Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1142 331064 330804 2026-07-12T11:19:56Z MargaritaPLV 28281 /* Review request: Lingwa Latvjana */ sezzjoni ġdida 331064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Il-Pjazza}} <!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities == Hi everyone, '''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts. You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process. We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start. * ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December). * ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF. Join our online Q&A session to learn more (same content, two options to join): * 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 1|register here]]) * 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 2|register here]]) More info & contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670168 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 == ''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!'' Dear all, The [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway. There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community. '''Eligibility criteria:''' * Candidates must be [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]: ** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025 ** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026 ** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026 * Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]] You can check your eligibility using the following tool: https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/ '''How to proceed:''' Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others. If nominated by others, the candidate must explicitly accept the nomination before 18 June 2026. The candidate should create their nomination page and submit their candidacy [[Meta:Wikimedia_CEE_Hub_Steering_Committee_Election_2026/Nominations|here]]: Please also inform your communities about the election and encourage participation. Best regards,   Electoral Commission of Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 --[[Meta:Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Meta:Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:00, 30 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wiki Loves Eurovision edit-a-thon logo 2026.svg|right|250px]] Hello everyone! You are invited to participate in the "[[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|Wiki Loves Eurovision]]" article writing contest, where our goal is to create new Eurovision-related articles in the CEE-language Wikipedia editions and improve existing ones. The contest will take place from May 10 to June 10, 2026, and prizes are available: * 1st prize: a voucher worth €60 * 2nd prize: a voucher worth €50 * 3rd prize: a voucher worth €40 * 4th–10th prize: a voucher worth €30 To participate in the contest and learn more, please visit [[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|this link]]. --[[User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub]] ([[User talk:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|talk]]) 14:00, 16 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mejju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Review request: Rozie userspace draft == Apologies for writing in English; I do not speak Maltese well enough to write this request in Maltese. Hello. I have prepared a userspace draft about Rozie: Draft: [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] Latest/current version, if the default view shows an older reviewed version: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie current version] I am a Latvian editor. The draft was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] with the help of machine translation, and it was also checked by a Maltese-speaking friend. However, I am not able to judge the final Maltese wording myself, so it may still need examination and correction by a local Maltese-speaking editor. Conflict of interest disclosure: I have no conflict of interest with Rozie. I am not paid by Rozie, I am not employed by it, I am not a founder, investor, contractor or representative of the company, and I have no family or close personal connection to the company. I created the draft in userspace because the subject has a direct Malta connection: the sources in the draft describe Rozie as a Latvia-developed cleaning-services booking platform whose main market is Malta, and the draft includes Malta-related coverage. I would appreciate local review of: * whether the Maltese language is acceptable; * whether the tone is neutral and not promotional; * whether the sources are sufficient for a Maltese Wikipedia article; * whether any parts should be shortened or rewritten; * whether the page can be moved to [[Rozie]] I understand that some sources are official or factual sources, and some media coverage may have a promotional tone. I am happy to trim or rewrite the draft if local editors recommend it. