated to the Foundation Annual Planning Workshop focused on [[diffblog:2025/03/04/global-trends-2025/|'''global trends that are affecting our movement''']]. The session will take place on 23^rd of April 2025, 18:00-19:00 CEST (check your local time [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745424000 here]). Together (the CEE Communities and the Wikimedia Foundation staff) we will discuss the trends related to our projects, our readers and editors. We will explore how those trends show up in the CEE context and discuss what our projects need to address those trends, and how we can support them. You will also have the opportunity to ask questions to the Wikimedia Foundation staff about the work being planned as part of the annual plan that runs from July 2025 to June 2026. '''<u>''[[Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|Join us at the Next CEE Catch up]]!''</u>''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:19, 14 April 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Catch Up team) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=28546550 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:08, 6 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == Registration for the Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 is open == Dear all,               The Organising Committee of the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025|Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025]] is delighted to announce the opening of the registration for this year's conference. Affiliation and community delegates can register for the meeting until '''June 15th'''. All other self-funded participants can register until July 31st. The registration and scholarship application form which runs on Pretix, a free, open-sourced third-party platform that helps organize and manage events, can be found [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/wmcee-2025/ here]. Details on how to select delegates and the selection process can be found on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025/Registration|registration page]]. Please keep in mind that the official language of the conference is English and interpreting services will not be available. If you encounter any issues while registering, or have questions about the registration process, feel free to contact the coordination team via [mailto:wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr]. Your swift replies will be appreciated, as they will help us conduct an efficient booking process. Best regards,       On behalf of '''Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 Organising Team''' <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki> [[Utent:MARKELLOS|MARKELLOS]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MARKELLOS|d]]) 17:20, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC) == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Maltese Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Maltese Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Stampa:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[Stampa:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 20:48, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mejju 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 03:07, 28 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|diskussjoni]]) 16:47, 29 Mejju 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:44, 17 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 12:45, 14 Lulju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 Awwissu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:42, 18 Settembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:48, 9 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == Join the CEE Hub staff team – We’re hiring a Program Specialist == Hi everyone, The regional [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub|CEE Hub]] is looking for a '''Program Specialist''' to join our [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Staff|staff team]]! Are you someone experienced with Wikimedia who wants to help volunteers? Do you participate in Wiki Loves… and other related projects, and do you have ideas and skills to help others improve their efforts? Do you enjoy working with people from different countries? Are you able to work on your own, feel comfortable on Meta-Wiki, and understand how Meta works? If this sounds like you and you're interested in working with the CEE hub team, we’d love to hear from you! '''As a Program Specialist, you will:''' * Support affiliates and communities in developing and implementing impactful programs, * Strengthen regional cooperation and cross-border projects, * Help guide campaigns and initiatives across the CEE region, * Work closely with the CEE Hub team and community members. This is a '''part-time (0.8–0.9 full-time equivalent), remote position''' open to candidates based in the CEE region or nearby time zones. '''APPLICATION DEADLINE: NOVEMBER 10, 2025''' ➡️ '''Learn more and learn how to apply on Meta:''' [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Jobs/Program Specialist|Wikimedia CEE Hub – Program Specialist]] ⬅️ If you know someone who would be a great fit, please share this opportunity with them! <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29192870 --> == Help us test Cat-a-lot on your Wikipedia == '''[[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]]''' is a JavaScript gadget that helps with moving, removing and adding files (as well as articles or subcategories) between, from and to categories and it is widely used on Wikimedia Commons, where it is accessible for every user after enabling the gadget in your [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets Preferences]. Complete explanation of the tool, along with the images and demonstration video it is accessible on [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Wikimedia Commons]]. If your Wikipedia is struggling with performing this repetitive task when you need to move pages between categories and remove pages from a category, Cat-a-lot could be activated for your Wikipedia as well. Installation can be done as your user script or as a project gadget and codes can be found [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|here]]. Installation is already done on Polish and Romanian wikis from our CEE Region. English phrases from [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating]] can be translated and saved in [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro]] (for example). [[:m:CEE Hub/Working Groups/Technical Advancement Group|CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group]] is willing to support your community in the installation of the tool, and to offer support in case of bugs, as we can report them to the development team. Just leave a message below with any issues you encounter. --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:42, 18 Novembru 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 21:43, 28 Novembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-01_Wikipedias&oldid=29723884 --> == About subscription == Hello. I didn't see any message on this page but I hope I can find someone to help me. I'm conducting extensive research on the Mediterranean Games with the support of various wikipedians, and in this context, I need someone who has a subscription to the Times of Malta newspaper or access to another national Maltese newspaper archive. I only need to find out two pieces of information, and this requires looking at a maximum of four newspaper issues. *1975 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 6 or 7, 1975) Water Polo game - 09/05/1975 - Morocco - Malta (score info is missing) *1983 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 15 or 16, 1983) Water Polo game - 09/14/1983 - Egypt - Malta (score info is missing) Thanks in advance.--[[Utent:Sabri76|Sabri76]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Sabri76|d]]) 16:55, 5 Diċembru 2025 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities == Hi everyone, '''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts. You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process. We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start. * ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December). * ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF. Join our online Q&A session to learn more (same content, two options to join): * 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 1|register here]]) * 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 2|register here]]) More info & contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670168 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 == ''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!'' Dear all, The [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway. There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community. '''Eligibility criteria:''' * Candidates must be [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]: ** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025 ** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026 ** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026 * Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]] You can check your eligibility using the following tool: https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/ '''How to proceed:''' Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others. If nominated by others, the candidate must explicitly accept the nomination before 18 June 2026. The candidate should create their nomination page and submit their candidacy [[Meta:Wikimedia_CEE_Hub_Steering_Committee_Election_2026/Nominations|here]]: Please also inform your communities about the election and encourage participation. Best regards,   Electoral Commission of Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 --[[Meta:Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Meta:Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:00, 30 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wiki Loves Eurovision edit-a-thon logo 2026.svg|right|250px]] Hello everyone! You are invited to participate in the "[[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|Wiki Loves Eurovision]]" article writing contest, where our goal is to create new Eurovision-related articles in the CEE-language Wikipedia editions and improve existing ones. The contest will take place from May 10 to June 10, 2026, and prizes are available: * 1st prize: a voucher worth €60 * 2nd prize: a voucher worth €50 * 3rd prize: a voucher worth €40 * 4th–10th prize: a voucher worth €30 To participate in the contest and learn more, please visit [[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|this link]]. --[[User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub]] ([[User talk:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|talk]]) 14:00, 16 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mejju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Review request: Rozie userspace draft == Apologies for writing in English; I do not speak Maltese well enough to write this request in Maltese. Hello. I have prepared a userspace draft about Rozie: Draft: [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] Latest/current version, if the default view shows an older reviewed version: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie current version] I am a Latvian editor. The draft was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] with the help of machine translation, and it was also checked by a Maltese-speaking friend. However, I am not able to judge the final Maltese wording myself, so it may still need examination and correction by a local Maltese-speaking editor. Conflict of interest disclosure: I have no conflict of interest with Rozie. I am not paid by Rozie, I am not employed by it, I am not a founder, investor, contractor or representative of the company, and I have no family or close personal connection to the company. I created the draft in userspace because the subject has a direct Malta connection: the sources in the draft describe Rozie as a Latvia-developed cleaning-services booking platform whose main market is Malta, and the draft includes Malta-related coverage. I would appreciate local review of: * whether the Maltese language is acceptable; * whether the tone is neutral and not promotional; * whether the sources are sufficient for a Maltese Wikipedia article; * whether any parts should be shortened or rewritten; * whether the page can be moved to [[Rozie]] I understand that some sources are official or factual sources, and some media coverage may have a promotional tone. I am happy to trim or rewrite the draft if local editors recommend it. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 13:34, 15 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> kaq0935l0q8a2wtlali4h9b3vga5ooy 330720 330719 2026-06-25T14:08:40Z MargaritaPLV 28281 Follow-up on review request 330720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Il-Pjazza}} <!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Jannar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Jannar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Frar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Frar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == CEE Hub Microgrant Programme - 2025 round == '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants|CEE Hub Microgrant programme]]''' is open for submissions from the communities across Central and Eastern Europe (as well as Central Asia, and Farsi contributors that live in these regions). The CEE Hub Microgrant programme will fund projects ranging from 50 to 700 EUR. Please read the criteria and other details with the programme. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdscTZ9EPNjHhU0r7hUHNwntX34Wrk8ieiHemk_clB9VI3PfQ/viewform Application form]''' is accessible on the Meta page where you will need to answer a few simple questions. You can find a list of the applications for the programme from 2024 [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants/Applications 2024|on this page]], so you will get a sense of what other communities asked for funds. If you have any questions, please let us know ([[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Communication|contact us]]). We are waiting for your submissions! --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:35, 24 Frar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=28306207 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Marzu 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Marzu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:15, 14 Marzu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Be part of the next CEE Catch Up about Global Trends == Hi everyone, We want to announce the ninth '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|CEE Catch Up]]''' session, which will be dedicated to the Foundation Annual Planning Workshop focused on [[diffblog:2025/03/04/global-trends-2025/|'''global trends that are affecting our movement''']]. The session will take place on 23^rd of April 2025, 18:00-19:00 CEST (check your local time [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745424000 here]). Together (the CEE Communities and the Wikimedia Foundation staff) we will discuss the trends related to our projects, our readers and editors. We will explore how those trends show up in the CEE context and discuss what our projects need to address those trends, and how we can support them. You will also have the opportunity to ask questions to the Wikimedia Foundation staff about the work being planned as part of the annual plan that runs from July 2025 to June 2026. '''<u>''[[Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|Join us at the Next CEE Catch up]]!''</u>''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:19, 14 April 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Catch Up team) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=28546550 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:08, 6 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == Registration for the Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 is open == Dear all,               The Organising Committee of the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025|Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025]] is delighted to announce the opening of the registration for this year's conference. Affiliation and community delegates can register for the meeting until '''June 15th'''. All other self-funded participants can register until July 31st. The registration and scholarship application form which runs on Pretix, a free, open-sourced third-party platform that helps organize and manage events, can be found [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/wmcee-2025/ here]. Details on how to select delegates and the selection process can be found on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025/Registration|registration page]]. Please keep in mind that the official language of the conference is English and interpreting services will not be available. If you encounter any issues while registering, or have questions about the registration process, feel free to contact the coordination team via [mailto:wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr]. Your swift replies will be appreciated, as they will help us conduct an efficient booking process. Best regards,       On behalf of '''Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 Organising Team''' <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki> [[Utent:MARKELLOS|MARKELLOS]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MARKELLOS|d]]) 17:20, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC) == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Maltese Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Maltese Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Stampa:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[Stampa:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 20:48, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mejju 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 03:07, 28 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|diskussjoni]]) 16:47, 29 Mejju 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:44, 17 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 12:45, 14 Lulju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 Awwissu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:42, 18 Settembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:48, 9 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == Join the CEE Hub staff team – We’re hiring a Program Specialist == Hi everyone, The regional [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub|CEE Hub]] is looking for a '''Program Specialist''' to join our [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Staff|staff team]]! Are you someone experienced with Wikimedia who wants to help volunteers? Do you participate in Wiki Loves… and other related projects, and do you have ideas and skills to help others improve their efforts? Do you enjoy working with people from different countries? Are you able to work on your own, feel comfortable on Meta-Wiki, and understand how Meta works? If this sounds like you and you're interested in working with the CEE hub team, we’d love to hear from you! '''As a Program Specialist, you will:''' * Support affiliates and communities in developing and implementing impactful programs, * Strengthen regional cooperation and cross-border projects, * Help guide campaigns and initiatives across the CEE region, * Work closely with the CEE Hub team and community members. This is a '''part-time (0.8–0.9 full-time equivalent), remote position''' open to candidates based in the CEE region or nearby time zones. '''APPLICATION DEADLINE: NOVEMBER 10, 2025''' ➡️ '''Learn more and learn how to apply on Meta:''' [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Jobs/Program Specialist|Wikimedia CEE Hub – Program Specialist]] ⬅️ If you know someone who would be a great fit, please share this opportunity with them! <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29192870 --> == Help us test Cat-a-lot on your Wikipedia == '''[[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]]''' is a JavaScript gadget that helps with moving, removing and adding files (as well as articles or subcategories) between, from and to categories and it is widely used on Wikimedia Commons, where it is accessible for every user after enabling the gadget in your [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets Preferences]. Complete explanation of the tool, along with the images and demonstration video it is accessible on [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Wikimedia Commons]]. If your Wikipedia is struggling with performing this repetitive task when you need to move pages between categories and remove pages from a category, Cat-a-lot could be activated for your Wikipedia as well. Installation can be done as your user script or as a project gadget and codes can be found [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|here]]. Installation is already done on Polish and Romanian wikis from our CEE Region. English phrases from [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating]] can be translated and saved in [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro]] (for example). [[:m:CEE Hub/Working Groups/Technical Advancement Group|CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group]] is willing to support your community in the installation of the tool, and to offer support in case of bugs, as we can report them to the development team. Just leave a message below with any issues you encounter. --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:42, 18 Novembru 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 21:43, 28 Novembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-01_Wikipedias&oldid=29723884 --> == About subscription == Hello. I didn't see any message on this page but I hope I can find someone to help me. I'm conducting extensive research on the Mediterranean Games with the support of various wikipedians, and in this context, I need someone who has a subscription to the Times of Malta newspaper or access to another national Maltese newspaper archive. I only need to find out two pieces of information, and this requires looking at a maximum of four newspaper issues. *1975 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 6 or 7, 1975) Water Polo game - 09/05/1975 - Morocco - Malta (score info is missing) *1983 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 15 or 16, 1983) Water Polo game - 09/14/1983 - Egypt - Malta (score info is missing) Thanks in advance.--[[Utent:Sabri76|Sabri76]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Sabri76|d]]) 16:55, 5 Diċembru 2025 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities == Hi everyone, '''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts. You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process. We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start. * ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December). * ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF. Join our online Q&A session to learn more (same content, two options to join): * 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 1|register here]]) * 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 2|register here]]) More info & contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670168 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 == ''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!'' Dear all, The [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway. There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community. '''Eligibility criteria:''' * Candidates must be [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]: ** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025 ** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026 ** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026 * Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]] You can check your eligibility using the following tool: https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/ '''How to proceed:''' Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others. 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You are invited to participate in the "[[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|Wiki Loves Eurovision]]" article writing contest, where our goal is to create new Eurovision-related articles in the CEE-language Wikipedia editions and improve existing ones. 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More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mejju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Review request: Rozie userspace draft == Apologies for writing in English; I do not speak Maltese well enough to write this request in Maltese. Hello. I have prepared a userspace draft about Rozie: Draft: [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] Latest/current version, if the default view shows an older reviewed version: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie current version] I am a Latvian editor. The draft was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] with the help of machine translation, and it was also checked by a Maltese-speaking friend. However, I am not able to judge the final Maltese wording myself, so it may still need examination and correction by a local Maltese-speaking editor. Conflict of interest disclosure: I have no conflict of interest with Rozie. I am not paid by Rozie, I am not employed by it, I am not a founder, investor, contractor or representative of the company, and I have no family or close personal connection to the company. I created the draft in userspace because the subject has a direct Malta connection: the sources in the draft describe Rozie as a Latvia-developed cleaning-services booking platform whose main market is Malta, and the draft includes Malta-related coverage. I would appreciate local review of: * whether the Maltese language is acceptable; * whether the tone is neutral and not promotional; * whether the sources are sufficient for a Maltese Wikipedia article; * whether any parts should be shortened or rewritten; * whether the page can be moved to [[Rozie]] I understand that some sources are official or factual sources, and some media coverage may have a promotional tone. I am happy to trim or rewrite the draft if local editors recommend it. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 13:34, 15 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) '''Just a short follow-up:''' could any Maltese-speaking editor check whether the wording is acceptable and whether the draft can be moved to [[Rozie]]? [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 14:08, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> idm6dvl5dehzqrsqu5e44w05u76qryo 0 25438 330726 329562 2026-06-26T11:41:48Z Kewkbet is-Safar 17607 /* Midja */ 330726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Yana Psaila''' (xebba '''Kirienko'''), twieldet fit-8 ta’ Mejju tal-1979 fis-Siberja, [[Russja]]. Hija poetessa Russa-Maltija (bl-għeruq etniċi Russi, Ukreni u Pollakki), lingwista u traduttriċi, membru tal-[[Akkademja tal-Malti]], tal-Għaqda Poeti Maltin, tal-[[Għaqda tal-Malti – Università]] u tal-Għaqda Qarrejja tal-Provi tal-Malti, Dottoressa tax-Xjenza Honoris Causa. Fl-10 ta’ April tal-2026 ingħatat iċ-Ċittadinanza Onorarja tal-Furjana<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Ellul|isem=James Aaron|data=2026-04-14|titlu=Imtellgħa s-serata tal-premjijiet ta’ Jum il-Floriana 2026|url=https://www.florianalocalcouncil.com/2026/04/14/imtella-s-serata-tal-premijiet-ta-jum-il-floriana-2026/|pubblikazzjoni=Il-Kunsill Lokali tal-Furjana|data-aċċess=}}</ref> == Bijografija == Yana twieldet fit-8 ta’ Mejju fl-1979 fil-belt ta’ Tomsk fil-familja tal-impjegati tal-Istitut Politekniku ta’ Tomsk u tal-Università Statali ta’ Tomsk. Missierha l-Prof. Vladislav Evghenievich Kirienko huwa speċjalista fil-qasam taċ-ċibernetika; ommha Olga Nikolaevna Kirienko hija  filologa; ħuha Felix Vladislavovich Kirienko huwa lingwista. Yana kitbet l-ewwel poeżija meta kellha ħames snin, u fis-sena 1991 dehret l-ewwel pubblikazzjoni tagħha<ref>{{Ċita rivista |skript-titlu=ru:Плачет маленький котенок...|kunjom=Кириенко|isem=Яна|volum=47|numru=371|paġni=8|sena=1991|rivista=Еженедельный вестник всесоюзного общества защиты животных «Зов» |lingwa=ru}}</ref>. Iggradwat mill-Università Statali ta’ Tomsk b’Master’s bħala Lingwista-Lettriċi fit-Teorija u l-Metodoloġija tat-Tagħlim tal-Lingwi u l-Kulturi Barranin bis-speċjalizazzjoni fit-tagħlim tal-Ingliż fil-livell terzjarju<ref>{{Ċita web |url=http://www.tsu.ru/news/tomskiy-portal-zapustil-proekt-o-vypusknikakh-tgu-/?sphrase_id=262318 |skript-titlu=ru:Томский портал запустил проект о выпускниках ТГУ за рубежом |data=2019-08-16 |sit=Национа́льный иссле́довательский То́мский госуда́рственный университе́т |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621175434/http://www.tsu.ru/news/tomskiy-portal-zapustil-proekt-o-vypusknikakh-tgu-/?sphrase_id=262318 |arkivju-data=2020-06-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. === Perjodu Malti === Yana Psaila tgħix u taħdem f'Malta mis-sena 2004. Tgħallmet l-ilsien Malti waħidha u fis-snin 2012-2013 saħansitra għaddiet mill-eżamijiet tal-Malti (bħala lsien nattiv) fil-livell Ordinarju u dak Avvanzat. Fis-sena 2010 ċ-Ċentru Malti għar-Rikonoxximent ta’ Kwalifiki u ta’ Informazzjoni rrikonoxxa l-lawrea tagħha li kisbet fir-Russja bħala ekwivalenti għal-livell ta’ Master’s<ref>Malta Qualifications Recognition Information Centre, Ref No: MQRIC 299/4 JSU/RD, 16 September 2010.</ref>. Fis-sena 2013 Yana Psaila saret membru tal-Għaqda Poeti Maltin. Fis-sena 2014 saret membru tal-Għaqda tal-Malti - Università. Fis-sena 2015 saret membru tal-Akkademja Tal-Malti. Fis-sena 2025 Psaila temmiet b'suċċess il-kors universitarju fil-Qari tal-Provi tal-Malti u fl-istess sena saret membru tal-Għaqda Qarrejja tal-Provi tal-Malti. ===== Xogħlijiet poetiċi tagħha bil-Malti ===== Fl-ewwel snin tal-ħajja tagħha f’Malta Yana kienet tikteb poeżiji bl-Ingliż. Fis-snin 2006-2007  bdiet tesprimi ruħha bil-Malti. Il-poeżiji tagħha jiġu pubblikati f’diversi rivisti u gazzetti. Fis-sena 2013 ħarġet l-ewwel ġabra tal-poeżiji tagħha bil-Malti 'L-Imħabba tal-Istilla Polari'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|titlu=L-Imħabba tal-Istilla Polari |isem=Yana |kunjom=Psaila |data=2013 |pubblikatur=Printwell |lingwa=mt}}</ref>, iffinanzjata mill-awtriċi stess, u li minnufih attirat attenzjoni ta’ kritiċi letterarji<ref>{{Ċita magażin |url=https://issuu.com/patrickj.sammut/docs/il-pont_marzu_2014 |titlu=Minn Fuq l-Ixkaffa |data=2014-03-18 |magażin=il-pont |numru=18 |paġna=8 |editur-kunjom=Sammut |editur-isem=Patrick |lingwa=mt}}</ref>. Il-poetessa ġiet mistiedna għall-intervisti f’diversi programmi tar-radju u t-televizjoni kif ukoll biex tipparteċipa fl-avvenimenti kulturali bil-qari tal-poeżiji fosthom iċ-ċelebrazjonijiet ta’ Jum il-Furjana, Jum Tas-Sliema u oħrajn. Xi wħud mill-poeżiji tagħha nqraw mill-atturi waqt il-Festival tal-Arti ta’ Malta<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://ktieb.org.mt/emerging-artists-malta-arts-festival-2013/ |titlu=Emerging Artists – Malta Arts Festival 2013 |data=2014-07-16 |sit=Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622134925/https://ktieb.org.mt/emerging-artists-malta-arts-festival-2013/ |arkivju-data=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Fis-sena 2019 bl-għajnuna tal-Aġenzija Nazzjonali tal-Litteriżmu fi ħdan il-Ministeru għall-Edukazzjoni u Xogħol ħareġ it-tieni volum tal-antoloġija 'Il-Poezija Maltija'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Il-Poeżija Maltija - It-Tieni Volum |editur-kunjom=Sciberras |editur-isem=Andrew |data=2019 |pubblikatur=Merlin Publishers |isbn=9789990917840 |lingwa=mt}}</ref>, immirata għall-istudenti li qed jippreparaw għall-eżami tal-Malti fil-livell Avvanzat. Fiha dehru x-xogħlijiet tal-poeti kontemporanji Maltin fosthom żewġ poeżiji ta’ Yana Psaila 'Int Kollox Għalija' u 'Min Inti?'<ref>{{Ċita web |url=http://viu.tsu.ru/news/6016/ |skript-titlu=ru:Стихи выпускницы ТГУ вошли в мальтийский учебник для колледжей |data=2019-04-12 |sit=Программа повышения конкурентоспособности ТГУ |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622114837/http://viu.tsu.ru/news/6016/ |arkivju-data=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ===== Traduzzjonijiet tal-poeżiji ===== Fis-sena 2014 Yana Psaila ġiet mistiedna mill-fundatriċi u direttriċi tal-Mużew u l-Istitut ta’ Vladimir Vysotsky fil-[[Polonja]] (Muzeum Wlodzimierza Wysockiego w Koszalinie) [[Зимна, Марлена|Marlena Zimna]] biex tipparteċipa fil-proġett poetiku internazzjonali li kkonsista fit-traduzzjonijiet tax-xogħlijiet poetiċi tal-kantawtur Vladimir Vysotsky f’bosta ilsna tad-dinja<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://wysotsky.com/Koszalin/12-02.htm |skript-titlu=ru:Международный поэтический проект: Владимир Высоцкий. Новые переводы |data=2014 |kunjom=Zimna |isem=Marlena |sit=Владимир Высоцкий |lingwa=ru}}</ref>. ’Il fuq minn sittin studjuż, poeta u artist ta’ diversi pajjiżi qalbu l-kanzunetti tiegħu, fosthom Yana Psaila li ttraduċiet numru kbir ta’ xogħlijiet tiegħu għall-Malti. Dawn it-traduzzjonijiet ġew ippubblikati f’żewġ kotba ta’ Marlena Żimna 'Vladimir Vysotsky in New Translations: International poetic project'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Vladimir Vysotsky in New Translations. International Poetic Project |kunjom=Zimna |isem=Marlena |data=2014 |pubblikatur=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1505418583 |lingwa=ru}}</ref> u 'Vladimir Vysotsky in various languages: International poetic project'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Vladimir Vysotsky in various languages: International poetic project |kunjom=Zimna |isem=Marlena |data=2015 |pubblikatur=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1517091910 |lingwa=ru}}</ref>. It-traduzzjonijiet ta’ Yana għal dan il-proġett ħarġu wkoll fis-sena 2015 fil-ktieb ippubblikat għalih fl-[[Iżrael]] bl-isem 'Fil-Baħar tad-Dmugħ' («В море слёз»)<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Fil-Baħar Tad-Dmugħ |kunjom=Vysotsky |isem=Vladimir |traduttur-kunjom=Psaila |traduttur-isem=Yana |sena=2015 |pubblikatur= |isbn= |lingwa=mt}}</ref>. B'kollox Yana Psaila qalbet għall-Malti 36 kanzunetta ta' Vladimir Vysotsky<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://wysotsky.com/1082.htm|titlu=Vladimir Vysotsky}}</ref>. It-traduzzjonijiet ta’ Yana Psaila dehru wkoll fir-rivista tal-Akkademja tal-Malti 'Il-Malti'<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://akkademjatalmalti.org/2020/06/04/harga-gdida-ta-il-malti/ |titlu=Ħarġa ġdida ta' Il-Malti |data=2020-06-04 |sit=L-Akkademja tal-Malti |lingwa=mt}}</ref> u fir-rivista tal-Għaqda tal-Malti - Università 'Leħen il-Malti'<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ghaqdamalti/photos/gm.1793546474366687/4643913879006044/|titlu=LEĦEN IL-MALTI għadd 40}}</ref>. Fil-librerija tal-Akkademja tal-Malti hemm numru ta’ kotba tagħha<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://akkademjatalmalti.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/librerija-tal-akkademja-tal-malti.pdf |titlu=Il-Librerija tal-Akkademja tal-Malti |data-aċċess=2021-04-16 |lingwa=mt}}</ref>. Fil-perjodu bejn is-snin 2014-2020 Yana qalbet mir-Russu għall-Malti x-xogħlijiet tal-poeti Russi tas-sekli XIX u XX, fosthom [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Mikhail Lermontov]], [[Pyotr Vyazemsky]], [[Fyodor Tyutchev]], [[Afanasy Fet]], [[Alexander Blok]], [[Igor Severyanin]], [[Andrey Bely]], [[Nikolay Gumilyov]], [[Boris Pasternak]], [[Evgeny Evtushenko]], [[Vladimir Vysotsky]], [[Bella Akhmadulina]], [[Novella Matvyeyeva]], [[Nikolay Rubtsov]], [[Sergei Yesenin]]. Għamlet ukoll it-traduzzjonijiet tal-kanzunetti popolari taż-żmien tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija bħal 'Rożinjoli' («Соловьи»), 'Ġox-Xelter għas-Suldati' («В землянке») u ta’ dawk miktubin wara iżda li xorta jirriferu għat-tema tal-gwerra: 'Ir-Russi Jridu l-Gwerra?' («Хотят ли русские войны»), 'Oqbra tal-Massa' («Братские могилы») eċċ. Ta’ min jinnota li t-traduzzjoni għall-Malti tal-kanzunetta 'Ġox-xelter għas-Suldati' ħarġet awtentika għall-kanzunetta oriġinali fir-rigward tat-test, ir-rima, ir-ritmu u l-melodija u saħansitra kienet kantata b’mod eċċellenti mill-Baritonu Malti Joseph Lia fil-jiem taċ-ċelebrazzjoni tal-75 Anniversarju mir-rebħa, kemm bir-Russu kif ukoll bil-Malti<ref>{{Ċita aħbar |url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/mt/news/il-covid-19-tharbat-il-pjanijiet-tal-artisti-artisti-bgejjieni-incert/ |titlu=Il-COVID-19 tħarbat il-pjanijiet tal-artisti – artisti b'ġejjieni inċert |data=2020-06-02 |data-aċċess=2021-04-16 |kunjom=Cassar |isem=Daphne |pubblikazzjoni=TVM.com.mt |lingwa=mt}}</ref>. Bejn is-snin 2023-2025 Psaila qalbet għall-Malti numru ta' xogħlijiet tal-poeti Belarussi wkoll, fosthom [[Yakub Kolas]], [[Yanka Kupala]], [[Yevgenia Yanishchits]], [[Ales Badak]], [[Victor Shnip]], [[Ryhor Baradulin]], [[Maksim Bahdanovich]], li dehru fir-rivisti 'Il-Malti' u 'Leħen il-Malti', il-gazzetta 'It-Torċa' u r-rivista letterarja online 'Il-Pont'<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://mega.nz/file/wdYgAJDI#DpGzzWgX6emI-XZN1I15dvHMW_03XqP1QHHigMiRVDc|titlu='Il-Pont', ħarġa nru. 074|lingwa=mt}}</ref>. Fil-ktieb ‘L-Ilsien Malti għal Qalbi’<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2024|titlu='L-Ilsien Malti għal Qalbi'|post=Malta|pubblikatur=Klabb Kotba Maltin|paġni=47-53|isbn=978-99932-7-992-1}}</ref> li huwa frott il-kampanja nazzjonali bl-istess isem li saret bejn l-2022 u l-2024, imtellgħa mill-Uffiċċju tal-President ta’ Malta u l-għaqdiet ewlenin tal-Malti, deher l-artiklu ta' Yana Psaila 'Poeżija Slavonika bil-Malti fit-traduzzjoni mill-ilsna oriġinali' bit-traduzzjonijiet tagħha tal-poeżiji li saru għall-ewwel darba direttament mill-Belarussu ta' [[Yakub Kolas]], l-Ukren ta' [[Taras Shevchenko]] u l-Pollakk ta' [[Adam Mickiewicz]] għall-Malti. Fis-sena 2019 Yana ġiet mistiedna tipparteċipa fil-proġett internazzjonali tat-traduzzjoni organizzat mid-Dar tal-Pubblikazzjoni ŻVEŻDA fir-[[Bjelorussja|Repubblika tal-Belarussja]], iddedikat għall-pijunier fit-tipografija u edukatur Belarussu [[Francysk Skaryna]]. Hi għamlet traduzzjoni tad-daħla ta’ Francysk Skaryna għall-Ktieb ta’ Ġuditta għall-Malti għall-pubblikazzjoni li jmiss fis-sena 2020 tal-ktieb FRANCYSK SKARYNA F’DIVERSI ILSNA TAD-DINJA<ref>{{Ċita aħbar |url=http://zviazda.by/ru/news/20160913/1473717151-proekt-francisk-skorina-na-yazykah-narodov-mira-predstavili-v-moskve |titlu=Проект «Франциск Скорина на языках народов мира» представили в Москве |data=2016-09-13 |kunjom=Шычко |isem=Сяргей |pubblikazzjoni=Звязда |lingwa=be |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128205925/http://zviazda.by/ru/news/20160913/1473717151-proekt-francisk-skorina-na-yazykah-narodov-mira-predstavili-v-moskve |arkivju-data=2020-11-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Bejn is-snin 2019 u 2020 Yana Psaila ħadet sehem fil-proġett tat-traduzzjoni organizzat mill-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://ktieb.org.mt/mt/|titlu=il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb}}</ref> bil-għan li l-poeżiji ta’ [[Dun Karm Psaila]] jiġu maqlubin għall-ħames ilsna prinċipali tad-dinja<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://ktieb.org.mt/mt/news/happy-easter-from-the-national-book-council/|titlu=L-Għid it-Tajjeb mill-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb|data-aċċess=2021-11-25|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125113357/https://ktieb.org.mt/mt/news/happy-easter-from-the-national-book-council/|arkivju-data=2021-11-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>, fejn Yana qalbet mill-Malti għar-Russu 40 xogħol poetiku ta’ Dun Karm: 'L-Arloġġ', 'Il-Wegħda', 'Id-Dar', 'Il-Qalb tal-Bniedem', 'Il-Għira', 'Omm', 'Ħerba', 'Il-Jien u lil Hinn Minnu', 'Ħajr u Talb', 'Il-Għodwa', 'Lid-Dielja', 'It-Tifla tar-Raba’', 'L-Ewwel Xita', 'Lil Malta', 'Paċi u Gwerra', 'Lil Marija Immakulata', 'Illum', 'Warda li Tgħid Ġrajjietha', 'Quddiem Xbieha tal-Madonna', 'Waħdi', 'Żjara lil Ġesù', 'Nofs il-Lejl Sajfi', 'Kewkbet is-Safar', 'Il-Għanja tal-Imħabba', 'U Jiena Fraħt ...', 'Int Ma Tarġax', 'Lampa Ċkejkna', 'Alla', 'L-Għid il-Kbir', 'Innu lill-Madonna', 'Alla Mhux Hekk', 'L-Id tal-Imgħallem', 'Missjunarju', 'L-Għanja Moħbija', 'Lill-Poeżija Tiegħi', 'Trid Taf?', 'Il-Kelma', 'Dell u Dija', 'Ward', 'Lill-Muża'. Poeti Maltin oħra li xogħlijiet tagħhom Yana qalbet għar-Russu huma [[Oliver Friggieri]] ('U l-Friegħi Imxewkin'), [[Louis Briffa]] ('Il-Ħolma tal-Brimba s-Safra'), [[Omar Seguna]] ('Frustrat' u 'Qaluli'), [[Immanuel Mifsud]] ('Aqta' Fjura U Ibni Kamra, Jew iċ-Ċajta tad-Dollaru'), [[Adrian Grima]] ('Todo Relaciòn'), [[Ġorġ Peresso]] ('Untouched by light' u 'Poeżija hi...') u [[Charles Coleiro]] ('Oħroġ Qamar'). Dawn it-traduzzjonijiet dehru fl-almanakk letterarju «Созвучие» <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://adriangrima.org/2023/04/03/todo-relacion-ippubblikata-l-belarussja/|titlu=“Todo Relacion” ippubblikata l-Belarussja|lingwa=mt}}</ref>('Sożvuċie') maħruġ għat-XXX Fiera Internazzjonali tal-Ktieb li saret fl-2023 f’[[Minsk]]. Imbagħad sena wara l-istess kitbiet ġew maqluba did-darba għal-lingwa Belarussa u ħarġu fil-gazzetta letterarja popolari tal-Belarussja “Літаратура і мастацтва” ('Il-Letteratura u l-Arti')<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://omarseguna.com/2024/08/04/il-poeti-tamalta-jitkellmu-bil-lingwa-belarussa-kitba-ta-yana-psaila/|titlu=IL-POETI TA’ MALTA JITKELLMU BIL-LINGWA BELARUSSA|lingwa=mt}}</ref>. ===== Traduzzjonijiet tal-proża ===== Fis-snin 2016 u 2018 id-Dar tal-Pubblikazzjoni Russa Khudozhestvennaya Literatura ħarġet żewġ kotba ta’ [[Trevor Żahra|Trevor Zahra]] bit-traduzzjoni ta’ Yana Psaila. F’Ġunju 2016 l-Aġenzija tal-Aħbarijiet Russa TASS ħabbret li ħareġ l-ewwel ktieb tal-awtur Malti fir-Russja<ref>{{Ċita aħbar |url=https://tass.ru/kultura/3373874 |skript-titlu=ru:Мальтийский роман был впервые переведен на русский язык |data=2016-06-17 |pubblikazzjoni=Информацио́нное аге́нтство Росси́и ТАСС |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, li kien ir-rumanzett 'Il-Ħajja Sigrieta tan-Nanna Ġenoveffa'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |skript-titlu=ru:Тайная жизнь бабушки Женовеффы |kunjom=Зара |isem=Тревор |awtur-ħolqa=Trevor Zahra |editur-kunjom=Гришанов |editur-isem=А. А. |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |data=2016 |pubblikatur=Художественная литература |isbn=978-5-280-03781-6 |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, ir-rebbieħ tal-Premju Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb fis-sena 2008<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://ktieb.org.mt/ |titlu=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb |sit=Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb |lingwa=mt}}</ref>. Il-qarrejja Russi laqqgħuh tajjeb ħafna<ref>{{Ċita web |titlu=Немного о жизни на Мальте |kunjom=Приходько |isem=Диана |data=2016-11-01 |sit=Эстезис: Журнал о литературе |url=https://aesthesis.ru/news/malta-zara |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622043712/https://aesthesis.ru/news/malta-zara |arkivju-data=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ktieb ieħor, tradott minn Psaila, ir-rumanz 'Sfidi'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |skript-titlu=ru:Вызовы |kunjom=Зара |isem=Тревор |awtur-ħolqa=Trevor Zahra |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |data=2018 |pubblikatur=Художественная литература |isbn=978-5-280-03830-1 |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, ir-rebbieħ tal-Kategorija 'Kotba għall-Adoloxxenti', il-Premju Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb 2005, ħareġ fir-Russja fil-ħarifa tal-2018. Yana Psaila teqleb ukoll ix-xogħlijiet letterarji tal-kittieba Maltin fil-ġeneru tan-novella. L-għażla tagħhom hi tispjega hekk<ref name="secondmothertongue">{{Ċita magażin|skript-titlu=ru:«Мальтийский язык стал для меня вторым родным…» |data=2019 |numru=30 |paġni=40-42 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-30_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref>:<blockquote>''Dawn l-istejjer ivarjaw ħafna minn xulxin ... L-awturi tagħhom – irġiel u nisa – ġejjin mill-ġenerazzjonijiet differenti, ikollhom professjonijiet u oqsma ta’ interess diversi kif ukoll il-pożizzjoni fis-soċjetà. L-idea hi li l-qarrej Russu jifforma f’moħħu stampa dettaljata tal-ħajja tal-Maltin, jaraha mill-angoli differenti.''</blockquote>Diġà ġew ippubblikati bl-ilsien Russu novelli ta’ [[Joe Friggieri]]<ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Дерево |kunjom=Фриджиери |isem=Джо |awtur-ħolqa=Joe Friggieri |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=21 |paġna=44 |sena=2019 |rivista=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-21_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Дерево |kunjom=Фриджиери |isem=Джо |awtur-ħolqa=Joe Friggieri |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=22 |paġna=60 |sena=2019 |rivista=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-22_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Дерево |kunjom=Фриджиери |isem=Джо |awtur-ħolqa=Joe Friggieri |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=23|paġna=58 |sena=2019 |rivista=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-23_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Дерево |kunjom=Фриджиери |isem=Джо |awtur-ħolqa=Joe Friggieri |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=24 |paġna=58 |sena=2019 |rivista=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-24_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, [[Trevor Żahra|Trevor Zahra]]<ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Любовь во время чумы |kunjom=Зара |isem=Тревор |awtur-ħolqa=Trevor Zahra |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=25 |paġna=48 |data=2019 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-25_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Любовь во время чумы |kunjom=Зара |isem=Тревор |awtur-ħolqa=Trevor Zahra |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=26-27 |paġna=36 |data=2019 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/mv-26-27_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web |skript-titlu=ru:Исповедь |kunjom=Зара |isem=Тревор |awtur-ħolqa=Trevor Zahra |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |data=2020-11-09 |sit=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/publikaczii/ispoved.html |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, Rita Saliba<ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Идол |kunjom=Салиба |isem=Рита |awtur-ħolqa=Rita Saliba |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=28 |data=2019 |paġna=42 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-28_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Идол |kunjom=Салиба |isem=Рита |awtur-ħolqa=Rita Saliba |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=29 |data=2019 |paġna=43 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-29s.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, Amanda Busuttil<ref>{{Ċita magażin ||skript-titlu=ru:Девочка в красном |kunjom=Бузуттил |isem=Аманда |awtur-ħolqa=Amanda Busuttil |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=30 |paġna=43 |data=2019 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-30_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Глубокий0 вдох |kunjom=Бузуттил |isem=Аманда |awtur-ħolqa=Amanda Busuttil |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=31 |paġna=41 |data=2020 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2020/MV-31_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, Victor Fenech<ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Американский дядя |kunjom=Фенек |isem=Виктор |awtur-ħolqa=Victor Fenech |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=32 |paġna=35 |data=2020 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2020/MV-32_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Американский дядя |kunjom=Фенек |isem=Виктор |awtur-ħolqa=Victor Fenech |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=33 |paġna=37 |data=2020 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2020/MV-33_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, [[Oliver Friggieri]]<ref>{{Ċita web |skript-titlu=ru:Субботний врач |kunjom=Фриджиери |isem=Оливер |awtur-ħolqa=Oliver Friggieri |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |data=2020-10-03 |sit=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/publikaczii/subbotnij-vrach.html |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, [[Immanuel Mifsud]]<ref>{{Ċita magażin |titlu=Happy weekend |kunjom=Мифсуд |isem=Иммануэль |awtur-ħolqa=Immanuel Mifsud |traduttur-kunjom=Псайла |traduttur-isem=Яна |numru=35 |paġni=44-45 |data=2021 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2021/MV-35_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref>. Mis-sena 2022 Psaila bdiet taqleb għall-Malti stejjer tal-kittieba Belarussi bħal [[Yury Pelyshonok]]<ref>{{Ċita rivista|sena=2022|titlu='Il-Malti'|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1204571501698403&set=a.561467582675468&type=3|rivista='Ħrafa dwar Kittieb Brikkun'|post=Malta|pubblikatur=L-Akkademja tal-Malti, Klabb Kotba Maltin|paġni=79-80}}</ref>, [[Ales Karlyukevich]] u [[Ekaterina Khadasevich-Lisovaja]]. Ix-xogħlijiet tradotti tal-aħħar żewġ kittieba jidhru b'mod regolari fir-rivista 'Sagħtar'<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://saghtar.org.mt/product-category/saghtar-mt/|titlu='Sagħtar'|lingwa=mt}}</ref>. ===== Proġetti u riċerki ===== Fis-sena 2014 ħarġu l-ewwel ta-xorta tagħhom <ref>{{Ċita aħbar |skript-titlu=ru:Выпускница ТГУ выпустила первый в мире русско-мальтийский и мальтийско-русский разговорники |data=2014-01-04 |pubblikazzjoni=Томские новости |url=http://tomsk-novosti.ru/vy-pusknitsa-tgu-vy-pustila-pervy-j-v-mire-russko-mal-tijskij-i-mal-tijsko-russkij-razgovorniki/ |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410203101/https://tomsk-novosti.ru/vy-pusknitsa-tgu-vy-pustila-pervy-j-v-mire-russko-mal-tijskij-i-mal-tijsko-russkij-razgovorniki/ |arkivju-data=2023-04-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>«РУССКО-МАЛЬТИЙСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ-РАЗГОВОРНИК»<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Frażarju Russu-Malti / Русско-мальтийский словарь-разговорник |kunjom=Psaila |isem=Yana |data=2014 |isbn= 978-99957-0-654-8 |lingwa=ru, mt}}</ref> (Frażarju Russu-Malti) u 'Frażarju Malti-Russu'<ref>{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Frażarju Malti-Russu |kunjom=Psaila |isem=Yana |data=2014 |isbn=978-99957-0-655-5 |lingwa=mt, ru}}</ref>, iffinanzjati mill-awtriċi stess. Fl-intervista għall-gazzetta tal-Università Statali ta’ Tomsk 'Alma Mater' għall-mistoqsija kif ġietha l-idea toħloq dawn il-frażarji, Yana wieġbet hekk<ref>{{Ċita web |titlu=Тыткеллем биль-мальти? |kunjom=Сёнинг |isem=Марина |numru=2558 |data=2014-01-04 |sit=Alma Mater: Газета Томского государственного университета |url=http://www.almamater.tsu.ru/show_story.phtml?nom=2558&s=6392 |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218193531/http://www.almamater.tsu.ru/show_story.phtml?nom=2558&s=6392 |arkivju-data=2020-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>:<blockquote>''Meta ħassejt li kelli biżżejjed għarfien tal-Malti xtaqt naqsmu man-nies Russi oħra li bħali jinteressaw ruħhom f’dan l-ilsien sabiħ. Bdejt naħseb x’l-aħjar li nikteb: dizzjunarju, ktieb biex wieħed jistudja permezz tiegħu s-sisien tal-grammatika u l-vokabularju bażiku tal-Malti jew frażarju. Bdejt  nifli l-kontenut tas-siti elettroniċi ddedikati għall-mistoqsijiet tan-nies mir-Russja dwar Malta u skoprejt li l-aktar imfittex kien il-frażarju Russu-Malti li kien għadu ma jeżistix. Dan il-fatt kien kruċjali għall-għażla tiegħi.''</blockquote>Waqt it-tnedija ta’ dawn il-frażarji fl-Università ta’ Malta tkellem dwarhom l-eks Ambaxxatur Straordinarju u Plenipotenzjarju tar-Repubblika ta’ Malta fl-Unjoni Sovjetika Maurice Lubrano<ref>{{Ċita web |skript-titlu=ru:Вручение верительных грамот послом Мальты в СССР |url=http://visualrian.ru/media/5653634.html |sit=visualrian.ru |lingwa=ru}}</ref> li nnota li<ref>{{Ċita magażin |titlu=Frażarju Malti-Russu |editur-kunjom=Vella |editur-isem=Paul |numru=232 |paġna=1 |data=2015 |magażin=Folju t'Aħbarijiet |pubblikatur=Maltese Literature Group |url=https://mccv.org.