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 13:34, 15 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) '''Just a short follow-up:''' could any Maltese-speaking editor check whether the wording is acceptable and whether the draft can be moved to [[Rozie]]? [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 14:08, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) :'''Update:''' Since my last message, the userspace draft has been professionally proofread offline by a certified Maltese-language proofreader from University of Malta, and I have updated the draft accordingly. The current version is here: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 current draft]. Could a local editor please check whether the updated wording and the article are acceptable, and whether the page may be moved to [[Rozie]]? [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 12:13, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) ::The draft article is fine, @[[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]]. I'm just trying to figure out why you picked this subject for your first article in Maltese, when this topic is barely notable by encyclopedic standards. Seems like a wasted opportunity to write about topic every encyclopedia should have rather than a commercial service that is not particularly notable. Please don't take this the wrong way: your contributions to the Maltese-language Wikipedia are VERY welcome, it's just that the choice of your first topic seems quite unusual. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 13:40, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you, [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. You are right that the choice is unusual, and I appreciate the honest comment. I am mainly a Latvian Wikipedia editor and I usually work on Latvia-related topics, especially business, economic and historical subjects. I first noticed Rozie while visiting Malta, then found that the service had a Latvia connection and Malta-related coverage, so I thought it might be a relevant Latvia–Malta crossover topic. :::I also understand that this is a commercial subject and that its notability may be borderline. That is why I kept it in userspace, disclosed that I have no conflict of interest, and asked for local review instead of moving it directly to mainspace. I do not want to advertise the service or push the article if the local view is that it is not suitable. However, when I was in Malta, I was surprised by how popular this service seemed to be. :::If you think the better outcome is to leave it as a userspace draft, trim it further, I am happy to follow that guidance. Thank you again for taking the time to look at it. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 15:24, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) ::::I am going to answer in Maltese, as I'm sure you'll both understand me and appreciate the opportunity to communicate in our language this way. ::::M'hemm xejn ħażin f'li qed tagħmel int @[[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]]. L-artiklu tiegħek dwar Rozie jista' joħroġ kif inhu u biż-żmien ikompli jiżviluppa. Is-suġġeriment tiegħi huwa li tara [[:Kategorija:Latvja]] u tosserva kemm hemm artikli interessanti nieqsa dwar is-suġġetti li jinteressaw lilek. Per eżempju, dawn ma jeżistux: [[Lingwa Latvjana]], [[Nies Latvjani]], u anqas [[Ventas Rumba]] X'taħseb? Grazzi dejjem! -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 17:27, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) :::::Grazzi ħafna, [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. Napprezza ħafna l-għajnuna u l-parir tiegħek. Mexxejt l-artiklu minn [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] għal [[Rozie]] billi żammejt il-kronoloġija tal-paġna. Wara dan inħallih jiżviluppa bil-mod u nżomm l-editjar dwaru minimu. :::::Nirringrazzjak ukoll għas-suġġerimenti. Se nħares lejn [[:Kategorija:Latvja]] u lejn is-suġġetti li semmejt, fosthom [[Lingwa Latvjana]]. Peress li l-Malti tiegħi għadu limitat, nippreferi naħdem bil-mod, fil-paġni tal-utent meta jkun hemm bżonn, u nitlob reviżjoni lokali qabel ma noħloq artikli ġodda importanti. Grazzi dejjem! [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 18:18, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Review request: Lingwa Latvjana == Hello [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. Following your earlier suggestion, I have completed a userspace draft for [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Lingwa Latvjana|Lingwa Latvjana]]. The Maltese wording was proofread offline by a Maltese-language editor from a university. I then merged the proofread wording into the full article while retaining the infobox, maps, video and 15 cited sources. Since I do not speak Maltese well enough to assess the final wording myself, I would be grateful if you or another Maltese-speaking editor could review: * the Maltese language and terminology; * the article structure and level of detail; * the rendering of the references and media; * whether the draft is ready to be moved to [[Lingwa Latvjana]] while preserving its page history. I have kept the article in userspace and have not added categories or a Wikidata sitelink. I will wait for local review before moving it to mainspace. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 11:19, 12 Lulju 2026 (UTC) h2hdi2hfjsstj4lbefh8gxpzc3xp8ne 0 29030 331062 280661 2026-07-11T12:48:52Z Imqaret 28451 /* */ km² 331062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikifikazzjoni}} Dan l-artiklu jagħti dettalji dwar l-'''istorja tar-reliġjon f'Malta'''. Ir-[[Repubblika ta' Malta]] hija pajjiż tan-Nofsinhar tal-[[Ewropa]] li jikkonsisti f’arċipelagu li jinsab fiċ-ċentru tal-[[Mediterran]], 80 km fin-nofsinhar ta’ [[Sqallija]], 284 km fil-Lvant tat-[[Tuneżija]] u 333 km fit-tramuntana tal-[[Libja]], b'[[Ġibiltà]] 1,755 km lejn il-punent u Lixandra 1,508 km. lejn il-lvant. Malta tkopri ftit aktar minn 316 km² fl-art, li jagħmilha waħda mill-iżgħar stati fid-dinja. Huwa wkoll wieħed mill-pajjiżi l-aktar densament popolati madwar id-dinja. Il-[[Knisja Kattolika|Kattoliċiżmu]] huwa r-reliġjon uffiċjali f'Malta kif iddikjarata mill-[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|kostituzzjoni Maltija]]. ==Preistorja u l-era klassika== {{main|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta|Storja tal-Lhud f'Malta}} Minn madwar is-sena 3600 QK, Malta għaddiet minn “perjodu tat-tempju” li rat il-bini ta’ strutturi marbuta ma’ twemmin reliġjuż bħat-tempju [[Ggantia]] [[Għawdex]] (il-“fażi ta’ Ġgantja” bejn it-3600 u t-3200 QK) , l-[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal-Saflieni|Ipoġew]] (il-“fażi Saflieni” bejn it-3300 u t-3000 QK) u t-[[Tempji ta’ Ħal-Saflieni|Tempji ta’ Tarxien]], [[Hagar Qim]] u l-[[Imnajdra]] ( il-"fażi Tarxien" bejn 3150 u 2500 QK). [[Riti tal-Fertilità]] x'aktarx kienu l-prattiċi reliġjużi f'dawn is-siti. == Wasla tal-Kristjaneżmu == [[Stampa:St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta 001.jpg|197px|daqsminuri|right|Kon-Katidral ta' San Ġwann]] {{main|Konkwista Normanna tan-Nofsinhar tal-Italja|Arċidjoċesi ta' Malta}} [[Katakombi]] fir-[[Rabat, Malta#Catacombs|Rabat]] jixhdu komunità Kristjana tal-bidu f’Malta. L-[[Atti tal-Appostli]] jirrakkonta l-istorja ta’ kif [[Pawlu ta’ Tarsu]] nawfraġ f’Malta fi triqtu minn [[Cesarea Maritima]] lejn Ruma, mibgħut minn [[Porcius Festus]], [[Prokuratur. (Ruman)|prokuratur]] tal-[[Lhudija]], biex jinqala' ġuri quddiem l-Imperatur. Pawlu qima f’[[Malta]] għal tliet xhur (Atti 28:1-11). Skont it-tradizzjoni, [[San Publiju|Publiju]], il-Gvernatur Ruman ta' Malta dak iż-żmien, sar l-ewwel Isqof ta' Malta wara l-[[Konverżjoni|konverżjoni reliġjuża]] tiegħu għall-Kristjaneżmu. Jingħad li l-episkopat tiegħu dam wieħed u tletin sena qabel ma ffaċċja l-martirju fil-Greċja. Hemm ftit tagħrif dwar il-kontinwità tal-Kristjaneżmu f'Malta fis-snin ta' wara għalkemm it-tradizzjoni tgħid li kien hemm linja kontinwa ta' isqfijiet minn [[San Publiju|Publiju]] sa żmien l-[[Imperatur Kostantinu]]. L-Atti tal-[[Kunċilju ta’ Kalċedonja]] jirreġistraw li, fl-451 WK, ċertu Acacius kien Isqof ta’ Malta (''Melitenus Episcopus'') u fl-501 AD, ċertu Constantinus, ''Episcopus Melitenensis'', kien preżenti fit-[[Tieni Konċilju ta’ Kostantinopli]]. Fl-588 Tuċillu, ''Miletinae civitatis episcopus'', ġie mneħħi mill-[[Papa Girgor I]] u s-suċċessur tiegħu, Trajan, ġie elett mill-kleru u l-poplu ta' Malta fl-599 wara Kristu. L-aħħar Isqof ta' Malta li ġie rreġistrat qabel l-invażjoni Għarbija kien Grieg bl-isem ta' Manas, li sussegwentement ġie miżmum fil-ħabs f'[[Palermu]]. In-[[Normanni]] ħelsu lil Sqallija u lill-Gżejjer Maltin fl-1091 u [[Roger I ta’ Sqallija]] kien milqugħ bil-qalb mill-Insara indiġeni. Il-popolazzjoni Lhudija ta’ Malta laħqet l-ogħla livell fil-Medju Evu taħt il-ħakma Normanna, li bdiet fl-1090, b’500 jgħixu fil-gżira ewlenija u 350 f’Għawdex. Il-[[kabbala|kabbalista]] [[Abraham Abulafia]] Lhudi medjevali ħarab mill-persekuzzjoni fi [[Sqallija]] u ħarab lejn Malta. Miet fil-gżira ċkejkna ta’ [[Kemmuna]], fis-snin 1290. Fl-1479, Malta u [[Sqallija]] ġew taħt il-[[Kuruna ta' Aragona|Aragoni]] u d-[[Digriet ta' l-Alhambra]] ta' l-1492 ġiegħel lill-Lhud kollha jitilqu mill-pajjiż bi ftit affarijiet