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2015/08/mlg-folju-settembru-2015.pdf |lingwa=mt}}</ref>:<blockquote>''Ir-relazzjoni dejjem tikber bejn il-popli ta’ Malta u tar-Russja tagħmel parti mill-progress tal-lum il-ġurnata fl-oqsma soċjali, kulturali u ekonomiċi taż-żewġ pajjiżi. Qed jiżdied ukoll in-numru tal-Maltin li jixtiequ jikkomunikaw mal-ħbieb Russi bil-lingwa nattiva tagħhom hawn f’Malta jew waqt il-vjaġġ lejn il-pajjiżi li jitkellmu bl-ilsien Russu. Meta Yana Psaila wrietni x-xogħol irfinut tagħha - 'Frażarju Malti-Russu', jien bqajt għalkollox imgħaġġeb bl-approċċ studjat li mxiet bih f’dan ix-xogħol.''</blockquote>Ir-rilevanza tal-ħolqien tal-frażarji ġiet innotata wkoll waqt il-konferenza internazzjonali online 'Il-Lingwa Russa fid-Djalogu tal-Kulturi' li saret f’Ġunju tal-2014<ref>{{Ċita web |url=http://www.rusinkg.ru/article/3-russkij-mir/2684-mezhdunarodnaya-internet-konferentsiya-russkij-yazyk-v-dialoge-kultur |sit=Россия в Кыргызстане |titlu=Международная интернет-конференция «Русский язык в диалоге культур» |data=2014-06-09 |lingwa=ru}}</ref>, fejn Psaila ppreżentat ir-rapport min-naħa taċ-Ċentru Russu għax-Xjenza u l-Kultura f’Malta. Minn Ġunju 2017 Yana għandha l-kolonna tagħha ddedikata għal-lingwa u l-letteratura Maltija kif ukoll poeżija Russa tradotta għall-Malti fir-rivista kulturali Russa 'L-Araldu Malti', fejn hi tippubblika regolarment frammenti minn 'Frażarju Russu-Malti' u l-poeżiji tal-poeti Russi fl-oriġinal u t-traduzzjonijiet tagħhom għall-Malti. Yana għandha wkoll il-kanal ta' YouTube għall-qari ta’ dawn il-poeżiji biex il-qarrej Russu jkollu l-opportunità permezz tal-filmati jisma’ l-ħoss tat-test poetiku tradott u l-mużikalità tal-ilsien Malti. Minn Marzu 2019 Psaila bdiet tippubblika wkoll f’din ir-rivista novelli tal-kittieba Maltin maqluba għar-Russu. It-traduzzjonijiet tal-poeżiji Russi, akkumulati matul bosta snin, saru l-bażi tal-ġabra ta’ Yana Psaila 'Antoloġija tal-Poeżija Russa'<ref name="antologijapoezija">{{Ċita ktieb |titlu=Antoloġija tal-poeżija Russa XIX-XX |editur-kunjom=Psaila |editur-isem=Yana |traduttur-kunjom=Psaila |traduttur-isem=Yana |data=2020 |isbn=978-99957-1-746-9 |lingwa=mt}}</ref> li ħarġet f’Malta f’Ġunju 2020<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://mlt.rs.gov.ru/en/news/71057 |titlu="Anthology of Russian poetry" translated into Maltese by Yana Psaila |sit=Russian Centre for Science and Culture in Malta |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=2020-11-20 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706175546/http://mlt.rs.gov.ru/en/news/71057 |arkivju-data=2020-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Fil-Kelmtejn Qabel l-Ambaxxatur Straordinarju u Plenipotenzjarju tal-Federazzjoni Russa għar-Repubblika ta’ Malta Vladimir Ardalionovich Malygin<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://malta.mid.ru/en_GB/ambassador |titlu=Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta Vladimir Malygin |sit=Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta |data-aċċess=2021-04-17 |lingwa=en}}</ref> qal li<ref name="antologijapoezija"/>:<blockquote>''The poetic collection I am happy to introduce to the Maltese readers includes 30 works of the 15 greatest Russian authors. Some of them, like Alexander Pushkin and Boris Pasternak, belong to'' ''the Golden and Silver Age of Poetry in Russia of the 19th and early 20th century, the others, like Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Vladimir Vysotsky, form part of the Sixtiers artistic movement. All of them'' ''are Russian classic poets and their masterpieces form part of the Russian culture code.''</blockquote>u l-kittieb, illustratur, poeta u rumanzier Trevor Żahra qal hekk:<blockquote>''Meta bdejt naqra dawn il-poeżiji li ttraduċiet Yana Psaila, flimkien mal-kummenti bijografiċi, ħassejt bħal għafsa ta’ qalb, għax jekkt tneħħi ilil Pushkin u ’l Pasternak, tista’ tgħid li ma kont naf xejn'' ''dwar'' ''il-poeti l-oħra li semmiet. U għalhekk'' ''inħoss li aħna'' ''xxurtjati li għandna'' ''fostna'' ''traduttriċi'' ''unika, li waqt li twieldet u'' ''trabbiet fil-kultura'' ''Russa, illum'' ''xorbot sew dik'' ''Maltija u għandha'' ''ħakma mill-aqwa ta’ lsienna. Din hija'' ''verament'' ''sitwazzjoni'' ''ideali.''</blockquote>Fir-reviżjini dwar dan il-ktieb il-kritiku letterarju u edukatur Tarcisio Zarb kiteb hekk<ref>{{Ċita magażin |titlu=Poetiċità bla fruntieri – Antoloġija tal-poeżija Russa XIX-XX, traduzzjoni u edizzjoni ta' Yana Psaila |kunjom=Zarb |isem=Tarcisio |editur-kunjom=Sammut |editur-isem=Patrick |numru=58 |paġna=19 |data=2020 |magażin=il-pont |url=https://issuu.com/patrickj.sammut/docs/il-pont_settembru_2020 |lingwa=mt}}</ref>:<blockquote>''… nissuġġerixxi, li dawn il-poeżiji li issa nqalbu għal ilsienna, jintiegħmu mill-poplu Malti, b’mod speċjali l-istudenti, u b’hekk jagħrfu kemm il-poeżija ma tafx fruntieri, u dan minħabba l-fatt, li s-sentimenti, l-emozzjonijiet u l-konjizzjonijiet huma tal-bniedem, indipendentement minn fejn jgħix.''</blockquote>Il-proġetti tagħha Yana Psaila kważi dejjem takkumpanjahom bir-riċerka. Waqt it-tagħlim tal-Malti hi ħarġet bl-idea kif l-għaxar forom tal-verb trilitteru jistgħu jiġu mmemorizzati bl-għajnuna tal-iskema viżiva li ġiet ippubblikata fir-rivista edukattiva 'Sagħtar' fl-2014<ref>{{Ċita magażin |titlu=Il-Forom tal-Verb Trilitteru |kunjom=Psaila |isem=Yana |numru=344 |paġna=11 |data=2015 |magażin=Sagħtar |lingwa=mt}}</ref>. Il-parteċipazzjoni fil-proġett poetiku internazzjonali tal-Mużew u l-Istitut ta’ Vladimir Vysotsky f’Koszalin biex ix-xogħlijiet ta’ dan il-poeta jiġu maqluba fil-lingwi tal-popli tad-dinja kkontribwiet għall-analiżi tal-perċezzjoni tal-poeżija ta’ Vysotsky mill-udjenza Maltija. L-esperjenza tat-traduzzjoni ta’ għexieren ta’ testi mir-Russu għall-Malti<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://wysotsky.com/1082.htm |titlu=Vladimir Vysotsky - Malti |data-aċċess=2021-04-17 |sit=Владимир Высоцкий |lingwa=mt, ru}}</ref>, fejn ġew ikkunsidrati l-opinjonijiet tal-kollegi fil-qasam tal-istudji ta’ Vysotsky li kienu jaħdmu ma’ ilsna oħra, ġiet riflessa fl-artikli ppubblikati fir-rivisti xjentifiċi Russi riveduti mill-pari<ref>{{Ċita rivista |skript-titlu=ru:Поэзия В. Высоцкого в имагологическом контексте: тенденции переводческого восприятия |kunjom=Псайла |isem=Яна |numru=15 |paġni=56—71 |sena=2017 |rivista=Текст. Книга. Книгоиздание. |doi=10.17223/23062061/15/4 |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita rivista |skript-titlu=ru:Образы Зимы В Мальтийских Переводах Поэзии В. Высоцкого: Опыт Передачи Культуроспецифичных Концептов |titlu=Images of Winter in the Maltese Translations of V. Vysotsky's Poetry: The Experience of the Transfer of Culture-Specific Concepts |kunjom=Psaila |isem=Yana |numru=78 |paġni=163—167 |data=2018 |rivista=Ученые Записки: Орловского Государственного Университета |url=http://oreluniver.ru/public/file/archive/1-78.pdf |lingwa=ru |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417135717/http://oreluniver.ru/public/file/archive/1-78.pdf |arkivju-data=2021-04-17 |access-date=2021-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="translatorsnotes">{{Ċita rivista |titlu=Заметки переводчика: поэзия В.С. Высоцкого на мальтийском языке |kunjom=Псайла |isem=Яна |numru=10 |paġni=82—92 |data=2018 |rivista=Имагология и компаративистика |doi=10.17223/24099554/10/4 |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita rivista |skript-titlu=ru:Особенности лингвокультурной адаптации стихов В. Высоцкого при переводе на мальтийский язык |kunjom=Псайла |isem=Яна |numru=445 |paġni=39—47 |data=2019 |rivista=Вестник Томского государственного университета |doi=10.17223/15617793/445/5 |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Псайла Яна|isem1=Эйдриан Грима|sena=2024|titlu=Современные проблемы науки и образования|url=https://s.rae-mail.ru/2025/01/10/file.6780c8f55a8e3.pdf|rivista=Мальтийская новелла на русском языке|lingwa=ru|volum=XXV|post=Москва|pubblikatur=Издательский дом Академии Естествознания|paġni=73-77|isbn=978-5-91327-807-4}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Psaila|isem1=Yana|sena=2025|titlu=European Journal of Natural History|url=https://world-science.ru/en/article/view?id=34409|rivista=EXPERTISE OF VLADIMIR VYSOTSKY’S POETRY TRANSLATIONS|lingwa=en|volum=Issue №1|post=Moscow|pubblikatur=International Academy of Natural History|paġni=4–9}}</ref>. ==== Midja ==== Fis-snin 2007—2008 Yana Psaila ħadet sehem fit-teledramm popolari 'Gizelle'. F’Ottubru 2014 ġiet mistiedna għall-edizzjoni tas-sensiela “Niltaqgħu mal-Awtur”<ref>{{Ċita web |url=http://patrickjsammut.blogspot.com/2014/10/laqga-mal-kittieba-yana-psaila-fir.html |titlu=Laqgħa mal-kittieba Yana Psaila fir-Razzett tal-Markiż fil-Mosta |data=2014-10-03 |data-aċċess=2021-04-17 |kunjom=Sammut |isem=Patrick J. |sit=PJS |lingwa=mt}}</ref>, imtellgħa mill-Għaqda Filantropika Talent Mosti'. Diversi stazzjonijiet tat-televiżjoni u tar-radju, pubblikazzjonijiet stampati u online jagħmlulha intervisti u jistidnuha għall-programmi ddedikati għall-kultura, lingwa u letteratura<ref>{{Ċita media AV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpqCOalYS5U |titlu=Mir-Russu għall-Malti {{!}}{{!}} Yana Psaila |data=2019-06-18 |data-aċċess=2021-04-17 |pubblikatur=YouTube |lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1iJnbLp32k |titlu=Yana Psaila, il-mistiedna fil-programm Inwar |data=2015-10-23 |pubblikatur=Radju Malta 1 |mezz=Programm tar-radju |lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar |url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/mt/news/ir-russa-li-tghallmet-il-malti-mill-fuljetti-li-kienet-tircievi-mal-posta/ |titlu=Ir-Russa li tgħallmet il-Malti mill-fuljetti li kienet tirċievi mal-posta |data=2017-06-15 |kunjom=Falzon |isem=Glen |pubblikazzjoni=TVM.com.mt |lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita media AV |url=https://www.thetvdb.com/series/ilsienna/episodes/7431036 |titlu=Il-Malti u l-Barranin ta' Ġewwa |data=2019-01-07 |mezz=Programm televiżiv |pubblikatur=TVM |lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar |url=https://inewsmalta.com/dart/20140107-ir-russa-msa-ra-mill-malti |titlu=Ir-Russa Msaħħra mill-Malti |data=2014-01-08 |kunjom=Attard Bezzina |isem=Daniela |pubblikazzjoni=iNews Malta |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220031518/https://www.inewsmalta.com/dart/20140107-ir-russa-msa-ra-mill-malti |arkivju-data=2014-02-20 |lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGeRgcrZa0c|titlu='Ħajjitna Ktieb', programm 39, Yana Psaila|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmi.mt/episode/128443|titlu=Saru Maltin, episodju 1|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Bonello|isem1=Tonio|sena=2021|titlu=Familja, nru. 17|url=https://issuu.com/msfc.../docs/familja_nru._17_xitwa_2021|rivista=Niltaqgħu ma' Yana Psaila|lingwa=mt|post=Malta|pubblikatur=Ministeru għall-Politika Soċjali u d-Drittijiet tat-Tfal|paġni=38-40}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Camilleri|isem1=Catherine|sena=2023|titlu=THINK 42|url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/133620/1/THINK42-From%20Russian.pdf|rivista=From Russian to Maltese: Lessons in Linguistics with Yana Psaila|lingwa=en|volum=|post=Malta|pubblikatur=University of Malta|paġni=67-68}}</ref>, isemmuha fir-reviżjonijiet tal-letteratura<ref>{{Ċita aħbar |titlu=A literary melange |kunjom=Scerri |isem=Louis J. |data=2020-09-06 |pubblikazzjoni=Times of Malta |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/a-literary-melange.816342 |lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |titlu=Creative Evening of Vladimir Vysotsky's Poetry in Interpretation of the Russian-Maltese Poetess Yana Psaila |editur-kunjom=Scicluna |editur-isem=Frank L. |numru=325 |paġna=14 |data=2020 |magażin=Maltese e-Newsletter: The Journal of Maltese Living Abroad |url=https://foreignandeu.gov.mt/en/Government/MLA/Documents/E-Newsletters/Adelaide/NEWS325.pdf |lingwa=en}}</ref>. Jikkuntattjawha wkoll rivisti Russi bbażati f’Malta<ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:Творческий вечер Евгения Евтушенко в Русской часовне. Интервью с Яной Псайлой |kunjom=Псайла |isem=Яна |numru=51 |paġna=9 |data=2014 |magażin=Моя Мальта |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-T8iH7Q9-BlT1piaFRGV1VtYkk/view |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:«Вернусь к тебе, как корабли из песни...» |kunjom=Сазонова |isem=Татьяна |numru=57 |paġna=4 |data=2015 |magażin=Моя Мальта |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-T8iH7Q9-BlOVUtdzNiZmdMaVU/view |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |titlu=«Я куплет допою»: поэтический вечер памяти В. Высоцкого на Мальте |numru=11 |paġna=23 |data=2018 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2018/MV-3_(11)_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita magażin |skript-titlu=ru:«Вызовы», с которыми справилась Яна Псайла |kunjom=Ермаченко |isem=Мария |numru=20 |paġna=17 |data=2019 |magażin=Мальтийский вестник |url=https://maltavest.com/archive/2019/MV-20_web.pdf |lingwa=ru}}</ref><ref name="secondmothertongue"/>. Psaila tagħmel taħditiet għall-istudenti tal-iskejjel, kulleġġi u l-Università ta’ Malta dwar temi relatati mal-impenn tagħha.  Id-delegazzjoni tad-Dar – Mużew  tal-Poeta Lermontov “Tarkhany” iddiskreviet iż-żjara tagħha f’Malta hekk<ref>{{Ċita web |url=http://tarhany.ru/events/news/664 |skript-titlu=ru:На Мальте любят Лермонтова |data=2018-04-20 |sit=Тарханы: Государственный Лермонтовский музей-заповедник |lingwa=ru}}</ref>:<blockquote>''Is-serata “Iċ-Ċirku tal-Interessi Mużikali ta’ Michail Lermontov” li saret fl-Iskola tal-Mużika ta’ Malta, kienet unika bil-mod tagħha. Il-Maltin taw il-prestazzjoni tar-rumanzi miktubin mill-poeżiji tal-poeta tagħna bir-Russu! U l-poetessa u filologa Russa-Maltija Yana Psaila ttraduċiet tnejn mill-poeżiji ta’ Lermontov fil-lingwa Maltija - din hija l-ewwel esperjenza tax-xorta tagħha fil-pajjiż.''</blockquote>Fi Frar 2018 fiċ-Ċentru Russu għax-Xjenza u l-Kultura f’Malta saret is-serata mmexxija minn Yana Psaila ddedikata għall-anniversarju ta’ Vladimir Vysotsky li matulha ġew moqrija t-traduzzjonijiet tagħha tal-poeżiji ta’ dan il-kantawtur mir-Russu għall-Malti<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://mlt.rs.gov.ru/en/news/26127 |titlu=Creative Evening of Vladimir Vysotsky's Poetry in Interpretation of the Russian-Maltese Poetess Yana Psaila |data-aċċess=2021-04-17 |sit=Russian Centre for Science and Culture in Malta |lingwa=ru |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623093100/http://mlt.rs.gov.ru/en/news/26127 |arkivju-data=2020-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Għal dan l-avveniment attendew nies mill-qasam tal-kultura u l-arti ta’ Malta, membri tal-Akkademja tal-Malti u tal-Għaqda Poeti Maltin, studenti tal-korsijiet tal-lingwa Russa. L-udjenza wriet ix-xewqa li titgħallem aktar dwar ix-xogħlijiet ta’ Vysotsky u talbet biex isiru iżjed traduzzjonijiet għall-Malti<ref name="translatorsnotes" />. Fis-snin 2024-2025 Yana tat lekċers imtellgħa mill-Ambaxxata Maltija f’Moska għall-okkażjoni tal-Jum Ewropew tal-Lingwi li jiġi organizzat kull Settembru mill-Istituti Nazzjonali tal-Kultura tal-Unjoni Ewropea (EUNIC), fejn tat it-tagħrif dwar l-istorja tal-ilsien Malti, il-letteratura Maltija, il-Poeta Nazzjonali Dun Karm Psaila u l-kontribut kbir tiegħu għall-prosperità tal-lingwa Maltija <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Malta Participates in the European Day of Languages 2024 held in Moscow Russia|url=https://missions.foreign.gov.mt/press/malta-participates-in-the-european-day-of-languages-2024-held-in-moscow-russia/}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Malta Participates in the European Day of Languages 2025 held in Moscow, Russia|url=https://missions.foreign.gov.mt/press/malta-participates-in-the-european-day-of-languages-2025-held-in-moscow-russia/}}</ref>. Yana ħadet sehem ukoll fil-podcast dwar ilsna Ewropej rari għal "Euro-pulse", il-pjattaforma multimedjali mnedija mid-Delegazzjoni tal-UE dwar l-Ewropa, il-kultura u n-nies tagħha, l-edukazzjoni, ix-xjenza u l-ekoloġija, fejn tat intervista għall-artiklu dwar l-ilsien Malti kif ukoll għadditilhom għall-pubblikazzjoni fil-portal tagħhom mikrostorja li kitbet fuq l-ittra storika l-“Għ”, ibbażata fuq ir-rakkont ta’ Dr Olvin Vella, il-lettur tad-Dipartiment tal-Malti fl-Università ta’ Malta <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Maltese Features on Podcast for Euro Pulse in Moscow|url=https://missions.foreign.gov.mt/press/maltese-features-on-podcast-for-euro-pulse-in-moscow/}}</ref>. === Rikonoxximent tar-riżultati tal-ħidma === • F’Ġunju 2014 fiċ-Ċentru Russu għax-Xjenza u l-Kultura f’Malta Yana Psaila ngħatat iċ-ċertifikat ta’ Rossotrudnichestvo għall-ħolqien tal-ewwel tax-xorta tagħhom frażarji Russu-Malti u Malti-Russu. • F’Novembru 2016 fil-Palazz tal-President saret ċerimonja tal-għoti tal-Midalja tad-Deheb tal-Akkademja tal-Malti taħt il-patroċinju tal-President tar-Repubblika ta’ Malta [[Marie Louise Coleiro Preca|Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca]]. Fl-aħħar tas-serata l-membri tal-Akkademja għaddew l-pubblikazzjonijiet tagħhom lil-librerija tal-President, fosthom kien hemm kotba ta’ Psaila: 'Frażarju Russu-Malti', 'Frażarju Malti-Russu', il-ġabra poetika 'L-Imħabba tal-Istilla Polari' u l-ewwel ktieb tal-awtur Malti tradott għar-Russu 'Il-ħajja Sigrieta tan-Nanna Ġenoveffa' ta’ Trevor Żahra<ref>{{Ċita web |url=http://www.tsu.ru/news/knigi-vypusknitsy-tgu-voshli-v-fond-luchshikh-proi/ |skript-titlu=ru:Книги выпускницы ТГУ вошли в фонд лучших произведений Мальты |data=2016-12-09 |sit=Национа́льный иссле́довательский То́мский госуда́рственный университе́т |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-21 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622145856/http://www.tsu.ru/news/knigi-vypusknitsy-tgu-voshli-v-fond-luchshikh-proi/ |arkivju-data=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. • F'Awwissu 2017 ir-Rappreżentanza tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea f'Malta semmiet lil Yana Psaila fost nisa tradutturi Maltin oħra u enfasizzat il-kontribuzzjoni enormi tan-nisa għall-qasam tat-traduzzjoni letterarja<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/malta/news/august-month-celebrate-womenintranslation_en |titlu=August: the month to celebrate #WomenInTranslation |data=2017-08-24 |sit=European Commission |lingwa=en}}</ref>. • F'Jannar 2019 waqt it-tnedija tal-ktieb ta’ Trevor Żahra 'Sfidi' tradott minn Psaila u ppublikat fir-Russja li saret fil-Palazz San Anton, fid-diskorsi tal-President tar-Repubblika ta' Malta Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca u l-Ambaxxatur Straordinarju u Plenipotenzjarju tal-Federazzjoni Russa għar-Repubblika ta’ Malta Vladimir Ardalionovich Malygin ġie nnutat l-iżvilupp attiv tar-rabtiet kulturali fil-qasam tal-letteratura, skambju reċiproku tax-xogħlijiet tal-poeżija u l-proża bejn ir-Russja u Malta fit-tieni deċennju tas-seklu XXI<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://malta.mid.ru/en_GB/web/malta/press-service-en/-/asset_publisher/ThwJuaSWCFQj/content/o-prezentacii-rossijskogo-izdania-knigi-mal-tijskogo-pisatela |titlu=Russian edition of a Maltese writer’s book presented at President's Palace |data=2019-01-23 |sit=Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta |lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://mlt.rs.gov.ru/en/news/41066 |titlu=A book of Maltese author translated into the Russian language was presented at San Anton Palace |sit=Russian Centre for Science and Culture in Malta |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=2020-11-21 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623063249/http://mlt.rs.gov.ru/en/news/41066 |arkivju-data=2020-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. • F’Marzu 2019 ħarġet 'Antoloġija tal-Poeżija Maltija. It-Tieni Volum', immirata għall-istudenti li qed jippreparaw għall-eżami tal-Malti fil-livell Avvanzat. Fiha ġew inklużi żewġ poeżiji ta’ Yana Psaila. • F'Ġunju 2020 Yana ngħatat iċ-ċertifikat tar-rebbieħa bħala traduttriċi bit-traduzzjoni tal-poeżija tal-Imħallef Emeritu [[Philip Sciberras]] 'Lil Pushkin' fil-Konkors Internazzjonali Pushkinjan X fil-kategorija 'Pushkin f'Ħajti', organizzat mill-Istitut Statali tal-Ilsien Russu ta’ Pushkin f’[[Moska]]<ref>{{Ċita web |url=https://pushkonkurs.pushkininstitute.ru/X/results.php?locale=ru |titlu=X Международный Пушкинский конкурс «Что в имени тебе моём?» |sit=Образование на русском |lingwa=ru |data-aċċess=2020-11-21 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625011717/https://pushkonkurs.pushkininstitute.ru/X/results.php?locale=ru |arkivju-data=2020-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. • F'April 2021 fis-sit elettroniku tal-Ministeru tal-Affarijiet Barranin tal-Federazzjoni Russa ġie ppubblikat tagħrif dwar il-premjazzjoni ta’ kompatrijotti fis-sena 2020<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.mid.ru/ru/activity/compatriots/nagrady/-/asset_publisher/1ywcoGbua44w/content/id/4692836|titlu=Premjazzjoni ta’ kompatrijotti fis-sena 2020}}</ref>. Yana Psaila ngħatat Ċertifikat tal-Unur bħala rikonoxximent għall-kontribut tagħha fil-qasam tal-kultura u t-tradizzjonijiet lingwistiċi tal-popli. • F’April 2024 ingħatat mill-assoċċjazzjoni internazzjonali tax-xjentisti, akkademiċi u speċjalisti ''International Academy of Natural History'' Lawrea tad-Duttur tax-Xjenza (Honoris Causa) fit-translotoloġija għall-ħidma tagħha fil-qasam tat-teorija u l-prattika tat-traduzzjoni letterarja bejn is-snin 2013-2023. S’issa Psaila qalbet mir-Russu (kif ukoll mill-Belarussu, l-Ukren u l-Pollakk) għall-Malti madwar 200 test letterarju u ppubblikat numru ta' artikli akkademiċi (double blind peer reviewed) dwar aspetti differenti tat-traduzzjoni poetika għall-Malti fir-rivisti xjentifiċi ewlenin (indexed by Web of Science, Scopus eċċ.) • F'Marzu 2025 il-Konsorzju Xjentifiku u Industrijali Ewroasjatiku li jgħaqqad għadd ta’ komunitajiet akkademiċi u edukattivi ta lil Psaila l-Midalja tad-Deheb ‘Kwalità Ewropea’ għar-riżultati tal-ħidma tagħha fil-qasam tat-translotoloġija (it-teorija u l-prattika tat-traduzzjoni letterarja mill-Malti għar-Russu u viċe versa) li saret bejn is-snin 2013-2025. ==Referenzi== {{Referenzi}} ==Ħoloq Esterni== {{Commonscat}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpqCOalYS5U Mir-Russu għall-Malti - Yana Psaila] *[https://www.tvm.com.mt/mt/news/hawn-certu-bizgha-mill-ilsien-malti-russa-li-tghallmet-il-lingwa-taghna/?fbclid=IwAR3qU92kDXSWF7Wyt0G3QjCxO27OzIGBuEGiAiDCYJsiw6U4V-uKEQyIu38 Russa li titkellem u tikteb bil-Malti] *[https://www.inewsmalta.com/2021/06/yana-psaila-mwielda-fis-siberja-bimhabba-kbira-ghall-ilsien-malti/ Yana Psaila mwielda fis-Siberja b’imħabba kbira għall-ilsien Malti] * [https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/russian-poetry-in-maltese.864084 Russian poetry in Maltese] * [https://tpu.ru/en Tal-Istitut Politekniku ta’ Tomsk] * [http://en.tsu.ru/ Tal-Università Statali ta’ Tomsk] * [http://www.pushkin.institute/en/ Tal-Istitut Statali tal-Ilsien Russu ta’ Pushkin f’Moska] * [https://www.facebook.com/maltamoscow/posts/766166307297841 Sergei Yesenin] * [https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/fostering-russian-maltese-cultural-ties.841640 Fostering Russian-Maltese cultural ties] * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZnFwR6Vj-hJIVhFmevU0Ag Yana Psaila - You Tube Channel] {{Awtorità}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Psaila, Yana}} [[Kategorija:Poeti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Tradutturi Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Lingwisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Kittieba Maltin]] 2fbrna5jlj1vx1zyjzc4c72ba2tlux9 0 34492 330722 330691 2026-06-26T06:23:13Z Trigcly 17859 /* Etimoloġija */ 330722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Darius I''' (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ''Dārayavaʰuš''; <abbr>irrenja mill-ħabta tal-</abbr>550 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. sal-486 Q.K.), magħruf ukoll bħala '''Darius''' '''il-Kbir''', kien it-tielet Re tar-Rejiet tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi, u rrenja mill-522 Q.K. sa [[Mewt|mewtu]] fl-486 Q.K. Huwa rrenja fuq l-imperu fil-quċċata territorjali tiegħu, meta kien jinkludi l-biċċa l-kbira tal-Punent tal-[[Asja]], partijiet mill-Balkani (Traċja–Maċedonja u Peonja) u l-Kawkasu, il-biċċa l-kbira mir-reġjuni kostali tal-[[Baħar l-Iswed]], l-Asja Ċentrali, il-Wied tal-Indus fil-Lvant Imbiegħed, u partijiet mit-Tramuntana tal-[[Afrika]] u mill-Grigal tal-Afrika, inkluż l-[[Eġittu]] (''Mudrâya''), il-Lvant tal-[[Libja]] u l-kosta tas-[[Sudan]]. Darius tela' fuq it-tron wara li għeleb lill-monarka tal-Akemenidi Bardija (jew ''Smerdis''), li skontu kien impostur imsejjaħ Gaumata. Ir-re l-ġdid ħabbat wiċċu ma' ribelljonijiet madwar l-imperu kollu iżda għelibhom kollha; avveniment ewlieni tal-karriera ta' Darius deskritt fl-istorjografija [[Greċja|Griega]] kienet l-ispedizzjoni punittiva kontra [[Ateni]] u Eretrija talli ħadu sehem fir-Rewwixta tal-Baħar Joniku. Darius organizza l-imperu billi qasmu f'provinċji amministrattivi, kull waħda ggvernata minn ''satrap''. Huwa organizza l-muniti tal-Akemenidi bħala sistema monetarja uniformi ġdida, u għażel l-[[Aramajk ta' Ġesù|Aramajk]] bħala [[lingwa]] kouffiċjali tal-imperu flimkien mal-Persjan Antik. Huwa wassal biex l-imperu jkollu qagħda aħjar billi tejjeb it-toroq u introduċa piżijiet u kejliet standard. Permezz ta' dawn il-bidliet, l-Imperu tal-Akemenidi sar ċentralizzat u unifikat. Darius wettaq proġetti oħra ta' kostruzzjoni fl-imperu kollu, u ffoka primarjament fuq [[Susa]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Persepolis]], il-[[Babilonja]] u l-Eġittu. Huwa ordna t-tinqix ta' kitba fuq wiċċ l-irdum tal-Għolja ta' Behistun biex jirreġistra l-konkwisti tiegħu, li iktar 'il quddiem saret evidenza importanti tal-lingwa Persjana Antika. == [[Etimoloġija]] == ''Dārīus'' u ''Dārēus'' huma l-forom bil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] tal-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]] ''Dareîos'' (Δαρεῖος), li nibtet mill-Persjan Antik ''Dārayauš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-uš''); li hija forma mqassra ta' ''Dārayavaʰuš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-v-u-š''). Il-forma itwal bil-Persjan hija riflessa fil-forom bl-Elamit ''Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš'', bil-Babiloniż ''Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš'', u bl-Aramajk ''drywhwš'' (𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔), u x'aktarx fil-forma itwal bil-Grieg, ''Dareiaîos'' (Δαρειαῖος). L-isem fil-forma nominattiva jfisser "dak li għandu ħakma tajba tat-tajjeb (tjubija)", li toħroġ fid-dieher mill-ewwel parti ''dāraya'', li tfisser "detentur", u l-avverbju ''vau'', li jfisser "tajjeb" jew "tjubija". == Sorsi primarji == F'xi żmien bejn l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu u [[Mewt|mewtu]], Darius ħalla riljiev trilingwi monumentali mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, imnaqqax bl-Elamit, bil-Persjan Antik u bil-Babiloniż. It-tinqix jibda b'awtobijografija qasira li tinkludi lil missirijietu u l-arblu tar-razza tiegħu. Sabiex tgħinu fil-preżentazzjoni ta' missirijietu, Darius kiteb is-sekwenza ta' avvenimenti li seħħew wara l-mewt ta' [[Ċiru l-Kbir]]. Darius isemmi diversi drabli li huwa r-re denju bil-grazzja tad-divinità suprema Ahura Mazda. Instabu wkoll testi u monumenti oħra minn Persepolis, kif ukoll tavla tat-tafal bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik ta' Darius minn Gherla, ir-[[Rumanija]] (Harmatta) u ittra mingħand Darius lil Gadates, ippreservata f'test Grieg ta' żmien ir-[[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]]. Fit-tavli tal-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana, Darius iddeskriva bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik, il-kobor tal-imperu tiegħu f'termini [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] wesgħin:<blockquote>''Darius ir-re kbir, re tar-rejiet, re tal-pajjiżi, iben Hystaspes, Akemenid. Ir-re Darius jgħid: Dan huwa r-renju tiegħi, mill-poplu Sacae lil hinn minn Sogdia sal-poplu Kush, u mis-Sind (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺, "Hidauv", lokattiv ta' "Hiduš", jiġifieri l-"Wied tal-Indus") lil Lidja (bil-Persjan Antik: "Spardâ") – [dan huwa] dak li tani Ahuramazda, l-ikbar fost l-allat. J'Alla Ahuramazda jħares lili u r-residenza rjali tiegħi!''