biss. Diversi għexieren ta’ Lhud Maltin jista’ jkollhom [[Konverżjoni Reliġjuża|konvertiti]] għall-Kristjaneżmu sabiex ikunu jistgħu jibqgħu fil-pajjiż. F'Malta reġgħet tfaċċat sottokultura Lhudija matul ir-renju tal-[[Kavallieri Osptarieri]]. == Is-Sovranità tal-Ordni == Filwaqt li l-[[Gżejjer Maltin]] kienu taħt il-ħakma tal-[[Kavallieri Hospitaller|Kavallieri ta’ Malta]], mis-seklu 15 sal-aħħar tas-seklu 18, il-[[Gran Mastru (ordni)|Gran Mastru]] kellu l-istatus ta’ prinċep tal-Knisja Kattolika, u gawda relazzjoni speċjali mal-[[Papa]], li kultant wasslet għal ammont konsiderevoli ta’ frizzjoni mal-Isqfijiet lokali. == Okkupazzjoni Franċiża == Matul is-snin, il-poter tal-Kavallieri naqas u l-Ordni saret mhux popolari. Dan kien madwar iż-żmien meta l-valuri universali tal-libertà u l-libertà ġew inkarnati mir-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]]. Nies kemm minn ġewwa l-Ordni kif ukoll minn barra appellaw lil [[Napuljun Bonaparti]] biex ikeċċi lill-Kavallieri. Il-Kaporal Żgħir ma qagħadx lura. Il-flotta tiegħu waslet fl-1798, fi triqtu lejn l-ispedizzjoni tiegħu tal-[[Eġittu]]. Bħala għajba lejn il-Kavallieri, Napuljun talab port salv biex jerġa’ jforni l-vapuri tiegħu, u mbagħad idawwar l-armi tiegħu kontra l-ospiti tiegħu darba mingħajr periklu ġewwa [[Valletta]]. Il-Gran Mastru [[Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim|Hompesch]] kapitula, u Napuljun daħal Malta. Matul iż-żjara qasira tiegħu (sitt ijiem), huwa wettaq numru mhux ħażin ta’ riformi, notevolment il-ħolqien ta’ amministrazzjoni ġdida b’Kummissjoni tal-Gvern, il-ħolqien ta’ tnax-il muniċipalità, it-twaqqif ta’ amministrazzjoni tal-finanzi pubbliċi, l-abolizzjoni ta’ kull amministrazzjoni feudali. drittijiet u privileġġi, l-abolizzjoni tal-iskjavitù u l-għoti tal-libertà lill-iskjavi Torok kollha. Fuq il-livell ġudizzjarju, ġie mfassal kodiċi tal-familja u ġew nominati tnax-il imħallef. L-edukazzjoni pubblika kienet organizzata fuq prinċipji stabbiliti minn Bonaparte nnifsu, li jipprovdi għall-edukazzjoni primarja u sekondarja. Twaqqfu ħmistax-il skola primarja u l-università ġiet sostitwita b'''Ecole centrale'' li fiha kien hemm tmien siġġijiet, kollha xjentifiċi ħafna fil-perspettiva: notevolment, aritmetika u sterjometrija, alġebra u sterjotomija, ġeometrija u astronomija, mekkanika u fiżika, navigazzjoni, kimika. , eċċ. Imbagħad salpa lejn l-Eġittu u ħalliet gwarniġġjon sostanzjali f’Malta. Madankollu meta, fi żmien xhur, il-Franċiżi bdew jagħlqu kunventi u jaħtfu t-teżori tal-knisja l-poplu Malti rribella, u l-gwarniġġjon Franċiż tal-Ġeneral [[Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois]] irtirat fil-Belt Valletta. Wara diversi tentattivi falluti min-nies tal-lokal biex jerġgħu jieħdu l-Belt Valletta, talbu l-għajnuna lill-Ingliżi. Il-Kontro Ammirall Lord [[Horatio Nelson]] iddeċieda dwar imblokk totali, u fl-1800 il-gwarniġjon Franċiż ċediet. == Imperu Brittaniku == Fl-1814, Malta saret parti mill-[[Imperu Brittaniku]] skond it-[[Trattat ta' Pariġi (1814)|Trattat ta' Pariġi]]. Il-ħakma Brittanika damet 150 sena sal-1964 meta Malta kisbet l-indipendenza u ġabet l-ewwel popolazzjoni mdaqqsa ta’ membri tal-[[knisja Anglikana]] u denominazzjonijiet Protestanti oħra. Mill-1815 sal-1820, il-[[missjunarju]] Anglikan [[William Jowett]] tas-[[Soċjetà Missjunarja tal-Knisja]] bbaża l-Missjoni Mediterranja tiegħu f’Malta. L-amministrazzjoni kolonjali Brittanika, iżda, kompliet turi rispett u deferenza lejn id-drawwiet Kattoliċi Maltin. Is-sitwazzjoni wasslet ukoll biex f’Malta feġġet popolazzjoni żgħira ta’ Kattoliċi ta’ oriġini Brittanika u Irlandiża. == Twaqqif tad-Djoċesi ta' Għawdex == {{main|Djoċesi Kattolika Rumana ta' Għawdex}} Storikament parti mid-Djoċesi ta’ Malta, l-Għawdxin ressqu diversi petizzjonijiet għall-ħolqien ta’ djoċesi indipendenti, inkluż fl-1798, waqt l-[[Storja ta’ Malta#konkwista Franċiża|Okkupazzjoni Franċiża]], u għal darb’oħra fl-1836. It-tielet petizzjoni, miġjuba direttament lill-[[Papa Piju IX]] fl-1855, iltaqa’ b’suċċess. Strumentali f’dan l-isforz kienu qassis żagħżugħ jismu Dun Pietro Pace, li diversi snin wara kien se jservi bħala Isqof ta’ Għawdex, u [[Adrian Dingli|Sir Adriano Dingli]], Avukat tal-Kuruna. L-Uffiċċju Kolonjali Brittaniku indika l-approvazzjoni tiegħu f'Ottubru 1860. Fl-1863, l-Arċipriet Michele Francesco Buttigieg ġie elett Isqof Awżiljarju ta’ Malta bi struzzjonijiet biex joqgħod f’Għawdex. Sena wara, fis-16 ta’ Settembru, 1864, il-Papa ħareġ [[Bolla Papali|Bolla]] bit-titlu ''"Singulari Amore"'' (B'Imħabba notevoli), li ddigriet li l-Gżejjer ta' Għawdex u Kemmuna ġew mifruda mill-Gżejjer ta' Għawdex u Kemmuna. Djoċesi ta’ Malta. Fit-22 ta’ Settembru, 1864, l-Isqof Buttigieg ġie elett l-ewwel isqof ta’ Għawdex, bil-“Matriċi” fir-[[Victoria, Gozo|Victoria]], iddedikata