</blockquote>— kitba mnaqqxa ta' Darius I fil-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana. Erodotu, storiku Grieg u l-awtur ta' ''L-Istorji'', ipprovda rendikont ta' bosta rejiet Persjani u l-Gwerer bejn il-Griegi u l-Persjani. Huwa kiteb b'mod estensiv dwar Darius, f'nofs il-Ktieb Nru 3 u l-Kotba Nri 4, 5 u 6. Jibda bit-tneħħija ta' Gaumata li allegatament ħa l-poter b'mod illegali u jkompli sa tmiem ir-renju ta' Darius. == Ħajja bikrija == Darius kien l-ikbar fost ħames ulied subien ta' Hystaspes. L-identitià ta' ommu mhix ċerta. Skont l-istoriku modern Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (1994), kien maħsub li omm Darius kienet [[mara]] msejħa Rhodogune. Madankollu, skont Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (2013), testi li nstabu reċentement f'Persepolis jindikaw li ommu kienet Irdabama, sid tal-artijiet affluwenti minn familja ta' mexxejja Elamiti lokali. B'mod simili, Richard Stoneman jirreferi għal Irdabama bħala omm Darius. Il-kitba mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun ta' Darius tistqarr li missieru kien is-satrap ta' Baktrija fil-522 Q.K. Skont Erodotu (III.139), Darius, qabel ma ħataf il-poter u "bla konsegwenza f'dak iż-żmien", kien ġellied bil-lanza (''doryphoros'') fil-kampanja militari Eġizzjana (528–525 Q.K.) ta' Cambyses II, re kbir Persjan ta' dak iż-żmien; spiss dan jiġi interpretat li jfisser li huwa kellu r-rwol importanti li jżomm il-lanez personali tar-re. Hystaspes kien uffiċjal fl-armata ta' Ċiru u nobbli tal-qorti tiegħu; skont il-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun, Hystapes kien sekondokuġin ta' Ċiru min-naħa ta' missieru, għalkemm dan jaf ġie vvintat sabiex l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius ikun leġittimu. Qabel ma' Ċiru u l-armata tiegħu qasmu x-xmara Araxes biex jiġġieldu kontra l-[[Armenja|Armeni]], huwa għamel lil ibnu Cambyses II bħala r-re f'każ li ma jerġax lura mill-battalja. Ladarba Ċiru qasam ix-xmara Aras, huwa ra xbieha fejn Darius kellu l-ġwienaħ fuq spallejh u kien jinsab fil-konfini tal-Ewropa u tal-Asja (id-dinja magħrufa f'dak iż-żmien). Meta Ċiru qam mill-ħolma, huwa interpretaha bħala periklu kbir għas-sigurtà futura tal-imperu, peress li kienet tfisser li Darius xi darba kien se jirrenja fuq id-dinja kollha. Madankollu, ibnu Cambyses kien l-eredi tat-tron, mhux Darius, u b'hekk Ċiru beda jara jekk Darius kellux pjanijiet ambizzjużi u ta' tradiment. Dan wassal biex Ċiru jordna lil Hystaspes biex imur lura lejn Persis u joqgħod għassa b'mod strett fuq ibnu, sar-ritorn ta' Ċiru. === Aċċess għat-tron === There are different accounts of the rise of Darius to the throne from both Darius himself and Greek historians. The oldest records report a convoluted sequence of events in which Cambyses II lost his mind, had his brother Bardiya murdered, and died from an infected leg wound. After this, Darius and a group of six nobles travelled to Sikayauvati to kill a usurper, Gaumata, who had taken the throne by pretending to be Bardiya during the true king's absence. Darius's account, written at the Behistun Inscription, states that Cambyses II killed his own brother Bardiya, but that this murder was not known among the Iranian people. A would-be usurper named Gaumata came and lied to the people, stating that he was Bardiya. The Iranians had grown rebellious against Cambyses's rule and, on 11 March 522 BCE, a revolt against Cambyses broke out in his absence. On 1 July, the Iranian people chose to be under the leadership of Gaumata, as "Bardiya". No member of the Achaemenid family would rise against Gaumata for the safety of their own life. Darius, who had served Cambyses as his lance-bearer until the deposed ruler's death, prayed for aid and, in September 522 BCE, along with Otanes, Intaphrenes, Gobryas, Hydarnes, Megabyzus and Aspathines, killed Gaumata in the fortress of Sikayauvati. Herodotus provides a dubious account of Darius's ascension: Several days after Gaumata had been assassinated, Darius and the other six nobles discussed the fate of the empire. At first, the seven discussed the form of government: A democratic republic (''Isonomia'') was strongly pushed by Otanes, an oligarchy was pushed by Megabyzus, while Darius pushed for a monarchy. After stating that a republic would lead to corruption and internal fighting, while a monarch would govern the multitude with perfect wisdom, and best conceal plans made for the defeat of enemies not possible in other governments, Darius was able to convince four of the seven total nobles. To decide who would become the monarch, six of them decided on a test, with Otanes abstaining, as he had no interest in being king. They were to gather outside the palace, mounted on their horses at sunrise, and the man whose horse neighed first in recognition of the rising sun would become king. According to Herodotus, Darius had a slave, Oebares, who rubbed his hand over the genitals of a mare that Darius's horse favoured. When the six gathered, Oebares placed his hands beside the nostrils of Darius's horse, who became excited at the scent and neighed. This was followed by lightning and thunder, leading the others to dismount and kneel before Darius in recognition of his apparent divine providence. In this account, Darius himself claimed that he achieved the throne not through fraud, but cunning, even erecting a statue of himself mounted on his neighing horse with the inscription: "Darius, son of Hystaspes, obtained the sovereignty of Persia by the sagacity of his horse and the ingenious contrivance of Oebares, his groom." According to the accounts of Greek historians, Cambyses II had left Patizeithes in charge of the kingdom when he headed for Egypt. He later sent Prexaspes to murder Bardiya. After the killing, Patizeithes put his brother Gaumata, a Magian who resembled Bardiya, on the throne and declared him the Great King. Otanes discovered that Gaumata was an impostor, and along with six other Iranian nobles, including Darius, created a plan to oust the pseudo-Bardiya. After killing the impostor along with his brother Patizeithes and other Magians, Darius was crowned king the following morning. The details regarding Darius's rise to power is generally acknowledged as forgery and was in reality used as a concealment of his overthrow and murder of Cyrus's rightful successor, Bardiya. To legitimize his rule, Darius had a common origin fabricated between himself and Cyrus by designating Achaemenes as the eponymous founder of their dynasty. In reality, Darius was not from the same house as Cyrus and his forebears, the rulers of Anshan. == Renju bikri == === Rewwixti bikrin === Following his coronation at Pasargadae, Darius moved to Ecbatana. He soon learned that support for Bardiya was strong, and revolts in Elam and Babylonia had broken out. Darius ended the Elamite revolt when the revolutionary leader Aschina was captured and executed in Susa. After three months the revolt in Babylonia had ended. While in Babylonia, Darius learned a revolution had broken out in Bactria, a satrapy which had always been in favour of Darius, and had initially sent an army of soldiers to quell revolts. Following this, revolts broke out in Persis, the homeland of the Persians and Darius and then in Elam and Babylonia, followed by in Media, Parthia, Assyria, and Egypt. By 522 BCE, there were revolts against Darius in most parts of the Achaemenid Empire leaving the empire in turmoil. Even though Darius did not seem to have the support of the populace, Darius had a loyal army, led by close confidants and nobles (including the six nobles who had helped him remove Gaumata). With their support, Darius was able to suppress and quell all revolts within a year. In Darius's words, he had killed a total of nine "lying kings" through the quelling of revolutions. Darius left a detailed account of these revolts in the Behistun Inscription. === Eliminazzjoni ta' Intafernes === One of the significant events of Darius's early reign was the slaying of Intaphernes, one of the seven noblemen who had deposed the previous ruler and installed Darius as the new monarch. The seven had made an agreement that they could all visit the new king whenever they pleased, except when he was with a woman. One evening, Intaphernes went to the palace to meet Darius, but was stopped by two officers who stated that Darius was with a woman. Becoming enraged and insulted, Intaphernes drew his sword and cut off the ears and noses of the two officers. he then strung these on his horse's bridle and bound it round the men's necks, and so let them go. The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphernes had done to them. Darius began to fear for his own safety; he thought that all seven noblemen had banded together to rebel against him and that the attack against his officers was the first sign of revolt. He sent a messenger to each of the noblemen, asking them if they approved of Intaphernes's actions. They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphernes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings. Darius's choice to ask the noblemen indicates that he was not yet completely sure of his authority. Taking precautions against further resistance, Darius sent soldiers to seize Intaphernes, along with his son, family members, relatives and any friends who were capable of arming themselves. Darius believed that Intaphernes was planning a rebellion, but when he was brought to the court, there was no proof of any such plan. Nonetheless, Darius killed Intaphernes's entire family, excluding his wife's brother and son. She was asked to choose between her brother and son. She chose her brother to live. Her reasoning for doing so was that she could have another husband and another son, but she would always have but one brother. Darius was impressed by her response and spared both her brother's and her son's life. == Kampanji militari == Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions. The hieroglyph on the vase reads: "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Darius, living forever, year 36". === Kampanja militari Eġizzjana === After securing his authority over the empire, Darius embarked on a campaign to Egypt where he defeated the rebel forces and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Bisitun inscription, the Egyptian rebellion began while Darius was in Babylon dealing with the rebellion there. It has been suggested that the inclusion of Egypt among the list of rebelling provinces in this inscription was a scribal error, and various dates are possible for an actual rebellion. Likewise, the identity of the rebel leader is not known, but it has been suggested to be Petubastis III. Through another series of campaigns, Darius I would eventually reign over the territorial apex of the empire, when it stretched from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. === Invażjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus === In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia, Aria and Bactria and then marched into Afghanistan to Taxila in modern-day Pakistan. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in Gandhara, preparing to conquer the Indus Valley. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the Indus Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi and appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. === Rewwixta Babiloniża === After Bardiya was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout the empire, especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by Nebuchadnezzar III. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from Babylon to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to Babylon. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out. Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which Cyrus the Great had employed when he captured Babylon. The situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by Zopyrus, a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels. During this revolt, Scythian nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe. He managed to capture the Scythian king Skunkha and added him to the other rebel kings depicted in the Behistun Inscription. === Kampanja militari Ewropea tax-Xitjani === The Scythians were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an Eastern Iranian language (Scythian languages) who had invaded Media, killed Cyrus in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube River, River Don and the Black Sea. Darius crossed the Black Sea at the Bosphorus Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the Danube to wage war on the Scythians. Darius invaded European Scythia in 513 BCE, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler Idanthyrsus to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose. Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by Herodotus, the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies. This gave Darius the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land. While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the Budini, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it. Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles [13 km] distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. In his ''Histories'', Herodotus states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the Volga River and headed towards Thrace. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces. === Invażjoni Persjana tal-Greċja === Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of Thrace. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, Paeonia, while Macedonia submitted voluntarily, after the demand of earth and water, becoming a vassal kingdom. He then left Megabyzus to conquer Thrace, returning to Sardis to spend the winter. The Greeks living in Asia Minor and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in Athens. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius. However, the increasing concerns among the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in Ionia and Lydia were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states. When Aristagoras organized the Ionian Revolt, Eretria and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning Sardis. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under Mardonius. Macedon had been a vassal kingdom of the Persians since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom. These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At the same time, anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta. Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the Hellespont. However, a violent storm and harassment by the Thracians forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral, Datis, and his nephew Artaphernes, who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the Battle of Marathon, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 Plataeans and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by Miltiades. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son Xerxes. == Familja == Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of Arsames. Darius married Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had four sons: Xerxes, Achaemenes, Masistes and Hystaspes. He also married Artystone, another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two known sons, Arsames and Gobryas. Darius married Parmys, the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, Ariomardus. Furthermore, Darius married his niece Phratagune, with whom he had two sons, Abrokomas and Hyperantes. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of Otanes. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier Gobryas from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes, Ariabignes and Arsamenes. Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of Atossa; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives. == Mewt u suċċessjoni == After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon, Darius began planning another expedition against the Greek city-states; this time, he, not Datis, would command the imperial armies. Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army. Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old. In October 486 BCE, his body was embalmed and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam, which he had been preparing. An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage." A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the Sasanian King of Kings, Bahram II (<abbr>r.</abbr> 274–293 CE). Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius and Atossa, succeeded to the throne as Xerxes I; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power. With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the house of Cyrus. == Governanza == === Organizzazzjoni === Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called satrapies (or ''archi'') which were each assigned to a satrap (''archon'') and specified fixed tributes that the satrapies were required to pay. A complete list is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding Persis, which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land. Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian talent. Those paid in gold were measured with the Euboic talent. The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents. The majority of the satraps were of Persian origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families. These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap. To assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap. To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops. Royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap. The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches. Darius kept Aramaic as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire. Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions. Before this, the accomplishments of the king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory". Oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran. === Ekonomija === Darius introduced a new universal currency, the daric, sometime before 500 BCE. Prior to its introduction payments had been in barter or used coins issued by Lydia or other Ionian cities. Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as Celtic Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in Anatolia. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and metal objects began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing infrastructure and helped fund irrigation projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was Murashu Sons, based in the Babylonian city of Nippur. These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients. In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground waterways and a powerful navy. According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian Albert T. Olmstead. He further improved and expanded the network of roads and way stations throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places. === Reliġjon === <blockquote>"By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." — Darius, on the Behistun Inscription</blockquote>While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by Zoroastrianism, it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in Ahura Mazda, whom he saw as the supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the Indo-Iranian religious tradition. As can be seen at the Behistun Inscription, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire. Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of Asha. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him. In many cuneiform inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world. In one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's". In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show. He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his treasury for their purposes. He had funded the restoration of the Israelite temple which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god, Amun. === Proġetti ta' kostruzzjoni === Early on, Darius and his advisors had the idea to establish new royal mansions at Susa and Persepolis because he was eager to demonstrate his newfound power and leave a lasting legacy. Since Cyrus's conquest, Susa's urban layout had remained unchanged, maintaining the layout from the Elamite era. Only during Darius's rule does the archaeological evidence at Susa start showing any signs of an Achaemenid layout. During Darius's Greek expedition, he had begun construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. The Darius Canal that connected the Nile to the Red Sea was constructed by him. It ran from present-day Zagazig in the eastern Nile Delta through Wadi Tumilat, Lake Timsah, and Great Bitter Lake, which are both close to present-day Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean. On this visit to Egypt he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished. Darius improved the Royal Road, turning it into a smooth communication network with lodging services located at regular intervals. In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Several temples found were dedicated to Ptah and Nekhbet. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian and Egyptian hieroglyphs. He also ordered the creation of the Old Persian cuneiform script. To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations. At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own. == Referenzi == s1ggndrg4smb5trb03bvi635pt71gbi 330723 330722 2026-06-26T08:14:05Z Trigcly 17859 /* Ħajja bikrija */ 330723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Darius I''' (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ''Dārayavaʰuš''; <abbr>irrenja mill-ħabta tal-</abbr>550 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. sal-486 Q.K.), magħruf ukoll bħala '''Darius''' '''il-Kbir''', kien it-tielet Re tar-Rejiet tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi, u rrenja mill-522 Q.K. sa [[Mewt|mewtu]] fl-486 Q.K. Huwa rrenja fuq l-imperu fil-quċċata territorjali tiegħu, meta kien jinkludi l-biċċa l-kbira tal-Punent tal-[[Asja]], partijiet mill-Balkani (Traċja–Maċedonja u Peonja) u l-Kawkasu, il-biċċa l-kbira mir-reġjuni kostali tal-[[Baħar l-Iswed]], l-Asja Ċentrali, il-Wied tal-Indus fil-Lvant Imbiegħed, u partijiet mit-Tramuntana tal-[[Afrika]] u mill-Grigal tal-Afrika, inkluż l-[[Eġittu]] (''Mudrâya''), il-Lvant tal-[[Libja]] u l-kosta tas-[[Sudan]]. Darius tela' fuq it-tron wara li għeleb lill-monarka tal-Akemenidi Bardija (jew ''Smerdis''), li skontu kien impostur imsejjaħ Gaumata. Ir-re l-ġdid ħabbat wiċċu ma' ribelljonijiet madwar l-imperu kollu iżda għelibhom kollha; avveniment ewlieni tal-karriera ta' Darius deskritt fl-istorjografija [[Greċja|Griega]] kienet l-ispedizzjoni punittiva kontra [[Ateni]] u Eretrija talli ħadu sehem fir-Rewwixta tal-Baħar Joniku. Darius organizza l-imperu billi qasmu f'provinċji amministrattivi, kull waħda ggvernata minn ''satrap''. Huwa organizza l-muniti tal-Akemenidi bħala sistema monetarja uniformi ġdida, u għażel l-[[Aramajk ta' Ġesù|Aramajk]] bħala [[lingwa]] kouffiċjali tal-imperu flimkien mal-Persjan Antik. Huwa wassal biex l-imperu jkollu qagħda aħjar billi tejjeb it-toroq u introduċa piżijiet u kejliet standard. Permezz ta' dawn il-bidliet, l-Imperu tal-Akemenidi sar ċentralizzat u unifikat. Darius wettaq proġetti oħra ta' kostruzzjoni fl-imperu kollu, u ffoka primarjament fuq [[Susa]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Persepolis]], il-[[Babilonja]] u l-Eġittu. Huwa ordna t-tinqix ta' kitba fuq wiċċ l-irdum tal-Għolja ta' Behistun biex jirreġistra l-konkwisti tiegħu, li iktar 'il quddiem saret evidenza importanti tal-lingwa Persjana Antika. == [[Etimoloġija]] == ''Dārīus'' u ''Dārēus'' huma l-forom bil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] tal-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]] ''Dareîos'' (Δαρεῖος), li nibtet mill-Persjan Antik ''Dārayauš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-uš''); li hija forma mqassra ta' ''Dārayavaʰuš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-v-u-š''). Il-forma itwal bil-Persjan hija riflessa fil-forom bl-Elamit ''Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš'', bil-Babiloniż ''Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš'', u bl-Aramajk ''drywhwš'' (𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔), u x'aktarx fil-forma itwal bil-Grieg, ''Dareiaîos'' (Δαρειαῖος). L-isem fil-forma nominattiva jfisser "dak li għandu ħakma tajba tat-tajjeb (tjubija)", li toħroġ fid-dieher mill-ewwel parti ''dāraya'', li tfisser "detentur", u l-avverbju ''vau'', li jfisser "tajjeb" jew "tjubija". == Sorsi primarji == F'xi żmien bejn l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu u [[Mewt|mewtu]], Darius ħalla riljiev trilingwi monumentali mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, imnaqqax bl-Elamit, bil-Persjan Antik u bil-Babiloniż. It-tinqix jibda b'awtobijografija qasira li tinkludi lil missirijietu u l-arblu tar-razza tiegħu. Sabiex tgħinu fil-preżentazzjoni ta' missirijietu, Darius kiteb is-sekwenza ta' avvenimenti li seħħew wara l-mewt ta' [[Ċiru l-Kbir]]. Darius isemmi diversi drabli li huwa r-re denju bil-grazzja tad-divinità suprema Ahura Mazda. Instabu wkoll testi u monumenti oħra minn Persepolis, kif ukoll tavla tat-tafal bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik ta' Darius minn Gherla, ir-[[Rumanija]] (Harmatta) u ittra mingħand Darius lil Gadates, ippreservata f'test Grieg ta' żmien ir-[[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]]. Fit-tavli tal-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana, Darius iddeskriva bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik, il-kobor tal-imperu tiegħu f'termini [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] wesgħin:<blockquote>''Darius ir-re kbir, re tar-rejiet, re tal-pajjiżi, iben Hystaspes, Akemenid. Ir-re Darius jgħid: Dan huwa r-renju tiegħi, mill-poplu Sacae lil hinn minn Sogdia sal-poplu Kush, u mis-Sind (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺, "Hidauv", lokattiv ta' "Hiduš", jiġifieri l-"Wied tal-Indus") lil Lidja (bil-Persjan Antik: "Spardâ") – [dan huwa] dak li tani Ahuramazda, l-ikbar fost l-allat. J'Alla Ahuramazda jħares lili u r-residenza rjali tiegħi!''