lill-[[Assunta tal-Verġni Mbierka]] (Malti: ''" Marija Assunta"''), isservi bħala l-[[Katidral]] tiegħu. Sal-lum hemm żewġ ġurisdizzjonijiet episkopali: l-[[Arċidjoċesi ta’ Malta]] u d-[[Djoċesi ta’ Għawdex]]. [[Kategorija:Kristjaneżmu f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Storja ta' Malta|Reliġjon f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Storja tar-reliġjon skont il-pajjiż|Malta]] [[Kategorija:Reliġjon f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Knisja Kattolika f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Reliġjon fl-Imperu Brittaniku]] i9a96pdz1e2t8bjngbn6nl9a7xl0grr 2 34498 331063 330940 2026-07-12T10:24:45Z MargaritaPLV 28281 Proofread version 331063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ilsien |isem = Latvjan |isemuffiċjali = latviešu valoda |kulur = #F0F8FF |pajjiżi = [[Latvja]] |reġjuni = [[Ewropa]] |kelliema = madwar 1.55 miljun kelliem nattiv (2011) |rank = |familja = [[Lingwi Indo-Ewropej]]<br>Lingwi Baltiċi<br>Lingwi Baltiċi tal-Lvant |nazzjon = {{bandiera|Latvja}}<br>{{bandiera|Unjoni Ewropea}} |aġenzija = Aġenzija tal-Lingwa Latvjana |iso1 = lv |iso2 = lav |iso3 = lav |sil = lav |mappa = [[Image:Idioma letón.PNG|frameless|upright=1.5]] |test = }} '''Il-lingwa Latvjana''' (bil-Latvjan: ''latviešu valoda'') hija lingwa Baltika tal-Lvant fil-familja tal-lingwi Indo-Ewropej u hija l-lingwa storikament marbuta mal-poplu Latvjan. Hija l-lingwa uffiċjali tar-Repubblika tal-Latvja u waħda mil-lingwi uffiċjali tal-Unjoni Ewropea. Flimkien mal-Litwan, il-Latvjan huwa wieħed miż-żewġ lingwi Baltiċi ħajjin; il-Prussjan Antik, lingwa Baltika oħra importanti storikament, huwa estint.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R2" /><ref name="R7" /><ref name="R9" /><ref name="R10" /> Il-lingwa standard moderna tintuża fl-amministrazzjoni pubblika, fl-edukazzjoni, fil-midja, fil-letteratura u fil-komunikazzjoni ta’ kuljum fil-Latvja. Tinkiteb b’alfabett ibbażat fuq l-alfabett Latin, addattat għall-ħsejjes tal-Latvjan, inklużi ittri b’marki dijakritiċi bħal ā, č, ē, ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ, š, ū u ž.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R8" /> == Klassifikazzjoni u rabta ma’ lingwi Baltiċi oħra == Il-Latvjan jagħmel parti mill-grupp Baltiku tal-familja Indo-Ewropea. Fl-istess grupp hemm ukoll il-Litwan u l-Prussjan Antik, li huwa estint. Il-lingwi Baltiċi huma fergħa żgħira, iżda storikament importanti, tal-lingwi Indo-Ewropej, u l-Latvjan żviluppa forma standard, sistema ta’ ħsejjes u struttura grammatikali tiegħu.<ref name="R1" /> Il-Latvjan u l-Litwan huma lingwi moderni relatati, iżda mhumiex l-istess lingwa. Ir-relazzjoni ta’ bejniethom hija importanti għall-istudji Baltiċi, iżda l-Latvjan modern żviluppa f’ambjent soċjali u storiku differenti, b’influwenzi minn djaletti Baltiċi lokali, amministrazzjoni u kultura Ġermaniżi, ir-Russu, u kuntatt ma’ lingwi Finniċi bħal-Livonjan u l-Estonjan.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R13" /> == Kelliema u firxa ġeografika == [[File:Julius Döring, Tafel I, Karte des lettischen Sprachgebiets ca1860.jpg|thumb|Mappa storika taż-żona fejn kien jitkellem il-Latvjan madwar l-1860, ippubblikata minn Julius Döring]] Skont l-Enċiklopedija Nazzjonali tal-Latvja, id-dejta tal-2011 tindika madwar 1.55 miljun kelliem nattiv tal-Latvjan fid-dinja, fosthom madwar 1.16 miljun fil-Latvja, u madwar nofs miljun kelliem tat-tieni lingwa fil-Latvja. Il-Latvjan jintuża wkoll minn komunitajiet Latvjani barra l-pajjiż, fosthom fir-Renju Unit, fl-Istati Uniti, fl-Irlanda, fl-Iżvezja, fin-Norveġja, fil-Litwanja, fir-Russja u f’postijiet oħra.<ref name="R2" /> Statistika uffiċjali reċenti tal-Latvja turi wkoll ir-rwol ċentrali tal-lingwa fil-pajjiż. F’komunikat tal-2023 tal-Uffiċċju Ċentrali tal-Istatistika, il-Latvjan ġie rrappurtat bħala l-lingwa materna ta’ 64.3% tal-abitanti, segwit mir-Russu li ġie rrappurtat bħala l-lingwa materna ta’ 37.7%; u l-Ukren u l-Latgaljan li kienu fost il-lingwi materni l-oħra rrappurtati b’ishma iżgħar. Fir-reġjun ta’ Latgale, il-Latgaljan ġie rrappurtat bħala l-lingwa materna ta’ 8.4% tal-popolazzjoni ta’ dak ir-reġjun.<ref name="R5" /> Għal dawk li l-lingwa materna tagħhom mhijiex il-Latvjan, il-Latvjan huwa wkoll ħila importanti bħala t-tieni lingwa jew bħala lingwa addizzjonali. L-Uffiċċju Ċentrali tal-Istatistika rrappporta, mill-Istħarriġ dwar l-Edukazzjoni tal-Adulti tal-2022, li 89.3% tal-popolazzjoni tal-Latvja ta’ bejn il-25 u l-64 sena kienu jitkellmu jew jifhmu l-Latvjan apparti l-lingwa materna tagħhom, anki jekk ftit biss.<ref name="R6" /> == Status legali fil-Latvja == L-Artikolu 4 tal-Kostituzzjoni tal-Latvja jgħid li l-lingwa Latvjana hija l-lingwa uffiċjali fir-Repubblika tal-Latvja. Il-Liġi dwar il-Lingwa Uffiċjali tirrepeti dan l-istatus u tirregola l-użu u l-protezzjoni tal-lingwa uffiċjali fl-istituzzjonijiet tal-istat u tal-gvern lokali, fil-qrati, fil-qasam tal-edukazzjoni u f’oqsma oħra fejn hemm interess pubbliku.<ref name="R7" /><ref name="R8" /> Il-Liġi dwar il-Lingwa Uffiċjali tagħti wkoll rikonoxximent speċjali lil diversi kwistjonijiet lingwistiċi relatati. Tipprovdi għall-iżvilupp u l-użu tal-lingwa tas-sinjali Latvjana għall-komunikazzjoni ma’ persuni b’diffikultajiet fis-smigħ; titlob iż-żamma, il-protezzjoni u l-iżvilupp tal-lingwa miktuba Latgaljana bħala varjant storiku tal-Latvjan; u titlob il-protezzjoni u l-iżvilupp tal-lingwa Liv bħala l-lingwa tal-popolazzjoni indiġena Liv tal-Latvja.<ref name="R8" /> == Status fl-Unjoni Ewropea == Il-Latvjan sar lingwa uffiċjali tal-Unjoni Ewropea meta l-Latvja daħlet fl-UE fl-2004. Il-lingwi uffiċjali tal-UE jinkludu l-Latvjan, u ċ-ċittadini tal-UE għandhom id-dritt jikkomunikaw mal-istituzzjonijiet tal-UE bi kwalunkwe waħda mil-lingwi uffiċjali tal-UE. L-atti legali u s-sommarji tal-UE għandhom ikunu wkoll disponibbli bil-lingwi uffiċjali.<ref name="R9" /><ref name="R10" /> Għall-qarrejja tal-Malti, il-paġni uffiċjali tal-UE bil-Malti jużaw il-forma ''il-Latvjan'' għal-Latvjan bħala lingwa uffiċjali tal-UE. Il-paġna tal-UE bil-Malti dwar il-Latvja telenka wkoll il-lingwa uffiċjali tal-UE tal-Latvja bħala ''il-Latvjan''.<ref name="R10" /><ref name="R11" /> == Użu pubbliku, edukazzjoni u politika lingwistika == Il-politika dwar il-lingwa Latvjana mhijiex limitata għall-istatus legali. L-Aġenzija tal-Lingwa Latvjana ssostni li l-għan tal-politika tal-lingwa tal-istat huwa li tiżgura s-sostenibbiltà, il-kwalità lingwistika u l-kompetittività tal-Latvjan bħala l-lingwa tal-istat tal-Latvja u bħala lingwa uffiċjali tal-UE. Id-direzzjonijiet tal-politika jinkludu l-istatus legali, l-edukazzjoni, ir-riċerka xjentifika u l-iżvilupp tal-lingwa, it-terminoloġija, it-teknoloġija tal-lingwa u l-parteċipazzjoni pubblika.<ref name="R12" /> L-istudju soċjolingwistiku ''Language Situation in Latvia 2016–2020'' jiddeskrivi s-sitwazzjoni lingwistika bħala suġġett li jiġi osservat maż-żmien, b’dejta dwar il-ħiliet lingwistiċi, l-użu tal-lingwa u l-attitudnijiet lejn il-lingwa. Din ir-riċerka hija importanti għax il-Latvjan jaħdem mhux biss bħala lingwa użata privatament fil-familji u l-komunitajiet, iżda wkoll bħala l-lingwa komuni tal-amministrazzjoni pubblika, l-edukazzjoni, l-impjiegi u l-ħajja kulturali nazzjonali.<ref name="R13" /> == Il-Latvjan barra l-pajjiż u bħala lingwa barranija == Il-Latvjan jitħaddem ukoll barra l-Latvja permezz tal-edukazzjoni fid-dijaspora u t-tagħlim universitarju. L-Aġenzija tal-Lingwa Latvjana tgħid li l-appoġġ għal-Latvjan barra l-pajjiż jingħata f’żewġ oqsma: appoġġ għall-akkwist tal-Latvjan bħala lingwa barranija f’universitajiet barra l-pajjiż, u appoġġ għal-Latvjan fid-dijaspora. Tgħid ukoll li l-Latvjan jista’ jiġi studjat fi 22 università barra l-pajjiż.<ref name="R14" /> Id-dijaspora u t-tagħlim tal-Latvjan bħala lingwa barranija huma importanti għall-preżenza fit-tul tal-Latvjan barra t-territorju tal-istat. Materjali ta’ tagħlim, dizzjunarji, riżorsi metodoloġiċi, seminars u appoġġ għall-iskejjel tad-dijaspora jgħinu biex jinżammu rabtiet bejn komunitajiet Latvjani barra l-pajjiż u l-lingwa li tintuża fil-Latvja.<ref name="R14" /> == Djaletti == [[Image:Latvaldialekti.svg|thumb|Firxa tad-djaletti tal-Latvjan fit-territorju tal-Latvja]] Il-Latvjan modern tradizzjonalment jinqasam fi tliet djaletti territorjali: id-djalett ċentrali, id-djalett Livonjan jew Tamjan, u d-djalett Għoli Latvjan. Dawn id-djaletti jżommu karatteristiċi reġjonali marbutin mal-iżvilupp storiku taż-żoni fejn jiġi mitkellem il-Latvjan.<ref name="R3" /> Id-djalett ċentrali għandu importanza speċjali għax il-Latvjan letterarju standard żviluppa fuq il-bażi tiegħu. L-Enċiklopedija Nazzjonali tispjega li d-djalett ċentrali jinsab, kemm ġeografikament kif ukoll lingwistikament, bejn id-djalett Għoli Latvjan u d-djalett Livonjan, u li d-differenzi bejnu u bejn il-lingwa letterarja huma iżgħar milli fid-djaletti l-oħra.<ref name="R4" /> Id-djalett Livonjan jew Tamjan tal-Latvjan m’għandux jitħallat mal-lingwa Liv. L-ewwel wieħed huwa djalett tal-Latvjan; it-tieni waħda hija lingwa Finnika li storikament kienet mitkellma mil-Liv u li hija protetta separatament mil-Liġi dwar il-Lingwa Uffiċjali.<ref name="R3" /><ref name="R8" /> == Il-Latgaljan u l-Livonjan fl-ambjent lingwistiku == Il-Latgaljan huwa marbut mill-qrib mal-Latvjan u maż-żona tad-djalett Għoli Latvjan, iżda għandu wkoll tradizzjoni miktuba u identità reġjonali tiegħu. Fil-liġi Latvjana, il-lingwa miktuba Latgaljana hija protetta bħala varjant storiku tal-Latvjan. L-istatistika uffiċjali tirreġistra wkoll il-Latgaljan separatament fir-riżultati dwar il-lingwa materna, b’mod speċjali f’Latgale.