</blockquote>— kitba mnaqqxa ta' Darius I fil-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana. Erodotu, storiku Grieg u l-awtur ta' ''L-Istorji'', ipprovda rendikont ta' bosta rejiet Persjani u l-Gwerer bejn il-Griegi u l-Persjani. Huwa kiteb b'mod estensiv dwar Darius, f'nofs il-Ktieb Nru 3 u l-Kotba Nri 4, 5 u 6. Jibda bit-tneħħija ta' Gaumata li allegatament ħa l-poter b'mod illegali u jkompli sa tmiem ir-renju ta' Darius. == Ħajja bikrija == Darius kien l-ikbar fost ħames ulied subien ta' Hystaspes. L-identitià ta' ommu mhix ċerta. Skont l-istoriku modern Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (1994), kien maħsub li omm Darius kienet [[mara]] msejħa Rhodogune. Madankollu, skont Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (2013), testi li nstabu reċentement f'Persepolis jindikaw li ommu kienet Irdabama, sid tal-artijiet affluwenti minn familja ta' mexxejja Elamiti lokali. B'mod simili, Richard Stoneman jirreferi għal Irdabama bħala omm Darius. Il-kitba mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun ta' Darius tistqarr li missieru kien is-satrap ta' Baktrija fil-522 Q.K. Skont Erodotu (III.139), Darius, qabel ma ħataf il-poter u "bla konsegwenza f'dak iż-żmien", kien ġellied bil-lanza (''doryphoros'') fil-kampanja militari Eġizzjana (528–525 Q.K.) ta' Cambyses II, re kbir Persjan ta' dak iż-żmien; spiss dan jiġi interpretat li jfisser li huwa kellu r-rwol importanti li jżomm il-lanez personali tar-re. Hystaspes kien uffiċjal fl-armata ta' Ċiru u nobbli tal-qorti tiegħu; skont il-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun, Hystapes kien sekondokuġin ta' Ċiru min-naħa ta' missieru, għalkemm dan jaf ġie vvintat sabiex l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius ikun leġittimu. Qabel ma' Ċiru u l-armata tiegħu qasmu x-xmara Araxes biex jiġġieldu kontra l-[[Armenja|Armeni]], huwa għamel lil ibnu Cambyses II bħala r-re f'każ li ma jerġax lura mill-battalja. Ladarba Ċiru qasam ix-xmara Aras, huwa ra xbieha fejn Darius kellu l-ġwienaħ fuq spallejh u kien jinsab fil-konfini tal-Ewropa u tal-Asja (id-dinja magħrufa f'dak iż-żmien). Meta Ċiru qam mill-ħolma, huwa interpretaha bħala periklu kbir għas-sigurtà futura tal-imperu, peress li kienet tfisser li Darius xi darba kien se jirrenja fuq id-dinja kollha. Madankollu, ibnu Cambyses kien l-eredi tat-tron, mhux Darius, u b'hekk Ċiru beda jara jekk Darius kellux pjanijiet ambizzjużi u ta' tradiment. Dan wassal biex Ċiru jordna lil Hystaspes biex imur lura lejn Persis u joqgħod għassa b'mod strett fuq ibnu, sar-ritorn ta' Ċiru. === Aċċess għat-tron === Jeżistu rakkonti differenti dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius kemm mingħand Darius stess kif ukoll mingħand l-istoriċi Griegi. L-eqdem rekords jirrapportaw kobba mħabbla ta' avvenimenti li fihom Cambyses II tilef ir-raġuni, ordna li ħuh Bardiya jinqatel, u miet minħabba ferita infettata f'riġel. Wara dan, Darius u grupp ta' sitt nobbli vvjaġġaw lejn Sikayauvati biex joqtlu lil Gaumata, li kien ħa t-tron taparsi Bardiya fl-assenza tar-re. Ir-rakkont ta' Darius, imnaqqax mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, jiddikjara li Cambyses II qatel lil ħuh stess, Bardiya, iżda li din il-qtil ma kienx magħruf fost il-poplu Iranjan. Gaumata allegatament tela' fuq it-tron b'mod illegali u gideb lin-nies, taparsi kien Bardiya. L-Iranjani bdew jirribellaw kontra t-tmexxija ta' Cambyses, u fil-11 ta' Marzu 522 Q.K., faqqgħet rewwixta kontra Cambyses fl-assenza tiegħu. Fl-1 ta' Lulju, il-poplu Iranjan għażel li jkun taħt it-tmexxija ta' Gaumata, bħala "Bardiya". L-ebda membru tal-familja Akemenida ma tkellem kontra Gaumata għax beżgħu għal ħajjithom. Darius, li kien iġorr il-lanez irjali ta' Cambyses sal-mewt tar-re depost, talab għall-għajnuna, u f'Settembru 522 Q.K., flimkien ma' Otanes, Intaphrenes, Gobryas, Hydarnes, Megabyzus u Aspathines, qatel lil Gaumata fil-fortizza ta' Sikayauvati. Erodotu jipprovdi rakkont dubjuż dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius: diversi jiem wara l-qtil ta' Gaumata, Darius u sitt nobbli oħra ddiskutew dwar id-destin tal-imperu. Għall-ewwel, is-seba' ddiskutew dwar il-forma ta' governanza: repubblika demokratika (''Isonomia'') ġiet appoġġata bil-kbir minn Otanes, oligarkija ġiet appoġġata minn Megabyzus, filwaqt li Darius kien favur monarkija. Wara li stqarr li repubblika kienet twassal għall-korruzzjoni u għall-ġlied intern, filwaqt li monarka kien jiggverna b'għerf perfett, u jaħbi bl-aħjar mod il-pjanijiet biex jingħelbu l-għedewwa, xi ħaġa li ma kinitx possibbli skontu b'governanzi oħra, Darius irnexxielu jikkonvinċi lil erba' mis-seba' nobbli. Sabiex tittieħed deċiżjoni rigward min kien se jsir il-monarka, sitta minnhom iddeċidew li jsir test, u Otanes astjena, peress li ma kellux interess isir re. Huma kellhom jinġabru barra l-palazz, rekbin iż-[[Żiemel|żwiemel]] tagħhom maż-żerniq, u skont liema żiemel jiżher l-ewwel ma' tlugħ ix-xemx, is-sid tiegħu kellu jsir ir-re. Skont Erodotu, Darius kellu [[Skjavitù|skjav]], Oebares, li ħakk idu fuq il-ġenitali ta' debba ta' Darius. Meta s-sitta nġabru, Oebares poġġa idu qrib imnieħer iż-żiemel ta' Darius, li eċita ruħu mar-riħa u beda jiżher. Dan ġie segwit minn sajjetti u ragħad, u b'hekk l-oħrajn niżlu minn fuq iż-żwiemel u niżlu għarkopptejhom quddiem Darius bħala rikonoxximent tal-provvidenza divina favur Darius. Fir-rakkont tiegħu, Darius stess sostna li kiseb it-tron mhux permezz ta' frodi, iżda b'mod makakk, u saħansitra tella' [[statwa]] tiegħu nnifsu riekeb iż-żiemel jiżher tiegħu bil-kitba mnaqqxa: "Darius, iben Hystaspes, kiseb is-sovranità tal-Persja bil-ħila taż-żiemel tiegħu u bl-għajnuna makakka ta' Oebares, l-iskjav tiegħu". Skont ir-rakkonti tal-istoriċi Griegi, Cambyses II kien ħalla lil Patizeithes fit-tmun tar-renju meta mar lejn l-Eġittu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa bagħat lil Prexaspes biex joqtol lil Bardiya. Wara l-qtil, Patizeithes poġġa lil ħuh Gaumata, Magjan li kien jixbah lil Bardiya, fuq it-tron u ddikjarah bħala Re Kbir. Otanes skopra li Gaumata kien impostur, u flimkien ma' sitt nobbli Iranjani oħra, inkluż Darius, ħejja pjan biex jegħleb lill-psewdo-Bardiya. Wara l-qtil tal-impostur flimkien ma' ħuh Patizeithes u Magjani oħra, Darius ġie inkurunat re l-għada filgħodu. Id-dettalji rigward l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius huma ġeneralment rikonoxxuti bħala qerq li ntuża biex jingħeleb u jinqatel is-suċċessur ta' Cyrus, Bardiya. Sabiex jilleġittima t-tmexxija tiegħu, Darius kellu oriġini komuni vvintata bejnu u Ċiru billi ddeżinja lil Achaemenes bħala l-fundatur tad-dinastija tagħhom. Fil-verità, Darius ma kienx jagħmel parti mill-familja ta' Ċiru u tan-nisel tiegħu, il-mexxejja ta' Anshan. == Renju bikri == === Rewwixti bikrin === Following his coronation at Pasargadae, Darius moved to Ecbatana. He soon learned that support for Bardiya was strong, and revolts in Elam and Babylonia had broken out. Darius ended the Elamite revolt when the revolutionary leader Aschina was captured and executed in Susa. After three months the revolt in Babylonia had ended. While in Babylonia, Darius learned a revolution had broken out in Bactria, a satrapy which had always been in favour of Darius, and had initially sent an army of soldiers to quell revolts. Following this, revolts broke out in Persis, the homeland of the Persians and Darius and then in Elam and Babylonia, followed by in Media, Parthia, Assyria, and Egypt. By 522 BCE, there were revolts against Darius in most parts of the Achaemenid Empire leaving the empire in turmoil. Even though Darius did not seem to have the support of the populace, Darius had a loyal army, led by close confidants and nobles (including the six nobles who had helped him remove Gaumata). With their support, Darius was able to suppress and quell all revolts within a year. In Darius's words, he had killed a total of nine "lying kings" through the quelling of revolutions. Darius left a detailed account of these revolts in the Behistun Inscription. === Eliminazzjoni ta' Intafernes === One of the significant events of Darius's early reign was the slaying of Intaphernes, one of the seven noblemen who had deposed the previous ruler and installed Darius as the new monarch. The seven had made an agreement that they could all visit the new king whenever they pleased, except when he was with a woman. One evening, Intaphernes went to the palace to meet Darius, but was stopped by two officers who stated that Darius was with a woman. Becoming enraged and insulted, Intaphernes drew his sword and cut off the ears and noses of the two officers. he then strung these on his horse's bridle and bound it round the men's necks, and so let them go. The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphernes had done to them. Darius began to fear for his own safety; he thought that all seven noblemen had banded together to rebel against him and that the attack against his officers was the first sign of revolt. He sent a messenger to each of the noblemen, asking them if they approved of Intaphernes's actions. They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphernes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings. Darius's choice to ask the noblemen indicates that he was not yet completely sure of his authority. Taking precautions against further resistance, Darius sent soldiers to seize Intaphernes, along with his son, family members, relatives and any friends who were capable of arming themselves. Darius believed that Intaphernes was planning a rebellion, but when he was brought to the court, there was no proof of any such plan. Nonetheless, Darius killed Intaphernes's entire family, excluding his wife's brother and son. She was asked to choose between her brother and son. She chose her brother to live. Her reasoning for doing so was that she could have another husband and another son, but she would always have but one brother. Darius was impressed by her response and spared both her brother's and her son's life. == Kampanji militari == Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions. The hieroglyph on the vase reads: "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Darius, living forever, year 36". === Kampanja militari Eġizzjana === After securing his authority over the empire, Darius embarked on a campaign to Egypt where he defeated the rebel forces and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Bisitun inscription, the Egyptian rebellion began while Darius was in Babylon dealing with the rebellion there. It has been suggested that the inclusion of Egypt among the list of rebelling provinces in this inscription was a scribal error, and various dates are possible for an actual rebellion. Likewise, the identity of the rebel leader is not known, but it has been suggested to be Petubastis III. Through another series of campaigns, Darius I would eventually reign over the territorial apex of the empire, when it stretched from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. === Invażjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus === In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia, Aria and Bactria and then marched into Afghanistan to Taxila in modern-day Pakistan. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in Gandhara, preparing to conquer the Indus Valley. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the Indus Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi and appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. === Rewwixta Babiloniża === After Bardiya was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout the empire, especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by Nebuchadnezzar III. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from Babylon to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to Babylon. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out. Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which Cyrus the Great had employed when he captured Babylon. The situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by Zopyrus, a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels. During this revolt, Scythian nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe. He managed to capture the Scythian king Skunkha and added him to the other rebel kings depicted in the Behistun Inscription. === Kampanja militari Ewropea tax-Xitjani === The Scythians were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an Eastern Iranian language (Scythian languages) who had invaded Media, killed Cyrus in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube River, River Don and the Black Sea. Darius crossed the Black Sea at the Bosphorus Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the Danube to wage war on the Scythians. Darius invaded European Scythia in 513 BCE, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler Idanthyrsus to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose. Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by Herodotus, the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies. This gave Darius the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land. While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the Budini, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it. Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles [13 km] distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. In his ''Histories'', Herodotus states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the Volga River and headed towards Thrace. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces. === Invażjoni Persjana tal-Greċja === Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of Thrace. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, Paeonia, while Macedonia submitted voluntarily, after the demand of earth and water, becoming a vassal kingdom. He then left Megabyzus to conquer Thrace, returning to Sardis to spend the winter. The Greeks living in Asia Minor and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in Athens. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius. However, the increasing concerns among the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in Ionia and Lydia were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states. When Aristagoras organized the Ionian Revolt, Eretria and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning Sardis. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under Mardonius. Macedon had been a vassal kingdom of the Persians since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom. These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At the same time, anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta. Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the Hellespont. However, a violent storm and harassment by the Thracians forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral, Datis, and his nephew Artaphernes, who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the Battle of Marathon, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 Plataeans and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by Miltiades. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son Xerxes. == Familja == Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of Arsames. Darius married Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had four sons: Xerxes, Achaemenes, Masistes and Hystaspes. He also married Artystone, another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two known sons, Arsames and Gobryas. Darius married Parmys, the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, Ariomardus. Furthermore, Darius married his niece Phratagune, with whom he had two sons, Abrokomas and Hyperantes. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of Otanes. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier Gobryas from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes, Ariabignes and Arsamenes. Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of Atossa; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives. == Mewt u suċċessjoni == After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon, Darius began planning another expedition against the Greek city-states; this time, he, not Datis, would command the imperial armies. Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army. Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old. In October 486 BCE, his body was embalmed and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam, which he had been preparing. An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage." A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the Sasanian King of Kings, Bahram II (<abbr>r.</abbr> 274–293 CE). Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius and Atossa, succeeded to the throne as Xerxes I; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power. With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the house of Cyrus. == Governanza == === Organizzazzjoni === Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called satrapies (or ''archi'') which were each assigned to a satrap (''archon'') and specified fixed tributes that the satrapies were required to pay. A complete list is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding Persis, which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land. Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian talent. Those paid in gold were measured with the Euboic talent. The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents. The majority of the satraps were of Persian origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families. These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap. To assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap. To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops. Royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap. The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches. Darius kept Aramaic as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire. Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions. Before this, the accomplishments of the king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory". Oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran. === Ekonomija === Darius introduced a new universal currency, the daric, sometime before 500 BCE. Prior to its introduction payments had been in barter or used coins issued by Lydia or other Ionian cities. Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as Celtic Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in Anatolia. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and metal objects began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing infrastructure and helped fund irrigation projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was Murashu Sons, based in the Babylonian city of Nippur. These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients. In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground waterways and a powerful navy. According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian Albert T. Olmstead. He further improved and expanded the network of roads and way stations throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places. === Reliġjon === <blockquote>"By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." — Darius, on the Behistun Inscription</blockquote>While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by Zoroastrianism, it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in Ahura Mazda, whom he saw as the supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the Indo-Iranian religious tradition. As can be seen at the Behistun Inscription, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire. Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of Asha. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him. In many cuneiform inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world. In one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's". In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show. He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his treasury for their purposes. He had funded the restoration of the Israelite temple which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god, Amun. === Proġetti ta' kostruzzjoni === Early on, Darius and his advisors had the idea to establish new royal mansions at Susa and Persepolis because he was eager to demonstrate his newfound power and leave a lasting legacy. Since Cyrus's conquest, Susa's urban layout had remained unchanged, maintaining the layout from the Elamite era. Only during Darius's rule does the archaeological evidence at Susa start showing any signs of an Achaemenid layout. During Darius's Greek expedition, he had begun construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. The Darius Canal that connected the Nile to the Red Sea was constructed by him. It ran from present-day Zagazig in the eastern Nile Delta through Wadi Tumilat, Lake Timsah, and Great Bitter Lake, which are both close to present-day Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean. On this visit to Egypt he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished. Darius improved the Royal Road, turning it into a smooth communication network with lodging services located at regular intervals. In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Several temples found were dedicated to Ptah and Nekhbet. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian and Egyptian hieroglyphs. He also ordered the creation of the Old Persian cuneiform script. To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations. At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own. == Referenzi == 3zfo0ngc2fi6h2ng2j50iseoxc525nq 330724 330723 2026-06-26T10:49:26Z Trigcly 17859 /* Rewwixti bikrin */ 330724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Darius I''' (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ''Dārayavaʰuš''; <abbr>irrenja mill-ħabta tal-</abbr>550 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. sal-486 Q.K.), magħruf ukoll bħala '''Darius''' '''il-Kbir''', kien it-tielet Re tar-Rejiet tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi, u rrenja mill-522 Q.K. sa [[Mewt|mewtu]] fl-486 Q.K. Huwa rrenja fuq l-imperu fil-quċċata territorjali tiegħu, meta kien jinkludi l-biċċa l-kbira tal-Punent tal-[[Asja]], partijiet mill-Balkani (Traċja–Maċedonja u Peonja) u l-Kawkasu, il-biċċa l-kbira mir-reġjuni kostali tal-[[Baħar l-Iswed]], l-Asja Ċentrali, il-Wied tal-Indus fil-Lvant Imbiegħed, u partijiet mit-Tramuntana tal-[[Afrika]] u mill-Grigal tal-Afrika, inkluż l-[[Eġittu]] (''Mudrâya''), il-Lvant tal-[[Libja]] u l-kosta tas-[[Sudan]]. Darius tela' fuq it-tron wara li għeleb lill-monarka tal-Akemenidi Bardija (jew ''Smerdis''), li skontu kien impostur imsejjaħ Gaumata. Ir-re l-ġdid ħabbat wiċċu ma' ribelljonijiet madwar l-imperu kollu iżda għelibhom kollha; avveniment ewlieni tal-karriera ta' Darius deskritt fl-istorjografija [[Greċja|Griega]] kienet l-ispedizzjoni punittiva kontra [[Ateni]] u Eretrija talli ħadu sehem fir-Rewwixta tal-Baħar Joniku. Darius organizza l-imperu billi qasmu f'provinċji amministrattivi, kull waħda ggvernata minn ''satrap''. Huwa organizza l-muniti tal-Akemenidi bħala sistema monetarja uniformi ġdida, u għażel l-[[Aramajk ta' Ġesù|Aramajk]] bħala [[lingwa]] kouffiċjali tal-imperu flimkien mal-Persjan Antik. Huwa wassal biex l-imperu jkollu qagħda aħjar billi tejjeb it-toroq u introduċa piżijiet u kejliet standard. Permezz ta' dawn il-bidliet, l-Imperu tal-Akemenidi sar ċentralizzat u unifikat. Darius wettaq proġetti oħra ta' kostruzzjoni fl-imperu kollu, u ffoka primarjament fuq [[Susa]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Persepolis]], il-[[Babilonja]] u l-Eġittu. Huwa ordna t-tinqix ta' kitba fuq wiċċ l-irdum tal-Għolja ta' Behistun biex jirreġistra l-konkwisti tiegħu, li iktar 'il quddiem saret evidenza importanti tal-lingwa Persjana Antika. == [[Etimoloġija]] == ''Dārīus'' u ''Dārēus'' huma l-forom bil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] tal-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]] ''Dareîos'' (Δαρεῖος), li nibtet mill-Persjan Antik ''Dārayauš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-uš''); li hija forma mqassra ta' ''Dārayavaʰuš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-v-u-š''). Il-forma itwal bil-Persjan hija riflessa fil-forom bl-Elamit ''Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš'', bil-Babiloniż ''Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš'', u bl-Aramajk ''drywhwš'' (𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔), u x'aktarx fil-forma itwal bil-Grieg, ''Dareiaîos'' (Δαρειαῖος). L-isem fil-forma nominattiva jfisser "dak li għandu ħakma tajba tat-tajjeb (tjubija)", li toħroġ fid-dieher mill-ewwel parti ''dāraya'', li tfisser "detentur", u l-avverbju ''vau'', li jfisser "tajjeb" jew "tjubija". == Sorsi primarji == F'xi żmien bejn l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu u [[Mewt|mewtu]], Darius ħalla riljiev trilingwi monumentali mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, imnaqqax bl-Elamit, bil-Persjan Antik u bil-Babiloniż. It-tinqix jibda b'awtobijografija qasira li tinkludi lil missirijietu u l-arblu tar-razza tiegħu. Sabiex tgħinu fil-preżentazzjoni ta' missirijietu, Darius kiteb is-sekwenza ta' avvenimenti li seħħew wara l-mewt ta' [[Ċiru l-Kbir]]. Darius isemmi diversi drabli li huwa r-re denju bil-grazzja tad-divinità suprema Ahura Mazda. Instabu wkoll testi u monumenti oħra minn Persepolis, kif ukoll tavla tat-tafal bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik ta' Darius minn Gherla, ir-[[Rumanija]] (Harmatta) u ittra mingħand Darius lil Gadates, ippreservata f'test Grieg ta' żmien ir-[[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]]. Fit-tavli tal-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana, Darius iddeskriva bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik, il-kobor tal-imperu tiegħu f'termini [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] wesgħin:<blockquote>''Darius ir-re kbir, re tar-rejiet, re tal-pajjiżi, iben Hystaspes, Akemenid. Ir-re Darius jgħid: Dan huwa r-renju tiegħi, mill-poplu Sacae lil hinn minn Sogdia sal-poplu Kush, u mis-Sind (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺, "Hidauv", lokattiv ta' "Hiduš", jiġifieri l-"Wied tal-Indus") lil Lidja (bil-Persjan Antik: "Spardâ") – [dan huwa] dak li tani Ahuramazda, l-ikbar fost l-allat. J'Alla Ahuramazda jħares lili u r-residenza rjali tiegħi!''