<ref name="R5" /><ref name="R8" /><ref name="R13" /> Il-Livonjan għandu pożizzjoni differenti. Mhuwiex lingwa Baltika iżda lingwa Finnika, storikament marbuta mal-poplu Liv. Il-Liġi dwar il-Lingwa Uffiċjali titlob li l-istat iżomm, jipproteġi u jiżviluppa l-lingwa Liv bħala l-lingwa tal-popolazzjoni indiġena. Dan jagħmel il-Livonjan parti importanti mill-wirt lingwistiku usa’ tal-Latvja, minkejja li mhuwiex varjetà tal-Latvjan.<ref name="R8" /><ref name="R13" /> == Sistema tal-kitba u pronunzja == [[File:WIKITONGUES- Jānis speaking Latvian.webm|thumb|Filmat tal-proġett ''Wikitongues'' b’kelliem jitkellem bil-Latvjan (2018)]] Il-Latvjan modern jinkiteb bl-alfabett Latin b’marki dijakritiċi addizzjonali. Fl-ortografija standard, il-makroni juru t-tul tal-vokali, filwaqt li marki oħra jintużaw għal konsonanti palatalizzati u għal sibilanti. L-ortografija attwali hija bbażata fuq prinċipji addottati fl-1908 mill-Kummissjoni tal-Ortografija tal-Kummissjoni tal-Għarfien tas-Soċjetà Latvjana ta’ Riga.<ref name="R1" /> Karatteristika prattika tal-pronunzja Latvjana hija l-importanza tat-tul tal-vokali. Id-differenza bejn vokali qosra u twal tista’ tbiddel it-tifsira, u s-sistema tal-kitba normalment tindika l-vokali twal b’makroni. Għalhekk l-ortografija Latvjana hija aktar fonemika mill-ortografiji antiki tal-Latvjan ibbażati fuq il-Ġermaniż, għalkemm il-pronunzja u l-varjazzjoni djalettali jibqgħu importanti.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R3" /> == Ħarsa ġenerali lejn il-grammatika == Il-grammatika tal-Latvjan hija inflettiva ħafna. In-nomi tradizzjonalment jinqasmu f’sitt deklinazzjonijiet, u l-forom tan-nomi jinbidlu skont il-każ grammatikali, in-numru u l-ġeneru. Id-deklinazzjonijiet 1–3 jinkludu l-aktar nomi maskili, filwaqt li d-deklinazzjonijiet 4–6 jinkludu l-aktar nomi femminili, għalkemm hemm eċċezzjonijiet.<ref name="R1" /> L-aġġettivi Latvjani wkoll jiġu deklinati u jistgħu jesprimu d-definitezza permezz ta’ truf aġġettivali. Il-verbi għandhom forom ta’ żmien, mod u persuna, u l-lingwa għandha kostruzzjoni debittiva li tintuża għall-ħtieġa jew l-obbligu. Minħabba li r-relazzjonijiet grammatikali spiss jintwerew bit-truf tal-kliem, l-ordni tal-kliem fil-Latvjan hija relattivament ħielsa, għalkemm xorta għandha mudelli newtrali komuni u hija influwenzata mill-istruttura tal-informazzjoni u mill-istil.<ref name="R1" /> == Vokabolarju u terminoloġija == Il-vokabolarju Latvjan jirrifletti kemm materjal Baltiku li ntiret storikament, kif ukoll kuntatt twil ma’ lingwi oħra. Kuntatt antik mal-Ġermaniż u kuntatt aktar tard mar-Russu u ma’ lingwi oħra ħallew kliem misluf f’oqsma differenti tal-ħajja. Fl-istess ħin, il-Latvjan għandu tradizzjoni żviluppata ta’ ħolqien u standardizzazzjoni tat-terminoloġija, inkluż fix-xjenza, fil-liġi, fl-amministrazzjoni pubblika u fit-teknoloġija moderna.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R12" /> Il-Liġi dwar il-Lingwa Uffiċjali tagħti rwol formali lix-xogħol tat-terminoloġija: terminoloġija unifikata għandha tintuża fil-letteratura edukattiva speċjalizzata u fid-dokumentazzjoni teknika, u l-iżvilupp u l-użu tat-termini huma marbuta mal-Kummissjoni tat-Terminoloġija tal-Akkademja tax-Xjenzi tal-Latvja. Din hija waħda mir-raġunijiet għaliex il-politika lingwistika, it-terminoloġija u t-traduzzjoni huma marbutin mill-qrib fil-Latvja.<ref name="R8" /><ref name="R12" /> == Storja tal-Latvjan miktub == [[Image:Old latvian bible.jpg|thumb|Bibbja bil-Latvjan miktuba fl-ortografija l-qadima]] L-istorja miktuba tal-Latvjan hija marbuta mill-qrib mar-reliġjon, l-edukazzjoni u l-istampar f’Livonja u aktar tard fil-Latvja. Il-proġett tal-Librerija Nazzjonali tal-Latvja, ''500 Sena ta’ Kotba Latvjani'', jinnota li xhieda ta’ testi, noti u traduzzjonijiet bil-Latvjan jeżistu mill-bidu tas-seklu 16, inkluża t-talba tal-Missierna miktuba bil-Latvjan fil-marġini ta’ manwal u innijiet bil-Latvjan f’Riga.<ref name="R15" /> L-eqdem ktieb stampat bil-Latvjan li hu magħruf li baqa’ jeżisti sal-lum huwa t-traduzzjoni Latvjana tal-1585 tal-Katekiżmu Kattoliku tal-Ġiżwita Petrus Canisius, stampata f’Vilnius. Fis-sekli ta’ wara, il-kitba bil-Latvjan espandiet minn testi reliġjużi għal dizzjunarji, grammatiċi, xogħlijiet letterarji, kitba xjentifika popolari u testi prattiċi.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R15" /> L-iżvilupp tal-lingwa letterarja sar importanti b’mod speċjali fis-seklu 19, meta dehru aktar testi minn awturi etniċi Latvjani u żdiedet l-attenzjoni għall-kultivazzjoni, l-istandardizzazzjoni u l-ortografija tal-Latvjan. Dan il-proċess għen għat-tħejjija tal-lingwa għal użu usa’ pubbliku, edukattiv u kulturali.<ref name="R1" /> == Ir-rwol tal-lum == Illum il-Latvjan huwa lingwa ta’ stat, lingwa tal-kultura u tal-letteratura nazzjonali, lingwa tal-istituzzjonijiet pubbliċi u lingwa tal-UE. Huwa wkoll lingwa ta’ komunitajiet lokali u globali: mitkellem fil-Latvja, ħaj f’komunitajiet tad-dijaspora u jiġi mgħallem barra l-pajjiż bħala lingwa barranija.<ref name="R2" /><ref name="R9" /><ref name="R12" /><ref name="R14" /> Il-lingwa għandha sistema b’saħħitha ta’ appoġġ istituzzjonali, inklużi liġi dwar il-lingwa uffiċjali, politika lingwistika, riċerka xjentifika, tagħlim tal-lingwa, xogħol tat-terminoloġija u riżorsi għall-istudenti. Fl-istess ħin, il-Latvjan jeżisti f’ambjent soċjali multilingwi mar-Russu, l-Ingliż, il-Latgaljan, lingwi minoritarji u lingwi tad-dijaspora, li għandhom ukoll rwoli.<ref name="R5" /><ref name="R6" /><ref name="R8" /><ref name="R12" /><ref name="R13" /> == Referenzi == <references> <ref name="R1">{{ċita ktieb |kunjom=Kalnača |isem=Andra |kunjom2=Lokmane |isem2=Ilze |titlu=Latvian Grammar |url=https://www.apgads.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/apgads/izdevumi/2021/Latvian_Grammar-2021.pdf |post=Riga |pubblikatur=University of Latvia Press |data=2021 |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R2">{{ċita web |kunjom=Vanags |isem=Pēteris |titlu=Latviešu valoda |url=https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/9891-latvie%C5%A1u-valoda |sit=Nacionālā enciklopēdija |lingwa=lv |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R3">{{ċita web |kunjom=Stafecka |isem=Anna |titlu=Latviešu valodas dialekti |url=https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/145322-latvie%C5%A1u-valodas-dialekti |sit=Nacionālā enciklopēdija |lingwa=lv |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R4">{{ċita web |kunjom=Stafecka |isem=Anna |titlu=Latviešu valodas vidus dialekts |url=https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/152784-latvie%C5%A1u-valodas-vidus-dialekts |sit=Nacionālā enciklopēdija |lingwa=lv |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R5">{{ċita web |titlu=Latvian is mother tongue of 64% of the population |url=https://stat.gov.lv/en/statistics-themes/education/level-education/press-releases/21052-mother-tongue-and-language-used |sit=Official Statistics Portal |pubblikatur=Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia |data=23 Ottubru 2023 |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R6">{{ċita web |titlu=Latvian as foreign language known by 89% of inhabitants |url=https://stat.gov.lv/en/statistics-themes/education/level-education/press-releases/15068-results-adult-education-survey?themeCode=II |sit=Official Statistics Portal |pubblikatur=Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia |data=23 Ottubru 2023 |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R7">{{ċita web |titlu=The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia |url=https://likumi.lv/wwwraksti/LIKUMI/SATVERSME/ANGLU.PDF |sit=Likumi.lv |tip=Official English translation |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R8">{{ċita web |titlu=Official Language Law |url=https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/14740-official-language-law |sit=Likumi.lv |tip=Official English translation |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R9">{{ċita web |titlu=Languages, multilingualism, language rules |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en |sit=European Union |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R10">{{ċita web |titlu=Lingwi, multilingwiżmu, regoli dwar il-lingwi |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_mt |sit=European Union |lingwa=mt |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R11">{{ċita web |titlu=Il-Latvja – pajjiż tal-UE |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/latvia_mt |sit=European Union |lingwa=mt |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R12">{{ċita web |titlu=State Language Policy |url=https://valoda.lv/en/state-language/state-language-policy/ |sit=Latvian Language Agency |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R13">{{ċita ktieb |titlu=Language Situation in Latvia 2016–2020: A Sociolinguistic Study |url=https://valoda.lv/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Language_situation_in_Latvia_2016_2020.pdf |post=Riga |pubblikatur=Latvian Language Agency |data=2022 |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R14">{{ċita web |titlu=Latvian abroad |url=https://valoda.lv/en/latvian-abroad/ |sit=Latvian Language Agency |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> <ref name="R15">{{ċita web |titlu=500th anniversary |url=https://www.gramatai500.lv/en/par500 |sit=500 Years of Latvian Books |pubblikatur=National Library of Latvia |lingwa=en |data-aċċess=4 Lulju 2026}}</ref> </references> tb3kpvnsl7ifk7mm9mesr8oa9eso4qf