</blockquote>— kitba mnaqqxa ta' Darius I fil-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana. Erodotu, storiku Grieg u l-awtur ta' ''L-Istorji'', ipprovda rendikont ta' bosta rejiet Persjani u l-Gwerer bejn il-Griegi u l-Persjani. Huwa kiteb b'mod estensiv dwar Darius, f'nofs il-Ktieb Nru 3 u l-Kotba Nri 4, 5 u 6. Jibda bit-tneħħija ta' Gaumata li allegatament ħa l-poter b'mod illegali u jkompli sa tmiem ir-renju ta' Darius. == Ħajja bikrija == Darius kien l-ikbar fost ħames ulied subien ta' Hystaspes. L-identitià ta' ommu mhix ċerta. Skont l-istoriku modern Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (1994), kien maħsub li omm Darius kienet [[mara]] msejħa Rhodogune. Madankollu, skont Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (2013), testi li nstabu reċentement f'Persepolis jindikaw li ommu kienet Irdabama, sid tal-artijiet affluwenti minn familja ta' mexxejja Elamiti lokali. B'mod simili, Richard Stoneman jirreferi għal Irdabama bħala omm Darius. Il-kitba mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun ta' Darius tistqarr li missieru kien is-satrap ta' Baktrija fil-522 Q.K. Skont Erodotu (III.139), Darius, qabel ma ħataf il-poter u "bla konsegwenza f'dak iż-żmien", kien ġellied bil-lanza (''doryphoros'') fil-kampanja militari Eġizzjana (528–525 Q.K.) ta' Cambyses II, re kbir Persjan ta' dak iż-żmien; spiss dan jiġi interpretat li jfisser li huwa kellu r-rwol importanti li jżomm il-lanez personali tar-re. Hystaspes kien uffiċjal fl-armata ta' Ċiru u nobbli tal-qorti tiegħu; skont il-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun, Hystapes kien sekondokuġin ta' Ċiru min-naħa ta' missieru, għalkemm dan jaf ġie vvintat sabiex l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius ikun leġittimu. Qabel ma' Ċiru u l-armata tiegħu qasmu x-xmara Araxes biex jiġġieldu kontra l-[[Armenja|Armeni]], huwa għamel lil ibnu Cambyses II bħala r-re f'każ li ma jerġax lura mill-battalja. Ladarba Ċiru qasam ix-xmara Aras, huwa ra xbieha fejn Darius kellu l-ġwienaħ fuq spallejh u kien jinsab fil-konfini tal-Ewropa u tal-Asja (id-dinja magħrufa f'dak iż-żmien). Meta Ċiru qam mill-ħolma, huwa interpretaha bħala periklu kbir għas-sigurtà futura tal-imperu, peress li kienet tfisser li Darius xi darba kien se jirrenja fuq id-dinja kollha. Madankollu, ibnu Cambyses kien l-eredi tat-tron, mhux Darius, u b'hekk Ċiru beda jara jekk Darius kellux pjanijiet ambizzjużi u ta' tradiment. Dan wassal biex Ċiru jordna lil Hystaspes biex imur lura lejn Persis u joqgħod għassa b'mod strett fuq ibnu, sar-ritorn ta' Ċiru. === Aċċess għat-tron === Jeżistu rakkonti differenti dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius kemm mingħand Darius stess kif ukoll mingħand l-istoriċi Griegi. L-eqdem rekords jirrapportaw kobba mħabbla ta' avvenimenti li fihom Cambyses II tilef ir-raġuni, ordna li ħuh Bardiya jinqatel, u miet minħabba ferita infettata f'riġel. Wara dan, Darius u grupp ta' sitt nobbli vvjaġġaw lejn Sikayauvati biex joqtlu lil Gaumata, li kien ħa t-tron taparsi Bardiya fl-assenza tar-re. Ir-rakkont ta' Darius, imnaqqax mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, jiddikjara li Cambyses II qatel lil ħuh stess, Bardiya, iżda li din il-qtil ma kienx magħruf fost il-poplu Iranjan. Gaumata allegatament tela' fuq it-tron b'mod illegali u gideb lin-nies, taparsi kien Bardiya. L-Iranjani bdew jirribellaw kontra t-tmexxija ta' Cambyses, u fil-11 ta' Marzu 522 Q.K., faqqgħet rewwixta kontra Cambyses fl-assenza tiegħu. Fl-1 ta' Lulju, il-poplu Iranjan għażel li jkun taħt it-tmexxija ta' Gaumata, bħala "Bardiya". L-ebda membru tal-familja Akemenida ma tkellem kontra Gaumata għax beżgħu għal ħajjithom. Darius, li kien iġorr il-lanez irjali ta' Cambyses sal-mewt tar-re depost, talab għall-għajnuna, u f'Settembru 522 Q.K., flimkien ma' Otanes, Intaphrenes, Gobryas, Hydarnes, Megabyzus u Aspathines, qatel lil Gaumata fil-fortizza ta' Sikayauvati. Erodotu jipprovdi rakkont dubjuż dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius: diversi jiem wara l-qtil ta' Gaumata, Darius u sitt nobbli oħra ddiskutew dwar id-destin tal-imperu. Għall-ewwel, is-seba' ddiskutew dwar il-forma ta' governanza: repubblika demokratika (''Isonomia'') ġiet appoġġata bil-kbir minn Otanes, oligarkija ġiet appoġġata minn Megabyzus, filwaqt li Darius kien favur monarkija. Wara li stqarr li repubblika kienet twassal għall-korruzzjoni u għall-ġlied intern, filwaqt li monarka kien jiggverna b'għerf perfett, u jaħbi bl-aħjar mod il-pjanijiet biex jingħelbu l-għedewwa, xi ħaġa li ma kinitx possibbli skontu b'governanzi oħra, Darius irnexxielu jikkonvinċi lil erba' mis-seba' nobbli. Sabiex tittieħed deċiżjoni rigward min kien se jsir il-monarka, sitta minnhom iddeċidew li jsir test, u Otanes astjena, peress li ma kellux interess isir re. Huma kellhom jinġabru barra l-palazz, rekbin iż-[[Żiemel|żwiemel]] tagħhom maż-żerniq, u skont liema żiemel jiżher l-ewwel ma' tlugħ ix-xemx, is-sid tiegħu kellu jsir ir-re. Skont Erodotu, Darius kellu [[Skjavitù|skjav]], Oebares, li ħakk idu fuq il-ġenitali ta' debba ta' Darius. Meta s-sitta nġabru, Oebares poġġa idu qrib imnieħer iż-żiemel ta' Darius, li eċita ruħu mar-riħa u beda jiżher. Dan ġie segwit minn sajjetti u ragħad, u b'hekk l-oħrajn niżlu minn fuq iż-żwiemel u niżlu għarkopptejhom quddiem Darius bħala rikonoxximent tal-provvidenza divina favur Darius. Fir-rakkont tiegħu, Darius stess sostna li kiseb it-tron mhux permezz ta' frodi, iżda b'mod makakk, u saħansitra tella' [[statwa]] tiegħu nnifsu riekeb iż-żiemel jiżher tiegħu bil-kitba mnaqqxa: "Darius, iben Hystaspes, kiseb is-sovranità tal-Persja bil-ħila taż-żiemel tiegħu u bl-għajnuna makakka ta' Oebares, l-iskjav tiegħu". Skont ir-rakkonti tal-istoriċi Griegi, Cambyses II kien ħalla lil Patizeithes fit-tmun tar-renju meta mar lejn l-Eġittu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa bagħat lil Prexaspes biex joqtol lil Bardiya. Wara l-qtil, Patizeithes poġġa lil ħuh Gaumata, Magjan li kien jixbah lil Bardiya, fuq it-tron u ddikjarah bħala Re Kbir. Otanes skopra li Gaumata kien impostur, u flimkien ma' sitt nobbli Iranjani oħra, inkluż Darius, ħejja pjan biex jegħleb lill-psewdo-Bardiya. Wara l-qtil tal-impostur flimkien ma' ħuh Patizeithes u Magjani oħra, Darius ġie inkurunat re l-għada filgħodu. Id-dettalji rigward l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius huma ġeneralment rikonoxxuti bħala qerq li ntuża biex jingħeleb u jinqatel is-suċċessur ta' Cyrus, Bardiya. Sabiex jilleġittima t-tmexxija tiegħu, Darius kellu oriġini komuni vvintata bejnu u Ċiru billi ddeżinja lil Achaemenes bħala l-fundatur tad-dinastija tagħhom. Fil-verità, Darius ma kienx jagħmel parti mill-familja ta' Ċiru u tan-nisel tiegħu, il-mexxejja ta' Anshan. == Renju bikri == === Rewwixti bikrin === Wara l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu f'Pasargadae, Darius ittrasferixxa ruħu f'[[Ecbatana]]. F'qasir żmien sar jaf li Bardiya kellu appoġġ qawwi, u li faqqgħu rewwixtri f'Elam u fil-Babilonja. Darius temm ir-rewwixta tal-Elamiti meta l-mexxej rivoluzzjonarju nħataf u ġie ġustizzjat f'[[Susa]]. Wara 3 xhur, ir-rewwixta fil-Babilonja ntemmet. Sakemm kien fil-Babilonja, Darius sar jaf li kienet faqqgħet rivoluzzjoni f'Baktrija, satrapija li dejjem kienet favur Darius, u inizjalment bagħat armata suldati biex irażżnu l-irvellijiet. Wara dan, ir-rewwixti faqqgħu wkoll f'Persis, l-art tal-Persjani u ta' Darius, kif ukoll f'Elam u fil-Babilonja, segwiti minn Media, Parthia, Assirja u l-Eġittu. Sal-522 Q.K., kien hemm irvellijiet kontra Darius fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi. Minkejja li milli jidher Darius ma kellux l-appoġġ tal-popolin, huwa kellu armata leali, immexxija minn persuni tal-qalba tiegħu u min-nobbli (inkluż is-sitt nobbli li kienu għenuh jeħles minn Gaumata). Bl-appoġġ tagħhom, Darius irnexxielu jrażżan u jegħleb l-irvellijiet kollha fi żmien sena. Skont kliem Darius stess, huwa kien qatel total ta' disa' "rejiet giddibin" billi għeleb l-irvellijiet. Darius ħalla rendikont dettaljat ta' dawn l-irvellijiet fil-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun. === Eliminazzjoni ta' Intafernes === One of the significant events of Darius's early reign was the slaying of Intaphernes, one of the seven noblemen who had deposed the previous ruler and installed Darius as the new monarch. The seven had made an agreement that they could all visit the new king whenever they pleased, except when he was with a woman. One evening, Intaphernes went to the palace to meet Darius, but was stopped by two officers who stated that Darius was with a woman. Becoming enraged and insulted, Intaphernes drew his sword and cut off the ears and noses of the two officers. he then strung these on his horse's bridle and bound it round the men's necks, and so let them go. The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphernes had done to them. Darius began to fear for his own safety; he thought that all seven noblemen had banded together to rebel against him and that the attack against his officers was the first sign of revolt. He sent a messenger to each of the noblemen, asking them if they approved of Intaphernes's actions. They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphernes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings. Darius's choice to ask the noblemen indicates that he was not yet completely sure of his authority. Taking precautions against further resistance, Darius sent soldiers to seize Intaphernes, along with his son, family members, relatives and any friends who were capable of arming themselves. Darius believed that Intaphernes was planning a rebellion, but when he was brought to the court, there was no proof of any such plan. Nonetheless, Darius killed Intaphernes's entire family, excluding his wife's brother and son. She was asked to choose between her brother and son. She chose her brother to live. Her reasoning for doing so was that she could have another husband and another son, but she would always have but one brother. Darius was impressed by her response and spared both her brother's and her son's life. == Kampanji militari == Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions. The hieroglyph on the vase reads: "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Darius, living forever, year 36". === Kampanja militari Eġizzjana === After securing his authority over the empire, Darius embarked on a campaign to Egypt where he defeated the rebel forces and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Bisitun inscription, the Egyptian rebellion began while Darius was in Babylon dealing with the rebellion there. It has been suggested that the inclusion of Egypt among the list of rebelling provinces in this inscription was a scribal error, and various dates are possible for an actual rebellion. Likewise, the identity of the rebel leader is not known, but it has been suggested to be Petubastis III. Through another series of campaigns, Darius I would eventually reign over the territorial apex of the empire, when it stretched from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. === Invażjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus === In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia, Aria and Bactria and then marched into Afghanistan to Taxila in modern-day Pakistan. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in Gandhara, preparing to conquer the Indus Valley. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the Indus Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi and appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. === Rewwixta Babiloniża === After Bardiya was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout the empire, especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by Nebuchadnezzar III. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from Babylon to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to Babylon. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out. Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which Cyrus the Great had employed when he captured Babylon. The situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by Zopyrus, a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels. During this revolt, Scythian nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe. He managed to capture the Scythian king Skunkha and added him to the other rebel kings depicted in the Behistun Inscription. === Kampanja militari Ewropea tax-Xitjani === The Scythians were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an Eastern Iranian language (Scythian languages) who had invaded Media, killed Cyrus in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube River, River Don and the Black Sea. Darius crossed the Black Sea at the Bosphorus Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the Danube to wage war on the Scythians. Darius invaded European Scythia in 513 BCE, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler Idanthyrsus to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose. Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by Herodotus, the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies. This gave Darius the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land. While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the Budini, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it. Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles [13 km] distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. In his ''Histories'', Herodotus states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the Volga River and headed towards Thrace. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces. === Invażjoni Persjana tal-Greċja === Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of Thrace. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, Paeonia, while Macedonia submitted voluntarily, after the demand of earth and water, becoming a vassal kingdom. He then left Megabyzus to conquer Thrace, returning to Sardis to spend the winter. The Greeks living in Asia Minor and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in Athens. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius. However, the increasing concerns among the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in Ionia and Lydia were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states. When Aristagoras organized the Ionian Revolt, Eretria and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning Sardis. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under Mardonius. Macedon had been a vassal kingdom of the Persians since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom. These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At the same time, anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta. Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the Hellespont. However, a violent storm and harassment by the Thracians forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral, Datis, and his nephew Artaphernes, who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the Battle of Marathon, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 Plataeans and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by Miltiades. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son Xerxes. == Familja == Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of Arsames. Darius married Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had four sons: Xerxes, Achaemenes, Masistes and Hystaspes. He also married Artystone, another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two known sons, Arsames and Gobryas. Darius married Parmys, the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, Ariomardus. Furthermore, Darius married his niece Phratagune, with whom he had two sons, Abrokomas and Hyperantes. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of Otanes. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier Gobryas from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes, Ariabignes and Arsamenes. Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of Atossa; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives. == Mewt u suċċessjoni == After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon, Darius began planning another expedition against the Greek city-states; this time, he, not Datis, would command the imperial armies. Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army. Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old. In October 486 BCE, his body was embalmed and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam, which he had been preparing. An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage." A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the Sasanian King of Kings, Bahram II (<abbr>r.</abbr> 274–293 CE). Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius and Atossa, succeeded to the throne as Xerxes I; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power. With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the house of Cyrus. == Governanza == === Organizzazzjoni === Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called satrapies (or ''archi'') which were each assigned to a satrap (''archon'') and specified fixed tributes that the satrapies were required to pay. A complete list is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding Persis, which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land. Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian talent. Those paid in gold were measured with the Euboic talent. The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents. The majority of the satraps were of Persian origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families. These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap. To assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap. To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops. Royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap. The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches. Darius kept Aramaic as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire. Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions. Before this, the accomplishments of the king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory". Oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran. === Ekonomija === Darius introduced a new universal currency, the daric, sometime before 500 BCE. Prior to its introduction payments had been in barter or used coins issued by Lydia or other Ionian cities. Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as Celtic Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in Anatolia. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and metal objects began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing infrastructure and helped fund irrigation projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was Murashu Sons, based in the Babylonian city of Nippur. These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients. In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground waterways and a powerful navy. According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian Albert T. Olmstead. He further improved and expanded the network of roads and way stations throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places. === Reliġjon === <blockquote>"By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." — Darius, on the Behistun Inscription</blockquote>While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by Zoroastrianism, it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in Ahura Mazda, whom he saw as the supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the Indo-Iranian religious tradition. As can be seen at the Behistun Inscription, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire. Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of Asha. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him. In many cuneiform inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world. In one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's". In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show. He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his treasury for their purposes. He had funded the restoration of the Israelite temple which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god, Amun. === Proġetti ta' kostruzzjoni === Early on, Darius and his advisors had the idea to establish new royal mansions at Susa and Persepolis because he was eager to demonstrate his newfound power and leave a lasting legacy. Since Cyrus's conquest, Susa's urban layout had remained unchanged, maintaining the layout from the Elamite era. Only during Darius's rule does the archaeological evidence at Susa start showing any signs of an Achaemenid layout. During Darius's Greek expedition, he had begun construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. The Darius Canal that connected the Nile to the Red Sea was constructed by him. It ran from present-day Zagazig in the eastern Nile Delta through Wadi Tumilat, Lake Timsah, and Great Bitter Lake, which are both close to present-day Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean. On this visit to Egypt he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished. Darius improved the Royal Road, turning it into a smooth communication network with lodging services located at regular intervals. In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Several temples found were dedicated to Ptah and Nekhbet. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian and Egyptian hieroglyphs. He also ordered the creation of the Old Persian cuneiform script. To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations. At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own. == Referenzi == j2b2xjcu28queylqm4c2fucxl7y1n1n 330725 330724 2026-06-26T11:26:25Z Trigcly 17859 /* Eliminazzjoni ta' Intafernes */ 330725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Darius I''' (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ''Dārayavaʰuš''; <abbr>irrenja mill-ħabta tal-</abbr>550 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. sal-486 Q.K.), magħruf ukoll bħala '''Darius''' '''il-Kbir''', kien it-tielet Re tar-Rejiet tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi, u rrenja mill-522 Q.K. sa [[Mewt|mewtu]] fl-486 Q.K. Huwa rrenja fuq l-imperu fil-quċċata territorjali tiegħu, meta kien jinkludi l-biċċa l-kbira tal-Punent tal-[[Asja]], partijiet mill-Balkani (Traċja–Maċedonja u Peonja) u l-Kawkasu, il-biċċa l-kbira mir-reġjuni kostali tal-[[Baħar l-Iswed]], l-Asja Ċentrali, il-Wied tal-Indus fil-Lvant Imbiegħed, u partijiet mit-Tramuntana tal-[[Afrika]] u mill-Grigal tal-Afrika, inkluż l-[[Eġittu]] (''Mudrâya''), il-Lvant tal-[[Libja]] u l-kosta tas-[[Sudan]]. Darius tela' fuq it-tron wara li għeleb lill-monarka tal-Akemenidi Bardija (jew ''Smerdis''), li skontu kien impostur imsejjaħ Gaumata. Ir-re l-ġdid ħabbat wiċċu ma' ribelljonijiet madwar l-imperu kollu iżda għelibhom kollha; avveniment ewlieni tal-karriera ta' Darius deskritt fl-istorjografija [[Greċja|Griega]] kienet l-ispedizzjoni punittiva kontra [[Ateni]] u Eretrija talli ħadu sehem fir-Rewwixta tal-Baħar Joniku. Darius organizza l-imperu billi qasmu f'provinċji amministrattivi, kull waħda ggvernata minn ''satrap''. Huwa organizza l-muniti tal-Akemenidi bħala sistema monetarja uniformi ġdida, u għażel l-[[Aramajk ta' Ġesù|Aramajk]] bħala [[lingwa]] kouffiċjali tal-imperu flimkien mal-Persjan Antik. Huwa wassal biex l-imperu jkollu qagħda aħjar billi tejjeb it-toroq u introduċa piżijiet u kejliet standard. Permezz ta' dawn il-bidliet, l-Imperu tal-Akemenidi sar ċentralizzat u unifikat. Darius wettaq proġetti oħra ta' kostruzzjoni fl-imperu kollu, u ffoka primarjament fuq [[Susa]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Persepolis]], il-[[Babilonja]] u l-Eġittu. Huwa ordna t-tinqix ta' kitba fuq wiċċ l-irdum tal-Għolja ta' Behistun biex jirreġistra l-konkwisti tiegħu, li iktar 'il quddiem saret evidenza importanti tal-lingwa Persjana Antika. == [[Etimoloġija]] == ''Dārīus'' u ''Dārēus'' huma l-forom bil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] tal-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]] ''Dareîos'' (Δαρεῖος), li nibtet mill-Persjan Antik ''Dārayauš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-uš''); li hija forma mqassra ta' ''Dārayavaʰuš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-v-u-š''). Il-forma itwal bil-Persjan hija riflessa fil-forom bl-Elamit ''Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš'', bil-Babiloniż ''Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš'', u bl-Aramajk ''drywhwš'' (𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔), u x'aktarx fil-forma itwal bil-Grieg, ''Dareiaîos'' (Δαρειαῖος). L-isem fil-forma nominattiva jfisser "dak li għandu ħakma tajba tat-tajjeb (tjubija)", li toħroġ fid-dieher mill-ewwel parti ''dāraya'', li tfisser "detentur", u l-avverbju ''vau'', li jfisser "tajjeb" jew "tjubija". == Sorsi primarji == F'xi żmien bejn l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu u [[Mewt|mewtu]], Darius ħalla riljiev trilingwi monumentali mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, imnaqqax bl-Elamit, bil-Persjan Antik u bil-Babiloniż. It-tinqix jibda b'awtobijografija qasira li tinkludi lil missirijietu u l-arblu tar-razza tiegħu. Sabiex tgħinu fil-preżentazzjoni ta' missirijietu, Darius kiteb is-sekwenza ta' avvenimenti li seħħew wara l-mewt ta' [[Ċiru l-Kbir]]. Darius isemmi diversi drabli li huwa r-re denju bil-grazzja tad-divinità suprema Ahura Mazda. Instabu wkoll testi u monumenti oħra minn Persepolis, kif ukoll tavla tat-tafal bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik ta' Darius minn Gherla, ir-[[Rumanija]] (Harmatta) u ittra mingħand Darius lil Gadates, ippreservata f'test Grieg ta' żmien ir-[[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]]. Fit-tavli tal-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana, Darius iddeskriva bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik, il-kobor tal-imperu tiegħu f'termini [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] wesgħin:<blockquote>''Darius ir-re kbir, re tar-rejiet, re tal-pajjiżi, iben Hystaspes, Akemenid. Ir-re Darius jgħid: Dan huwa r-renju tiegħi, mill-poplu Sacae lil hinn minn Sogdia sal-poplu Kush, u mis-Sind (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺, "Hidauv", lokattiv ta' "Hiduš", jiġifieri l-"Wied tal-Indus") lil Lidja (bil-Persjan Antik: "Spardâ") – [dan huwa] dak li tani Ahuramazda, l-ikbar fost l-allat. J'Alla Ahuramazda jħares lili u r-residenza rjali tiegħi!''</blockquote>— kitba mnaqqxa ta' Darius I fil-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana. Erodotu, storiku Grieg u l-awtur ta' ''L-Istorji'', ipprovda rendikont ta' bosta rejiet Persjani u l-Gwerer bejn il-Griegi u l-Persjani. Huwa kiteb b'mod estensiv dwar Darius, f'nofs il-Ktieb Nru 3 u l-Kotba Nri 4, 5 u 6. Jibda bit-tneħħija ta' Gaumata li allegatament ħa l-poter b'mod illegali u jkompli sa tmiem ir-renju ta' Darius. == Ħajja bikrija == Darius kien l-ikbar fost ħames ulied subien ta' Hystaspes. L-identitià ta' ommu mhix ċerta. Skont l-istoriku modern Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (1994), kien maħsub li omm Darius kienet [[mara]] msejħa Rhodogune. Madankollu, skont Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (2013), testi li nstabu reċentement f'Persepolis jindikaw li ommu kienet Irdabama, sid tal-artijiet affluwenti minn familja ta' mexxejja Elamiti lokali. B'mod simili, Richard Stoneman jirreferi għal Irdabama bħala omm Darius. Il-kitba mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun ta' Darius tistqarr li missieru kien is-satrap ta' Baktrija fil-522 Q.K. Skont Erodotu (III.139), Darius, qabel ma ħataf il-poter u "bla konsegwenza f'dak iż-żmien", kien ġellied bil-lanza (''doryphoros'') fil-kampanja militari Eġizzjana (528–525 Q.K.) ta' Cambyses II, re kbir Persjan ta' dak iż-żmien; spiss dan jiġi interpretat li jfisser li huwa kellu r-rwol importanti li jżomm il-lanez personali tar-re. Hystaspes kien uffiċjal fl-armata ta' Ċiru u nobbli tal-qorti tiegħu; skont il-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun, Hystapes kien sekondokuġin ta' Ċiru min-naħa ta' missieru, għalkemm dan jaf ġie vvintat sabiex l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius ikun leġittimu. Qabel ma' Ċiru u l-armata tiegħu qasmu x-xmara Araxes biex jiġġieldu kontra l-[[Armenja|Armeni]], huwa għamel lil ibnu Cambyses II bħala r-re f'każ li ma jerġax lura mill-battalja. Ladarba Ċiru qasam ix-xmara Aras, huwa ra xbieha fejn Darius kellu l-ġwienaħ fuq spallejh u kien jinsab fil-konfini tal-Ewropa u tal-Asja (id-dinja magħrufa f'dak iż-żmien). Meta Ċiru qam mill-ħolma, huwa interpretaha bħala periklu kbir għas-sigurtà futura tal-imperu, peress li kienet tfisser li Darius xi darba kien se jirrenja fuq id-dinja kollha. Madankollu, ibnu Cambyses kien l-eredi tat-tron, mhux Darius, u b'hekk Ċiru beda jara jekk Darius kellux pjanijiet ambizzjużi u ta' tradiment. Dan wassal biex Ċiru jordna lil Hystaspes biex imur lura lejn Persis u joqgħod għassa b'mod strett fuq ibnu, sar-ritorn ta' Ċiru. === Aċċess għat-tron === Jeżistu rakkonti differenti dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius kemm mingħand Darius stess kif ukoll mingħand l-istoriċi Griegi. L-eqdem rekords jirrapportaw kobba mħabbla ta' avvenimenti li fihom Cambyses II tilef ir-raġuni, ordna li ħuh Bardiya jinqatel, u miet minħabba ferita infettata f'riġel. Wara dan, Darius u grupp ta' sitt nobbli vvjaġġaw lejn Sikayauvati biex joqtlu lil Gaumata, li kien ħa t-tron taparsi Bardiya fl-assenza tar-re. Ir-rakkont ta' Darius, imnaqqax mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, jiddikjara li Cambyses II qatel lil ħuh stess, Bardiya, iżda li din il-qtil ma kienx magħruf fost il-poplu Iranjan. Gaumata allegatament tela' fuq it-tron b'mod illegali u gideb lin-nies, taparsi kien Bardiya. L-Iranjani bdew jirribellaw kontra t-tmexxija ta' Cambyses, u fil-11 ta' Marzu 522 Q.K., faqqgħet rewwixta kontra Cambyses fl-assenza tiegħu. Fl-1 ta' Lulju, il-poplu Iranjan għażel li jkun taħt it-tmexxija ta' Gaumata, bħala "Bardiya". L-ebda membru tal-familja Akemenida ma tkellem kontra Gaumata għax beżgħu għal ħajjithom. Darius, li kien iġorr il-lanez irjali ta' Cambyses sal-mewt tar-re depost, talab għall-għajnuna, u f'Settembru 522 Q.K., flimkien ma' Otanes, Intaphrenes, Gobryas, Hydarnes, Megabyzus u Aspathines, qatel lil Gaumata fil-fortizza ta' Sikayauvati. Erodotu jipprovdi rakkont dubjuż dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius: diversi jiem wara l-qtil ta' Gaumata, Darius u sitt nobbli oħra ddiskutew dwar id-destin tal-imperu. Għall-ewwel, is-seba' ddiskutew dwar il-forma ta' governanza: repubblika demokratika (''Isonomia'') ġiet appoġġata bil-kbir minn Otanes, oligarkija ġiet appoġġata minn Megabyzus, filwaqt li Darius kien favur monarkija. Wara li stqarr li repubblika kienet twassal għall-korruzzjoni u għall-ġlied intern, filwaqt li monarka kien jiggverna b'għerf perfett, u jaħbi bl-aħjar mod il-pjanijiet biex jingħelbu l-għedewwa, xi ħaġa li ma kinitx possibbli skontu b'governanzi oħra, Darius irnexxielu jikkonvinċi lil erba' mis-seba' nobbli. Sabiex tittieħed deċiżjoni rigward min kien se jsir il-monarka, sitta minnhom iddeċidew li jsir test, u Otanes astjena, peress li ma kellux interess isir re. Huma kellhom jinġabru barra l-palazz, rekbin iż-[[Żiemel|żwiemel]] tagħhom maż-żerniq, u skont liema żiemel jiżher l-ewwel ma' tlugħ ix-xemx, is-sid tiegħu kellu jsir ir-re. Skont Erodotu, Darius kellu [[Skjavitù|skjav]], Oebares, li ħakk idu fuq il-ġenitali ta' debba ta' Darius. Meta s-sitta nġabru, Oebares poġġa idu qrib imnieħer iż-żiemel ta' Darius, li eċita ruħu mar-riħa u beda jiżher. Dan ġie segwit minn sajjetti u ragħad, u b'hekk l-oħrajn niżlu minn fuq iż-żwiemel u niżlu għarkopptejhom quddiem Darius bħala rikonoxximent tal-provvidenza divina favur Darius. Fir-rakkont tiegħu, Darius stess sostna li kiseb it-tron mhux permezz ta' frodi, iżda b'mod makakk, u saħansitra tella' [[statwa]] tiegħu nnifsu riekeb iż-żiemel jiżher tiegħu bil-kitba mnaqqxa: "Darius, iben Hystaspes, kiseb is-sovranità tal-Persja bil-ħila taż-żiemel tiegħu u bl-għajnuna makakka ta' Oebares, l-iskjav tiegħu". Skont ir-rakkonti tal-istoriċi Griegi, Cambyses II kien ħalla lil Patizeithes fit-tmun tar-renju meta mar lejn l-Eġittu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa bagħat lil Prexaspes biex joqtol lil Bardiya. Wara l-qtil, Patizeithes poġġa lil ħuh Gaumata, Magjan li kien jixbah lil Bardiya, fuq it-tron u ddikjarah bħala Re Kbir. Otanes skopra li Gaumata kien impostur, u flimkien ma' sitt nobbli Iranjani oħra, inkluż Darius, ħejja pjan biex jegħleb lill-psewdo-Bardiya. Wara l-qtil tal-impostur flimkien ma' ħuh Patizeithes u Magjani oħra, Darius ġie inkurunat re l-għada filgħodu. Id-dettalji rigward l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius huma ġeneralment rikonoxxuti bħala qerq li ntuża biex jingħeleb u jinqatel is-suċċessur ta' Cyrus, Bardiya. Sabiex jilleġittima t-tmexxija tiegħu, Darius kellu oriġini komuni vvintata bejnu u Ċiru billi ddeżinja lil Achaemenes bħala l-fundatur tad-dinastija tagħhom. Fil-verità, Darius ma kienx jagħmel parti mill-familja ta' Ċiru u tan-nisel tiegħu, il-mexxejja ta' Anshan. == Renju bikri == === Rewwixti bikrin === Wara l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu f'Pasargadae, Darius ittrasferixxa ruħu f'[[Ecbatana]]. F'qasir żmien sar jaf li Bardiya kellu appoġġ qawwi, u li faqqgħu rewwixtri f'Elam u fil-Babilonja. Darius temm ir-rewwixta tal-Elamiti meta l-mexxej rivoluzzjonarju nħataf u ġie ġustizzjat f'[[Susa]]. Wara 3 xhur, ir-rewwixta fil-Babilonja ntemmet. Sakemm kien fil-Babilonja, Darius sar jaf li kienet faqqgħet rivoluzzjoni f'Baktrija, satrapija li dejjem kienet favur Darius, u inizjalment bagħat armata suldati biex irażżnu l-irvellijiet. Wara dan, ir-rewwixti faqqgħu wkoll f'Persis, l-art tal-Persjani u ta' Darius, kif ukoll f'Elam u fil-Babilonja, segwiti minn Media, Parthia, Assirja u l-Eġittu. Sal-522 Q.K., kien hemm irvellijiet kontra Darius fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi. Minkejja li milli jidher Darius ma kellux l-appoġġ tal-popolin, huwa kellu armata leali, immexxija minn persuni tal-qalba tiegħu u min-nobbli (inkluż is-sitt nobbli li kienu għenuh jeħles minn Gaumata). Bl-appoġġ tagħhom, Darius irnexxielu jrażżan u jegħleb l-irvellijiet kollha fi żmien sena. Skont kliem Darius stess, huwa kien qatel total ta' disa' "rejiet giddibin" billi għeleb l-irvellijiet. Darius ħalla rendikont dettaljat ta' dawn l-irvellijiet fil-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun. === Eliminazzjoni ta' Intafernes === Wieħed mill-avvenimenti sinifikanti tar-renju bikri ta' Darius kien il-qtil ta' Intafernes, wieħed mis-seba' nobbli li kienu ddeponew lill-mexxej ta' qabel u poġġew lil Darius bħala l-monarka l-ġdid. Is-seba' kienu għamlu ftehim li setgħu lkoll iżuru lir-re l-ġdid kull meta jixtiequ, għajr meta kien ma' mara. Lejla minnhom, Intafernes mar il-palazz biex jiltaqa' ma' Darius, iżda twaqqaf minn żewġ uffiċjali li qalulu li Darius kien ma' mara. Intafernes inkorla u ħassu insultat, għaldaqstant ħareġ ix-xabla tiegħu u qata' widnejn u mnieħer iż-żewġ uffiċjali, u dendilhom ma' xedd ir-ras taż-żiemel tiegħu u rabtu ma' għonq l-irġiel u ħallihom jitilqu. L-uffiċjali marru għand ir-re u wrewh x'kien għamlilhom Intafernes. Darius beda jibża' għas-sikurezza tiegħu; huwa ħaseb li n-nobbli kollha kienu ngħaqdu flimkien biex jirribellaw kontrih u li l-attakk kontra l-uffiċjali tiegħu kien l-ewwel sinjal ta' rewwixta. Huwa bagħat messaġġier lil kull wieħed min-nobbli, u staqsihom kinux japprovaw l-azzjonijiet ta' Intafernes. Huma ċaħdu kwalunkwe rabta mal-azzjonijiet ta' Intafernes, u stqarru li żammew mad-deċiżjoni tagħhom li jaħtru lil Darius bħala Re tar-Rejiet. L-għażla ta' Darius li jistaqsi lin-nobbli tindika li ma kienx ċert għalkollox rigward l-awtorità tiegħu. Huwa ħa prekawzjonijiet kontra xi reżistenza ulterjuri u bagħat xi suldati biex jaħtfu lil Intafernes, flimkien ma' ibnu, il-membri tal-familja, il-qrabat u xi ħbieb li kellhom il-kapaċità li jarmaw lilhom infushom. Darius kien jemmen li Intafernes kien qed jippjana ribelljoni, iżda meta tressaq il-qorti, ma kienx hemm prova ta' tali pjan. Minkejja dan, Darius qatel il-familja kollha ta' Intafernes, ħlief lil martu, lil ibnu u lil ħu l-mara tiegħu. Il-mara tiegħu ntalbet tagħżel bejn ħuha u binha u għażlet lil ħuha. Ir-raġunament tagħha għal dan kien li b'hekk seta' jkollha raġel ieħor u iben ieħor, iżda qatt ma seta' jkollha ħuha ieħor. Darius baqa' impressjonat bit-tweġiba tagħha u ma qatel lill-ebda wieħed minnhom. == Kampanji militari == === Kampanja militari Eġizzjana === After securing his authority over the empire, Darius embarked on a campaign to Egypt where he defeated the rebel forces and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Bisitun inscription, the Egyptian rebellion began while Darius was in Babylon dealing with the rebellion there. It has been suggested that the inclusion of Egypt among the list of rebelling provinces in this inscription was a scribal error, and various dates are possible for an actual rebellion. Likewise, the identity of the rebel leader is not known, but it has been suggested to be Petubastis III. Through another series of campaigns, Darius I would eventually reign over the territorial apex of the empire, when it stretched from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. === Invażjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus === In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia, Aria and Bactria and then marched into Afghanistan to Taxila in modern-day Pakistan. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in Gandhara, preparing to conquer the Indus Valley. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the Indus Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi and appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. === Rewwixta Babiloniża === After Bardiya was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout the empire, especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by Nebuchadnezzar III. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from Babylon to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to Babylon. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out. Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which Cyrus the Great had employed when he captured Babylon. The situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by Zopyrus, a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels. During this revolt, Scythian nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe. He managed to capture the Scythian king Skunkha and added him to the other rebel kings depicted in the Behistun Inscription. === Kampanja militari Ewropea tax-Xitjani === The Scythians were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an Eastern Iranian language (Scythian languages) who had invaded Media, killed Cyrus in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube River, River Don and the Black Sea. Darius crossed the Black Sea at the Bosphorus Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the Danube to wage war on the Scythians. Darius invaded European Scythia in 513 BCE, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler Idanthyrsus to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose. Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by Herodotus, the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies. This gave Darius the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land. While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the Budini, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it. Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles [13 km] distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. In his ''Histories'', Herodotus states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the Volga River and headed towards Thrace. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces. === Invażjoni Persjana tal-Greċja === Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of Thrace. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, Paeonia, while Macedonia submitted voluntarily, after the demand of earth and water, becoming a vassal kingdom. He then left Megabyzus to conquer Thrace, returning to Sardis to spend the winter. The Greeks living in Asia Minor and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in Athens. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius. However, the increasing concerns among the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in Ionia and Lydia were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states. When Aristagoras organized the Ionian Revolt, Eretria and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning Sardis. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under Mardonius. Macedon had been a vassal kingdom of the Persians since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom. These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At the same time, anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta. Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the Hellespont. However, a violent storm and harassment by the Thracians forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral, Datis, and his nephew Artaphernes, who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the Battle of Marathon, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 Plataeans and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by Miltiades. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son Xerxes. == Familja == Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of Arsames. Darius married Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had four sons: Xerxes, Achaemenes, Masistes and Hystaspes. He also married Artystone, another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two known sons, Arsames and Gobryas. Darius married Parmys, the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, Ariomardus. Furthermore, Darius married his niece Phratagune, with whom he had two sons, Abrokomas and Hyperantes. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of Otanes. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier Gobryas from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes, Ariabignes and Arsamenes. Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of Atossa; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives. == Mewt u suċċessjoni == After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon, Darius began planning another expedition against the Greek city-states; this time, he, not Datis, would command the imperial armies. Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army. Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old. In October 486 BCE, his body was embalmed and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam, which he had been preparing. An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage." A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the Sasanian King of Kings, Bahram II (<abbr>r.</abbr> 274–293 CE). Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius and Atossa, succeeded to the throne as Xerxes I; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power. With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the house of Cyrus. == Governanza == === Organizzazzjoni === Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called satrapies (or ''archi'') which were each assigned to a satrap (''archon'') and specified fixed tributes that the satrapies were required to pay. A complete list is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding Persis, which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land. Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian talent. Those paid in gold were measured with the Euboic talent. The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents. The majority of the satraps were of Persian origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families. These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap. To assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap. To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops. Royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap. The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches. Darius kept Aramaic as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire. Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions. Before this, the accomplishments of the king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory". Oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran. === Ekonomija === Darius introduced a new universal currency, the daric, sometime before 500 BCE. Prior to its introduction payments had been in barter or used coins issued by Lydia or other Ionian cities. Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as Celtic Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in Anatolia. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and metal objects began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing infrastructure and helped fund irrigation projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was Murashu Sons, based in the Babylonian city of Nippur. These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients. In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground waterways and a powerful navy. According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian Albert T. Olmstead. He further improved and expanded the network of roads and way stations throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places. === Reliġjon === <blockquote>"By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." — Darius, on the Behistun Inscription</blockquote>While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by Zoroastrianism, it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in Ahura Mazda, whom he saw as the supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the Indo-Iranian religious tradition. As can be seen at the Behistun Inscription, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire. Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of Asha. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him. In many cuneiform inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world. In one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's". In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show. He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his treasury for their purposes. He had funded the restoration of the Israelite temple which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god, Amun. === Proġetti ta' kostruzzjoni === Early on, Darius and his advisors had the idea to establish new royal mansions at Susa and Persepolis because he was eager to demonstrate his newfound power and leave a lasting legacy. Since Cyrus's conquest, Susa's urban layout had remained unchanged, maintaining the layout from the Elamite era. Only during Darius's rule does the archaeological evidence at Susa start showing any signs of an Achaemenid layout. During Darius's Greek expedition, he had begun construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. The Darius Canal that connected the Nile to the Red Sea was constructed by him. It ran from present-day Zagazig in the eastern Nile Delta through Wadi Tumilat, Lake Timsah, and Great Bitter Lake, which are both close to present-day Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean. On this visit to Egypt he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished. Darius improved the Royal Road, turning it into a smooth communication network with lodging services located at regular intervals. In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Several temples found were dedicated to Ptah and Nekhbet. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian and Egyptian hieroglyphs. He also ordered the creation of the Old Persian cuneiform script. To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations. At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own. == Referenzi == ogq5pch8326unns0yc4znkje857isz6 330727 330725 2026-06-26T11:47:22Z Trigcly 17859 /* Kampanja militari Eġizzjana */ 330727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Darius I''' (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ''Dārayavaʰuš''; <abbr>irrenja mill-ħabta tal-</abbr>550 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. sal-486 Q.K.), magħruf ukoll bħala '''Darius''' '''il-Kbir''', kien it-tielet Re tar-Rejiet tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi, u rrenja mill-522 Q.K. sa [[Mewt|mewtu]] fl-486 Q.K. Huwa rrenja fuq l-imperu fil-quċċata territorjali tiegħu, meta kien jinkludi l-biċċa l-kbira tal-Punent tal-[[Asja]], partijiet mill-Balkani (Traċja–Maċedonja u Peonja) u l-Kawkasu, il-biċċa l-kbira mir-reġjuni kostali tal-[[Baħar l-Iswed]], l-Asja Ċentrali, il-Wied tal-Indus fil-Lvant Imbiegħed, u partijiet mit-Tramuntana tal-[[Afrika]] u mill-Grigal tal-Afrika, inkluż l-[[Eġittu]] (''Mudrâya''), il-Lvant tal-[[Libja]] u l-kosta tas-[[Sudan]]. Darius tela' fuq it-tron wara li għeleb lill-monarka tal-Akemenidi Bardija (jew ''Smerdis''), li skontu kien impostur imsejjaħ Gaumata. Ir-re l-ġdid ħabbat wiċċu ma' ribelljonijiet madwar l-imperu kollu iżda għelibhom kollha; avveniment ewlieni tal-karriera ta' Darius deskritt fl-istorjografija [[Greċja|Griega]] kienet l-ispedizzjoni punittiva kontra [[Ateni]] u Eretrija talli ħadu sehem fir-Rewwixta tal-Baħar Joniku. Darius organizza l-imperu billi qasmu f'provinċji amministrattivi, kull waħda ggvernata minn ''satrap''. Huwa organizza l-muniti tal-Akemenidi bħala sistema monetarja uniformi ġdida, u għażel l-[[Aramajk ta' Ġesù|Aramajk]] bħala [[lingwa]] kouffiċjali tal-imperu flimkien mal-Persjan Antik. Huwa wassal biex l-imperu jkollu qagħda aħjar billi tejjeb it-toroq u introduċa piżijiet u kejliet standard. Permezz ta' dawn il-bidliet, l-Imperu tal-Akemenidi sar ċentralizzat u unifikat. Darius wettaq proġetti oħra ta' kostruzzjoni fl-imperu kollu, u ffoka primarjament fuq [[Susa]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Persepolis]], il-[[Babilonja]] u l-Eġittu. Huwa ordna t-tinqix ta' kitba fuq wiċċ l-irdum tal-Għolja ta' Behistun biex jirreġistra l-konkwisti tiegħu, li iktar 'il quddiem saret evidenza importanti tal-lingwa Persjana Antika. == [[Etimoloġija]] == ''Dārīus'' u ''Dārēus'' huma l-forom bil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] tal-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]] ''Dareîos'' (Δαρεῖος), li nibtet mill-Persjan Antik ''Dārayauš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-uš''); li hija forma mqassra ta' ''Dārayavaʰuš'' (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁, ''d-a-r-y-v-u-š''). Il-forma itwal bil-Persjan hija riflessa fil-forom bl-Elamit ''Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš'', bil-Babiloniż ''Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš'', u bl-Aramajk ''drywhwš'' (𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔), u x'aktarx fil-forma itwal bil-Grieg, ''Dareiaîos'' (Δαρειαῖος). L-isem fil-forma nominattiva jfisser "dak li għandu ħakma tajba tat-tajjeb (tjubija)", li toħroġ fid-dieher mill-ewwel parti ''dāraya'', li tfisser "detentur", u l-avverbju ''vau'', li jfisser "tajjeb" jew "tjubija". == Sorsi primarji == F'xi żmien bejn l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu u [[Mewt|mewtu]], Darius ħalla riljiev trilingwi monumentali mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, imnaqqax bl-Elamit, bil-Persjan Antik u bil-Babiloniż. It-tinqix jibda b'awtobijografija qasira li tinkludi lil missirijietu u l-arblu tar-razza tiegħu. Sabiex tgħinu fil-preżentazzjoni ta' missirijietu, Darius kiteb is-sekwenza ta' avvenimenti li seħħew wara l-mewt ta' [[Ċiru l-Kbir]]. Darius isemmi diversi drabli li huwa r-re denju bil-grazzja tad-divinità suprema Ahura Mazda. Instabu wkoll testi u monumenti oħra minn Persepolis, kif ukoll tavla tat-tafal bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik ta' Darius minn Gherla, ir-[[Rumanija]] (Harmatta) u ittra mingħand Darius lil Gadates, ippreservata f'test Grieg ta' żmien ir-[[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]]. Fit-tavli tal-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana, Darius iddeskriva bil-kitba kunejformi bil-Persjan Antik, il-kobor tal-imperu tiegħu f'termini [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] wesgħin:<blockquote>''Darius ir-re kbir, re tar-rejiet, re tal-pajjiżi, iben Hystaspes, Akemenid. Ir-re Darius jgħid: Dan huwa r-renju tiegħi, mill-poplu Sacae lil hinn minn Sogdia sal-poplu Kush, u mis-Sind (bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺, "Hidauv", lokattiv ta' "Hiduš", jiġifieri l-"Wied tal-Indus") lil Lidja (bil-Persjan Antik: "Spardâ") – [dan huwa] dak li tani Ahuramazda, l-ikbar fost l-allat. J'Alla Ahuramazda jħares lili u r-residenza rjali tiegħi!''</blockquote>— kitba mnaqqxa ta' Darius I fil-pedamenti tal-Palazz ta' Apadana. Erodotu, storiku Grieg u l-awtur ta' ''L-Istorji'', ipprovda rendikont ta' bosta rejiet Persjani u l-Gwerer bejn il-Griegi u l-Persjani. Huwa kiteb b'mod estensiv dwar Darius, f'nofs il-Ktieb Nru 3 u l-Kotba Nri 4, 5 u 6. Jibda bit-tneħħija ta' Gaumata li allegatament ħa l-poter b'mod illegali u jkompli sa tmiem ir-renju ta' Darius. == Ħajja bikrija == Darius kien l-ikbar fost ħames ulied subien ta' Hystaspes. L-identitià ta' ommu mhix ċerta. Skont l-istoriku modern Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (1994), kien maħsub li omm Darius kienet [[mara]] msejħa Rhodogune. Madankollu, skont Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (2013), testi li nstabu reċentement f'Persepolis jindikaw li ommu kienet Irdabama, sid tal-artijiet affluwenti minn familja ta' mexxejja Elamiti lokali. B'mod simili, Richard Stoneman jirreferi għal Irdabama bħala omm Darius. Il-kitba mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun ta' Darius tistqarr li missieru kien is-satrap ta' Baktrija fil-522 Q.K. Skont Erodotu (III.139), Darius, qabel ma ħataf il-poter u "bla konsegwenza f'dak iż-żmien", kien ġellied bil-lanza (''doryphoros'') fil-kampanja militari Eġizzjana (528–525 Q.K.) ta' Cambyses II, re kbir Persjan ta' dak iż-żmien; spiss dan jiġi interpretat li jfisser li huwa kellu r-rwol importanti li jżomm il-lanez personali tar-re. Hystaspes kien uffiċjal fl-armata ta' Ċiru u nobbli tal-qorti tiegħu; skont il-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun, Hystapes kien sekondokuġin ta' Ċiru min-naħa ta' missieru, għalkemm dan jaf ġie vvintat sabiex l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius ikun leġittimu. Qabel ma' Ċiru u l-armata tiegħu qasmu x-xmara Araxes biex jiġġieldu kontra l-[[Armenja|Armeni]], huwa għamel lil ibnu Cambyses II bħala r-re f'każ li ma jerġax lura mill-battalja. Ladarba Ċiru qasam ix-xmara Aras, huwa ra xbieha fejn Darius kellu l-ġwienaħ fuq spallejh u kien jinsab fil-konfini tal-Ewropa u tal-Asja (id-dinja magħrufa f'dak iż-żmien). Meta Ċiru qam mill-ħolma, huwa interpretaha bħala periklu kbir għas-sigurtà futura tal-imperu, peress li kienet tfisser li Darius xi darba kien se jirrenja fuq id-dinja kollha. Madankollu, ibnu Cambyses kien l-eredi tat-tron, mhux Darius, u b'hekk Ċiru beda jara jekk Darius kellux pjanijiet ambizzjużi u ta' tradiment. Dan wassal biex Ċiru jordna lil Hystaspes biex imur lura lejn Persis u joqgħod għassa b'mod strett fuq ibnu, sar-ritorn ta' Ċiru. === Aċċess għat-tron === Jeżistu rakkonti differenti dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius kemm mingħand Darius stess kif ukoll mingħand l-istoriċi Griegi. L-eqdem rekords jirrapportaw kobba mħabbla ta' avvenimenti li fihom Cambyses II tilef ir-raġuni, ordna li ħuh Bardiya jinqatel, u miet minħabba ferita infettata f'riġel. Wara dan, Darius u grupp ta' sitt nobbli vvjaġġaw lejn Sikayauvati biex joqtlu lil Gaumata, li kien ħa t-tron taparsi Bardiya fl-assenza tar-re. Ir-rakkont ta' Darius, imnaqqax mal-Għolja ta' Behistun, jiddikjara li Cambyses II qatel lil ħuh stess, Bardiya, iżda li din il-qtil ma kienx magħruf fost il-poplu Iranjan. Gaumata allegatament tela' fuq it-tron b'mod illegali u gideb lin-nies, taparsi kien Bardiya. L-Iranjani bdew jirribellaw kontra t-tmexxija ta' Cambyses, u fil-11 ta' Marzu 522 Q.K., faqqgħet rewwixta kontra Cambyses fl-assenza tiegħu. Fl-1 ta' Lulju, il-poplu Iranjan għażel li jkun taħt it-tmexxija ta' Gaumata, bħala "Bardiya". L-ebda membru tal-familja Akemenida ma tkellem kontra Gaumata għax beżgħu għal ħajjithom. Darius, li kien iġorr il-lanez irjali ta' Cambyses sal-mewt tar-re depost, talab għall-għajnuna, u f'Settembru 522 Q.K., flimkien ma' Otanes, Intaphrenes, Gobryas, Hydarnes, Megabyzus u Aspathines, qatel lil Gaumata fil-fortizza ta' Sikayauvati. Erodotu jipprovdi rakkont dubjuż dwar l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius: diversi jiem wara l-qtil ta' Gaumata, Darius u sitt nobbli oħra ddiskutew dwar id-destin tal-imperu. Għall-ewwel, is-seba' ddiskutew dwar il-forma ta' governanza: repubblika demokratika (''Isonomia'') ġiet appoġġata bil-kbir minn Otanes, oligarkija ġiet appoġġata minn Megabyzus, filwaqt li Darius kien favur monarkija. Wara li stqarr li repubblika kienet twassal għall-korruzzjoni u għall-ġlied intern, filwaqt li monarka kien jiggverna b'għerf perfett, u jaħbi bl-aħjar mod il-pjanijiet biex jingħelbu l-għedewwa, xi ħaġa li ma kinitx possibbli skontu b'governanzi oħra, Darius irnexxielu jikkonvinċi lil erba' mis-seba' nobbli. Sabiex tittieħed deċiżjoni rigward min kien se jsir il-monarka, sitta minnhom iddeċidew li jsir test, u Otanes astjena, peress li ma kellux interess isir re. Huma kellhom jinġabru barra l-palazz, rekbin iż-[[Żiemel|żwiemel]] tagħhom maż-żerniq, u skont liema żiemel jiżher l-ewwel ma' tlugħ ix-xemx, is-sid tiegħu kellu jsir ir-re. Skont Erodotu, Darius kellu [[Skjavitù|skjav]], Oebares, li ħakk idu fuq il-ġenitali ta' debba ta' Darius. Meta s-sitta nġabru, Oebares poġġa idu qrib imnieħer iż-żiemel ta' Darius, li eċita ruħu mar-riħa u beda jiżher. Dan ġie segwit minn sajjetti u ragħad, u b'hekk l-oħrajn niżlu minn fuq iż-żwiemel u niżlu għarkopptejhom quddiem Darius bħala rikonoxximent tal-provvidenza divina favur Darius. Fir-rakkont tiegħu, Darius stess sostna li kiseb it-tron mhux permezz ta' frodi, iżda b'mod makakk, u saħansitra tella' [[statwa]] tiegħu nnifsu riekeb iż-żiemel jiżher tiegħu bil-kitba mnaqqxa: "Darius, iben Hystaspes, kiseb is-sovranità tal-Persja bil-ħila taż-żiemel tiegħu u bl-għajnuna makakka ta' Oebares, l-iskjav tiegħu". Skont ir-rakkonti tal-istoriċi Griegi, Cambyses II kien ħalla lil Patizeithes fit-tmun tar-renju meta mar lejn l-Eġittu. Iktar 'il quddiem huwa bagħat lil Prexaspes biex joqtol lil Bardiya. Wara l-qtil, Patizeithes poġġa lil ħuh Gaumata, Magjan li kien jixbah lil Bardiya, fuq it-tron u ddikjarah bħala Re Kbir. Otanes skopra li Gaumata kien impostur, u flimkien ma' sitt nobbli Iranjani oħra, inkluż Darius, ħejja pjan biex jegħleb lill-psewdo-Bardiya. Wara l-qtil tal-impostur flimkien ma' ħuh Patizeithes u Magjani oħra, Darius ġie inkurunat re l-għada filgħodu. Id-dettalji rigward l-aċċess għat-tron ta' Darius huma ġeneralment rikonoxxuti bħala qerq li ntuża biex jingħeleb u jinqatel is-suċċessur ta' Cyrus, Bardiya. Sabiex jilleġittima t-tmexxija tiegħu, Darius kellu oriġini komuni vvintata bejnu u Ċiru billi ddeżinja lil Achaemenes bħala l-fundatur tad-dinastija tagħhom. Fil-verità, Darius ma kienx jagħmel parti mill-familja ta' Ċiru u tan-nisel tiegħu, il-mexxejja ta' Anshan. == Renju bikri == === Rewwixti bikrin === Wara l-inkurunazzjoni tiegħu f'Pasargadae, Darius ittrasferixxa ruħu f'[[Ecbatana]]. F'qasir żmien sar jaf li Bardiya kellu appoġġ qawwi, u li faqqgħu rewwixtri f'Elam u fil-Babilonja. Darius temm ir-rewwixta tal-Elamiti meta l-mexxej rivoluzzjonarju nħataf u ġie ġustizzjat f'[[Susa]]. Wara 3 xhur, ir-rewwixta fil-Babilonja ntemmet. Sakemm kien fil-Babilonja, Darius sar jaf li kienet faqqgħet rivoluzzjoni f'Baktrija, satrapija li dejjem kienet favur Darius, u inizjalment bagħat armata suldati biex irażżnu l-irvellijiet. Wara dan, ir-rewwixti faqqgħu wkoll f'Persis, l-art tal-Persjani u ta' Darius, kif ukoll f'Elam u fil-Babilonja, segwiti minn Media, Parthia, Assirja u l-Eġittu. Sal-522 Q.K., kien hemm irvellijiet kontra Darius fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-Imperu tal-Akemenidi. Minkejja li milli jidher Darius ma kellux l-appoġġ tal-popolin, huwa kellu armata leali, immexxija minn persuni tal-qalba tiegħu u min-nobbli (inkluż is-sitt nobbli li kienu għenuh jeħles minn Gaumata). Bl-appoġġ tagħhom, Darius irnexxielu jrażżan u jegħleb l-irvellijiet kollha fi żmien sena. Skont kliem Darius stess, huwa kien qatel total ta' disa' "rejiet giddibin" billi għeleb l-irvellijiet. Darius ħalla rendikont dettaljat ta' dawn l-irvellijiet fil-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Behistun. === Eliminazzjoni ta' Intafernes === Wieħed mill-avvenimenti sinifikanti tar-renju bikri ta' Darius kien il-qtil ta' Intafernes, wieħed mis-seba' nobbli li kienu ddeponew lill-mexxej ta' qabel u poġġew lil Darius bħala l-monarka l-ġdid. Is-seba' kienu għamlu ftehim li setgħu lkoll iżuru lir-re l-ġdid kull meta jixtiequ, għajr meta kien ma' mara. Lejla minnhom, Intafernes mar il-palazz biex jiltaqa' ma' Darius, iżda twaqqaf minn żewġ uffiċjali li qalulu li Darius kien ma' mara. Intafernes inkorla u ħassu insultat, għaldaqstant ħareġ ix-xabla tiegħu u qata' widnejn u mnieħer iż-żewġ uffiċjali, u dendilhom ma' xedd ir-ras taż-żiemel tiegħu u rabtu ma' għonq l-irġiel u ħallihom jitilqu. L-uffiċjali marru għand ir-re u wrewh x'kien għamlilhom Intafernes. Darius beda jibża' għas-sikurezza tiegħu; huwa ħaseb li n-nobbli kollha kienu ngħaqdu flimkien biex jirribellaw kontrih u li l-attakk kontra l-uffiċjali tiegħu kien l-ewwel sinjal ta' rewwixta. Huwa bagħat messaġġier lil kull wieħed min-nobbli, u staqsihom kinux japprovaw l-azzjonijiet ta' Intafernes. Huma ċaħdu kwalunkwe rabta mal-azzjonijiet ta' Intafernes, u stqarru li żammew mad-deċiżjoni tagħhom li jaħtru lil Darius bħala Re tar-Rejiet. L-għażla ta' Darius li jistaqsi lin-nobbli tindika li ma kienx ċert għalkollox rigward l-awtorità tiegħu. Huwa ħa prekawzjonijiet kontra xi reżistenza ulterjuri u bagħat xi suldati biex jaħtfu lil Intafernes, flimkien ma' ibnu, il-membri tal-familja, il-qrabat u xi ħbieb li kellhom il-kapaċità li jarmaw lilhom infushom. Darius kien jemmen li Intafernes kien qed jippjana ribelljoni, iżda meta tressaq il-qorti, ma kienx hemm prova ta' tali pjan. Minkejja dan, Darius qatel il-familja kollha ta' Intafernes, ħlief lil martu, lil ibnu u lil ħu l-mara tiegħu. Il-mara tiegħu ntalbet tagħżel bejn ħuha u binha u għażlet lil ħuha. Ir-raġunament tagħha għal dan kien li b'hekk seta' jkollha raġel ieħor u iben ieħor, iżda qatt ma seta' jkollha ħuha ieħor. Darius baqa' impressjonat bit-tweġiba tagħha u ma qatel lill-ebda wieħed minnhom. == Kampanji militari == === Kampanja militari Eġizzjana === Wara li aċċerta l-awtorità tiegħu fl-imperu, Darius wettaq kampanja militari fl-Eġittu fejn għeleb il-qawwiet ribelli u kiseb l-artijiet li Cambyses kien ħakem, filwaqt li inkorpora parti kbira mill-Eġittu fl-Imperu tal-Akemenidi. Skont il-Kitba Mnaqqxa tal-Għolja ta' Bisotun, ir-ribelljoni Eġizzjana bdiet meta Darius kien fil-Babilonja jindirizza r-ribelljoni hemmhekk. Ġie ssuġġerit li l-inklużjoni tal-Eġittu fost il-lista ta' provinċji ribellużi f'din il-kitba mnaqqxa kien żball tal-iskribi, u diversi dati huma possibbli għar-ribelljoni effettiva. Bl-istess mod, l-identità tal-mexxej tar-ribelli mhux magħruf, iżda ġie ssuġġerit li kien Petubastis III. Permezz ta' sensiela oħra ta' kampanji, Darius I eventwalment irrenja fuq l-apiċi territorjali tal-imperu, meta kien estiż minn partijiet mill-Balkani (Traċja, il-Maċedonja, il-Bulgarija, Peonja) fil-Punent, sal-Wied tal-Indus fil-Lvant. === Invażjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus === In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia, Aria and Bactria and then marched into Afghanistan to Taxila in modern-day Pakistan. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in Gandhara, preparing to conquer the Indus Valley. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the Indus Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi and appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. === Rewwixta Babiloniża === After Bardiya was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout the empire, especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by Nebuchadnezzar III. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from Babylon to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to Babylon. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out. Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which Cyrus the Great had employed when he captured Babylon. The situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by Zopyrus, a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels. During this revolt, Scythian nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe. He managed to capture the Scythian king Skunkha and added him to the other rebel kings depicted in the Behistun Inscription. === Kampanja militari Ewropea tax-Xitjani === The Scythians were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an Eastern Iranian language (Scythian languages) who had invaded Media, killed Cyrus in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube River, River Don and the Black Sea. Darius crossed the Black Sea at the Bosphorus Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the Danube to wage war on the Scythians. Darius invaded European Scythia in 513 BCE, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler Idanthyrsus to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose. Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by Herodotus, the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies. This gave Darius the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land. While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the Budini, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it. Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles [13 km] distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. In his ''Histories'', Herodotus states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the Volga River and headed towards Thrace. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces. === Invażjoni Persjana tal-Greċja === Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of Thrace. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, Paeonia, while Macedonia submitted voluntarily, after the demand of earth and water, becoming a vassal kingdom. He then left Megabyzus to conquer Thrace, returning to Sardis to spend the winter. The Greeks living in Asia Minor and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in Athens. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius. However, the increasing concerns among the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in Ionia and Lydia were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states. When Aristagoras organized the Ionian Revolt, Eretria and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning Sardis. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under Mardonius. Macedon had been a vassal kingdom of the Persians since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom. These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At the same time, anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta. Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the Hellespont. However, a violent storm and harassment by the Thracians forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral, Datis, and his nephew Artaphernes, who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the Battle of Marathon, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 Plataeans and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by Miltiades. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son Xerxes. == Familja == Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of Arsames. Darius married Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had four sons: Xerxes, Achaemenes, Masistes and Hystaspes. He also married Artystone, another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two known sons, Arsames and Gobryas. Darius married Parmys, the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, Ariomardus. Furthermore, Darius married his niece Phratagune, with whom he had two sons, Abrokomas and Hyperantes. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of Otanes. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier Gobryas from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes, Ariabignes and Arsamenes. Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of Atossa; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives. == Mewt u suċċessjoni == After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon, Darius began planning another expedition against the Greek city-states; this time, he, not Datis, would command the imperial armies. Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army. Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old. In October 486 BCE, his body was embalmed and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam, which he had been preparing. An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage." A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the Sasanian King of Kings, Bahram II (<abbr>r.</abbr> 274–293 CE). Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius and Atossa, succeeded to the throne as Xerxes I; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power. With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the house of Cyrus. == Governanza == === Organizzazzjoni === Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called satrapies (or ''archi'') which were each assigned to a satrap (''archon'') and specified fixed tributes that the satrapies were required to pay. A complete list is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding Persis, which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land. Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian talent. Those paid in gold were measured with the Euboic talent. The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents. The majority of the satraps were of Persian origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families. These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap. To assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap. To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops. Royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap. The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches. Darius kept Aramaic as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire. Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions. Before this, the accomplishments of the king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory". Oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran. === Ekonomija === Darius introduced a new universal currency, the daric, sometime before 500 BCE. Prior to its introduction payments had been in barter or used coins issued by Lydia or other Ionian cities. Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as Celtic Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in Anatolia. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and metal objects began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing infrastructure and helped fund irrigation projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was Murashu Sons, based in the Babylonian city of Nippur. These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients. In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground waterways and a powerful navy. According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian Albert T. Olmstead. He further improved and expanded the network of roads and way stations throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places. === Reliġjon === <blockquote>"By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." — Darius, on the Behistun Inscription</blockquote>While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by Zoroastrianism, it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in Ahura Mazda, whom he saw as the supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the Indo-Iranian religious tradition. As can be seen at the Behistun Inscription, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire. Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of Asha. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him. In many cuneiform inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world. In one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's". In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show. He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his treasury for their purposes. He had funded the restoration of the Israelite temple which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god, Amun. === Proġetti ta' kostruzzjoni === Early on, Darius and his advisors had the idea to establish new royal mansions at Susa and Persepolis because he was eager to demonstrate his newfound power and leave a lasting legacy. Since Cyrus's conquest, Susa's urban layout had remained unchanged, maintaining the layout from the Elamite era. Only during Darius's rule does the archaeological evidence at Susa start showing any signs of an Achaemenid layout. During Darius's Greek expedition, he had begun construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. The Darius Canal that connected the Nile to the Red Sea was constructed by him. It ran from present-day Zagazig in the eastern Nile Delta through Wadi Tumilat, Lake Timsah, and Great Bitter Lake, which are both close to present-day Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean. On this visit to Egypt he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished. Darius improved the Royal Road, turning it into a smooth communication network with lodging services located at regular intervals. In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Several temples found were dedicated to Ptah and Nekhbet. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian and Egyptian hieroglyphs. He also ordered the creation of the Old Persian cuneiform script. To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations. At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own. == Referenzi == 80a1ylmwal0i9orilh6l0byeyxnz2gv 0 34493 330721 2026-06-25T23:46:35Z Zambuzal 28354 Ħolqien ta' paġna ġdida (Luan Gallagher) 330721 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; text-align:left; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#ececec;" class="fn" |Luan Gallagher |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-style:italic;" |Atur, skenarist u kittieb |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Isem sħiħ | class="nickname" |Luan Marcelo Silva Pereira Gallagher |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Data tat-twelid |27 ta' Settembru 2000 |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Post tat-twelid |Bristol, Ingilterra |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Nazzjonalità |Brittaniku, Brażiljan |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Snin attivi |2011- preżent |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Tul |1.65 m |- ! style="text-align:left;" |ID tal-IMDb |[[imdbname:11768843|nm11768843]] |} '''Luan Marcelo Silva Pereira Gallagher''', magħruf artistikament bħala '''Luan Gallagher''' (Bristol, 27 ta' Settembru 2000), huwa attur, skenarist u kittieb Brittaniku-Brażiljan.<ref name="Warner">[https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Luan_Gallagher Warner Bros. Entertainment Wiki - Luan Gallagher Profile]</ref><ref name="Clube">[https://clubedeautores.com.br/livros/autores/luan-gallagher Clube de Autores - Perfil do Autor Luan Gallagher]</ref> == Karriera == Beda l-formazzjoni artistika tiegħu fil-workshop tat-Teatru ta' Senac f'Ribeirão Preto, fejn kiseb iċ-ċertifikazzjoni fl-2019.<ref name="Clube" /> Huwa ggradwat mil-London Film School. Fil-qasam ċinematografiku, kien parti mill-cast ta' appoġġ u mill-korp taż-żeffiena f'produzzjonijiet internazzjonali bħal ''Don't Look Up'' (2021) u ''Wonka'' (2023).<ref name="IMDb">[[imdbname:11768843|IMDb - Luan Gallagher]]</ref><ref name="Stage32">[https://www.stage32.com/profile/1358618/about Stage 32 - Luan Gallagher Bio and Credits]</ref> Huwa l-kreattur, skenarist u l-attur prinċipali tal-proġett awdjoviżiv ''Quando Se é Jovem''.<ref name="Stage32" /> Bħala kittieb, ippubblika xogħlijiet letterarji ta' non-finzjoni u esejs dwar il-wara l-kwinti ta' produzzjonijiet artistiċi u analiżi tal-kultura pop permezz ta' pjattaformi ta' distribuzzjoni indipendenti.<ref name="Clube" /> == Filmofragija == * 2021 - ''Don't Look Up'' (Cast ta' appoġġ / Żeffien)<ref name="IMDb" /> * 2021 - ''Quando Se é Jovem'' (Kreattur, skenarist u attur prinċipali)<ref name="Stage32" /> * 2023 - ''Wonka'' (Cast ta' appoġġ / Żeffien)<ref name="IMDb" /> == Biblijografija == * ''Quando Se é Jovem: Por Trás das Câmeras'' (2021)<ref name="Clube" /> * ''Magia Além Das Palavras'' (2021)<ref name="Warner" /> * ''Potter E Eu: O Quanto Harry Mudou a Minha Vida'' (2022)<ref name="Clube" /> * ''Supernatural: A Estrada Até Aqui'' (2023)<ref name="Clube" /> * ''Daniel Radcliffe: A História de Um Ídolo'' (2024)<ref name="Clube" /> == Referenzi == {{reflist}} == Websajts esterni == * [[imdbname:11768843|Luan Gallagher fuq l-IMDb]] ga4a1uwdwomfkpqe30i1vmmx9gs7uzf